Document K6dBkRpEBvanZ8Jy9LQDQ2K5N

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1936 Oct DOC#: NSC428 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the NSC - 25th National Safety Congress 1 i .r> \ C o n g ress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, I n c . - O ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY OCTOBER 5 to OCTOBER 9, 1936 * A" Ambassador, Chelsea, Ritz-Carlton Hotels and Atlantic City Auditorium ci G Contents Council Office and Director*. 4 Council Purposes and Policies 9 Annual Meeting of Members... 11 Annual Banquet , y .......... 3*/1 Subject Sessions-- Exhaust Systems............... 37 Fire Prevention................. S3 Industrial American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons................................................. 61 Industrial 'N ursing................................................................... 69 Industrial Safety Lectures...................................................... 79 Injured W orker, T h e . . . . . .................................................. 99 Maintaining Interest in Safety............................... : . ___ ,..09 Occupational Diseases......................................................... T 117 Safety Belts .............................................. ~.. ........................ 127 . Safety Equipment .............................................. 141 Safety Exchange .................................................................... 151 Safety Fundamentals for B eg in n ers..,........... .................. 129 Safety Tjraining .......................... 171. Aerotuudcal .Section.. . ; . ............................................................... 181 A. S. S. .--Engineering Section....................................... 191 Automotive and Machine Shop Section........................ . . . . . . 197c Cement Section........................ ............................... .................... 205 Chemical Section........................................................................,. 223 Construction Section.. ................... ................ . . . . . ..................... 241 Food Section..................... ............................. . . ---- .. . ----- 223 fl, Q Marine Section........................................................... .................... 269v-' Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section......... 237^ Metals Section...................................................... . . i ........... 299" Mining .Section..........:1 . . . . . ' ............................. .................319 Paper and Pulp'S ection..................................... . . ........... 347 Petroleum Section.............................. ----- . ............. 361 Power Press Section........................................... ............. ,- 395 Public Utilities Section............................................................... . '405 Quarry Section....... ...................... ................................................ 425 Refrigeration. Section..................................................................... 443 Rubber Section........................................................................... 461 Safety Equipment Section............................................................ 483 Steam Railroad M eeting................................................. 489 Textile Section................................................................... 301 Transit Section......................................................... 503 Wn/vri Products Section................................................ 517 National Safety Council/ Inc. HONORARY MEMBERS A ssociation^of^ ron a*?d S teel E lectrical E ngineers r, R obert W . Campbell ' A rthur W illiams Lew R. P almer O FFIC ER S (1936-1937) D r. C. H. W atson/ iPr^ident v D. D. F ennell, Vice-President for Public -Relations D r. H art E. F isher, Vice-President for Health J ohn B. Gibson, Vice-President for Community Safety Councils . H on. H arold*G. H offman, Vice-President for Public Safety A lbert S. R egula, Vice-President for Engineering A. V. R ohweder, Vice-President for Industrial Safety ` R. T. S6lenst n, Vice-President for Membership Albert W. W hitley, Vice-Presidents for Education W . E. W orth, Vice-President, for Finance and Treasurer. W. H. Cameron, Secretary and Managing Director ' - ^ o EX EC U TIV E COM M ITTEE .(1936-1937) ; ' .. George J. A dams, Paper and Pulp Section . C. M. A llen, Metals Section C. B. A uel, Past President J. I. Banash, Past President . C. W. 'B ejicquist,- Past President H arold S. B uttenheim,' The American City Magazine W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. - R obert W. Campbell, Past President R obert I. Catlin, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company X ew is A. D eBlois, Past President C. W. D empesy, Food Section 'M arcus A. Dow, Past President D. D. F ennell, Consulting Engineer Dr. HXrt E. F isher, Chicago Rapid Transit Company R. B. F ortuin, .Lehigh Valley Safety Council C. W. Gibbs, Mining Section J ohn B. Gibson, Western Electric Company H arry G uilbert, The Pullman Company W n w W a dat n C l U acp%/im A f XT . T__ OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued . E C. H olden, J jl, Marine Section H arry J. K elley, Wood Products Section W alter G. K ing, Past President W r . C. K noelx, Milwaukee Safety Commission J ohn E. Long, Past President q T hos. H. M acDonald, United States Department of Agriculture E. J. M ehren, Portland Cement Association' r. W. J. M elville, Chippewa County Safety Council I. W. M illard, Industrial Gloves Corporation H arold L.' M iner, E I. du Pont de Nemours & Company E. J. O 'B rien, J r., Louisville Safety Council L ew R. P almer, Past President C. E P ettibone, Past President ' Albert S. R egula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. L t. Col. H enry A. R eninger, Past President A. V. R ohweder, Duluth, Missabe & Northern Railway Company D. L. R oyer, ASSE-Enginecring Section George E S anford, General Electric Company C harles B. S cott, Past President Carl E S m it h , Cleveland Safety Council C. W. S m ith . Standard Oil Company (Indiana) W alter D ent S m ith , Delaware Safety Council R. T . S olensten, Elliott Service Company C. P. T olman, Past President- - George G. T raver, Chicago Safety Council R obert R. W allace, Worcester Safety Council ^ D r. C. H. W atson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company A. W. W hitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriter W. E W orth, International Harvester Company A rthur H. Y oung, Past President * #,, - * D IR E C T O R S (1936-1937) =- George J. A dams, Paper & Pulp Section C. M. A llen, Metals Section , <y' v N elson R. A nderson, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council F rederick A rcher, Child Education Section A. L. A rmstrong, Chemical Section J. I. Banasii, Consulting Engineer J ohn J. B arada, Publip Utilities Section E rnest W. B eck, United States Rubber Products, Inc. C. W. B ergquist, Western Electric Co. D avid S. Beyer, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Clifford M. Bisnop, Brooklyn Safety Council ' OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued E. F. B lank, Jones b Laughlin Steel Corp. C. F . B orxznhagzn, Kenosha Safety Council S. e O boyd, York County Safety Council . A.. W.- BrEeland, Petroleum Section _ o F. S. B rown, Standard ^Accident Insurance Co. i S. W. B urchiel, Automobile Qub of Rhode Island ' H arold S. BtmxNHECM, The-American-City Magazine - P reston D. C a u Aim , Baltimore Safety Council ^ W:' H. Cameron, National Safety Council R obert L .C a t u n , Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. M. A. C lark, Automotive and Machine Shop Section " H . H erbert Coson, .Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Com merce ,, F rank E mery Cox/ Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission* R obert W. C rowther, Sprixfgfield, Massachusetts Safety 'Council J. E . CutiiNEY, Bethlehem Steel C o .. Efcwis A. D eB lois, Consulting. Engineer JTay E. D ecker, Mason City. Safety Council C W. D empesy, Food Section J ames B. D ouglas, Philadelphia Gas Works Co. D r. Lbuis I. D ublin, Metropolitan L!ife Inst D. Di F ennell, Consulting (Engineer D onald A. F inkbeiner, Toledo Safety Council *Dr. H art E . FiSHEa/Chicago Rapid Transit Co. H oward B. F onda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A.) Inc. W illiam F orsyth, Superior, Wisconsin Safety Council R. B. F ortuin, Lehigh.Valley Safety Council Alexander F oster, J r^ Quarry Section C. W. G ibbs, Mining' Section . J ohn B. Gibson, Western Electric Co. H arry Guilbert, The Pullman Co.. f I saiah H ale* The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway M ajor Bolling H;>Handy, Richmond Safety Council D. T. H arrington, U. S. ^Bureau of" Mines R. C H aven, "Vehicle Fleet Section G. T? H ellmUt h , Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. has E. H ill, New York Central Lines H on. H arold G. HorrMAN, Governor.of New Jersey ,,E. C -H olden, J r., Marine Section 'F rederick R. H unt, Cement Section . P. G. H unter, Power Press Section ' M orris E. H urley, Eastbay Safety Council M ajor N orman A. I mrie, Columbus Safety Council E dwin A. K ayser, St. Louis Safety Council T homas P. K earns,' Industrial Commission of Ohio \- OV -i *"**:> ' -V <z) r\ OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued Y? O. K. T. Kraj.at, Detroit Industrial Safety Council H arry J. K m a v , Wood Products Section T hos. L. K elley, Paterson Safety Council J. M. K exxioan, Rubber Section W m. C K xoelx, Street & Highway Traffic Section C L. L aF ountaine, Great Northern Railway Co. A H. Lauzr, Madison County Safety Council J. E Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation W. R. Loyd, Safety Div. Birmingham Chamber of CommcrctYi.^ "* L. T. M cA rthur, Peoria, .Illinois Safety Council / Y l T hos. H. M acDonald, United States Dcpartmentfof/Agricttlture. M iller M cCuntock, Traffic Audit Bureau . T. H. M cKznney, Retired F. W. M atson, Minnesota Safety Council J ames R. M ays, Elizabeth Safety Council E J. Meh zen, Portland Cement Association W. J. M elville, Chippewa 'County Safety Council I. W. M illard, Industrial Gloves Corporation V/ E. M. M illes, Employees Publication Section J ameT k . Mille,, Grand Rapids Safety .Council H arold L. M ines, E I. duPont.de Nemours & Co. ` f) R. B. M orlsy, Indiiitrial Accident Prevention Association E rnest M urphy, Albany Safety Council E J. O'Brien, J r., Louisville Safety Council Georce C A Opp, The Detroit Edison Co! Geo. O ppen h q m er, Kansas G ty Safety Council ' Lew R. Palmes, The Equitable Life `Assurance' Society of the United States , p . ' . W ilson P almes, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Sec tion # \ A E P arker, Transit Section . ~ . ` ^ D avid A P atton, Newark Safety Council r . Mss. G. M. Pelton, Evanston Safety Council ' ' ( C/ . Charles W. P endock, Safety Division, Milwaukee Assn, of Com merce ,;- C. E P ettibone, American Mutual Liability-^Jnsuranfe.'Co. Gen. G eorge B. PiLLSBURY.,tyjiteO>tates Engineer Office A rthur P otterton, H udson'C ounty Safety Council : > A lbert S. Recula, Industrial Relations Counselors, InC. .<- Lt. Col. H enry.A R eninger, Lehigh Portland Cement Co. A. V. Ron wider, Duluth, Missabe & Northern Railway Co. D. L. R oyer, ASSE-Engineering: Section G. E S anford, General Electric Co. H enry C. S chaftner, Erie Safety Council J K arl G. Schocttler, Rahway Safety Council A O '1 u OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued H arry. A. Schultz, United States Steel Corp. Q\ Eaxl S. S hartzer, Utica Safety Council Gen. JonN H. S herburne, Massachusetts Safety Council Dr. L. A. S houdy, Bethlehem Steel Co. E rnest L. S iuonds, New Haven Safety Council , Carl L. S m ith, Qevcland Safety'*Council C. W. S m ith, Standard Ojl Co. (End.) , E dwin C S m ith , Blackstone Valley Safety Council W alter D ent S m ith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. Sliow, Construction Section R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Co. P. E arl S pitz ex, Contra Costa County Safety Council z E. C. S pring, Lansdale, Pa. Georce R. Stephens, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Commerce A rthur M. T ode, Consulting Marine Engineer H arold M. T oombs, Refrigeration Section Geo. G. T raver, Chicago Safety Council W. W. T rench, Schenectady Safety Council W. D. T urbeville, San Antonio Safety Council R obert R . W allace, Worcester fSafety Council Dr. C. H, W atson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. H arry M. W ebber, Retired EL T. W hiter, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council S. EL W hiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W. W hitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters T. A. W illson, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers'' Sec. tion T. A. W ilson, Textile-Section W. H. W in a n s, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation EL W. W irth, Rochester- Safety Council " '> . H arry W i^ Sr., Chattanooga Safety Council J. M. W oltz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. W. W. W ood, Steam Railroad Section W. E. W orth, International Harvester Co. . E. J. Zaupt? Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce E arl W. Zimmerman, Safety Div. Syracuse Chamber of Commerce G. L. Zwick, St. Joseph Safety Council \, .* t fj tr~/ ^ Maintaining Interest in Safety W EDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION :October 7, 1936 ^fhe causes of lagging interest in a safety program aiijd the. means of reviving this interest were discussed, in the .session on Maintaining Interest in Safety, which was held Wednesday afternoon, October 7. C. B. Boulet,' Personnel 'Director* Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, was chairman^of the .panel discussion. Panel participants were E. W . Beck' Supervisor of Safety, U. S. Rubber Prod ucts, Inc., New York. City; Roy S. Bonsib, Chief Safety Inspector, Standard Oil Co. (New Terscy),\New York City; Clayton' Bra'atz, Personnel .Director, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Rothschild, Wis.; W. T. Filmef, Supervisor of .Safety, Youngstown Sheet and Tube-.Co., Youngstown, Ohio; G. A Kuechenmeister, Personnel Manager, Do minion Forge and. Stamping Co.,* Walkerville, ..OnVCanada; T .;E. Lightfoot, Engr. in Charge of Accident Prevention nd Compensation, Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh; G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co.,-Schenectady, Ni Y.; and.H . F. Webb," General Safety Director, W est Penn System, Pittsburgh. " . # . X/ Chairman Boulet: It is easy to start a safety program. With the blare of bands and the flag waving ^everyone is tem porarily interested, arid usually aqcident frequency will take a sharp drop. How ever,, after you have had a program for several years' everyone takes it for granted, and the interest drops.' Imme diately your frequency goes" up. For this reason it is vitally important to find ways to maintain interest./ ' But first we must find out what causes lack of interest. . , . man; but I disagree on the-small plant. I don't see how you can have i t . Mr. Titus (National -Lock Washer, Newark,' O hio)r t seems to mp that if you take rip .these problems with the safety man, and he is nb't much interested in them because'he has a lot o f produc tion work to do, he- Just slips up on the job. ' Mr., Braairt If your management is thoroughly sold on safety, whether your .safety director is `part-time or riot, your program will be successful. I am jaying A H. Niclan (Crown ' Cork & Seal, Baltimore) : Is it possible that a let-down is due to a part-time safety director? . Mr^ Lightfoot: Yes. A safety director's job is an all-tinje job. I feel that if you have a part-time safety director, you can look for a let-down. -.There may be an exceptional case of an unusual industry, or an unusual part-time safety director, of course. ' - But it is hard to understand ^how arty plant can. maintain fcn efficient and deftnite safety program when the safety di rector or the safety engineer may sud denly be called away or directed to do ^abmething else. Chairman Boulet: I think that is the right slant for a big plant--a full-time the blame- for a .let-down, inr the safety program in management* lap entirely. You merj^roba^Ty/^ave had waste to contendTwitn in thc/past/and your wastes have .feewj overcome by action "through ' your management Accidents are: merely another form of waste, and when your management lays some emphasis . on waste, you are going to get action, and not until then. Mi. B. Lincoln (Indemnity "of North ' America): A good foreman is recognized as a good example of the part-time safety man. His duties are multiple and impor tant in successful safety, management' George Lexander (Socony Vacuum) : Outside influences have a direct bearing on the let-down of your safety program 310 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congrfs C -' ; --interesting influences of naiionat>scoj>e, that to some extent, and it talces an ener- ach as bank holidays. getic executive to keep prodding us, to Chairman Boulet: Elections and world keep us out of that situation. series? .H. P. Heyne! (Industrial Commission Mr. Lexander: Bight. of Ohio):. I disagree. In Ohio we are Mr. Beck: I disigree with the state 'interested in the community, type of safety ment about the foreman doing safety campaign, and' in Cleveland socie years work on a part-time basis. - ago we started a safety campaign among A foreman will do it in his own de all the industries. W e had 307 companies. partment, yes, but you a rt interested in This year, on October 1 we completed the whole plant. . If you have a small our sixth annual campaign with 1,400 plant you can maintain interest with a Cleveland companies.. If there is any way pan-time safety man, but only if he is to maintain interest, and if there is any jiren responsibility. way to keep from getting .oo satisfied Chairman Boulet: I think that clinches with a safety .record, I believe this is one the part-time question: In a .large plant way of doing i t a full-time man is necessary, and in a; Not. only has it proved successful in small plant a part-time man can do a,- industry but also in. vehicle fleet- man food job and maintain interest, provided agement he is definitely given the responsibility As a matter of fact, the company that and authority. won in Cleveland this year has now won Mr. Turner (Bethlehem Steel): W hat first place four times out of six years; and influence has the depression had on the it. employs 1,800 men, and works close let-down of safety? c to 2,000,000 "hours, without a single lost- Mr. Webb: 'A great deal, because our .time accident executives, even though they were; safety' I believe that the number of companies minded and .thought a great deal of safe participating--307 in T931, 500 in 1932, ty, neglected-it during the depression. ^550 In *1933, 715 in 1934, .1,100 in 1935, Safety effort reached bottom .luring and 1,650 in 1936--is enough to t^ar out those years, but I think it is coming back the value of the contest fast. It is regaining executive,$ssistane? George Hanley (Perfect Circle Co., and support, and that is what'you must Hagerstown, Ind.): I think the question have to maintain interest in safety. <jf lack of interest in safety is measured You must have a two-fisted executive btiyonhoowf bduosyllatrhse afinrdm icse.n-tTs hiesntoelrds quinetso awmhofowrilslafgeoty,doawndn Itheamli.ngeoianngd tosayh,av"eI. safety mor^ than anything else, and when it!" . * we have licked that, we have licked the Chairman Boulet: Does a _continued whole .problem. When the departments good record cause a Iet-doWti in safety? ohfavaen'pt lagnott tgimete sfoor bsuasfyetyt,hatth^attf'yiseywjhuesnt F. M. Pepper (Illinois Bell Telephone accidents happen. Company): There is a danger of-th at I W hen.management and men really be am not a very strong- advocate of con-' come interested in safety, not from a tests,- and the reason ties right in with safety angele, but from the angle of peo that. I think there Sshouldcbe some form ple going home whole and unhurt and of appreciation^ of a job well* done,' well and in their normal condition, then whether it-is safety or something else, but we will have real safety; .but until then, I don't think we should pick out the there isn't any contest nor anything of safety job particularly and pin -saucefs that sort that will answer the purpose. and medal!" and other things on men's Mr. Beck: We have been conducting a chests just because they did something safety contest for 10 years, and if I were they should be doing; and that goes for asked to discontinue everything but one the supervisory people just as it does -for thing, I would hold onto the safety con the workers. - test. A continuous and successful safety pro gram brings a danger of getting con tented with what we are doing. The winnine of too many contests win fr-a* One of the large rubber companies has just established a record of 6,000,000 man hours without a lost-time accident. Inter- . . . U- . I----- - #-, Maintaining Interest in Safety-] 111 ber section contest, and not a man can -.afford to break that record. They are on their toes all the time. Bring in crutches? No, sir. ^ The contest is based on compensable accidents; and .where money is spent, it of the management, nor of the men, but of you, the safety engineer. * Dust off your bookshelves,' read up on safety,^ and you will be able to stimulate more interest among your men than a safety contest can do. counts against their, experience. They cannot cheat. The contest is tight and sounds It is based on their improvement on their previous three-year average, and ''To keep .interest stimulated in a. man, we .must. iniderstaad0the:'individual. We must know.Jus domestic troubles, and sympathize ^with him, give him advice, they are ali competing with themselves and not mistreat the confidence he has and nobody else. > in us.- When a-, safety engineer accom T. E. Ljghtfoot: W hy should we run plishes this, he will not have a problem contests 'in our plant, with only 250 men? r\.of stimujating interest Wc know *thcir ic alies, and we know ' Chairmn Boulet: "What is the proper these men. W e simply tell them, "Don't method of approach to the workers to in get hurt, whether it is a c c id e n ta l^ wil spire interest in safety?'' ful or .anything else." Mr. Sanford: With- various types of We don't say that contests are no good, individuals the same method isn't going but my point is that they' should be used to work. Suppose you have some ruling in a program if they fit If you xan pre that you would like to put through in the vent injuries without contests, w hy; not plant You may start with your general do it? V;..y supervisory committee _and: discuss i t You know what happens to production Ttohetnheletgreoaucph oonf ewohficthhoshee misencghoairbmacakn `taenryesttimine itthe DSouwpnerviitsogroyess;taaffndloisfesit inis- and discuss the thing, 'asking, "What do true What v have been told for the last you think of it?" Then sell the idea to the next group, and so on,`until you get five or ten years, that safety and produc to the. workmen's ^committee. Get their tion go hand in hand, then why try to slant and bring it rig&t^back to the man separate th<m and run safety as a pro agem ent -W hen the order comes out, gram or contest, or something of that you will find'these fellows saying, "There sort^when you don't do it and don't have is something I had a hand in." to/So'Jd with production? G e t, .them to express ' thejr opinions, Chairman Boulet: How many think and you may. sell th idea to them with contests are all right? How many are out their realizing th a t'it.b coming from opposed? . the .top'-down. The ayes have it. Another' rather old-time method is the T. A.' Schlatzer (Davison Chemical Co.,w' orkmen's safety'^ommittee^- I know of Baltimore, Md.): The main instrument one plant that arbitrarily picked out one for the prevention, not of accidents, but man from ten, right down' to' th e1floor, of personal injury, is education. If we telling him he was on the safety- commit conduct a contest, we don't do it for di tee. It was his job is long-as there were rect commercial value, but for advertising no accidents. . . * . ; value; and from that advertising we re- It was surprising how -accidents de ceive safety education. If you can do this,^ greased immediately. Each man was iak- by all mein* use your safety contest ing care^of his brothers as well as him But If the manager of a plant puts an injured man to work pushing a broom to keep him from considering it a lost time accident, he is not kidding anyone, but himself. The only valuable information we get from a safety contest is how much better we are doing our job than we have done St before, and how much bet ter than the other fellow in the same line of work. If we are losing interest in our safety organization, it is not the fault self. vV. I. Calkin (American Seating Com pany): Sonictitnes these methods come from the men themselves, sin our plant the men suggested that each foreman ap point one or two men in each department, for one month, to be the .safety com^, mittee in that department It, wai ^decided to try it for one month, and' the results were such that the plan was usd for a whole year.' So far this, year we havfe j. m ivaiionai Safety Congress ' c at le n t sixty men vitally interested in eafety who were not greatly concerned with it before. Taelce Bieboer (American'Seating Com pany): We also instituted a safety cigar or candy bar plan. In any department which goes without a lost-time accident for a month, every member gets a cigar at the end of that period. I think this hai done more to interest our men in safety than anything else. W. V. Coster (American Sugar Refin-' ing Co): What success have any indi vidual members had with strict enforce ment of discipline in inspiring safety or keeping up Safety interest? I. If. McNeil (Nebraska Power Co., Omaha): A few years' ago we used to give cigars away, and we threw the plan out. Strict enforcement of discipline and ohnervance of safety rules will do more than anything else. A. D. Schiller (Corning Glass W orks); About four years ago in the. mixing room' at the Corning Glass. Works we had the problem of making the men wear gog gle and respirators. We used discipline, telling those men eithef to wear thq gog gles and the respirators or to leave their jobs. Now they wear their protective equipment without being told. A. H. Trestrail (Pickands, Mather & Co., Caspian, Mich.): We had difficultyin training men to report accidents, but after we gave a man a three-day layoff, we didn't have any more trouble. We do give awards, however. We used cigars for a long time, but now have an accumu lated credit system. If a department.goes a month.Vit.bout a lost time accident, we credit each fnin with 25 ticnts. After the second month this `is increased to -30 cents a month, and by the end of a year a man builds up -a priz^fund of about $3.50. By buying wholesale we can give him a reward of something wc^rtfcj about Now, you can laugh at cigars, but we gave candy, cigarettes, cigars, and then we switched over 'to this accumulated credit system, and it works.. Discipline has tq be accompanied with, some sort of contest. We couldn't teach men first-aid until we had first-aid contests. This stim ulated their interest enough to make them seek an education; if. you can get a man interested in safety, he will seek his edu cation, but of course you havc }<? have the educators ready to supply the infor, mation. j Mr. Filmer: Notice the wording of that. The best way is to inspire, not to compel. Action that ,is compelled is not spontaneous. It is likely to let up as soon as the compulsion is removed. When you inspire, you appeal to the best there is in a man, and he responds because something inside of him Is telling r him-.that It is to his interest, not someV.body outside telling him, "You do this, * and you get a cigar." Possibly there is a selfish purpose behind it for the man, but where can you eliminate selfishness? Why ask a man to wear safety shoes? If he fails to protect his feet, his own toes will suffer. Why ask him to wear the goggles? To save his own eyesight. Something inside of the^man is'-tel^ng him, "For your own interest, for the in terest of your f a m i l y , t h e interest of your future and your ability to carry on r your job with all of your faculties-~work "safely. It is your problem, and not ours." You are then inspiring that man, and not compelling him. You have him work ing with, you, and you don't have to worry so much about him after th at ' Mr. Kuechenmeister: How many of you mep have a working agreement: with your wife, that for every day she doesn't burn her finger, you will give her any little trinket? Do you promise your chil dren that if they come home from school without getting hurt, you will buy them a lollipop? You haven't got your work ing program with your family, and you don't think it is necessary, because you suspect that being hurt is very much like virtue--it has its own reward. Teach the man in the plant that It is his eyes, and .his toes; but provide him with fhe necessary devices. Make it easy for him to buy safety shoes. Show him that it Is for his own protection, and that safety, or the lack f injury, has its own reward. Chairman Boulct: Jim Eaton, here, gives away safety shoes. Will you tell us why you do it, and whether it works? James P. Eaton (Genera! Electric, Schenectady): I think the plan was sug gested by the men thepiselvca, a group in the plant. If tney go six months with out an accident, their name is put in a hat, and they get a pair of safety shoes Maintaining Interest in'Safety v~\ 113 free. I,, don't know how many accidents we hive.prevented, but it is creating a lot of interest -, Mr. J. L. Schaeffer (National Cash Reg- ister Co., .Dayton, Ohio): One-way to maintain interest is to investigate every accident,1minor ot otherwise, and discuss it with, the injured and with the men "Don't have a lost time accident in your department." He will say, "But what shall I do about this?" We' say it is up to him to figure it out. He calls his -men in and says, "Men, we are not going to have a lost time accident." He works with those men personally, and after all, safety is a per closely' associated' with him. T hat has a sonal ^problem. . psychological effect on .the whole depart When you get your foreman working ment; i l t -shows that the foreman, super-.; with Individual workers in his department, visor, or the leaders of that department you will soon eliminate accidents. are interested in the man's ' welfare and W e have in each department a fore* that where anything can be done to pre man's *safety record, hanging on a bul vent some other workman from having letin board. If he has a dear record for a similar accident, it will be done. the month, we send him a gold star, and G. A. Cooper (Public Service Electric he gets his men together, and up goes it Gas Co., Newark): W hat about the the "star. If He has a lost time accident, "white lphant ' contest," in w hich'the he puts up a red star together with the management provides a white elephant, man-Hours of exposure, and his standing and the foreman with the worst record in comparison with other departments. for the previous month is obliged to keep H. E. Hensel (Youngstown Sheet & the elephant on his desk and explain to Tube):.. If you want your men to be in all inquirers why it is there. terested in your accident prevention pro Chairman Boulet: W e have a.w h ite gram, give them a part in it: Sg&jal of elephant in our company. O ur company ' our Jormeri developed this- won -national honors in the Public Utili In the semi-monthly m c a in g ^ o O ftir ties section for three or four years, and men, they appoint a man from^tne'fcnks then we had a let-down. to talk on safety at the next gathering. . W e decided or supervisory force was Wcidheennt tphroesveenfteiollno,wstaldkig a.unpd ftahcitnsk oMn paocut a30t , faanudlt.w-We ehasvtearnteodt hthaids acolnotsetsttimone Jaucncie hazards of their department, they (can't dent since then. For the first time in the avnedry cwomelml igt ounbsaacfke pinratocticthese. department last three years we have gone more than 30 days without a lost time accident. I give Chairman Boulet: I think that is a the elephant some of the.credit. It is just hunRd.r.eBd .p.eRrocbeinnstornig*h(tW. ashburn Crosby amemaneanas thtoingth, ebuetndn,'dbIondyitswelafnitts dito, easnn'dt Company): The only man who can do everybody is on his .toes. the work safely ,is the man doing "the job; but th foreman must help him. We Let us see hands. This is a debatable question. This disciplinary action, and we have used that principlQor the last three years, getting the man himself .to take will have the vote. part in our program with the help of the Somebody wants a vote here, so I am foreman, and you.-would.be surprised at willing. How many favor disciplinary ac the -practical. Ideas that will come from tion where it is needed? those ^nen. How many ay no? ' Mr. Kinner (Accident Prevention As Well, here in a-man that says no. He sociation of Ontario): I want to give wants to talk again. another .slant oq this disciplinary thing. Mr. Hanley. (Perfect Circle Company) : Some years ago I investigated a fatality Regarding discipline and protective equip on a construction job. The victim had ment--we have no right to go into a been riding on the foot board of an ..en man's pocketbook, even though it is a gine, and the engine jumped the track. protection to himself, and take the wages T h e .m m died from loss of blood and thaf belong to him and his family. There shock. is another approach to this disciplinary The foreman said "I warned him every action (hat is much more effective. day for a week not to ride on the foot In our plant each foreman is told, board of the engjrie." 114 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress J aid. "11 you had fired him the sec ond cay you caught him^doing that"-- "Via." he aid "he would probably be aiivr today." O. V. Davison (American Rolling Mill Co., Middleton, Ohio)': During the- pist fewQinonths w e have taken on a lot o; new men, fellow3 w ho h av e: becn out of I aid, "I don't know w h e ih ^ h c would- w ork, o r who have been out of school tor of would not, but at least your skirts possibly five or six yeax; and have neyer would have been dean of any possibility worked before. Sometimes these boys i being blamed for his death.*!. get into trouble. I have found that in There is another'point regarding dis stead of using discipline it is b etter to ciplinary action. In Ontario we don't talk to them like at Dutch uncle. pay compensation until a man has been ot? loir seven daySTiind we had one firm with an exceedin&ly/large number of one- week accidents. At the end of the sev enth day all the men were ready to come back to work. The boss, peeved ai thi- aid. " For every man that loses ti: through an accident that is his own faul 1 am going to deduct 5 cents''an hou irom his wages for the same number of hour that he loses *through the acci dent." .> c At the end of the next year he had taken 15 cents off his workmen's wages. Regarding the proper' method of ap proach to inspire interest, I would sug gest the setting of a good example. Mr. Kuechenmeister has a rule that .the presi dent of the company can not come into the plSnt unless he wears goggles like the rent of the men, and:that inspires in terest in his workmen. Chairman Boulei: W hat is the respon sibility of the safety `department, the management and the foremen, in stimulat ing interest in the program? E. J. Kreh (Philadelphia Co., Pittsrgh): I think responsibility begins the management It is necessary r ,to get the-^support o f the executive v _ ork through him to get the support the supervisors, and down through them to the men. J. P. Watson (Bureau of Indian Af fairs) : The fact that an organization has a safety engineer is evidence that there is executive interest in safety. It is not the responsibility of management to direct the safety engineer. He was hired on the assumption that he, knew his business. If _he has the corfeci application and interpretation of the statistics in hand, then the interest on the part of other de partments will be self-evident. They will Mr. Braaiz: I wonder how. many of ze the value -of what he is trying you men ever asked your foremen what and the results will be, I think, they want to do about discipline? Our nt remuneration. afety committee, composed of^men in the ranks, set their own safety rules, and they follow them. David Snell (Kimball Glass, Vineland, N. j.): I disagree withjthe thought that 75 per cent of the menQvill obey rules and be safe and that the otherTS per cent, for some reason, need discipline. The lat ter are intelligent enough to do their work, and certainfy^intelligent enough to be safe. It is up to the men above them Mr. Bonsib: I think the function-or the safety engineer and the^ safety man is to act as a mainspring, to keep the thing moving. I don't think it is.possible for any safety man to go in and tell a man what to-do, but he should be the means of getting that employee to do what he should do---and to get the em ployee to see that the things that cause accidents are exactly the things that cause high production costs, waste, and. to take the responsibility. , inefficiency. Mr. W. H. H asam rClf a man makes a The sooner we safety men stop talking r e c o m m e n d a t i o n r e g a r d i n g a h a z a r d , S ee safety and talk efficiency and cost, the that it is followed as quickly as possible. sooner we will get safety. That shows your interest in his ideas, The trouble is that the safety man is and he then takes a greater interest In his thinking only of how he can prevent ac work. In discipline I believe we.should be cidents, and he forgets about the fact tolerant. If a man'breaks the rules, talk .that the plant is trying to make dividends. to him about it and reason with him; if If a guard interferes with production, it he continues to commit the crime, use is going to be taken off; it is up to the your disciplinary measures. safety man to work with the oroduction Maintaining Intrcst'in Safety' S man and ace that a guard is designed so that it. helps production rather than hin ders it. That is simply a technical mat ter that can be. worked o u t Some of the guards these safety men design are ridic ulous,. and :I thidk that that is what has situation, but everyone, seem* to agree that management must first be sold. It doesn't make any difference what the safety director or the foreman is--man agement is 100 per cent responsible for every .accident that ...occurs. . Until the hurt the'safety movement--the failure of management in our 'organizatipir^retxig- the safety man to realize that the produc nized that fact, we got nowhere."' X v tion has got to go on. .. Chairman Boulet: "Let us go to the I want^to repeat--the sain 'thing that foreman: } - .causes aeddents causes inefficiency. Chairman Boulet: I suppose we -might v P. H^ Sanyille (Philadelphia Electric sum 'th a t' up by saying that the job of eCrhal^: ilIFw^f^osrfeumntainl .aboMutya ycoenacreapgtoio,ngeonf `-vthiseorsyafectaypadceiptya.rt'ment is to act in an ad safety was that it was entirely my job to ^ . A. Cimbel (General Electric Co.): stheell gitrotountdhehfaonrdesm. enTahnadt wthaes liinnecmoennjuanncd eIfvear hmaadn yiosutro fobreemdiasncipslainye'dth, .ihs:ave"IyfouI t. tion with th. safety department. send that man home, we are penalizing paIrtt.m,weanst.,ancet caesssarycletahraint gthhepusseafefotyr mdee- ouFrsreolmvest;heweflonoere:d Stheendjotbh.e". m: an home. - I had to get my facts from them. Still, You are driving for safety. If you get mI abneliwevheo thcaant tchaerryforseamfeatay itshrtohueghonltyo yseonutrimreenstpaoln, saibnidlithye. gets hurt, then it is those below -him; Chairman Boulet: You think after one m aMnar.geFmielmnterw: e,reI .aws issihmptlheisasmhaatsterbeeonf otrroutbwleo apgeaninal,t'aiensd ythouat wanona'tccihdaevnet wthilel represented. I wonder if we.have enough stop production, too. sympathy for the position of manage Suppose the foreman is responsible for ment? The same men* who are respon an accident? ' . sible for safety at the top are^alsojrespnosible for production, for satisfying From the Floor: Any time that there ' customtrs, for satisfying stockholders, is an accident in a department, we com for satisfying everybody, and they have pel the foreman to wear a big yellow but .to play all those.things together. ton for the following week. . We hold the We must look to them for the estab foreman strictly responsible for every ac lishment of a policy which they are able cident in His department. to fulfill, i We must take safety out of I; A. Brinkman (Macintosh-Hemphill the abstract and put it into the concrte Co., Pittsburgh)-: The president of our and say, "We know that sometimes the company issued an order that if any man budget, .will not permit the purchase of had an accident which goggles or safety this or that, or permit certain work to be shoes would have prevented, that man done, but we don't want to stall on i t " would lose his job, and the foreman would The attitude of management is not un get a week off without pay. derstood by the man on the floor. The One fellow took the lenses out of h:s superintendent may not. want to add to goggle frames and lost his eye. He lost his month's costs something that ought his job, and the foreman got the week off to be done. And the man on the floor is without pay. We haven't had an acci going to say, "You talk to nfc about dent to m r^re hr a foourince. safety; why don't you.have that taken Chairnbrrr^TJoulct: *Bcttais .get down to the responsibility of/the\managcmcnt. Mr. Wurtcn (Bayuk(Ciaj Co.) I am ' a manager. Our planV-Jiai gone aboutfour and a half million man-hours this year without a lost time accident.. I have heard varying opinions here that the foreman is the crux of the situation, or that the safety director is the crux of the care of?*' Management's responsibility is to keep the m an'on the floor.-in sympathy, and management needs to be in sympathy with the m^TTvon the floor. Mr. Wflbi>. When you produce some thing that you think is going to help s tim u la tiv e safety program, remember that it is not an all-time stimulator. Be- 25 th N ational Safety C on g ress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY . OCTOBER 5 w OCTOBER 9,1936 Ambassador, Chelsea, Riti-Carlton Hotels and A tlantic City .Auditorium Copyright 19J6, NtUond Cornell, Ine. Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers W h o E x h i b i t e d a t th e 25th N atio n al Safety Con* rr*j arvj Exposition A tla n tic City, N. J., O ctober 5-9. 1936 B allroom -- C onvention A uditorium Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., Hartf<*rd. C"<nn Automobile Driving Test'. American Mutual Liability Ins. (V . B>'t<*n. Mass Insurance, Workmen's C<tnjensati<iti. Dan-if- i - s ... Amtzcn,Inc, Chicago. III. ' Auxiliary Emergency Strctcbrr and First Aid Arroway Traffic Signal Corp., Kingp<>rt. Trnn Traffic Control Signals. Beacon Corp, Minneapolis, Minn. Direction and Danger Signals fur M> Jr Tranf- m V#I>m' Bcndix Products Corp., South Bend. Iml. Automotive 'Equipment. Blatchford Corporation. Chicago, III. Traffic Signals and Markers Cities Service Co, New York City. Oils and Gasoline. Crouse-Hinds Company, Syracuse. N. Y. Traffic Signals and Flood I-ightv Dual Parking Meter Co, Oklahoma City. OWla Parking Meter Equipment. Donald S. Duncan, Inc, Chicago, III. Parking Meter Eguipment. Eagle Signal Corp, Moline. III. Traffic Signals. General Electric Co, Schenectady. N. Y. Electrical Equipment. Harley Davidson Motor Co, Milwaukee. Wiv Police Motorcycles and Equipment. The Highway Safety Signal Co, Baltimore. Md Double Filament Traffic I-amps and Color Design Traffic I rm o Hoof Products Co, Chicago, III. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governor*. Indian Motorcycle Co, Springfield, Mas*. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Boston. Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. Martindale Electric Co, Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signal. Monarch Governor Co., Detroit, Mich. Automobile Speed Control Governors. National Carbon Co, Inc, New York City. Equipment for Battery Operated Devices. .Parkritc Corporation, Houston, Texas. Parking Meter Equipment. Traffic Boy, Inc, Canton, Ohio. Traffic Warning Signs. U. S. Steel Corporation & Subsidiaries, Pittsburgh, Pa. Street'and Highway Markers and Highway Guard. Weaver Manufacturing Co, Springfield, 111. Automobile Testing Equipment. 141 Volume 3-4, Number S i n t e n t s "for NOVEM BER, 1936 j*Jf pri-'ident s Address----Cassius H. Faison. M.D.................. ............ 11 j^V' Rules for the Game of Life-- Han. Harold C. H o ffm a n .............13 Waning Safety for Tomorrow's Railroads-- Ralph Built! . . . . . . . 14 Jersey Salutes Safety-- Carman T. F is h ...........................................16 Oncers of the National Safety Council, 1936-37 .................................20 hfaiion Study Is Safety's Partner-- IVilliam R. M u ile e .......................22 '^Detroit's Drive for Safer Driving-- C. F ..S c h e e r ..................................25 ; ',lei* Handling Means Fewer Injuries-- P. H. H u n te r ......................... 27 ^eird at the C ongress..................................................................................... 30 URanting V e 'Will Go. 1 .................................................................................32 i^sier Known Facts About Occupational Diseases-- f Robert B. Hunt, M .D..............................................................................,34 _ osilicon-- Industrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 2 0 .................................33 n See It at the Exhibit?-- C. H. M ill e r ................................... .52 frephy Winnera in Sectional Contests .................................................. .58 sectional O ffic e r s............................................................................................ 62 REG U LA R D E P a RTM ZTi tS Ultori ai ........................ 9 T h e S a fe ty L i b r i r r * Managing Director's Page . . . 1 0 Atie d and Answered X Safety E x c h a n g e .......................3 ! P e rs o n a li ............ Xstrul E e a lth ........................... 34 Coming Erenu . X Sailetin B o a r d ....................... 40 The Honor Roll .39 ' T Lutruction C a rd s................43 rith i n e M a n a fa c ta re r .90 T. nSH. Editor 1 ^EXSKAV. Poster Editor 'Upw,e*eCi U34 w 'Stlimul CwwrU. -'jT* **41'* A. OAr 4tM0a^4dc**cwl.-elMt-NL. >4ttrr ***** i. i7t. A4tUU4,d <U7 *1 '* *lwNn It*t fcxtri4>n*Wjrwrte<JI++wnT*. U*-'~ jrtm r*-iry >*- C~ F. SrC H KZuL SAOc i 1E c b 1E.0 < lL H. MILLER, Aiivrtiiia Maajjer xn04 xM a* irtKiM* MJJ M A*4U Autru 1>4 ni ai ikr C* I ClA.**U4U- cs*d U tX* UAwrUJ Arvi Ja***t. L* StfvH sr.v1^ arw al v: t ? N a t l ; n a! .*>> , i n National Sarety Coure: Otficers, 1936-37 i a u i u i H. W a t m n , X . D. P r a ld c a t l. U. r*N*iw V!<*~prfidnt f<*r ? u b Ik 5*UiUmu Hait P,, F tia o L , X . D*, V icf-P TralU tn i or Health ou* fi. Gewaw, Vlc**?ri #1d<3t ?o. S a fity Cou o e il s H o*. Haoo G. Y k t-P ra*; dent for Public Sfety ALRano^rrlneSc.rtnAxctiUto. V k e-? rt ld ca t fo* A. Y. U n v t n o , VW-f-PrUiroE Car [ a daitrU l Sfety H. T . S o c a x r r c x , Vi-> - . p r ta id e n l for X eroh crih ip A ia r rr VV. W tr r x iY . Y k*-P reU ient fat Education W i a u x L \VoTH. V ia r -P r fiid c n t r r Finance aiul Treaeurcr W. H. Camuox. Xiaiila* Ulrrw.or Executive Committee Members *t Large T x Ao*r* O m a x i a jo : HiCMityU S. BcrnoiKOX. The Amcrurart HajLsr CmunT. The PuJlamn Co. *d S arety Ca, Hi*t Gnuiir, The PuIIsmq Cx W ti i ,'U C X ^ o c jl , X I I ^ a L 5a / * lt Cd o m la lM &>wajw J . ' X e r o x , T^r*-a4 Csaurai A aja. I, W. Xir.i in, lo d a a lx ia i GWtcs Corp. H a* * c I-- M i x t x , E , L d a P a n d e . V f ZMMTt A CO, Gcjoc E Sxxmxi Gcocnl Electric Cx C. W. S i i m i. S tan d ard Oi O x ^Lruxl S afety C ouncil S e presen ta th e ; ^ oC^rrrtcii . W jkvrta Caxjr^ci I WxiAAd, Wfrrocstcr S x rrt. Saf r*r S-ftLr CaU. L. S htt. CrretaLiKl Safety OxractE 3S J. O 'B arsx, Ja ^ .LoaUtQl S a fw r Cxrocii X. 3 - F-WTUTX. -et! |-S Y i i l c y W. J. i i t m i a , Chip^r-w^ Cxxnry S af^'v Sectional Repfxventairti J. AnwL ?*2X-r xrvd ?nip CG_. A'.. AIXLi-iircNw.TX,'rFtao1o1d {F"_- C'>V. HCisioixx.WJfn--lruMiHm H.UU J. kj_xr. \N`noc; PrrxiuW-i D. 4Tt, XSSS-2ru.ln<-riru Past Presk: Ho**orr \\f. CxtK C1jhtva*'iulAs?Pi.tnTa'Xja.' aath\r%H. Yat'wi Muri'! A. n1 O{.Ii'lmil.A.AuOrc-iLfUjsu ,7:t uLl! Uht riti Ca.. .Orn-r-- i o Ur. rl*'-<3T a. L t ?ttt'o? .Oat 'ltaoQt'irr J. KayalH j n n t *L L a n a Hoacfir/ Mi.r,ct' / '.a.o i ; .. : v QndjuuihijaL f e p a r t m e n t fo r P h y s ic ia n s a n d La-y, n ie Lesser Known Facts About duce the original disease with all is ^ comforts. Occupational Diseases One can readily see, then, that in som cases investigation of previous occup; tions is quite necessary to determine th By R O B E R T B. H U N T , M .D. original contact with lead. Heating of molten lead causes a blaci A m e r ic a n Mtatmml L i a b t M a i n s u r a n c e C ^ m p a n * scum-of lead suboxide to form on in surface, and the heat from the metaJ disburses the fine powder into the air. P ROBABLY the leader in the pa rade of industrial diseases is an acute or chronic inflammation of the which we call dermatitis. This disease may present itself in any type of shop, factory or foundry. Any paste, powder, gas or liquid which comes in contact with the employee's skin, even the water supplied by the town in which he lives or works, may be the potential cause of such a skin disturbance. The wide diversity o f causes, to gether with the varying susceptibility of different individuals, makes the problem of control difficult M uch investigation is under way to determine why one persoo may be sus ceptible to a certain substance while an other is n o t It has been proved many times that a poisonous substance formed within the body has been able to prolong the action started by some external in fluence. A printer developed a marked dermatitis from ink which persisted for two years. Finally food tests were made and showed that be was susceptible to lettuce. Removing this from his diet cleared the skin. H e returned to his usual occupation without a return of symptoms. T he poisoning of allergic substances b usually an accumulative process. It takes time to produce a manifestation of the discomfort now produced by in dustrial dermatitis. Metals Lead: The distribution of lead poisoning is quite extensive. The skin of the body is a protective covering, and as long as it remains in tact it does a good job except in the case of tetraethyl lead, which is used in blending gasoline and which is readily absorbed through the skin, having a tendency to create changes in the nerv ous system. T he effect of other forms of lead, through that avenue of entrance, is practically nil, which explains the ex tremely low poisoning rate in typeset ters, painters and others who continually come in contact with metallic lead. Lead in any form, introduced through the mouth, acts rather slowly when com pared with the inhalation of lead dust or fumes. However, no matter what the portal of entry may be, lead is acted upon by the body fluids and so con verted that it may eventually be de posited within the bones. Those bony safe deposit vaults may retain their lead contents for days or for years, and if the exposure is removed, may also free the employee of all signs and symptoms of lead poisoning. But imagine the surprise of that supposedly Hence, in the process of smelting or such as zinc, copper and silver, mixed with lead, we find a rather high lead poisoning rate. Those engaged in the manufacture of lead wire and cables, batteries, glass, pottery and rubber industries, plumber* and users of dry colors offer their share of lead poisoning cases. Probably the greatest source of lead poisoning may be found among those who sandpaper, scrape, chip or burn iead paint, for the dust and fumes caused by those activities are rather rapid in their action. Such, workers may become in capacitated m a few days because the inhalation of lead dust causes the maxi mum amount of absorption into the blood stream in the minimum space time. Cxxokzum: Chromium is a metal widely used as a foundation for colors, and dusts from its various salts may produce lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the nose. Chromium pi*1mg by electrolysis may cause fumes which are similarly irritating. Although chromium poisoning does not usu*!j> cause death, the number of days of a sence from work on account ot^ n'-3 parity which it causes is gradum-;- 1 creasing. disease, but let any other substance cured person when years later, perhaps Ot h e i M etals: The most cause the disease, and the irritating food following some type of infectious disease portals of entry of foreign substances may be of sufficient strength to mag or the excessive use of alcoholic bever into the body are the nose and ,n ul nify its action. ages, he awakes to find that he suffers The smaller the dust (the size of All r a w of dermatitis cannot be the aches and pains and paralyses of an particles for example, the gre*tef cured by eliminating offending foods, acute lead poisoning. As the body fluids speed of absorption by the blood. r u but further investigation alone these ,1,. ! _ J *v--* ----- L- ' electric cutting and welding. mind, particularly when dealing with the industrial field has been widdy d - When men are so employed over a silicosis and asbestosis, relates to the tributed and most important. Led prolonged period of time, the constant progression of such disease. When carbon tetrachloride and its chem ical inhalation of fumes and dust might pro changes occur within the lungs as a re associated members, it has furnished ;n~ duce symptoms of the metal upon which sult of the presence of such dusts, nature dustry with refrigerants, excellentV.'i they work. In the shipbuilding trade, forms scar tissue to heal such lesions vents for rubber, wax, oil and ,,r^ `' particularly in the construction of metal but may fail to stop when the job is thinners for lacquers and a v;ry ships, we find occasional cases of metal- finished. As a result, the continuation household necessity for the removal oi fume fever. " Brass chills" and "spelter of that healing process may lead to such spots from clothes. Hospitals have be-- shakes" from zinc are names applied by structural changes within the lungs that using it mere and more for the removal' - the lay people to- such diseases. T he ter partial or -total incapacity may follow of. adhesive plaster. _ rific heat applied to some 0/ our com months or years after the employee has Due to the non-flammability o[ mon metals and alloys by acetylene been removed from his dusty occupa bon tetrachloride, It is used in fir* e-. torches produces sufficient fumes to tion. tinguishers. The rapid evaporation pro- cause a temporary incapacity in 24 hours. Permanent disability from such Benzol-Benzene duces fumes which may smother a soul! blaze, but we must not forget that ex causes is rare, however. Benzol is a distillate of coal tar used cessive heat of the actual fire may brin2 Diseases Due to Dust extensively in industry. It is an essen- about combustion sufficient to produce trial ingredient in the manufacture of such by-products as hydrochloric acid Twenty-five per cent of ail workers exposed to high concentrations o f inor ganic dust are expected to develop changes within their lungs due to that agency. We are at a loss to explain why the other 7S jser cent are not so affected. Mining, quarrying, foundry. work, grinding, sandblasting, abrasive soap manufacturing, asbestos work, the mak ing of emery and carborundum products and many other occupations offer op portunities for employees to inhale mic roscopic dust particles and create a foundation for possible future inca pacity. We are interested particularly in those men who work with sandstone, quartz, flint, granite, and sand, because they expose themselves to silica, and the chemical changes between that dust and the body fluids, in the presence of tuber culosis, may and usually do lead to a fatal ending. It is safe to say, in light of our present knowledge, that the action of other in organic dusts is much less virulent and incapacitating. That, however, does not allow us to lower the-vigilant methods explosives. It is an excellent solvent for grease, oils and cements, and because of that property it is important in many phases of the rubber and cleaning indus tries. In the manufacture of shoes ben zol may be an ingredient of the dressing applied to the leather and of the cement which fastens the heels and soles. N ot only in the shoe trade but in other branches of industry where employees work with gummy, sticky material, the workers soon learn of the solvent and deansing action c f this liquid and use it freely for that purpose upon them selves. The subsequent outbreak of skin afflictions may be the first indication of such unauthorized use. Benzol is extremely poisonous, enter ing either through the nose or mouth or absorbed through the skin. Its action within the body is varied and may pro duct a multitude of signs and symptoms. The bone marrow becomes affected which In turn alters the character of the blood; hemorrhages are common; it may cause death. The fumes from benzol are heavier than air and lie near the floor, which is an important point in the engineering and phosgene gas . Like its associated member, choloroform, it may produce sleep when inhaled by an individual, and only 1/350 of an ounce in a quart of air is necessary to produce such action. That thought must be remembered when .1 large quantity of those liquid products i.< spilled on the floor, perhaps accidentally. Action should be started at once before the liquid gasifies, and employes should be notified to keep their heads up to avoid the low ceiling of gas. Chemists have developed and intro duced to industry many new products, the basis of which is the chlorinated hy drocarbons. These derivatives of petr>~ leum distillation are frequently combined with those from coal tar to form valua ble chemical combinations. They have been placed cm the market so rapidly that medical science has been unable to determine their physiological effect upon the health of man.,We have known thm some of these chemicals are capable ni creating changes in the liver, and onty recently in a city in Massachusetts one of these newer products caused the rieato of two employees and a battle to retain life imong two others. to improve dust control and protect em ployees, because all dusty occupations problem of ventilation. The members of the benzene group Carbon Monoxide are potential trouble makers. are absorbed through the skin, and more You remember the adage. "Wherr Although the actions of various dusts cases of poisoning are found when men there is smoke, there is fire." We ru-'nl differ within the body, the exposure to perspire than when their bodies are cool. add to that, "Where there is fire tin'.-'- '' asbestos fibres, present in the weaving and grinding of dry asbestos material, Probably the answer to that is that the fumes may solidify as they cool and the carbon mcooxide." This odorless but poisonous car offers another type o f dust which may powder may settle on the skin. The occur in any industry or in any non*, cause fatalities among workers. sweat on the body may dissolve this but the poorer the ventilation the Tae organic dusts from cotton, silk, dust so that it is more readily absorbed the chance of producing physical m wool, tobacco, flour and similar sub through the increased surface blood caparity. stances are practically harmless. Such supply. Since the advent of the motor dusts rarely reach the lungs but may CWorinated Hydrocarbons cause irritation of the windpipe and whose exhaust pipe may pour fortn high as six per cent of carbon men". larger air tubes and result at the most in This frown of rv-tmli-im -- -- "ii4/ paiienjjtf car iiueum ^uuut iu cubic feet per minute, and one can reidily estimate the physical damage that may be done if such a motor is allowed to run within the doors of a pcoriy ventilated garage or shop. For tunately, serious cases of such poison ing are not common among those em * Ferrosi! icon ) / * a .. . r Industriai Data Sheet D-Chem. 20 ; ployed in public garages, but many em ployes are likely to complain of head ache and faintness at the end of a day's work, especially In colder weather when doors and windows remain closed. ^ In th steel indus*ry, where gas is used as the heating agency in the blast furnaces, care must be taken to provide proper ventilation. Within the mines, workers are warned to allow enough A. Problem 1. W hat are the hazards of ieirosilicon and what precautions are necessary in its use? 8. Hazards 2. T h e principal hazard is that of poisoning by inhalation of the gases that ized by general and abdominal pa;n, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemor rhages, loss of consciousness, dilatepupils, cold clammy perspiration Wt coma. Cases of poisoning have beer mistaken for cholera, gastro-enteritii ptomaine poisoning, pneumonia and in ffuenza. time following blasts for the escape of may be given off, especially in the First Aid this gas. presence o f moisture. 6. When a person displays an; Infection The skin is a protective covering of the body against infection and is ex tremely efficient as long as it remain in tact, but allowing it to be broken or punc tured Introduces bacteria, and a battle ensues between the offensive agencies of infection and the defensive powers of the body- T he winner of such a struggle may determine the presence or absence of incapacity. Infections are common throughout industry, but two types are particularly prominent--infection re sulting from anthrax and infection among meat packers and fishermen. M any of our fur, hair or woolcovered animals may contract anthrax. The germs of that disease defy the ordinary methods of sterilization and may linger on hides, bristles or hairs for long periods of time. Tanners, wool sorters, and hair or bristle workers may introduce the anthrax spore beneath their skin and undergo much physical suffering and sometimes death. Infections are frequently found among meat and fish packers and those engaged in deep sea fishing.,- Although death rarely occurs, the loss of fingers, hands and nasty septic wounds are the result. Summary I feel that the time has come when an employer must demand of a manufac turer the answers to two questions: t. How will your product affect my bu'<- 1? 2. How will your product affect the health uf my employe? That employer is entitled to honest answers based upon sufficient chemical and physiological examinations of the questionable product. Too many lives have been lost cr jeopardized by too little knowledee of a product's action C. Discussion 3. Ferrosilicon is prepared by melting iron ore or steel shavings with coal or coke and ganister or quartz at a temper ature o f about 2,000 degrees centigrade (3,632 degrees Fahrenheit) in an elec tric furnace. In making steel, ferrosilicon is used for removing objectionable gases and oxides and also as an alloying element- When alloyed with cast iron, it affects the carbides and renders the iron soft and gray. More concentrated silicon alloys are sometimes used in cer tain processes for staking hydrogen gas and in the manufacture of explosives. 4. T h e hazard in connection with ferrosflicon results from very small percent ages o f phosphorus together with other elements which may be present as im purities originating in the raw materials used. In the presence of moisture the phosphorus compounds react to form pheaphoreted hydrogen or phosphine. This is a gas which in sufficient quanti ties is decidedly poisonous. It has a strong and distinctive odor somewhat re sembling garlic so that its presence can be readily recognized. The stability of ferrosilicon depends upon its silicon con tent, grades below 48 percent and above 65 percent being entirely stable and ferrosilicon in these ranges does not give off any appreciable quantities of phosphine, even in the presence of moisture. It is, therefore, only in the intermediate range between 43 percent and 65 percent that there is any appre ciable hazard. Symptom of Portooing 5. When a person has breathed poison ous gases 'liberated from ferrosilicon. the symptoms of poisoning usually de- symptoms of poisoning because of th< inhalation of the poisonous gases lib erated by ferrosilicon, be should b< promptly removed to the fresh air and if conscious, be given a mild alkali drink If unconscious, the prone pressurt method of artificial respiration should be started immediately after the patient has been removed to the fresh air. In ah cases of poisoning the services of a doctor should be promptly obtained. Precautions 7. Ferrosilicon should be stored awa\ from such places as offices and work rooms or living quarters of any descrip tion. 3. All buildings in which ferrosilicon is stored should be well ventilated and dry. (See Note X .) Ordinarily, in an open factory building the natural venti lation through monitors in the roof or through windows -is sufficient if the ferroshicon is kept dry. 9. I f men are required to handle we: ferroshjcoa in a confined space, artificial ventilation should be provided. 10. In case phosphine has been al lowed- to accumulate in a closely con fined space such as a dosed room or box car, so that a strong odor of the gas noticeable, no one, unless he is wearing a suitable gas mask or fresh air hose mask, should be allowed to enter the room until it has been thoroughly vrn'lated. (See Note Y.) NOTE X. D tU lW inform ation on tton w ill N* found In N a tio n a l S afety Safa Practk** Pam phlet No. Z7 " *odui Ventilation** f N O TE r . Dct.M ni In form .(Ion o . kM m a a k j w ill fcx? fo u n d In N a tio n a l |(l Counoil Saf fVarlice* p am phlet N*. A " itfio lra lrtn , H n Mask*, flo a t ifa**' llrfw lh ln AboaralUi.** National Safety Council, Inc. 20 North W acker Drive