Document K6bvX9oDz62jByV39JLM1K3DK

NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI OCTOBER 11 to OCTOBER 15, 1937 Municipal Auditorium Coovnf*'. Sfir C*>!, Inc. sa > 3 & 8 0 U ^ " " N N M ^ f 91 a ^0 <O*) fcsn ^ fP*> ^<-S> Ot O^^itiOw^l fl/uI -J O t- ^^^ ea _o o Vf ine Sh a t>l nwO o co o o 2-- 5O o y u.y Uw 0a. 5 3 3S= o. S 3 o e Ce u< < e !u2 -w O ,, .. c ^ CO Jo{ c9:=u - *3 o r = ^ c , CO 'Z U - - (m3 ^ 'A fQ -22 *wo**2g5--X*S>g >Qa-w a-3 - =S .51- ~ '5 .c^w f'2 U. -- r* Jj * * *3 -H *<2-- '<:* yoE .uj5. Z 1 - JJ ._ ** <t v www 2 - i/i m vt Si 3 0 5 < u l> CO tl _c u VVto s 2 c 3i -eo e 'Z Ui 0 S 5 w < C0 V u X wet 3 e t0 ou <* --2 C 2E e O V CO e g 3 w * 9 <> V CO O s 2 * J5 o 5/3 w c -- 2 .e a<.t co _-- * a *V aV 22 mo; ew 5a3 ~ v M 5 o. w 3 vi e e5 2 " =g = 2. fl -5 0. , 95 si o fl, fl. .5 S 8 Is 2 .2 3V O' a I g .3 3 k ov .-3 * cs - *3 c^ 9. O 3-- C o W & ? g.s to. ~<*1n ;xv co co H * s' 5= 22 Sh nn~ <S)'S. y * o 2 s ll 2 A y,2 O = o -ft - Z *_ 2 s c 3 au |i1 ., -- y u ?? U:-TM* X_<2 w ft OH g- "L> --y 7--S s c > *"[I ' S y tr. v -3 ;= " 5 2 5*355 3 *grrct -Sf -S 3 u riA > v ^7? o. v:> - ^ J v u'd.-S 3 'fi ' 'C_ y "VI U :'C " y :'jj"s3 !-- y H-i-i c C v 'HI 4f ^ 4"; _ *5 0-- 3 - vw 0^2 ._"i<ys_Q l-jauuatlOw>!iVZsi 1.H V " >J. w v S ^ 5 ^ o S' 5 i . o - " 8 o .2 J "H ' *5 c ** . e 2 0.2 SI' jw: 5-- yW-^ g. VO 5aS.S rtrg ^ s fv X u 5 w O <SI o -- w C V > y o --c "* = C lie e%11*:C v. '.2 .S' .5 2 isil "-*> -:= iV-7 Sc J-l <> y^ s c ..y-- 2 "V 2 = .H H 5* S i |- w> i v 'w *v o s 2`> 2 i-r-ii2 - 7, c --J s -.= i- o j 'xr. .,, ir --v ; 2 2n 3 '3. ?5S?w c s 5 = - ** 5 i s a "</!" W o i r-s s o c-?_ ft y s >y HSa ^y ".25--?O yw =S ^ *3 .2 c.2 g 2" ^u a. y -- 2 M x? o --*V5JZw ^2 JZ -= :]; . a 2 ccH Ei S J*5 5.2 2yS9 ou _ wi -- y* (/> My .wn.. yi S5 35* ^ j2 2 22ss^^ <9 C art.o wS ^2 9-r>t 5 * a j* 1"- *i ,5 e r-j;3=5i | Jig^ ft'J 2 8? C y S.'S O V r s.2f s*<J3i' S -s o-y^234J- y -j -- y y - a^5i ~ = * 1* > 2 s '';S2-5S-Sg *= - o , .2 2 y Ji --Jj y y :S?S5 iy3"-- 1f`t "J y I^ y .S t- . x S -o ?S;'--= s i/:," ""*y y _ ja O >< ^.IS2| 3 C sga;<3 *5 a C __ 'A u ^ C u I ^7a rn; ^T^. v o** ---az ---^'s* -^u.j. si.? t i 5"5 i ~ y S i!"f ir|' ^___I Si^i-72 c>2 i 51 5 5 2? =' ) ? s ; s >.i v> x " " y UC 2- w . S?2i o.= (3J y y = _ .22 5i 5 * S <A 5 " 5J I v JUS a y s* . iv ` irt .2 = = ^i <ai<31 i s. _sv: y 2 | 2- |-ry,30" g I A ij ^ y 3 .- / y ^ V-/ o u Uu_J a- ^s <^ Os < Z o >C CH ^  M (3 S 0 S3 I y g 3 (A X tmA w ID J 2 UJ 5 2X / v. jL < 5 og 2: 5 w o X CO fO ON M I rn O' H W W H H 2 2 o 5^ * 5 O -s o w 5J Vi > w J, 3 1 S s* .2 >* H iUv</:i1 <i u1/. 3/*. D ill O w X a>a ce2/1 ^"< w ;y OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued u cs O' oo rFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued 5 in 5 ?u S | 'I <j ! (3 %_ 5 CO o <75 y <--> 5 J O_u .2 -s I/-} -z ^ ,2 <3 X 'A *A V U3 COOj ./rviuiu *M ----X1-3. ; "g d J 3--5' 3= s-3* S -g me O*oSI I J* 5 3 2 i ' H s5 y - -- 'vj =. 1 i -g '* I a n ~ ^ * ^ "imf? < ySZ " o3 <r/>t ^ C i .2 <* i ' 7 'j * 2u ; J *CCOO xVX 2 2 x XX Z V! : I S 3 = I * i d o7 ui ^: w3 'ic5ao s$r. Sa*S 3 ^ S* * ?.< i U r ; 6 - u w2 o, s ^ vi < u s u; 5 <31 <3 Su w * . W= la i3 o ^ w ? y<3 v i- -- S'C"O o-s = w s 3 " *3 t= jU 5= '1=| r* ,; y .j"o2j X --a 'n co .~a " "' /S W 5 2 H X * -- 3 *2 F w* =<c yZ a ^--^ ".a >Z *r.* c3Uv a* Xy > .= :/l y 1 ya . --: CO 5^ is ; .s 0 ij G 3 XV X2" = --cs 5 <3 G s. x <3 *2 Vi i .2 > CO <j 3v : . f* 9 SUJ-S S i? o e .2 1^ a !_* S5 g !H!! x -- So < 3^ g :j*2/ . Zm a 54 5 " 5 > x r jj 3-- . <3 Os to 2 5 2 o V */ gi O O o oo jaWee ? ^ * 2 s C<v 5 <X. *?.* , J CUay*<" Iua-* >*2 U. CO 1 s* ** JuS u s A .2 o rt tf V Ci uB* X IW *" U -S X *r ^ so 7<o 2 - x-- - -- c - 2'-- =rt^=S=-cS .-1 s 2 x > X , '' O v on " id X XD/. " 2 X 3 3< ** 4//.. w r */4 O 3 -. ..s^ tU.i.uuri OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Hi-.nry G. Sciiapknkr, Eric Safety Council I\.\ki. G. SCHOm-t.Gft. Rahway Safety Council Harry A. Schultz. United States Sted Corp. H. E. Seely, Wood Products Section Earl S. Shaktzeh, Utica Safety Council Gen. John H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council Dr. L. A. Sitounv, Bethlehem Steel Co. ' Exnest L. Simonds, New Haven Safety Council A. E. SiNCt-AiR, Meat Packing, Tannine & Leather Industries Section Juocr. Lee E. Skegu Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith. Standard Oil Company (Ind.) Enwix C. Smith, Blackstonc Valley Safety Council Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. Snow. Construction Section R. T. Soi.ensten. Elliott Service Co. E. C. Sprino. Lansdalc, !'. George R. Stephens. Safety Bureau. Buffalo Gunther of Commerce Jott^SiUAVKU, Greater New York Safety Council - Arthur M. Took. Consulting Marine Ktiginccr George G. Tkavkx, Greater Chicago Safety Council. Inc. _ Major R. I). Tximiilk, Richmond Safety Council Frank E, Vitz. Superior Safety Council Dh. C. H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry M. Wkiiucr, Wilmette. III. Ok. David E. Weoi.k/.v, Baltimore Safety Council S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. . A. W. Whitney", National Conservation Bureau Howaro R. Whitney. Worcester Safety Council T. A. Wilson, Textile Section W. H. Winans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. . R R Winslow, Safety Div, Birmingham Giamber of Commerce W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. K. I. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Clumber of Commerce <.. L. Zwioc, St. Joseph Safety Council pu-r,. preve- phes direc: lation Rcc condu diseas accidc live :f. The profit. tion. It ha <entin. of tiic ..O'* 400 f<. hersh: indivi- hers o tinnv rernv. the ni' the V and r. Th. the hr under I ron . wauki Cong. organ mend". berl.i- 77,c grant unnedevet make Tin expat. nes <> a co-- Industrial Dusts WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 The mct-ims; was vailed to order by Chair York Gtv, and Vice-President for Engineer man A. S. Reuula, Executive Secretary, in ing, National Safety Council, who intro dustrial Rotations Counselors, Tnc.. New duced the speakers. What Industrial Dusts Are Harmful? Why? By SENIOR SURGEON R. R. SAYERS Chief. Division of Industrial Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service While dusts exist everywhere in the at mosphere, it has been recognized for cen turies that workers in certain dusty occupations are less healthy than those not so, exposed. *Jhe number of persons ex posed-^ (tufty occupations comprises one of the largest industrial groups. The occu pational diseases of workers in dusty at mospheres have been found to be due to entrance of dust into the system by inhala tion. by ingestion, by direct absorption through the skin, by irritation of the skin, or by a combination of the foregoing. The suspensions of particulate matter in air have been broadly termed dusts, fumes, and smokes. Such a classification is neces sarily arbitrary, since'the line of demarca tion between them is not very sharp, ami the chief differentiation i.* based on the size of the particles. Investigations by the Pub lic Health Service in dusty industries* re vealed time about 70 per cent of the dust particles examined were between I and 3 microns in size, only about 20 per cent were less than 1 micron, and the median size was 1.3 microns. Industrial dusts arc mainly less than 10 microns in size. However, fibrous dusts in the air, such as asbestos, have been found to contain particles as large as 200 400 mircons in the greatest diameter. While, generally speaking, according to Collis. dusts are more injurious as (heir chemical composition differs front that of the human hotly, o'r from the elements of which the Imdy is normally composed,' it is difficult to establish a comprehensive, definition for toxic dusts, Sollmann,1 after analysis of various definitions lor poison, felt that it is very difficult to give a definition which will not be ambiguous in some cases, but believed that the following covers most of the points which must be considered in classing a substance as such: .7 "A poison is any substance which, act ing directly through its inherent chemic properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when it is applied to the body, externally, or in moderate <ioes (to 50 Gin.) internally," Some dusts arc known to bn poisonous, while others, in the concentrations usually encountered, are comparatively harmless. However, it may be stated that breathing dust in high concentration is not desirable. According to Fairhall, the damage arising from the inhalation of toxic dust may be either local or remote, and depends upon whether the material is a protoplasmic poi son. whether it is caustic in reaction, or whether it is absorbed into the blood stream and carried to other centers which are in turn affected.' It Is now well established that expo-ure to certain kinds'of dusts, such as those con taining considerable quantities of free silica, ha* increased the morbidity and mortality rate from respiratory diseases; while me tallic dusts, such as lead and its compounds. ss 7 a. r. a. = - S is-1- ha Maltl 3 fin's-? }!Kf " inis-.-?. l!-?5 2:.5|;r r* - * a.. i. *UHr$n 5*14 issi.:i 51 - --'*- = s n =i. *r...:2<.*=?**!-f-?_*.s?f! 5?:sU-sl?si-as-33 s.'s. s? g li-s 2 o s. :7n.'aS. S.S* ? ='!** a a 3 5 -- c. 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S = o5i fSfl 2"r.Jr^^s sVI_=21oS..osxl-^V=n^E_---"4;-)-<:-.i-;si-.sw2=~w-.s.r2,_" - * u-r . -*- i --.,,=" v> 2 5.: - = i 5 - " ^ r ^ ^ n -'" " _ .a -5i^=s3~2--.5s=rn-jf~Vs2 '-- u . 5--!s 5 " -' 2 -s = i t ^ Z '5 - = -a S ^ = a 2'= 5 - . 3.^ " ,, .= a -5 : "nsy : = 'o ~- 5 2 S.I 77. >. -t =_ --- ' v = : j sj si 2 | 7- |J 3 a |c"y1^'x 3 4 -- -- 3'- :i -= ia "5 aJ *; .S 3 -r 7 U -- -- ;-s 035 ^ v 3^ S -- 5.2.'>'--"-> -- = "- -w" O 5.S w5**.52'?z ,-z t*. n2 5> c - 2s 2 32 2- 0 lit 1|:ii .= a _ -= = r' -" ,, o`J Sa|| i -. J a: c a = 3_ 3- .a;5-.|= * M*2li = y- >n +>. Wl ^ =-5 'X5> .~=M -=2 '-" soil-! n=^5 y; -- =s c -^ -!=i! *,,S3 Sl = 3-5R5i-2 :i.s5s 1 o'; u 5 "-3 i 2 2 73 j.S s = = v _ ? .a S - i - - si v-s 111 rl ? s-s J|| 9 -9 _X:_-__Jwr o S --s so o* D^'i 32 2 ?-5 r _a OI arc i^af-ss !!!I!ls2iS-.H=^ 3 = |-= - 5-<Hs ,:y rt c. 2 rr 5_rr -5w Swc S0^5-- .aa i5ow-=-^v^9a-^S5Jl i.S5`:>,=-5 ."-=.3o5|-Si^ rs2z2Si 3^'3*I' 5JP*Z. V3 -H*=*yJuJ- =J aj $. --.-3 '--nZ X UO *>* ur. * S 1*2 !--!-3s = r. s . a "Ssao~_= M-s!lVj| k y S 'i o y 5 v S s-5.s Isllil||l 2| a 52 TM 2 .. ' w a o5-S2|0,fl s|5'-:a| a = 2 - ^*S ' W o ri ISs;^l 5 7 2 M'S 5l - 1.2 s'i c` S y'-= --^ eC - xO ^ *V 1-1 S-SSs-is ^ -l^lo 11! /S!!oS,J 5 = 5 a^ 2 ?1f?i3 l;| !I;:*s -= c " ^ i'coS"? r;ii: -*< r 2 -- ? __ 2f =iy"e: 5.2 3 S w *^- ..Sigs So S;N oS c 5ii=22 ^ S Oo- s .s' 2-s I'-s-a^gS 111 ISsIs is ii-hi i ? sin< s il nm 1 3-i Nisi n U V w Illilll HH-Miiiisi si7'.r 3 ? s 3 f>-iaf|3sSS^ fo^S'e4 3-2 i^s`3 WW-ISMiK s " i & s 3 i?ii^ii V -- * V ^ .* ii?3P ^l.a|:i 4!UMi :H:m\ 2 a> 2 SJS.S i 11. s4al r^jiiiii Ia|*5 }JiII!1 ` -5-J.lllt- '..Ms?!3 ^IllsJsi -liilJl lJlj Hiriipif III 7W" ii: Se :" Kl`i 2 g S s 1 | 5 MS =<^ 5- a: .2f <rS'*=* fIl 'l55* PS. -|| si 5o.f|s. - i *|iJ|its 'll'" ______ P g.S *5 a-i.a >- IS 8*aa-4-|| spiffsj: "-s.l l.s|!| .... if 21 , 1m list illlli! W1IH1I c * w = ? y "'5 . 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S illtlll a =2-JS' V 5 rr_* -<2: .ao i-o rt 3 5 H Iliiil = o =_ = =M'53 14UIM 5 I 3 i-5^ Ip] fill gs?Ci f-IB! HJinin 1!ii liilfl IliisMiS il*-3 Iil1l f|!l|= s 111! UiiiJ S 5 s g-I^ = i jhliH .= W V R ^ .3 -= u n liclilsini :; I =jT -- sa'- "a c*! I'Z sa Sn-^>, ba-=*3 2a= -.3 S - -S W i: 2C ' J s f si 52 3 "f s s~ 2* i5 i i Hi .2 V* - 1 3 '*' a " ; x 2 -u - n - t is -J - <? 1= c3 * --V Oha .w a :-i 4-^ 1 '= *.:3I - a C w9 *5 5 So r 5 > *5 .I - i : I i u-- 2------ - ? ^.s 5 ij i" "I:- ri-1 .1i 1j s s .=i-= 5 - - Si ^ 2 2 -* 5* u. 1w 11 2 *'r*s ^-5 - -- S 5 2 a * 1 s I S-e :~ 53: 2 =-- r a ^ 2 * " I* -f . ? a .1 ~ ^ -S s =i^; $1 7 O * c 1 K W 3o Q< G: =o 2g W * G> Oa O2 U N < -1 a & o Q a a >. -- U^i n^Uzimiiti nmnrnm4 Hi s s I ] "lif ss ' = _- tui'mwmLimmmiiHI ML Ji - a '* S' a.`= 5 }| _G " w s -ilt a-" S g 5 s-ifi v^s a I * ** s - 2 UliIJ ITiJlliKjjiljti!4N |i mill 5 S1 .= w v n u Z v 4|=|5|^^2.,s u i ill?! r^**3 e I - 2*55 s* 5-S -Sill = a .2=5 i m 11 !ll 4-1=1 if siii 3 -# |.l S ?e"s 5 4.-.2 ijN H =.i| iiiiii Si . v C s -- > ~ /> a w 7 0 fitjllfllllli.: s V^ s * fiijlllj * il!KJHilitl!i ii ii taiii JJ-*! ail** I >a *3 "5 3*-:ll4 |Jil115 If .-s"-t._S --v 2= ,.s2g W / Wiily-sixth ,\\ili'm itI Siifetv Linujrtws CUcy should lie denied employment in a dusty trade if that condition is found .it t1 foymctit examination. but they should not lie barred from continuing an employment m which tltcy arc alrcadv en gaged. Of course, in such instances yon. a* engineer*, must realize tltat you have failed, because :f you had kept the breathing tone of the worker free trout dangerous dusts, -uicods would not be present on physical examination. In litis work of preventing dust diseases in industry, it should be evident that the closest and most intelligent cooperation between the physician anti she engineer is necessary. The S'ii\<ictttn inu-t. through his knowledge and research, tell the engineer what dusts, or. for tliat matter, what other substances used m industry are harmful. He must tell the engineer how such dusts or other materials cuter the body, how they leave the body and what they do in their passages through or their residence m the body. Must Make Analyses The eii'.'inccr must in turn tei! the phvsi* l inn of the harmful 'dusts and other sub* stances surrounding his .workers. He must make chemical and petrographic analyses of the <iun. and other indicated analyses of the atmosphere m the workshop. He mut makr <lu*i counts and check his counts at regular intervals, conferring with the physician in an effort to discover whether, in the light of iheir joint knowledge, working conditions arc dangerous. He must develop and install caretnlly designed ventilating equipment. He must arrange for modification of chemical :tml other industrial processes, where such modification is possible, and must bend ins efforts toward removing from the danger /one of the worker (tie oitcmling substance, w hatever it may be. Too many engineers construe this 1 unction loosely. They pass on to the phvsician as Ins responsibility certain functions which es sentially are theirs: such functions as dust analyses, dust counts, and similar technical duties. All too often it is considered ade quate merely to instai! a fan. Ventilating devices in dusty work rooms must l>< constructed only after careful en gineering study liu given a knowledge of the physical properties oi the air and oi substances polluting it. It is possible to calculate to a vers- tine point the volume of air tliat must he removed from a given spot to-removc tlte dust originating at tliat place, and the engineer mast approach his task "from inst as scientific an angle as the physi cian approaches his. j There is no room in industry for* hap hazard methods on the part of either the physician or the engineer. .l!)JOUU\Ml:..XT y check*'! and repaired *ic. and m- 'v ill give if .tlion. In addition. I *ug-nt a man I'rnm cadi do* *. him in in nitr -at'ety fWMmv' thc<e mi'll m> -ally have them all meet .g these men a do>cr in* vtv work and permit * in \Uo. ( will, until iurthcr <.y meeting? with all the v-e can make dear the ad.if you men must assume, e to see that your men are inir safety rules and the mployccs. We can also bviduals who do not seem one hundred per cent. :fety Work?* iephone Co.. Chicago difficult problems facing rt> to the foreman Ids re* o safe doing 01 tliC job measures. w<* have taken . Ic must feel that die sate - hi* responsibility and feel to do something aliout it. i there an accident on a sidcrcd particularly has* <c that the foreman or to conduct the work sure that he does anil i a proper training pro* me that a majority of all accidents are directly or le to the failure of super* .el to function pru|jcriy. dial supervisory training lug accident* is necessary* of a supervisory training more diilicult pmcctiure u of a technical or voca<. Apart from the tech* cd, there docs not seem formula. There is, ot Cnih'ut mu! ()uarr\- SiCtitmx cniirw. -nmo 'imilarny *f procedure in rllreeling the work m any man <m any job; hut diInvent industries vmplnv such different typos "I people. under *u'h a wide variety of eirnini'innoes. and plan.* >nclt a diverinmeo "f reiiuirenipnts u|i*ni them that the problem of supervisory training in its mure comprehensive aspects is peculiar to each type of mdu-iry. The eci'cral treati-vs on leadership give the groundwork. hut the subject matter ior .'my Mipervis/.ry trainin'.* r.Hir'C u>< any particidar industry lie* within that indu-trv. We mu*t ji<* out and *vy limv i*nr j"I> i ''Cing .supervised nntv; analyze (he procedure ot even* foreman and supervisor; emupare tliciti ami select the host: look m*'n supervision as a j.rKess in itself, anil ce Imw host to direct the work .{ the people. It is a lone*, tedious, and costly process, but one which, carried thrnueh to completion, will pay dividends m the end. WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 The Wednesday Luncheon session of the Cement and Quarry Sections was addressed by Isaiah Hale. Superintendent of Safely. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fc Kailrond, who spoke on "The Common Sense of Safety." The address was substantially the * same as another address by Mr. Hale before tiic Sienm Railroad Meeting. The complete paper will he found in the Steam Railroad section of this volume. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 . Work of the National Silicosis Conference By R. CAMPBELL STARR Assistant Safety Engineer, U. S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards. Washington, D. C. Silicosis is strictly an occupational disease. Medical science has not reported silica dust as affecting any individuals except those who, over relatively long periods of time, have worked in tut atmosphere where the air which they breathe contained excessive con centrations of free silica. The interest of the U. S. Department of Labor in a broad social and economic proh* lem <uch as this has its origin in the Oceanic Act, effective Afardi 4, 1913, which created the Department. This act, among other things, gives the Department of Labor the duty "to foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners of thg United .States, to improve their working conditions, and to advance their opportunities for profit able employment." With this in mind, and 1`clieving that through joint effort of all concerned, much could be done to eliminate the hazard, the Secretary of Lalior called together in Wash* ri2 = ; 2 Jflis * jpil I MSS3 I* fl y a M = .. r-j 3; s 1 7 r '' 1 7 | I 2^ c s 'C -; Z -'S = 5 >. ,1 is?isi 5 5 2 ..c1 ic.-= Z> n= it JI5 5-sl-a s-3 ^ : a r y I a s ~.3 * ^ O .i ^Jrt V S TJ "5 ? y J11JUIIJ S .5 -* c - 5. = Z '7. s iri c s I si ~~ M SSw !^sr^0h g,,i 11 32 ' s,, - s-. *= --i ioa. 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Hi!*, ill h s 260 I .Vi'ii/y-sixth .\:alinital Sii/V/V Coiu/rc*.f oi the hazard, the tact must be recognized that until silicosis has been wiped out. workers who now have the disease, ;ts well as those who 'wav cimiravi it. must receive workmen's compensation just as >U> those workers who ai-e injured in accidents. Accordingly. the committees of the silico sis conference were unanimous in presenting the following recommendations; Coverage for silicosis in the compensa tion acts of all States. This coverage should be compulsory. Because of competition between the ame or similar industries in various States, the laws, rules, and regulations of the several States should be as uniform as practicable. Should Be Insured The employer should insure his obliga tion for compensation either through .self insurance subject to die posting of adcquite funds, or with an authorized in surance institution. Insurance should not he denied any em ployer. provided the ?tatc authorities certi fy that he complies with the State require ments as' to proper sate working condi tions, and pays the premiums involved. Workers having active pulmonary tuber culosis and silicosis should he removed from employment. Such workers should . lie granted suitable compensation payments and medical care. Workers disabled from silicosis (hut with no tnherrtthxis) should ultimately he granted the same amount of compensa tion as those disabled by accidental in jury. Two years i* a reasonable minimum limitation period tor filing claims sttlwcquvni to the date of the last exposure. Further Activities of the Department of Labor In carrying out its duly as stated in the basic law, the If. S. Department of Labor has conceived that there is immediate need for the conversion of known facts in the medical and engineering fields working Inward prevention, and in the legal, insurance and regulatory phases looking toward ade quate workmen"' compensation, into a prac tical. readily understood program which will adequately lake care oi the mIico-i* prob lem. Cu il> program of cooperation with the IS State*, the Department oi Labor has in cluded a section covering silicosis and simi lar dust diseases. This, breaks dawn into three main sub-headings: (1) Assistance m the preparation of reasonable and adequate codes, rules, and regulations prescribing methods of prevention: (2) assistance m the establishment of equitable standards of workmen's compensation for tho?e em ployees disabled as a result of the disease; (a) a general educational program among State officials, factory inspectors, etc. so that they will he equipped with adequate knowledge concerning the disease, its method of prevention, and its proper treat ment mirier the workmen's compensation law. Follow* Two Lines This application program, which i* ju<t now getting under way has been commenced along two principal lines: (1) The compiling practical information concerning actual du*l control installations in typical silica hazardous plants, together with approxima tions as to cost, not only of installation, bur aU** of maintenance of dust control equip ment iu such plants; (21 a program m visual education supplementing the summary ami full committw reports of the Xatumal Sili cosis Conference, ft is enntcnitdntcd ib.v m this held 'licit media a> film strips, lament slides, (sisters, illustrated Inilletins, civ. will lie utilized. Further, in eijuncctirm wuh the various exhibits of the department, slum it at various large expositions, trade associ.u.... meetings, labor and technical organization meetings, etc.. H is contemplated that much factual information will lie used, pointing toward ways and means of correcting the hazard and of establishing adequate stand ards nf workmen's compensation. Following the address by Mr. Starr a hazards in quarry operation took place. Thu round table discussion of outstanding ennehtded the SVedugsday program. Steam Railroad Meeting \ WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION . October 13, 1937 Tin- 'c'.Mi'ii w.v* culled u> oftier by \V. \Y. more, Mil., who prodded. introducing the Wynd, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Haiti* speakers ami directing the diversion. . v< The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety - By J. M, SYMES Vice President, Operations and Maintenance Department, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D. C. No industry itt the world requires more pendaliilitv; grades and curves have been diversilied study ami more exacting applica eliminated or reduced; signal systems have tion ot safety principles than the steam rail been modernized anti extended: other safety road industry. Picture a quarter of a million devices have been installed; new and more miles ot railroad line covering itt a virtual powerful locomotives, embracing all modern network the vast expanse of die United safety devices, have been purchased; new States. Over this network arc operated a cars, lx>lh freight and passenger, have been billion train miles annually. Vast yard and installed. This capital improvement program i terminal operations arc necessary to make up has cost the railroads almut eight billion dol the beginning ot the journey of passengers lars since 11/23, and a large part, if not all, ami goods, ami to break tip at the end of that of (hat huge sum had a liencficiai effect, di journey the 12 million trains that accumulate rectly or indirectly, on the safety of opera that billion miles. These trains carry 300 tions. million passengers and one billion tons of But the engineer's job i* uc.vr done. As freight annually. It requires more than one soon as new equipment, new vail, or other million railroad employees to run the trains, devices .tic iiuuiicb the engineers go to make them ready Cor road movement, su work tu develop more efficient and safer pervise and safeguard`their movement and units. The railroads spend millions <>{ dollars maintain the equipment and roadbed, ax well annually in research and lalxiratory work as perform the many other duties incidental experimenting with engineering improve to the production of railroad transportation. ments. lit all this work safety is of primary 1 Safety lias in the past, is today, and always untmrtancc. An invention which might mean will lie the first principle in railroad opera great economies to the railroads would not tions. Out it is within the past fifteen years find its way to a single locomotive or car that greatest advances have l*cen marie in if its use in any way lessened the opportunity railroad safety. During that period we have for safe operation. Conversely, any improve t seen a complete remodeling and modernisa ment. mechanical or otherwise, promoting i tion of railroad physical properties. Road- safety of operation immediately commends !ds liavc been strengthened; bridge*, itself to railroad officers and employees. The trestles and culverts rebuilt; tracks have search for greater safety will continue so \ been laid with heavier rail and with long as railroad transportation is used. treated tics of greater service life and de- About a quarter of a century ago, the 5S7 < t l ;i *h l! .< i' if* ka* :ase 'ri = i.-.d Gsv-J: OpSpatf. sK'jf. 2*jesxa A 4KSD: to aragai iwag 'Ofees -.u.-t ti-^T-^--7 -*' ^rftJe.yc'a .tu.-: iitri* tfc=y> he a3eo. Yes: -u.-t *Saat csrjer ryaascair t<caggoere^ieily aisr isj tnr't'i. fax be repeated cvsl ss*. <-i:d: acnra ae-.s mv sagcar same <-M - pes d u.-ing Strain kailrmnl ,1/iV//;// ' THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 14, 1937 ,V/.\ Safety. An Executive Operating Problem By R. C. WHITE Assistant General Manager. Missouri Pacific R. R., St. Louis. Mo. Safety is an obligation of management. Without the constructive leadership and dayto-day urge from the executive and. operat ing heads, the movement would lapse into a pertuntory activity. The safety movement is recognized by executive and operating oiliccrs as a medium for building up and maintaining that rela tionship, that fellowship, which broadens our views, enriches character, and brings the Gulden Rule into practical application. Management recognizes that our economic system must, enable mpy. to live on an. in creasingly High fM\ '.ft must enable them tu fulfill their ticsircs ami satisfy their rea sonable want?, aittrvive (hem that feeling of security which is essential to happiness and efficiency. . Having made the decision that safety is an executive problem and responsibility--that accidents must stop--it is then essential that management promulgate. ami follow through, a plan that will definitely fix this decision in the minds of all the individuals who collectively comprise the industry. The follow through must be such that department heads, superintendents, ami every member of the supervisory force will appreciate the need for a constant, active interest in safety; will undcr-taitd that passive interest will no more produce results than would the same interest in production. Supervisors must be made to feet that the prevention o! accidents demands the same type of heads-up super vision that is sivett to the other problems affecting cost and service. The executive must find a way to indicate directly that it is the responsibility of the department heads to carry nut management's program, that authority is placed in each superintendent's hands to put accident pre vention an the same basis as production. A complete.factual and descriptive report of eaeh accident must be made. This must be followed by a thorough analysis to find the direct and underlying causes and the pro cedure necessary to prevent a recurrence. Proof of its sincerity will depend pri marily on whether management will make Ihe first essential move in the program-- that is, authorize the expenditure of money necessary to make the maintenance and op erating plant a safe place to work. Safety and Efficiency Analysis of the underlying causes of in dustrial accidents and preventive measures to be applied has made it. increasingly appar ent that those factors which are producing accidents are very largely the same factors which tend to lower the quantity and quality of production. Expressed in another way, safety and efficiency are as inseparable as though one word. '* In coupling safety with efficiency ( have not minimized it as an executive problem, but have endeavored to indicate that its solu tion is an executive responsibility, both to his individual industry and to the employees that make it a guing concent. Rail transportation is a scientific busino* In which laboratory research, expert *,> nceriitg, trained builders, and skilled workers share a part. One of the main factors is a group of employees who are loyal--who appreciate that their railroad must give the kind of service that will stimulate and accelerate the development of the territory traversed. The successful solution of our problem de mands the type of aggressive individualism in executive leadership that will attract and command loyal, collective. cooperative effort ou the part of all who produce rad transpor tation. . Our major concern is leadership--leader to s'*