Document K6XqqgNDZRajkOG0x9ExOVQjX

Design DESIGN AND STRUCTURE OF MULTI-CITY STUDY submittedto 3M EnvironmentalLaboratory 935 Bush Avenue St.Paul,MN 55144 submitted by Marcia Nishioka,MS and Warren StrviussM,S Atmospheric Sciencesand Applied Technology Department Statisticasnd Data AnalysisDepartment BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE 505 King Avenue Columbus, OH 43201 May 1,2000 Purpose The Multi-Cisttyudywasdesignetdoobtaipnreliminadraytaaboutdispersioofn fluorochemicalcompounds intheenvironment,uptakeintofoods and presencein drinkingwater,and tounderstandthepotentiaslourcesofhuman exposuresthatmight resultfrom thisqW of dispersion. Methodology The typesofsamplesthatwould be needed toestablisbhaselineenvironmental levelst,esthypothesesabout secondarypointsources(e.g.l,andfillasnd POTW plants). and dispersionvia airand water,and determinewhetherhuman exposuresresultfrom environmentaldispersionarelistedin Table 1. These samples encompass varioustypes of water and food samples,varioustypesof samplesfrom secondary sources,and samples from the envirorunentarleservoirosf sedimentsand air. These samplesarebeingcollectefdrom diversecities/town(scitieso)ftheUS accordingtoa statisticdaelsignand selectiopnrocess.A case/controsltudydesignwas selectedforthisinvestigatiobnecausethisdesignisgenerallyefficienwtith respectto power and sample sizeinidentifyintgrendsand drawing conclusions.For thepurposes of thisstudy,thetestcase group consistsof thosecitietshatareknown to have a major produceror userof3M fluorochemicalcompounds since1993. The testcontrolgroup consistsofcitietshatdo not have a major produceroruserof3M fluorochemical compounds (since1993),and exhibitsimilarcharacteristiacssthe casestudycitiewsith respecttopopulationsizeand drinkingwatersourcetype. The case/controdlesignwas alsoselectedbecauseof itsabilitytotesthypotheses aboutthe roleofprimary and secondarysourceswith respecttothelevelsof fluorochemicalcompounds measured intheenvironmentaland food media. Primary sourcesarethosemanufacturingoperationsassociatedwith productionand/oruse of 3M fluorochemicalcompounds. Primarysourcesdo notexistinallcitiesoftheUS. Secondary sourcesexistinallcitieosftheUS. Secondarysourcesarethe POTW and landfilolperationsthatreceivefluorochemicaclompound-containingwaste from industry,residencesand businessesa,nd dischargea fractionof thatreceived.A secondaryfactorinhuman exposureisthenatureofthedrinkingwater source-whether surfacewateror ground water. The presenceor absenceoffluorochemicalcompounds in ground water couldprovideadditionailnformationabout migrationofthesechemicals throughsoilfrom pointsources.For thisstudy,then,a 2 x 2 matrixofcitiewsas needed, based on primarysourcesand drinkingwatertype. The initiaslelectioonftestcasecitiewsas a pool of30 cities.The firs2t6 cities were thosewith the highest3M fluorochemicalproduction/usveolume in 1997.The remainingfourcitiewsere chosenas ones with generallylower usesof fluorochemicals. The 30 citiecsoveredthemajorityof3M businessapplicationsi,ncludingcarpetsp,aper, textilesa,pparel,and fluorochemicalpsroduction.Of the30 testcasecities1,5 used ground water asdrinkingwater,and 15 used surfacewater fordrinkingwater. 2 The 30 citiewsere furtherdividedon thebasisoftheratioofthepounds of3M fluorochemicaclompounds used in 1997 tothecity'spopulation.On thebasisofthis ratiot,he 15 citieosfeach water sourcetypewere furtherdividedinto3 groups of5 each (foreachwatertype),and designatedaseithera "high","medium", or "low" ratioof fluorochemicaltsopopulation.Thisratiowillbe usedtoassesstherelativeffectsof primary and secondary sources,inasmuch as the sourcestrengthof secondary sourcesis usuallypopulationdriven.The divisionofthe30 testcasecitiesamong thesecategories islistedinTable 2. The studydesigncalledfora fmal selectioonf sixtestcase citiesB.ecause surfacewater istwiceasprevalentas ground water(intheUS) asthe sourceofdrinking waterforcitiest,heselectioonfthesixcitiewsas similarlwyeightedthus,withfourcities beingsurfacewater casesand two beingground watercases.Within each of thehigh ratioand medium ratiocitiest,hefinalselectioonfcitiewsithineach subgroup was a random selectionw,iththeprobabilitoyfchoosinga citybeingweightedby the populationsize. Six controlcitiewsere then randomly chosen toresemblethecharacteristiocfsthe sixstudycitiesE.ach controlcitywould have the same watersourcetype and approximatelythesame populationasitscorrespondingstudycounterpart.To ensure similarpopulationsizesbetween thestudyand controlgroups,citypopulationswere separatedintothefollowingcategories0:-1000,1000-5000,5000-10000, 10000-25000, 25000-50000,50000-100000, and greaterthan 100000. Citiesfrom the 1990 U.S. Census Bureau datafilewere separatedintosixdistincgtroupsforeach studycity'swater source,regionofthecountry,and population.Severalpotentiaclontrolcitiewsere randomly chosen from each subgrouptoensuretheminimum distanceof 50 milesfrom producingcitieasnd a compatiblewatersourcetype.The firsctitywith thecorrectwater sourcetype and minimum distancewas chosen asthecorrespondingcontrolcity.The probabilitoyf a particulacritybeingpickedvarieswhen usingthismethod. For example iftherewere 25 citieisnthecontrolcitypopulationt,henthefirsctitychosenwould have had a 1 in25 chance of beingpicked.Ifthatcityfailedtomeet the criteritah,enthe next citychosen would have a I in24 chance ofbeingpicked,and so on. Citywatersources,eitherground or surfacewater,were determinedfrom theU.S. EnvironmentalProtectionAgency Officeof Ground Water and DrinkingWater website aLttX://www.epa.gov/op,wdwI)n.additione,achcontrolcitywas atleast50 milesfrom any cityusingorproducingfluorochemicalcompounds. Distancesbetween citiewsere calculateadthttp://www.indo.com/distancCeo.ntrolcitiewsere alsochosen from a regionof stateswith similarattributesT.hese regionsaredistinguishebdy the USEPA at http://www.ei)a.gov/epahome/locate2.lAitfmi.lefrom theU.S.Census Bureau containingallcitieisntheUnited Statesand their1990 populationswas downloaded from the Census Bureau websiteand used asthe listfrom which potentiaclontrolcities were chosen http:Hftpc.ensus.gov/ftp/pub/gteir/tms/gazetteer/places.zip 3 The twelvecitietsocomprisetheMulti-Citystudy(sixteststudycitiesand six controlcitiesa)re listedinTable 3. The sixtestcitiersepresentwo casesofcarpet industryfluorochemicaulse (Daltonand Pensacola)t,wo casesofpaperindustry fluorochemicaluse(Mobileand Kaukauna),one ofappareland textilfeluorochemicaluse (Spartanburg)a,nd one manufacturingproductionsite(Decatur).The firsrtound of samplingwas conductedatthreepairsofcities(sixcities): Pensacola,FL and Port St.Lucie,FL Mobile,AL and Columbus, GA Decatur,AL and Cleveland,TN The threetestcitiersepresentthe threemajor .3M businessesc:arpets(Pensacola)p,aper (Mobile),and manufacturing(Decatur).The initiarlound ofsamplinginthesesixcities isexpectedtoform a compact pilotstudyfordefiningapproximateenvironmentallevels forthisgeographicregion,and can be used as thebasisfordevelopingand testingfurther hypotheses. 4 Table1.Samplemediatobe collectiendeachcity Matrix Quantitypersample Replicates Urbanair Drinkingwaterplantintake Drinkingwaterplantoutflow Tap water atretaielstablishments 12 hr at250 L/min 1 IL 3 IL 3 IL 3 Surfacewater(upstreamof drinkingwaterplant) IL 3 Sediment associatedwith surfacewater 200 g 3 Surfacemonolayer atsurfacewatercollectiosnite IL 3 Fish atsurfacewater collectiosnite As available POTW POTW POTW influen(tonlypostchlorination) sludge effluent IL 3 200 g I IL 3 Landfill eachate IL 3 Food from 3 localgrocerystorechains Ground beef-high fat Pork-moderate fat Chicken-low fat Hot dogs-beef/porkmixture Regionalfish Eggs Milk Bread-white Green beans Apples- fresh Organic bread orflour 1 lb 3 2 chops 3 2 breasts 3 I package 3 0.5-1lb 3 1/2dozen 3 I quart 3 Iloaf 3 1 package 3 2 3 I lb 1 5 Table2. PotentiTaelstStudycitiecsa,tegorizbeydwatersourceand ratiof populatiotnoindustriuasleof3M fluorochemiccaolmpounds(FC) Water Ratio Source Group City State Pounds of FC SolidsUsed Ground Surface Cordova IL Parchment mi High I Riegelwood NC Rittman OH Pensacola FL St.Francisville LA Rhinelander wi Middle Prairideu Chien Wi Kaukauna wi Elkhart IN Milford NJ Walpole MA Low Devers TX Norco LA Texas City TX Dalton GA Jay ME High SocialCircle GA PortHuron mi Decatur AL Augusta GA Spartanburg sc Middle Mobile AL Lumberton NC Rochester NH Greensboro NC Erie PA Low Milwaukee wi Philadelphia PA Linden NJ -295,000 14,000 133,000 1,128,000 25,000 87,000 48,270 54,000 84,660 21,000 18,000 55.25 441.28 697 2,700,000 223,000 36,000 68,000 92,452 82,052 40,488 175,458 14,100 12,000 29,515 14,000 61,065 40,000 216.75 1990us Census Population Rat!o. 638 1,958 5.00 6,147 58,165 1,700 7,427 5,659 11,982 43,627 15,990 20,212 318 3,385 40,820 21,761 5,080 2,755 33,694 48,761 44,639 43,467 196,278 18,601 26,630 183,521 108,718 628,088 1,585,577 36,701 -150.66 28.00 21.64 19.39 14.71 11.71 8.53 4.51 1.94 1.31 0.89 0.17 0.13 0.02 124.08 43.90 13.07 2.02 1.90 1.84 0.93 0.89 0.76 0.45 0.16 0.13 0.10 0.03 0.01 Percent Chance of Being Chosen 0.9 2.9 0.7 9.1 86.3 2.4 10.6 8.0 17.0 62.0 19.8 25.0 0.4 4.2 50.6 19.4 4.5 2.5 30.1 43.5 13.5 13.2 59.5 5.6 8.1 7.2 4.3 24.7 62.4 1.4 6 Table 3. FinalselectionofTestStudy and ControlCities WaterSource Ground Ratio Group High Middle High 1 Surface High2 Middle1 Middle2 Study/Control city Study Control Study Control Study Control Study Control Study Control Study Control Pensacola PortSt.Lueie Kaukauna Englewood Dalton Greeneville Decatur Cleveland Mobile Columbus Spartanburg BovAingGreen State FL FL wi OH GA TN AL TN AL GA sc KY 1990Census Population 58,165 55,866 11,982 11,432 21,761 13,532 48,761 30,354 196,278 178,681 43,467 40,641 7