Document K6X74Qr7Dbwmz5qGDB2bM1GYr

FILE NAME: Avondale (AVD) DATE: 1968 Jan DOC#: AVD162 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Journal Article - Journal of Occupational Medicine - Measurement of Asbestos Exposure &A)~oo /'"<>/V Q.L* Measurement of Asbestos Exposure JERHEMOWIAAHRDR.EL. YANYCEHR T mh eades aatmthpel itnimge osft rthaetbeagsiyc edpiedecmisioiolongisc tseturmdyinoeftahne minedtuhsotdrisalthdautswt ihllabzaerudseudltitmoaetvealyludaeteexposures in later regulatory or control situations. Threshold Limit Values (TLV) are based on a caosrrmeleaatsiounredbetbwyeeanphaeratilcthuleafrfemctsethaondd. eSxipnocseurneos method, with the possible exception of electron mmiectrhoosdcsopmy,eamsuearesuerxesacatlllyotfhtehesadmuestfarancdtionno, twthoe ncoortrbeleateioxnpeocfteexdptoosubreestwheithsahmeaeltwh heeffreectdsifsfheoruenldt mtheotuhgohdsitoifs epxopssoisbuleretomeesatasbulriesmh eanttraanresituiosendf.rAoml one method to another by- means of simultaneous qcoumirepdaniiosnlasragmep, limnga,kitnhge tnhuims baeprproofascahmdpilfefsicruelt Tarheeriemfoproer,tathnet nmoettohnoldysbuesceaduisne tohfethoeriigrincoalnstrtiubduy tion to the success of that study but also because lsaurcgceeleydcinogmminidttuedstrtioalthheyugsieenoef tshuorsveeymsetwhoildls.be mefrnotaml CthonetrBolu.reNaautioonfaDl CisetantuerPfroervUenrtbioann aanndd IEndnuvisrtorinal SHeeravlitche, O{HccEuWp}a,tiConinacl iHnneaatlit,hOPhrioog. ram, U.S. Public Health Journal of Occupational Medicine Threshold Limit Value for Asbestos The preseht TLV for asbestos has its origin in a linear or "one time" epidemiologic study of the eastbaets.t1osintethxetileNiinnedteuesntr-yThciortniedsu.ctTehdebtyheDn reaevsaeiln dabulset; iamllpipnagretirclmese,thboodthwgarsaiunssedantdo fisbaemrsp,lewethree aclo.usnttaetdedsitnhcaet, f"ew. . .fibifertshewdeurestsceoenn.ceDnrtreaetsieonn eint asbestos factories could be kept below 5 million pbaersttiocslesppreorbacbulbyicwfoouoltd(mnoptpcafp)penaerw." cEalsseeswohfearse, Tthl>eey rdeeasscornibfeodr tthhiesirsuhgegsietsatnecdyTiLnVrecaosmtmenetnatdiivneg. wa oderkfienristesteuxdpioesduhreadlibmeietnweaxsptohsaetdotnolylefvoeulsr uonf dtheer 5 mppcf for over 10 years. This is not surprising wathtehnatotniemceoanssicdoemrsptahreedcownidthitipornesseonftthcoensedimtioilnlss g(TreaabtlethIa)t. pTrhioerintocitdheencbeegoifnnfrinagnkofditsheeassetuwdyasosuot of a total of less than 000 employees the plants dbeissctohsairsg.ed 150 workers suspected of having as- Engineering controls have reduced dust con c30enyteraatriso.nTshbey eacnoonrodmeircosfomf adgunsittucdoentorvoel ratrheespuacsht mthaayt twheelcl oesqtuoaflftuhrethceorstimofparlolviemmperonvt,eimf neenctsesmsaardye, 21 UCC 006946 Asbestos Exposure ________________________________________ TAKE I__________________ _ Dint Conenntrntioni -- Aibaitoi Ttil Survay* SURVEY OF OPERATION PENNA. 1934 WITHOUT CONTROL PHS 1938 WITH CONTROL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 1944 Mean Concentration m mppcf Cfiebrd'tnPqreparation 3417..10 3S4.07 43..30 21.3.2 TSwpiinrtniinngq 134..82 ll7..l1 -- -- 11..92 Waevina - 19.8 14.0 2.1 0.8 otof bdoatteh. tIhteisw, othrkereerfoarned, ntheeceisnsdaurystrfyorththaet pbreenceifsiet okbntoawinleeddg. e of the health hazards of asbestos be Present Epidemiologic Study proTdhuecptsreisnednutsetpriydebmyiotlhoegicUsntuitdeyd oSfttahteesasPbuebstloics eHlseeawlthherSee,1r-v*icaendhwasillboeennly abdeeqsuumatemlyaridzeedscrhiebreed. The reasons for the study are as follows. n'o1lo.gTyhoefstuhbesitnadnutisatlrychhaanvgeescrienattehde nsiezwe aenxdpotseucrhe situations in need of evaluation. 2. Over-all reductions in asbestos dust levels now make it possible to examine the relation of laoswbeesrtolsevteol aesxbpeosstousriess.in workers with long-term tud3.esThoef erexlpaotisounrsehsipanbdetwtheeenoctcyuprersenacned omf algunnig caTncheer nsteueddys tios bdeivdiedfeindedin. to the following seg ments. ers(Aw)ill b.eTmheeapsruerseedntbyexbpaosseulrieneofsugrrvoeuypss. oPfawstork teoxrpyosaugreenscwy irlel cboerdosb;taainndedfuftruomre pelxapnotsourrersegfruolma periodic resurveys so as to yield a history of ex posure spanning at least 20 years. aut(oBp)sy re.coDredasthwicllerbteifiocbatteasineadndf,orwthheorsee maveamilable, bers of the exposed group on whom social se cduartaity(adgeeaathndclcaaimusse)hasvpeecbifeicendefailtehd.raFtreosmwitlhlebsee constructed and related to exposure. wil(lCb)e ob.taMinoerde fsreonmsitimveedmicaelaseuxraems ionfathieoanltohf satatus selected sample of the study population. vir(oDnm) enta. lTeevcahlnuiaqtuioens aonfd hfuatzuarred cmonedtrioclalwilalnbde en developed. This present paper is concerned with the first segment only, measurement of exposure. Impinger Sampling and Counting Impinger samples were collected''routinely in pbroetshenthteepbidaseemliinoelogsiucrvsetuydsyabnedcaruessuerovnelyys boyf tthhies sthaempprliensgenmt eTthLoVd, wcohuilcdh disusbtasleevdeolsnbdeusret lcaotendcetno tration measurement by impinger. Impinger sam ptylepsescaorlleecatlesdo suismedulttaoneeostuasbllyishwirtehlaotitohnesrhispasmbpele ptwoseuernesminethteordmsstoof poethrmeritfreascttiimonastioofnthoef apiarsbtorenxe dust Since the confidence limits of a dust count improve as the number of particles counted in creases and only a few fibers are seen in impinger saallmppalretsictlhese aonrdig, itnhauls,inavrreisvteigaattoarms cehasauseretoofcoovuenrt aplllieddustotindeusss.t Tchoentsruoclcienssthoafttheirsaaopfprmoaacshsivaes eaxp pinodsuusrtersy is(TeavbildeenI)c.edHoinwethveer,iminpmroovdemerennatsibnestthoes pplraondtusc, tweplafinntds,ousurscehlveass inasbtheestoasnocmeamloeunst ppoispie tion of counting airborne dust known to consist monolsytltyooafscbeemsteonstdaugsati.nst a TLV intended to apply The lack of fibers in the impinger samples was not due to the absence of fibers in. the air. The ifmicipeinncgyerr,ealnatiemdptaocttihone daeevroicdey,nhaams iaccsoilzleecotifonpaerf ticles and is not efficient for particles with falling ssipteyesdpshleersess.thFaunrtthheart, othfeon10eXmoicbrjoecnti(v^e),,liugnhitt fdieelnd, counting technique used does not resolve par teixcpleesrimmuecnhtssmshaollweredthathnaot ntehemicimropni.ngLearbopraatsoseryd foinbleyrsabaonudtforonme ofuietldofsa1m00pfliibnegrsitinistehsetimairataesd steheant in electron micrographs was seen m the impinger samples. 22 UCC 006947 Ja n u a ry 1068 Volume 10 No. 1 Lynch., Ayer Fiber Counts on Membrane Filters meItthoisdeisvindeeendtedfroifmwethaereptroecoebdtianign athsatattiasntioctahlleyr useful index of airborne fiber concentration. In terest in fibers steins from the need to measure that factor in the environment that is most rele vant to the disease-causing mechanism and will, therefore, yield a significant correlation between health- and exposure. Fibers have long been im mplaicyatbede assigtnhifeiccaanutsaintivceanagceern.t TinimabsbreelsltVosiswaonrkd showed that because of the peculiar aerodynamic properties of fibers (i.e. that their falling speed is dareepegnrdeaetnetr othnadnia1m0)eitteirsopnolsysibwlehefnoramspueccht lraartgioesr oinbtjoectthse (lluonnggeirnatnhde hsehaavpieero)f tfoibepresntehtaranteindethepe snhifaipcaenot fbgioraloingsic. Tphroispearptpyeacrosntsoidebreinag mthoastt sthige ptianree)ntarmeinneortaclsoninsivdoelrveedd b(iaomlopghicibaolllye aacntdivsee.rpen Based on methods developed in Great Britain,5 a method of collecting and counting fibers on membrane filters was developed.* These fibers hfiacvieentpodroewsnizetos osfev0e.8ranl hbuuntdarreedtahlms oosft a10m0%icreofn because of surface effects. They are rendered ltaratensapnadrednimt wetihthylap1h-tthol-altemaixntdurceouonf tdeidetwhyitlhoaxa4 mm. objective (430X) under phase contrast il lumination. By examining a suitable number of faiesltdast,isitticisaplloyssuisbelfeutloecsotiumnat teenoofugfihbrfoibuesrsdutostmcaokne tcyepnetrastaiomnp.leIns awdhdiictihona,rleonngoetr dpuosrasitbiolen pweirtshonthale imSpoinmgeercmometmhoendtsmaoyn. ntohwe breelautsieodn.ship between tthoethime pqiunegsetiroanndofthseenmsietimvibtyrawneilflirlteevrewalitah fruesrptheecrt nliummitbateirosnoof fcothmepainmiopningirearpimngeethr/ofdil.teFrrpoamirslacrogle lected in asbestos textile mills an equivalence be ttawieneend/thTehutws,owshaemnpliimngpinmgeetrhosadms phlaess ybieeelnd, oobn the average, a concentration near the TLV of 5 mmpempcbf,ratnhee fiflitbeerrsacmonpcleenstwraotiuolndsbaesexmpeeacstuedretdo bbye as shown in Table II EnAgllitshhouagshbetshteorse tiesxntiolefomrmillasl, TaLgVoaalpopflic4abfilbeetros ltohnegaebrovtheaenq 5 ui ;< p e r valenc cc. e is ahpapsrobxeeimn amteelnytvioanliedd,.*thiIsf itnhdeiocardteesr tohfa1t mthpeeeTfL. VIf bthye ismafpeinlgeveerlwoofuelxdpboesuorne _____________________ T A tLt I t ____________________ _ _T_YP_E__C_O__U_NT,_______________ Total ftbfttt FFitbbetr'i l(oofttxqHefr tthKeonfl 510tpt CONFCIREENRTSR/ACTCION SO " 3?05 should fall in this lower range, dust concentra tions would be so near the lower practical limit of sensitivity for the impinger that accurate meas urements would be impossible. Consequently, the simhipfitnigneremtopthhaesims einmbthraenperfeislteenrtmsteutdhyodfrisombasthede gnroetaotenrlyseonnsiitnivcirteyasoefdthreelelavtatnercem, ebtuhtoda.lso on the Weight Methods for Asbestos . meEtvriecn mtheothuogdhs tohveergcreoautnetr mpreethciosdiosnisofungqruaevsi vtiaorniaedb,ilitthyeisabliimlitiytedtobycatphietanliazteuroanl vibairsialbeislsiteyneodf btheestoesnveirxopnomsuernet. aWhmeenasuusreedmaesntanofindtehxe ogfroasss , weight of airborne dust suffers from the same problem as impinger counts. If the relevant factor is the airborne concentration of respirable fibers, oavgerro-sasllmdaussstimneesass,uwrehmicehnt iynicelluddseosnmlyuacnh indduesxt ooff ldouwsterenbviiorloongmicenstigs.niSfiiczaen-sceel,ecetsipveecpiarellsyaminplminigxedde- vices suitable for long-period respirable mass sdaumstp, lienvgehnavien bteheen dreevspeliorapbelde. Hfroawcteivoenr,, aciornbtoarinnes mofotshtelyseggrarianisn,sbaortehpinarntiucmlebseorfatnhde ipnawreenigthrto.cSkoamde ljoacgeranpthtoictahlleyaisnbdeissttoinsgvueiisnh,acbhleemfriocmallfyibarnoduscrayssbteasl- taonsd. Oofthaemr bpiaerntitcdluessta. rWe gitrhaitnhseonfopnr-orecsepssirmabalteerdiuaslst eaxncdlupdaerdenbtyroackprIersaacmtipolnincgandebveiced,ettehremainsbeedstboys xm-aragynedsiiuffmracatinoanlyosris,.inNtoheancaalsyetiocfalchmryesthootidle,hbays been developed for measuring only fibrous asbes tos in the presence of particles of associated rocks. Airborne Carcinogens exApollsuorfe tmheeafsourreegmoienngt hfoasr tbheeenprceovnecnetironnedofwaitsh bestosis. Although the mechanism of cancer aamirboonrgneasabsebsetosstows ofirbkeerrss aisrenoat fcalcetaorr,. aTphpuarse, ntthlye mtoemtheoadssuoref ftihbiesrfciboenrcefanctrtoatriownitmh eraessupreecmt teontcasnercveer . as well. Other asbestos contaminants of interest are polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and cer- Journal of Occupational Medicine UCC 006948 23 Asbeitos Exposure btaailnt atrnadcemmanegtaalnse, sees.pIenciaallllyofnitchkeeel,acrlhyropmlainutms ,sucor svaemyepdleisnotnhisglsatsusdyfi,behrigfhiltveorslumweere(30cotlolec5t0edcfmfo)r uairrebmoernnet. pLoelvyenluscilneatrhearwomorakticplhacyedsocwaerrbeonnomt esaigs Hniofiwcaenvtelry, tarbaocveemaemtabl ieanntalyasiers,poofllustiimonilarlevheiglsh. volume samples collected on glass fiber and, more recently, membrane filters, do show significant agmanoeusnetsanodf inticckaenl,bcehprormesiuumme,dcothbaatltpaansdt lmevaenls wouetreehxaigcht eirn.'foSrimncaetitohnesoendatthaeasrpeeccoiflilcecftaedctowrithto measure for cancer-risk correlation no conclu sions can be drawn at this lime. Selection of a Standard Method As an outcome of an epidemiologic study, a safe loedveolfofeexxppoossuurere msheoausludrebme seentt inwtheircmhsmofeaetms etthhe following criteria in the order given: be1s. uTffhiceieenntlvyirroenlmeveannttaltofatchteordimseeaasseumreedchsahnoiuslmd to correlate with health status even in environ . ments where exposures to mixed dust occur. 2. The sensitivity of the method should be such as to measure levels well below the TLV. pri3a.teTshaemmpleitnhgosdtrsahteoguyld; el.egn.,dlointsge-lpfertoiodanpearpsopnroal samples in the case of asbestos. me4t.hTodhse shexopueldnsbee orfeascoonnavbelres.ion from existing poTsuhreeidmopeisnngeort mmeetehtoadnyofomf tehaesucrriintegraiasbwesetlol sweixth bthee perxecfeeprrteiodn iofftehxepreenwsee.rWe eainghatnmaleytthicoadls bwreoaukld fthilrteorusgahr.e Athte pbreesstemntetfhiboedrocfoeusntitms aotningmeexmpobsraunree absorrneelaftiebdertocotnhceenritsraktioofn aassbeastfoascitsoranind tthhee raiisrk of lung cancer. lUT. PCuibnlciicnnHaetia,lOthhiSoe4r3v2ic0e2 References: 1. Deeesem, W. C.; Dalla Valle, 3. M.; Ebwaho, T. L; M aun, J. M. and Sayess, R.R.: A Study of Asbestosis iNno.th2e41A,sVbeSs.toGs oTvcexrlniime eInndt uPsrtirnyt,inPgubOlifcficHe,eaWltahsBhiunlgletotinn, DC., 1938. 2. cCuSpAaLtLiEoYn,aLl . HJ.e:alOthbjeScttuivdeys oanf dthGeenAesrablesPtolasnPfroorduOccts HInedaultshtryS.ervDicivei,sDioenpaorftmOenctcuopfaHtioeanlatlh, HEedaulctha,tioPnuabnlidc Welfare, 1962. 3. iLnygns.chT.rJa.neR.2: 1AthsbAesntno.s MSteuedtyA--mProCcoendfurGeosvaenrdnmFeinntdal Indus Hyyienists, 1965. 4. TrusEEU, V.: The Inhalation of Fibrous Dusts, Ann NY Acad Set 132:1, 1965. . 5. AAdndninOgleecyu,pCa.HGy.g: ieAnsebe9s:t2o,s1D96u6s.t and its Measurement 6. bEyowtahressU,.SG..PHub. laicndHLeaylnthchS,e3rv. iRce.:foTrhEe nMumetehroadtioUnseodf HAysgbeiesntoes 11D:1u,st19o6n7. Membrane Filters Ann Oecupa 7. pAayreisro, nH.of ImLpyinngcher, Ja.nRd.ManedmbFraannneeFy,ilJte. rHT.:ecAhnCiqoumes for Evaluating Air Samples in Asbestos Plants Ann N Y Acad Sci 132:1, 1965. 8. bRyoaIcnhs,trSu.mAe.:ntMs eMaseuarseumrienngt DofifAfeirrebnotrnPeaArasmbeestteorss DAunsnt NY Acad Sri 132:1,1965. 9. CExkpaouseuyr,e Lto. TJr.;acKe eMeneatanl,s Rin. tGhe. ManadnuLfaycntcuhre, Jo.f ARs.: bInedstuosstriTaelxHtiylegiePnroedCuoctnsf.erPenrecsee,-nCtehdicaagto,thIell'inAomise, r1ic96a7n. Reprinted from Journal of O ccupational M edicine 10:21-24, January 1968 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 24 January 196$ Volume 10 No. 1 UPC 006949