Document K6V1NzyxGqgEw8apeJQzrB1b0

HUBB-0H09660 **8a .--- , /Lrf A if lt"e F--nd-t i j. T-.h venue, :c TRIAL DISTAFFi: TO.liTLuuiCu. ini. ifaw. _7, 3 (Jf.r., l <t.:t v aco o': ? vcxpatium^ Di "..sex will be held in Chicago ; r. ,--1 >--J t is ye-..r, in >cr..yu.ict 1-. r. v-ith r.-v '"x Annual lif'etir-6 of 1 is 'rxrican u-r. oT industrial Physio iim; ?r.i . urf.oons. :'cr the first tire- ir. the of the Ao. .iai'-io?, LU convs-ntio '. ill feature scientific sru Vs- -/ il exhibits. ->- 135. :-:;i:'Tr.iAL health :uun<-iL. first i-tet::#;. ini, Med. 90-2 (Feb. i?sa). Th . In.uszri ,1 liuolth Council has brc-n formed by the American Medical Associa tion :'j" the study of oocupation,cl diseases free the medical standpoint. Its first meeting was held, in Chicago or. Doeer.tcr 10. Several phases of occupa tion! h:ier.6 were discussed, v.ith refennee to the scope of the program,and it is r`.-;'li7,,--d that th,.. organization bus v. great task and a long program before it. Another meeting was planner for February. 1. . i-ILiOOSIS FILM. turv. Libor Lav: Admin., 3 (Jm, 1938), dso notice from U.S. Dept, of Later. fie L.A. Department of Labor wili shortly release s motion picture on the harm ful effects of s.licosis and the methous of prevention, to enlist workers, em ployers one. the general public in the battle against this industrial disease. The narrator presents the history and imper emee of the disease. The film then aererioes v.-herc cilice dust originates end ho;.' workers r.re exposed. An animat ed cross-section of the upper half of the human lung shows how dust particles enter end ^.re curried to the terminal air spaces, and hoy; breathing is impeded ''her. lungs ere clogged. Scenes in uusty plants without proper safeguards are contrasted v.ith others where adequate dust control methods are used. Prevent ive measures, including snfegu-rns and adequate State legislation, are describ ed. Exhibit copies of the film will be available to interested organizations loto in March. Requests for booking should be made to the Division of Laoor Stan lards, U.3. Department of Lnoor, T.'nshington, D.C. 137. I.L.O. otudy of AORXMEH'S C0MPEU5ATIGH FOP. SILICOSIS. Reviewed in Surv, Labor Lav. Aomin.., 10 (F-n. 1938). The original publication is issued as International Labor Office Stuay - Series ? (Industrial Hygiene) Ho. 16 and is obtainable from the American Headquarters ;.f International Labor Office, 734 Jackson Place, ishington, D.C. Price not giver.. This stucy presents three typical systems of compensation for silicosis through special legislation in South Afrio-., through special schemes in Great Hritai", -nd through special coverage in Germany. The application of blanket covc"age to silicosis is considered in r.n appendix. Details of eech plan are discussed. Preventi'.n is stressed in the laws of =' ch country. C `.y . --' ,r* References to Recent Literature - 2 188 A CRUISING LABORATORY TO FIGHT SILICOSIS. Ind. Bull. 17, 27-30 (Jan. 1938}. The New York State Department of Labor has recently developed a portable labor- Jj* atory, in an especially built body on a school bus eha^is., containing full x-ra >S equipment that can operate on ordinary industrial plant electric power, and with -8 8 H M quarters for medical and x-ray examination. This equipment should facilitate study of moderate as well as of extreme dust hazards and should enable the work to be done more quickly than hitherto possible. 159 FOLD'S STANDARDS FOR AIR CONDITIONING. J.J.Floreth. Heating, Piping, A Air Coni. 10, 109-13 (Feb. 1938). The author's account cf air conditioning in Ford plants (our abstract No. 483, 1337) is supplemented by a more complete description of the system in operation at the Twin City branch, at St, Paul. Minn. 190 DUSTFOE RESPIRATOR, Mine Safety Appliance Co., Pittsburgh, Jte, Literature available on request. The Dustfoe respirator has been approved by the U.S. Bureau of Hines and is marketed by the above Company. Its advantages are stated as light weight (under 3^ ounces), comfort, full vision, non-interferenoe with goggles or head covering, and replaceability of parts. It includes an outer felt screen for coarser particles and a specially-designed cellulose filter for the finer particles, 191 DUST COLLECTOR. Abrasives 19, 55 (Feb. 1938). A new wet typo dust collector is announced by Stevenson and Smith Co., Detroit. The main body of the unit consists of two steel tanks; an outside tank built around ar. inner one, and a semi-circular steel hood bolted to the top of the inner tank. The latter is lined with a system of steel drain shelves or louvers and has a hopper at the bottom with a gate for dumping sludge after draining, A series of circular screens, mounted on a driven shaft rotate inside the hood, and, with a spray system, constitute the collecting arrangement. The air is first washed by the sprays and then more thoroughly by the screens which rotate half in water. Collected dust settles in the inner tank, displacing water which overflows into the outer tank, until the water in the inner tank contains much dust and is ready for dumping. 192 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE EXPERIENCEi :STROSFSCT 1937 - PROSPECT 1938. C.O.Sappington. Ind. Ned. 7, 23-6 (Jan. 1933), Objectives relating to occupational diseases in this country, especially in re gard to the study and control of occupational diseases, have reached a high poin in their achievement during 1937. As evidences of this progress, the author lists the most important meetings in which occupational disease was an important part of the program; and several reports and publications. In compensation ex perience, dermatitis has continued as the leading reportable disease. Court decisions increased in total number and in number of states participating. De cisions on cases of tuberculosis yn d lead poisoning increased especially, and on silicosis oases in 7'isconsin. lack of common law remedy was held valid in Illinois. Compensation for partial disability due to silicosis was denied in Ohio, Michigan and. Pennsylvania, and the general tendency is in that direction. The author consider# the following to be the year's outstanding achievementst (l) the trend to develop devices which will give direct readings of concentra tions and types of air pollutants; (2) the research initiated by Air Hygiene Foundation at the Moore Engineering School in Riiladelphia, which will permit chest roentgenography standards to be brought under an improved scientific class ification; (3) the establishment of 2 Fellowships each yoar by the Air Hygiene Foundation at Harvard for research in engineering methods for occupational dis ease prevention; and (4) recognition by the legal profession snd organized laboi of the fact that pre-employment, periodic and post-employment examinations are necessary to the proper administration of compensation laws. HWBB-0009662 References to Reoer.t Literature - 3 The author predicts the following developments in 1933: (l) an increase in the number and (2) in the variety, o: occupational disease claims; (3) more literal constructions of laws as reflected in court and commission decisions; (4) a rela tive increase in the number of claims, in addition to dermatitis; (5) more fre quent statutory provisions for the use of medical examinations; (6) the in creased use of industrial hygiene surveys and correlation of engineering end medical data; and (7) further clarification of the definition of occupational disease. 193 THE NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY, 1935-1936. Survey Labor Law Admin,, 9 (dan. 1938) Preliminary, mimeographed reports of the Survey are available from the U.S. Public Health Service, Washington, D.C. Illness, injury or gross physical impairment ir. the United States prevent 6 mil lion people a day during the winter months from working, attending school or pursuing other usual activities and cause an annual loss of l/4 billion days of work, according to estimates made in this Survey. A heavy toll from respiratory and chronic diseases and from accidents is indicated. The greater prevalence of illness among those in the lower income groups is also shown. (B) lepers on Dust, Dust Diseases and General Industrial Hygiene. 0i 194 I2TH0DS FOR THE DETERTI'L.TICM OF QUARTZ IK INDUSTRIAL DUSTS. F.H.Goldman. U.S. Pub. Health Repts. 52, 1703-12 (Nov 26, 1937). Obtainable from Supt, of Docu ments, Washington, D.C. 5 cents, cash. In view of the present interest in the determination of quartz in dusts, this paper and others following are very timely. The recent methods for the deter mination of free silica are critically reviewed. The method of Knopf, involved the treatment of the sample with hydrofluosilicic acid, which theoretically dissolves silicates and leaves free silica untouched. In connection with well known methods for determination of total silica and elimination of other sub stances, this procedure should give the free silica content. However, it has been shown that the more finely divided is quartz, the more soluble it is in hydrofluosilicic acid, and its solubility Is sufficient to interfere seriously with the accuracy of the method. The fluoboric acid method of Line and Aradine is similar and has some advantages, but here again, the finest free silica i3 soluble in the fluoboric acid, and some silicates are not completely dissolved. Shaw's method, which is described briefly, is applicable only to special kinds of silicates - the coal measures and shales. Among petrographic methods, the general method of observing a number of properties under the petrographic micro scope, is not useful for particles under 10 microns. The method of Ross and Sehl is an application of the Beoke line principle and involves measurement of the refractive index only. One objection is that quartz cannot be distinguished from some other substances having approximately the same refractive index. (Another objection is indicated in the next paper.) Having shown thet none of the methods for free silica determination is free from objection, the author recommends a combination of methods. Samples must be ob tained judicious!", with the fullest inforimtion about each* Samples of all the raw material from which the dust may have arisen should be obtained. A complete chemical examination and a petrographic examination should always be nade. From a knowledge of the substances that are present, the choice of final quantitative method may be made. 195 RSVUr.; AND discussion of iethods of analyzing industrial dusts, (report of sub COil UTTER OK DUST PROCEDURES IN AIR ..UALYSIS) J.J.Bloomfield, Chairman. Am. Pub Health Assoc, Year Book, 85-90 (1937-38), The methods of analysis of dusts, with special reference to silica determination are reviewed to about the same extent, and with the same general conclusions, a; in the preceding paper. The x-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods are 0?) (z?) References to Recent Literature - 4 also discussed briefly. The principal objection to these methods at oresent are high cost of apparatus and limited applicability or. account of lack of data. An additional petrographic method is mentioned, that of Udluft and Hellmers, which involves photographing Zeiss ksnimeter samples, introducing an index liquid and photographing again. A combined method is recommended, and directions are given for collection of the 3air.ple, size fractionation, petrographic and chemical examination and presentation of results. 196 PETROGRAPHIC IDrETIFICATICL' T" ATMOSPHERIC DUST PARTICLES. Wilder D. Foster and H. H. Schreni:,. U.5. 3ur. Mines, Rept. of Investigations no. 3368 (Jan. 1938). Obtainable free from Division of Information, tT.S.Bureau of Hines, Washington, D.C. The use end limitations of the petrographic microscope and of methods for as certaining maximum free silica content of dust by that means are described. The petrographic methods for examination of minerals in mass or in fairly large pertioles, including observation of index of refraction, birefringence, crystal axes, etc. are exact, but cannot be applied to particles under 10 miorons, which are of most interest in dust counting. The Backs method is generally used for dust. The dust is immersed in oils of refractive indices near that of quartz, and the change of appearance under lightfield illumination when the body tube of the microscope is shifted slightly indicates the presence and roughly the content of quartz in the sample. The authors have rode a critical examination of this method, with charts show ing its applicability and its limitations. They show that for the finer particles a considerable difference between the refractive index of the quarts and the liquid is necessary, the difference increasing inversely with the par ticle size. A darkfield method which they also use and describe does not re quire .-o great a difference, but also has its limitations, camples of its application to samples of known and unknown composition are given. References to the pertinent literature are Included. Per a number of details that may be of interest, the original paper must be consulted. 197 MICROPRO JECTI01I IE TROD FOR COURTING IMPINGER DUST SAMPLES. Carlton E. Brown, Lester A.E.3aum, William P. Yant and Helmuth H. SchrenhL. U.S.Bur. Mines, Rept. Investigations no. 3373 (Jan. 1938) Obtainable free from Division of Information, U.S.Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. A microscope is ordinarily used in counting impinger samples under lightfield illumination* Continued dust counting is conducive to eyestrain, es pecially because the smallest particles have an apparent diameter of 0*1 zm. A microprojection method has been used by the Bureau of Mines for some time, and was described in a bulletin, in 1935. Since that time a simpler and smaller apparatus has been developed. In this method, the image magnified 1000 times is thrown on a soreen, where both eyes may be used in observing the particles. Other advantages are that more concentrated sample* say be counted and that greater precision is obtained. The neoessary apparatus, in addition to the microscope, includes an automatic-feed arc lamp, a heat filter, a suitable eyepiece, a right-angle projection prism, a suitable trans lucent screen, and light baffles. These accessories are described in full. Tabulated comparisons of results obtained with the mioroseopical and mioroprojector methods show good agreements between the two. The microprojeetion method has been used in counting more than 1,000 impinger samples collected in copper mines and many samples collected in other mines and in the course of the work of the Bureau. MHBB-B009663 HWBB-0009664 References tc Recent Literature - 5 153 TSTSRMINATICM OF LEE SIZE OF FILE ARRASZVE POTTSES. A COMPARATIVE 3"TY OF MIC RCFHO JSC TICK AND SEDIMENTATION 1ETHCDS. Frank L. 'Jones. Ind. Eng. Chem., Ar.al. 2d. 10., 45-7 (Jan. 1933). Reprints obtainable from this office. This carer reports the results of the application of the microprojectcr method to the size determination of abrasive powders with a size range of 5 to 70 microns. The method was substantially the same as that described ir. the ore- -1 ceding abstract. The results were compared with these obtained by sedimenta tion methods. The values for the average diameter obtained by the two methods agreed within the experimental error, but a larger proportion of the smaller particles were found by the micrcprojecticr. method, pretabiy because they have a greater tendency to adhere tc larger particles when suspended in a liquid. .I 139 THE EFFECT OF WATER CM THE PRODUCTION CF INDUSTRIAL DUSTS. H.H.W&tson. J. Ind. nyg. and Toxicol. 20, 155-60 (Feb. 1937). Experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of water on hand chisel ing cf sandstone. A block of the stene was supported in a dust chamber, the air cf which could be cleaned by circulation through filters, and the stone was v/erked by a mason under constant conditions. Samples of the dust were taken with the thermal precipitator, and in a few cases by a pump on ashless filter paper for weighing. The wetness of the stone was varied as follows* (a) stone quite dry; (b) a beaker of water poured over the surface ju3t before working, (approximating a common wet summer condition); (c) stone wet, 'with seme water lying in the irregularities of the surface; (d) stone wet through out, but no water lying or. the surface, (a typical wet winter condition); and (e) stone thoroughly wet, with a l/2 in. layer of water on its surface. In making the dust counts, aggregates were always counted as single particles. In condition (e) the dust count was decidedly lowered by wetting, but the con dition is not a practical one. In conditions (b), (e) and (d) the counts were higher than in (a), although in the only weight comparison, the dust weight frem (d) was lower than (a). The median size of the particles was always lower in the wet methods, being 0,33 micron for (d) against 0.95 for (a). The ex planation lies in the comparative absence of aggregation when the dust is wet. It is known that water prevents the escape of the larger particles; the author also suggests that the cooling effect of the water and adsorption due to con densation of supersaturated vapor also tend to prevent coagulation. A sim ilar effect of wetting on size distribution is found in rock drilling and grinding tests. In the author's words, "it must not be concluded from the results obtained that water is useless in suppressing dust, but it is evident that when water is used careful check dust samples must be taken from time to time to Insure that the apparent absence of dust is real." 200 RELATION OF DUST CONCENTRATION TO DEPTH OF HOLE DURING WET DRILLING. U.3, ** 5ur. Mines, Rept. Investigations No. 3369 (Jan. 1938). Obtainable free from Division of Information, U.S.Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. Information on the production of dust is of fundamental importance in the con trol of air dustiness, and since drilling is one of the main sources of air dustiness, an understanding of the fundamental factors underlying the making of dust is essential in attempting to control or limit air dustiness in mines. The data presented in this report are the results of a relatively short study conducted to ascertain the amount of dust thrown into the air of a mine work ing place during a complete cycle of wet drilling of horizontal holes. In the first ,'i . series of tests, the first hold was drilled to a depth of 65 inches, with sharp bits, i.e. a fresh bit was inserted each minute; the sec ond with the same drills after 1 minute's use of each; and the third with the same drills after 2 minutes' use. The time of the test was the same in ouch case, but the totul depth naturally decreased as the drills became duller. Eonimeter tests were taken eaoh minute, and an impinger sample was **J. 3. Littlefield md H. H. Sohrenk, 3 r-f\ >-- References to Recent Literature - 6 taken during each entire test. Additional tests were made ir. a similar manner, but only impinger samples were taken for a few minutes each, three being taken in each tost. The results show definitely that in the tests as conducted the greatest amount of dust was thrown into the air of the working place in drill ing the first 2 foot, and that the subsequent amounts continued to decrease gradually as the depth of tho hole increased. Although collaring is gener ally accepted as the dustiest portion of the operation -when wet methods era used, the test showed that making the entrance or collaring is not entirely responsible, but that the first few ir.- .s, at least up to 1 feet contribute heavily to tho dustiness. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are dis cussed. Increasing tho water, reducing the air, spraying the hole with a .toter blast, the use of water without air pressure, or the use of an ex haust hood are suggested as possible remedies. 201 A 1*; METES FOR CLAYS AND MINERAL DUSTS AMD ITS AWLICATIONS. E.G.Richardson. Sands, Clays and Minerals, 3_, 129-31 (Sept. 1937). The apparatus is used to determine the relative number of particles in a solid system such as a mineral dust consisting of a heterogeneous collec tion of substances of varying diameters, from several mm. to 1 micron. Tho - glass tank for a sedimentation method is blackened except for a small space where the beam of light passes horizontally from a lamp to a photoclectrio cell. The intensity of the beam changes according to tho state of the li quid, i.e. to the amount of suspended matter at the plane of the beam, so that a continuous curve is recorded. This curve, according to Stokes' law, indicates the number of particles below a given diameter, corresponding to a point on the time axis. The number of particles of a given sizo can be determined from the slope of the curve. Tho time taken by silica partiolos to fall through 1 ft. at 60F. -was as fellows* 10 micronss in air, 32 soo., in water, 20 min.; 1 micron; in air, 54 min., in water 33.3 hr.; 0.1 micron; in air, 90 hr., in water, infinity. The settling is too slow for most dusts studied in air hygiene. 2C2 ACUTE SILICOSIS IR LEAD MINERS. S.71.Thomas and S.L.Cummins. Lancet 233, 1481-4 (Dec. 23, 1937). The eases described occurred in dry pneumatic drilling through a hard quartz ite rock high in silica, without means to abate the dust hazard, and con sequently in very high silica, dust concentrations. After a number of deaths had occurred, 5 miners still at work were studied. They were taken ill 'mithin a short time of caoh other, after an average exposure of 31 months. Death ensued in 18 months, on the average, after ceasing work. The short period at risks resembles that found in cases of makers of abrasivo soaps, tunnel workers and sandblasters, and is far shorter than is usual for sil icosis in other occupations. Dyspnea predominated in the symptoms; fibrotic modulation had not reached the final stage. Tuberculosis was present in 2 cases, and may have hastened the process of fibrosis in other cases in which it was not detected. The particular interest in these cases lies in tho intensity of the dust hazard, and in the rapidity of the development of sil icosis and of its fatal termination. 203 SILICOSIS IN ONTARIO MINES. C.S.Gibson. Trans. Can, Min. Mat. Inst. 40, 649-62, and Bull, No. 307 (Nov. 1937). The paper is an aooount of tho measures taken, at mines in Ontario to combat silicosis. A committee was appointed by the Ontario Mining Association to study the subject, and research at Banting Institute was supported. One result of that research is a definite conclusion that soricito does not give rise to fibrosis. In tho engineering research, the question of minimizing ffWBB-0009665 'V\ ~y/ 663 References to Recent Literature - 7 the effects of varying air conditions is receiving the greatest amount of at tention* The alkalinity, acidity -nd toxicity of mine atmospheres is being studied. In eonnoction with drilling opcrc.tions end blasting, no br.sis is found for a gencrr.l statement fixing permissible amounts of dustiness. Ex tensive use of 7/0ter is considered good practice in donling v/ith the dusting from bloating* The .veering of respire ter s is common, ns well ns the use of voter blasts. With rcgnrd to ver.tilntior., the use of auxiliary fans end piping, hcc.vier pine and flexible lines is grov/ing. The Ontario net requires annual x-ray examin-tions, nr.d tuberculosis is considered the most serious factor in silicotic conditions. Tubercular employees ere not allowed to work 'underground. A distressing incidence in silicosis is suggested by the number of now coses during the post 5 years, but the period of exposure neces sary for development of the disease- hr.s lengthened from 10 to 18 yer.rs. Special emphasis is laid upon the value of measures to counteract tubercu losis. (From abst. in Colliery Guardian, Jan. 14, 1938. p* 75). 2C4 SOME PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE SILICOSIS PROBLEM. A.J,Lanza. Am. Inst. Min. Met. Engrs., Tech. Publ. Mo. 856 (Nov. 1937), Reprints probably obtainable from Dr. Lanza, Metropolitan Insurance Co, New York City. This is a brief but pointed review of the present state of silioosis preven tion. One point emphasized Is that authorities most in touch with the prob lem in this country believe that there i3 littlo appreciable disability con nected with silicosis in the absence of infection, and that tubercular infec tion in silicosis is the crux of tho compensation problem. Whon silioosis came to the front ir. the U.S., it did so on tho crest of a wnvo of litigation never paralleled in medico-legal annals, and legislation has been enacted in the midst of the furor aroused. It is greatly to the credit of the various legislative bodies that they dealt with tho problem as well as they did. Tho difficulty with silioosis is essentially its chronic nature, and the problem of compensation for previously existing or developing silicosis has been met in various ways by different states, and it remains to be seen how they work out, . In the mining industry, much has boon accomplished in silioosis prevention in the e.bsence of specific codes or regulations. Safe concentrations have not been absolutely determined, but there is evidence that a concentration of mor- than 5 million particles per cubic foot of highly siliceous dust is dan gerous. Anthracite dust, containing loss than 5% free silica, has been found not to cause disabling silicosis (anthmeosis) in concentrations of less than 50'million particles per cubic foot. Same progress is being made in estab lishing tentative standards in tho mining industry, and more should be dono irs that line by mining companies with the cooperation of governmental authorities. Tho effect of other dusts in modifying the action of silica should be further studied. Intelligent handling of the medical control problem, especially in dealing with silicotic* who are not disabled, is stressed. 205 A STUDY OF DUST CONTROL METHODS IN AN ASBESTOS FABRICATING PLANT. Riohard T. Pr.go and J.J.Bloomfield. U.S.Pub. Health Ropts. 52, 1713-27 (Nov. 26, 1937) Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, Washington, DTfT., for 5 cents, cash. This paper presorts a detailed study of the dust control methods used in an as bestos fabricating plant, and supplements an extensive medical and engineer ing study of the health of asbestos workers, as yet unpublished. Tho plant studied has partly completed an extensive dust control program, and the re sults arc not to bo interpreted as representing the maximum possible effic iency in asbestos dust control, but simply indicate actual conditions which arc probably representative of tho best practice in this oountry at tills time. Tho entire process is described, with tho dust control systems in use v/ith tho various processes in each department. An occupational analysis of 99960B0-9flftH ^ / i- -L; .1 e m -^ References cc Recent Literature - S employees is presented, with ' comparison cf the atmospheric dust cor.cer.tra- tions associated with controlled ar.d similar uncontrolled processes. Impinger counts ranged free. C.3 to li,0 million particles per cubic feet when they were stopped. Adequate data have r.ot beer, presented to justify the de termination of threshold limits of dustiness that will produce astestosis ir. any definite period of time, ar.d therefore it is impossible to determine per missible limits of dustiness on a medical basis, Nevertheless, any appreci able doorcase ir. asbestos dust will decrease the incidence ar.d severity cf t.e resulting astestosis. Since total elimination cf dust is impracticable, actual conditions resulting from, application of practical dust control methods can bo used as temperary standards by that industry. 206 INDUSTRIAL EXHAUST VENTILATION. EXHAUST HOOD ENTRY COEFFICIENTS. John L. Alder. Heat. * Vent. 3S_, 47-50 (Feb. 1933). This paper continues the author's scries or. industrial exhaust ventilation. The technical treatment of rate of air flow in entries, contraction, entry coef ficients, etc*, begun in tbs December paper, is continued. Diagrams of hoods of different typos arc given with the appropriate entry coefficient, entry loss and nearest simple orifice. The methods of increasing flow through hoods are dis cussed. (Vi'e have and several inquiries regarding the original papers. Our latest in formation is that they will continue for 6 or 7 months more, and that the com bined papers, with additions, may be published in book form if the publishers feci justified as a commercial venture. Otherwise the papers are obtainable only by purchasing or subscribing to Heating and Ventilating, published by The Industrial Press, 148 Lafayette St., New York City.) 207 EXHAUST FESUIRE'DNTS FOR FOUNDRY DUST CONTROL. John M. Fane. Foundry 66, 31, 72, 74 (Feb, 1933). Exhaust requirements for tumbling mills, blast-cleaning apparatus and grinding wheels arc discussed, in continuation of the previous paper, with tables. 208 DUST COLLECTION. E.R.A.Davies. J. Inst. Keating Vent. Engrs. (British) 5, 317-36 (1937). ~ A general description of dust-collecting methods, including exhaust systems and dust separators. ' GOOD HOUSEKEEPING AND SAFETY IN TEE FOUNDRY, INDUSTRIAL C0DE3 AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE LEGISLATION. Reprint No. 37-30, American Foundrymen1s Association, 222 W. Adams 3t., Chicago, 111. Obtainable at that address, price $1.50. The papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the A.F.A., Milwaukee, May 5 and 6, 1937 arc included in this reprint and are not obtainable separately. Abstracts of the papers follow, 209 FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION IN THE FOUNDRY. iJ. Walter Dundore. A.F.A. Reprint No. 37-30, 3-14 (1937). Obtainable as above. The paper discusses the need of proteotion for feet and legs in the foundry, the need of comfort as well as safety, and standards that are expected in the manufacture of safety footwear. 210 THE USE OF EYE AND RESPIRATORY PROTECTION IN THE FOUNDRY INDUSTRY. John H. Kolzbcg. A.F.A. Reprint 37-30, 15-23 (1937). Obtainable as above. Goggles ar.d respirators are discussed. The fundamental points to be kept in mind in selecting either equipment are proteotion, comfort, durability and cost. Goggles are available for all types of work and the needs for the par ticular operation must be considered. The cup type offers the most complete * HHB8-0009667 References to Recent Literature - S protection. High grade lenses must be used. >o vOo'. Cere in the selection of respire- tors for the particular type of work is equally important. Air-line respirator are necessary in sandblasting, and the source of air is ar. important factor. ^ The filter type of respirator is discussed briefly. Rore important than the selection of type of goggles or respirators is instruction in their use, expla* anicr. of why they are needed, and continual guarding against carelessness. In giving proper education in safety, the shop committee plan has been tried in the author's factory for some years and has proved very efficient. 211 A COLS HERAT IGEE OR PRC3LEH OF HUMAN SILICOSIS. Norbert Enzer. A.?.A, fce- prir.t 3?-30, 4-33 (1937), Obtainable as in note preceding abstract 09. A general paper cn silicosis, including history, nature and prevention by en gineering and medical control. 12 3000 HOUSHREEFING IF T-IL FOUNDRY. E.G.Ueiter. A.R.A .Reprint 37-3C, 34-8, (1937) Obtainable as in note preceding abstract No. 09. "Order ar.d cleanliness are important factors in dust control. The best equip ment available will not control dust conditions if superintendents, foremen, -S5- ar.d ror-r.er. are careless, dirty, and disorderly ir. their work...Good house (0) keeping without a doubt is the cheapest single method of dust control." With this introduction, the author discusses the various steps in installing good housekeeping: teaching the workmen, securing of order and introduction of a clean-up program, including housecleaning of the foundry interior, removal of dust by use of water under pressure, combination of air and water, vacuum clean ir.g and brushing, and finally elimination of dust at its source. The last item includes maintenance of equipment, care of floors, elimination of bad prac tices, and proper supervision. 13 YAIYTEHAHCE 0? - SAFEGUARDS IE THE FOUNDRY. James Thomson. A.F.A. Reprint 37-30, 39-42 (1937). Obtainable as in note preceding abstract No. 09. This paper briefly discusses mechanical hazards and maintenance of mechanical safeguards. 214 IIHUSTRIAL CODES AND THEIR APPLICATION. Jas. R. Allan. A.F.A. Reprint 37-30, 52-4 (1937). Obtainable as in note preceding abstract No. 09. Workable industrial codes are as much as necessity to industry as equitable oc cupational disease legislation. To the two factors must be added experienced administrative supervision to complete a system that is fair to all concerned. Safety codes for accident prevention are well established, but knowledge of the necessity for adopting sanitation and hygiene rules is of later origin, and much progress is jet to be made in that direction. The hygienic phase of in dustrial codes is difficult to prescribe be catse many of the requirements must cover items not so tangibly present and disceraable as in the case of safety protection, Tith increasing knowledge of occupational diseases and their pre vention, it is live duty of industry to codify the best preventive methods in use as minimum, standards and to pass them on to legislative and administrative authorities with recommendations for their adoption. The A.F.A. has an In dustrial Hygiene Codes Committee (of vhich the author is chairman) which has published two codes (our abstracts Nos. 223 and 24); and a third, on funda mentals of design, construction, operation, and maintenance of exhaust systems, will be issued soon. Every attempt is being made to write these codes in such a manner that they will be understood by anyone not well versed in the more technical details involved. Application of the provisions of these codes will enable industrial establishments to comply with any reasonable State require ment that m.av be enacted. 0 0 0! m -02 References to Recent Literature - 10 215 TEE ESSENTIALS 0" OCCUPATTONAL DISEASES LEG-IS LA T ION* O.E. Mount. A.F.A. Reprint 37-3C, 55-61 (1937), Obtainable as in note preceding abstract No, 209* The essential features of properly drawn, occupational disease lavs are presented. The .tain essentials are fairness to employer and employee, insurability, valid ity, liability, definition of terms, amount of compensation, time limitations, distribution of liability among employers, observation of exposed employees, ex-' animation of claimant, separation of occupational iisease liability from acci dental injur;/ liability, and determination of contested oases. Other subjects considered briefly are exemptions of particular industries and the question of all-inclusive vs. elective compensation. An occupational disease lav/ should ce distinct frcm. accident compensation acts. Under the heading of validity, the author advocates inclusion of lawyers as well as representatives of employees, employers ar.d insurance carriers, so as to have reasonable assurance that the lav.- will ce valid. Under liability, the question of the manner of listing the compensable diseases is discussed 'with the conclusion that there should be in cluded a drafted statement of the principles ar.d tests which must be applied and fulfilled before a particular disease may be deemed occupational in a particular employment. Such a statement should be fortified by a specific exclusion from compensation of ordinary diseases to which the public is exposed outside of em ployment. Regarding the question of what employer shall be liable for compensa tion, the author believes that the only workable test is that of the last ex posure, Such a test works r.o hardship on employers for the reason that it may be determined before employment whether an applicant has an occupational dis ease. Otherwise there would be no er.d to litigation to determine the responsi bility' of different employers. 216 FU!Z!AI3NIA1S IN DUSTPROOFING COAL. H.R.Fifo and P.T7.Edeburn. Am, Inst. Mn. Net, Engrs., Tech, Pub. No. 866 (Nov. 1937), 14 pp. Obtainable from Dr. Fife, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pi. Data are presented to illustrate the extent of surface area represented by coal particles of mixed sizes and distribution of the dustproofing agent as a func tion of this surface when applied in commercial practice. When coal containing widely varied sizes is treated, a limited quantity of dustproofing agent should be applied to prevent overtreating of smaller sizes; domestic sizes should be given supplementary treatment. Pretipple treatment of mine-run coal is advocated as an economical method of dust control. A dustproofing agent should be selected that is properly balanced with porosity and grinifi.Wlityof each type of coal. The method of application of the dustproofing agent (various types of spraying being considered) is advantageously chosen with regard to the point of applica tion and the market for 'vhioh the coal is prepared. 217 A3S0LUTE COLOR DSTERUINATIONS IN CESMICAL TOXICOLOGY. I, DETERMINATION OF SILICIC ACID Dr ORGANS. E. Kaiser and E. Ti'etzel. Agnew. Chem. S, 865- (1937) (German) The yellow shade imparted to the solution of the blue silicomolybdio aeid complex by the presence of the complex phosphomolybdic acid is eliminated by o suitable filter. The absolute color is determined by means of a step photometer. The procedure, comparisons of solutions and experimental results are given. The micromethod has a accuracy of 3-1055. 218 SAFETY IN MINING. D. Barrington. Mining Cong. J. 24, 59-61 (Feb. 1938). This is a brief review of progress ir. safety in mining for 1937. The figures at hand indicate that the business "recession" has been accompanied by a similar re cession ir. safety in mining, especially in coal mining. There were 124S fatali ties in the bituminous coal mines in the G.S., as compared with 1076 in 1936 and 903 in 1935. On the other hand, progress in safety and health has been advanced, both by legislation, by unofficial organizations and by the cooperation of mine owners, much more than the fatality record would indioate. HWBB-0089669 9") w xj ,a---N-?w ------h rzf\ >1Zm a JA - Jj -<C = -- _jt -----~ -____ : ~z .--. References to Recent Literature - 11 219 THE HCDEHH CONCEPT OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE. E.N.Newquist. Nat. Safety News 37, 15-6, 32-3 (February 1933), ` The industrial medical problem, has been and always will be fundamentally the same, namely, the adequate care of the health of the industrial worker. However, the defensive type of industrial medical service designed mostly to protect the employer and the curative type of service are fading out of the picture, and many employers are adopting the broader viewpoint of the whole subject and are manifesting more of a protective interest in the health and working conditions of their employees. The author discusses the following phases of organization ar.d scope of plant medical services personnel, facilities, preemployment physi- ca1 examine tiers. dustrial injuries ; suffering from nor. supervision of pis. cf medical ar.d com A survey The total of cedici ir. establishments employees. 220 HEALTHY, HEALTHY - 1? 'NTSE - EiDUSIRY. Alice Hamilton. American Scholar 7, (Vi'ir.te r, 1338); Ini l. lied, 7, 46-54 (jar.. 1938). The author traces the history of industrial hygiene ir. this country from 30 years ago, when it was nor,-e:;istent, to the present. The first occupational disease to which any attention was paid ms "phossy jaw" in the match industry, which had existed since 1851 without recognition until Andrews1 report in 190C. Lead poisoning in the enamel industry was next given attention. The great development of new industries during the world war brought many new hazards to which liotle attention was paid, until the cessation of the rush of activity, when medical interest v/as aroused in those hazards and the O.S. Pub lic Health Service began its activities. The newer hazards - carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, organic solvents, tetraethyl lead, redium in watch dials, and silicosis are mentioned - and the steps taken to combat them are discussed, with appreciation ef the progress made. The author then considers fatigue as a prob lem than increases in importance with the increase in mechanized industry. She notes that even ir. the most modem factories that make the most provision f-r the welfare of their employees, this fatigue is noticeable. It arises from mor.otoncus work, v/ith every movement timed by the speed of the machine ar.d vhe ex periments of the efficiency expert. It differs from the fatigue experisr.c.'n by the craftsman, the farmer or the housewife, because the weariness is emotional as well as physical. The author has no remedy to suggest except to slow up the speed of production. 221 3A3I2FUL INDUSTRIAL LUSTS. R.R.Sayers. U.S.Pub Health Repts., 53, 217-28 (Feb. 11, 1938). This paper vras abstracted last month under the title "Dusts that Harm''. (No. 112). This reference is the full original paper and is obtainable from Supt. of Documents, ITashington, D.C., for 5 cents, cash. 222 ORGANIZED INDUSTRIAL lEDICINE. '.THAT HAS IT TO OFFER TO INDUSTRY AND INSURANCE CARRIERS? Aaron Samuel Leven, Ind. lied. T, 36-8 (Jan. 1938). The author calls attention to the higher requirements and greater responsibility demanded of the industrial surgeon, as compared with the ordinary practicing physician and surgeon. His contacts are not only with employees but with of ficials of the industrial concerns, with industrial engineers, with insurance companies and with the Judiciary, and he must have a knowledge of medico-legal, medico-engineering and socio-economic problems. Though he meets with uncertain ties, he must make definite decisions on compensation problems, to an extent HU8B-0009670 IZ96000-98HH References to Recent Literature - 12 which does not fall to the ordinary physician, The designation "industrial med icine and surgery" docs not near, a specialty of medical practice, hut rather a manifestation of all specialties, the application of all medical and surgical principles, specific to, ar.d inherent in the nature of the problems of the spec ial field created by the contract of employment. Today, industrial medicine and surgery are organized to foster study and discussion of problems peculiar to industry, to develop methods for conservation of the health of workers, and to promote general understanding and disseminate accurate knowledge in reference to diagnosis and treatment of industrial diseases. I 223 aiedal report of the surgeon geieral of the fjblic health service of the exited STATES FOR THE TEAR EHDED JENS 30, 1937. E.S.Pub. Health Service (1937). The report of the Division of Industrial Hygiene, on pages 43-6, gives a brief --- H catalogue of the investigations and reports for the year, 224 r.-DES TRIAL MEDICINE AMD COMPENSATION IX MEXICO. Leopold 3rahdy. Ind. Med. 7, 17-21 (Jan. 1933). " Mexico has had an effective Federal compensation law for 6 years. Though still undergoing modification it is now comprehensive and well administered. As Mexico's industries are less diversified than ours, their health problems are simpler. The author compares the Mexican law with the Now York law in a number of respects, but points out that for a strict parallel it should be aompared wit:, those of our predominantly agricultural States. There are a number of good features in Mexican law and practice that are worthy of our consideration, in cluding the greater time devoted to industrial medicine in the medical schools, the safety and hygiene committees with representation of both employers and em ployees, a central pathological laboratory for study of post-mortem specimens, the equipment of Labor Department offices with x-ray and clinical laboratories, periodic and pre-employment examinations, and radio lectures on industrial med icine. On the other hand, the Mexican law provides lower death payments and shorter periods for disability compensation, and insurance is not compulsory. In general, there is now satisfactory cooperation among employers, employees and others in oarrying out the provisions of the law. 225 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS I" STATISTICAL TABLES. Revista del Trabaic 1_, 125-9 (1937). (Spanish.) In Mexico in 1936, 1717 workers affected with occupational diseases received a total of Cl,689,207 indemnity. Of this number, 1695 were miners and of them 1365 were suffering from silicosis. *26 SAFETY AID HYGIENE IX THE SUGAR IHDUSTRY. A.E.Xogueira, Revista del Trabajo 1_, 113-25 (1937). (Spanish). The paper describes in detail sugar manufacture in Mexico, with the hazards in volved. The hazards are (l) lack of pure water and sewage, (2) insufficient mechanical safeguards, (3) insufficient lighting for night work, (4) lack of medical care and supplies in a few of the "centrals", and (5) dusty atmosphere where the animals charcoal is reactivated. The author suggests the formation of a committee to draft adequate safety and hygiene rules. 227 ACCIDEXT PREVENTION AID HEALTH PROTECTION I?: ROCK AND MIXING INDUSTRIES. Laemnert. Arbeitsschutz, 267-72 (1937). (German). Accident hazards ir. rock crushing and allied industries are described. Other health hazards are merely mentioned. e ',--n a S3 -i References to Recent Literat'-re - 13 223 sicmess A:r::c- :ale ;:.tus"tal employees due::::- the thted quarter ..:d is ?i?^t V.T.7E. TOTTHS OF 1937. D.H.Hrundage. U.S.Pub. Health Repts. ?>3, 37-9 (Jan. 14, 193;}. Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, 7,'ashir.gtcr., D.C., 5 cents, cash. The sickness rate for male employees rose from. 22.3 per 1000 men fcr the first 9 months of 1936 to 104.4 for the corresponding period in 1937, only illnesses of 3 days and ever being considered. Influenza was responsible for .tost of the increase. The pneumonia rate also increased, and was 3.5 per 1C00 among steel and iron v.-erkers, against 2.2 per 1000 for workers in other industries. 29 ihcidetce or pk:: respiratory tract diseases atcyc- '.voeesss of the electrolytic PLAN" OF THE ALT: TTITfLI ETDYSTRff. T.T.Doroschenkc. Gig. truda (Russian) Ho. 3, 71-3 (1937). In the department "'.-her n is produced by electrolysis, the atmosphere contains much fine Hus (cryolite) and some gaseous fluorine compounds. Gbser- vations on 234 workers sh-r.v that nose bleeds and upper respiratory tract and ear diseases are of freque: :t occurrence. Systematic examination of new workers has shown that within I to 3 months respiratory tract mucosa may be affected. First there is ar. acute reac ;icn ar.d than a chronic one. Suggested improvements in- elude better ventilati< >n, closed transportation of cryolite and wetting of the cryolite during its pr< iparation. - Prom the author's English summary. 280 A PHOTO-ELECTRIC STOKE PERETROLETEE. A.S.3.Hill. J. Soi. lusts. 14, 296--503 (Sept. 1.937). After a brief review of the literature the author describes a photoelectric photometric method fcr estimating the concentration of various material sus pended in air or ether gases. The method is used for determination of the ef ficiency of filtering devices. The test cloud consists of carbon particles from a continuous luminous smoky flame adjusted to giro a reasonably constant amount of smoke with an average particle size of 0.16 micron. The density of the cloud is compared before and after filtration. The photocell is Illumin ated by a beam of light passing through the cloud in the penetrometer tube. The photoelectric current is amplified and estimated by a standard method. The galvanometer deflection from the balanced zero position has been found ex perimentally to be linearly proportional to the mass concentration of the car bon cloud for concentrations up to 100 mg. per su. m. The method is suffic iently sensitive to permit measuring the density of a cloud containing as little as 0,005 mg. per cu. m. A filter test requires only 10 seconds. (c) Papers on Industrial Poisons, Cancer, Dermatitis, etc. 231 TOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY AID "GRA'RJLOFEHIC ANEMIA" DDE TO VOLATILE SOLVENTS IN IN DUSTRY* HEPORT OF TtTG CASES,. Charles Edward Parsons and Ifelvins E. Moore Parsons. J lad. Hyg. k Toxicol. 20, 124-33 (Feb. 1938). The authors report 2 cases presenting symptoms of encephalopathy, accompanied by evidence of a profound depression of the bone narrow. The patients were young men who had dipped shirt collars in methyl "cellosolve", in making the new "fused" collars, and consequently had been in close contact with that sub stance for a number of months, and their symptoms became progressively more serious as their exposure continued. Among the symptoms pointing to toxic en cephalopathy were sleepiness, loss of interest in normal activities, dizzy and faint spells, hypertoxicity of all skeletal muscles, hyperactivity of all re flexes, transitory right ankle clonus, persistent dilation of pupils and moder ate ataxia. Anemia associated with granulopemia and disturbances of metabolism vrere also in evidence. Removal of the patients from exposure to the toxic sol vent, with appropriate treatment for anemia, resulted In recovery frctu the poisonous effects upen the central nervous system and the blood forming organs vrith apparently no permanent damage. MWBB-0009672 0) ^ =T\ References to Recent Literature - 14 232 HEALTH HALARDS IN THE MANUFACTURE 0? "FUSED COLLARS." I. EXPOSURE 10 ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER, Leonard Greer.burg, Ifcy R. Ifevers, Leonard J. C-cldwater, Uil 1 lam J Burke ar.d Samuel Moskov.itz. j, Ind Hyg. k Toxicol. 2C, 134-47 (Feb, 1933). Reprints obtainable from Div. of Industrial Hygier.e'7 LVT. State Dept, of Labor, SO Centre St., Dev/ fork City. The two oases described in the preceding paper and reports of others, led to ar. investigation in '.which clinical :nd hematological studies were made on 19 employees in the fusing department of a shirt factory where ethylene glycol mcncnetr.yl ether (methyl celiosolve) viais used in conjunction with denatured alcohol as a solvent fer cellulose acetate. The 1 patients znontioned in the preceding paper ar.d another who had left the plant the year before, suffering from "multiple neuritis", were included in those examined. The remaining 16 were working at the time of the investigation, and were boys and young men IS to 26 years of age. The work consisted of dipping the collars in a tank containing the mixture of methyl celiosolve, alcohol and other substances, and pressing them. Under summer conditions, 70 parts per million of alcohol, 25 ppm. of the glycol compound, and much smaller quantities of methyl alcohol, ethyl acetate and petroleum naphtha were found in. the air> 'ith the windows closed, the ethyl alcohol content was 215 ppm. and the glycol compound 76 ppm. An exhaust was provided on the press, 'cut as it became clogged unless watched carefully, actual exposure may have exceeded the figures given. All the boys examined had abnormal blood pictures. Clinically, however, there were three main groups* (l) those with a negative clinical picture; (2) those with abnormal neurological findings on physical examinations but no symptoms; and (3) those with the abnormal findings and symptoms of fatigue and dowainess. The blood picture, described in detail, is believed as a whole to suggest a macrocytic anemia associated with a reduction in the platelets and a relatively large number of young granulocytes. Individual differences in susceptibility are in evidence.. The responsibility of ethylene glycol monomathyl .other for these changes is not proved, but strongly suggested. It is recommended that . the concentration, of this substance in the air be kept below 25 parts per million. 233 HEALTH HAZARDS IT THE murpACTURE OF "FUSED COLLARS." II. EXPOSURE TO ACETONE'ETHANOL. Leonard Greenburg, I&y R. ' 'vers, Leonard J. Goldwater and William J. Burke. J. Ind. Hyg. 4 Toxicol. 20, 143-54 (Feb. 1933). Reprints obtainable as above. A mixture of acetone and methanol is more commonly used for "fusing" collars than is ethylene glycol mcnomethyl ether, and an investigation similar to the preceding was made in a factory where only the acetone-methanol mixture was used. Better provisions for removal of vapors were made in this factory, but a strong odor of the solvents was noticeable, and a characteristic test showed 25 p.p.m. cf methyl alcohol and 45 ppm. of acetone in the air. The 19 em ployees, young men between 13 and 28, were all examined. No abnormalities were found, either by physical examinations or by blood studies. Acetone was always found in the urine. Although both substances are loa,own to be toxic under sufficient exposure, it is apparent that in the workroom atmosphere the concentrations were not high enough to cause pathological ahanges. This study serves as a control for studies on exposure to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether used in the manufacture of "fused" collars. 234 NOXIOUS GASES IN THE VISCOSE INDUSTRY; THEIR INVESTIGATION AND ELIMINATION. '. Uehrung. Chen. App. 24, 218-23 (1937). (German). A discussion of the amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide evolved in various parts of a viscose-rayon plant, is follovied by a description of a ventilating system for their removal. HWfifi-0009673 V -sj 0 0) e References to Recent Literature - IS 235 MISUSE OF IRICHLCRETEYLENE FOR HYPNOSIS. EXIERHENTS IN A SECONDARY SCHOOL. A. Jordi. Schweiz, ned, Tfchnschr. 67, 1233-40 (1337). (German). Case of intoxication among students 'ey inhalation of triehlorethyler.e mixed v.lth Duco thinner are described. The author urges prohibition of free sale of trichlorethylene, its use only ir. closed processes, exclusion of young people from exposure, and compulsory declaration of solvent composition. AIR VEILS FOR REMOVING NOXIOUS GASES AND VAPORS IN INDUSTRIES DEALING V.'ITH NITRIC DERIVATIVES 0? EENZEITE TAD HOMOLOGOUS PRODUCTS. V.X.Navrosky. Gig. truda (Russian) No. 3, 13-29 (1937). The author describes laboratory experiments ir. '.vhieh he tried different types of nozzles for supplying air veils; some v;ere semicircular, others were rectangular, all of different dimensions. 3y employing these vjith varying air velocities, the author arrives at basic principles for producing adequate air veils in the chemical industry. - From the author's English summary. 237 DROPLET PRECIPITATION ON THE C0FC2AL SURFACE IN FURNITURE 'JORGERS. M. Bueohlers. Klin. I'tsbl. f, Auger.hlk, 99, 676-31 (1937). In vamishers and polishers in the furniture industry, fine and apparently solid droplets are found adhering to the epithelium, evidently precipitated by the solvent. The droplets are found only under high magnification. They disappear if the patients' exposure is discontinued. 238 METHODS OF ANALYZING TECHNICAL SOLVENTS. VII. n.H.Tfeber. Arb. a. d. Reichgesundheitsamt 72, 241-3 (1937). (German.) In earlier papers, specific color reactions of various aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons were listed, especially those that could be mixed with benzene, since they are the ones most frequently used in technical solvents. The re actions studied have proved to be of practical use. Only the further differ entiation of the easily recognizable group, methylene chloride., chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, proved difficult. The author now presents color reactions for distinguishing these substances from one another, even in mixtures. 239 MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE LIVERS OF RATS RESULTING FROM ZXVCGUHE TO CER TAIN CHLORINATED HYDROCARBGNS. Granville A. Bennett, Ceoil K. Drinker and Ifadeleir.e Field "Jarren. J* Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol. 20, 97-123 (Feb. 1938). Reprints obtainable from Harvard School of Public-Health, Boston, Mass. Mixtures of various chlomaphthalenes and chlorinated diphenyl were fed to rats and sometimes administered by inhalation. The effects of each mixture varied with its concentration, but in all cases macroscopic and microscopic examination showed that the liver was the only organ affected. The liver changes are described in detail, with numerous illustrations. The toxicity increases with increasing degrees of chlorination. Chlorinated diphenyl appears to be the most injurious compound of those tested. Administration of small subldthal doses of carbon tetrachloride and ethyl alcohol to rats whose livers have already been injured by the compounds under consideration is highly fatal and produces massive necrosis of the liver. The significance of this study in relation to the industrial problem involved Is discussed. 240 S01S PERTINENT IMPORTATION ABOUT MINE GASES. U.S.Bur. Mines, Inf. Circ. 6983 (Jan. 1938). Obtainable free from Division of Information, U.S.Bureau of Mines, Tfashington, D.C. a. list of the gases found in mines, harmless and injurious, and from natural and artificial sources, is first given in a table, with the essential proper ties and hazards of oach, with textual elaboration, which includes tables showing the effect of increasing the carbon dioxide content and of reducing HHBB-0009674 el 0 & a Ref erer.ces to Rece -.he oxygen context cn the explosibiiity of methane-air .fixtures, and a table giving the explosive limits of fixtures of com'custitle gases with air. The physiological e;foots of each gas are then discussed, and brief directions for reviving a person overcome by gas follow. Methods of sampling ar.d an alysis of mine gases are discussed in. some detail. 2^1 detection r-aurrs::? of c,.?=o:; rxroxirs poisoning. Robert Legge. Rocky iitn, Med. 0. (jar.. 1935); Ir.d. Med. _7> 103-9 C?e'c. 1935). This is a general review of carbon monoxide poisoning, and its methods cf de tection ar.d treatment. The greatest hazard is that of exposure to exhaust automobile gases in enclosed spaces but exposure often occurs in industry. The maximum, exposure should not exceed 1 part in 10,030 parts of air, and all possible precautions should be taker, to avoid undue concentrations. Small animals ar.d birds are often used for detection ir. air, but chemical detectors, such as that developed by the Bureau cf Minos, are best. The pyrotamic de tector devised bp- Sayers and Yar.t for carbon monoxide in blood, is simple, usable without technical skill, ar.d accurate. The symptoms in the first and second stages and permanent effects are described briefly. Artificial res piration and administration of oxygen are the test methods of treatment. 242 STITLE Air SENSITIVE ITTHOD FOR DETERMINING C.iRBON MONOXIDE IN BLOOD. A. Gigcr. and M. Noverraz. Schweiz, med. 7/chr.sehr. 67, 1154-6 (1937) (German.) The authors present ar. involved method by which the portion of the hemoglobin, that has been converted to carbon monoxide hemoglobin, can be estimated from color changes noticeable -with a stage photometer. The method is based upon the fact that the color of blood changes with addition of sodium thiosulfate, but that the change is not very marked if a portion of the hemoglobin has teen converted into carbon monoxide hemoglobin. 243 net; .-N.TR couakt high-capacity c.-.rtridges for mine oxygen RESPIRATORS, c. t. Hoff. Gasmaske' (German) 9_, 11C-4 (1937). Tests of the new cartridges are described. Compared with previously used al kali cartridges they show considerably increased absorption of carbon dioxide, a better utilization of oxygen and consequently a longer active life. Al though the temperature of the respired air is no higher than when the older cartridges are used, in spite of the greater efficiency of the new cartridges, the requirement of the industry for a reduction of this temperature has not been met. 244 FIXATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN OXYGEN RESPIRATORS. Walter Lemcke. Gasmaske (German) 9, 107-9 (1937). This is a"discussion of the function of the absorbent in a closed-cirouit ox ygen respirator and compares tiie properties of caustic soda and soda lime as a cartridge filling. Caustic soda performs satisfactorily but requires too much space. Ordinary soda lime utilizes the space more efficiently but is less effective as an absorbent and so saturates the air with moisture that the wearer is very uncomfortable. The Auer Co. in Germany has found a way to combine the advantages of these 2 absorbents and their new high-capacity car tridges have successfully passed their first practical tests. 245 "OX RESPIRATORS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST CHLORINE. N.A. Poliakof. Gig, truda Russian) No. 3, 41-6 (1937). The principle of the respirators devised by the author is the transfonaation of chlorine into hydrogen chloride by means of the reaetion between chlorine and potassium polysulfide on activated charcoal. They are intended to be worn in high oor.eentrations of chlorine, where the ordinary activated char coal respirator is insufficient. Two respirators of this type have been con structed, one for accidents and a smaller one for general use. HHBB-0009675 & ,, 0 Wi *' ,,,,n -0 .a References to Recent Literature - 17 245 LEAD DISEASES AMONG RIVETERS. Neumann. Arbeitsschutz (German) 292-4 (1337). The author has taken numerous samples of air in the vicinity of riveters, using Owens counters, including one with a capacity of 250 cc. instead of the usual 50 cc. He has also developed a method for qualitative ar.d quantitative detemin aticn of lead on the cover glass on which the sample is obtained. Mis results vary widely, as does also the incidence cf lead poisoning in different plants and locations. The author explains the differences by the varying amount of riveting done and the different number of riveters working in a given space. 247 EPILATING ACTION OF ETHYL GAS0Li:Z. H. J. Temple ton, G. Michael ar.d J.M.Key. Arch. Dermatol, and Syphilol. 57^, 35-42 (Jan. 1933). Loss of hair was the result of atomizing tetraethyl lead gasoline with a spray gun for 4 days. Mo symptoms of lead poisoning were discovered, and there was no t':.allium in the gasoline. Animal experiments showed that loss of hair occurs at the point of application when gasoline containing tetraethyl is applied, but not when pure gasoline or kerosene is used. 246 THE LEAD HAZARD IF HAKILG BUSHIMGS OF LEAD BRONZE. H.K.Neber. Arbeitsschutz, 294-5 (1937) (German.) Lead bronze has come into use recently for coating steel bearings for high speed motors. It consists of one-third lead and two-thirds copper, heated to 1350. Ho lead poisoning was found ir. the plant where the alloy was made, and 0,016 miorogram of lead was found per liter of air. Lead poisoning occurred in 2 other plants in vhich centrifugal casting was employed, and in viiich the lead near the breathing level -was found to be 1.9 and 0.55 miorograms, respectively, per liter of air. 249 THE LEAD AND ARSENIC CONTENT OF CANADIAN D01ESTIC TOBACCOS. F.A.J.Zeidler and Y.`.J.TIagner. Car.v Pub. Health J. 8_, 532-6 (Dec. 1937). Canadian tobaccos showed an average of 22 parts per million of lead, against 2.5 p.p.m. for oriental tobaccos. The arsenic content of the former is estimated to be about one-half the lead content. The authors concludej "the lead and arsenic content of Canadian tobaccos Is far in excess of that ch would be tolerated ir. foods. In view of the possible ill effects from unlimited use of arsenate of lead on the tobacco plant, it seems logical that there should be government con trol of some kind, -whether through tiie development of less toxic sprays or throug: the establishing of a safe contamination tolerance." 25C NOKAL ARSENIC CONTENT OF HUMAN HAIR. J. Vmehrer. Biochem. Ztschr. (Genmn) 294, 401-6 (1937). In the hair of persons unexposed to arsenic, a colorimetric method showed 5 to 53 miorograms of arsenioper 100 g. of hair. In persons with symptoms of ar senic poisoning, 245 to 1110 aicrograms per 100 g. were found. 251 MERCURY VAPOR DETECTION. L.R.Biggs, Construction Eng. Dept,, General Eleotric Co. Schenectady, N.Y. J. lad., Hyg. tt Toxicol. 20, 161-8 (Feb. 1938). Reprinte probably obtainable from author. The development of the Emmett mercury vapor process far producing electrical power led to the necessity of a suitable sensitive detector for mercury vapor in the air. Various types of detector wre described and illustrated. Selenium sul fide coated paper turns block when exposed to mercury vapor, and several of the methods described depend upon that principle. Two types of photoelectric de tectors are also mentioned, depending upon the permeability of meroury vapor to ultraviolet light. The air for either test must be dust free, dry and cool, and a method of filtering, cooling and drying is described. Hl/BB'* 6009676 e) F3 'j a -z< References to Recent Literature - 13 232 TESTri a MERCURY IN AIR 3Y POLEJAEV'S METHOD. G.A.Gorodezky. Gig. truda (Rus~ sian) No. 3, 82-3 (1937). The author has developed a modified method by which samples may he taken more quickly: 150 liters per hour as compared with 15 to 20 liters per hour hy Fclejaev's original method. CC 7 IT/DUS TRIAL MERCURY POISONING. E. Holstein. Z'cl. f. Gewerbehyg. 14. 249-58 (1337). (C-e rman). This paper describes the mercury hazards ir. certain industries, the clinical spnptor.s of poisoning, therapy, and the necessary hygienic measures. In a plant constructed in 1934-35, the lessons of experience in older plants led to many modifications. A German scientist has developed a substitute for mercury in the carroting process. 254 CHRONIC TdRCURIALISM IN THE HATTERS' FIR CUTTING INDUSTRY. Paul A. Neal and R. R. Jones. J.A.l'.A. no, 337-42 (jar.. 29, 1937). The authors review their work v.-hich was presented fully in Public Health Bulletin 234 (our abstract 75). 255 HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE PLATING INDUSTRY. F.N.Carlson. Monthly Labor Rev,, (Aug. 1937); 1'etal Ind. 35, 610-3 (Dec. 1937.) The author briefly discusses the hazards of the plating industry, including skin irritation from alkaline spray, "nickel itch", chromic acid, lead and oyanide poisoning. Cleanliness, ventilation and use of respirators are advocated as remedies for all these hazards. Also the addition of beeswax or stearic aoid to cleaning solutions is recommended. Resistance to "nickel iteh" is increased by the plentiful use of fruits in the diet. Tearing rubber gloves greatly re duces the hazard involved ir. cyanide plating. The treatment of lead poisoning is discussed briefly. Silicosis also is briefly discussed. 256 TOXICITY OF SELENIU1*. V. TOXIC AND VESICANT PROPERTIES OF SELENIUM OXYCHLORIDE. H.C.Dudley. U.S.Pub. Health Repts. 53, 94-3 (jan. 21, 1933). Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, 'Washington, D.C., for 5 cents, cash. Selenium oxychloride, used as a solvent and plasticizer, is a powerful chlor inating and oxidizing agent. Small quantities were painted on the clipped skin of rabbits, and 0.01 00. or 7 mg. per kg. body weight, was found fatal. 7/hen mixed with anhydrous carbon tetrachloride, death did not result, but mod erately severe bums were produced. `When 0.005 co. of selenium oxychloride was dropped on the arm of a man a burn appeared almost immediately and required 30 days to heal. No harm resulted, however, when the am was washed with water immediately after application. Quantities of the substanees found in the blood and liver of treated animals are given. 257 PROTECTING THE WORKER AND NEIGHBORHOOD' IN THE PRODUCTION OF ZINC OXIDE IN THE ROLLING KILLS OF UPPER SILESIA. Kappe. Arbeit ea.chutz, 296-8 (1937)(German). The author describes an evaporation process by which zinc, with lead, cadmium and thallium associated with it, can be extracted from low grade zinc ore. The escape of these metals constitutes a hazard, and the author shows haw the dan gers ean be overcome by proper equipment. 253 INDUSTRLiL HYGIENE IN THE ELECTROLYSIS OF ZINC. A.A. 'Uszetunian and D.N. Flnkelstein. Gi truda (Russian) No. 3, 35-40 (1937). On the basis of special investigations carried out in the electrolytical de partment of the zinc plant in Cheliabinsk, including air analysis and study of morbidity among workers, the authors point out that the greatest harm is done by the combined action of sulfuric aeid and zinc sulfate. These cause respira tory diseases and dental trouble. Prophylactic measures are suggested. From the authors' English summary. HM8B-0009677 f3 -.-zj "4a References to Recent Literature - 19 259 THE DAGGER 0? OXYGEN. G. Pflesser. Arch, f, exper. ftithol, u. Pharmakol. 157, 472-S (1937). (German). 7/kite mice, cats and dogs allowed to breathe as much pure oxygen, as possible died within 2 to 4 days. Autopsy showed massive lung em physema, stasis of the organs, heart and vessels almost bloodless and the heart almost flaccid. The cause of death, therefore, appeared to be weakness of the heart ar.d circulation, 260 OXYGEN DEFICIENCY IN A ".'ACER TANK. F.R.."olden. Nat. Safety News 37, 51, 70-1 (Feb. 1938). Three workmen collapsed on entering a tank 8 or 9 feet in diameter and 30 feet in length, for the purpose of cleaning out the residue from 'water that had been stored under pressure in the tank. The viater had been forced out by the air pressure already in the tank which was then reduced to atmospheric. The men were rescued soon. Two suffered headache and nausea but no permanent effect. On repetition of the same conditions at the next cleaning period, no carbon monoxide and 0.1(7 carbon dioxide were found, but the oxygen content varied from 5.4 to 10.4-%. Similar values were obtained on a later reoheck. The lack of oxygen was evidently due to its selective solubility in the water. Life lines should be worn during work in such tanks, and outside air should be admitted during draining. 261 REPORT OF SUB*COMMITTEE OK CHEMICAL PROCEDURES IX AIR ANALYSIS. 7/.A.Cook, Chairman. A.F.H.A. Year 3ook, 83-4 (1937-38). As the first steps toward the publication of approved chemical methods of air analysis for organic and inorganic impurities, a questionnaire was sent to a number of laboratories believed to be conducting air analyses for industrial hygiene purposes. Including some state and municipal laboratories that will soon begin work, there will be a total of 54 available for conducting analyses as a part of occupational disease control. The next step will be the sub mission of a few methods for approval and subsequent publication. 262 CLINICAL AIT) EXPERIiEKTAL INVESTIGATION ON GAS COAL DUST EXPLOSION INJURIES IN COAL MINES Vi'TTH A SHORT REPORT ON THE CLINICAL PICTURE OP THESE INJURIES. S. Ishinishi. Arch. f. klin. Chir. 190, 693-713 (1937). (German). On the basis of animal experiments and observations on 252 workers, the author concludes that in these accidents the effects of high temperature and high air pressures on the respiratory tract are of greater significance than burns. The important factor of carbon monoxide poisoning is not given much considera tion. 263 ALLERGIC DISEASES IN RELATION TO OCCUPATION. 2&y R. Mayers. lad. Bull. 16, 503 (Dec, 1937)j Ind. Med. 7, 109-10 (Feb. 1938). Obtainable from Div. of Hygiene, N.Y.State Dept. of~Labor. 80 Centre St., New York, N.Y, Allergy in general is first briefly discussed. In relation to occupation, if it can be shown that sensitization has occurred in the course of an occupation, and was actually due to substances with which the patient came in contact there, causal relation is established. The practice in cases of dermatitis venenata is to mate patch tests with all suspected substances in order to de termine which one, if any, appears to be responsible. In asthma, other tests such as intradural or scratch tests are available. In many eases of asthma it can be shown that there is no possible relationship between the patient's asthma ar.d his work. A difficult medical aspect of dermatitis is polyvalent sensitivity: that is, once a person has become sensitized to a given substance, he may then more readily than before become hypersensitive to other substances. In such cases, very careful study of the particular case is necessary in order to determine whether the allergic response is due to the person* work. NHBB-0009678 & --V References to Recent Literature - 20 From the standpoint of prevention, it is clear that allergic individuals who have become sensitised to certain substances should not go on working with them. There are exceptions in cases of dermatitis venenata, in which immur.ity is developed but most persons tend to become more sensitive if ex posure continues. 264 DETOXIFYING AND ANTIALLERGIC ACTION OF SODIUM THIOSULFATE (Na2S203- 5E20) H. 'Ver.dt. Dtsch. med. Vlchr.schr. 63, 1332-5 (1931). (German). The author attributes three effects to this chemical: "one apparently like that of phosphorus in statu nascendi", evidently that of a reducing agent, that of a chemical antidote ar.d that of an antiallergic. The substance has proved useful in industrial eczema and also as a prophylactic in factory work. In the literature are found reports on its detoxifying action in poisoning from carbon monoxide, cyanide, heavy metals and other substances. The author reports favorable results in the treatment of allergic skin dis eases, one of which was evidently of industrial origin. He recommends fur ther. testing of the effectiveness of this substance. 265 ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS AND SECONDARY INFECTIONS. H. Kliewe and IT. Hass. Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infeot. 120, 198-208 (1937). (German). tony artificial fertilizers, including calcium cyanamide and calcium nitrate, cause si--'.-, erosions, often in the form of a prolonged ulcerating process upon which secondary infections develop. It was shown that pathogenic bacteria were absent and that many fertilizers have a weak bactericidal action. The authors believe that infiltration of the calcium cyanamide or nitrate fol lowing a skin abrasion produces swelling, loosening and tissue damage, and the acid protection of the skin is also weakened by loss of serum. Thus the stage is set for the infiltration and growth of bacteria. 266 FJL'.'ONARY TUMORS IN MICE. V. FURTHER STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY UPON SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED LUNG TUimS. H.3.Andervcnt. U.S.Pub. Health Repts., S3, 232-7 (Feb. 11, 1938). Susceptibility to tumors caused by dibenzanthracene follows the laws of heredity, as far as can be established by the experiments. 267 THE PRODUCTION OF TUMORS IN MICE OF STRAINS CjK AND Y BY DIBENZANTHRACENE AND METKYLCEOLANTHHENE. H.B.Andervont. U.S.Pub. Health Repts. 53, 229-32, (Feb. 11, 1938). This paper, supplementary to the series on lung tumors, shows that one strain of mice (Y) is much more resistant to tumors than the other. 268 DOES TAR REQUIRE ULTRAVIOIET LIGHT TO PRODUCE SKIN CANCER* 0. Tueschlaender. Klin. Yfchnschr. 16, 1284-5 (1937). (German.) YThite mice painted with tar developed cancer whether exposed to ultraviolet radiation or kept in the dark. 269 COMPRESSED AIR ILLNESS. C.W.Shilling. U.S.Naval Med. Bull. 36, 9-17 (Jaa.1938). This is a very brief review of the subject in 2 sections, on history and cause respectively. A good bibliography is included. HMBB-0009679 /5^ 0 L--*j References to Recent Literature - 21 27C CASDIO-VASCUUR DISEASE ID miSTEY. 7.`, Ehrhardt. Ztsch. f. aerjtl. Fcrtblg. 34, 714-6 (1937). (Gerr.ar.). Persons having cardiac and vascular diseases should not have work involving alcohol or dust. Vascular disease is caused by many industrial poisons, such as lead, phosphorus, arsenic, carbon disulfide and cyanides. 271 PHYSICAL THERAPY ID RELAT'D" TO HUTS TRIAL MEDIC EE. F.H.Hrusen. Minnesota Med. 30-3 (Jan. 1938); Ir.d. Med. T, 100-4 (Feb, 1933). Physical therapy is one of the means that can be used to get ar. injured worker back to normal, especially in the treatment of bor.e, joint, muscle, r.erve or skin traumas. The useful forms of physieal therapy include a reflecting lamp, paraffin bath, alternating hot and cold baths, short wave diathermy, massage and manipulation. In 4ase of the patients' inability to resume his ordinary work, occupational therapy should be employed simultaneously with physical therapy. HifBB-0009680 'T"'5 ^! o_. $ b /mHBB-0009658