Document K6M9dQpg2agZwEJN9jmpgnYrQ

PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT ABEX CORPORATION AN EVALUATION OP VARIOUS FACTORS INFLUENCING AIRBORNE ASBESTOS CONCENTRATIONS FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP - WINCHESTER SEPTEMBER 30, 1974 - OCTOBER 4, 1974 / ORIGINAL: /G. CC: C. A. C. E. M. C. D. F. J. Nicholson C. Blackwell, Jr., M.D. A. Borin L. Broadstreet H. Feierabend D. Gidley B. Mallory c K. Rennie E. Tayler, Jr. . P. Fagan - IC Industrie ABEX CORPORATION AN EVALUATION OF VARIOUS FACTORS INFLUENCING AIRBORNE ASBESTOS CONCENTRATIONS FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP - WINCHESTER SEPTEMBER 30, 1974 - OCTOBER 4, 1974 PURPOSE The purpose of this visit was to evaluate some of the factors associate-', with the manufacturing of various friction products in order to determine the effects of these factors upon the airborne . sbestos concentrations associated with the processes SUMMARY For the purposes of this study, the scope of this evaluation was essentially confined to three general locations: the book preformers, the block preformers, and the strip roll machines. Samples were taken in other locations, but the majority of the sampling occurred at these three locations. The variables that were considered during this study were: the type of mix used and the fiber length of the asbestos associated with the specific mix, the height of the employees, the working habits of the employees (clean or dirty), and the effect of additional experimental enclosures upon the airborne concentrations of asbestos. The results of this study indicate that the type of mix used, and the degree of enclosure significantly affects the airborne asbestos concentrations generated at the various preforming operations. The factors of employee height and the employee working habits were secondary factors, and by themselves did not significantly affect the airborne asbestos concentrations. Each citf the variables investigated during this study will be summarily discussed in the following sections of this report. Various comparative appendices and a sketch are also attached. DISCUSSION Mix rvpe: Using the comparative data gathered from the variou mix tvpes (see Appendix #2), there are two trends that emerge. First, the wet mixes generate far less airborne asbestos at various Dreforming operations than the dry mixes. Second, the mixes containing more of the longer asbestos fibers in their composition are associated with higher airborne.asbestos con centrations. The mixes containing the longer asbestos fibers are generally lighter and fluffier than the mixes containing more of the shorter asbestos fibers. The lightness of the mix adds to the propensity for the airborne distribution of the asbestos fibers. Regarding wet mixes and the amount of airborne asbestos that they generate, reference is made to Appendix #2, samples #14 & #15 and #20 & #21.. These four samples were taken at two similar strip roll machines (#3 & #4 ). These two machines were sampled in the morning and in the afternoon on the same day. The only variable was that the operators switched machines in the afternoon. Both operators selected were about the same height/ and both work very cleanly. The resulting airborne asbestos concentrations were as follows: strip roll machine #3-- (sample #14 0.50 fibers >5p./miyr strip roll machine #4 - (sample #15 0.43 fibers ? 5ja/ml) / strip roll machine #3 (sample #20 0.29 fibers> 5/i/ml), and strip roll machine #4 (sample #21 0.18 fibersr 5ji/ml). The average of these four samples is 0.35 fibers> 5/a/ml which is very low especially when there is no local exhaust ventilation provided at these machines. The wet mixes, by binding the asbestos fibers with the other components in the mix, generate very little airborne asbestos in the preforming stages. The length of the asbestos'fibers used in the various mixes is also a significant factor related to airborne asbestos concentrations. Referring to Appendix #2 again, most of the mixes studied contained approximately 50% of the long fibered asbestos and 50% of the short fibered asbestos*. The average fiber count computed for these mix types was about 1.5 fibers >5/i/ml. This average figure can be compared with samples containing only the longer fibered asbestos. Samples #3 and #11 were such samples containing 100% of the longer asbestos fibers. The mix used for these two samples was 80 rnix used in the block preform department. The results for these two samples were - (sample #3 4.10 fibers'?- 5p/ml) and (sample #11 3.59 fibers?5p:/ml) . These results are approximately 2k times the average count associated with mixes containing equal amounts of the short and long fibered asbestos. Another comparative observation made was between the 80 mix results versus results taken at the same machine with the same operator but with another mix (mix 551CSC). This was sample #16 and the resulting concentration was 1.24 fibers almost 3 times less than the airborne concentration that was generated when 80 mix was being used at the machine. These results strongly indicate that the dry fluffier asbestos mixes containing the longer fibers will generate more airborne asbestos than -mixes containing asbestos of shorter fiber length Perhaps the shorter asbestos fibers are more effectively bound up in the mix than the longer fibers. In any event, substi tution of the longer fibered asbestos by the shorter fibered asbestos should be investigated. Employee Height: Another of the variables studied was the relationship between the height of the employees and the air borne asbestos levels. Attention is called to Appendix #2 which gives comparative data on employee height and Appendix #4 which gives data about the book preform area. For the purposes of determining the effect of the operator height on airborne asbestos concentrations, a total of 4 samples were taken. The two operators selected were 6 ft. tall and 5 ft. 6 in. short, respectively, and they changed positions so that each worked on all four machines for equal periods of' the sampling day. All of the other conditions, mix type, etc., remained the same. Samples #1 & #2 and samples #12 & #13 represent this sampling situation. . Operator #3C-4418 (6 ft. tall) worked on machines #9 and #13 (sample #1) in the morning and then machines #15 and #16 (sample #12 in the afternoon. His levels of exposure were identical: (sample #1-1.46 fibers 5p/ml), (sample #12-1.46 fibers > 5/i/ml) . His average exposure was 1.46 fibers > 5;u/ml. Operator #3C-730 worked on machines #15 and #16 (sample #2) in the morning, and then on machines #9 and #13 (sample #13) in the afternoon. His levels of exposure were: (sample #21.'75 fibers 2- 5^/ml) , (sample #13-1.54 fibers > 5/i/ml) . His average.exposure was 1.64 fibers> 5^/ml. These results indicate that the operator height is not an important factor in regards to employee exposure to airborne asbestos. Employee Working Habits: The type of working habits studied was associated with the degree of care an employee took when working with the mixes and how much dirt was being generated during his normal working activities. Two arbitrary para meters, clean and dirty, were selected. Clean meant that the operator did not generate large amounts of dust as he worked and that he kept himself relatively clean for the operation involved. Dirty meant that the.operator generated more dust than average and that his person was pretty dirty too. Refer ence is made to Appendix #3 which compares the operators 1 working habits-.. The average concentration for clean operations was 1.53 fibers >5^/1111 (for 12 samples). The average concentration for dirty operations was 1.61 fibers> 5/i/ml (for 7 samples). During this study the operators would work on the same machines to keep the number of variables to a minimum. The average concen trations for the clean and dirty operators were based on dry mixes containing approximately 50% long and 50% short asbestos fibers. Samples involving 80 mix and wet mixes were not con sidered because of the effects that those variables had upon the concentrations. The results of these tests indicate that the differences between dirty and clean operators in their exposures were not significant under similar working conditions and with the same mixes. Experimental -Enclosure: Four machines .(#9, #13, #12, and #16) in the book preform department were chosen in order to see the effects of additional enclosure upon airborne asbestos concentrations. The attached sketch #1 gives a rough indir- cation as to what the additional enclosure consisted of. Appendix #4, samples #25 & #26 and #2 7 & #28 give the results of these tests. Samples #25 & #26 were taken at machines #9 & #13 and #12 Sc #16 respectively, before the additional en closure was attached. Samples #27 Sc #28 were taken at the same machines respectively after the additional enclosure was attached. ' The sample results are as follows: a sample,.#25 - 1.75 fibers > 5;u/ml (no additional enclosur b sample #27 - 0.84 fibers > 5/u/ml (with additional enclosure). c sample #26 - 2.31 fibers > 5p./ml (no additional enclosure). d sample #28 - 1.31 fibers > 5j-i/ml (with additional enclosure). These test results clearly indicate that the exposure levels were reduced in half as a result of the additional enclosure. Conclusions: As a result of this study the following recommen dations are made: 1. At the book preform, block preform, disc preform and other areas where high airborne asbestos concentra tions. ftave been detected, enclose the operations as much as is practical. Sheet metal enclosures are preferable, but canvas or lead vinyl curtains can be effectively used too. 2. Where practical, substitute wet mixes for dry mixes in the preforming stages. . 3. Where practical, substitute mixes containing asbestos fibers of shorter length for mixes containing asbestos fibers of longer length. . During the visit, I received excellent cooperation from Jeff Nicholson, Lloyd Broadstreet, Roger Dillon, Chairlie Mallory, and Bob Brown. I thank them all for their assistance and courtesies. VISITED BY: 11/6/74 REVIEWED BY: Industrial Hygienist FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER , VIRGINIA APPENDIX *1 FIELD SAMPLE #1 -. FIELD SAMPLE #2 FIELD SAMPLE #3 Fiber count>5ji/ml-1.46 Lab No. - 1839 Loc.--Book Preform #13 (new exhaust design) & Book Preform #9 Ld exhaust design) Med. Study #30-4418 Date - 10-1-74 Time: 8 :55am-10:42am Sampling rate in liters per min. -- 1.9591 Air vol. (liters)-209.6 Avge count/field--2.00 Mix used #13-55lD-333 Mix used #9-55lD-333 Percent long fibers in mix 551D-333 - 55% Percent short fibers in mix 551D-333 - 45% Work habits -- clean . Worker height -- 6 ft. Ventilation (fpm) #13 a. at weigh scale slot face - 3,500 b. at front hood press face -- 600 c. at side hood face- 300 Ventilation(fpm) #9 c a. at top hood face - 1,200 Fiber count>5^/ral-l.75 Lab No. - 1840 Loc.--Book Preform #15 & Book Preform #16 (both are old exhaust design) Med. Study #3C-730 Date - 10-1-74 Time: 9:00am--10:54am Sampling rate in liters per min. - 1.9823 Air vol.(liters)-226.0 Avge.count/field-2.58 Mix used #15-133-9 Mix used #16--55ID--333 Percent long fibers in mix 133--9 - 26% Percent short fibers in mix 133-9 - 74% Percent long fibers in mix 551D-333 - 55% Percent short fibers in mix 551D-333 - 45% Work habits - dirty Worker height - 5`6" Ventilation (fpm)#15 a. at top hood face 1,300 Ventilation (fpm) #16 a. at top hood face 1,200 Fiber count> 5;a/ml -- Lab No. - 1841 Loc.-Book Preform Med. Study #3C-405 Date - 10-1-74 Time: 9 : 21am--10:48 Sampling rate in 1 per min.-1.9591 Air vol. (liters)-1 Avge. count/field-- Mix used #5 - 80 m Percent long fiber: 80 mix -- 100% Percent short fibe: 80 mix -- 0% Work habits - dirt; Worker height - 6 Ventilation- (fpm) ; a. at front hood f 1,500 (left) Double cavity mac'n FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #1 FIELD SAMPLE 4 Fiber count>5/i/ml -- 1.73 Lab No. - 1842 Loc.-Block preform #17 Medical Study #3C-735 Date: 10-1-74 Time: 9 :2 7am--10:45am Sampling rate in liters per min.--1-9359 Air vol.(liters)--151.0 Avge.count/field-1.71 Mix used #17--551-C Percent long fibers in mix 551-C -- 56% Percent short fibers in mix 551-C - 44% Work habits -- clean Worker height-6'1" Ventilation (fpm) a. at front hood face-- 1,600 Single cavity machine FIELD SAMPLE #5 Fiber counts 5,p/ml -- 1.20 Lab No. - 1843 Loc. - Disc brake preform #1 Med. Study #3C-424 Date - 10-1-74 Time: 9:34am-ll:31^m Sampling rate in 1. ters per min.-1.9823 Air vol.(liters)-232.0 Avge.count/field-1.82 Mix used --672--124 Work habits -- clean Worker height - 5`8" Ventilation (fpm) a. left side press area 1 r200 b. right side press area 1,200 FIELD SAMPLE #6 Fiber count>5u/ml Lab No. -- 1844 Loc. - Blank Date - 10-1-74 FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #1 FIELD SAMPLE #7 Fiber count>5ji/ml~2.99 Lab No. - 1845 Loc.-#2 line Blok O.D. grinder #SKA-442 #3 Med. Study #3C-2095 Date - 10-..-74 Time: 9:3 9;tm-ll :34am Sampling r te in liters per min.--1.9591 Air voll, (liters) -225.3 Avge.count/field--4.39 Work habits -- clean Worker height--6*1" Ventilation (fpm) a. at wheel hood face 1,800 FIELD SAMPLE 8 Fiber count >5/i/ml~0.60 Lab. No. - 1846 Loc.-Set on a post about 6 ft. from Field Sample IT / Date - 10-1-74 Time: 9:41am-ll:37ara Sampling rate in liters per min.-1.9591 Air vol.(liters)-227.3 Avge.count/field--0.90 FIELD SAMPLE #9 Fiber count>$u/ml-l Lab No. - 1847 Loc.-Mill groove AB 567 Med.Study #3C-727 Date -- 10--1--74 Time: 9:43am--11:47a Sampling rate in li per min. -1.9823 Air vol.Xliters)-24 Avge.count/field-1. Work habits - clean Worker height -- 6 f Ventilation (fpm) a. at wheel hood fa 1,800 FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA appendix #1 FIELD SAMPLE #10 Fiber count>5^/ml-i.68 Lab.No. - 1848 Loc.-Block preform #10 Med. Study #3C-735 Date - 10**l-74 Time: 11:3 9am--1:55 pm Sampling rate in liters per min.-1.931 9 Air vol.(liters)263.3 Avge.count/fieId--2.8 9 Mix used - 551D Percent long fibers in mix 551D-333 - 55% Percent short fibers in mix 551D-333 - 45% Work habits - clean Worker height - 6'1" Ventilation (fpm)#10 a. at front hood face 1,600 Single cavity machine FIELD SAMPLE #11 Fiber count^S^i/ml-3.5 9 Lab. No. - 1849 Loc.-3lock preform #5 Med. Study #3C-4059 Date - 10-1-74 Time :11:41am-l:5 7pm Sampling rate in liters per. min.-1.9591 Air vol.(liters) 266.4 Avge.count/field-6.30 Mix used - 80 mix Percent long fibers in 80 mix - 100% Percent short fibers in 80 mix - 0% Work habits - dirty Worker height -- 6-ft. Ventilation (fpm) #5 a. at front hood face 1,500 ' Double cavitymachine FIELD SAMPLE #12 Fiber count>5/i/mlLab. No.. - 1850 Loc.-Book preform Book preform #16 ( are old exhaust de Mecical Study #3CDate - 10-1-74 Tine: 11:43am--2:01 Sampling rate in 1 per min.-1.9591 Air vol.(liters)-2 Avge.count/field-2 Mix used #15 - 133 Mix used #16 - 551 Percent long fiber mix #133-1 - 26% Percent short fibe mix 551D-333 - 74* Percent long fiber mix 551D-33 3 - 555Percent short fibe mix 551D--333 -- 455 Work habits - elec Worker height - 6 Ventilation (fpm) a. at top hood fac . 1,300 Ventilation (fpm) a. at top hood fac 1,200 FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #1 FIELD SAMPLE #13 . FIELD SAMPLE #14 FIELD SAMPLE #15 Fiber count>5^/1111 - 1.54 Lab No. - 1851 Loc.--Book preform #13 (new exhaust design) & Book preform #9 (old exhaust design) Med. Study #3C-730 Date - 10-1-74 Timer ll:45am-2:00pm Sampling rate in liters per min.--1.9591 Air vol.(liters) 264.5 Avge.count/field--2.66 Mix used #13-55ID-333 Mix used #9--55ID--333 . Percent long fibers in mix 551D-333 - 55% Percent short fibers in mix 551D-333 - 45% #Work habits - dirty i^Worker height - 5*6" --Ventilation (fpm) #13 a. at weight scale slot face -3,500 b. at front hood press face - 600 c. at side hood face- 300 Ventilation (fpm) #9 a. at top hood face 1,200 Fiber count>5u/ml-0.50 Lab. No. - 1852 Loc. -- Roll Machine #3 Med. Study #3C-767 Date - 10-2-74 Timer 7:48am - 11:07am Sampling rate in liters per min.-1.9823 Air vol. (liters) 394.5 Avge.count/field-1.28 Mix used -- 435--7 Wet mix Work habits-clean Worker height-519" Ventilation - None Fiber counts5/i/ml - > Lab No. - 1853 Loc.--Roll Machine #4 Med. Study #3C-4473 Date - 10-2--74 Time: 7:52am--11:04am Sampling rate in lit per min.-1.9591 Air vol(liters) 376. Avge.count/field--1.0 `Mix used - 734-161 Wet mix Work habits - clean Worker height - 5*10 Ventilation -- None FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #1 FIELD SAMPLE #16 FIELD SAMPLE #17 FIELD SAMPLE #18 Fiber count>5(p/ml-1.24 Lab No. - 1854 Loc.-Block preform #5 Med. Study #30-4059 Date - 10-2-74 Time: 8:02am--10:54am Sampling rate in liters per min.--1.9591 Air vol.(liters)-337.0 Avge.count/field 2.76 Mix used - 551CSC Percent long fibers in mix 551CSC - 56% Percent short fibers in mix 551CSC - 44% Work habits -- dirty Worker height - 6 ft. Ventilation (fpm) #5 a. at front hood face 1,500 (left) b. at front hood face 600 (right). Double cavity machine Fiber count>5>p/ml-0.97 Lab No. - 1855 Loc.--Block preform #17 Med. Study #3C-735 Date - 10-2-74 Time: 8:06am--10:59am Sampling rate in liters per min.-1.9823 Air.vol.(liters) 342.9 Avge.count/field 2.15 Mix used -- 693-555 Percent long fibers in min - 57% Percent short fibers in mix -- 43% Work habits -- clean Worker height -- 6*1" Ventilation (fpm) #17 a. at front hood-face 1,400 . Single cavity machine Fiber count >5^i/ml-0. Lab No. - 1856 Loc.-Block preform i Med. Study #3C-4059 Date - 10-2-74 Time: 10:54am-l:08 j Sampling rate in lil per min.-1.9591 Air vol.(liters) 26: Avge.count/field 1.: Mix used - 693-555 Percent long fibers mix - 57% Percent short fibers mix - 43% Work habits -- dirty Worker height -- 6 ft Ventilation (fpm) #1' a. at frat hood fac 1,400 Single cavity machij FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX 1 FIELD SAMPLE #19 FIELD SAMPLE #20 FIELD SAMPLE 21 Fiber count>5,u/ml-1.15 Fiber count>5,u/ml-0.2 9 Lab No. - 1857 Lab. No. - 1858 Loc.-Block preform #5 Loc.-Roll machine #3 Med.Study #3C-735 Med. Study #3C-4473 Date - 10-2-74 Date - 10-2-74 Time: 11:02am-1:10pm Time: 11:06am-l:13 pm Sampling rate in liters Sampling rate in liters per min.-1.9823 per min.-1.9823 . Air vol.(liters)--253.7 Air vol.(liters)-251.8 Avge.count/field-1.91 Avge.count/field-0.48 Mix used - 551CSC Percent long fibers in Mix used - Wet mix 435-7 Percent long fibers in mix 551CSC - 56% Percent short fibers in mix 435-7 - 0% (?) Percent short fibers in mix 551CSC - 44% Work habits - clean mix 435-7 - 100% (?) . Worker habits - clean Worker height - 6'1" Worker height - 5`10" Ventilation (fpm) #5 Ventilation - None a. at front hood face 1,500 (left . b. at front hodd face 600 (right) Double cavity machine Fiber count>5>i/mlLab No. - 1859 Loc.-Roll machine Med. Study #3c-76I Date - 10-2-74 Time: 11:08am-l:II sampling rate in I per min.-1.9591 Air vol.(liters) -I Avge.count/field--< Mix used -- Wet mi: Percent long fihe: mix 734--161 - 0% Percent short fib< mix 734--161 - 100; Worker habits - c^ Worker height - 5 Ventilation - Non< FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #1 FIELD SAMPLE #22 FIELD SAMPLE #23 FIELD SAMPLE #24 Filler count75,u/ml-0.00 Lab No. - 1860 Loc. - Blank Date - 10-2-74 Fiber count^S/i/ml-2.02 Fiber count>5n/ml- Lab No. - 1861 Lab. No. - 1862 Loc.-Discpreform #3 Loc.-Block preform Med. Study #3C-014 Med. Study #3C-168 Date - 10-3-74 Date - 10-3-74 Time: 8:28am--10:50am Time: 8:38am-10:48 Sampling rate in liters Sampling rate in 1 per min.-1.9823 per rain. - 1.9591 Air vol.(liters)-281.5 Air vol.(liters)-2 Avge.count/field-3.75 Avge. count/field--3 Mix used - 238 Mix used - 551-DSC Worker habits - clean Percent long fiber Worker "height -"5*10" mix 551-DSC - 55% Ventilation (fpm) #3 Percent short fibe a. lower left side small mix 551-DSC - 45% hood at face, 2,700 Work habits -- dirt b. middle left side Worker height - 6 small hood at face Double cavity mach 2,800 - c. upper left side hopper exhaust at face -- 600 d. lower right side small hood at face 2,800 e. middle right side small hood at face 2,500 f. upper right side hopper exhaust at face - 500 FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #1 FIELD SAMPLE 25 FIELD SAMPLE #26 FIELD SAMPLE H?1 Fiber count?5^i/ml-l-.75 Lab No. - 1863 Loc.-Boot preform #13 (new exhaust design) & Book preform #9 (old exhaust design) Med. Study #3C-4418 Date - 10--3--74 Time: 9:02am-10T52am Sampling rate in liters per min. - 1.9823 Air- vol. (liters)-218.1 Avge.count/field--2.50 Mix used #13-55lD-333 Mix used #9 -- 551D-333 Percent long fibers in mix 551D-333 - 55% Percent short fibers in mix 551D-333 - 45% Work habits - clean Worker height - 6 ft. Ventilation (fpm) #13 a. at weigh scale slot face -- 4,000 b. at front hood press face -- 600 c. at side hood face -- 3 00 d. at rear hood face- 600 c. Ventilation (fpm) ' #9 a. at weigh scale slot face - 4,000 b. at top front hood face - 2r100 Sample taken without experimental enclosure in position. Fiber counts 5>i/ml-2.31 Fiber count>5^/ml~ Lab No. -- 1864 Lab. No. - 1865 Loc.-Book preform #12 & Loc.--3ook preform Book preform #16 (both (new exhaust desig are old exhaust designs) Book preform #9 (c Med. Study #3C-730 exhaust design) Date - 10-3-74 Med. Study #3C-443 Time: 9:06am-10:53am Date -10-3-74 Sampling rate in liters Time: 12:12 pm--2 : 02 per min.-1.9591 Sampling rate in 3 Air vol. (liters)-209.6- per min.-1.9591 Avge.count/field-3-16 Air vol.(liters)-2 Mix used #12-55lD-333 Avge.count/field--1 Mix used #16--47E Mix used #13-551D- Percent long fibers in Mix used #9 - 5511 mix 551D-333 - 55% Percent long fiber Percent short fibers in mix 551D-333 - 55?: mix 551D-333 - 45% Percent short fibe Percent long fibers in mix 551D--333 -- 45?< mix 47E - 100% (?) Work habits* -- clea Percent short fibers in Worker height - 6 mix 47E - 0% (?) Ventilation (fpm) Work habits - dirty a. at weigh scale Worker height - 516" face -- 4r000 Ventilation (fpm) #12 b. at front hood j: a. at weigh scale 5,300 face -- 600 b. at top hood face ' c. at side hood fa 2,200 d. at rear hood fa Ventilation (fpm) #16 Ventilation (fpm) a. at weigh scale 4,200 a. at weigh scale b. at top hood face -- face -- 4,000 2,300 b. at top front he Sample taken without face - 2,100 experimental enclosure Sample taken with in position. experimental enclc in position. - FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #1 FIELD SAMPLE #28 FIELD SAMPLE #29 Fiber count?5p./ml-1.31 Fiber countp5^i/ml-C. 00 Lab No. -- 1866 Lab No. - 1867 Loc.-Book preform #2 & Loc. - Blank Book preform #16 (both Date - 10-3-74 are old exhaust designs) Med. Study #3C-730 Date - 10-3-74 Time: 12 :14pm-2:03 pm Sampling rate in liters per min.-1.9359 Air Vol.(liters)-211.0 Average count/field-1.79 Mix used #12-55lD-333 Mix used #16 -- 47E Percent long fibers in mix 551D-333 - 55% Percent short fibers in mix 551D-333 - 45% ' Percent long fibers in mix 47E - 100% (?) Percent short fibers in mix 47E--0% (?) Work habits - Dirty Worker height -- Ventilation (fpm) #12 a. at weigh scale 5,300 b. at top hood face 2,200 Ventilation (fpm) #16 a. at weigh scale 4,200 b. at top hood face - 2,300 Sample taken with the experimental enclosure in position. FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #2 Samole No. Field Lab. Mix Used % Long Fibers in Mix % Short Fibers in Mix Fiber Coun > 5ju/ml 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9' 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 #55lD-333 #133-9 #55lD-333 #80 mix #5 51C #672-124 Blank -- -- #55lD--333 #80 mix #133-9 #55ID--333 #5510-333 #435-7 #734-161 #55lCSC #693-555 #693-555 #55lCSC #435-7 #734-161 Blank #238 #55lDSC #55lD--333 #47E #55lD--333 #55lD--333 #47E Blank 55% 26%) 40% Avge. 55%) 100% 56% -- -- -- -- -- 55% 100% 26%) 40% Avge. 55%) 55% Wet mix Wet mix 56% 57% 57% 56% Wet mix Wet mix -- -- 55% 55% -- 55% ~>5% 45% 74%) .-45%) 0% 44% 60% Avge. -- -- -- -- -- 45% 0% 74%) 45% 60% Avge. 45% Wet mix Wet mix 44% 43% 43% 44% Wet mix Wet mix -- -- 45% 45% -- 45% 45% - --- 1.46 1.75 4.10 1.73 1.20 0.00 2.99 0.60 1.11 1.68 3.59 ' --' < i 1.46 1.54 0.50 0.43 1.24 0.97 0.74 1.15 0.29 0.18 0.00 2.02 2.38 1.75 2.31 0.84 J c 1.31 0.00 SamDle No. Field Lab, 1 1839 2 1840 3 1841 4 184 l 5 184 3 6 184; 7 1845 8 1846 9 1847 10 1848 11 1849 12 1850 13 1851 14 1852 15 1853 16 1854 17 1855 18 -1856 19 1857 20 1853 21 185 3 22 1860 23 1861 24 1862 25 1863 26 1864 27 1865 28 1866 29 1867 FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #3 Medical Study No. 3C-4418 3C-730 3C--405 9 3C-735 3C-424 -- 3C-2095 Post 3C-727 3C-735 3C-4059 3C-4418 3C-730 3C-76 7 3C--4473 3C-4059 3C-735 3C-4059 3C-735 3 C--4473 3C-767 - 3C-014 3C-168 3C-4418 3C-730 3C--4418 3C-730 - Work Habits Clean Dirty Dirty Clean Clean Blank Clean - Clean Clean Dirty Clean Dirty Clean Clean Dirty Clean Dirty Clean Clean Clean Blank Clean Dirty Clean Dirty Clean Dirty Blank Worker Heioht 6 ft. 5 `6" 6 ft. 6'1" 5`8H - 6 `1" -- 6 ft. 6*1" 6 ft. 6 ft. 5*6" 5 `9" 5'10" 6 ft. 6*1" 6 ft. 6*1" 5*10" 5*9" -- 5*10" 6 ft. 6 ft. 5*6" 6 ft. 5*6" -- ' Fiber Count >5n/ml 1.46 1.75 4.10 (80 mix) 1.73 1.20 3.00 2.99 0.60 1.11 1.68 3.59 (80 mix) 1.46 1.54 0.50 (wet mix' 0.43 (wet mix] 1.24 0.97 0.74 1.15 0.29 (wet. mix 0.18 (wet mix 0.00 2.02 2.38 1.75 2.31 0.84 1.31 0.00 FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #4 SamDle No. Field Lab. Date Medical Study No. Location Fiber > 5ju 1 1839 10-1-74 3C-4418 1 1839 It It Book preform #13(new exhaust design) Book preform #9(old exhaust design) 1 2 1840 10-1-74 3C-730 2 1840 It M Book preform #15(old exhaust design) Book preform #16(old exhaust design) 1 12 1850 10-1-74 3C-4418 12 1850 at . If 13 1851 10-1-74 3C-730 13 1851 n It 25 1863 10-3-74 3C-4418 25 1863 tl It Book preform #15(old exhaust design) Book preform #16(old exhaust design) Book preform #13(new exhaust design) Book preform #9(old exhaust design) Book preform #13(new exhaust design) Book preform #9(old exhaust design) Sample taken without experimental enclosure . 1 I 1 26 1864 10-3-74 3C-730 26 1864 It if Book preform #12(old exhaust design) Book preform #16(old exhaust design) Sample taken without experimental enclosure 2 27 1865 10-3-74 3C-4418 27 1865 tl II Book preform #13(new exhaust design) Book preform #9(old exhaust design) Sample taken with experimental, enclosure s. 28 1866 10-3-74 3C-730 28 1866 " Book preform #12 (old exhaust design) Book preform #16(old exhaust design) Sample taken with experimental enclosure FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #5 Sample No. Field Lab. Date Medical Study No. Location 3 1841 10-1-74 3C-4059 Block preform #5 (80 mix) double cavity 4 1842 10-1-74 3C-735 Block preform #17 (551C mix) single cavity 10 1848 10-1-74 3C-735 Block preform #10 (551D mix) single cavity 11 1849 10-1-74 3C-4059 Block preform #5 (80 mix) double cavity 16 1854 10-2-74 3C-4059 1855 10-2-74 3C-735 Block preform #5 (551CSC mix) double cavity Block preform #17 (555 mix) single cavity 18 1856 10--2--74 3C-4059 Block preform #17 (555 mix) single cavity 19 1857 10-2-74 3C-735 Block preform #5 (551CSC mix) double cavity Fiber cou: ^5u/ml 4.10 1.73 1.68 3.59 1.24 0.97 0.74 1.15 FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APPENDIX #6 sample No. Field Lab. Date Medical Study No. Location 14 1852 10-2-74 3C-767 Roll Machine #3 (435-7 mix) wet mix No local exhaust ventilation 15 1853 10-2-74 3C-4473 Roll machine #4 (734-161 mix) wet mix No local eochaust ventilation 20 1858 10-2-74 3C-4473 Roll machine #3 (435-7 mix) wet mix No local eachaust ventilation 21 1859 10-2-74 3C-767 Roll machine #4 (734-161 mix) wet mix No local exhaust ventilation Fiber Coui >5n/ml 0.50 0.43 0.29 0.18 SKETCH#! BOOK PREFORM PKSEHT EUCtOSuAE - --------AOCnriaUflL gudt>S**JE Ciuooo) =__ \ f'- WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA EMPLOYEE NAME MEDICAL STUDY NUMBER REFERENCE NAME James Morris Loring McDaniel Richard Kesner T. L. Sraeltzer Robert Dove Edward Woods Richard Carpenter Gordon Miller Dennis Voit Douglas Clark Thomas Kane MEDICAL STUDY NO. 3 C-4418' 3C-730 3C-4059 3C-735 3C-724 3C-2095 3C-727 3C-767 3C-4473 3C-014 3C-168 ABZX CORPORATION INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APRIL 19-23, 1976 ORIGINAL r CC: C. B. liallory C. C. Blackwell, Jr., M.D. A. A. Borin E. H. Feierabend M. D. Gidley G. Nicholson M. C. Rauch, R.K. D. K. Rennie J. P. Facran, IC Industries ADLX CORPORATION INDUSTRIAL HYGIUlvE SURVEY FRICTION PRODUCTS GROUP WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA APRIL 19-23, 1976 PURPOSE Thi.3 Industrial Hygiene survey was conducted to determine tha extent of occupational dioeaoo exposure to airborne asbestos, lead, and solvent vapors. Recommendations for. control are enumerated in the report. Of the 48 samples collected for airborne asbestos, thirteen exceeded the present limit of 5 fibers/ml greater than 5 microns in length, and twenty-six including the thirteen noted above, exceeded the 2 fiber limit which is scheduled for adoption by OSHA in July of this year. The majority of the exposures vers confined to Booh Preform and Blok Preform with lighter excursions observed at the dry line operation in Lower Com pounding and at Disc Brake Inspection. Duplicate end txiplicate samples were collected at seven of the aforementioned operations which accounts for 14 of the 48 samples. Averaging of the multiple samples revealed 8 hour time weighted levels at three blok preform units of from 5 to 6 fibers/ml. Fiber coun :s of multiple sample locations In Eook Preform revealed average levels of 4 to 5 fibers/ml. Historically, book preform levels have been generally lower than those observed during this survey. The excursions were not anticipated since the installation of the hoods around the preformerfe should have significantly reduced the fibar counts. The increase may be attributable to normal ambient variations, but it ia likely that housekeeping and excessive reliance on the systems by the operators are also factors. In addition, the mix buggies era not yet ventilated, and floated fibers are clearly visible where the operators lean over and scoop mix from the buggies. The two short term samples taken from the cry line operator in Lower Compounding reveal that this operator is overexposed if ve observe the 2 fiber limit. This obviously arises daring leading of the mix buggies from the hoppers and to c leseer extent during shifting and transfer cf the wheeled containers. -1- Tbo three oamplos collected at Dice Brake Preform shoved an unusual reduction in airborne fibers. Only one of the units (Uo. 3} has been radasignod to any extent and would not account for the dramatic decline at all units to 0.43, 0.8, and 0.53 fibcro/ml from previous levels above the five fiber limit. Since the asbestos hoppers above the preform machines were not manually filled at any time during the sampling periods, the omission could account for the reduced exposure. Heavy concentrations of airborne asbestos are generated during this phase of the operation. One other location. Disc Brake Inspection, was found to be above the 2 fiber limit. Inspection, exposures are generally caused tv dust adhering to the surface of the brake pads. Steps should be taken to reduce this exposure eitner through procleaning of the pads or provision of adequate exhaust ventilation. All collected asbestos samples were also analyzed for airborne lead. As indicated in Appendix 2, only two of the samples reached or exceeded the Threshold limit Value of 0.15 mc/tl*. The locations Involved included Blok Preform Wo. 15 ana Blok Preform Ho. 5. Since these were short-term samples, the listed values (Sample 19, .149 rng/lp ana sample 25, .197 mg/L-iP) do not represent time weighted concentrations or averaging over an 8 hour workday. The only inference that can ba drawn, from the values is that they may be representative of the air borne lead concentrations present during any other short term period daring the 8 hour workday. This may or may not be the case. Blok Preform Wo. 5, which was campled twice, skewed the aforementioned short term level of .197 mg A'*? ana an earlier leval of 0.137 rng/M? for an average of 0.167 Since both exposure locations were Blok Preform units, it is apparent that further collection system improvements are needed. Personal samples of printing ink3 were taken at Blok Finish Printer No. 2, Strip Finish Hand Printer Ho. 2, and Strip Finish Printer chine Ho. 10. As. anticipated, airborne con centrations of the methyl ethyl ketone solvent in the different inks were minimal, ranging from 2.17 mg/tP to 59.23 rvg/M^ versus the Threshold Limit Value of 5S0 mg/l-i^. From the stand point of a fire and explosion hazard, ambient concentrations are not a problem since the Lower Explosive Limit is over 53,000 mg/M"* in However, smoking and open flames in the immediate vicinity of the printing units should be prohibited. 2- - Vapors concentrated directly above a spill or. open container of KBK can easily reach or exceed the lower explosive Unit. REco.^ibbri^TiQns 76-1 Existing exhaust ventilation design at blok preform units excludes- shrouding or hooding which is the only effective way to contain floated asbestos fibers. As discussed in provious reports, each blok preforn unit should be completely enclosed by an exhausted enclosure except for required access openings. If possible, the weigh scale should be incorporated into this enclosure. 75- 2 . Exhausted enclosures at the blok and book preforn units should oe provided for the mix buggies, or thn mix should be confined in exhausted hoppers in such a manner that scooping and manual weighing can be eliminated or minimized. 76- 3 Frequency of clean up of spilled, scattered asbestos mix at blok and book preform should be increased. Vacua: pickup should be used exclusively for this purpose. 7-< Steps should be taken to reduce exposures at Disc Brake Inspection either through precleaning of the pads or provision of adequate local exhaust ventilation. It can be assumed that if one inspector is exposed, others in the immediate vicinity are also subject to exposure. 76--5 Although exposure levels were low at disc preform during this survey, it is likely that significant exposures still exist at Disc Preform Units No. 1 and No. 2. Hoppers similar to that installed at Disc Preform No. 3 should also be made available at units 1 and 2 to elimi nate manual loading of the raw fibers. . 76-6 Tha dry line operator in bower Compounding should be provided with and required to wear an approved particu late respirator during filling of the mix buggies. 76"7 All operators in Blok Preforn, Book Preforn, and Disc Brake Inspection should he provided with and required to vs-er approved particulate respirators until ventila tion controls have been proven to be adequate. This is a fundaocntal protective requirement which should not be further delayed. (Repeat rccocnendation) 3- - 7 G --3 Posting requircnonts in locations whore excessive fiber levels are precent ere not being observed. Caution signs should be posted at all approaches to areao con taining excessive concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers. This is an OSHA requirements as act forth in the Codo of Federal Regulations, and is listed heroin a3 a repeat recommendation dating back to our survey raport3 of August 14-ie, 1972, October 2-6, 1972, and September 10-14, 1973. 7G-9 Employees are not being notified of their own excessive exposure to airborne asbestos so that they can taka appropriate! protective measures whether it be through the consistent use of respirators or more careful work habits. Employees should be notified in writing of their personal exposure as soon S3 practicable, but not later than 5 days of the finding. They, should also be advised of the corrective action being taken. This is an OSEA requirement as set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations, and is listed heroin as a repeat recotanendation dating back to our survey reports of August 14-18, 1972, October 2-6, 1972, and September 10-14, 1973. DISCUSSION During the survey, two or more short term samples were collectn at each of several operators, particularly in Book and Blok Preform, to obtain averages of levels throughout the day. These particular locations are listed below with the actual and averaged values. location Book Preform 019 Book Preform- if2 Book Preform Blok Preform Blok Preform #2 Blok Preform -.fl ACTUAL LEVELS fibors/ml 3.7B and 4.26 4.41 and 6-G5. 3.56 and 6.55 3.74, 3.01, and 7.10, 4.41, and 5.42 and 6.76 5.19 S .33 AVERAGE f ifcers/ral 4.02 5.63 5.05 5.65 5.61 6.1 It would have been ideal if 5 separate samples could nave bean taken at each location for purposes of closer averaging and to comply with OSHA sampling requirements. However, in this instance, time was limited since some asbestos counting was dona on sita In addition to sample collection. The above data do show fluctuations, but none are extreme, and it i3 apparent that the averages are reasonably representative of actual 8 houj time weighted exposure levels. The short terra method of samp ling is necessary when airborne particulate concentrations are elevated. Prolonged sampling at some locations overloads the filter, preventing accurate identification and sizing of fibers during microscopic examination. When this happens, erroneous fiber levels of from 10 to 100 times below actual concentrations may be reported. As indicated in Appendix No. 1, book and blok preform samples continued to show elevated fiber levels, especially when re lated to the 2 fiber limit schedulod for adoption by OSHA in July. Since ventilation changes have not resulted in notice able reduction from levels of December 16-20, 1574, it is . apparent that sources, or points of major dust release at each blok and book preform unit have not been adequately ventilated. Most past survey reports have stressed the need for proper exhaust enclosure of the mix buggies and hand transfer portions of the processes. This need is again reiterated. It is our understanding that engineering controls are to be installed at the mix buggy locations in Blok Preform in the near future. These plans should also include Book Preform where hooding installations have helped to reduce scattering and spillage, but have had moderate effect cn airborne fiber concentrations. A recent Industrial Hygiene Eurvey at Salisbury-PPG has dis closed preform fiber levels ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 fibers/ml. One or two locations were above 2 fibers/ml, but the reasons for the excursions were easily pinpointed and were attributable solely to poor work practices. The mix buggies and weigh scales are provided with exhaust ventilation at the Salisbury plant which appears to be containing effectively airborne . asbestos levels, at least to the 2 fiber level. It is suggcstcc that FPG-hTincbester inspect tbs mix buggy enclosures at Salisbury and consider- adopting some cr all of their principles of asbestos containment. There appears to be no clear pattern of asbestos exposure as it relates to the type of mix being used at the individual work station. careless work habits and/or excessive scatter ing of the nix can be assumed to be a factor, but there are no pronounced variations except for airborne lead levels within the survey data to support this contention. The operator at . blok preform No, 5 was selected for sampling because of the presence of asbestos calx on floors, equipment, end clothing, end excessive duct generation curing scooping and weighing. The levels during three different sampling periods were 8.74 fibers/ral, 3.01 flbers/ml, and 5.19 fibers/ml. These values do not vary significantly from those encountered at more fastidious blok preform operations. This lack of effect of parsonal variables tends to further indicate that the source of excessive asbestos exposure is common in origin. Remain ing, heavy sources of exposure at both book and blok preform are the mix buggies and the manual operations associated there with. ' In relation to tho airborne lead results in Appendix No. 2, excursions above the 0.15 Threshold Limit Value uera confined to two locations in Blok Preform. One of the loca tions was blok preform No. 5 (sample No. 25) which, as pre viously stated, was selected for sampling because of excessive dust generation and poor housekeeping conditions. This opera tor also worked at Blok Preform t?o. 3 during the morning hours (sample No. 10) where airborne lead levels were high (.135 rog/li^) but not above the Threshold Limit Value. It would be adviscable to provide this operator with instructions as to proper work habits and the need for consistent good housekeeping. Throughout tho plant, it was observed that only a few people were wearing respirators. In known exposure areas, only one man was so equipped. This operator's respirator was not worn continuously during dusty operations, but was only worn when the operator himself felt that protection was warranted. I inspected the respirator after the operator h3d deposited it on a dusty ledge, and found it to be dirty, and smudged both inside and out, and tho filter was thoroughly caked with asbestos fibers and particulates. It is imperative that a respiratory protection program be established in the plant whereby all exposed employees are provided with and required to wear approved, properly main tained respiratory protection. This recommendation has been sot forth in several previous reports. Although respirators arc provided on a voluntary basis within the plant, this is not sufficient since virtually all of the exposed employees remain unprotected. To have any positive or lasting effects the program must be implamented cn a mandatory basis. In addition, the employees should be thoroughly instructed in tho use of the equipment, and a central maintenance program should bo established. Maintenance is on leper tent phase of any control procedure, and is an true for respirators os it is for ventilation equip ment. No matter how well a respirator is designed, hew good its performanca, it cannot give satisfactory protection unless it ii maintained In good condition. This is one of the most frequently neglected factors, particularly with routinely used respirators. The operations of a maintenance program, including frequent inspections, cleaning, replacing, or re pairing worn or deteriorated parts, and storage, should be centralized. They should also be supervised carefully by a responsible and capable person since proper care and maintenance requires a thorough knowledge of the devices. All routinely used respirators should be inspected frequently. The tightness of connections should be checked, as well as the condition of the facepiece, exhalation and inhalation valves, connecting tubes and/or cartridges, and cannisters. Respirators should be cleaned after each use, and they should be collected at a central point at the end of each shift for cleaning and inspection. Each employee's respirator should bear some sort of identification, such as his initials or clock number. When a worker receives a respirator, he should be briefed on the cleaning procedure and assured that he will always get the same device. If the respirators are serviced between shifts, only one respirator per worker is needad. If the cleaning is done during a shift, each worker will require two respirators, \fhen not in use, the respirators should be stored in clean cabinets at convenient locations in the work area. As long as each respirator is assigned to only one person, there is no reason to require special sterilizing. Scrubbing with warm water and soap, rinsing, and air drying is adequate. When tha respirator is used by only one indivi dual, a practical method of cleaning is as follows t ' 1. Remove the filter or cartridge and discard. o 2. Wash in detergent or soap in warn water. 3. Rin3Q completely in clean, warm water. 4. Air dry the device in a clean area. 5. Inspect the valves, headstrapa , and other part3f replace with new parts if defective. 6. Insert now filters or cartridges; make cure the seal Is tight. 7. Place In a plastic bag for storage. After cleaning, inspection, and necessary repair, the respira tors should be stored in du3tproof containers, away from sun light, heat, extreme cold, and excessive moisture. Plastic bags axe adequate for routinely used respirators. They should not be stored in clothes lockers or tool boxes. Care should be taken to see that they arc packed or stored so that the rubber facepiece and exhalation valve will rest in a normal position and function will not be impaired by the rubber setting in a bent or twisted position. CONCLUSIONS Housekeeping had been improved at several locations through out the plant, particularly in Lover and Upper Compounding. Further improvement Is needed in Elok and Book Preform. Significant asbestos exposures are limited to two departments where design and installation of exhaust equipment are under way. Efforts Ghoulc be concentrated or. ventilating mix buggies and ancillary manual operations in both Ecok and Elck Prefern. Interim protection in the form of respirators should be provided for the operators. Use of the devices should be a condition of employment in these two areas. Isolated asbestos exposures at Disc Erake Inspection and the dxy line operation in Lower Compounding require engineering control. Interim protection in the form of respirators Ehould be provided for the operators. I would like to thank Bob Erovn and Charles Mallory for their consideration and support during the course of the survey. 6/30/76 SUrVEYED EY: 7. K. David Gidley, Certified' Industrial Hygienist ABEX CORPORATION INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY GLOSSARY cfm - cubic feet per minute Daily noise dose - A numerical expression of the total noise exposure an employee receives during the day. If the daily noise dose exceeds 1.00, the noise exposure to the employee is excessive. dBA - Decibels symbol denoting the relative intensity of sound pressure levels (re: 0.0002 dyne/square cent: meter) . fpm - feet per minute GRA - General Room Atmosphere mg/M^ - milligrams per cubic meter of air MS# >pcf NIOSH approved - Medical Study No. ' - million particles per cubic foot of air - Approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health OBZ ppm - Operator's Breathing Zone - parts per million by volume PS TLV Ventilation- - Personal Sample ' - Threshold Limit Value for an 8 hour daily exposure I - The terms ventilated, x. ventilating, or exhaust impl] the use of mechanical means such as a fan for air movement unless otherwise noted. ' CONVERSION CHART DAILY NOISE DOSE/8 HOUR EXPOSURE TO dBA/8 HOUR EXPOSURE Daily Noise Dose/8 hr. dBA/8 hr. 0.50 85 ' 1.00-fOSHA MAX. LIMIT----------> 90 1.14 91 . 1.33 92 1.50 93 . 1.71 94 2.00 95 2.28 96 2.67 97 2.99 98 3.43 .. 99 . 4.00 100 4.57 101 5.33 102 6.01 103 6.83 104 8.00 T 105 : '' 8.88.-_ 106 - :: ' 10.00 107 1.1.42 . 108 . 13.33 109 16.00 110 17.17 111 20.00 . 112 22.85 113 26.66" 114 32.00 115 Permissible Employee Work Exposure Time 16 hours _ 8 hours 7 hours ' 6 hours 5.33 hours 4.67 hours 4 hours 3% hours 3 hours 2.67 hours 2.33 hours .. ; 2 hours 1.75 hours 1.50 hours 1.33 hours 1.17 hours 1.00 hours - 0-.-90: hours 0.80 hours 0.70 hours 0.60 hours 0.50 hours 0.45 hours ' 0.40 hours 0.35 hours 0.30'hours / Less than 0.25 o Xc CD CN IN c^n ad XO u~t V) r-i r .. 8 ^ o a w N >< Q> xr* %nM -jHj 0 o 3 E-< 4X co CN CO >< w > <zj Q< CO r~( CO c* .4 Sa oo z CD CO B Xd oM 3 < cn a, Cd 1 Cn O -^ -- :ato.r->WCCOO w c: to < ci O Cn a CM C 4J cs a M i | g' l 3 M U ! Cn C co * I c *r-< o u t? Du a e a o d n r* S 2 o M I--i a r- o u Q M ua CO H CO >1 8 fi Cn n o 8 co CO Q O a Q O o O u CO u Io n > c CT. c c x c c c c o O' c o o r' X CO >1 -- CM X 3, O I a in r>* o- o CN u X ID 5 X s Q a -m to M jJ N a 5 S-<HM uM-t o CO Oi >< W >J < > <a 2< 0 c cc o oa h f--( o "5 to Cu o2 a -H s .3 w l a a CJ a i--( VJ <--c o JJ H IP ow CO W H ali a r- 4>4 ao 0 co r-| -M to 2 H a 0 jj c#-* >1 a aH H c W f3 'H *H 3 o 3 O *3 a a (0 co OH i-l u o 2 O. ra c d H *4 4 *4 U4 4 Q W CM MT m 2 ID CM d m r-J o o in O o O H ID r~ cm Rn O rH X c m O ,C a a n M3 ID rO a in in -h o H CM CJ cn CM r--< mH <53*. in rH /U CMw r^n4.. CM in 11 Q a 11 m Q E e1 M t--i M in M B M VJ i e E G i 3 CE S 1 M tn M r~t w H M CM M CI M u rH M rH c* 01 c o H JJ (3 O o O in M in O H aO 3 Xo X o LO <M tn O U * Cu foT X O o in lu tn a) w ao Xo 2 U o IM O u Ci o O in iw m o M c* o 2 a: gX O tn cm tn CJ M CU o 2 Xo X o in <M in O M Ui Q 04 0 X om IM in o VJ a f*ot--ri oX o ID IJ-I in a VJ 4 o. 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