Document Jvy7K6MVm5aZ3XLQnpq1wdRjX

5I f Wiiter AViowrA Pcrgamon Press 1971. Vol. J, pp. 1107-1115. Printed in Great Britain CHLO ROB l PHENYLS (PCBs) IN THE MILWAUKEE RIVER Gilman D. Vkitii and G. Fred LEe Water Chemistry Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, U.S.A, (Received 14 April 1971) Abstract--The analyses of water from the Milwaukee River indicated that isomers of chlorin ated t'lphcnjl similar to those used in industry were present in the river from West Bend to. I.al.c Miehipan. Analyses of municipal sewage treatment plant effluents, industrial discharges, and the Milwaukee River water near combined sewer outfalls presented evidence that chlorobi 'hensls (I'C'Rs) were discharged to natural waters through municipal and industrial wastes. Pt Its concentration at the pg 1"1 level suggested that PCBs in large ecosystems such as Lake Michigan have resulted, in part, through water transport from metropolitan areas. INTRODUCTION Tm: chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) arc a class of chlorinated hydrocarbons which have industrial importance ns plasticizers, dielectrics, lubricants, and flame retardants (llnniARn, 1961; Monsanto Co., undated). The PCBs are produced commercially In Monsanto Company under the trade namc,Aroclor,nnd exist as mixtures of isomers with chlorine contents of 21,32, 42, 48, 54, 60 and 62 per cent by weight. In general, the chemical stability of the mixture increases with increasing chlorine content while the volatility decreases in the more highly chlorinated mixtures. Many of the industrial applications of PCBs depend largely on the chemical stab ility of the mixtures. Their uses as dielectrics in transformers and capacitors and as' addi'i'.cs to hydraulic fluids restrict the chlorinated biphenyls to closed systems. However, possible uses of PCBs in painls, varnishes, waxes, synthetic polymers, inks, dust-inhibitors, and pesticide formulations may lead to direct contamination of natutal unlers through industrial and sanitary waste dischargers. Also, the stability of the more highly chlorinated mixtures to low temperature flames may result in aerial transport of the PCBs from industrial and municipal solid waste incinerators to natuiol waters. Th: presence of PCBs in the environment has been detected only recently and reviews of th current knowledge of PCBs have been presented (Huddard, 1964; Verm and Lit;, !970a; Plakall and Lincfr, 1970). In general,PCBs have been found in organisms assoc-atcd with natural waters which receive wastes from urban centers. Concentra tions of PCBs (as Aroclor, 1254) in excess of 250 ;tg 1~` have been reported (Duke a nl.. 1970; Hoi.dln, 1970) in industrial discharges while those in municipal sewage treaincnt plant'effluents and receiving streams typically range from the low ngl~l to the low /ig I"1 levels where detectable. The PCBs arc similar to many chlorinated pesticides in that higher concentrations arc found in organisms representative of the higher trophic levels. Concentrations of the PCBs in the predator food chain range from at or near the determinable limit in water to 75-100 /ig g" 1 in fish-eating birds. Consequently, the chronic effects of the I'Clis in higher organisms and (he levels of PCBs in water supplies arc of concern and require evaluation. The presence of PCBs in fish from the Milwaukee River at conccrimions exceeding 100 pg g-1 on a whole fish basis indicated that this tributary of Lake Michigan receives comparatively large quantities of PCBs. This paper presents the results of a study of PCB sources in the Milwaukee River drainage basin. 1107 . . dx.z.? T i * : *'* "*< 11 mi n i i iir" p-- * . _ - _ ...... DSW 029649 mm STLCOPCB4013611 t|P8 Gilman D. Veitii and G. Fred Lee The Milwaukee River originates in the Kettle Moraine area of southern Fond du lac ami Sheboygan counties, Wisconsin, and flows in a southerly direction for ap proximately 95 stream miles into Lake Michigan at Milwaukee. Figure J presents the Milwaukee River watershed and the major industrial and sewage treatment plant (STI>) outfalls into the river. The major municipalities along the river include West Bend, Saukvillc, Grafton, Cedarbtug. Thicnsvillc and Milwaukee, all of which dis charge municipal and industrial wastes to the river. The major physical alterations of the natural river have been the construction of a total of 22 dams and spillways for Fin. I. Milwaukee river watershed (Milwaukee river study committee, 1968)--Municipal STl" Outfall. 1-West Bend . 2-Frcdonia 3-Saiikvillc 4-Grafton 5-Ccdarlntrg 6-Thicnsvillc 7-Milwaukcc Combined Sewer Outfalli STP--Sewage Treatment Plant. Chlo power (Martin, 1965), th North Avenue dam, and Avenue dain to flush the \ ' Field sampling E The collection of watc interaction of the sample t were collected from the ri of 0.2 m in the center of were sampled by submerg j were not added, as sample j Extraction Water samples (20 1.) \ Hexane (400 ml) was pb ! introduced into the first ' layers were drained into 20-1. sample was extract . anhydrous NajSO*, and i ' Liquid chromatography Tfic cleanup of cxtrai liquid chromatography < el al. (1970). The media (f 24 lnvith an azeotrope c The azeotrope was evapo to 650C for 2.5 h for ac The Florisil column fi : Florisil into a 25 mm o.t ; stopcock. The column w , deactivation of (he Floris on the column and clutc< toxaphcnc, slrobanc, anc column was eluted with 1 DDD, dicldrin, hcptach! particularly those from SI eluatc from the 25 mm o.i 1 to isolate the PCIls from arated from the DDT g (Armour et al., 1970; R; j Instrumentation f The analyses of watc chromatograph equipper I mCi) and a 50:50 eflluen i i DSW 029650 ' if If--y'AI.' I Wil11NMII'W STLCOPCB4013612 Chlorobiplicnyls (PCI)s) in the Milwaukee River 109 power (Mutris:. I'>65), (he dredging of lire river from (he mouth to the Milwaukee North Avenue il.im, anti the construction of a flushing tunnel just below the North Au mic il.im to Hush the wastes from the iower river with water from Lake Michigan. Fit U tempting EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES | ' The collection of wafer was conducted with nllglass systems to preclude possible interaction of the sample with rubber, plastic, or polyvinylchloride surfaces. Samples weic collected from the river by submerging a weighted, glass carboy (20 I.) at a depth of 0.2 in in the center of the main channel. Sewage treatment plants (STP) effluents weie dimpled by submerging a glass bottle (4 I.) directly into the effluent. Preservatives wete not added, as samples were cooled and extracted within 24 h of collection. .i Extraction _ Water samples (20 I.) were batch-extracted with hexane in 2 I. separatory funnels. Hexane (-100 ml) was placed in 6 funnels and I COO ml portions of the sample were introduced into the first 3 funnels. After repeated shaking and settling, the aqueous layers were drained into the 3 remaining funnels. The process was repeated until the 20-1. sample was extracted twice. The hexane portions were combined, dried witli anhydrous Na^SO.,, and concentrated to 15 ml for cleanup in a gentle air stream. Liquid chromatography , The cleanup of cxlracts for gas chromatographic analysis was conducted with liquid chromatography on Florisil as described by Reynolds (1969) and Hughes ft al. (1970). The media (Kensington Scientific) was extracted in a Soxhlet extractor for 2-1 li with an azeotrope of hexane and acetone (41:59) to remove organic impurities. The azeotrope was evaporated from the Florisil at 105C, and the Florisil was heated to fob'C for 2.5 h for activation. The Florisil column for preliminary cleanup was prepared by vibrating 19 g of Florisil into a 25 mm o.d. glass column which was fitted with a glass frit and Teflon stopcock. The column was topped with 10 g anhydrous sodium sulfate to prevent deactivation of the Florisil by traces of water in the extract. The extracts were placed on the column and eluted with hexane (200 ml) to recover DDE, hcptachlor, nldrin, ion iphctic, strob.mc, and PCBs, if present. After changing the receiving flask, the coli.inn was eluted with 20 per cent ethyl ether in hexane (200 ml) to obtain DDT, ODD, dieIJrin. hcptachlor epoxide, and lindane, if present. With some samples, particularly those from STP cflluents, it was necessary to rcchromatogrnph the hexane clualc fiom the 25 mm o.d. Florisil on a smaller diameter Florisil column (9 mm i.d.) to isolate the PCBs from organic interferences. IT necessary, the PCBs may be sep arated from the DDT group of pesticides through chromatography on silicic acid (Armour d a!., 1970; Rlinckt, 1970). . InUnimauation , The analyses-of water extracts were conducted on an Aerograph 1745-20 gas chromatograph equipped with concentric tube electron capture detectors (3H, 250 niCi) and a 50:50 diluent splitter for simultaneous analysis with electron capture and w FyirM.n'f PWf 1110 Gilman D. Vuni and G. Fate Lee flame ionization detectors. Anaiylical GLC columns consisted of 2.0 m x 1.8 mm glass coils which were packed with either OV-IOI (3 per cent), OV-I0I/XE-60 (3:3 percent), or OV-IOI/QF-1 (3:4.5 per cent) coated onto Gas Chrom Q (720/ MO mesh). The carrier gas (purified N2)was maintained at 21 ml min-1; and the injector, column, and detector temperatures were 250,'C, 180'C, and 220C, respectively. Analysis The commercially prepared I'CBs in the U.S.A. (Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Mo.) exist as seven complex mixtures under the name "Aroclor", which range in chlorine content from 21 to 62 per cent. When the PCB mixtures are chromatographed with Gl.C, the mixtures of isomers produce both resolved and superimposed peaks and arc somewhat characterized by the GLC fingerprint presented as relative peak heights and retention times. Because of the complexity of the mixtures, determinations have been quantitatively defined by comparing the area of a sample chromatogram to the area of a known quantity of the commercial mixture which most closely resembles that of the sample. However, some of the samples contained PCBs which appeared to be mixtures of the Aroclor mixtures and were not representative of a single commer cially prepared mixture. Estimates of PCBs in these samples were made by visually comparing the chromatograms to mixtures of standards prepared from the Aroclor mixtures. Explicit chemical confirmations for (he presence of PCBs in each sample were not possible in this study. PCBs with similar retention volumes and relative peak heights were confirmed in the fish from the Milwaukee River using i.r. and mass spectrometry. Thus, from the i.r. and mass data, GLC retention data under multiple column con ditions, and the stability of the extract mixtures to dchydrohalogenation and nitration, the components in the chromatograms were presumed to be PCB isomers. However, the analysis do not preclude the possible presence of other chemicals which may have similar chemical properties such as tht chloronaphlhalcnes. The analytical procedures for PCBs in natural waters were evaluated using Aroclor 1260 which contains 60 percent chlorine. Six replicates of unfiltcrcd Lake Mendota water (4,0 I.) were "spiked" with 4.0 /<g of Aroclor 1260 as a 50 ml acetone solution. The water was aerated for 5 min and incubated at room temperature for 2 days. The recovery of PCBs from water at the 1.0 /ig l-} level was found to vary with the degree of chlorination of PCB components. If the major component of Aroclor 1260 which eluted at 12.8 min on the OV-IOI/QF-1 column was used as a reference, 82.3 6.3 per cent of the Aroclor 1260 mixture was removed. If the major component of Aroclor 1260 which eluted at 6.4 min was used, the recovery was 80.0 8.2 per cent of the quantity added. When the component eluting at 4.1 min which is a major component of Ardor 1242 was used as a reference, only 69.0 6.5 per cent of the mixture was recovered. The recovery of the minor component of Aroclor 1242 eluting at 1.3 min was slightly less than 50 percent, and the minor component eluting at 0.7 min could not be detected in any of (lie 6-rcplicatcs. Since the "spiking" procedure may be of questionable reliability when applied to nonelcctrolytcs, the recovery data must be regarded ar estimates which indicate that the precision and accuracy of the analytical procedures arc rutisfactory for tho analysis of natural waters. The data also indicate that the com- Chtof position of the PCB mixtc minimize loss of the more Sections of the Milwau determine the levels of IX municipal sewage trentme sampled on March 26, 197 The water quality chara arc presented in '1'Ant.ft I. impoundments and less pr (DO), pH, and suspended : lower river within the city Water contained 10.0 mg ! contrast, (lie water at the l-1 DO, 14.7 mgl-1 susp and conductivity from 196 dam to i IS mg I-' and 42t water below the dam thro; The estimates of PCBs The GLC analyses indicn inatcly the later-eluting P malely 0.05 ng l- *. Tribut firm, was not a source sin Thus, a PCB sourcc(s) up< Possible sources upstre: selected oulfalls to the rive STP at West Bend, Erode highest concentration obsc a chemical plant cfTluent s The river downstream frt of the isomers correspond (GLC) which closely fesen in the concentration of As PCB isomers suggested a so is Cedar Creek in which oil a problem in the past (Scut The PCBs were found Riverside Park region of tf associated with the water ir February, 1970, respective likely to be the MilwauC cooling waters which disc Estabrook Park. The presence of l-1 natural waters may genera for PCBs in drinking water WATt* 5/11--K i ....r11,t, i pi,up i' vwwvnwiipi .\ OSW 029652 STLCOPCB4013614 Cblorobiphcnyh (TCDs) in ihc Milwaukee River llil position of the PCB mixtures may be altered durinc. analysis if care is not taken to mii'imi/c loss of the more volatile PCB components. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sections of the Milwaukee River were sampled on August 23 and 25, 1969, to dot amine the le\cls of PCBs in the river system. In addition, selected tributaries, municipal sewage treatment plants (STP) effluents, and industrial discharges were sampled on March 26, 1970. ^ The water quality characteristics of the river on the August, 1969, sampling dates are pteseulcd in Table ). In general, because of photosynthesis of plankton in the impoundments and less polluiiona! loading in the upper river, the dissolved oxygen (DO). pH. and suspended solids w ere higher in the upper river above dams than in the lower riser within the city of Milwaukee. For example, above the dam at Grafton the water contained 10.0 mg l~l DO, 60.5 mg!-1 suspended solids, and a pH of8.7. In contrast, the water at the Buffalo Avenue bridge in Milwaukee contained 4.2 mg l-1 DO. M.7 mg I-1 suspended solids, and a pH of 7.7. The decreases in alkalinity and conduelisity from 196 mg l-1 and 642 fiQ cm"1, respectively, at the North Avenue dam to ! IS mg I"1 and 420/iD cm"1 at the harbor reflect the input of Lake Michigan water below the dam through the flushing tunnel. The estimates of PCBs in the Milwaukee River water are presented in Table 2. The GLC analyses indicated (hot PCB mixtures similar to Aroclor 1260 (predom inately the later-eluting PCBs) were present above the dam at Grafton at approxi mately 0.05 /ig I"1. Tributary "O", the receiving stream for a plastics manufacturing firm, was no! a source since PCBs could not be detected in the water near the firm. Tht;>, a PCB sourcc(s) upstream from Grafton was indicated. Possible sources upstream from Grafton were examined through Ihc analyses of selected omf.ills to the river. The data, .which arc presented in Table 3, show that the STP at West Bend, Fredonia, Saukvillc, and Grafton were discharging PCBs. The highest concentration obserxed in effluents was 2.5 pg I-1 Aroclor 1242 observed in a chemical plant effluent several miles upstream from Grafton. The river dow nstream from Grafton and Thicnsvillc contained higher concentrations of the isomers corresponding to Aroclor 1260 as well as many early-eluting isomers (GLC) which closely resembled those in Aroclor 1248 or Aroclor 1242. The increase in the concentration of Aroclor 1260 to 0.26 ^g l_I and the introduction of other i PCB isomers suggested a sourcc(s) between Grafton and Thicnsville. The likely source 1 is Cedar Creek in which oil films, petroleum odors, and water discoloration have been 1 a prob'em in the past (Sciiraltnagel ct al., 1968; McKersie ct a/., 1969). ; The PCBs were found at greatest concentrations in the Estabrook Park-East Rivers tic Park region of the river in Milwaukee. The concentrations of Aroclor 1242 assort; led with the water in this region were 2.07 and 2.80/ig 1"1 in August, 1969, and Pcbiu; iy, 1970, respectively. The sources of the contamination in this region are likclv o be the Milwaukee combined sewer outfalls and contaminated industrial coolm;.'. waters v hich discharge to Lincoln Creek and the Milwaukee River near Es'nhr iok Park. ' The presence of /ig l"1 quantities of chlorinated materials such as the PCBs in natural waters h ay generate concern in regard to public health. Although standards for I'Cfls in drinking water supplies have not been established due, in part, to a lack of wvh* VII--* r I t 12 G ilm a n D . V ejtii and O . F red L u Table 1. Characteristics of Milwaukee River surface water (August 25,1969) Location Depth of Secchl Water Depth (m) (m) Temp. CQ Tributary "O", Grafton 200-m above dam, Grafton IOO m above dam, Thiensville Highway 167, (below dam), Th:cr.swl!e 200 m abo>e dam, Glendale 100 m above dam, Estabrook Park 100 m below North Avenue Dam Milwaukee River Mouth (Buffalo Avenue) Menomonee River Mouth Kinnickinnic River Mouth Harbor Breakwater 0.3 1.7 2.1 0.5 0.8 2.4 5.4 7.0 9.6 10.0 10.4 _ 0.4 0.6 -- --~ 0.3 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.7 24.5 26.0 27.5 27.2 27.0 30.0 26.0 28 27 23 19 DO (mg 1-') pH 10.1 10.0 13.6 10.2 15.4 -- 15.6 8.5 4.2 3.4 4.1 8.7- 8.8 8.7 8.9 9.2 -- 9.0 8.6 7.7 7.2 7.3 8.0 Alkalinity (mg 1* *CaC04) ' 242 257 245 251 --- " 232 196 145 131 127 118 Conductivity (^2 cm" 20'Q Suspended solids (mg 1-') 670 720 720 740 -------------------------- 745 642 505 565 . 478 420 12.2 60.5 30.0 24.0 50.0 14.6 14.7 10.6 5.0 5.6 22. *o< 3: p u> 51 H s CL o c7T 8. ^ ^VO C. o /0 H n " II 52 Er U P <2 O Vo -3DP- 33OC* cr Pv *Z? p-* o X VO o o' oo cr o o D </> o -- **3. n p T3 C "'* o "3. C-- p 2 O o a n1--_/5) ~c3/) o *-'Li o L<rt * tn H L Co o =oJ VJ'e}nZ23* cCC<J p^==: CoO3"1l ;; ? co ;cT "3 to . 0"0 3CL tJ O 32cn =j c r3j ~vf) O" c3 o 33 H> 5 !?* d 2*2 2 5 -- -- N> --} C3 ' s m s 8 -irr s 8 *" o ^ ^ *--i cl D KV > J_ L3 D" r 2O. c, nTOC" _33 c=-> i:: O* *-- n" ^ ? ?o f; r; : 3 3 3 =15 3 3 o* a _ ^ -i < ^ o rt r xo< o< . ` o r> 0 V tj a c. O^o 5u `*n*21 2 ^ PI3o. 2* S*3i 3* cr * o o H > \ Chlorobiphcnyli (PCBs) in the Milwaukee River TaHI.F. 2. CONCENTRATIONS OF PCRs IN THE MILWAUKEE RtVER Auousr 23-2S, 1969 ' Location Eslimntc of corresponding Aroclor(s) (/jg 1" *) Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 1242 1113 Tributary "O'', Grafton 200 m abuse dam, Grafton 100 m above dam. Thicnsvillo 1 lir.hu a v 167 (liclow dam). Thionsville 200 nt above dam, Glendale 100 m above dam, Estahrook Park 100 m below North Avenue . Dam Milwaukee River Mouth (BulTalo Avenue) Menomonee River Mouth Kinmckimiic River Mouth Milwaukee Harbor linlrnnce t 0.05 0.26 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 t t 0.08 0.03 t 2.07 0.26 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.10 The 1200 series of Aroclors arc mixtures of PCBs. The last two numbers pertain to the percent chlorine of the mixture. 1 J)clo\v determinable limit of approximately 0.02 pg 1~* for A-1242 to 0.01 pg I"1 for A-1260, depending on foil condition. Table 3. Concentrations of PCBs in outfalis into tub Milwaukee River on March 26, J970 Location estimate of PCB concentration 0`8`1~`) Corresponding Aroclor mixture West fiend STP* effluent Fredonia SIP cIThienl Tributary- "D" at fredonia Saukvllle STP diluent Chemical plant diluent, Saukvillc Grafton SI P effluent 0.25 0.12 0.04 0.13 2.50 0.04 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1254 * STP--Sewage Treatment Plant. tovicoloricnl data, reviews by Vnrrii and Lee (1970a) and Peakall and Lincer (1970) have concluded that the PCBs appear to be less toxic to many organisms on an acute bask than is pp'DDT. Since the permissible limit for pp'DDT in public water supplies in (lie U.S.A. has been established at 42 (Liberal Water Pollution Control AnsiiNtst r at ion, 1908), it is unlikely that the observed levels of PCBs in the Mil waukee River system pose anlmmcdiafc health hazard. This conclusion is substandard hv the fact flint much of the PCBs found in the water arc associated with suspended solids in the water and arc removed during the water treatment and filtration processes. r OSH 029655 STLCOPCB4013617 4 * II M Gilman D. Vetth ond O. Fred Lcb I Ctilo However, (he presence of PCIJs at the I-1 level in natural waters may pose q llireal to aquatic organisms and the food chains sustained by them. RiscitROUGif ci ai. (|9(>S) and Anhi rson cl at. (1909) have demonstrated and discussed the induction of t . j examination of PCB lev cologica! studies arc need ment. hepatic hydroxylating enzymes by PCBs which is similar to that observed from ' chlorinated pesticides. This enzyme induction effect has been proposed as the factor /tcknon Irrlgertunrt --This stud leading to egg shell thinning and reproductive failures in avian communities. More , of Nnliir.il Resources, by an N specifically, Dl'Kr (1970) found that I pg 1"1 of Aroclor 1254 killed juvenile shrimp in ' Committee. Additional suppo Station, the Dtpaitmcnt or C the laboratory. Also, Stalling (1970) found that 1 pg l"1 of PCBs caused adverse and the Federal Water Qutdil physiological effects to blucgills, channel catfish, and trout, and that 10 pg l-1 caused j 50 per cent mortalities. Vutii and Lee (1970b) reported that the goldfish in the , llstabrook Park region of the Milwaukee River contained as great as 405 pg 1"* of j ANorRsos D. W., Hickey /. PCBs (as Aroclor 1242) on a whole fish basis. This evidence indicates that the : Significance of chlorinal Field-Natural. 81, 92 112 1 pg 1_1 concentration of PCBs may endanger aquatic communities either by direct Armour ). A. and Dlrke J. exposure to the water or by feeding on high-lipid organisms which partition the PCBs from the water at concentration factors of approximately 100,000. Of particular interest were the relative variations of PCB isomers within the river ,. ' and its analogs. J. /-Nr. < Duke T. W. (1970) Dircctoi Communication to G. F Duke T. W., Lowe J. 1. and system. The results of the analyses of water repeatedly indicated a more rapid decrease water, sediment, and bio Federal Water Pollution in the concentrations of the lesser-chlorinated biphenyl isomers with respect to the Government Printing O: more highly chlorinated isomers. For example, in Table 2 the apparent Aroclor 1242 j Holden a. V. (1970) Source concentration in the lower river decreased from approximately 2 pg 1"1 at Estabrook , Nature 228, 1220 -1221. Hubu.mui H. L. <19C>n Chtc Park to approximately 0.3 pg l-1 just below the North Avenue dam. In the same Chemical Technology, 2 reach of river the the more highly chlorinated components which arc predominant in ' Mucins R. A., Vmtii, G. C Aroclor 1260 decreased from 0.10 to 0.05 pg I"1 at the respective sampling sites. Similar results were obtained from the February sampling of the river. The relative variations of the composition of PCBs in the river suggest that the lesser-chlorinated isomers may be removed from the river water through preferential vaporization or co-distillation arising from their greater volatility than the heavier isomers (Monsanto Co., 1959) and/or through the more rapid degradation of the lesser-chlorinated isomers. The chemical stability of the PCB isomers toward nuclcophilic and electrophilic substitution has been found to increase with increasing chlorine content (Viith, 1970). Consequently, the environmental data reported in this paper may be viewed as an indication that similar trends exist toward microbial degradation whereby the lesser-chlorinated isomers in Aroclors 1232 and 1242 are selectively removed from natural waters. Experiments aimed at verifying these indica tions arc in progress. j : : . natural water, fish, and Martin L. (1965) The Phy. Madison. McKlrsic J. R., Hansel G. Pollution of the Sftlnato Resources, Madison, W Monsanto Company (1959) Monsanto Company (ur.da Peakall D. B. and Lino? chemical in the environ Runert R. E. (1970) i isht unpublished. Reynolds L. M. (1969) l'oT> analysis. Pull. Em iron. RlSERROLatt R. W., Rirctt chlorinated biphenyls i, ScHRAurNACCL F. 11.. Mos of the Pollution in the A " ' SUMMARY of Natural Resources. ( Staleinc D. 1.. (1970) Actir The PCBs present in Milwaukee River water were seldom comparable to a single Scrvicc, Personal Comn Vettii G. D, (1970) l.'nviroi Aroclor mixture. The data are reported as mixtures of Aroclor 1260 and Aroclor 1242, ; thesis (Water Chemistry and the respective assignments imply the presence of components which elute later VttTii G. D. and Lie G. F. ( than those of Aroclors 1254 and 1248 in GLC analyses and the presence of com ponents which elute earlier than Aroclor 1248. Water Research -1. 265 Venn G. D. and Lee G. Report to the Wtscons The low-level PCB concentrations in all sampling regions and in the STP of small communities suggest that PCBs may be discharged in municipal wastes in addition j j to industrial wastes. The introduction of PCBs into the Milwaukee River by both i large and small municipalities throughout (he river basin may reflect the widespread 1 use of the PCBs in products of advanced technology and indicates a need for tho : y pinny y yy DSW 029656 m/r. STLCOPCB4013618 I I Chlorobiphcnyls (PCBs)i n the Milwaukee River 1115 cvimin.ition of PCI) Icscls in common consumer-products. Comprehensive (o.ticoh'jm al si tidies arc needed to fully evaluate the significance of PCBs in the environ ment. .4, hiowirdcrmcnt'--T his study was supported by a research contract from the Wisconsin Department of N.uui.tl Resources, by an NDL:A Tide IV Fellowship, and by the University of Wisconsin Research CVnmttlec. Additional support was risen by the University of Wisconsin Engineering Experimental Si.tnon. the Department of Cis it Engineering, the University of Wisconsin Water Resources Center, anJ the federal Water Quality Administration. . REFERENCES ' Am'ihson f). W., Hickey J. J.. RisrrmouGtt R. W., Hcotita D. L. and Christensen R. E. (1969) Si rnilicanec t'f chlorinated hydrocarbon residues to breeding pelicans and cormorants. Can. field-Xatnral. K.t. 9ME. . Armoi r J. A. and tu kke J. A. (1970) Methods of separating poly-chlorinated biphenyls from DDT and its analogs. J. fits. Official aneilyt. Chan. 53, 761-768. 1 Di ki T. W./HTtM Director. Gulf llree/e Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Personal Communication to C. Fred Lee, 1.1 October. , Dt'cr T. W.. Lowi. J. !. and Wit son A. J. (1970) A polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) in the water, sediment, and biota of Escambia Ray. Florida. Bull. Environ. Coniam. To.sicol. 5, 171-180. FitiiKst. 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