Document JvJweownz8yge0LZp6mxnoL8O

I"' rT -S-. j u b Fouirrion xi r o a d t u x h x s Raprlntad by parsixloo. froa Uia British Journal of Inluatrial Kadlelna, 1961, Vol. IB, pp.250-259. . .. ........................... .- ?v." -. >;'- * 3 Dlitrlbutad B|y LEAD 1KAJSTRIES ASSOCIATION IRC. 292 Madlaoa A*w Raw Tork 17, B.T. (- i. ;" i )./ * if;- I r | l AIR POLLUTION IN ROAD TUNNELS Y It E. WALLER. R T. COMMINS. and T. } LAWTHEX ffm Mr AfrtorW Cwrl frfrtw Immv I (to*. A. AnAiW^i ITh j i'iW UMm (Mtra rea nucn0M ma t ), Itil) At * pan of a ttudy of poOutioo of At air by mot vcMdet. meotunmcnu fcava bom not* la too Loodoa mf timwfa during pcriodu of high InAc daiwjr, Tb* aoocoaKrMioat of nHb tnd potycjrdic hydrocatbom found then on much higher than Ikt tnfift ntua |o Grnml London, but tfiqr on of lb* win* order of mt^utude u diota occwriiy during imnparatur* tovenmnt on (bur p*ab|i when imti from coal firm accumulate* d * tow lat*L An attempt ku been owdc lo rtUie ih* concernretion of web pollguM to the type end amount of traffic. Roth diced and petrol vehicle* entr an* contribution lo Ihr amount! of awtf and potyetde hydrocarbon* found in tb* tuned*, but In tb* cat* of molt, Buorambto*. I : Xtairyiwt, pyrene, and ) : d-tmupyrtn*. th< oononwanon* appear lo be more doedy rdatad lo lb* demuy of die*d traffic than lo Ibal of petrol traffic Tb* conaentrauont of bad and carbon monotide bve aho b*en determined, end tb*** an very doady related lo lb* deadly of petrol traffic Punn* lb* morning and everting neab hour* lb* mean conomtraiioo of carbon mnnoaid* a >u*t oner 100 p^m. and peak value* ap to 500 p^jn. **n recorded at tunc*. Pardee of mtropm at dttcroantd la toen* of tb* ceperantnta and tbera wat ahny* much men nitric oaida tbea Mropm droarda. Eyt imtauoo wa* cxpcrteicad but ka omn* waa not jmeeliQalad. Tb* concentration of poOntion in the bmndt doca not appear lo be high enough lo creme any pedal harardi fee ihen-tcna ctpoaueaa. The amoephere at pad parlodi may become very duty and imptrawr* and tba coocantration of carbon monotide would be ndbeient to pedoca torn* cAad over a period of acmral bourn* comnunu capoaurc Tba total rmiteion of poDutwa from toed vehicle* mod tuH ba tmaB in csmpariuo with lhat from ooal hrr*. but the edect of traffic oo lb* concmiraiioei of mtoh*. pofyeyebe hydrocarbon*, carbon monmud*. and lend la Ilia air of city *trc*t> deeerve* continued Mudy. K& '? Although the ombutokto of coil to MB rupao*- mMa* from mi&od traffic, wMeminti were . fbto for mo* of the &k poDutk* to frnUtfc tewne, madr to two London road tunneh under the Thamea. # the cootnbuuoo mda by motor Mkki dr*erv*a (Xu eeter capcnmeoti hod ttovi that the wnett 1 cartful tocMion. 1a m drr paper (Co o w mi, from hew conum much tower proportions of .5 WiOer, tod Uthtr, 19)7) Or ooocentmiOA* of potycycfac hydrocarbon* dm dwwatic cool MPoha, J1 amAi m4 pofycyd* hydrocarbon* to two London and to uwf any toterfermot from the totter den* S 4x*d but pn|n *01 compared with thorn to tht penmewt* were cottoned to warm day* during the ... outside tor. 1a mefe c a m there u much non bUM vaoU toude the garagi than wtaid*. but the dd* fcrcooc* to l^bm/nrcn* concentration were muA The Hat* nrt in caccOent mechanical coodttkw rod they wr* being run under minimal k*ad. The muta of this invettigaticA were relevant to the heatth of the wortef* to the fmpn, but they were of acridly Unitod value to toy *tudy of the poatobto effect* c m the general population of pc4hition from ttducto*. The highest concentration* of potkHKM front The fcbcfcwatt and Rcxheritthe tunnels catry *1 type* of traffic, knctodtng regular bu* service*. private Coachra, ferric*, cart, and motor cycle*. They are opes atoo to pedestrian* and eyefata. but are hrrto Uttd by them. Ocanmg and matotonance staff pend United period* in the tunnel* and any ma)or wort to done when then to Unto traffic. Theie to no motor vehicle* occur to tunnel*. And to Mudy the routine traffic centred in either tunnel. 230 IL.AI w-n yLjtoto!. ep^in ijg'jaM 1. t**to t r #V *f t AIK POLLUTION IN KOAD TUNNELS iMJU'iwL 211 :( At Ar law ct Hu m Itvdin Ae BUdwUl Tetuwl M aonr-a&y banw Ana An PeOierW tnd, heiuw higher poiMM mm itym>a. mat d our wwyiwwH mr made iIk r . TVre t corwn and grtdnnu to be acgmuted hi each timed 4 drtu* tt*drt*ona are umdar A (horn A MgMy con* peeled ttrcett. T> campoakioa of ihr inOic vww *fc ikt4a>cfda mmk mi Ik Urn* tf day. m4 w o took advantage of dk fed to try to w m dw tcpartu contributiona f petrel and AmI kaftc to At polhoton of At tunad imoiftMW. At afi d m there an Iraor hod Ana patrol irtarlw. At proportion ni)i| Utma about 2% on S* day nwwe to mm 20% at noon oa aachiajo. TV Stock*#! Tunnel <F*. I) k 1,490 yard! fog and It train era the bay dock area amend Me **h Gmarah aad At made to Ae Kent OoaaL |'hen openad In lt*7 h wa tuilaicd hr fear _ i ft A dmmewr. but (ana had In be wuhed hi them at laterrak between It22 and 1*40 at the tofoou ct motor traAc Itaaaiid. The fern can be operated wparaidy. bet napeby al are A uao ftroaghout Ac day, mat aw -- netted off A Ae nemng. and ad art off at nlpbt, The tala leplw own la A beep Ae gjunntriucn of wonoetdr wdbA metoneNt Anna. bwt Ala ft AaAddfcadcActrupmlnr^adhidil >pe taddrftwi ate warned A ended off An* eapiw A Acee eon* dmoot Smoko hut le ocuaBj amble A At Annd and Ac atmoapkwt A often Imtani A the oyoa. rod *d h ducted A Ae centre of the tonwd and ako entert at Ae enda. The extractor (one A Aafta t and 4 draw elr from each dnoctton, but A practice Ae arctico beffnten Ac omtre of Ac lonnd and theft 4 k poncty rantAted. The ntulmoin emkaina of poirtlw occur* near Ae benda at Ae fool of each abaft, alert ftrpr AmA often have M bad and Aon putt anay op Ae Artwca. Strong win* bran Aa At ondt of Ae tuner! can aVr Ae pattern of tonlitclfto. but poflutkm eppeered A A h*h*u betnocn efmfte I and 4 or bttnoen I and 2. The tamplmg poAtt note toed A one of At aactkew Wvw* Afk tmoke pollution. Aad ntd prank* Me delated by Bonddetaueu of aafrty and aampkrt nere placed on a chaff 7 It show peeeeaant Wvtt at a pomt Ado R and m Ae aimed aariea {I Wt) they *en pfeoad on e Mnutor Aeff at yedot* The Rothcrfcnhe Tnudh lASyerdt long and conneeta Stepney and Srruionftry. It nt openod A ItU and font et lawshod Ai-- I9S4 andurn. The general layout k umiler A Ant of Ae Tunnei. but Ae bendt do not eerAurfy Aaartoe o4A the Sow of traAc. During At period of due Ae Slackwall Twmt a earned modi antra tiaftc. On one of d oamptoa were takoo there at a pomt betuwon two gf Aa ahnfta, wVeo podution mm (ugh. u m* a ehdf 1 7 ft, T TV poAadon proHw dating Ac period IPJS A 19)1 kpftogan(l3a Tndk directtoo bratg toowded tapacMdy. but for mod, purpotre At ft tube wort Icier wjrewtd a tdAA' par hour A anker ftntita Iwhifr At AAA wore dawdled ae "prawn" or "tommtrcAT A ghd Amo Indication of the proportion of poM and dwaal tohtdct. VbtaaSy ad pAte tAMn Art petrol engutee and mcra deudad oownta thonmi Afll, approximately 90% ofAr nemmernd tAdelie ueAg Ac kmad bed dietd nagftca. After otwdrAg At types of rahtdee A common ft and drowAg op d hat of feaiaroc A oM rapid rcrngdflpa ofdked; aohldae M beenmo poeaAto A oouat Trtral* pt -4Httr *mt>r w4 a n ** ta TMm I ! 4 hutiwnruillilitM*. - v-'s.i. CrartMt* MM *W1< tfM dM In et Mk' 4*4 m dwMt m ihM'i Mn M da mMh Im <A pofKHto. M l>w imo M IMblUgrMHiirMd -2 v* t- :\ ;V- v-' v- 1*-; i^v. V V;;,*v/: **"'V-*fsc*'* ' * ^vV.viOkvtr^v'^vvT g; p- til ' BRITISH JOURNAL or INDUSTRIAL UCDICINC 6 and ilm b* a Mgb (nlTk 4mky m 4 Om Aow in mfakiea par hour ft tar or ad. 7hr moat ftorvtift panmrttr appmrad lo ha tha nuhar ot rtoocks nuhto tiat tonutoUon aaokm to ntodi ** ran netting. U ftwa tapanmanit Ito maaaumd dtraaly by obtmm auimaod to *di ftdtotfeaociKm.*be*rttoocaMactby utapheat. toban M mot)/ racognuabia nbek panel one ctnnw, hr aant a anup to ihr aouwvd rbariw to Uam eoanalrd aad diatfto afl toUcki purMi tom toftd tha **t*nrt*r~ mhlcftt rmrtad tom. To nrto poaMlda bw due lo U* torwoa to dnml rafteto m naiitn ttoa ftcto^ui mm abandonad lor parpowr to drAnang tbr cempotftioa to tin nfl^. In patnL M u to um mtocka *<r (to teem*. Wbao aacmv) itoa urn doer by da t*o obaanan eaanaciad by latop**** fern Aca I mi iwaato (or aaa Plrnon to ark ataigndr On a diirtti or to wto bntf-ooy unartung taMo atoanng and Uovtog rbr aacuoa Th* liaanfi am mb da (rtpmdy u| oneb dime*mo mcorflod panldy to da dm ton am. r. From tfeaaa fcpm man* ttooa wm enfcadatad faroacb aampfang period. Tbt totoauea aattano taiamdmal brra o tool bet a too dafti I and I (It* yrdU ohaa tangling to potto A and batooan shafts J and 4 (At yards) alaaftk Aft aftman to toa tmflk daaufty doting I fbao oKatoad by ontoiffymg da* al point A (Fig. Ik A atnartii uadb araa ftMa to tha Aothert-tha Tomd on faptambar 14 Sto lilt Atoct frail Tu ao o I mm doard and ttom agnto dowitoi to can rtoamng foot tbt oato on a norm Sunday ri'iotog, Aa inilpit to iba raauhi to dan ptontoty tpanmaota ihmtod Oral Ihm nor a pcnaral rtoatMO' ihp bet Mat Uu (oaomnum to net) poOuUM nad lha damtiy to traffic, toft Uo tor* m ndnr to vanatoa faoon jaariudad My manp to tom mnunata bataam the ftWi to paarto and dmaal to*t Big AAmmo to toa typa or mwto to traffic nora MftnM by tog ddfcraMm to ipird. and wtoraMo to wind tpaad and torowr from oat day lo anmtnr not aafthoawt to mat iWTwora to torn tdaua no t ovr w. ifUg potto, Fortbar etpmmnaii am todanad wf da mo Mar to Ittt. toft to tbt mrnotana adfrtioml irtoBr counts im aa4t and da paavdMMfta along flat toanal uaa tombed niaaty m a tonto to orrmium. Higb ppIMatto orwniatl tntt toa at too amabam and to da tuuaal dm to At wntoa, and At aampimg dto mm oato la pomi (Fig. Ik To oatoonua (ha aM a aanaa totapanman not ptiaailfcrid^i day nbm Ham ami a toaady anl ll art daond dm on a torod uoat'day Am twin of the WMI inrlwii limW Him iM> w Irani ' to patrol AnMfMMM* m pmi&4 --fl m. >lx<k k 4' imk ui< IkntoiHktoiHfllMm^lraiMtm I w) wiin m A> min *rf pdk iw 1 p m. w mio rntrti Am m pnU T tk If nk f Mm x >M ImirliriM fc-- Ahmi h mimM Ik W At mm m| At MMmkAUIa> i*>*>mk m4MTc MmI to4. htMAIkkat 1k< . , ,,'i,w*AriiAriiii. _____ .. ^^>^<...-^MMMlTkMl<M^4M>t>M III III ll I IIH 111! I OnritrtMUMwfflWtwnk*MinA MM iik4 7g f. Ml Um M4 imim--d mm4> m & HAtlkdnaTMMliiiMittAiIMkiMAi WnH mLpM.tnm a iirtli miiIj Mih Im Am y i iAm m AAIMi M|)mIAi |i Xi MiM|iaA MmIAiimI l)Mk mAh . tot Ikw M AMI <Mm a pmtm pnpvntmi W >M/rl g4 mAc. Tta ArapankM My Im ta AmAm Uimi M n lwA Mm Am --Ai ftAr kfcw Ink HoiMay < la M tumpl M MaAy akoi "|i' p*mA inAc Mm acl mi AmiMi i k Io m MknM Am4 m4 COMMlI InAc towllww*/. TkiiMkAknl lmi|i M i iMmu fcr a tki 11 > a mMA. Wl dM m#mimii k o iiA w kt My mMm-- h Am Am i Hi m MUM ImmA. mM Am4iiitli>MiinniAMiiHMil-- a mmM|Mi lktifcwihM>lMMA*iiiiik lot A WM Miia(y M eM AaiclkM tmA Utrnrf *aw (r Myl iiMdM U a r m ikuMMi M A* Tka *an aoaw AbM kaa a< anartiaa tanka. \AUmmc mIii immiMiMm Yki*MMaiM4aMiM(ikaakp(<flMi4arMrf. ' mWAi fcrMMi AayialM yw. mM lw< --di HutMUariiy, W Mw Hm iM Mnikll tta aattawa nail k a ptM <( May May IrWke. taaiiiii| aMMty pt pnnM an aaaaakt to* tta anal. Iatoa< ky a AM* r*M ttalak AIA POLLUTION IN HOAD TVNNUS TUt wun o nmwt mumi oumwo wa 23) --*-- Mo 1*Mf rfiiSr MrLit* A^el.mi IK' Aran A f* Tmm NM IM liA > l|*' K3 K4MI4I mm S Si mrit *r n *Mt u M M-n m ru M Mm # U *I4X)44 D4t4* 4t ,ja 3i#*t or ** I M! l UM w a s at 1 m M ? WwbHMw >i *8B m lit B In at 3 m Mm | 3 | | | ! | 3>1momomm * 1 ur--- r J 4 H r1 My HH^W0 0- "3 t >HM>|I1 a 1 1fcs. 2 an nr M M a ut MMr m9t liMt s K Mr nr i IIiM tl | I OH oftat CkC *tn oca Ow Mh| n* ta>, TblwifanwaMadllwiliiiMl, ^ Wl WH iMfll rf IW(4m| fMnl >1^41 ^ Ooftmoo MdM UM Ml Me* Or Oa fnM of mn > fee mfi iCwa a a. ' T?7 !*--'r*?* *?* * *n*.MIM>*4< , HSLaVOta, a-- amienw I at la Mia c mMS. c * 'OHafawHCiHi.........oM-a*--. *ncaoa 4mH Oh com aI tto MfatoKta c m ewartM eek mwaia w <*mo hai 10 c Mt*an h i mh M| (Ch o w la faa*f*tv4ieftt44u*il*to. y m*mm --t wn ihmim W^w rf to irt <( font rtywwwii iwyhi <f w>At ^**M toNUfmto^ p Hn Um. Mwtfy mt fonnfo <* for *g lT'.`llirtL*^ ""ITr "jJ 11 n*1 for forforuioi *rf fcffomrto^ m4 ^ __ a^^ ^ for for foiimuiiiM MA A onaiinuriM ramrf r for carton wwoorlfo ccMCMNfmoWM oliittor4 m Nr Dciiiilww (lifotow 14, ItM m4 Mir K Ittf) *4 ``arct** Miit iw **ri nfo M dtor tmm. Oudwrfrftfupii rn riw m*i rf for --pirfowto to* * ttirrmir-- fowt ntfeMitoforfoMfo tonfolMMliiriMM arprmr4 ^oMti ll wi rrrtorw^ irpMUcthli ir foto rofotoilr Om M^imr4 IratrfpeMi* AltMdiiMiwiiifofwfo W CM ti HIT lev MimI coaxm ao mmCi from ataanMloea la Caaanl LaoCoo con mltoirtoMfoartoii foHur0MHilialwMMp|0|MtM, ^ foMM to (HmiIm m4 to mmi Mm* imM to nfo^ wfo n mw h h mmmi q m|i ton * OlmrM. Mrfo. mlIMfow. lt)H Ttm tmmmm "'l fto ^ kUnun ^^ ^ ^. ^^ OuoaafwiiiHa.wi--.imWooMMOolHOWl oc Oca Hi ccW Kllli i oaum aomaw .3 tVTISH JOURNAL Of INDUSTRIAL ULDKINS NO, (INmi, Mulai Mu. GoaHat* NX *" 1V*' .U *** -1 r*t^*1.*** . M ii)in4iw -* ***! wi ntta-td it -- > talk of Ot turttnu anM M **** mi In tan timtMif I* Tatta I. Tta eonnaiinnna of ~aatkt~ (it ita linn * NO' r odtaetd br da ta** eakaae aaairiae) nut* hot (I it 2)1 ***.'100 .. Tka t ttttt ita ammnnot It ita ntltior I italnt tt t itat iw tf nee; linylot atatf ki da ttitt ttrtiBl ItCettitl Ut*t d Ittnli tattM lit ttttttf pm m ta ftufti* frtti 10 it 2* itjj NO** TttUaaemetoamninteataiaaOettk tt win tat tot QtruttttK. mtlri frtti ta ml lint tmtttttu m Minot km tat tacktata ta Ikt TtMt. nttattowMIitiiita dt ftvtaf tataan II |t oaf I am, tkaaikB ttota Iron Cta kt* ttt ntaotti 4* ntt tat tot- tatinar aw left natitf (or tat dan Wan tad out dir itU) Ma mpmNmaL TM Ktid ekoeaf 4 MR" wa t* MMMiwkM ihxMM tt ita tatter 1M*M. md** [Ml of JOO 44 n1mj~ . Huh utx-jwtf4<J044 tori tkoitn i taf nib fndtr meat*. NA peak <thw of 4)0 PPJM. t*d MM M lihrtij rttitQ. atk eatan * WO t4>*. Smnl n*<ila alto aoMecead ta niQiiiiO boo)** lot Ita taraiwiM tf aaMea ft ttaOQta. Na ddllcukr ate nfnnl It pnentlat oaidaHo* rf tine til* Men IN dairntaailire ten CttoMnUott tf ante aaldt itjil tat I M I ppn, talk nalltf tttttttt tf Knit nt ula ttl Ikt * Mar M. Itn M total in (Ntt It TtM* 2. Tkt ttiottnllnt tf total Wt4 Inn W tfll) rt'IOOd-*. ttpratitMMly )0t IN tt tCltnl Lcadoad dHIMt Tkt titcot ktatt of taoit tt4 11 tadi tf Ita kjtat- tad Dadd dntantaiciaaikdt ate lade aera* It Mtiilntd tat kttt) It kt mtnttUt for ta ttt M t>m tf ta I* 2i)*p*. ate* ik o M. ttaw ta Dm prtn. ttddtta coamriemt n nttkt <t> nMat tf ttw-- tatt aaadi htta ktante ttkitamlntita Tktencaatndn twit tf tttfn dwtlde tt tone wide fk-- It tf nek Mnoeibaa k auk kitar ta tool ta tat ordain iitntai. Ttataaonm- Ikta m Ita *ri*, kti ta Mr* tf INt ffntt ta I tf ttfic wide rmaiatd don I* I mj i nititaint lade ct* ta taftril tat Iknt ** tint Mon mfd It Ita ttttunnt tf ita ton- batatkl fftifi tout* tf tat fit t. n(iitnif it antadtm tf tuck non kttf ta ita i kl*wt*ktt|tntttfititat. ItOtmmtta ta trktt tottntam. Tkt mtnttirtflntt ton tf Attat tMta (taln^MTta^tawTta|tfWoltaAimnl 'i|Atac taafm1WmA)mtTaitf^Mtt*M4MklA2dfittrAtatkftlMali(tMa^lpl '^li^ taf M eaiadea am* tat in--H m *re lint* otokt taddl b rktae M kjdrtcaibon dm Itat ttunif k* fad tat ttat tttourfit* ta |bmi Tta flttnnim tf yontt eeiewtad t dot tat 4* tt itn tattiwrtr ttk tat tan f tntnt tf irrike. ktl ita eeaote nntttiitUiti ttt tat tt ita tat4 Hotdtr ttat dm tow fat Otari Ittarta Iittad. Tta ootmiminai of atari tf Ita krtaittiktta tl dm itat ton. koamr. tntta it dual iNutif tt tdta rcctiHaa. Tta ttamutm tf mktt aittotita ttaintf dtnt dmtan* tf dtattMWi--"'*****--1"*) gntia itat IQO m* Meal tf ita tnalat ttt totaled titatiatltdktiitantkritftariota. tad ita Irak MMd ft dt Mtitariiiita Ttaad It n mn* ntae me ita ttt tad date outfit km ttnad tf Ita tnda tMeritatl. Tta Meed ta It 2 ita edtiwadtp kmnt ita tatemr** Uotl of ntatttt wd Ita bride taM) It tatMl sraokkaNr. AM tit km tan |kM ta* ntutn of ta ma It nkwti ita koto it kmitrieilpet ret ta tadtdntt Tkt Ottatn tf pant tf I taiatar letar Qatj tan dt 4ttt ptn of Ita tar tad ta dt main tan h t Warp fT*ttit tartan data. Tta omi.km tan grand t* n (a t|tia tt atadi ikaa t ntmol lta detrig ita mtao taat data atadl dt at*. Tkt Ittd tad ctfktt amttlta drifta <TV 2) or- *adr Htal It ita luta it>|wr, tad Mn ttfy tkadr dMt ft* Ikt dattar tf Qm< mdlc. Temtitaf l*4d M tdtad It nod fttttA. ltd Mat ftiticta tttnnit In I nlttan.lnd taetdta. tad tttae tmtoatOi an tanned akk ita ttktad ttt (tlriikat. IW); daad fad dm ad rttttit ttf vfl*.Bt-ni*:VA *y 'V- wvyWSsTtfflts* s '.' -,-i. V life. y, > '.;, .v ft IftM KL Aa M ! ftftHk.AIK KOLLtmON IN KOAO TUNNELS ft ,i Oft r .. 4ft i" i if1*-. . 1ri.- -\ ' ' " ' 1 * ~A \y y- . US mmm .''if <WUI>miI4i (M Ntnd m<*mm aho M"**1* net mi taikaa amwealdr If-- <MM ia*aa (nm. <*). Wt mM tkanfon aapta Woaiaiim<(Mia4itoMMiMiM w> "* Km mo m af pctroi mAc, and At MM- lumkMMiikkoioMiiiwiiilMmMdiwuyrf ftkafkiAc k la ha a undid India af podwlaa hawfUral ankakda TW am hr cara-M kM aka teas ackdM la AM mt m. far k Aoat teaMrtwIa Attartraitniad; Atiatittlrtmnaf I: UMaiptryhaa aka turn la a Mwkat ftMdok TW aenanMnifca af aaota (Tip B data aM !* w --My af dtnri kiAt way flonly. M Aa mortalto* k antaMjr <fc*ar Aaa A da dowry afpavafinAc. faaca IW amMaa af aaata aM wMr auk Wad k aay ba DM iW dnaaMy of ika kiMc daaa not proatdl aa adaqaait iadaa ad pokMioa a CW ran oddMM Mad*. W* k mk U t tfc* t 6t*m ih opmkn tcmWkM ki 1M m>< wWowwly u po4n taw MM. Varia- Naaa In At wnMnuoa af Prtttm aad I: Waifi'fi m iko ikm k 1 M IM * tMniMM<f ticaiMMM I:Ua^fMltl> lo u mIm paiwiaa. TW mc mw iIm af taihia Anat xna Mka imfuMf. TW Mak> ad da aaoia CM aka W tatilftnd fatta <W ncead pan af TaMt 2. Tka aiaoaao af MaMafAt Mrowtmlkaf ptlfniaafancda) r a m nalinothoiifamid MlWaariaanpata'am. Aaa^ k c m W aaa Owl than k a Mdancy ft* At ptcpCTHoaa af raiaan and I: ITtaarrarylti* k Um amaka to iacrtaaa akk A* pnpcaUea af paual kaMc. ll mm* MMr h*M Dm tfjra protalad to far rrx-.'k V-"- Viv. J f , . a. ., ,->.J - v/ v,.vv,: .v> !-; f'/ ' r . i 23* /j 1 nmsH orj o u r n a l in d u s t r ial u ed k in e Tmu I vouvnoM m iuaui TtM. uxr k mi s 1 a - te ... ,y IV n IV * tv MM te^SS fcsr.crs-.v" srE: **-.> 1 9 1 1 Si 1 b 4t V 1 H 4 . it i Mt l>IM4 I cmmat st iMn4 1 in4 * & *3m a 1 1 3 8 M i i 8 i 83 fi & ta I 8mm ft j mn cam# . Ml iMnmt tat m l m o*n4 *01 & * MISM 3 1 taon* X SI w K :?nrrtsrn trihmoa to tto yma--iniinat of msk of flw Wydr tetoatot of on** traffic 0 MOW proofcod to tto COOt of WWIMM 1*4 I : cm tMRparvy naini to petotteo i m iiWM| OKI)lMntoi ltotoiii<C ScMhn^ ported* cl kto poltoctcw ww ito notood iMy Won a to* Im* mi oikrtii m *** to to* Pmtei from tto w onto* frim--cnfriod om too* tout* of ito mo Wmi o o 4 tto Im Moot, Tto to M? IW m ton to Tito X Tto o o mo mt o - drmMp of poem! traffic MtoitordMrtef tom to* u m if meit wto *tolyt Uto| to * mmmm ftoiofe tot dun oot pnat wriatio* to ffitdMtop of * tetstOO .'toMtot tot Mtoto* toto* *M Mi? ofMl--I totolr,itto ipoflMwmw oftMoto *o4 of o mttteano of >12 Mt/tP w. tono* to* ocdk of tto Mnoton wn Motor kn Itovo MRM| |Wfe IMT. TIM MM* MXMUllul I* k n non tooek. ttoltotiii acyntdmfi toffi Cmu bI UrnIcm m ttot (ten wm apprpiiHmffj 34 M*/I00 M*. NO MOOMMO f CftTtOO mm*WI Ocniof. Sow* trod la mdcird only Wf wowto or Mta of nun pm * Mod* dome potrof onfOo llo tarinriwl tofrop toy Itoiao Mm ten**, too tot cwwwfnM> of tol ooro itot itort mn cWiapn In nmdoicn dot to fjtep tonMl lot --to toifly ponod. *ff or to fto mmwiimit traffic to* ffartep do Tto comccMnktom of MMmu c o mm to ntolti MonMap ported fMtrtto to ayaaitrtooWaloooHMd torvftr to too into towM flw^oo do |4 tottopMnlntoOMdowpotoltototo ton of too Mpertoom. o m too oMtoiM no tto nonin*. m wof towp tot mpto Tto Im* to totfto X In jpMaral tto mk 4i from to oto tMttof . X md 4 mu nioM off pi 2313 ton m tot MolOr moon of Mrnvtoo (npnoif at tonto of into Wm* to dariiM. ito Ito wot 'H- to* l> (too to oofWctef lo ito oattor mttetod on ppm# ol 0430 tooot. TWo m to itoft I darteno npwWtil lto mm rktor Mod tto - m Niutto off to 01 tot ton tto oo apate to 03 )0 toon. Atoto oo4*iffo ito tmtititim tuff I* Wjdfocarto-- (too >Mioi< 10 to oitfocter; to Ito MtopfiWf pofct, iMoyM of oavotooi dwM o*m oo* oelf oot tto of tan to pptttoioo. Wt itoft tto tacood oocoaioa. 6 AIK POLLUTION IN KOAD TUNNELS ITT Dining the (d w k of tht itmAjr obacrvelioM awo hun| m*dc oe the tut od h*f* of p^ntcW* to ito unmph*re of London, and a numbar of aatnplto m mfacM for th* purpo* to the Black**! TimmL T>* Mntto wort tsikud on fonevar torm to a thermal procipUU* and raamtned on aa (toVM woo*cape. Nearly a! ilia pcrticia MT1 mad amofce inrYpto, with a r m median ancaar of apprmnui/ I >> (WaJWr, Brock*, and Cartwright, JMl). The form of (too pamrfca woa ryfocmi of (ton produced by ito nii>(4iii om* buuwn of hydrocarbon fork. AH *tn email mmgh to euy to anpmiiM todcAnnafy and they wort ofl 94m the rmpeable aut rang*. The prtoary dpcl of dto httoeUgaiion wot lo tom rta mpiinidi d da f <W>i <f to poltotoi by motor traffic and to order to do (to m wortrd to Ilf mod pctvmed placet h could And. ta ihcm two hmark m wn able to toudy poflofion by ftod and dmd ntoto to eddy q w i mocha at cal date* a^d operatmg condmom. and Of mato Offer of (to ttudy Its bom actor*od- Aftormrt profrtmod no began to hope that by company ltd poftmno donna articled pmoda of torn traffic enmpemuto no ought be aUr roughly to nkoufy 1 or dad, of iwffirtdnel lo <Ma aocondary atm w* wrt only parnaBy lypcudal and (ho apparent corrtiatkmt between tho concentradon of vartooo poffinanli ond the typo and amount of traffic moat be tom protod trtth greet caution. The Medina! fumd baa two bond* which tend to unpad* Urge adtoctoa {which art moody de*d powtwd) and that radically ehor iht flow of traffic; a cirtou renmsmort of tho impedance to that large duad vtfctdm can teem to trw toad by holding up patrol traffic. That obntoualy fator nbtwntoo brio to the feature of traff* aed one poAutaot Mrvm to aound a onto of caution Vhott m curmJcr the wniwina of ocher poOutawto. the eoutv* of atwch to not known wfch the h a k oertatoty. No amend hat been takon of nnitma to typoa of tableto ttitoa. the pawl tatoprto of >r and "bod"; dm** the dap* tom* Chert to a large proportion ofcommunal traffic ond the cmmmni from dmtd or patrol rg'--* torrid owy dAr from thorn of the bwaoa or can uhidimaU up the btob of tho traffic at odmr ttonaa. Oxr a hmtood pmod honner the mnnantrUfloa of both toad and carbon mannaide to the tomel ib tary Mb the amomu of traffic, end tho foauha from the ciptnonm earned oot on May K ttff dot I root fdaUM tohoa the ooncencrattoao of fbcoo poftotanta gad the denaity of petrol tvoflk. otod moat then be cuwudutd at on important tooroe of T*uS nuvtim in tunttAU w w o l mv h eia to toto ft- a* * h ,.b. * S' V b; bit toTwIMMa. u.` W1~a.mwmM**t t>U v(M--W <l* tomr ltow< "B fl t* tot MO tat Ml IN M 44 to tlol t* !t otnit OM M M 8 S, | to tol 1 a Hi i aa >.'t to M to* Mtoi tot s stf to to R fl ia tot tot 4J * IItI 4totot tot Mtol B ii to B !.** . * ,m 'H* 't1 1 if hzLnnm B it B R B51 I.8 4 ! u 44 to k 1 I 1 Ji l 1*4 I B li IUmAj mm ~3 to to Ettoo 1 3 swl* ,M1 Si m aa IM m 4* ,s i to i M to 1 1 4 1| INmt t w & 1*4 to* K IM tol t* no 8 p* ! 2S ------ ' ttmSH j o v r n a l or ih d u s t k j a l u c d ic imc 0 /V- Ta b i4 fOUVTMM M lua*U VUMtoabV 09 UWUI PPwmmemwl *w+e+.mm rpmm tlaww V<M 1*111 %me*e i ,r..H.ve)ieH*i aun--n^*ah tM:a 1 * m 2tsMoi aicw m resa* nw Pawn q to1.0* t^u ine u ,2Mi art at m H s 8 S sj ! 1 zn ter.*H--r 'r*rrr 5 Z" X ti* 2, 1 a8 8 !i 1 & *M ---- W ih U--h --w < t+mm n and dommic thimntyi bo mut cwbM wwwiidr AMI 4UUUA of lead but chew Murat n enhlrty lo contribute mmftnwly 10 ikt cvMtMfirai occurring iimd ^i kcoy traffic, net. Jana, Mid Yoder <IMO> hn nrwood dou comiMiom betmo i the c o mc o mu m of them podutauQ Mid the amount of traffic in (be tore** of a wn> --iirrw l>n*rd Sum coy. Them author* *4 not dmmgwnh between pernd and duM traffic, but the totter probably formed only a n mB petod* age of the local U Oninl London a aebeuatial proportion of d traffic baa 4md engini Much can be dwcwunitd m ornttav of lead and carbon moApude. Out work In torwu. gtragm. and lowdi laad an lo tuppon the luggHrmn of Wdn$ that tbc curran Mcfdodwgan la butat and hm7 good* tohirtw provide! one captonetwo fad .\:ibet*uof any idiumal Inmaw m carbon monotodr cotKcntratiara in London afrom no a gened of J4 yean, deign* log mcraw In traffic On nftinruhip ran m out iigrmn Nnna ll concentre*ion of moll In tin Umd and do denuty of dad inAc abo Mama raatonabb. WAMnObDIwt thowa that "the track* conccn* moom from rood traffic on buay rooda can be ppmaabte and. for abort period*, can produce mo w local poBwtion" la Tab** d (fee townf nwkt btt been MMienid and tempered Mk outdoor coaceMraiioAt of moke and bjdi oca* hoot. Tie loon pollucfoo encountered M the laonel Hu been tehuletod together inch the mean vehiea for ocher periodt; the morning *mH hour** Igen Mer to templm taken bwn 07<0 and IOOO hour* on turkdirv the timing "rwH bout** la unpin taken between IbOO and XKO been, and the deptOne flpm to tbcec taken betnoru I0C0 m4 IH0 Imi. Tbe er taken m am aainl Tomd on a Sunday or Bank Hofadey. TbeOnerel London ftgmtapmldad lor eomgamon are; wb<be cnoepoon of thi carbon nwtdt.bmfcnfniiki from e numberofmmptoa taken in (far open acr. *ey from tnAc, at 9L) luikdonre^ llnpril. Typical manrar and from a i .endming a fmd of togb poA u* l 1M7; the ameko on friV My from domestic chuuncyt and - to* mown bmnla, puirwid H Craw Imfy* paralflf moinmKf. K Dwx* Ha lwi pM la Ha wUflt tttm iM Ha Mwwnilm ct mem (rnflmm la Ha tamlUwHaaaialaea la Ha wHiaacy laaHca aa,iMM adm tram, ml mn' to eaeey vwc. *enmmanwmi m gottmi antt jaaewted In 0u study are much than tbe typical ameemr or ibid hub In o an. Tbe roncanmiin-- dering tbe morning and rnenlng tmb boura arc umdar to one another, doddtt k: ddnwcu la traffic oomgoaldon. Tbe maaJmnm Sp - ftweenrnee of uwokc occur* In thr daytime. eh-- tbe nmtn of dmd % ibidaa b bighti Tbecon*^ ceotratiom of moet of tbe hydrocarbon! art ibr)v kgkui then,but caranemand I: Ubmptobn.r:. tocb appear to be amodatad rather more erfffi&' dreg tbe nub hourt. Tbe mwnerah r ofcarbon .fty moncMude b bigheto on Midty tramgi. whan lbrj|: number of patrol idodn b id b mntomum. TWS conoeniration of matt and of meet hydrocarbona^ b lower then than at any other buoy time in (be v tennet. abbough b b mm many tbern tbe eetdeer jb-j; * `V' AIK POLLUTION IN KOAD TUNNILS 251 Torch-- re--'gorietutt wkhle TeW* 4 thorn tool *1 the cooc**i/eiK-- at ***** o*4 hydrocarbon* In the tunnd an with-- to* range found to ordmary London air. Tho-- obeermd *ni| bury period* Chare (of to* order ot JO fkpm to I eampUi) were not awActom to form detectable amount! of metha-nogkrbto to Wood. Thera leal prtauri no rtoeon to behave to-- the note--relh--i can b* regarded a* untler to to* eoncootrattoae ot recorded to it* lunaaUup to Id p.pm toconUrmom ***** and hydrocarbon* found duhng tender--* eettmationa, but higher la wot* apoft unfit*) notod tomnrom on wint-- pwu^i to Central London. produce any toled on man. Carbon moaontd* i^cm to be (he o*rfy dfadteam hazard, dunag to* ruth (mm and on buiy bold*y rw*ngi Ibt naoainltM urn |aer*l>> omr 100 p pm, which h threwMmuml>owtd for commu-- Condo ton* in the BUcfcwefl Twnd me eapewto to Improve great/ when Che twin tunnel now under cmetrucuon c m-- hue uee. The atocto tunoal wdl then be weed let treAc to < *po*wr In hdnwy. Eapooure to Ok u concentra* uom for aevaraJ bon mar hem per--pubto dbm and on lateral occanon* dehnj to* tour-- ot thaw ne shen by Mrv *. C Hr^a. tiptnuwi the auction and thaw cothfuct cap--* M*. I V. Orb. e*4 ocher wmbeo ef to* Air Mil-- hemw.eUan. tore- wiitoed to to* | --lie Co--<y eftor bnng evpowd conuawouify (or penod* of three Co--*d tor priming toed-- lor (tor --g-- to 14 home M th* twnnd. Oman ere mi Motor eepoead to char otnoener-- far mere chan M mo m to pawing through the tond and an ant to-- Tnd long there during the her p--tod*. Snore rye tortoettoa wee nperrented at tunc*. but the mm of due wee not to--iigMig. The onto rf Mngee do not appear to put* any epaoat ~*fJLS-rvv e t im i mew toUd-tod. heard. There to much more merle oud* then bnjN fr*nv / AOOM.t M* mttogen tooaid* to to* toond e*. The com* tnoon ot the toner reached about 01 ppm tmmm h. neo enCwnnuroWi U----in *ir 5 #He 2L which h w* below toe J ppn permitted n r.-t If--xm--5 / ------to 4 -trill acmeeginrm The phyotogieal edict* wf nnne mud* hem act been erudiod eddy, hut ft tmw e~- i *,,*--..cm* erne a-- -- ;* -- n wi k ... can cotont with toe Mood to toe earn* way a* nl HMi utowt til(toMk(ltho*a carbon monomdr. The ttont rf cnidct of nttrogea ham been toe--d by Ktu, Sena*, and Jcgatr (IWJ. who mad* --nir--in to a radwey towd nnaT. --c--mm* lab, whew 4md irww were operating, dwy c o m a*el ihel toe lewweimeet of ant* onto* (to mod -efc .v, ' 'Or* Vr'^P MWjpPjWg-l^^ 'S