Document Jrr8JeyLDym3o8MrEE8oz9902

iibe for > cm ins -TC- sC Puldered ;h the Toxic jury. durch nod toxic tonal 70. stria! aaccs inati. xmosament n JW. linical AS for veolar ratory tunroe suring irogen actual 322-6. roved eso- vemi- AL, posed ;e in -16. Retention of vinyl chloride in the human lung J K.RAJEWSKI, M DOBECKI, AND J GROMIEC From the Department of Chemical Air Pollutants of the Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland abstract Experiments with volunteers showed that 42% of an inhaled dose of vinyl chloride is retained in the lungs. This value is independent of the concentration of vinyl chloride in the air. Elimination of vinyl chloride through the lungs is negligible since its concentration in expired air decreases immediately after the cessation of exposure. Interest in the toxic action of vinyl chloride (VC) has grown recently following the increased incidence of hepatic angiosarcoma found among VC poly merisation workers. In industry the main route of VC absorption is through the lung. No data on skin absorption in man are available, but it cannot be excluded since the compound was found to penetrate the skin of exposed monkeys.1 The retention rate of VC in the lung was reported by Buchter et alz to be 26-28%, but these results were obtained from only two indi viduals exposed to 2-5 ppm VC and may thus be subject to error. The purpose of the present study was to determine the percentage retention of VC in the lung in man. Samples of inhaled air were collected into 500 cm3 gas pipettes every five minutes, the expired air was sampled using charcoal tubes, and four to five 10minute samples were taken every hour. The VC concentration in both the inhaled and the expired air was determined by gas chromatography3; deter minations were possible down to 0-3 mg/m3. The difference between the concentration in the inhaled and expired air was calculated to obtain the percent age retention of VC in the lung. Samples of exhaled air were also collected for the first 90 minutes after the cessation of exposure to determine the rate of elimination of VC from the lung. Results and discussion Method Five healthy male volunteers aged from 26 to 31 were carefully examined by a doctor before and after exposure, and medical supervision was provided for each experiment. The volunteers were exposed to four atmospheric concentrations of VC with aim3 toxicological chamber serving as the source of VCair mixtures. VC monomer from a pressure cylinder was mixed with precleaned air in a two-step flowdilution system to give the final concentrations. Volunteers were exposed for six hours to VC con centrations 60 mg/cm3 (24 ppm), 30 mg/cm3 (12 ppm), 15 mg/cm3 (6 ppm), and 7-5 mg/cm3 (3 ppm); values equal to 2, 1, 0-5, and 0-25 of the Polish maximum allowable concentration respectively. The subject remained outside the chamber and inhaled the air from inside through a gas mask connected with the interior of the chamber. The percentage retention of VC in the lung is shown in the figure. The value was independent of the VC concentration, averaging 42% and reaching the highest level of 46% in the first 15 minutes of exposure. In all the experiments the retention rate Received 29 October 1979 Accepted 19 November 1979 Percentage retention of vinyl chloride in the lung. 373 -t R&S 008187 R&S 008188 I 374 Krtijewski, Dohecki, and Gronu'eP Table 1 Vinyl chloride concentration in expired air at end of exposure In inhaled air (mg}m*) In expired air. last hour ofexposure {niftinp) In expired air Mean value infirst JO minutes alter exposure (fiijf/ui1) Percentage of inhaled < out vnirution 600 27-6 2-84 4-73 300 112 1-30 4-30 150 5-8 054 3-60 Tabic 2 Individual differences in retention rate at 30 otgjnp vinyl chloride Subject No % retention at selected time points from start ofexposure 15 min 30 min Ih 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 6 hour mean i 55-0 45-0 42*3 510 420 47-5 40 5 300 450 2 79-0 770 680 75-2 68-5 52-2 75-5 67-7 71-0 3 40*3 37-8 33-4 42-9 28-7 29-2 35-2 29-1 33-5 : T4 45 0 31-5 49*3 410 34-5 41-7 44 0 33-4 390 5 43-1 35-9 20-8 299 320 20-2 37-3 26-2 300 t Mean retention 52-5 45-4 42-8 480 41-1 38-2 46-5 37-3 440 Standard deviation of mean 5/Vn 71 8-2 6-5 7-6 7-2 5-9 7*4 7-7 8-6 dropped rapidly 30 minutes after exposure was begun and thereafter increased to a relatively constant level. A similar picture was observed by Rogaczewska4 for acrylonitrile. Concentrations of VC in the expired air immedi ately after cessation of exposure are presented in table 1. The concentrations were extremely low and 30 minutes from the end of the exposure no more than 5% of the chamber concentration could be detected. The values accounted for about 10% of the concentration in the air expired during the last 30 minutes of the experiment. Results for the lowest chamber concentration, 7-5 mg/m3, were below the limits of detection of the method and are therefore omitted in table 1. Considerable individual differences in retention rate were observed as illustrated by the values obtained for exposure to 30 mg/cm3 (table 2). References 1 Hefner RE. Percutaneous absorption of vinyl chloride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975;34:529-32. ' Buchter A, Bolt HM. Filser J. Goergens HW, Laib RJ. Boll W. Pharmakokineiik und Karcinogenese von Vinylchlorid Arheitsmedizinische Risikobeurteilung. Pro ceedings of the JSlh Meeting of the German Occupational Medicine Association. Frankfurt/M: Hocbst, 1978. 1 Krajewski J, Dobecki M. Oznaczanie chlorku winylu w powietrzu metoda chromatografii gazowej (Determina tion of vinyl chloride in the air by gas chromatographic method). Med Pr 1978;29:403-10. J Rogaczewska T, Piotrowski J. DoSwiadczalna ocena drog wchtaniania akrylonitrylu u ludzi (Evaluation of the absorption routes of acrylonitrile in humans). Med Pr 1968;19:349-59. m Al. Noska, K, Pertiov, A! Spasovski -- Yinvlchtoride Disease i?> Bulgaria 7 & Summary The auihr'irs followed the concentrations of \ imlchlotide from the beginning cJ its production 111] now cturlny j[s sjiith-es.i and pi'lvmerLzanon'and established that in D65 they were 1 JO mg mJ but since 1070 the;, were Jn ihe rar.-res of J2 to 240 mg m3 cf the threshold value cl 30 mg m3 They undertook twice examinations oj >' workers, including neurologic status, chan ces in hemopoiesis, protein and enzvmrc iuncron of liver. They discovered len cases with virylch'.cride disease era <9 with single syndromes. The sick persons were mainly from the person*1, working dunn* Ihe polymerization of vioylchlotide at the repair workshop with a lengih ci sen ice cl 3 to El years. Vegetative poly neuropathy and increased activity of gam ma-c i ut am yltra ns peptidase were the leading signs. There were acroosteolisis and thrombocytopenia in some of the patients The authors prepare medical-prophylactic treasures in respect to a 6-hour working day, additional food without pay, preliminary and periodical examinations of the workers and suitable labour establishment of the same patients. An experiment is carried out to correct threshold value of Ihe concenEration. Xipmeas K jipjxwuniw -- XX. 1977. .Vi 3 Hlfflena | zdrme&pazvane -- XX. 1377. Ni. 3 nocrbimr.ia -- attyipB I1T7 Receixed *- January 1977 nPOMEHH B AJIEPrH4HATA PEAKTHBHOCT y MEXAHH3ATOPH W. ^Eewapoua MX -- CcpViS, IlhCTitixT -a x;T;ie>,a ii spane-e. KrtiiHn*-? ~s nr;d`fenoHa.7MH zcffrMH8a-i''i, fsxc. j.011. X:. 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