Document Jr3064ejXrrX57QM4axz83E4e

FILE NAME: DuPont (DUP) DATE: 1935 Sept DOC#: DUP080 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Journal Article - No HalfWay Measures in Dust Control - National Safety News P-N SC -36 ; National Safety News Published monthly in the interest of accident prevention and the health of industrial workers i; . - VOL. 32. No. 3 r C O N T EN T S F O R S E P tY m BErT i ? .................. /.Miii'vitlc The J9.S Congress Cilv .............. ....................... .. _ N" H.UMVay Measures in Dust Control- -Arthur S. Johnson................... The I*river Has Hi? Trouble?--U fury / . Drogas....................................... I'<I`Mille Sa/eIy Measure"--T. II*. Otgoo-J . . . ...... ...................... .An Atnuinlani Analyzes Safety Savings--Stanley Priuhr-rig- ___ . . . . tiranti Rapids Is Safely CVmsnous--Curtis Billings.................................... Kansm? Health Authorities Fight Accident--Earlr G. Brown, M. D......... . Step? to Safety--Roy R. R a n d a ll................................................................... (leattiiiti Exterior Wall* of Buildings by Sandblasting or Steamblasting-- Industrial Data Sheet D-Gen. 1 3 ................................................................. Kaiiing the Standard? of Industrial Medicine--Si. ,V. Xaeqm st. .1/. D, . . . I.onking Toward the Congress ................................................... Klrtwnlary Safeguarding Is Still Important Ami Sudden Death--J. ..|. Furnas . . . . . .11 -.17 ..19 20 .23 ...25 ..27 29 32 ..34 SS Rgula Departments I%1tra|*,fJ .... . llw Manuring D irertorv Page Uh- Safety lixdtmg ............... Iiklu-iriul Health , .................... Hu- bulletin Hour,I .................. Priyunala ........... ....................... ...... '> .-.-.-.-.-.3t0 .....-34 -----Id ..... *3 'Hie Siiktr Library akb.... . . . ..... *1 The Hmur lull ......................... .. _ gn C a n in g Events -- ............... .. . . ....as W ith the Manufacturer ___ -j Th Buyers Scrrice ........... "A The Accident barumeivr ..........................,,.go tAirjiA.v T. F i s h , Editor < l' K 1,s K i l l i n g s , Associate Editor St a n u y H. K exshaw. Poster Editor C. H . M illes, Advertising iQtnager f l M monthtr. " under the eSnlhl.Tr ?Au7d,i/tLB*ur`eVau" *oWf 'Clrr"u,lrM*lon. ' Nttlonst a .f .ty Coun.it. j,, '* indexed in the Industrial A rts Index. National Safety Council, Inc. 20 North Waclter Drive. Chicago, U. S. A. New yorfc Office, 9 Edit 41st Street O ffic e o f th e E d u c a tio n DM;. 1 o . , t a . . . m . . v - -- j ; National Safety Council Officers, 1934-1735 . John . L o s t. PrrttJ.iiU 1 I Itoumr I. f:Ti.in. Vlcr-Preildcnt for ( Public "ary ' D. D. FcNMki. .. Vler-Prealdrut fur Pul. 1 IK lUlaltnn . ; l i w H. Pai.msh. V k M 'm iiim t fur ' Surety Council! 1. Ar.hkftT S. ItriiVlJi. Vlcr.prrsidelt fur . Kn*lner.ux C. tv. Smith. Vtcr.Prta'dMii for lmiu>. trlul Safely ' It. T. SoitKiTTN. V lf c P r -- l.lriit for M tnilirnli.p CaMlV! M. \VT!MS. M.U.. Vi,c,|*ri-.|,|ont fur llraiui .tu itat W. Wiiitntv. Vin-Prcsl.lm t fur K ilw aliw i Wim.u m li. tVhutu . Vlrv-Pri^lilrnt for riiiuiK't alul TrrMMirrr tV. tt. CaMMrik. Vrrrtury ailtl Monas* ItiX ilirtvlur ' Executive Committee f' Members at targe T a x Atoy* u r n i x u not A. L. AaMSTaowc. Kuttman Kodak Co. T. It. Caaaow. Safrtr Section. A uocla- lion of. American Itallmod 1. B. C vuiM a*. Hrtnlrhrm Slcel Corn. Iluw y liu iu n iT i TIk Pitlliunn Co. n. T. lliL u rvT ii, till caxo S w ill Mturr and Milwaukee Ku Inuul C.h. T mowls P, K u a y f , Industrial Com mit. _ tiw T o r Obi 4 Thomas H. MacD xai* . L\ S. Uurtau o f _ PuklK R aidi Eswatu J. Mi i i m k , Portland Ccmrut Association Ha m u L. Mi k u . K. I. dul'out dr \ -- m oon a C. fiu a o c K. <Uxraw, Ccnvrai PU clrlr Co. lU aa r A, S fu m . I'nitcd Stnlry Mrrl Coco. Safety Council Representative* 1 C w w c i , T a r im . M a s s a c h u s e tts Sftfotjr Council ' WaAtun Oettv Smith, Itrlnwarr Safety Ctiunrll ' In K. tlAlsTllX. W n t in i IVlMi<iylvMntu SoM y O unril > 1 II. I.. 't.N.MJ.i.. hxiiwt? l.itv Sut.-tj taHHiril ItiiMUiT l,, Schmitt. l.uuiYrillr Suirtv Council M. It. ;l-iaiTriK. laditidl Valley Safety .. Vam rll : r u x i i i s s , Kukui.. I'lvMiiitm, Sarn y OiUHrtl 4 Scctionel Representatives - - t'.Arr. ti, W. Plane. a.. Murlttr P. W. ItoAvn, Wood Pnxlueta HaaaMi <i. IturrMAX. Slrrrl and Itlxli- woy TniffN* M.MumumCt lUtK* AufimiHtlvp iik ( Moclilit* I. W. Mim.aiht, AfH dcul I'rpveiithm M ulptitfNi Mitiiuradurr! ItMTKO l>. HftYMum. .\rrt)iitMitl**H< J. A. Vm s , MfUt.i Pest Presidents Itaaaar IV, VaMiuwu. (laawTuvIat. T., MoarT PlU M S lAIB Vax ScHaaX* IULTM C. HlCHaMs* C a i i u * P, TatMAN Asthvh It. Vm 'nu Maacva A. Ilow Lew is A . IlkltAoia Cast. It. At'i:i. Cmabuis II. scare 1 Waatrx . K ixo lluwan K. Niass* I.t.^.ui.. Ilrx a v A, llrx ix a rn C. F.foaxk |*kTTtooxk C*ai W. Ilum ii'lar . 1 JaMkx . HaXaaM *lhn-i**i Honoieiy Mcmbcri nnasar W. ftAMran.l. A<40< lATlftA rt f*l*w * > ' ' I No Half ay Measures in Control By ARTHUR S. JO H N S O N i,^ a a m s & s t A 's s T O <0 X1 ROL its dust hazard to ,l"' " * f making the .voirrente of pneumoconiosis improb- 1,l',',;;,ry must do miu'h more ihiin Imy bamcal dust removal equipment Oust control no on c e n t ; it ;, a p ,, ,g r, m , h j( .fei concentrated day-to-day attention *N -l gmng. Win, it ,ht.n. ,nilM Ik, - i . n.mme of check and double .link. perhaps whole new opcratin i. iires and a sharp .Rfmition of n " .IMinsiWIiihit. This all boils down io lay-to-day attention to a program deMumtl upon .a Ion range health conMTv;.iion policy. Half-way measures tinn lai.d to Oac'h other won t work. Xor is this .1 -done once, done forever" tiiiair. Dust control is not an event, it Jd Ui the amount of silivn in the air breathed. \ new ray of hope lies in " < Pnaluc, .IUiIIIin' !,,,, some fairly gtwd evidence that there yet we are lacwl with tin- facts of claims may be mixed dusts in which such dust prostuu-<| succi-ssfuliy. guam itv of as limestone, gypsum, coal, hematite, . dust' ra`Wr ,hs',, quality, was doubtless clay or cement dilute the silica hazard responsible for any ill hcalih. Some and produce less physiological reaction state regulations require dust exhaust than the silica content operating as pure machinery on some 0|x-rations \\> quartz alone. must, therefore, include for control some dusts which by nature may not I..- harm A second group of dusts produces ful. is a prot-rain that nm-er finishes. somewhat the same clinical picture as Our fourth crude of hazard j, Uthcr. % v rts seem to lie in rather general silicosis in its early stages, yet the x-ray culosts. Tuberculosis i> n disease caused .awntent about four grades of Pneu of the chest shows the shadows pretty by a germ, ami proi/aidy more useful . mucnmosis hazard. First, quartz caus- much confined to the lymph ducts. The work has been done to control this "is real -ilicnsis. it serious solidification d*maS appears not to be so serious as disease than almost any other. From "i lac mass of the lungs by fibrosis or silicosis in many way's, particularly in time immemorial the dustv trades which nwvih nf scar tissue. It takes years to that it is not progressive nor does it pre we now speak of as having a silicosis ..i -..ir.i'd, luit once started is prngres- dispose to tuberculosis. The dusts pro- hazard were always among the danger *'. (it j.,n which will u..i stop uihI during it certainly should lie classified Nwi!* tor lulwrenlosk What w<- now ..m,,. | ,(. aired. After . x , ^ urt. ,,f | 5. <* absorptive and therrfon- harmful al know is this: that silk.is makes a first u .wars. men in certain trades ac- though not in the same category a< class place fur inherculosis to thrive in j tminlaie this fibrosis of the Itilths which quartz. There is no question but that -ml kill the patient off much earlier than tssiats their capacity fur phvsical lalmr. iessmed lung capacity results from them wtndd silicosis alone. I)pi,,i,,,, s,r l ns to niakes them shun of breath and after long enough c.xfaHure hut it cer In- that pcrli;t|tt stnifile silicosis un certain well-defined clinical tainly takes more dust and more time to complicated by ttilHTculnsis may seldom r ,H"m ^ ' ri{y* " f their chests show lower capacity for work. Asbestosis fall* l>e fatal, but shortens the working life `iraciertMic shmbiws. A few of these in this group and apparently similar con- of the victim just as angina, arterio tic" ' " ' ,ircct rt*suUwi his cumli- (iittons develop from exposure to ex sclerosis, and such degenerative diseases cesses of many milter! dusts relatively do. lw in free filie contmt. ' ,lhvVll!";U"h lov oi ,hTM' b-ive their On the other hand, we may expect in t T ? ,mWi-v u ' "-ork lessened even liiiw "r 20 Vw,rs* t,1,,fe may la* actual Inert Ousts from tuberculosis otte of two things: first, a mao firings tuberculosis, no mat `o fuhi'l^1r ,Knt " hick Predisposes them "i* T , , f - c,1ttSi of *his ilH* tonerl iviih ** ,rce (lui,r,z- n"` cmS i l i , , i n the form of anil,. "!,. ,h.c lwartjt as found free in Hint 10 "* l>,Jr*sl natural form as " J v " :`U,'S5^ Tho " * made of tthirh ' ' "! and the exitostirt* trk>s *!,U7 ' '!'nn ' llte nvk intlu Wick *f,n`linK mlnstries. fire " k*ard etc" huve show`n (hat the ' * Sl,,ca an(1 ,hat it i* proportion* A third group ef mineral dusts roav be itarmless in reasonable quantities, l w result of work by some investigators which has been published reieiulv Indl- Vte Clay, talc, emery and cnrlmrundum dusts to be inert. In wmte animal ex- Iterintimiaiitm these dusts did not two- duce filmisis. r.mtranlv, thire have Iwrn claims for ditutldiity fnan worker- who alleged that tin* ex|>osure to tlavk.* same dusts caused their ailments. Ex perts state thsf th fines# j. ter how dormant it may be, into a dusty trade, he may reactivate the tuberculosis and have his case diagnosed as '`aggra vated by" the dust: or second, by get ting simple silicosi* or perhaps other pneumoconiosis, and then contracting tulierculosis from tubercular asNXiates either at work nr elsewhere, die of tuberctdosis >itjH-ri?iij'Hj-t| ,,|| silicosis. Toln-r- ctilnsis as<ociatnl with silicosis does not res|Nnd wdl to treatment. Regardless of the fact that tuberculosis is nr infer. -18 :tl, we must (ace this fact, that tubercu losis is so often the disabling result of dost exposure, that dust control must include tuberculosis control at the same time. Measuring the Hazard Summarizing, we have three dust haz ards; ( l) quartz, which produces true silicosis -- a progressive, lung-disabling disease, (2) some dusts which produce a pathology which usually is not serious and is not progressive after exposure stops, yet a pneumoconiosis none the less, and t.l) some dusts which para doxically are probably relatively harm less, yet have l>een the claimed basis for tuberculosis and other (liabilities. In the absence of idi.'i|uate diagnoses, occu pational histories and a more satisfac tory method of adjudicating claims than prosecution at common law. we must conclude that it is necessary pi find a practical method for controlling all min eral dusts. Let us now see whether it is necessary to give them all the same de gree of control. We have learned that the silicosis haz ard is measured by the amount of silica in the air breathed. This means that with but few exceptions it is directly proportional to the amount of dust in the air and the percentage,of silica that is in the dust. The studies'?which have established the safe limit, or tolerance, or threshold limit for continuous expo sure without deleterious effect, have ar-, rived a t 5 million particles of quartz dust per cubic foot ot air, none offwhich dust is larger than 10 mlcra in size, I think we nerd to digress for a moment to visualize what is meant In- 3 million particles of dust f such tiny size- W j know if isTnvisible to the naked eve becau scit takes 13~to times that much "to produce a haze, and even that isn't visible as particles of ntaterials.^ f f ie particles, therefore, are so small as to thwart imagination. As one looks across a dusty room and wr iciii gobs .it ciirt floating in the air, settling out rather rapidly, or being blown around by draft currents, he is told th it that is not the oust we are i.xlkiug about. The lanq-.-r lies in such tiny particles that they could be run be tween the bearing and the shaft of a very fine machine and not touch, for a microti is rough!) .00004 of an inch, b'ive particles of sand." each piece so mrti! it ii be mt'v Mi of :tn inch in ' ......... ' 1 ' t - loading a cubic foot. This means that if it is found necessary to exhaust the dust at its point of origin so that that which gets into the breathing zone of the workers will be S or fewer million invisible motes in each foot of spsce, we haven't begun when we get out only the visible dirt. We are confronted with the astounding fact that the health hazard has not been touched, even though an exhaust is 98 per cent efficient in terms of the weight of dust. If we cannot vis ualize such an invisible hazard, It at least^ warns us not to throw together somejin ducts, motors and fans, and call it dust control. Returning to our main theme, let me repeat 5 million particles per cubic foot as (he bench mark for quartz dust. Since the hazard is in proportion to quartz, the less quartz the less danger, or con versely. the less quartz the mure dust nay be permitted. Now, is there a top limit of dustiness which, regardless of quarts content, might lie considered a maximum above which nothing would be safe, and up to which only the inert or so-called " safe" dust might go? It seems to be pretty well agreed among the investigators that there is a top limit and this figure, or second threshold limit, is 100 million particles. In other words, no matter what the dust is, it's dangerous 1 the concentration is greater than 100 million particles per cubic foot. In between these limits must lie the points of safety which take the propor tion of silica into account. Standards for Oust Tolerance What is the practical answer? A table of lust tolerances such as is contained in some state regulations does well enough, and in them we find a general agreement but with some variation. In principle most such tables show 5 to 20 million particles as the limits where the quarts content of the dust runs from 100 per cent down to 30 w 33 per cent re spectively. T o use these tolerances which are taxed upon percentages of silica, both chemical and petrographic analyses of the dust must be made to get reasonable estimates of the silica. The sampling ami analyses are both very dif ficult and expensive. It is doubtful if the settled out dust represents the haz ard. and the raw material certainly does not. Also much evidence indicates that petrographic analyses of the smaller xi/i'S i*>impi'zuible. It ,*ecm* to me shat. *. . < < I! '? - " * *lv-r 'll things by arbitrary standards. 1. I)iimi w h ich are known (o hv quad*. 50 to 100 per cent, which a p r.,.,,. die and*, and sand nones which are n.,,< _ molding opertlions, sand blasting upVr.,, . abrasive pulverising, ganittcr hrick 1110, 11,., n other such operations, can wl| be group,.! ,,. a limit uf ) million particles. 2. Dust* which com from the had i,.^. used in the building and monumental tiJn which run* 50 to 50 per cent quant ami :y. mixed foundry dusts, which started w.rh -\i 90 per Cent quarts in the Sand but l u u K..dilufcd hy tremendous quantities of nM-k-,. ,.,,j liiiH* or phosphate parting so thar tfu .in breathed is often Ins than 50 per ccm , a practical safe limit for them appear- ... h, 10 million particles. .1. For the whole great range of dust- .,,ch as talc or clay or einery, which contain mhtf no quartz or only a 5 nr ft per cent imptir.ti for which l(HI million particles is a n o hc-i-urylcd dva'.l lines I doubt that . %-jn a/lord to take ebonies and he s.tti.died Control seliieh brings (liv<c dusts down Illo nullion particle- I have often -n r; 15 million hut have been accused 1-1 r, ridiculous because that ftgurv is cert.o- . in arithmetical proportion to the silo. tent. Vet. wc- are faced with this ddse........ suppose we pick 5u or tio million pjtm iu. install a dust control procedure and find m il* course of a number of years' operation rh 0 we still get disabling results. Nu du-t cn;r<s that I know of has actually demonstrated tha 15. or 5U o r IHO million residue is sjti*lacti>ry. It may be necessary, therefore, to skip .. t.-lcrance for that type a t dust except to -ay ;lu: who, it is over 100 million it must be r-A.ccJ H> ^ e e f . get Ihc dust down as low reastetably practicable, ansi ts mill,.- nil loidtx reasonable in me. We mw understand in general term* what dust, how much, and of " hat sizes constitute health hazards. You haw a plant in which you suspect a bar sirrl. Let us examine what can In- <l"n- about it its evaluate your purtiuil.u "n' litbrns. Hu control is so expensi'* yo shnultl not guess at the hazard. I: . "u> dust has a lot of quartz in it. Mich a* foundry molding sand, ganister. aucwgate fur fire brick, granite, m l fnr tool grinding, etc., there is a h"1^ hazard, if you can see the dust. >'"J know it to be a terrific hazard. U t|k'r' is settlement on ledges there is a ha/a'>| Yuu can save yourself the bother v i |||V'; ing out the exact quality of t<,xtc;-- `j"1 proceed at once to put the dust control. Your problem lies in thr ' ,v 10 million limit group. If. on the other hand, you haw - |!` mixed dusts of low silica content Jf doubtful hazard, before buying control machinery you want to i"" 1 what the hazard is and how m uch. 1 first tlmught would be to t.k- " WJ li - ? i , I ; 1 . 48 Dust Control (Continued from page tS j counts, make analyses and rely upon those findings, I have said that 1 doubt the value of analyses. They may prove to be the only practical methods, but they certainly are not as good criteria as v to know whether the dust is harmful, and some moderate quantities under suspicion may be safe. We arc, there fore, very anxious from a practical standpoint to determine whether our dust is really dangerous or not. This seems to me to be a tremendously im- poriant point, for if certain dusts arc not daiigcrini.s, the atmospheres contain ing them should not require such clean sweeping as though (he quart content were there alone. Our present knowledge of pneumo coniosis is so limited, and csjieciaity our knowledge of these minor dusts, that we do not know definitely which are bad and which are not. Good medical recurds of old employees, which records would show the incidence of pneumonia, tuberculosis, err., would be helpful. X-ray of employees with 20 years or more exposure would be most useful, but danger from Inexpert diagnosis on the one hand, and misuse of the informa tion on the other, nukesExamination of employees for this purpose something to be avoided. I urge that more saUsfac- tort- yardsticks for evaluating this haz ard be found, and the recent and current toxicity studies hold some hQ(fe for an answer. . : , In the meantime, it is necessary* to as- sttme that all mineral dusts contain some health hazard anti put them all un der control, and rely upon the low quartz content of the material producing the dust to locate it in the third or least harmful bracket. It may lie well to consider medical ex- mninations as a dust control measure. It is recommended that new employees for dusty pis*: he found physically fit in order to avoid introducing men .whose condition makes them liable to an early break dwn on account of defects or diseases already present, or who may in fect then by spreading disease. Proper diagnosis of such physical con ditions can only be accomplished by having a medieil examination with x- rays of the chest, including as complete a mvdli at and employment history of . . . . .. . ... < 'Mini If :* be made only by physicians who are qualified to interpret x-rays and who have training and wide experience in the diagnosis of respiratory ailments. The periodic examination is an indis pensable preventive measure which en ables the physician to detect diseases of the lungs in their early stages and at a tin^e when removal of the worker from th^dust offers hope of recovery or im provement. in addition, the repeated routine medical examinations furnish a valuable means of determining the effec tiveness of dust control measures. While it would seem desirable to ex amine present employees to discover cases with active lutiercuiosis, in order to assure proper treatment and prevent their spreading Infection, this procedure is likely to stir up claims or misunder standings on the part of the. workmen. Such examinations, if made, should be used pnly for rehabilitation purposes. Equipment for Dust Counts Our problem now is to suppress the dust to a safe limit. That implies its re moval at the source by mechanical ex haust. T hat implies counting the dust . to begin with in order to have some basts for designing the equipment, and re counting to know that the equipment is working satisfactorily. The impinger or standard method is complicated, slow, expensive and poor for routine checking although it must be used as a standard for calibration. We, therefore, want a simple method, one that somebody not an industrial health expert can use sat isfactorily. Zeiss Konimeter is a satis factory instrument in the hands of the man who has had some training. The in strument is imported, is rather difficult to obtain, and not too expensive, under $200, Xbelieve. Another instrument Is the Owens Jet which has been modified by Mr. Hatch of Harvard and Mr. Thompson associ ated with me in the American Mutual to make its operation simpler and more sat isfactory. This apparatus was built specifically for use in checking the dust control apparatus in a large granite shed, and is entirely satisfactory. Up to the present time I do not know (hat any instrument maker has undertaken to r.i.mufvtMr- it. Imi eetidnty . demand a reasonable price. There is also a ingenious continuous dust sampling counting apparatus for keeping ;i tinuous count of the dust in a root-, der exhaust and it can be so arrant to control the ventilating c.xj mechanism, turn on more as needed turn it off when the satisfactory ^ tions have been reached. This has designed and built by Mr. Hazard Mr. Philip Drinker of Harvard an far as I know, i$ still a laboratory p I see nothing impracticable abou however, and for a large dust contr. stallation I would expect it to be a* ful as the automatic carbon mow. detector and control mechanism in Holland tunnel. There are practical dust suppre- mechanisms for sand blasting, itimh grinding, mixing, bagging, drilling, .i sive grinding, dry pan mixing ami most every type of localized <i|ht.'c generating dusts. They are exp. ' unless well-designed. They are t<, ineffective because, as 1 said lx.-i they don't begin to touch the he hazard until they have got rid of r of the dust, which is the best they do. They wear out due to the abra action of the dust. They cost a lo money, and the cost usually cannot justified on the grounds of imprt work efficiency or quality of prod Occasional installations will lit- supporting. The Kelly trap on < drilling has been demonstrated to crease the cost per foot drilled but increased the drilling rate suffice to offset the cost. Also in the 1 of air-conditioned rooms In which i edain enamel is sprayed, the cxprn air conditioning system can U- n to c o n tro l the dust and at lh< time be made economically sunn*! reason of an improved quality enameled surface. No doubt there many installations which have ulrc demonstrated economy from other < sidrations than improvement to he The point 1 wish to make is that improvement to health is too import to waste time trying to justify v*> haust equipment upon economic entions. Where operations are *Pf out over a great area, as in the etc* foundries, it is difficult to avoid rili: dust in the shakeout operation,except expensive mechanical installation}, of those which have come to ny tion have been installed fur the einc purpose of sand handling anil in *' siu'li cases wive far from .* !... . . . ,i . . mill . it, . ! * ' ***** '-`"'i iMafif all right but ; Iiy do not touch the micrugram. Let us now look further to see whether some other remedies will be satisfactory Suppose we leave the hazard alone and put respirators on the men. It won't ork, except for very short periods or for emergency work, such as cleaning nut 'hist arresters or loading tumbling barrels. There should be no question :ilH.iit efficient respirators because the -- :-r! of Mines is now prepared to make tests and an employer .mii justifiably limit his purchase to res pirators which meet these tests. Even though respirators may 1* efficient thev ore uncomfortable, and while it is 'not it I hardship for a man to wear a respirator ! IlM l fti|iri |i/a* siwt temporarily, or even for a week perhaps (luriMi: a period ol breakdown in the dust i,vl"i!-i system, f cannot conceive oi ivnrkiiicn remaining contented if they Happy Feet have in wear respirators continuously fur a long period. If they need to wear them and don't wear them propertv they might just as well not have them on at all. In operations which can be confined m n limited space, such as sand blasting ami perhaps shaking out some lyjie< of castings, the workers can be"en*i?M in helmets provided with an adequate suplfv of clean air. The air-line helmet is It hax often been aid that M , no better than hi. feet. Mangled, bruised, broken or mashed (be. *, I" * onlr take a man off tl*e job, but com real money in compentation, medical and other direct and indirect cost. ar(. dition auch Injuries reduce the morale of fellow workmen and alow down production. practical for continuous use. while a filter respirator is practical for only Vow can p r o te c t your workers.* limited jieriods. If the dust is extremely feet by Insisting they wear Lehigh say 300 million particles of quartz, and a respirator is 9$ per cent rflHicnt. the worker is still breathing six milli.,r pm-ticlcs. which is too much. Ihm'i ,.f respirator preferably to sttpplemcnt exhaust systems. U'hai else can we tlo to get rid of the uust hazard? The first to suggest itself Safety Shoe with tire improved -te d box safety too. Their feet will I* happy feet, protected again.' 'Mjnrv and further^-I^higl, ur.* built for comfort, dural.iliiv **"d apfiearaneo. * EVOBY.Oa Y WORK SHOES N o * * .x h Blk B lu ch er, Leather Sole and Rubber Heel. A. 8) 4 - - A A bove. E x cep t Chrome Leather Middle Sole, Army G d Rubber Sole and Rub. ber Heel. Sixes 3.12 EE m to get rid of the silica content in the wm. I know of one group of foundries . lc,h conducting extensive research evolving the use of molding sands that * free Of quartz. T hat may prove to l* LEHIGH SAFETY SHOE CO 3 , s. s e v e n t h s t . allentow n^ a! oruggiify practical and is a step in the sht direction. Any plant can study iu P^-uinns to see whether the quartz ma f,il that is being used can be elimi- j*!TM' ^ 'tings in some cases can be tnetl with water. Blasting can be S fr/! quc" tly wi,h #t ! F i t instead of itf r ^ ain,y founfiri can use silica * *>:,rl,nK compound that is just as Jhm i r 'i Or|lW,aSrfttii dduusstt.. SSiilliiccaa npaacckktinnigf tinn' , reP|ace<i in annealing opera- * I'tdverized quartz is not needed . . j n :il,r.i.ive. This is one avenue of " hich should have thorough 9y in each individual case. tv n though you get rid of quartz PBRALUN-- JInibSUp Treads Alsu Irunztilun. Altttunluit (tttd A*ic<r//4fi ` . 4 L^ PREVENT ACCIDENTS O N STAIRS and FLOORS lMa, WWch * *** *" >*** next in tffirisno " ^ A Wod amitea durability and anti-ilip ALL a r e f ir e p r o o f Originator and developer of Abrasive metal for SAFE WALKWAYS Specify Faralun and /!. Sun- AMERICAN ABRASIVE METALS CO. Irvington, New Jersey sM*Tf:MnFR, I93S I f ) Reasons why CRD-Cq|RD5 a f e J afe i Gr*-Cord and Raw-Card Sol *>w H li contain* approai. matcly 70% nativ* cotton. J The Cotton i* <wi*t*d into lough ^ *o*4* lo m en tar. "TL Cordf ir* plactd in tho tola ON-BUD to provont lipping. GKO-CORD and R A W .C O R O toitt and h ftit art uitd in dairiti, iron and fieri foundritt, railroad ihupi, auto fattore!, fa t and eleetrie planh, iet and {net italiani, itane ifnarriti, m in ti, fo n e r a i verthuutti -- mhtrt Safety it an important factor. 4 5 6 O Non*5ltp faatutm raliav* |<B tain. Th* high pematago of cotton fMitta haat and cold. f*v* cuihion COMFORT to tho fact. Flaaibiiity and aaaa in alfcing. ^ NON..SSLIIP adda* confidaarne* and ttdciancy to tho u n r . 9 GRO-CORDS and RAW COROS guani aggina* ioat tinta accidasa Ito ilipping. f A Sai worlian aio Catane warkm and u t in damanti. a **" ?"' b. *" **" puachaa# .ho ih " ha GR. CORD or RAW.CORD oiat and hi on thata. Your taoafc wiii ha m oto plaamtit ` " bacaiua of thia addad afaty. aur .xdi6te li itth Annusi Satacy Congrata and BxpoalUan unu-i-H sto. I,urvw n Homi. Loutsvlii*. Ky.. Octobar it.H . j j|. vui vaimui q' 1 n<j OI 311 QUSt# SCi you can do about getting rid of e of it by conducting operations in manner as to minimize the rais dust. Explore your process, for inand see how much residual dust i the horizontal beams, ledge?, e( some plants that have not been cl for a long time this dust has been to lie at the angle of repose and t, bration of a passing truck would lii enough dust in the air to be of it serious hazard. This can be got , by a thoroughly practical means, as vacuum cleaning or blowing with a jet of wet air or steam. % rators are satisfactory for the prot, of men doing the cleaning. ^ There is an economic value in item. It has been reported by plants which have improved their In keeping by this method and have step farther and brightened up factory rooms with paint an d ,v!*q lighting that other accidents have reduced and work efficiently incrc. Certainly an extremely dusty place i cates sloppy housekeeping. Housed ing must be put on a periodic routin Dry processes will sometimes admi being changed to wet processes, or d. processes. While dampness will not dust, moisture in the process will | vent the generation of dust in m. cases. Care must be exercised in in preting this suggestion because water a high speed grinding wheel does T h e L im a C o rd S o le & H e e l C o ., D e p t. 7 -F , L im a , O . KHyPrataataOkr Pattata-WlaMasraifM prevent the dust. One of the most y ous silica health hazards is wet grind on natural sand stone wheels. The ir denceto tuberculosis is high. Water artificial emery and carborundum whe may or may not be beneficial. It i* |> mitted in lieu of dust exhaust in :ii If H E C L S one state, but we are facet! with 1 opinion that these dusts are iurml< anyway, unless the volume is high. * worth depends upon getting the <li well below 100 million particles. Rubberized Fabric Link Mat Thi* Non-dip Safety Mat it etpcciallv designed for industrial use where there is a slip hazard. In addition, they increas the workers' efficiency as they reduce fatigue brought on by stand ing on concrete, brick, tile or hard flooring. Ideal for placing in front of machines and whera wet conditions exist. Heavy galvanized wire with cadmium plated clipt and plates are used to prevent rust. Furnished in six* to m e e t your require ments. low in cost and tong wearing. Write today for priecs and complete information. THE BUXBAUM C O MP A N Y A kron, O kio Having done aii the housekeeping u process improvement that can be devi* in lieu of exhaust, we are confront' with the question of whether there ** remains dust in sufficient quant in i ; some processes to make it nece^'T ( remove it by mechanical exhaust. Du: counts will tell the answer. Hand <H*r3 tions, such as molding, can <l`in without raising much dust. Most (1K chanical operations which use nr ate dust must be exhausted. It set-ms't evitable that exhaust be used 5,111 slingers, rock crushers, dry pani. '1C- Assiitnimr that we have nut "n  M-'* lll'u MVIJ lcKucO, wJlMI must I) done to make it work? I have said that they wear out. You must put dust counts on a routine basis as a check 0f the efficiency of the system. Whether you use the Zeiss or the Owens' or the mpinger doesn't matter. The system mu be explored constantly /or leaks : {f the dust traps must be cleaned regularly ' and the dust disposed 0/ so that It won't i.;u bad: into the building, if the dc- ' sign contemplates returning the cleaned sir ip the building, extremely careful checking of it must be done in order that the hazard may not be compounded It is poor practice to return the air to the building because operation is so often | badly maintained. ? Who is responsible for a dust control program? The owners, through the man agement, are responsible for the provi sion of the equipment and the proper engineering to produce it. Thev have to spend the money and it is management's tttponabiluy to see that it s spent properly. The initiative and the engi- nrenng necessary to control the dust rest entirely with the management. It is f " t a hazard which can be controlled"!)?"' efficient supervision and safe practices ri V i I I m I1 S --I b'ZZ' r - Out of the Way Places sure to n"o:nAceethose m-ore or less `o"utp-of-TMthe-. ay drive belts, motors, s h a f tin g o r other S equipment that should he guarded but Ihat T ' "?'<,* < I'* location, r, TfcoTk1 l.r f Ch*" " f `I oven . -wningly The supervisory department Is re sponsible for the housekeeping, J c from possible injury a,,d ft f Safety Cu.rd practices and shop method,. S o ^ ,, 4t ed members 0/ the supervisory de Economy when yon do so with II & k Guard Accessories. They are furnished ready for easy S r " * V re5ponsib,f {or `>>e ntain- t 2 " an<! P * ia n of the dust re ,,y !'m" w. r :;: *<* ^ the dust T Z T * .as ath<:cfc.on lhc *>*" auirin C' Cf W3S 3 aicc "chine re- K t '; 11won'1 co,,stant ,un,nK. U is a ,S "* dust re- , J h e workers c a r r y a responsibility iSSlJri U7 ** * vidi-d k T ust use ,he safeguards pro' P irtto a o r iw i e hoods to place behind hand ducts lofr not stuff bag*in, c C r i P, draftS- Dust control b a in* ^ Z ` U,'n?~ iach division carry- cj, T j i Z f r" Ponsibil'ty. Nobody <hc h n T w ^k reSP nSibilit-v "lake 114 Liberty St. NEW YORK. N. Y. Kip09 5<M5 Fillm ore St. CHiCACO. ILL. UNION o r COLUMBIA CARBOY INCUNATOR C for `he SAFE and EASY wav to pour cid* nd chemicals from carboys or small and medium size drums. ^ Correction Con)pam-fh * u *7 r in tbe caption ae on P` v n* l,Ua,ration on page 11 I 1 "TM N'a TM '"u - A r m 'L l erat \, l0,1.n' JT->president 0/ Ccnla 1, J^.wrs Corporation, was referred r . Cpf<Sldent o( the corporation. SEr*Tl:.M0 E K 1935 A tried and - proved device attractively priced. Sold on money-hack guarantee. Send fur u completely Hus- trail'd and dccriprjvt- hull- lin giving lull particulars and ^ iirivc*. t h e INCUWATOB C O M S A N T -.o. . . . -M m w w K M . UINN.