Document JbJMo9XrQkvKpmoQ9dbd63MO

ience sier and problem -* colors tance. .Titrste a Bichromate a Chromate t Uranate . Selenite 1 Glim side m Oxide . Burst glace Colot* s Morale -m Oxide* Ur Cl*r c* laky tides -s= Oxides Powder 3( Edoittt >isi* for us( U rk. N. Y. Control of Iron Oxide in Volcanic Ash--K. D. Kinney.................................................................................................. ll.S-Ul Examination of a Chinese Ternmoku CLm* and Ho<l\--\V. H. Karlurt............. .. ........................ 121-22 Enpnivrinf Control of Dust with S|x.vial kvfurvt>cv to KH>irat>M> --A. I) Ktandi ................................ Ulil-iio Recent I.cjuslaUira on CX.TUt>atiouaI Dim-um-s --ThtsuUwc C. Waters....................................................................... lift>--:U) Health tf Brick and Tile Plant Workers m North Candina--M. l*\ Truv. .. ........................ Advertisers' Index ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Buyers'Guide............................................................................................................................................................................ 12,16,18,20 INDEX TO CERAMIC HISTORY, ACTIVITIES, NOTES Air Hygiene Foundation, oflierTv truttm, p. IAO. American Ceramic Society. Annual Meeting places anal ufttcere. IBW-liMl. p. 145. American Society (or Testing Material*, committee repart>: C*# no Refrac tories. |. 13*1, C-14 on CUM anal Frisians (Nah- committee til), ortara-m. o. I3!. C-15 os Manufactured Masonry Unit, p. 13*. Aaaasl Meetings, IftmWMt. p. 143. Corning Clati Work*. OeiiiRua-irar araiamenu. ph<4n. p, NS Crystalwart in t br nuavie*. p. 14.s. Enameled* Club. Central Ihuria-t. M-arrli meeting, p. 14*. Glass Division. Cannminrr am l*tvarrano>tn<t-ia fatasB. memlaret. p. I.TJ, HistoriesI Dttl. Sariety Annual Mceiiug* anal eufteer*. p 145 Cersmie history, Kohler. W. J.. p. 134 Cersmic school*. Ions Sutc Caailcce. Samlent Branch meetings. p, 145. Minouri Sckngl at Mines sort Metallurgy, Student Branch sateling, p. I 13. Seer Vnrk S<*te Codes* at Ceramics, change* in atmorwi mewls. F. C. Arrange stwl R. l_ Stnae. photos, p. 144. reugnattanta, C. M. ` --p-- sad F. K l.ohaugh Iphutaa*. p 143. North Carutins. Univerwty at. StwaJmt Branch meeuagv hooimiriei. Keramo*. pp. 145-43. Ohio Seste Uativenaty. Starfeef Branch meetings. p. 143. fcn Cmeenstr. 17hh uairerwry. _p. 14.1. Virgiaia Polytechnic Is*!.. Student Branch meetincs. p. 143. Cieaelsad Moteum of Arts, gifts of R. .V Wearer, p. 14. Kohler, W. J. laag,, p. l.t 1, phaaaia. .\;arit er*`-f. Local SecrioAS. CUeagta. Ke>> meeting.* *j|> t:tv Tacitte Nnrtkwr.t, r, } 13*. IStislmr-gh. winter nsre'in,'. adsTta. p. 13s Southern Caltfnntni. Jan. meeting, mlara-rs. p 13s "Lirinf kitchen.** at Syrwse Museum at Fine Arts. p. 1 tt*: phrHan-. pp. 14'.t-3aa. Members. metniier*Uip workers* recnral. p. 140. new. (or Ktl< anal March. |a I (at paid memhership eecur*!. p. 141. totter ehanctn law Fell. sn<l March, p. 130. Hocrology, Haralrof. F. E.. hag.. ta. 144. phaKO. p 1 lA. ' K.mal... Setii. lai.ag.. phaaat.. p. U-V l.iatilemiinia, A. I.. 1-aaag.. |a. I Hi. Siattn-lrrv I.. K. pluUia. p l I " Orton. Edward, Jr. Cersmic Fosaaittien. Hiiunrial Statement lie lt)4(l. p I.Vl. pacific Northwest Clsyworkera* Association, winta-r im-cline. nflVwrv. p. 13s. Pnst.Presidenu. lv**t |*nn. j,. H3 Photograph*. ArraaaCT. S. C-. p. 14 l ItahlnJ, ! |i . p. I I.., CliriutiaiailBT aeuanmh, C'wnin: Wtwkv. t* UK ttnanrl rwae 4l, gift aat K. A. VVeava-r. p 117 . C.4.l-f, t\* J.. Aiaral mae Raaantaa. .*u-i li. |a 1 iZ '"a>iu. ka(. laa-ai" nthilaii Serueuu- Marv-nm 4 l ine Aris p|a. Hit ,ai, t.aat-naigli. K I-. . p 143. '-.nvlafv I.. K . p 11.* Sl..nr, K l...p It4 Porcelain F.ncmel Institute, annual meeting. |. i*r>a.-e---. Calrail CnasafliUce, p. I Syrseuse Museum t Fas# Art*. "tiic kitchen' permanent cshiUt. p. 143; phtMn*. pp 11!'*'4I. Wester. B. A. gift* tn Cleveland Umcun, p 147. FaMicolioa Ofiet: 5ttth * Noa-thsotptoat Stt.. Raston. Fa. Efifurisl, Eirtslirr. sad 4fr"iitis( 0JU*s: 5-V53 N. tlieh 5t.. Columhu*. Ohita. 1 Committee on FaA&sJten*: J. D. StXUCAN. C*eir-t4: K. E. Mssoakck. J. B. AUSTIN*. A. N*. Kt*N. Ro*S C. Punor. Botered as tecood>cian matter st the pot olTice at Hattnn. Pa., under the act at March 3. 1*79. Subscription $1.^0 a year. Single numbers twenty-live cents. (F-erign a/f fTstsdiee jutjtjfr. .c'/e u4faiti-,a< raireripiiesr) ICoprrifAl f04/.*T1 aeeruss ferumti* tf-tuty. /<.t Published monthly. 130 'Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society--Trice established m the majority of states, and these bureaus have initiated programs to study industrial conditions and to formulate rules, regulations, and methods to eliminate occupational disease hazards. Industry should welcome the assistance that these bureaus af* ford, because prevention of occupational diseases is 0f primary interest to employees and saves emploven the cost of compensation. ' Uouu, SreeKSXoo*. a*o Wtiu HEALTH OF BRICK AND TILE PLANT WORKERS IN NORTH CAROLINA* Br M. F. Tarcaf Abstract Data arc reviewed which were obtained in an investigation of the North Carolina brick and tile industry to evaluate the siliceous dust exposure of the workers in terms of hazards to health. The distribution of the firtyeiglit plants is classified according to the raw material used, that is. allu%-ial clay or shale. The extent of the dust exposure of the workers by occupational classification is appraised in terms of millions of particles of dust per cu. ft. of air, based on particle-count analyses of (NTS samples of air-home dust collected in twenty-eight planes. An evaluation of the health status of the workers Is iiuscd on medical data obtained in the clinical and X-ray examination of 1555 employees in plants, most of which were the same as those in which dust samples were obtained. Tlic investigation disclosed that none of the employees had silicosis, a fact which apparently Is explained by a low quartz content of the atmospheric dust, an absence of ' excessive concentrations of dust, and a high labor turnover. . present*: iitioss in pation, ins samples, w the appare greater nui ate the ex; hadccbec exposed to (1) Dust loasmuc is perform dust coum building in or "open.*' segreptiot buildings, doselv. tht ployed for One dust-* The dust c further da As the val plants wc: carded. T workers h I. Introduction A (xdcuttnl hazard to health exists whenever work men are excised t dust that contains quartz. tUnt, or forms of uncoitthined silica, as such jutniculatc nutter is definitely tuxic.,<*, The role of combined silica, or silicates as causes of pulmonary diseases, how ever, cutuiot lx: s* categorically assessed. Authorities differ with re>[<*et to the toxicity of silicates although most of them no doubt would agree "that the presence of other inorganic dusts in the silica-containing atmos* ! phere may tend to inffueuev the rate of progressive rc1 action . . . (to) . . . inhaled silica."u*) Although there ; is some question as to the effect of silicates in general. I several of them. notably aslx.-stos,* Steatite (tale*). * Presented at the Forty-Second Annual Meeting. The Americnn Ceramic Society, Toronto, Canada, April S. isao (General Session un Toxicology). Received April S. UWO. t Industrial Hygienist. Dir. of Industrial Hygiene. X. C. State Board of Health and N. C. Industrial Commis sion. Raleigh. X- C. ` (a) R. R. Sayers and R. R. /ones. "Silicosis and Simi lar Dust Diseases.*** *U*. S. Pub. Health Refits., 53 (33! 1453-72(19381: P- 14511; Ceram. Abs.. 18 (t J 40 (1839). (b) L. U. Gardner, "Inhaled Silica and Its Effect on Norma! and Tuberculous Lungs." Jour. Amer. iled. Atsn.. 103 (91 743-48 (1934). * W. C. Dreesen. J. M. Dalla Valle. T. I. Edwards. J. W. Miller. R. R. Sayers. H. F. Easom, and M. F. Trice. "Study of Asbestosis in the Asbestos Textile Industry.** U. S. Pub. Health Bull.. No. 241 (Washington. D. C.. 1938). . * W. C. Dreesen and J. M. Dalla Valle. "Effects of Exposure to Dust in Two Georgia Talc Mills and Mines," U. S. Public Health Refits^ 50, 131-43 (1935): Reprint No. 1669. * and mica4 are capable of producing a serious aad some times disabling pathology. Any silicate dust therefore should be regarded as a probable menace to health until such time as it cats be proved innocuous in the concentrations that arc encountered in routine. because the raw material from which brick and tile arc nude is-siliceous in character, an invest igatiou of tliv !Wth Carolina industry has Iwen made to evaluate the dust exposure of the workers in terms of hazards to health, particularly with respect to silicosis. Most of the medical and engineering data were collected over a twelve-month {>criod, Ixrgiuntng in the summer of 193S. II. Evaluation of Working Environment In a study of this character, it is desirable to appraise, in terms of an average dust concentration, the exposure of the workers in each occupational classification, as such values permit a comparison of occupations with respect to the extent of the dust hazard and are useful in correlating medical and engineering data. The Grccnburg-Siuith impinger* was used to the collect IS3 samples of atmospheric dust for particle counts io twenty-eight plants. These dust samples were col lected during each of the four seasons under a variety of weather conditions and so distributed as to yield 4 4 W. C. Dreesen. J. M. Dalla Valle. T. I. Edward*. R- R- Sayers. H. F. Easom. and M. F. Trice. "Pneumo coniosis Among Mica aad Pegmatite Workers." V. S. P**' Health Bull.. No. 250 (Washington. D. C.. 1940). . 4 Leonard Greesburg and J. J. Bloomfield. "Imping Dust Sampling Apparatus as Used by U. S. Public Heah" Service,** U. S. Pub. Health Refits., 47. 654-75 (193-1* Reprint No. 152$. Vol. 20. No- 4 Koistmzn ( - t* Clay sterag Crusher (r root tx Inclosed Open (m. " (ba Screen attc Dry pan op H m Isolated Briek mach Open mil Backers Transfer, u .. w *M* k Jula worke Ella dean) Pip e manui Pipe drying Cleanup m: Weigh*. fSS. Notx: " created by __ tpeetively. H U941) 90509 tS of employers JNA* ad some* at therefore to health uou5 hi the line. -iek and tile stigation of to evaluate ; of hazards .t^is. Most Heeled over Summer of iment t> appraise, tile cxjuisure ificaCKtti. as ;unions with id are useful data. The e collect l$3 !c counts in a were col ter a variety us to yield a . t. Edwards, cc. 'Pnrumo- C. S. P*b. . IW>). "Impingrf ie Health 5 (19321: Vol. 20, No. 4 Health of Brick and Tile Plant Workers in North Carolina 131 representative evaluation of the atmospheric dust eonditioos in the industry. The importance of an occu pation, insofar as it concerns the distribution of dust pmplea, was based on the number of men involved and the apparent dustiness of the job. A proportionately greater number of samples was thus collected to evalu ate the exposure of a screen attendant than that of a hacker because the screen attendants in most plants are exposed to much more dust than Che hackers. (1) Dust Exposure by Occupational Classification Inasmuch as the manufacture of brick at some plants ts performed under virtually outdoor conditions, all dust counts were classified according to the tvj* uf building in which they were collected, that is, "ehsod** or "open/* Average values were computed, after this segregation, for each occupation for both types of buildings. Whenever the two results obtained checked closely, they were combined, and the one value was em ployed for the occupation in both types of plants. One dust-exposure value thus serves for all liackcrs. The dust counts tor open- and closed-type plants were further classified according U> raw material employed. As the values obtained for IkiUi the clay and tltc shale plants were almost identical, the results wm* dis carded. The calculated average dust e.tj*sjjrv* >! the workers by ocvujiuitotvil classification (exjuvssetl in millions of particles of dust per cu. ft. of air) are shown in Table I. (2) QuriCtcr of Dust Because free silica or quart* is a toxic mineral insofar as pulmonary pathology ts concerned, it is desirable to know the amount contained in the atmospheric dust to which the workmen are excised. Samples for petro graphic analysis accordingly were obtained directly from the atmosphere with an electrically driven, hand vacuum cleaner susjicndcd at the breathing level and operated intermittently for a period of several days. Inasmuch as only one such sampling device was avail able (and it was nut of commission for a while), several samples of settled dust were collected from structural tncmlxrs. Four samples of atmospheric dust and Utrve samples of settled dust were examined jiclrngTuptucuHy f<ir quartz content, tlte results of which arv {*rcscntcd in Tabic II. So two of these samples weft cnllected in the same plant. Although IkiUi of the clay samples contain more quartz Uum the shale samples, they represent x'ttlcil dust, which may account for their higher quartz, content. An analysts of sunph-s by {iarticic-sizV frac tions is frequently nude to tlelrnnmr the quartz con tent of the resjfirahte sizes. The hrick plant dusts, however, were not s* melivtumL-ly analyzed. V.Vv.t Taslk I Ackkaok Dost Kxroscua or Wokkbxs sv Occupational Cl.vssikication NV *nt|ale <*aMi)erv<l ... I)ol .-- cs--iaw--Min-* - -- _ _ !t I Mat. Mia. A Vi. Hoistsun (inclosed and preparation machinery ** (open ** " " . Clay storage bin " " " (inclosed) Crusher (rolls ami iJisintcgratur attendant. 11 10 4 l ' JSS.CI ti.tl ii. 1 O.l liui 1.0 3.0 l.o 3.0 71.0 root boy- Inclosed (no bats! ** (hats) ' " Open (no bats) - " (bawl Screes attendant, inclosed *" " mchisvd. lull hiu ** ** open Dry pan operator, closed (material dry i "" ~ ~ < ** diicupi ** ** ** salvage "" ** Mwu Pug-mill operator Preparation-machinery exposure Isolated from preparation machinery Brick machine Open mill discharge Hackers Transfer, upper * " lower " ** (car rackers) Kda workers, downdraft " ** updraft cleaning Pipe manufacturing, pipe feeder (isolated* ~ " pressman " " 'special shapes Pipe drying floor Cleanup man 4 1 * 11 *i i .T >* It) .i y >* iv :t 3 > 41 ii a l 3 l 4 4 4.*>.ii 227.0 14.0 iK7.il tikJ.o n.o 2.0 102.0 22.0 Slfi.o n.o .v> o IN.O 10.ti IJW.O 'w 0 10.0 s.o li.O .`>7,0 17.0 274. (It 32.0 P2.0 Al.U :;.o 2.o n.o 2.) 2.0 3.0 3.0 n.o s.o 2l.ii i.n T.n Nll.d 1.0 10.0 1.0 - 4.0 4.0 y.o t?.U) .1.0 N.O 13.0 . 21. 33.0 7.o 10. o (K 0 1.0 2.0 4l.o S.u 112." 10.0 r.i.o 10.0 0.0 137.0 13.0 Id.II 4.0 3.0 17.0 12.0 13S.0 14.0 23.0 n.o 33.0 *is.O * Weighed average, t Cleaning kiln eyes. . Mots: "Inclosed and preparation machinery'" means a closed type of building in which workers are expox-d to dust created by this machinery. Dried or fired bats when ground produce much dust; "no hut*" ami "hats" indicate, re spectively, the absence or involvement of such material. ' U941) " K 132 Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society--Trice Virginia authorities' report that the finer fractious of ated with safety. The brick plant workers are reposed air-borae dust in brick and tile plants contain less to dusts, the quartz (or free silica) content of which quartz than the raw materials from which the dust varies from 10 to 25% (Table II). If the maximum originates. They estimate that the quartz content of concentration of 25% of free silica is employed for illus air-borne dusts varies from 3 to 10%. tration, then a concentration of twenty million parti, des of such dust per cu. ft. of air would contain live Tail* II million particles of quartz, which is the maximum Qcasts Contest or Sanfles or Antosrueue and Settled Dust 0*tained in X. C- Buck ano Tils Plants I4ti&satioo Settled dust (clay) Atmospheric dust (shale) " -" H "" '" ~- Settled dust (elay and shale) " (clay) Qaare (Mint (%) 23 10 10 13 15 13 20 amount that may be tolerated with safety. Assuming that forty years constitute a normal lifetime, a (<erson could theoretically build up a cumulative ex]*ure of 800 milHon particle years uf such dust without incur ring a serious risk to health. Thus sou inilliuu pan ivle years become a kind of yardstick by which the cumu lative dust exposures of tlie workers mav lc gauged. Only twenty routine workers (see Tabic III) have built up a cumulative exposure f more tlum otK) million {ar ticle years iC dust, which is only a UlUc more tlum one Creave*-Walker anti his co-wurkcrid report that quartz is abundant in all samples of clay and shale deposits oi North Carolina. lialf of tlie SIX) mUnou-jKxrtidc-ycar yardstick at which some evidence of dust pathology might lx- v.\|cvlcd. Tliis hyiitlictical "threshold" limit is Imscd on Uie dust sample with the maximum quartz oniu-m, which . III. Cumulative Dust Exposure of Workers is undoubtedly much higher than that f the average atmospheric dusts to whidi the workers an- cxjmsvd. In an evaluation of an uecupatfonul disease liazarri. Tlum, itLstcad of the total "threshold" dust ex(aisurc the medical data arc usually emTcUted with Uic total being SHU niiliion jutrtidc years of dust, it is jiroliablv dust cx|-*sirc* <*f the workers as well as with their total at least double tliat figure, as the quartz content of the k't'gtlis of service*. As tin- ammr.t f dust l.. whidi tlie uir-lacitc dust samples (Table H) .ivcr.igo only 12..V'(,. men arc reposed varies witli the <*.vuji3ti< m, the total or otic ludf of the figure u>cd. One worker only lue- Intill dust reinsure* *f tlie workmen arc of more value titan up a cumulative ex|*surc of more tlum JfUio million their lengths of service in years. Some jo!*- rejuttc tlie . {KUltdt* years. Tin; length f reinsure, in years, of the men to little dust: others to appreciable amounts of cm|iloytvs reveals lliat almost <mc ludf of the routine dust, as sliown in Table I. To compare workmen on the workers examined liavc Iw-en in the industry more than luisis of their total dust tx:>Mirc, a million-particle ten year*. After so long a [eriod of htvhv, however, year dust index* is used which is obtained liv multi llictr cumulative dust vxj*sutv*. are only a fr.u-ii-m ..{ plying tlie average yearly dust exjiosure of an ueviqa- the theoretical ''threshold*' computed as a yardstick lion liv the total uuutlicr of years sj'cul therein. A man by which to examine the total dust exposure of the exp'sed to a:i average of tcti million particles of dust workiia-n. niesc assumptions and computation*.' jvr cu. ft. of air in ten years would therefore build up a* therefor^-, indicate llutl tin* viliivoos dti-l h.-i/ord is cumulative ex{urc of 100 million panicle years of acute in the Xortli Carolina inick and tile u.>i *rv. dust. When more liian one oevu|itiun is involved, the eumulative ex{isure for each is calculated anti a total cxjiosurc computed lv addin; together tlie individual IV. Medical Examinations occupational t-x(*-sures. Medical examination*, including an X-ray film *4 A distribution of Uic workers according to arlirarily the chest. were given to MVi employees and pr.-q-w- selected cumulative dust-esjmsure classification* is tivc employees in twenty-eight plants,' which were u't presented in Table III. identical in every instance will* Oiosc in which dust Virtually of tlie routine workers have aontnti- Uttd less titan 130 million {article years of dust, which is not an excessive exposure. Hits conclusion may lx; examined un the basi> of the free silica (or quartz) con tent of the dust. It is generally accepted lliat five mil- lien partid of quartz (of respirable size) per cu. ft. of air is the maximum concentration tltat mav !< tolur- * "preliminary Report of Study in Brick and Tile Indus try in W. Va.." Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, W. Va. Slate Health Dept.. Cliarlcston. V. Va., IPo'.l. r A. F. Greaves-\Vulkcr. X. H. Stolte, and W. L. Fabianic, "Occurrence, Properties, and Uses of Commercial Clays and Shales of X. C.." A*. C. Suite CAL Air. if *f. Expt. Sic. Bull.. Xo. ti. "4 pp. (1034); Ceram. Abs.. IS 131105(193*5). 1 J. M. Dalla Valle. "Sijoificanec of Dust Counts.'' V. S. Pub. Health Rep::.. 54, 1U05-U04 f 19391; Reprint Xo. 2083. samtrles tt-eru coUccUvi. Tlie clinical and X-ray exam inations were made on Uw |remtses of the res|eetive companies in the cruising X-ray trailer of the Xortli Carolina Division of Industrial Hygiene.* Tlie medical examination given to the workers was thorough. e>]>cctal emphasis being placed on the heart and hmcv Blood specimens for cite Wusscrmann and Kline tests for syphilis were obtained from a large number of the persons examined. A complete medical and *vuitional history was also obtained in evert- instance.** * C. R. Mathesnn and M. F. Trice. "Xortli Carolina Mobile X-Rav Laboratory,*' Jour. Ini. ited.. 7. 327-:t*' (193*). ," " XL F. Trice. "Pre-Employment Examinations and Related Activities of X. C. Div. of Industrial Hygiene." ibid.. 9. 1SS-93 (April. I940>: Ceram. Abs.. 19 111] 272 (1940). Vol. 2fi. Xo. 4 re exposed . of which maximum d for ilius* Son parti* main five maximum ' Assuming *, a perron sjsnure of out incur* n panicle 'Jie cumu* gauged, have I milt litlimi [iar. 2 than one v at which expected. *d on the .ft. which a: average : cx',"*Seri. . CxjK*surV < pmliahly Lent if the tiy 12..V.X, y Ills (milt 0 million 5. of the* it* rmtlitie mure than . however, fnietioii of yardstick ire of the pututiou*. sml is tiot dustrv. y lihu of 1 i 'verc not hiefi du ray exam* tvs[*.-etive the North he medical rough. esand lung*. Kline tests :ber of the id occujm-mee.1* . Carolina's . 7. 327-30 .... *;ons and ' .111 272 l a\ No. 4 Health of Brick and Tile Plant Workers in North Carolina 133 Tails III DtsraisuTtox of Workmen bv Arsitraxy Total Dcst-Exfoscre Classifications Tfl rrixun-r <-p-rO" Negative Less than 23 25- SO 30-100 100-150 150-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500 and over mTpmJaojIra* 374 356 230 2 140 85 7*>t 13 21 Frt-cttpJorMBt (NJ <su XI 60.7 lfti 33.5 St 4.6 5 1.0 1 0.2 (N.) 71 1S9 213 224 140 S3 77 21 13 20 Raotztx {%> 0.7 17.0 20.2 21.3 - 13.3 7.0 7.3 2.1 1.3 2.0 Total 1535 4w; uw.o 10'1 ton.u * Millioo particle yean. JlijwnJ <N.) 1 V > I 8 Tabu: IV Percentage of Brick and Tile Workers Examined Having Tuberculosis Contacts. Past Respiratory III* nesses, and Other Medical Findings in Each Gauvr SPECIFIED M rkamtnctl I"*n1 --rfitrl Ewlim Family history of tuberculoses Exposure to tuberculosis Pleurisy Hemolysis (blood-sm-aked >j*u* Uuu) Pneumonia Influenza Colds (few reported) Colds (more is recent year>) Other respiratory diseases Clubbed or (towed extremit** Diaphragm (normal) Diaphragm (angles sliallow) Childhood tuberculosis Childhood anti adult lulx-rcnlosis Pulmonary tuIkivuIoms (activity (?) or am-Sli.nl) If*. ^^npiuvncnt Koutiuc l.r. l.t* 1.2 1.1 2.N 4.3 1.4 {5.3 20. S 87..*. 2.0 20.4 x.i 12.0 4.4 6.7 0.2 H.p n iH'n NO.U 3.1 27. O 12.0 8SM ii, 7.5 0.2 1." l.o The examination of the workers in brick am! tile plants Was exj<ei*Uil to reveal the existence of pultunnan* pulls* vigy that could ttcattributed to the inhalation of dust. When the complete nlsemv '*f such putholngv was Tep-rU-d. it was divided to aualy/v all of the medi c.d daIa .arefidly t<* ihleniiim- wln-ibi-r -- -im- vflVrt .if ihtst inhalation might In- rrvinli-d by higher mciilcutv* f the is!*re eonnnoiiplaiv resjtir.ilurv disorders. All data then {<-re were coded u (ninth <iir<fs ami analvml it lulenutioiuil Business Machines tabulating equip mint. The more im|*rtaul results of this analysis, exivpl llie lu-nrt (hidings. an- presented in TaMv IV. There i> ti* appreciabledifference in the ineidmev of the varixis findings for the pre employment and rouliui workers, indicating tliat esj*sure to brick plant dust has pn<lnevl n demonstrable effect oit the health of tlie workers. Inasmuch as all pre employment and rou tine workers alike ate from the same tvnnomi,- level, the former serve as a satisfactory control group with which I-- eompate the latter. The group of men r\. Taiilk V ' Number and Percf.ntai:k of I*RE-E3<rLurMr.NT and kontXK Workers. O-aksifiko tie Kaci:. kKAcrr.w; PosmvsLV to Wassekmann and Kune Tests for Svnnus tVi-ciuphiywirAt Wasscrmann Negative Doabtful Positive Not done Total Vbitc (S*.J <%> 62 1 3 US* 182 01.0 1.5 4.5 Cnl.vv.1 <N.) r;.* U C! 1X2- 324 s.-; 32.4 Kline Negative Doubtful Positive Not done - 94 6 3 78* 01.3 5.8 2.9 157 15 49 93* Total 181 314 * Not considered is calculating percentages. 71.0 f.,7 22 3 Knulinr UTailr '* t.'i4.Vr>li IN..,'/ (C) <N.) <r*> 53 1 .*P3-W 2S) C5.0 t.N 5.2 ir.t 31 i t SOS* / 13. c. X.4 4X.fl 221 8 7 43- 284 U3.5 3.5 3.0 :e<2 72 20U 113* 7G7 5.X. 5 11.0 X.5 V,/ Medical Findings The X-ray films of the 1555 workers were read sepa rately and apart by two physicians, both of whom re ported that there was no evidence in any of them of silicosis or any other pulmonary condition that could be attributed to dust. (1941) ~ attuned were in an unusually excellent state of health, except eicht men who were rejected for employment, one of whom had tulxrcuiosis questionable, four ques tionably active, and three definitely u^ive tuberculosis. Seven of the persons rejected were routine workers: the other was a pre-employment case. u*A -aar L.11.^ :. U .i;4 g *f* isfffffil I*-4 & * ^. IF.'? v Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society--Ceramic History VL Vn*r*i Disease In view of the nation-wide campaign to eradicate venereal diseases, the medical findings relating to this scourge are presented in Table V. The incidence of syphilis is much higher among the colored workers. Among those whose blood was subjected to the Waasermaun test, 4$% of the routine colored workers reacted positively as against 5.2% of the routine white workers. Results of reactions to the Kline test were 30-5% against 3.0%; about the same ratio holds for the pre employment cases. Vl(. Conclusions The total absence of silicosis and other serious pulmonary pathology and the low incidence of other respiratory diseases among 1555 brick and tile plant workers indicate that exposure to dust in the North Carolina industry does not constitute a serious menace to health. Drmiow or InnnM Kreiiii No*re C*oou* SfAT* Ro*aw or Ktrt C**o*4* CERAMIC HISTORY WALTER JODOK KOHLER' Let me die, working. Still tackling plans onfin'ishcd. tasks undone.' Clear to its end. swift may my race be run. No laggard steps, no faltering, no shirking; Let me die. working. Walter J. Kohler, Cltairntan of the Board of Director* of Kohler Company, spent a busy day at his office. Satur day. April 2). lf*4U. working until near seven o'clock in the evening wtth the vigor and test which always characterbed him. Much of the morning was given to comspoodence, study of operating reports, and presiding toward noon at a meeting of the executive committer. Afternoon brought a long conference with company engineers regarding a projected new factory building an<l it* equipment. On Sunday, the members of the organiiatuMi, the people of the village, and thousands of friends were inexpressibly shocked to learn that hr had Iwen stricken that morning with a fatal attack of coronary embolism. The verses above, by S. Hall Young, dated MKCl. which he dipped and saved, bad l*cen jirophelic. Boyhood and Early Responsibilities Walter Jodok Kolilcr was horn March 3, 1X75. in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, the son of John Michael and Lillie Voilrath Kohler. His mother died on March 2. l.vci, the day before hi* eighth birthday. On November 3. lS7. bis father married Minnie Voilrath. his mother's sister. Walter was devoted to her through the years, and her photograph was on his office desk at the lime of his passing. lie was the third of a family of four sons and three daughters. Family ties and traditions were ever a dominating interest and influence in his life, and his middle name Jodok, long m the Kohler family, is reminiscent of the Bregenterwald (Forest of Bregena), near Lake Constance m Austria, where the Kohlers had dwelt, according to church records, since 1024. Thence John Michael Kohler came as a boy of ten with hi* lather and the immediate family to America, where * From KokUr Nexs. 24 1*1 (May. 1940). they settled iw a farm near St. Paul. Minnesota. (teach ing manhood. be worked for a time in Chicago After the great fire, be went to SheItovguit. Wisconsin, where he married. Then*, in 1X73, he established a manufactur ing Ixtstncss which the family luis etmtitmed ever since. .. Walter Kohler was tcaptixed into the Kjn>*s>]wS church, with whtch he continued affiliation throughout his life. He also ticlongvd to the Itlnc !.c*tgv of the Masonic Order. His formal education was ohiatin-d in the Shclxtygan imblic school*. At fifteen. he divided that be wanted to go into his father's business. He followed a natural urge. In the factory, he put in long hours at man's lal* liefore the enameling furnaces and in the foundry, receiving a wage of alrnot $1.25 a tlay. He Uvame a foreman at eighteen anti factory supcriutvndcai at twenty.Jive. In 1X39, the facUwy was removed by his father, John Michael Kohler. to its jm-s tit site, whieh wu- i1h*h in the open country. The death of his lather, iwie month a/ii-r its removal and two day* after Walter's wedding day in the fall of I*.**l. k*ft three young lirotiicrs, RoJ**rt. Walter, and Carl, to cotc with difficulties which, a few months later, Iwumt more formidable with the total U-'tructuitt f the new plant by fire. They returned to the old plant in Shvltoygan and con tinued business. Triumphing over the problems >( financing, planning, construction, and equipment, they rchuiit the plant, reopening it one year kuer on the anniversary of the fire. By the untimely passing of the two Ivothcrs who had been associated with him. Walter Kohler was left in H*"5 the responsible head of the iKisittess. A series of calami tous events had precipitated him. at the early age of thirty, into the presidency of the company, a position which he held until 11W7 when, becotryng Chairman *>f the Board, he was succeeded as President by hi* youngest brother, Herbert V. Kohler. Among Mr. Kohler's many civic activities, his keenest Vol. 20. No 4 * j j ' * [ j j I 'I __1 j The America Ceramic Society February 15,1993 I hereby certify that the attached copies of Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society, Volume 20, 1941, are true and accurate copies, which are maintained in the normal course of business at the American Ceramic Society, 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, Ohio 43081. Product Manager Ceramic Information Center 735 Ceramic Place Westerville, Ohio 43081-8720 614 890*4700 TWX: 7101109409