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? . / . 1 f. 1 PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT j 1932 TRANSACTIONS PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT B&R-10 *N National Safety. Council Incorporated TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS m M ^?bv iff,*}' Washington. D. C. October 3 to October 7, 1932 Tlie Wardman Park and Shorcham Hotels i7vrrtrv7 Jfirrj m '.THI u u C' S o. -V *0 a as oo"* u CD o co as IZ o tz CO IS O o > u -fa u CO ^ o 2 o 04 trt j Sfc3 s Hoj ..fc- i* W C w 3 v MK:$ S d .< 3 3w j >* t/5 " < ;:= BJ " s o * ' ziK< OV CM m * CO a: 63 -- tfl X .2 * *" f.t- fac .k2 a1-0 uouo f.a a f*a* fa Cl. Sj*f*lC7 Cw -- --.*>fa gy X= f4a faw -->} f-a "c v"cr"CU " ^ s* fa 5- < >2 c (j ~J"lVt5 =\ ~ ^ w . . U . y r rO :ii N4(N)n(r>1oTttAfsc^fnflhM0M-',O"<.M-M.,r*Nrrt^fw>M-(^NM0iN*">MN(ONp1aNC^irNN>*0notNrNtrVnsK\fnnlOr^^9ttnNeorMoiTVOT! 1*/n1Vr^TV*n) 00 h 2 W. Z 03 s*. 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C tq ._ 2 H 5 g^y 2 *' *'- C o 5 03 J -- to u r JJ O u 53^ `u g g f 5 " .5 c - -- ft, to > -- >< w" M ^c E ,u fa M bo --c ! ^ JCS -- c-- M sw >s *K u s. o 2`- Otfl 03 X^ : o o ;X c o :O-5 I co. *o I: cUSS, X :; uofa *3=3 wa** i o * tv ,, c s = vX w * c --- v ^Ub 22 s 11? : X U \ u XM 3 . 3 - cl 4, H wl cr N < O m 5 * .i*.'! 2-0 S-O sV U n -- Jr *? t? >>s* ss =5 2 < 3 OT ,,- c - 2 w c * S E .2 -- eO S4* S C V- v>e w > 4 X-- o "X g *SZ u5 r* UX o a 5 -S S S ; j .3 v. ,r = c - ,'"o S 2i! s ic U Q. -- .K_- -Jj ^0 .k .x co w- o c if oo `Z > n< Twenty-first Congress--National Safety Council C. L. Rice, Chicago Safety CoundL' Da, A. D. Risteem, The Travelers lusurance Company. John Roach, Chemical Section. Ciias. J. Rott, Newark Safety CoundL ToatAS Rotji. Rochester Safety CoundL John Russell. Jr, Construction Section. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Company. Hesar G. Schaeener, Erie Safety CoundL Otto Schenk, Wheeling Safety CoundL Robert L_ Schmitt. Metals Section. Charles .13. Scott, Bureau of Safety. Gut. Joun H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council. Da. L. A. Suotror, Bethlehem Steel Company. Ernest L. Simonds, New Haven Safety CoundL Georce P. Singes. Reading-Berks County Safety CoundL Oliver T. Skti.ijt. Safety Division. St. Paul Association. Charles F. Surra, Rubber Section. C W. Surra. Standard Oil Company (Indiana). E. J. Smith. Power Press Section. H. S. Smith, ASSE--Engineering Section. -- -- R. T. Solensten. Acddeit Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section. E. C Spring. Lansdale. Montgomery Co, Pa. Gcosge R. Stephens, The Safety Bureau. Buffalo Clumber of Commerce. Eth elbert Stewart. Washington. D. C Carl Stokcx. Automotive & Machine Shop Section. Lucius S. Storks. United Railways & Electric Co. Alfrep H. Swayne. General Motors Corporation. Joii.v H. Taylor, Birmincham Safety CoundL Hesry D. Tetft, Meat Packing. Tanning & Leather Industries Section. Norman F. Trrus, Hudson County Safety CoundL Arthur M. Tope. Consulting Marine Engineer. W. D. Turdeyille. San Antonio Safety CoundL William F. Vetch, Rahway Safety CoundL Vincent Wakefield, Kansas City Safety CouuciL George H. Warfel. Union Padfic Railroad Company. Dr. Cassius H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company. Harry M. Webber. Illinois Bell Telephone Company. Carroll V. Wells. Delivery, Taxicab & Bus Section. Albert C. White, Jr., Springfield Safety CoundL W. L. White. Jr, Cement Section. S. E. Whiting. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. H. Whitney, National Bureau oi Casualty & Surety Underwriters. W. If. WtNA.vs, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation. C. T. Winecar. Detroit Industrial Safety Council. Dr. G-E. A Winslow, Yale Medical School. J. M. Wcltz. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. d u -T w .\ m Wi re anc pre acr eta tent c deal mot of , deer year e/fet safeto p The: acci< Si best mad, . "4 p. Twenty-first Congress--National Safety Council a proper staff, and not by some enthusiastic person who has not been trained for the work. Why not use more registered nurses in the smaller plants? The registered nurse is much better qualified to interpret a physician's plan of medical sendee than any lay attendant.- Much depends upon the physical condition of the employees. I am of the opinion that the physician, by reason of his professional attainments, is best qualified to handle some of the problem cases among employees. Mental symptoms, brought about by worry over home affairs, quite often produce accidents. In many coses the fear and worry of sickness in die family can be greatly allayed by a talk with the doctor or the nurse. Many of these cases have come under my personal observation. It should also be absolutely the part of the physician to say when a man shall return to his regular employment after injury, and this decision should not be infioenced in the slightest by its possible affect on any "no-lost time accident" contest or record. Thesje contests are proper and have brought about outstanding results in the reduction of lost-time frequency figures. However, there have been cases of injured employees being urged unduly to return to some form of work merely to prevent die marking up of a lost-time accident. Nothing should be allowed to inter fere with the employee's welfare. The physician has every motive to return the employee to his regular work as promptly as possible, but his higher duty is to conserve both the physical and economic welfare of the employee as well as the employer. The safety director has need of the medical service, and the two should earnestly co-operate and seek to bring about a mutual feeling among the employees. Both departments are striving by all possible means to prevent economic waste chargeable to the disabilities and hazards of industry. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 4, 1932 The delegates first attended an informal luncheon, and dicn gathered for the after noon meeting in a Joint Session with the Metals Section. This session was devoted to a symposium on the dust problem in Industry. Cliairman Creenburg immediately introduced the first speaker. ' _ . f. The Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts ^ r* ' By LEROY U. GARDNER Director, Saranae Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Saranac Lake, N. Y. As long as men have worked in stone it has been appreciated that an unusually large proportion of them suffer from disease of the lungs. It was natural to assume that such disease would be caused by the dust generated, and diis.bclici was strength ened by die discovery of black, grey or red pigments in- the lungs, sometimes accom panied by the formation of scar tissue. The term, pneumonokoniosis was introduced to describe the lung pigmented in this manner. With further observation pathologists attempted to ciassiiy various forms of pneumonokoniosis on a basis of the type of dust inhaled and such names as anthraeosis, siderosis, cliacicosis and even byssinosis and tobaccosis made their appear ance. It was recognized that some forms of the disease were -attended by severe symptoms and result in death but there was no correlation between the clinical and pathological pictures and the causative dust. Finally, statistical study demonstrated that of all kinds of industrial dusts silica generally produced a definite type of disease with a characteristic pathological lesion and complex of symptoms. q IT r w i?nl sii tu Pr cu 1 du I > de: i .tr si' pr< xwl rat is \ii far; arm nat: con i' tin* tic': and cnn ash* parr tissu port: Spec: Fr has nodu dram remo framt of tli symp exces Tt trained ior Tie registered service than . the opinion lifted to handle cgfal about br the fear and i the doctor or -itioa. r. a man shall aid not be in* .edenf* contest hug results in been cases of irk merely to Wired to interto return the '.\rr duty is to a. well as the .'Mold earnestly :rloyees- Both a<te chargeable ; [or the after4i was devoted trg immediately Xi' ^ v 'T -i iac lake, N. Y. -at an unusually L.urai to assume was strength-raetimes accom- igmented in this y various forms h names as an!e their appear eded by severe . the clinical and ly demonstrated : type of disease i Industrial Health Section SI Today the clinical entity known as silicosis is one form oi pncunioiioknniosis which is quite clearly defined. Moreover, within site last three or four years asbestos dust has also been shown to produce another specific type of reaction attended by symp toms differing in some respects from silicosis. The other forms of pneumonokoniosis still lack complete definition. Tlte wide spread use of radiography has brought together a mass of descriptive data from indi viduals exposed to many kinds of occupational dusts but these findings have not yet been correlated with pailiologieal anatomy, chemical studies of the tissues and de tailed analyses of industrial atmosplieres. There is a tendency to assume tiiat many of. these pulmonary changes are due to the action of silica perhaps modified by the i chemical components of the dust. We siiall only be in a position to speak with assur ance about them when the pure types of dust and their various combinations have been studied in human beings or in experimental animals.'' For the sake of clarity no mention lias been made of the infections which so fre quently complicate some forms of pneumonokoniosis. In the prebacteriological era of ! medicine the use of such terms as "grinders' consumption" and "miners' phthisis" t reflects the popular association of pneumonokoniosis with tuberculosis. The names [ were justified both by clinical and pathological observation for it has been subse quently shown that. in silicosis at least, a super-imposed tuberculosis may cause death 1 I: in perhaps 75 per cent of the cases. Some observers even go so far as to state that silicosis itself docs not develop unless the lungs are previously damaged by a latent tuberculous infection. This is probably an exaggeration, for typical silicosis can be produced in the experimental animal by the inhalation of silica without infection. I Tlie role of asbestos dust as an excitant of tulicrculous infection is not as clear cut as that of pure silica. While there are numerous reports of death in asbestosis I due to a terminal tuberculosis, nevertheless surveys of living workers have failed to i demonstrate any excess of such' infection. Simple antliracosis is said to prevent tiie i progression of tubercnlous infection. Statistics from coal mining districts do show a tuberculosis rate much lower than tlut "normal" for the age group. As yet corrobo rated experimental proof of protective action of coal against tuberculous infection i is lacking. Mot only the tubercle bacillus but other bacteria seem to develop with special facility in the tissues previously damaged by silica. For example, the pneumonia rate among silicotic native laborers of South Africa is many times that in non-silicotic f ! natives living under similar conditions. In coal miners, likewise, pneumonia is a common and often fatal complication. li What has been said of the effects of inhaled inorganic dusts would indicate tiiat the reaction of the tissues is not merely a response to medanical irritation by par i ticulate matter. Today it is generally accepted that the injury is chemical in nature and that only certain of the common types of industrial dusts possess properties capable of exciting reaction. In the cases of silica and the silicate of magnesium or asbestos the slightly alkaline body lluids probably effect a slow solution of the dust i particles liberating silica in colloidal form. This substance irritates the connective tissue ceils which respond by multiplying. The result is an overgrowth of the sup porting iramework elements at the expense of the more delicate cells specialized [or specific functions. For these two types of dust tire eliaracter and form of the pathological cliangcs has been carefully worked out. In silicosis the essential tissue diange consists of t nodules of connective tissue which develop first iu the lympoid tissues situated in the drainage apparatus *nt the lungs. These nodules interfere with the physiological removal of foreign bodies and subsequently iulialcd particles accumulate in the i framework of the lung itself. Such reaction gradually decreases the normal elasticity t oi the organ and encroaches upon its functional elements. As a resnit the cardinal S'. symptom of the disease, dyspnoea or shortness of breatli develops. Because oi the excessive amounts of scar tissue formed in the lungs the right side of tiie heart 52 Tnvuty-first Contjrcss--National Safety Council encounters increasing difficulty in forcing blood into the organs. In an attempt to compensate the overworked Iteart muscle l>ccontes thicker and heavier and unless infection intervenes the time eventually arrives when the heart (ails and death occurs from this cause. The reasons inr the prevalence of infection in the silicotic lunc are not altogether clear. It is obvious lltat when the drainage system is so obstructed by nodules of scar tissue that more dust particles can only be removed with diiTiculty, the same must lie true of bacteria which may l>c inhaled. As a consenuencc they remain in the lung and set up progressive infections. But tin's is not the whole story. The silicotic tissue apparently otters a peculiarly favorable soil for the continued multiplication of tubercle bacilli and perltaps other bacteria. Experiment has shown that even at tenuated organisms of this type will produce rapidly fatal tuberculosis in a silicotic guinea pig. Furthermore, inhaled silica dust will cause a pre-existing latent tuber culous focus, harboring a few attenuated bacilli, to become progressive and spread. The cause oi this effect upon tuberculous infection has not yet been ascertained hut probably it is in some way associated with the death of tissue caused by the toxic silica. Associated with this factor is an increased activity of the phagocytes which are stimulated by the irritating silica so that these cells tend to migrate rapidly and carry tubercle bacilli into previously uninvolved portions of the lung. ' Atbettaf dust, perhaps because of its fihrous structure, is not transported very far within the lung. It tends to lodge along the wails of the liner tubes and little of it is removed by the lymphatic drainage system. Tissue reaction, probably initiated by the solution oi the libers, occurs in their immediate vicinity. As in the case nf silica this reaction consists of an overgrowth of the connective tissues which is later transformed into leather-like scars. Aluminum oxide will serve admirably as an example of a noit-siliccotis dust whose particles are as hard and slurp as those of crystalline silica. When a measured quantity oi such particles. 1 to J micra in diameter, are injected into the car vein of a rabbit the majority of them come to rest in its liver and spleen. There they remain, apparently harmless, collected in large phagocytic ceils and producing no reaction of the connective tissues for at least two years. Injection of the same quantity oi the same sized quartz particles excites the formation of so niudi scar tissue tiiat the functional elements are almost completely destroyed and the organs are reduced to nodular masses of leathcr-like consistence. Carborundum, the carbide of silicon, when iultaled by guinea pigs for periods as long as tour years, likewise fails to excite significant overgrowth of the connective tissues. It produces only a low grade inflammatory change with no nodules. Instances such as those cited constitute the lasis for believing tluL the cellular response to dust particles is not due to their hardness and sharpness hut tn chemical substances liberated by the action of the tissues upon them. The case for soluhilitv lias not been proven directly, for the detection of soluble silica in the tissues oners technical difficulties which totlay are tmsurmountable. Nevertheless this substance is known to be a cell poison and in weak concentrations it will provoke an overgrowth of the connective tissues. Mention should he made nf the effect of inhaled coal dust. Most city dwellers breathe in sufficient quantities of this material during an average life-time to pigment considerable areas of their lungs. Deposits of grey or black dust will he found along 1 the course of the lymphatic drainage system hut this pigmentation is associated with little or no new growth of connective tissue. The coal miner's lung is much blacker but in most instances it also develops no deforming scars. When such reaction docs occur analysis usually reveals appreciable amounts of silica in the lungs. The presence of excessive quantities of carbon dust apparently influences the localization of mod erate amounts of silica so that the latter is not deposited in nodules as in pure silicosis but in streaks along lymph vessels as pure coal would localize. Coal miners' fibrosis, due to relatively small amounts oi silica, is therefore dif- uiicii In an attempt to tavier and unics; ...i and death occurs are not altogether cited by nodules oi .-sltY, the same must they remain in the story. The silicotic .uued multiplication shown that even atrtulosis in a silicotic isting latent tulserrestive and spread. - lieen ascertained hut ransed by the toxic he phagocytes which migrate rapidly and lane. transported very far -es and little of it U lably initiated hy the lie case of silica this is later transformed -siliceous dust whose When a measured >to the ear vein ot a There they remain. ' -.ring no reaction nf nne quantity of the sear tissue that the .rans are reduceil to :gs for periods as af the connective no nodules, mg that the cellular ass but to chemical -t-e case for solubility in the tissues oilers this substance is vnke an overgrowth Most city dwellers life-time to pigment i will be found alone m is associated with ring is much blacker i such reaction docs lungs. The presence hcaiization of iraxl:"S as in pure silicosis . .'a, is therefore dit- lndustrial Health Section 53 t j fereut from tlut of the pure quartz worker. When the amount of inhaled silica is excessive, the effect of the coal is negligible and the reaction approximates tlut in ; pure silicosis. There is said to be more reaction to liard coal than to the bituminous , variety but there is evidence to suggest that this is due to the greater amount of I siliceous rock which must be worked in mining anthracite coal. ! Finally, consider the silicosis of granite cutters. This develops somcwliat more slowly tlian that of the pure quartz miner and it lias been maintained that this is due I to the relatively small amount of unconihincd silica in granite (25 to 40 per cent). But it is believed tlut other components of the glomerate granite nay neutralize or at least inhibit the effects of the silica so that only after prolonged exposures to high concentrations does significant reaction occur. While typical silicotic nodules ! develop in guinea pigs inhaling pure, quartz for a year, not even the earliest sugI gestion of nodules have appeared in the lungs of animals iultaling comparable concen trations of granite (40 per cent silica) for four years. | This brief discussion of some of the problems involved in pneumonokoniosis draws < attention to the limitations oi our present knowledge. It indicates that, the reaction | to an inhaled dust is determined by the chemical and prohabiy physical composition of that dust. It emphasizes the need to further study of different types of dust both ; in the pare state and in measured combinations. The ultimate aim of such a study should be the neutralization of the toxic action of such dangerous substances as silica. The Dust Content of the Atmosphere in Various Dusty | Industries i_ !. By J. J. BLOOMFIELD : 1 Sanitary Engineer, United States Public Health Service. Washington. D. C. The speaker said in part: The properties of a given dust which determine its 1 capacity to produce pulmonary pathology are. the nature ot the dust, that is. its chemical and mihcralogical composition, its particle size, and finally the quantity of the dust dispersed in the atmosphere. ! One of the outstanding results of the last 20 years of research in the field ol dust inhalation is the demonstration of the fact that, in general, the degree ol ; : health liazards associated with the inhalation of any dust, all other factors re maining' constant, is dependent upon the mineralogies! composition of the dust. For : ; example, it is now well established that the inhalation of certain types of dust, such as granite dust, will in time produce fibrosis of the lungs, at times associated with tuberculosis. In other cases exposure to dust may resuit in the production oi much less fibrosis without notable tendency toward subsequent tuberculosis; tills is true of cement dust. And finally, there arc certaiu types of dust, as typified by nurhic dust, which in the quantities and lengths of exposure so far observed produce little lung fibrosis, lit general, it has liem found tlut those dusts which are high in I quartz content are the ones which produce a disabling fibrosis of the lungs most readily. So far as the size of the dust particle is concerned, it is apparent that in order for any given dust to produce injury' to the hiucs. it must gain access to tlte parenchyma of the lung, the site where the harmiul effects oi the dust take place. It is known tliat not all of the particles of inhaled dust gain access or are retained ; by the human lung. In this connection it is oi importance to have regard to the size of the dust particles present in the industrial atmosphere. With reference to the quantity of dust present in the air of a workroom it is apiiarent that when the dust concentration is high the exposed person will inhale a greater quantity in a given period of time than he will when the dust concentration of the atmosphere is relatively low, and since the rate oi production of the fibrosis Twenty-first Congress--National Safety Council !. partially dependent upon tlie race in which tlte dust is inlialcd. this latter item plavi an important role in predicting the relative dancer of different environments. Hence tlie need for tlte evaluation of the quantity of dust in the industrial atmos phere is obvious. Research on the problem of industrial dust inhalation has indicated tluvt so far as their fibrosis producing qualities are concerned, dusts may be divided into three groups: (1) those composed completely of combined silica, tlat is silicates, such as pure asbestos: (2) those containing free silica in the crystalline form known as quartz, (granite contains approximately 25 per cent of quartz); and (3) dust con taining tree silica in a non-crystalline form such as diatomaceous earth. In-general, it has been found that tlie harmtuiness of a quartz containing dust is in direct proportion to its quartz content. For this reason, in attempting to evaluate the harmfulness of a dust, it is of the utmost importance to ascertain its exact mineralogical composition. It lias been our experience thaf to determine accurately the exact mineralocical composition of a dust one should resort to a combined chemical and petrographic analysis. By no other method have we found it possible to determine the amount of quartz present in a given sample. In certain instances, such as when one is dealing with a mixture of quartz and pure potash feldspar, it is possible to deter mine the amount of quartz present in such dust merely by a chemical analysis. However, most dusts which come into question are mixtures of quartz and silicates. Take granite for example. The average granite is made up chiefly of three min erals in about the following proportions: feldspar 60 per cent, quartz 20 per cent, and mica 15 per cent. Chemical analysis shows that this average granite contains 70 per cent of silica. Of this 70 per cent. 30 per cent is present as quartz (free silica) and the other -10 per cent is present as combined silica, in chemical com bination with the other minerals that make tip granite: it "is possible to determine these proportions only with the aid of the petrocraphic microscope. We find in practice that samples of dust settled out of the atmosphere at the breathing level of the worker serve admirably for both chemical and mineralogical determinations. Tahic 1 presents the quartz content of dusts obtained in various industries which we have studied. TABLE 1 Pereentage'of Quartz Present in Various Industrial Dusts Kind of Dust Percentage oi Quartz Rock drilling dust (bituminous ccal mine)....................... Granite cutting dust..................................................................... Rock drilling dust (anthracite coal mine)....................... Brass foundry dust...................................................................... Dust from raw mills in cement plant....................................... Slate mill dust (Vermont red slate)................................ Silverware polishing dust.............................................................. Anthracite coal dust............................................................. Bituminous coal dust............................................................ Cement dust .................................................................................. Slate mill dust (Vermont green slate)..................................... Talc mill dust......................................................................... Marble cutting dust...................................................................... 54.0 35-2 31.0 10.0 6.5 . 3.0 1.7 1.5 1-- 1-0 trace none none It is evident from this tabic that rock drilling occupations in the coal mining industry and certain occupations in the crauitc cutting industry and in brass foun dries would he in the hazardous class as judged by the proportions of quartz in the atmospheric dust. It has bt microns in larger part greater tha; lower sizes, trate to the ourselves w mension. In order access to th in the dust -may be obta instrument phcric dust . slip may the In another : tion: tlie pa means of a . measurements may be grou curve is easil As pointed atmosphere is the injury wi. From the : quantitative i: - *!ze range of requiring car> will depend the refractive observer. \V< industrial hyp the dust contv: and certain i:. This diflferaie, one-half and : such normal mination the ,, in ali air. So far as *! by the South dimension are, size limit of g. who exainincu silicotic lung. f. and about 36 ; majority of th; The median si, in comparing t' tides measurea mills, found a by Navrogord.it In connectio-.: nificanre the fc or indirect of . ' this latter item it environments, industrial atmos- icd that so far as iivided into three : is silicates, such -- form known as nd (3) dust con- irth. In general, lust is in direct a to evaluate the lin its exact min- vact mineralogical i and petrographic iMitne the amount t as when one is possible to deter* 'hemical- analysis, nrtx and silicates, i- fly of three min,-nrtz 30 per cent. granite contains ' as quartz (free chemical com:iole to determine vnosphere at the -.nd mineralogical ' mined in various -tentage of Quartz 54.0 35.2 31.0 19.0 6.5 3.0 17 1J 12 1.0 trace none none : the coal mining .jI in hrass foun:ions of quartz in Industrial Health Section 33 i I l It has been demonstrated that particles of dust of a size greater than 10 to 12 Il microns in longest dimension are very seldom found in the lungs. This absence of larger particles is partly due to the (act that the numbers of such particles I greater titan ten microns in size present in industrial air is, as compared with the i>i lower sizes, comparatively small; furthermore, these larger particles do not pene trate to the terminal portions of the respiratory tract. Hence we need only concern I ourselves with those dust particles that are less than ten microns in longest di i mension. l In order to ascertain whether or not an industrial dust is -capable of gaming- * access to the lungs, it is necessary to know something of the size of the particles i in the dust- under consideration. In practice the samples for particle size studies t may be obtained by the use of the Owens jet dust counter. The advantage of this instrument over other devices is llut the Owens apparatus projects the atmos pheric dust m utuitcred condition directly on a microscope cover-slip. This cover- tI slip may then be properly mounted and examined by any one of several methods. In another method a micrDphotograph of the dust is made at a high magnifica tion: the particles revealed on an enlarged print or screen may be measured by means of a millimeter scale. Mo nutter which method one uses for particle-size I measurements the results may be treated in the customary manner. The-particles may be grouped in classes according to size, from which a percentage distribution curve is easily obtained. '- As pointed out earlier, a knowledge of the quantity of dust dispersed in the atijtosphere is very important, since with any given dust the rate of production of the injury will be dependent upon the total quantity inhaled. ..... From tljft. practical hygienic viewpoint, the particle count is at present the best .rquagtitati-ce index of the degree of atmospheric pollution. The decision as -to the size range oi die particles which should be included in the dust count is a question requiring careiul consideration. Obviously the size of the snullcst visible particle will depend on the magnification and type of illumination used in the microscope, the refractive properties of the dust and to some extent on the visual acuity of the observer. We must bear in mind that our chief interest in this problem is in the i industrial hygienic aspect. Primarily we are interested in differentiating between t the dust content in the ordinary normal atmospheres, not yet known to be harmful, 1 and certain industrial dusts which are known to be associated with lung damage. i i This difference is sharply marked so tar as the dust particles between approximately one-half and ten microns in diameter are concerned; but the difference between i such normal and abnormal air is masked, and lost when we include in our deter i mination the particles of ultra-tnicroscopic size which are present in vast numbers ir in all air. So far as the upper limit of particle size is concerned it has been demonstrated r by the South African studies that particles greater titan ten microns i:i longest dimension are. as a rule, oi negligible importance. The data concerning the lower size limit of potentially hazardous dust is not so conclusive. Moir of South Africa, who examined microscopically 120 dust particles obtained from two specimens of silicotic lung, found that only 13 per cent of the particles were less than 0-5 microns and about 36 per cent of the particles were loss titan one micron in diameter. The majority of the particles. 60 per cent, were between one and three microns in size. ' The median size oi the dust was found to be 12 microns in Jiameter. Drinker, in comparing the size frequency of the particles measured by Moir with the par. tides measured by him of the dust found in the sputum of men employed in ore mills, found a close correspondence. These findings have also been corroborated i by Navrogordaio. i i In connection with the lower limit of -particle size of dust of pathological sig nificance the following pertinent question arises: Aside from the evidence direct or indirect of the uun-retention oi minute particles of dust by the lungs, what 36 T'venty-first Congress--National Safely Couiteil TABLE 2 Average Dust Counts in Certain Dusty Trades Industry and Occupation Dust exposure in millions of particles per cubic foot Tale Mining and Milling: Jack-hammer drillers ............................... .. Packers ........... ........................................... Muckers ....................................................... Crushermen and cvJindernten.................... ................. Slate Finishing Mills: Floormen ......... ........................................... Loaders ....................................................... Disc crusher operators............................... ................. Quartz Grinding Plant: Mill operators ........................................... .................. Laborers ..................................................... Packers ........................................................ .................. Granite Quarrying and Finishing: Levner drillers .......................................... Jaek-hammrr drillers ............................... Hsisd pgeumgfTt tool finishers................. Machine pneumatic tool finishers..........1. ................. Plue driller* ................................ -............ Attendant laitor (indoors)......................... ................. Anthracite Coal Mining: Miners and hclixrs .:................................ ................. A ttcn/lant lalmr .......................................... Bituminous Coal Mining: Coal cutters and loaders.................. Attendant labor .......................................... ................. Marble Cutters ................................................. Cotton Cloth Manufacturing: Carders ........................................................ Weavers and spinners.............. ................. Silverware Manufacturing: Dustv trades .............................................. *Con*dusty trades ........................................ 14 312 173 55 112 59 3fi 17 232 112 4' Average per cent of guartz itt dust None None None None None 3 3 3 3 99 99 "99 99 35 35 35 Si 35 35 35 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 None X.mc X'HIC Xr~-x 1.7 1.7 1.7 evidence is tlicre that appreciable percentages of ordinary industrial dusts ever fragment into those minute sizes less titan 0.5 microns in diameter.1 The best answer to. this question would be data of actual measurement of such dust. Un fortunately we have but scant published tlata on the particle size freuucttey of dusts in the air of industrial establishments. In 1929 Fchnel made some particle size measurements in connection with, the dust study of hard rock drilling in New York Gty. He reported the findings on three samples, which showed the dust which was less than t micron in size to vary from 1 to 15 per cent. Most of the dust in these hard rock drilling operations was hetweett 2 and 5 microns in size. Badliatn, in studying the dust hazard among sandstone workers in Sydney. Aus tralia. measured some Id,000 particles of dust in the air of work places and iound that 67 per cent of these particles were about 1 micron in size. In a particle size j Industrial Health Section 57 study of twenty-five samples of eleven different kinds of aerial industrial dusts i made by the filar micrometer method at a magnification of 1.0C0 diameters, the i speaker found that practically ail of the dust was less than 5 microns in sire. Only 2 per cent of the particles were less than 0.5 microns. 21 per cent were less re Average i titan 1 micron, and the majority of the dust, 71 per cent, was found to be between per cent of ! 1 and 3 microns in diameter. * quartz in From all of the evidence therefore, and in the absence of conclusive proof to the dust contrary, it is apparent tltat we need oniy he concerned with those dust particles None None None None None 3 3 3 3 99 99 99 99 35 35 35 3S 35 between one-half and 5 microns in size, and from a practical standpoint the lower limit of panicle size to be counted may well be taken at about 1 micron. Many methods luve been devised and used for the purpose of determining tite quantity I of dust in air. Suffice it to say tltat for tlie purpose of dust sampling in either high or low dust concentrations, the Grcenhurg-Smith impingcr apparatus mnv finds universal favor. This instrument lias been used by the United States Public Health Service in all of its dust studies during tlie past nine years aud is also being used by other workers in this field in this country and abroad. During tlie past nine years the writer, has made numerous investigations of dust Iiazard in many industrial establishments throughout the country. In Table 2. l. summary is presented of the average dust content of the air in a few of these dusty industries. This table dearly shows that the highest dust exposure was hi the talc mines, slate finishing mills, quartz grinding plant, coal mining and granite cutting industries. Owing to the high percentage of quartz present m the dust of the quartz grinding and granite cutting plants, as compared with the dust in the other indus tries listed in Table 2, quartz grinding and granite cutting are revealed to be the. most liazardous of the occupations we have studied, . j _r ~ 35 i ClinicaT ana Statistical Aspects of Silicosis 35. ' 1.5 By ALBERT E. RUSSELL, M. D, F. A. C. P. 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 None None None None 1.7 Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service: Surgeon, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. It would be diincult to estimate with aitv degree of accuracy the number ni people in the United States who are engaged in dusty trades. It is evident, however, that more people are exposed to dust, which constitutes the greatest single industrial haz ard. than is generally supposed. Certain 'dusts contain poisr-nous elements, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, etc, which give rise to general conditions resulting irtun i j their absorption. This paper Jiowcvcr will deal only with tliosc dusts which arc known to. be direct iactors in the production of pulmonary diseases. *1/ - 1.7 1.7 Economic Aspects of Silicosis Tlie economic problem presented hy silicosis is trcmcml-us. The sintering and T loss of life due to it eattnot lie adequately measured. In the cold mining area around : iai dusts ever Johannesburg. South Africa, during the period I9II to 1929, more than 5.1 iiiilli-.iii l ter? Tlie host i dollars have been paid in compensation alone. The costs oi medical care, hospital ;p tich dust. Un- I ization. and legal proceedings further augment this enormous figure. Iuency of dusts Me particle .size i Mines in Australia arc reported to have been bankrupted by payment of silicosis compensation. I know oi a company in our own country which lias claims amount rilling in New ing to more than a million dollars for disability due to dust inhalation. There are lowed the dust i other plants in the East which will l>c bankrupted it all the claims which are filed Most of the against them are allowed. In most of the industrial states the number oi claims filed nierons in size. has greatly increased in recent years. Sydney, Aus- It is clear tltat dust-prevention work, like any health-promoting activity, would aces and found pay many times in money, good health, aiid efficient operation. a particle size Strangely enough, only during the past 25 years has dust received much attention ir :^cfcji: ~i-<^:i "vr^^M^^^^v-`-i:,r-rf';-^^.---:;V^^':xv-v7'5''^,VvV^^^-:^*^'r'?/' *>' ''.>'L;tes2SD3? rerefny-tfjfryiU h <7?T?7?1' ffrr.rff.`~rr.'r: til i.frr:m*?t- vtfrV ! '-'; }v - f'C mm ^ggkSl fcSgs|sa -:zg$p^ S>V4* ^ hmm T 'Mmz fi iii tat cp i?i?' i&rfiUiS: .-.vJiiVir^* WC&SI& ;?-..: .> ;r ** l&mty ris*>:< ! ,q:-^c : UiiTJO U'Ui^.UirJ-LUi Ur.~ *-*-> r^,. *.> \r.,t \vijL*jj '?v``:ft"tJJ (OsftJ tfJGfe- <2uO) (j3 feaSiv rrr^.lfihyy'h wri:.. i.'ttrr.^; ..'_ -VJ-P#; (ft>7'r^r.'f rtV-*' ^-->*--wr )<I_ -'W. . KV.W liLMiUUiiF ^ G2?2 <2 ' :i>3*fS&'. ^ Jilll 0m[ sji^asSVCi .- 's&os? . . .'.N> - '\^.--IUi.c s >:$&&. im }?:?;%: ?** 'v ' i* .* 1 . r. -- - . r ,-- esssis c2=cfe5 orli> ^gseSsss fisfiSs sm'GiSssl ^ (SGJ' ....... .._ .. - --- fcsra-ASs 2 eas*^*s --si-.&..JgV&.-i . SI OSSfSri ffffrtafihY f^rfh^rrri-j, 02535- .y:X:i-.;^ f 3^ : -v;: j .; u: '' .* -M- % fe-sir? teaS&te !a cfej`ag pMfW: j;.rt/u&ss3 (S-7 ?<?> &<2e?AoSsb ^3^2? 'ig^r* * * ^ oS `^Vrr4- * f.'*'|T-i!1['; fc **''"*** fT*('| { ^ 7 r ''*'* * * --*'*'* SZ-*-- ' - r *'  iieii ins them with the ipmeut. ..it figures can ho not only he studied her memiicrs of the department. They f. The costs should letwccn companies. hy including Mich *. salary. It slitmid to explain all ilio y, Newark 'Hie Compensation connection. He nee payments made re iicrceinaccs. as rc. tlic tie's! figures Hows: > `.-.`C hut it rcipiire# :.ly about personal at inn. . lie sc little cn- '1 cr.uid UK exist. ;j anil revert tn ilio "v : l ( ttuiuiry" ;rc. Safety Kiitrniwr. *tf pUylct tlcpiniu*! ~4i of an in.iu^nni * characters." were !IC KllMlcr Set!is(! Tirnyr r-first annual safety congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL -Tj ,'d ""tcA Safety Section, A.R.A.-Steam Railroad Section, N.S.G. Section Officers 1931-32 i Chairman--C. T. Eailey. Ciiii Safety Agent. Oregon Short Line Railroad. First l- iee-Chairman--C. E. Hitt. General Safety Agent. New York Central Lines. Secant/ I'iee-Chairntan--C. L_ I_\Fouxt.vi,\`e. General Safety Supervisor, Great ' Northern Railway. \ Secretary--J. C C.uistcs. ! ____________ | rXOTF: Tiic ioilotAna floes contain a eondenseii abstract of the records of the ; sessions at the Sctef r Section. AR.t--Steam Railroad Section. NSC. as published in full by the .inimrc't Raikcsy Association in a booL-let entitled. "Praccedinas of the K ' 12th Annual Medina at the Safety Section. U'ashinntnn, D. C October 4 to 6,19J2.") \ TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1932 The sessions of the Safety Section. American Railway Association--Steam Railroad ; Section. National Safety CotniciL convened in the Hotel Washington with Cltairman , C T. Cailev. Giiei Safety Agent. Oregon Short Line Railroad. Salt t-ake City. Utah, i presiding. The invocation was given by L. G. Eentley. Giesapeafcc & Ohio Railway. I < Report of Committee on Relations with National Safety t S J- * Council By ROBERT SCOTT > Director. Insurance and Safety. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad j Mr. Scott said in part: Your committee rinds pleasure in reporting that much * satisfactory progress has been made in the direction of co-ordinating the work of 't both sections with the view of avoiding duplication of effort and expense and to the 2 end that the cause of safety might be advanced. The first annual meeting ef the Steam Railroad Section. National Safety Council, was held in Philadelphia in October, 1913. while the Safety Section oi the American 'j Railway Association held its first special session in Boston in September, 1921. Both j of these sections have been functioning properiv and well ever since they came into ,1 existence, and have been a powerful force in tiie reduction of avoidable accidents, t On September 2, 1931. a meeting was held in Giicaco at which there were present | members of the committee on relations and officers of both sections. At this meeting j 405 l I * . P\ i /J-J1 S# i1;'! !:i;! 4 rl 412 Twenty-first Congress--Kntioua! Safety Council in the stress of economy it lias been necessary drastically to restrict all expenditures, and dark because the economic depression kept our backs and shoulders bowed to the storm which has raced around us--hut durine all this stress, you centlcmcn ot the Safety Section Have carried tlie liauncrs of safety and safety rirst dying. and your shock troops have been supporting and defending them and there lias been no let-up. While there have hem let-ups in other directions, there has been no let-tip in this saiety movement, even with your depleted forces. Now. as wc approach the crest of the hill, die slocan "35 In- '33" floats down to our ears from the throats of tliottsauds whose lives have i>eet: spared by the drive for saiety. I see the lisht growing clearer ahead and as we lift our heads and throw back our shoulders. I see a'smoother, broader, lighter pathway with more moderate slope stretching away to the green meadows above. The storm clouds are breakinc. the warm rays of the economic suit are gradually coming through: doubt and despair are nearing their end. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 4. 1932 Report of Committee on .Prevention of Highway Crossing Accidents By H. A. ROWE ,.:Manager^.CIaims Department. Delaware. Lackawanna & Western Railroad. -jf v New York City The speaker said in part: The Committee'is again cratiiieil to lie able to announce a further reduction of grade cro-sing accidents, fatalities, and injuries in 1 *.I as compared with 1930. Thus we have Itad three consecutive years of progress in the curbing ut crossing crashes, the records being as follows: I'M I. total accidents 4.100. killed I .SI 1. injured 2.G57: 1930. accidents 4.S53. killed 2j.'20. injured 5.31": and in 1939 there was a slight reduction. The year 1923 was the peak year in railroad crossing fatalities, since whieh time tlie reduction of such fatalities lias been 757 per year, the 1931 record being hut one more killed than in 1922. when tltc careful crossing campaign was inaugurated. The outstanding accomplishment of crossing accident ^eduction can he better grasped wlicn wc note that motor vehicle fatalities on streets anti highways in 1923 were 13.075 but in 1931 there was an increase oi 13.913 deaths or 139 per cnit. During this same 10-year period there was an increase of hut one death at railroad crussincs. A very important feature of the committee work has been li:e careful crossing campaign which has continued to enlist the interest and cooperation of many organi zation* and the general public. This lias been furthered liv enteral publicity, the regular posters initiated for this special campaicn and otr.er literature. During the past year the National Safety Council has been active in its educational campaign tor the prevention of accidents, and in its May. 1933. i-'ue. ot the A'albniuf Safety Xrzct contributed a most useful and illuminating :ror.:isn:ece. The crossing accident situation was stressed in the same issue of the .Veter, and in many other respects the National Safety Council lias shown deep interest in cooperating in the prevention of crossing accidents. Opportunity is presented for a fuller enjoyment ot the facilities offered by the 41 Community Safety Councils associated with the National Safety Council. Collec tively. 30 Councils reach 80S.WO school children through 3.141 meetings. Railroad safety representatives, cooperating with such local Councils, have an excellent oppor tunity of extending the gospel of careful crossing over railroads. These Councils hold vast numbers of other meetings and should be regarded as fertile soil. 5T5-Slfr th Wl I ma pic ve: ex: for sat we the rai. Ih f7 ' ial )hio Railroad yeara of railroad ion to safety into is inherently sate as convinced himiselr docs not need .tiistic and tvho is outine sen-ice are "dd say their home work any mental i their duties, and not become easily to face any sitna-1 per cent ot the Iters but that they problem we have. anything occurring king. employees of -:<ie and tlie thine* with alt. Their They seem to get J.pless. nt efforts ot those safety campaigner work, to constantly practices. These the unsafe. ivd as the fatalists m all to itself. ... intensive and rif that any large >ve censored myself "is type, because in r -a the service, due rse about this type -.1 to the possibility 'eristics. Generally thoughts are along ful individual. with 'Is his private habits :idy response from belongs, his family, reach him through . the success of these e supervising officer safely to his gang, elf. s 1 ! *' 1 i ; i '! 1 { i > Safety Section, .l.R.A.--Steam Railroad Section, .YS.C. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION Ocrober 5, 1932 417 Report of Committee on Train Service Accidents By D. G. PHILLIPS Superintendent of Safety, The Wabash Railway The speaker said in part: In the year 1931. out ot 3.099 fatalities and 33.636 per sons injured, according to reimrts to the Interstate Commerce Commission, 4,624 of these fatalities and 1S.849 of the persons injured occurred in train service accidents. While it is true that a large proportion oi these fatalities occurred in grade crossing accidents and to trespassers, it is also true tliat over half of the fatalities to employees on duty occurred in uhat is known as train service accidents and about one-third of the injuries to employees occurred in train service accidents. We f'cel. therefore, that we are justified in saying that the prevention of train service accidents is probably the most important safety problem confronting us today, as far as accidents in and around railroads are concerned. Under the heading "coupling or uncoupling cars or locomotives" in 1931 12 persons were killed and 394 persons injured. This may be compared for the year 1930. when 30 persons were killed and 604 injured. The year 1931. therefore, shows a decrease of 60 per cent in the number ot fatalities and 35 per cent in the number of personal injuries: and these may be compared further with the record for 1920, when there were 151,latalitjjrs and 2.430 injuries due to this cause. The pejneipar reason ior personal injuries under this heading is due to employees stepping in hetween moving cars, usually at a time when coupling is about to'he made, to determine if the knuckle has fully opened, to adjust location of couplers, or to adjust the coupling or uncoupling lever, with the result that they are caught hetween the couplers; or perhaps due to tripping or falling while performing this act. and arc thus run over by the car. Our remedy ior correcting this dangerous practice is for each ami every railroad to make a positive and definite, rule prohibiting employees from going lictwecn moving cars when nearing each oilier, to examine the employers to see that the rule is understood by them, and tliat supervisory omeers see that the rule is cniorccd. Under the heading "coupling or uncoupling air or steam hose." hi 1931. 13 persons were killed anti 175 persons injured, which may be comfured with the record for 1930. when 7 persons were killed and 232 injured. The increase of 86 per cent in the number of fatalities is decidedly rccrettahle. although the record shows a decrease uf 24 per cent in tiie number of injuries. The principal cause of employee injuries under this head is due to their failure to protect themselves by performing this work in accordance with the rules. The remedy for this class of accidents where car men are employed rests in a full and complete enforcement of the blue signal rule which i? quite uniform on allrailroads. Railroad managements should improve tin's blue signal so as to make it as efficient as iiosssihie. The rule should also govern, the placing oi the blue signal so as to make sure that it is in a location where it will serve the best purpose as a signal to warn train, engine and yard men who iniclit lie guided by it. Where en gine is coupled onto ears and trainmen are performing ibis work- without blue, signal protection, they should not permit themselves to gel huo a plarr win-re an unexpected movement of the cars might cause an accident, without first notifying the engine man and fireman so as to he fully protected. Under the heading "operating hand brakes." in 1931 there were IS fatalities and S24 persons injured, as compared with the record for 1930 when 26 persons were killed and 1.134 injured. The year 1931 sliosvs a deers-ase of 31 per cent in i-' -r t in the yards from SUOO to tgii our 33 main thout one dollar's a damage >* only . to my mind, hoi nceraing railroad! of doubt--public i-ther industry can Kiremeiit lias been to invite lawyers, g of life tn attend -ine had these men .-.a were doinc in. on generally in a \au of Safety, remission accident iuvesticaremission. How- doolced and which not only to the riiate cause of an him develop the .netstiy occurs, and -<a of impressing rrencc of acci- aecidcnts. however I by competent in* of a similar char-- far the principal what disciplinary Tliere the matter important side of a view to profiting he right direction. -Tied is on the job '. General officers. 1 Federal Commissness of wliat has < are learned that .^eguence so far as c is no commotion . although the small an accident should if so-called major i'iifrty Section, A.K..-1.--Steam Railroad Section, XS.C. 423 It may be argued that fin one has lime to dignify minor accidents by careful and painstaking investigation, but the answer to any such argument is that it they are investreated carefully and with sufficient thoroughness to bring out any under lying condition or situation which may exist, the time soon will come wiien there ; will not be very many to investigate, and we may rest assured that the occurrence of major accidents will decrease just as rapidly as do the minor accidents. Further^ more, all employees involved are available for questioning. whereas in the more disastrous accident important witnesses are oiten permanently silent. Raiiroad casualties have been decreasing fnr years, although, just what the ; immediate trend is I cannot pretend to say; you may rest assured, however, that 1 they willcontinue to decrease, but only if ail accidents are treated with the im portance they deserve. As to the steps to he followed by the various railroads in j this humanitarian work, "these must be worked out for each individual organization. They all have the same object in view, the saving of life and limb, and I do not : believe that anything can impress itself to any better advantage on the rank and ; file of railroad workers in the way of accident prevention than to have the investi gation of the minor accident, regardless of its character, as thoroughly and pains takingly handled as the investigation of the major accident. The investigation oi ' the major accident obviously would take more time because of more tacts to be * developed, and more evidence of one kind or another to he considered, but aside j from tlie question oi volume there would appear to be no difference in the investiga| tion itself. The result to be accomplished is the same in each, and only by hani uling it in the same manner can those results be best attained. WEDNESDAY AFTEKNOON SESSION October 5. 1932 Value of "Safe Practices" Committees By F. HARTENSTIEN Assistant to General Manager. Lehigh Valley Railroad The speaker said in part: In our efforts to reduce the number of casualties Mi the railroads it becomes natural for us to analyze their causes and if possible adopt ways and means to prevent rqietition. After a careful study of this .-object. and considering that 75 per cent or more of the injuries that occur on the railroads arc the result of unsafe practices, it appears to be in order to make a change in our safety organization that is adaptable or more in keeping with the cause;- whicii arc respcttiiblt :r.r producing unsatisfactory safety rccqrd;. With the hope and ; cpectatiou that a citaugc in the name oi safety committees to that oi "safe practices committees.'' will ho conducive uf better results, it is recommended P< the lr.tiv.Lers of the Section that such a chance be made. The chance is recommended for the purpose ul inspiring carriti! c::tpi>*yees who are dependable safety workers to caution their co-workers wiien they observe Iimii doing anything that is liable to result in personal injury. Also, to more cleariy instill in the minds oi committees and other employees that the causes of the majority oi personal injuries on the railroad are irom unnecessarily taking chances and their discontinuance will lie a larcc contribution to the goal that uc arc strug gling to make by the end of the year 10.33. Ii it is decided to chance the name of committees it should lie undcr-tood that reporting any unsafe conditions observed on railroad property must imt l-c dis continued. but a carctul analysis of the records indicate that a very small percentage of our injuries occur- from defects and unfavorable conditions, and the change suggested should direct the attention of officers and employers to the real rca-ou for the majority oi railroad accidents. f mwmi imjytjijp. 42S T:vculy.first Congress--National Safety Council oi train, a trainman nay go over the running board it necessary (o get on top of the train to extinguish lire or pas* signals. If anythinc should develop on the engine requiring getting out on the running board to fix it. and such work cannot be deterred, the train must stop between stations to permit it to be done. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 6, 1932 Power Apparatus in Maintenance of Way Work By LEM ADAMS Engineer, Maintenance of Way, Union Pacific System The .speaker said in part: Die maintenance of way employees on any railroad .are constantly beset with hazards of accidents. When the motor car is set on the track ior the day's work there is a potential hazard of being struck by a train, an .automobile at a grade crossing, or another track car. Hence we surround them with innumerable rules and regulation* to safeguard their mortmems. Men in this branch of railroad service must constantly be on the alert to protect themselves. Their tools are watched closely for the smallest defect that might result in. injury from particles oi flying steel, and tlie very best-.steels ami heat treating methods are used to provide tools that will be as nearly tool-proof as possible. Yet with all these precautions, we still have accidents. Pcriaps a rail is struck with a spike maul when a spike is not properly hit. or a sledge liammer tails when striking a track chisei in cutting a rail, and we have a cut or eye injnry from flyinc steel, or an adze strikes a knot in a cross-tie when adzing for gauge and a foot is cut. Or perhaps a bar slips, or the trip gives way when operating a ratchet jack for spotting track, and we have a broken arm or other serious injury. These tilings are especially prevalent when large groups of men are working in a rail renewal or ballasting gang. With such a picture before us. wc maititainence of way men have for years been thinking in terms oi machinery to do the more arduous anti dangerous operations. Then. too. we were thinking in.terms of efficiency, for safety and efficiency usually go hand in hand. fTIte speaker then showed a score <( more of lantern slides illustrating various types of power equipment employed in maintenance of way work.) This set oi equipment is one of our best safety agents. However, all power operated tools arc uniortunately not the safest to use. although tlwy are great labor savers, home toois in this class are the power saw. the sandblast tor cleaning sur faces preparatory to repainting, the power drill for cither rail or bridge work, and many others--but efficiency and accuracy oi work demand tliefr use. and with proiKtr care on the part of the r.|.crators they can he handled safely. Planning for Safety in Track Construction By FRANK R. BRADFORD Director of Safety & Fire Prevention. Boston Sc Main Railroad The speaker aid in part: My object in being here is to show you a picture illustrating oitc ot the modern methods oi main line rail renewal. The operation, which is notable in many respects, is the outcome of the idea tlut the old estab lished methods oi rail renewal were no longer justified front the standpoint oi economy, advantage of the operating department, or safety to the maintenance of met). aMi AC' m jS'iiji SQf:S'j! .vysV.i; 1W* n>k ijll'llj m 434 Turntv-first Congress--tYutioiuif Sufcty Council flQf Avoiding gettiu!,' men excited hy unnecessary hollering on tiie job. etc. HI) Have ail laborers examined as to physical condition before employment. The report of the resolutions committee was then presented by }. A. Lone of the Delaware ft Hudson Railroad, Otairman, and two resolutions were formally pre sented and adopted by the Section defecates. The first was a resolution of condolence upon tbe death of J. Fianacin, Manacer, Safety Department. Giicaco. Milwaukee. St. Paul & Pacific Railroad. Tlic second resolution acknowledged with tliauks and appreciation efforts of all who bad participated in makinc the Washington Coucrtss Session successful. Report of the Nominating Committee The report of tbe tellers who canvassed the election of officers for the Section, was made by J. J. Hcavey, The Erie Railroad, and announcement was made oi the election as follows ; Chairman of the Srcliem--Claries E. Hill, General Safety Acent. New York Central Lines. First Vice-Chairman--C. L. LaFountaine. General Safety Supervisor. Great Northern Railway. Second Vire-Chairmau--H. A. Parish. Assistant to General Manacer, Giicaco 4 North Western Railway. Members selected for the Committee of Directions for the Ettsuine Year: Eastern Territory--F. Hartenstein. Assistant tn General Manacer. Lcliich Valley Railroad: H. A. Rowe. Manager. Oaims Department, Delaware, [jckawanna aad Western Railroad. S'etr Enntand Territory--C N. Woodward. Assistant to General Manacer, New York. New Haven Hartford Railroad. Southern Territory--Roliert Scott. Director Insurance & Safety. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. Canadian Territnrr--A. O. Reck. Director, First Aid St Accident Prevention. Canadian National Railways. Members of the Cammitler an iVominatian for the cnsuinc year: F. W. Curtis. Supervisor. Safety & Fire Prevention. Denver ft Rio Grande Western Railroad. Chairman: PL G. Evans, Superintendent nf Safety. Louisville A Nashville Railroad: C. F. Larson. Superintendent nf Safety, Missouri Pacific Railroad: F. M. Metcalfe. Superintendent of Safety. Northern Pacific Railway: J. C Pratt. Supervisor of Safety. The Redding Company.The closing minutes nf the session were devoted to the introduction of the new eitairman. Oinrles PL Hill, and to .appreciative and eulogistic remarks concerning the services rendered hv officers of the section during the past year. ADJOl-iiXMEXT J TIV General C Mass. Vice-Cha Secretary Wool e Chairman A- Ha Chairman Worces Chairman Conn. Chairman R. L Chair-man ford, Members Ajrnti Russi to Walt M JOHJt Paul Tlic ope: tvith Gene Piiy, Dost officers ant