Document JQ311VokVbaG6EZy8Ddodvme

LIA09693 * - * LEAD INDUTrJ~3 ASSOCIATION ' >, W <ti5 t***.: C>? AVSHVZ (estiv t'Csve it , #t. r. KSTAUJC t. 9 WSCBSCtB oevcuax ts$> m ts ZLTgrjzm * t-? -.' ? - :- ' tv-'*-, p. r-", 1&&3 A v-csMxa $5 :. *' Tr's t&sa tsfcte*3 cS tfcs Iss ei":- ~'i! fh*** to &E-rrf sa Is srod is SAs P-t-ilfora, eltia." pa? w as c rf-s- i. cU-rv-cj; '"C"" --`i> & wliii;* r-S tr*i.zi tssuls. Ess it is ed cad c.iu-'i 14 gpws ia is tetrtM' brt&lL/ fester, BUftosvCti Baeterssad Ciecsss of tbs e roS^lra fl-ca Its sres, lacd was ess of tbs first astala wsd ty is*. lsad f4.pa z'z:~C:: .tcsad \(j csrir-s chMt load tc/^thar let eddsr- leg tla tarn ms toad fey Us e,v.'v' Lucas ft? c-c.-Leting drinking water, Arch!too* torclly, loci sirred a* a rsr5,,;\j KtlssrlsL j>,- public teilldir.33 t.ii church**, Tbs fte4s dess of St. Son* la is laid ccvvrtd. Ih# fl*rs of tha Hanging Gords.'a cf Babylon rj leed srrRsr'sd to rstsia tba ccisture nsosstary for tbs refu tation. Lead was u**d la tbs erst ruction of tbs first ooestfu-clal sulphuric sold box ehoebors feailt la 17U6 la Eafilsad. Prodactlen load Is sinod primarily *s tbs aulpSdda (galena), tbs balk of tbs dosastl# or* coed.a; fraa soutbaastara Missouri and tbo Lortioastarn Slat**. Load on is us ually aseocistod with lino or*. Th or* slxtors is eru*h*d and (round to fins powdar and swparatad by tbs flotation process, load Is rsoorwrod by seeltlng in s blast farase*. A lsad blast furaaes is sisdlar to an iron blast furracs but constructed on a 1sailer seal* and, of course, operates at lew tasperaturrs, Ora, 001* and llssston* ocnstltut* th* conal furcac* charfa. 0jqrfn-rji chad blast 1* on* of tbs latest darelcpseat# in lead scalt- i. Load bullion or unrsflnod lsad centalnln* other nstallie oonstitoorrls Is d o really fira refleoi,* that is, it is hastsd in larj* kettles und*r controlled oenditiers to reoicre and usually re-sem* silver, gold, copier, Bins snd se--as other stals, For sssss.ols, gold and rilrwr rty adasnle-s* cf tbs feat Ust tfcoss two ciials bars s (rsatar f 'I'ity for si*.3 th.aa fer 1 ^a -I. ft/ dolibwsts- ly adtUes tine to l*ad teullioft coat Euli r;,3 c'lrrr, thsro tso vat&abl* sls- setts fena s dr*-fd.lv*rvgold Rixt.-.* b Sv?s-r--'-*tl7 floats ts tfu tp cf tbs bsth *r4 is nsss-ssd tjr sklssine. Anv 3 n'-' tr':,; in tbs lead is r***' '*'4 ty Croat- Irg s ra-5u*a ever tbs coltea tittl g<.. i tbs tins 01 ;rtts# and osiv'sr.-* ts erysials on the cold top of t!<o . V > lc - .- r tsebal^os bss b**o rssaaO/ p*rf*ot*d snd Is know as tfts Fasuua y-xrji ProC<?S, N 3037 LIA09694 lead As An Engineering Ssterial Tire refining dots not rmcve blasnth tad seas other rtr* elanaste which are close to' load In thir characteristics. In ordr to ratio* bullion high la those crisis, tha electrclytlo refining process la used. Only eras aceh plant, la>ver, la in exletaaoe today la thla country, grades ot toad Specific*Ilona hate boon established by tba Aasrlcaa Society for Tacting Materials for tha ssrloot tppse and grades f laad that arc av&llabia ecasaardally. the peraat grade la referred to aa "eerrodlng laad,* els^ly beoaaea It u weed originally ia the nanufacturs of iftite laad where tha present* of aotalUo 1purities would dlaoolor the product. tb aoat eoasaocly used priaary laad la "charInal grede." Thla la stained chiefly froa sowtbsaatora Eiescurl oraa which retain a wall percentage of aHver (0.002 to 0.02?) and copper (O.OL to 0.08$) ia tha refined *etal. Thla grade la refarrad to la tha trada aa ebaeical laad because it ia us ad prlaarlly hy tha chad,sal industry. Tha presence of ellvsr aad copper wera found to add to tha corroaloo re sistance and Lcprcvw creep and fatigue resistance. Coaaon laad" la tha type Boat often encountered outside of tha chaelcal Industry and comiota essentially of secondary lead, that laj laad recovered froa crap sources and refined to asst ASTk apeclflcatlom. Antisocial or "hard lead" ia ordinary laad to which haa been added anywhere froa 1 to 12 percent ar.tisony. Thia terrea to harden the laad and iaprowa tha physieal characteristic*. Krwevvr, it oust be reseabered that the pretence of antlnoay lowers the aeltlng point and does not ordinarily enhance lead's corrosion character istics. "Tellurlot lead" la chtaleal lead to which haa been added appradjcately 0.06 percent telluri.ua. Tellurlua retards grain growth and thereby Increases tha fatigue resistance. fabrication Lead la sade into sheet by easting it into slaba about $ feet hy 10 feat by it Inches and reducing to sheet thickness on special rolling Bills, because of its softness, laad is relatively easy to roll Into sheet fres foil thickness up to 2 inches. Average sheet length la 20 feet. An unusual systew of sheet alia Btasureoent haa developed through tha years that la unique to tha lead Industry, Thickness of lead sheet Is referred to in tares of weight per square foet. In ether words, l/l inch thick leed is referred to aa 16-lb. lead, A rule cf thtsbi 1 square foot of X/6u inch thick laad weighs 1 pound and la designated 1-lb. Because of its ejctrodabillty, wuoh laad is fabrioatad in tha for* of pipe, A solid cylinder of lead Is forced by a hydraulically driven raa through approprt stely iMpad dl*s to fora pipe up to 12 inches outside disaster and virtually any orossoectlooal shape. LIA09695 mmm ,. . _ ,I*d M>n fe^irwing toterlal_______ ______ -3- Ccllspoibli tube* ter tectfcperte, shaving cracs, ccloro-An-oilj eta,, nr* ofUa asde of lead, They are fcreed by a process tewma to irjdei osirarLfa in which Qa buttes containing ejvuji tutorial ter cse tula ta struck end tercet t-i fiso around a tuSe#Lapsd dio. By using a button hating a thin layer of tin oa cm eti&f & lead tvi> can be produced with on* olds tin coated. Ibis eyua is used where bright ap pearance or oerrodon miiteioe is required, 1**A aslta at 621F so it is relatively esey to Join tegatbs? by trslc&as. Far ttts ftnocss o^tydroc*? la *d with assy k s UL fcarosr tip.3, load to land in t&t* aaor,3'r without solder Is Irneas io tha trade os "lead L; vn2r,je" &eta> ally a *d*arsr, tfes lead is not burned but earaly eslted enti flc-svd t^itfasr. ' Saldwir is a process fciSliar to voryooe, Solder Itself is catuliy an alloy of liO parent tin and 60 per** Isod. ?y efton load la Joinsd together by wossa of colder* load wiping io a ojaci^.1 scohod of jdtiss le&d list ten been weed for years by plwcb&ra and cable eflio-urs. ka tbs tora tellies, load wiping oocii-.lfflte Firmly of wiping solder (aataiiy hQ*4Q) while it is in the pleatio or pasty rang* around the pieces of laad to bs joined* Why Lead Is Peed In the Chosieal Industry load he* played an itportent role in the chssical Industry sines the tins wise ohwicsl engineerirg was practiced by the alchcelst. the chief rosson for its use is lead's (1) excellent corrosion resistance, especially to sulphuric add froa dilute up to 96 percent acid. In addition to sulphuric acid, lead la noted for its resistance to phosphoric, ehredo and hydrofluoric adds, and salts of nost of these chewioals as well as sulphur dioxide and othv corrosive (Uses. Another reason for lead's use in the chedeal industry Is Its (2) low oort coopered to ether corrosion resistant aaUrlal*. Adding to its econcede ad vantage la that (3) It ean be salvaged easily and (M has a high scrap value (as inch as 75 percent of the original cost). Cnee Installed (5) the ease with which lead aay be repaired also adds to its appeal* Bow Lead Is Peed at a lUterlal of Chesrioal Construction Lead Is naturally soft and although occasionally used alone, wore often it is supported by an external fraaevork cf wood or steal. Frequently, steel or wooden vassals are lined with loose sheet lead fastened at intervals with lead cov ered steel straps. A relatively never wethod of lining ret salt with lead is to bond tbs lead directly to the shell of the steel vessel, this is brown as bonded lsad linlx or laad oladdirg. The bond way be eccoapllehed by weans of a thin adder flla betsreea the lead and the steal, or by binding the laad directly to the steel. Tbs direct bond is usually aeeocplished by first preparing the surface of the steel vessel by shot blasting or pickling, and then fluxing with xolten slneawnot.l'js chloride, stannous chloride or certain proprietary fluxes, Tht lead Is then aslted and banded to the steel by hand using load burning bars and torches or it Is poured on In large sheets at a tlwe, Soseilaes, In the case of regular shapes, Dthis Is followed by rolling to ccnpres* the lead. While wore expensive as a re sult of the labor Involved, Vrdc-1 lead lined v >els are flndirg wider acceptance la industry today because by t'is suthod the corrosion reslstar.ee of lead ean be oowtir.si with tha greater phyeieal atrengvn of the steel shell. Higher Op, re ting tc<aPratures aore prevalent in Industry today, require this type of lining. LIA09696 _______ As Aa. E&sL&Jorlng Jfcstsrlal.____________ ________________ __________ __________ . ________ -It- Za waay processes, lead pip* cells inside tha vassal an used for cooling purposes aod oooasier.':l.ly ter beating with gtoaa or hot water, Tor an with atvaa t t pr* spurrs ssc-ecdlng 0 and up to 150 pooeds ales* pressure* lead covered ocyper colls an preferred, Eero a*i.a, u In t beried lirtlnj, tl greater etr'fth and boat transfer characteristics of copper are ecablnal with the oorrcolon racistaao* of lead* I*d pipa asS Ksstelt# are tssd widely for co-dsrtlr-; corrosive li^rsidi and fjss. wr.-tra tin %s&i pipe 1* e&epcsslsd It la e*:v.n prastiw ts tiibor lay ilk In a trough csr uso lead ltnsd east Iren or stool pips, the latter eeaoiata of or dinary pip* la t'Hch is placed a lead pip espsaded ty hydraulic presaurs to fit Kglj. lead In PlaaMai lead for nrny rears has bom used in household esd Industrial planting. It is used to conduct drinking water froa the cast irea eator salsa in the street to the bouse. Inside the bouja, it Is used in tbe foa of pip* for wastes* lsad traps beneath basins* tubs end showers* lead bonds a water closets end occasionally as wont pip*. In practically all caaes* tbs lead pipo is joined by wiping. 0 A surprisingly large enewrt of lead is also used In conjunction with east iron water ealns axd eoil pipe which is used to conduct waste to tbe sesar or for renting purposes, Bara It terras as s calking notarial to fora a water-tight seal between tbe section* at pipe. Usually tbe lead la welted and poured Into tbe joist and then ealkwd with special tool*. Sonatinas if It Is impractical to use woltea lead* as under wry wolst coalitions, lead wool is used Instead, Because of its self-weldability lead wool la easily consolidated or cal bod into a solid water-proof *** Architectural Applications Architecturally* lead also sees considerable senrloe* west prominently as s roofing and flashing waV-rial, Hera, its corrasl on resistance and pleasing gray color are the chief advantage*. It Is also usid for gutters, chimney caps, planting boa linings* status** spandrels, leaded glass winders and other trnawental devices, load ooeted copper is occasionally used for roofing and flashing purposes, lead Is used for anchoring objects to sasonry. lead anchor bolts are available which have cast lead plugs as an integral part, When the belt Is tightened* it expands tbs lead inside tbe watonry and thereby forms a secure anohor, lead Coatings A matbvr of objects are coated with lead containing less than J percent tin plus sows iHv.r and antlaony by the process known as "hot dipping.* This is etwwvhat similar to hot dip galvanising. Tome plate Is usvd <juite extensively la lrriustry, It is sale in the ih o wanner at tin plate except that Instead of purs tin, an alloy ft le*d end IS to ?S percent of tin la used. Largo quantities of sheet steel are terra plated and used in Mldng paint cans, gasoline tanks for stt- tornbiles and ether wetallle containers roqulrina corrosion resistance, Objects emds by deep-drawing sheet steel use terra plate because lead's lubricating oharso- O eerlstlos facilitate the drawing operation. i LIA09697 Lutd kfl An Ssgiaeuring KaUirtal i prAlcat&eaa Xa the electrical Industry, the ehitf on for load and aloe the greatest ccnsusser of load is ths atc-raga battery, Storage batteries contain, an tho n>rg, 25 pauisis ef rto-;rart,Xo lead. This includes both tho load alloy usod for uc.Mng griia as call ca th load ozidas used os the battery plate*. He x la tha top third ot tla lecd ecerjrirw; industries is the anufaotur* of cable e&ssSstislr. A eheaih for cable rrsrH-er telephone or pewer, tnsst be (1) oosv rcslaa rueijrfe&Et asd ispsrvieu* to ths atas-sphire art soil rater, (2) fieribio nosgSj to ba ciled o b reals end drscfn ttehKh cacfoits and, (3) it East be able to be asirtsdad to fora a ccBliaacu* sheath around the wires la a cable. Za csstsln applications copper wire is coated with laed fcafere being cover* with nftr insulation feeesaso the ralp^t? crapst#.* in sera rubferrs attach copper and, else versa, c o . -a ? affects esse Insulating rat-tials adversely. Tha presence of a lead coating olladnurtaa aay reaction between tha copper and rubber. Plating In tha plating industry, particularly chrcad.ua, copper and tdckwl plating, lead la oaod as a tank lining raurial, as an anode, and for heating ocil*. It is used for too reasons harei (1) Because load is noraally resistant to attack froa the acid electrolytes used in plating these oatala and (2) because any corrosion products that sight be forced do not affect tha plating operation or the final ap pearance of the plate, i acre recent dmlopacnt in this industry it tht anodising process in which a cold sulphuric acid electrolyte is used, lead or lead covered copper calls are used to cool the anodising solutions by scans of circulating brine or trace and tha tanks thraeelves are lead lined. Beet Treating Lead is used in aany stool heat treating operation instead of aoltea salts because (1) it can be operated at higher t<*p*rature* without fraing (up to about 1300T), (2) it does not sbsorb cclsture, (3) it docs not erode ths ratal being treated, and (U) it has excellent boat transfer oharacteristles. Bearings Host freight cars run on bearings consisting ef a layer of lead-tln-entieony alloy supported by a bronse shall (00 ooppr-10 tln-10 lead). Lead base bearing ratals offer high resistance to cDepression yet are oft enough to prevent wear of the rare costly and hard to replace axle. They poe tess the plasticity caeesocry to absorb foreign particles which nomally would score tho shaft, when the baarir.es hive served tholr useful life, their high scrap value rakes for eocnooio replacmerrt, Lead base bering ex-tal* also ccnfora rad adjust auteoatloally to slight irregularities in the aachining and aiigrasnt of the shaft. Copper-lead bearlrgs are used In autorabilea, Coaposlte bearings consistlng of thin 1**4 babbitt 00 a aatrlx of copper and rdckal pewdars sintered on a steal Obecking have been used in autcsoblles, in average of 2 to It percent lead powder la used in sintered ratal powder bearings cf ths self-lutrlcsting type. !WBff'.m.ajiwyiiy j j r LIA09698 V _ La&d As An Engineering b&Urial_ Eadletioa Pmtoctlga kj Lfld Is c.itd o,tiv*rarity for prct^ctlas patients end operating pcnctsaX fW> hxnsful exposure to Jt-rayu and gsesa raj's esltUd by Cro-sbs's tubas. betatrons, and radian as rail s octal t &)> tasislaa Hi? sal other radioisotopes, Lead does act iicolf bases* radioactive and fcanos can t used as long ta required fcrsd coved to ether location without fear of rt-iioactiTS coataRiaatian, Po? very Jjtrgs atcsic cser-zy inrtallaticsta, particularly tLsea Min; ds- tlad Area the ground up, shitld&is li medtr;. Mated by using thick corsrtto call* oftea ean&iefead with relatively tL/' tec-id e? Iced* fTobsbijr the fcilh ef itso Ised 0^^ for prctectloa clxxlu raiietira io iu the feis of east lead ship* pJj-.?; eent&l&sns end Misha ehcefc tbs elso c? c c c t s m btditilag feriefes* Gaia; lead bricte, barrier* can be constructed In preetloclly any loosViea and to protect egainst any degree of radiation* Ear ifeash bead ie Pssd sw euy ton* ef lead ere actually ooncmad by Acerioan industry in a yesrt In 195U, this figure was 1*072,000 tons. Last year o productd free, our can Bins* .6,000 tons and 1*65,000 tens ware recovered from secondary sources each as eld storage batteries and oatte sheathing, Froe this it is obvious tbit this oocntry census.** sore lead each year than it produce*. to account for this about Uj0,000 tons were imported Pros other oour.trias like tUxieo, Canada and South Aaerioa with laaa than half coning from overseas toureae, The difference beteoen consuspttoo end production is tads ep of changes in stock and {averment stockpiling. Ehera Bbct It Oo tbs biggest eonsnars are the manufacturer* of storage batteries. Vert, and a poor second, are the manufacturers of tetraethyl lead. Third and fourth arc oable sheathing and construction* Future Outlook Despite predict!one nade twenty year* age that we would hare no lead today, lead la still plentiful and its continuing supply is assured for many years to coos, ** nines hare been opened and aort of the old ones here not as yet hit bottom* Lead Is fortunate exerg the *4tile in that the bulk of its use* are recur ring! that it, after being usod it cor. be eel raged and returned to the market as secondary metal ready for re-use. Storage batteries and cable shaethlng, two of tbs larger eeueinrt of load are typical examples cf recurring uses. As an engineerirg material, lcad'a character!ttle* are so divers* that as old uses diminish, r.v ores such as thosa described earlier are dove loped. In addi tion to new applications, new alloys haring improved properties have enhanced the us* of lead for nary old eppliertior.*. The r.sw n alloy for cable sheathing has dsaonstrsted greatly improved fatigue and creep eharsctsrietlcs. Calelta-lead grid octal bae lengthened the service life of storage batitrles for stand-by "float* service. Other alloys have laprovtd tie performance of storage batteries for automotive use, tank lining* for threw!-as platlrg, ate, The Deed Indutrits Association i* clerey* willing to cooperate without ebligation In the solution ef prohlu involving lead. Inquiries should be addressed ta UO Usingten Aver.ue, bow Tor* 17, *.T, < j j t j | f : | i !