Document JNyr9G5vBRVK2Ma700YBKbkQO

FILE NAME Industrial Hygiene Foundation IHF DATE 0000 DOC IHF045 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Book Excerpt . SUPPLEMENT I SUMMARY OF REPORT OF MEDICAL COMMITTEE A. J. LANZA M.D. Chairman The report to be published is planned as a comprehensive treatise on the subject of silicosis More than merely a detailed technical report on various medical phases it attempts to present the subject as an entity and in a form which will appeal to the industrialist and the layman Chapter I points out that dust is a natural may be said a normal constituent of the air and it shows how it can be- come a menace to human beings There is a brief history of silicosis and the more interesting and important theories and fallacies that were advanced to explain it Those phases of silicosis which have been the subject of research are detailedthose which have been settled more or less conclusively and those which have not Chapter II is a brief history of silicosis in foreign countries mostly within the British Empire Chapter III is a history of silicosis in the United States The various industries are examined one by metal mining coal mining iron mining granite sandstone marble slate tale diatomaceous earth excavation in building and construction potteries porcelain glass and cement abrasives foundries rockwool asbestos a synopsis of experimental research in the United States Chapter IV deals with the nature of silicosis and tuberculosis the pathology diagnosis and prevention This is obviously the most technical chapter in the report However the authors and contributors have endeavored to express their knowledge and experience as clearly and as concisely as possible The conclusion of the report is a summary which is given below The extensive studies of silicosis in this country and abroad have given us a very clear idea of the cause of this disease its pathology its complications and its prognosis On the basis of our present knowledge it may be stated that Silicosis results only from the inhalation of dust con taining free silica SiO2 The time required for the development of silicosis varies from a few years to twenty or more depending on the 7 concentration of the silica particles in the air and on the constancy of exposure Beginning silicosis is recognizable only by properly taken roentgen films of the chest small nodular shad- ows distributed throughout both lungs are the char- acteristic appearance There are no other symptoms or physical signs associated with early simple silicosis which can be depended upon for making a diagnosis Associated with silicosis is a marked predisposition to tuberculosis In the majority of cases of severe silicosis a tuberculous infection is found Silicosis can be prevented by protecting the industrial worker from inhaling silica dust This may be accomplished by reducing the concentration of dust in the atmosphere or the use of suitable respirators or similar devices The first method is always the method of choice Concentrations to which the dust must be reduced in order to be safe have not been absolutely determined There is evidence that a concentration of more than five million particles per cubic foot of a highly siliceous dust is dangerous Therefore it may be stated that it is desirable to avoid counts of more than five million particles of dust containing free silica to a high percent in working places Granite dust which contains about % free silica when in concentrations of ten to twenty million particles per cubic foot has been found not to cause disabling silicosis in a working lifetime Anthracite dust containing less than % free silica has been found not to cause dis- abling silicosis anthraco in concentrations of less than fifty million particles per cubic foot Industrial dusts containing silica are frequently not all silica being mixed with other materials It is possible that some of these silica components may prevent or modify the action of silica in the body and may alter the tendency towards a complicating tuberculosis Asbestos which is a silicate is the only dust other than free silica which has been shown to cause a lung fibrosis with disability Asbestosis called is distinct from silicosis both in its pathology and appearance on roentgen films Simple is uncomplicated as seen in in- dustries in the United States causes relatively little severe disability 8 Control of silicosis calls for adequate medical and engineer- ing measures Medical Control A practical program of employ- ment and periodic examination of all workers exposed to dust containing silica is essential Such examinations should in- clude a complete physical examination of each individual a careful history of past occupational exposure to dust and a chest roentgenogram with a standard technic The value of such procedure may be summarized as follows Protection of prospective employees who may have dis- eased lungs from silica exposure Discovery of the hazardous jobs as a result of finding the silicosis cases in order to eradicate these hazards Discovery of active and open cases of tuberculosis which are in contact with other employees especially protect- ing the younger workers who are susceptible to con- tact infection Discovery through periodic examination of those with inactive tuberculosis of any reactivation of their tuber- culosis before they have been active too long so as to protect especially the younger employees Such early dis- covery of a reactivation also offers the infected individ- ual a better chance for cure of his tuberculosis Discovery of the early cases of simple silicosis through periodic examination to give them added protection from further excessive dust exposure Determination through periodic physical examination of the adequacy of the dust control program A careful consideration of the foregoing summary as well as the varied experiences of the members of the Medical Committee clearly indicate that there is a wide field for research still in this matter of pulmonary dust diseases There is no phase of employee health which concerns the employer more than does this question of dust diseases and the ever ipcreasing extent to which the employees health is being made a responsibility of the employer demands that every available op- portunity for increasing our knowledge be explored We still do not know the nature of the relationship between silicosis and tubercle infection We do not know the extent to which exposure to silica dust to an amount insufficient to silicosis cause definite may reactivate arrested tuberculosis ' The following research projects are listed therefore for the consideration of Air Hygiene Foundation Relationship between silicosis and tuberculosis with especial reference to the question of activation or re- 9 activation of tubercle infection consequent upon exposure exposure to silica especially in massive doses over a short period in the absence of definite evidence of silica action nodulation in the tissues One of the phases of the dust question that has given rise to a great deal of confusion and misunderstanding is this question of the possible effects of the inhalation of large amounts of silica for a short time Cases have occurred of individuals being so exposed it being understood that the length of exposure was not sufficient to develop true silicosis and these individuals have later succumbed to tuberculosis What are we therefore justified in concluding with respect to the possible occupational causes of tuberculosis in such individuals These and similar questions are of utmost importance to employers and employees alike The effects of other substances upon the action of silica in the body It has been claimed from time to time with a considerable amount of justification that where other substances are present in the dust along with the silica these substances may modify the action of silica That is to say they may retard the action of silica so as to actually prevent or at least delay the development of silicosis while on the other hand certain other sub- stances have been credited with greatly intensifyitnhge action of silica The real nature of these cases of quick- ly developing silicosis to which the term acute sili- cosis has been loosely and improperly applied has never been studied in a satisfactory manner 3Study of the mechanism by which silica exerts its in- jurious effects upon the body This to a certain extent is a corollary of number one The pathologist can demonstrate what silica does in the pulmonary and other tissues of the body but so far no reasonable explanation has been offered or demonstrated as to why silica - acts as it does Various explanations have been offered such as that silica acts mechanically chemically and chemically It has also been suggested that the electrical charge of the silica particles may be a factor in its action in the tissues . It is quite probable that if we knew the exact manner in which silica acts and of its relationship to the tubercle bacillus we would have much more useful knowledge with respect to tuberculosis itself Research in the technic of roentgenography 10 It has long been apparent to medical specialists in the field of pulmonary diseases and to roentgenologists that the satisfactory solution of the problem of pulmonary diseases depends upon the earliest possible diagnosis both to insure adequate treatment and prevent further progress of the disease In the last few years the technic of taking ray films has greatly improved Inasmuch as it would appear that to an ever increasing extent preemployment medical examinations will include chest roentgenograms a man may be hired or rejected on the basis of his ray film It is therefore evident that the very best technic that can be evolved is the least with which industry can be satisfied Ren ee Sn SUPPLEMENT II SUMMARY OF REPORT OF PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEE PROF PHILIP DRINKER Chairman The report of the Preventive Engineering Committee having been published by Air Hygiene Foundation and distributed to its members only a brief review of a few of the more import- ant sections of the report will be necessary at this time It should be emphasized that dust control is primarily a maintenance job and should be made routine procedure Granting that a firm applying dust control for the first time is dealing with something which to it is new there is no excuse for not at once adding the necessary equipment to the general production machinery and putting it under the direct respon- sibility of the company's engineers Methods of Determining Dust by Some dusts lead are detercmheimniceadl and the concentrations in air are recorded gravimetrically as milligrams per cubic meter Others as silica are given by particle count which in such cases is the easiermethod Neither whothelwheole story but in either case it may be possible to secure the information necessary for the purpose Present sampling and estimating methods the results by which usually are not comparable one with another will be amended and changed from time to time Where dust control alone is in question however the Preventive Engineering Committee advises the use of the simplest possible pro- cedure which will give the necessary data for guidance No useful purpose would seem to be served by determining accurately extremely dense dust concentrations In such cases it is obvious that the workplace is much dustier than it should be It is probable that any sampling procedure which fixes concentrations in groups 100 apart is sufficient and that the results of any attempts to come closer to the concentration at the moment of sampling are simply misleading Thus ranges sucahs 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-40 etc. suffice for dust control Analysis of Where mixed dusts are involved there are two necessary precautions 1 selection of the sample so that it shall be representative and 2 use of a technic by which the various constituents can be determined 13 Dust Collection The dust collecting plant consists of four essential parts: (a) the exhaust hoods, (b) the piping, (c) the dust arrestor, and (4) the fan or blower. Tf dust collecting is to be installed in any plant, it usually is well worth while studying each process with the help of ex- ; 14 hoods and a portable blower. A seties of such studies gives the engineer the deta he needs for his final design work, and permits him to select with confidence his piping, - dust arrestors, and fans. Published data for the design of hoods is comparatively meager. In practical work the engineer muat rely largely on his own experience and use purely empirical methods. Obviously such lack of data results in needless expenditures of fan power, for the engineer is forced to allow much too large factors of safety. Such data as are available are listed in the following table: 14 H while ' : t for Such exprienc i and while i i; engier practial va fans studying use 4 gf as forced work the fans studying 2? are purely the design each forced design { engier 4 Fy t avilable to purely of proces process i alow ho ds in 3 % | much EI a6 hods 3a confidence neds any must neds a 5 BE i much expnditures hods 3 confidence confidence for for plant x] 2 2 ze to too methods rely compartively z plant plant expnditures csr zi 3 ga3a3 large leaxrgpeenditur.es largely fi3 nhis afinallfinal iusuatlly a usually factors | gC"] 33 4 ae th z is] 3 2 ab beta igan s fe g 3 a\<%s 25 & = =m < qCapture Industrial So x Dusts Certain Dusts Required velocity velocity & 2 ex- is - 3 es we 3 oo oS Hi FPM of FPM P =S 2 8FRRA safe safe safesafe ar s g Visual @ Visual safe FPM test 3 7 safe x FPM 50-200 concentration concentration safe FPM Reduced MH % FPM conetraion conetraion conetraion safe Reduced concentration to #2 2 2 wSs to 4 Bue, 3 Reduced Reduced test conetraion conetraion sale concentration sale < RESE E Reduced Reduced concentration 4 Reduced Reduced conetraion concentration safe safe : FPM q Reduced FPM Reduced concentration concentration sok safe FPM safe FPMa Usual Usual 4 and like now and recomendations recom endations recomndatios recommendations recomendations w tls _&3 Practice be codes . codes o 2 + safe i38 4226 at from the the EEE gate Pio HS aqiigha^' PEFe ie Yr, & e e . COMPENSATION LEGISLATION CRITICAL REVIEW is i : THEODORE C. WATERS yo lw 2 A845 t SE have* In reviewing the activities of Air Hygiene Foundation I | have been impressed with its progress and accomplishments en "; When the organization was originally conceived those of us Interested in its activities felt that it had a definite purpose to serve in the field of industrial hygiene Its officers trustees and committees have devoted their efforts to the solution of 2: many of the problems that have served to perplex our modern Industrial society and I feel that the Foundation is to be Tt congratulated upon its various activities which have proved et to be of material assistance to its member organizations For the past several years we have all benefitted by the research eae work done by the distinguished scientists who have served upon its committees and I know that I express the sentiments i OPS of the member organizations when I thank these committees 5 for the signal services that they have rendered At the last annual meeting of the Foundation we discussed Ca some of the problems presented to industry by the contemplated enactment of legislation compensating occupational Le diseases Since that time many new laws have been enacted creating new problems for those who may be concerned with their administration I have been asked to discuss briefly the bulletin prepared by the Legal Committee which is now being printed and will shortly be submitted to the membership as Legal Bulletin No. 3. In the time that has been allotted to me it would bo impossible to present an intelligent analysis of this bulletin but there are several subjects treated therein that I desire to call to your attention for careful consideration During the past year occupational disease amendments to existing Workmen's Compensation Laws have been enacted + by the States of Delaware Indiana Michigan Pennsylvania Ohio and Washington Therefore today there are twenty states whose laws now provide compensation for occupational diseases In the following states Commissions have been appointed for the purpose of studying and recommending compensation legislation Alabama Georgia Maine New Mexico Arizona Kansas Maryland Oregon ens It is apparent that a new emphasis has been placed upon the need for compensating occupational disease injuries and 51 in the course of the next few years all of the industrial states will have probably enacted laws for this purpose In choosing three of the subjects discussed in the new bulletin I do not mean to minimize the importance of the other subjects treated therein However in view of the present trends of occupational disease legislation the follow- s, During the year 1936 New York State amended its occu- BA: pational disease compensation statute to deny compensation for partial disability due to silicosis or other dust diseases . while during 1937 Ohio Pennsylvania and Michigan passed laws denying compensation for partial disability from the ~ dust diseases ing subjects are of special interest at this time a Provisions compensating partial and total disability from silicosis b Limitation provisions ; c Provisions dealing with employment and The Medical Committee of the Foundation In its Bulletin No. 1 of the Medical Series has recognized the difficulty of evaluating partial disability Similarly the summary report |} of the Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through , Medical Control of the National Silicosis Conference has recognized the intricacies of the problem periodic employment physical examinations of In many instances employees have been advised by phy- employees sicians untrained and inexperienced in the diagnosis and Compensation for Partial and Total . effect of silicosis that they have the disease and thereby have Disability from Silicosis sustained disability Acting on this advice the employee now concerned about his condition leaves his Occupational disease laws generally award compensation even though that trade be the employment for partial and total disability in the same manner and under may only one in which he is able to earn a living He may then find himself unacceptable schedules similar to those for disabilities caused by accidents . for employment elsewhere and becomes unable to In several of the laws recently enacted compensation for partial disability caused by silicosis has been denied The . earn a - living wage with resulting hardships to himself his family ; and eventually to his community which might have been basic theory of the Workmen's Compensation Acts is to pro- avoided had he been properly advised that he vide compensation solely for disability and the legislatures of certain of the states have come to recognize that many Bs no actual disability and that the risk of contihnuaidngsuifnferhiesd employment was employees who have some presently determinable evidence negligible Employers likewise suffer from i; improper of silicosis are engaged in trade not knowing of the existence diagnoses with the resulting persecution of common law of the disease in them showing no noticeable disability and : suits or unjustified compensation claims Not only is this Utigation oT fully capable of performing their regular duties Precedent excessively expensive but it may have a far reach- Ing effect upon the entire detrimental employee for the denial of compensation for partial disability was ! relationship e established by the method of awarding compensation g, tending to destroy public confidence in an indus- which for | try silicosis in South Africa where medical classification of the may as a matter of fact be well managed properly e 4 stages of the disease were provided in the law In the first equipped and operated with full consideration for the health of its employees 4| athned(34j33 ST iFpaeylstfaaurtbroiemornculosis disability et: Cellow possibility stage primary relatively low compensation was pay- able so that the employee would be compensated for the time There are persuasive reasons both for and against legis- lative provisions denying that might elapse from the date of his removal from his 3 compensation for partial hazardous employment until he could find in f silicosis but until an approved method is devised for the employment some purpose of evaluating such disability the denial of other trade The West Virginia law follows this idea and : for partial disability is not only equitable but compendesirable SF defines three stages of the disease providing compensation in plar With respect to total disability the problem is much the amounts of 500 and 1000 respectively for the first When the disease is sim- second stages of the disease with full compensation in {2 accompanied by active pulmonary the employee should be removed from the hazard same manner and at the same rate as is provided for perma- e [Fpiyat dust not only for his own protection but for that of his nent disability or death from accidental injuries when the Cellow workmen in order to remove them from the stage Be claimant is suffering from the disease in the third syes infection Jotal Jotal An employee so injured should receive the full e I The original Ontario statute contained similar provisions Jotal disability benefits of the law Adequate protection 3 be afforded to employers to determine the actual cause SSpaoiRnsiri boiuld e Ma 52 53 we f ae se eo eet PRFaearenie. 2 i 3 a %e leBote ag oe ie hesfBi ts me pa ; et PEs of disability so that compensation may not be awarded unless the claimant is determined by competent medical examination to be suffering total disability employment examinations will enable employers to avoid the employment of tuberculars and tubercular suspects in industries wherein silica is a hazard and by this method they may relieve themselves from a considerable portion of the potential total disability benefits that may be awarded under our compensation statutes Limitation Provisions One subject that has not received merited attention is the period of limitations after exposure or injury within which formal proof of claim for compensation must be filed Our state laws vary widely with respect to this problem but generally speaking they relate to : . a A period of employment within the state as a prerequisite to the filing of claim for compensa- tion and b The time within which claims for compensation must be filed after injury or the termination of employment The following states require exposure in employments within the state as a prerequisite to the right to file claima Illinois days exposure all diseases Indiana days exposure all diseases North Carolina years exposure silicosis and asbestosis Ohio years exposure to silica dust for other diseases employee must be resident for ninety days Pennsylvania years exposure silicosis and as- bestosis . Washingtonthree years exposure all diseases West West Virginia years exposure silicosis Wisconsin days silicosis Another important provision is the requirement that the disease should have been due to the nature of the employment and contracted within a fixed period of time previous to the date of disablement The following are examples of such , provisions . Michigan Minnesota and Ohio year | Illinois Indiana Nebraska and Pennsylvania years North Carolina years silicosis and asbestosis All of the compensation acts specify procedure relating to 54 the filing of claims and fix the time after injury or last exposure within which claims must be filed and in order to determine the rules of each state it is necessary to examine the particular state statutes applicable thereto These statu- tory provisions lack uniformity as to procedure and unfortunately in many instances the period of limitations runs from the date of injury or manifestation of the disease rather than from the date of last exposure to the disease hazard This is objectionable to the employer because he is unable to determine his liability in the case of diseases that do not manifest themselves or cause injury until many years after employment or exposure to disease hazard has been termi- nated To determine liability it is essential that the period of limitations run from the date of last exposure 1 The refusal and reluctance of representatives of labor to recognize the necessity for physical examinations of em- ployees has impeded the successful administration of these laws but the question of limitation provisions could be readily solved by the physical examination of employees upon the termination of their exposure exposure to disease hazards whereby it could be promptly determined whether or not they have auf- fered disability employment and Periodic employment Examinations of Employees The medical profession generally including the Medical Committee of the Foundation recognize and recommend preemployment and periodic employment examinations of employees for the prevention and control of occupational disease In spite of the misunderstanding that has arisen regarding their use employment examinations have served industries having avoiding employment a valuable in certain industries in having the hazards to which of men they may be ployment peculiarly susceptible, as for example preventing the em- industries having silica of tuberculars in those industries having silica hazarda examinations their Periodic employment proved their mermeirtit They examinations have already , it possible for employees to be not advised of conditions not due to their employment that need treatment for the preservation of their general health Com- petent medical advice is given resulting in the treatment and cure of conditions which undiscovered or unattended might later cause irreparable damage to an employee's health From the social standpoint the benefits of examina- tions properly conducted may render to the employees in- valuable assistance and the workman and his family as well 56 Nad as the employer will reap immediate and obvious benefits therefrom Time does not permit a discussion of the legislative pro- Legal visions of the states dealing with this problem but the Bulletin that will soon be available to members discusses these statutes in detail Suffice it to say that employment and periodic employment examinations of employecs are of vital importance to ascertain the incipiency of disenses when employees are or may be exposed to hazards When a disease is permitted to develop to the stage where it becomes manifest or disabling it is generally too late to avoid its ultimate disabling effects and the employee is then limited to the compensation benefits that the statute provides By prevention the health of the employee is safeguarded and the employer relieved from the liability for compensation There- fore a complete and comprehensive program for medical control with routine examinations is essential for the successful administration of these laws In the beginning of my remarks I referred to the problems that have arisen and will arise in connection with the ad- ministration of occupational disease laws and for your consideration I would like to make brief reference to some of the provisions of these laws that will inevitably lead to difficulties We have been discussing specific provisions of occupational disease legislation common to all laws and I would like to call to your attention some instances of problems that will arise in the future in connection with the administration of these laws Due to the limitation of time I can make but brief reference to these problems without detailed discussion thereof but I hope that these references will emphasize their importance As you know the New York Workmen's Compensation Act . was originally amended to compensate compensate a scheduled list of occupational diseases In 1935 the Act was again amended to compensate any and all occupational diseases There is now pending before the Court of Appeals of the State of New York the claim of Shirley Goldberg against the Marcy Corporation and the Maryland Casualty Company for an occupational disease alleged to have been sustained by the claimant during the course of her employment The duties of the claimant were to sell tickets for a motion picture theatre in a sidewalk booth which was heated by a small electric heater Her claim sets forth that her legs were weakened by the heating and that she fell breaking her ankle and sustaining injury I quote the following averments from her claim . 56 ' My condition was caused by the electric heater in the cash box It drew the blood out of my feet and caused blotches and veins to come out making my feet weak The accident whereby she sustained a broken ankle did not occur during the course of her duties so that her claim was based solely on an alleged occupational disease of inflammation and weakness of the legs caused by her employment The Referee before whom the matter was heard awarded precedent compensation which was affirmed by the Appellate Division and unless reversed in the present appeal the case will stand as of what may be expected in the course of the administration of the New York Occupational Disease Law I cite this case to bring home to you the hazard to industry by those state laws presented There are claims providing general coverage now pending under general coverage laws for diseases such as tuberculosis pneumonia boils scarlet fever flat feet and countless other diseases not peculiar to or characteristic of the trade or employment wherein a claimant is engaged I do not mean to imply that compensation will be awarded for all of such cases but I repeat the warning that general coverage laws may in the future be construed to provide general health insurance for employees If our present society desires this to be accomplished our legislatures should say so and not hide the purposes of the pro- posed legislation behind the name occupational disease com- pensation Another instance of immediate interest is the provision of the Pennsylvania Occupational Disease Act that becomes effective January 1 1938. You are all familiar with the problem of called accrued liability common to all occupational disease legislation The Pennsylvania law attempted to take care of this problem as it related to certain diseases by apportioning this liability between the employer and the Commonwealth over a period of ten years by providing that I disability or death from the disease occurs within the first year after the Act becomes effective the employer shall be liable for and pay tenth of the compensation for such disability or death the remainder of such compensation being payable by the Commonwealth For disability or death occurring each year thereafter the employer assumes an additional tenth of this liability until the ten year period ' is past after which time full liability is imposed upon the employer The Act does not specify the diseases to which this ti: provision applies leaving this for the determination of the 67 Workmen's Compensation Board The Board is empowered to determine those diseases that develop to the point of disability only after five or more years of exposure At the effective date of the Act therefore neither the employer nor his insurance carrier will be apprised of the diseases to which : this provision applies It is apparent that such confusion must react detrimentally to all industrial interests and in sense makes the risk imposed by the law uninsurable Assum- ing that the disease of silicosis is one of the diseases that the Board will find to be within the terms of this section we have a limitation of the employer's liability in the law in the amount of 3600 Does the section providing for the apportionment of liability between the employer and the Commonwealth limit the employee's right to compensation to 3600 or does it mean that during the first year the Act is effective . the employer pays tenth of the disability or death . benefits not to exceed 3600 and the Commonwealth pays : the remaining benefits granted by the general law Such a construction is possible and would result in claimants becom- ing disabled the first year after the Act becomes effective receiving substantially more compensation than claimants becoming disabled ten years after the Act becomes effective If this is the proper construction of the Act I hazard the guess that during the first few years it is effective there may well be an avalanche of claims thereunder . I regret that time does not permit the discussion of many of the other important legislative provisions that are treated in the Legal Bulletin upon which I have been asked to make ae report In closing I believe it proper to express the warning to the Foundation its members and supporters that during *{?# the next few years careful attention should be paid to the -f: administration of the occupational disease laws now effectivo so that unjust and inequitable construction may not be placed upon the provisions of these laws I believe that the members of this Foundation are ready willing and able to accept their responsibility for occupational disease injuries to their em- ployees but will seek to avoid unjust and inequitable claims that may hereafter be asserted against them It is important -'} that those industries having occupational disease hazards : should carefully scrutinize all proposed rules and regulations adopted by administrative agencies and that false and im- | proper claims should be contested to the utmost The next * few years may well determine the ultimate course of the administration of these laws and your continued attention to this matter is vitally necessary to the protection of your own interests 58 CORRELATION OF AMERICAN RESEARCHES IN INDUSTRIAL AIR HYGIENE H. B. MELLER The rapid expansion of interest and activities in the field of industrial health necessarily has resulted in a certain amount of overlapping of effort One of the functions of Air Hygiene Foundation is to unify and correlate activities in this developing field so that the sum total of our knowledge on the subject may be efficiently advanced directory In line with this objective the Foundation recently set out to compile a rough of institutions and individuals engaged in researches on those occupational diseases in which Foundation members are interested In other words we at- tempted as a preliminary move to take a partial inventory of institutions and research specialists working in this field A test list of 200 such institutions and individuals was care- fully prepared We did not include research by individual companies or corporations for their own advantage nor did we include the work of independent consultants nor the excellent and valuable studies being conducted in particular industries by some of our national trade organizations Our survey was concerned only with the broad fundamental probJems affecting industry as a whole Of the institutions and specialists contacted in the survey more than half sent answers to the questionnaire It was most interesting to note that in every case the question Are you willing to cooperate by supplying reasonable information - and other advice looking toward coordination of research in the field of air hygiene was answered in the affirmative An analysis of the replies revealed that there is an increas- ing number of specialists entering this field of research that more hospitals through their pathological and roentgenolog- ical departments are broadening their activities that more institutions of learning are inaugurating departments of industrial medicine or industrial hygiene that many states and some cities are including regulation of industrial discase hazards in their program And of course there is the con- tinued broad valuable work of the U. S. Public Health Service and of the U. S. Bureau of Mines These findings are convincing evidence of an increasing regard for the health of workmen and cognizance of the advantages that will accrue to employers as well A pertinent query now confronts us namely How can the greatest , advantage be taken of the opportunity afforded by these 59 Vu. increasing facilities so that they may be directed through port from local industries is natural and { cooperation and coordination toward securing in the shortest 4 : problems affect proper But where t - practicable time authoritative answers to perplexing questions yy sought from industry broadly and where support is *| that are serious in their importance and in their need for {i which we hopeawiwlildbeely distributed group it is our opinion - early solution . of all shared by others that the best interests Let us consider briefly some facts of relevance } concerned will be served and the greatest return secured from the There are the Federal and : | investment if the problem is considered part of a STS State agencies with their pre- comprehensive program devised for the benefit of pared programs : the place at which the work is to be all and if Tia There are outstanding institutions whose sole imposed . broad outcome in mind done is chosen with that responsibility is the conduct of research These institutions considerable This action in itself will prevent either are endowed entirely or in . duplication that otherwise would likely occur We refer part partially supported | in the discussion here only to the broad through private grants or are entirely dependent upon out- ' of investigation for application in which program side funds That the interest research and support of this } is interested The results of the industry as a whole group should be encouraged cannot be gainsaid far give definite indication survey carried out by us so 4 hs The number of departments of industrial medicine and of this field are that the men directly engaged in industrial hygiene in educational institutions is increasing 7 willing to aid in coordination of the work They realize that duplicate effort is costly not only in money but- and it is hoped will increase more rapidly Such departments t what is of greater moment time The will undoubtedly be a tremendous asset to labor and industry convinced can therefore be scientist we are omen] in training physicians engineers chemists and physicists agi? but there must be evolved a dpelpaenndwehdicuhpon to do his part cie y! emer for this field of research and control : in its nature as the basis for can be preliminary Is But in the programs of proposed research activities | ; essential questions consideration of such timely and eg 1 oa which Ses have as who should do what who should refrain from come to us from these sources there is implied a large Rij which activities and why Scientists oR ea amount of unecesary unecesary duplication if all are able to proceed B1:7 feld can work out a engaged in this a as they indicate they wish to do which brings to mind logical . i i value in hastening tphreacctilceabalreianrgranofgemmeanntyofunicneersttaiimnatbielse Pd question Should industry be asked to pay over and over again for the same research projects Or should which have had their effect upon current legislation These S it instead scientists | must however be stimulated to bring about this use a central control to aid in direction of scientific effort and result through a central financial support in order to minimize wasteful duplication and - The coordinated agency spur research progress on a long list of problems crying for problems program should be made up of basic giz problems the solution m7,Re , attention Obviously far more could be accomplished and Hii of which is needed by all industry or at least by groups of industries As rapidly as answers for far less money if the expenditures were so directed are We found they can be used to practical benefit not only in aa plants are not discussing the research being done by individual ; i but also in clearing up uncertainties that have | companies or corporations for their own advantage the work $71 Uli legislation It is one thing to comply with affected of consultants whose laboratories are industrial plants nor mi an existing law it is quite another to regulations under irate, the excellent and valuable studies being conducted in par add to existing facts attempt to clarify and All considered ticular industries by some of our national organizations so as to clear up controversial points 4 in formulating that law such studies are desirable and valuable but have no direct Industry knows more or less clearly what needs to be 1) bearing on the program under discussion except insofar as plished Industry is aware that in addition to accom- the Foundation in its turn is able to cooperate with these problems of special or immediate researches on organizations to steer clear of those researches whose results interest a range program is necessary to supply incontrovertible will be made available to industry through the efforts of ay be woven into sound laws fair facts that then others This will be a move of progressive type toward re- ployees alike to employers and em- ducing unnecessary duplication in research re- Nor is there included research in educational institutions for where it is conducted for the purpose of benefitting industry in particular districts in which case appeal for research sup- B04 HIE The path to this goal will be made very much shorter if Executives in industry will work closely with scientists who Would welcoine a comprehensive program equitably distrib- anted carefully coordinated and adequately financed 60 61 On the one hand interested scientists would be spared large part service as salesmen to secure necessary financial support for their investigations Bear in mind what has been said about local service or services or studies carried on by or for specific industries or groups These specialists would be able to devote all their attention to - nstructive effort Industry on the other hand through its executives would be able to keep in close touch with the program as a whole as well as with parts that might be of special or immediate interest and this connection would accelerate the progress by thus getting a maximum return for the money spent in research Industry should definitely pool its interests helping in the formulation of the program and supplying the neces- sary sinews of war Science will cooperate to the full in solving the problems of industry if industry is a part of the army in the field and is prepared for a vigorous attack 62 Alr Hygiene Foundation of America Inc A. Hitchine Ch A. Schults V. Ch Shed ) Re T. Williams Bec : D. Saklatwalla Treas =wy P.- Ahearn . Brown Dilworth BOARD OF TRUSTEES National Refractories Company U. B. Steel Corporation Williams Ereraman & Morgan U. B. Rustless Steel & Iron Corp. National Industrial Sand Ass'n Manville Corporation Westinghouse Elec & Mfg Co. St. Joseph Lead Company U. B. Bureau of Mines Mathieson Alkal Works Ine Pittsburgh Coal Company Assn of Cnsualty and surely Executives U. Public Health Bervice wens Class Company Mine Bafety Appliances Co. Philadelphin Pa New York Y. Toledo Ohio Pittsburgh Pa Washington D. New York N. Y. Pittsburgh Pa New York Y. Washington D. New York N. T. New York Y. Washington D. C. Toledo Ohio Pittsburgh Pa B. Meller R. Harthorn M.D. A. Middleton EXECUTIVE STAFF Managing Director Medical Advisor Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary Executive Assistant Pittsburgh Pa Fittsburgh Pa Toledo Ohio Pittsburgh Pa Pittsburgh MEDICAL COMMITTEE Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. The Baranac Laboratory Binger Memorial Laboratory Westinghouse Elec & Mfg Co. Bell Telephone Co. University Hospital Commullant U. S. Public Health Bervice New York N. T. Saranac Lake N. Pittsburgh E. Pittsburgh Pa Pittsburgh PA Philadelphia PL Mukee Wis Washington D. C. PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEK Harvard School of Public Health Zurich Insurance Co. U. B. Public Health Service Div Ind flyg State Dept. Labor A. F. Sturierunt Company W. W. Bly Manufacturing Co. Mine Safety Appliances Co. Boston Mass Chicago Ill Washington D. New York Y. Hyde Park Mass Cleveland Oblo Pittsburgh Pa LEGAL COMMITTEE Owent Glass Co. Manvilla Corporation Aetna Casualty & Burely Co. Multikin Alockbridge & Waters Toledo Ohio New York Y. Hartford Conn Baltimore Mil MEMBERAHIP COMMITTER 1. 8. McCormich Company Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce Foundry Bupply Mrs. Am'o Aluminum Company of Amerlea Glass Containers Ass'n Florin Company Barre Granile Ass'n Orinding Wheel Mfrs Asa'n Milne Bafety Appliances Co. Pittsburgh Pa Los Angeles Calif New York T. New Kensington Pa New York N. Warren Pa Barre Vermont Worcester Mass Pittsburgh PA 83 Abingdon Ranitary Manufacturing Company Abrasive Company Abrasive Mining & Manufacturing Abrasive l'roducts Company Allegheny Steel Company Aluminum Company of America Company Abrasive Company American American Filter Company American Brake Shoe and Faundry Company American Emery Wheel Works American Laundry Machinery Company American Mining Congress American Potash & Chemical Company American Refractories Institute American Smelting & Refining Company American Zine Institute American Zine Lead & melting Company Anaconita Copper Mining Company Asbestos Fibres Spinning Company Casualty CaonmdpanByurety Assn of Executives Clay Company Attapulgus Manufacturers Frank Bancroft Company Barre Granite Association Bartlett Company C. O. Bartlett & Snow Company Bay State Abraziva Products Campany Bird Archer Company Bird & Son Black Products Company Knox . Company Bridgeport Safety Emery Wheel Company Brockway Glass Company Inc. Buck Class Company Buckeye Products Company Bunker H81 & Bullivan Mining & Con- centrating Compar The Carborundum Company Company Central Pa Coal Central Bilica Company Association Chicago Wheel & Manufacturing Company Climax Molybdenum Company Consolidated Feldspar Corporation Cooperweld Steel Company Corhart Refractories Company Corning Class Works Cortland Grinding Wheels Corporation Deckers Creek Band Company Fire Clay Company DenverP. deBanna & Bon Inc. Grinding Wheel Company Delroll Diamond Altall Company B. F. Drakenfeld Company Dravo Corporation E. 1. duPont Nemours & Company Eagle Picher Lead Company Ethyl Gasoline Corporation Eureka Flint & Spar Company Etolon Company Feldspar Milling Company Findlay Clay Products Company Firth Sterling Steel Company Vlatkote Vlatkote Company Foundry Supply Manufactureart Amolation Foote Mineral Company Cuike Corporation General Abrasive Compar General American Transportation ComDILITY General Grinding Wheels Corporation Oneral Refractories Company Cleneses Feldspar Company Bladding Mellean Company fillas Container Association Oleh Ola Company Holding Keene Company Pumpa Inc. Oranite City Bleel Company A. P. Green Fire Brick Company Irinding Wheel Manufacturers Association Gypsum Association The Hall Company Emery & Hampden Corundum Hampden Grinding Wheel Company Refractories Company Hampden Grinding Harrisburg Steel Company Hecla Mining Company Hercules Mining Company John W. Ilgman Company The DUM & Griffith Company Maryland Mines Corporation Industrial Bilica Corporation Institute Boller & Radiator Alfrs International Nickel Company Jamison Coal and Cole Company Kimble Edwin M. Knowles China Laclede Clay Products Company Homer Laughlin Chine Company Lava Crucible Company of Pittsburgh E. J. Lavino & Company Lead Industries Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce . Macklin Company Magma Copper Matheson Alkali Works Inc. Mayer China Comparty J. B. McCormick Company Betals Refining Company Mexico Refractories Company Michigan Alkali Company West Abrasive Company . Mine Safety Appliances Company Mississippi Glass Company Monsanto Chemical Company Mutual Chemical Company National Crushed Blons Amociation Feldspar Association NationalNational Grinding Wheel Company National Association Industrial National Lead Company Band New Castle Company Refractories North American Refractories Company North Carolina Feldspar Corporation Norton Company R. Obermayer Company Olfawa Billes Company . Illinois Illinois Comparty Peninsular Grinding Wheel Company Rillon CColmuspeany Charles E. Pettinas Phelps Dodge Corporation Pittsburgh Clay Pot Co. Pittsburgh Coal Company Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company 64 Y allies Sand Company rismouth Refractories Company Grinding Wheel Co. Inc. bertos Manhattan Company Blining RobertsonCompany M. Company Wheel ty Grinding & Machine Co. Schreibla Company PotteryWordon Feldspar Company Company anga Furmes Company White Company Engineering Company & alexFacing Company Company the Company Process CompanyCompany Joseph Lead Company Company Abrasive Company dard Banitary Manufacturing Co. ting Grinding Wheel Company rick B. Blevens Inc. te Fire Brick Company Tayler Smith Company Company Flake Graphite Company & Abrasives Company Potteries Inc. State Zine & Ore Producers Association & Company Union Carbide Company Feldspar Corporation United United States Oraphite United States Potters Association Company United States Smelting & Mining Co. Re^ ning United States Bleel Corporation Iniversal Hanitary Manufacturing Valley Mould & Iron CompENY Manufacturing Vitreotes China Plumbing Fixtures Vitrified Wheel Company Company Association Waltham Grinding Wheel Company Washington Mills Emery Welton Billea Company Melain Company West Company Manufacturing Company Western Electric Company Westeld Orlanding Wheel Company glinse Air Brake Company Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company Whitehead Benthers Campany Willson Products Inc. Wisconsin Aurastre Company Wall's New Process Abrasive Wheel Inc. E. J. Woodison Company Worth Bleel Company Youngstown Bheel & Tube Company 65