Document JNpm8YL1Xd4Gqkr1JbDnN1RJr

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1933 Oct DOC#: NSC153 DOCUM ENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of th e NSC - 22nd Annual Safety Congress Castleman File: National Safety Council w/c = with cover letter or memo If DATE = 0, undated CD-ROM Document #:NSC 5 ] DATE - / lok> __ exhibit # ________ _ _ exhibit index from # _________ to # __________ __ published article from peer reviewed journal __ published__ article from trade journal __ published__ article from NSC ^ Transactions of the NSC (entire issue) __ published conference proceedings __ unpublished presentation from conference __ unpublished internal report __ newspaper article __ letter __ memorandum __ industry warning labels O R __ sales literature __ industry recommended practices ___ meeting agenda __ minutes ___ attendee list __ legal depo O R __ legal testimony of: ____________ o th e r:______________________________________ 1933 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated TWENTY-SECOiND A N N U A L SAFETY CONGRESS Chicago, Illinois October 2 to October 6, 1933 The'*Stevens Hotel ( ofiyriiiht. l'KU. Xulionul Sujety Council, Inc. Plan of Publication T H E T R A N S A C T I O N S of the Twenty-second Congress of the National Safety Council are published in two vol umes. T he first, containing the General, the General Subject, and the Industrial Section sessions, is supplemented by a smaller volume containing the sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Section, the Child Education Section, and Home Safety. T H E L A R G E G E N E R A L volume is being sent automatically to the Industrial members of the Council; the smaller volume is sent automatically to members who arc be lieved to be chiefly interested in those sessions. I t may also be secured on request by other Council members. T H E P L A N O F P U B L I C A T I O N is the same as that adopted for the sessions of the Twenty-first Congress and found to be very satisfactory. It is a condensed rec ord. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been assembled, edited with care and discernment to ab breviate or delete the less essential portions, and the concise re sults are presented for study and reference. Although not "complete" in the sense that every word is reproduced, it is a readable, interesting record which emphasizes the memorable parts of each paper and address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council Library, available for additional reference as desired. A L T H O U G H T H E National Safety Council endeavors to eli minate from discussion at its conventions matters which arc not pertinent to its purposes or which are contrary to its policies, the Council cannot accept responsibility for the views expressed either in the papers presented or the discussions thereon. 2 W ' o CONTENTS PAGE Council Officers and D irectors...................................................................................... 4 Council Purposes and Policies....................................................................................... 9 Annual Meeting of M em bers.................................................................................. U Banquet and D an c e............. .................... 21 Subject Sessions-- Accident R e co rd s............ ..................................................... .............- ................... 23 Dermatitis ................................................................................................................... 31 Dust Problem in In d u stry ....................................................................................... 37 Falls of P e r so n s......................................................................................................... 45 Fire P revention........................................................................................................... 31 Handling Materials..................................................................................................... 59 Hoisting Chains........................................................................................................... 63 Maintaining Interest inS afety.............................................................................. 69 Practical Medical Program for I n d u s tr y ............................................................ 75 Industrial N u rs in g .................................................................................................... 83 Safety E qu ip m e n t................................. ; ................................................................... 91 Safety Organization and P r o g r a m ........................................................................ 107 ,,Safe Use of Chemicals in I n d u s tr y ...................................................................... 11S Safe Use of Electricity in I n d u s tr y ...................................................................... 123 T he Eye and Its Relation to S afety ........................................................ 131 Mental Training for Safety............................................................................................. 141 Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' S ectio n ..................................... 173 Aeronautical Section......................................................................................................... 179 A. S. S. E.-- Engineering Section................................................................................... 187 Automotive and Machine Shop S e c t i o n . . , ................................................................ 191 Cement Section................................................................................................................... 201 Chemical Section................................................................................................................. 209 Construction Section...................................................................................................... 223 Delivery, Taxicab and Bus S e c tio n ............................................................................. 235 Electric Railway Section................................................................................................. 249 Food Section....................................................................................................................... 265 Marine Section...................................................................................................................... 279 Meat Packing, T anning and L eather Industries S ection.................................... 299 Metals Section...................................................................................................................... 307 Mining Section.................................................................................................................... 325 Paper and Pulp Section........................................... 343 Petroleum Section....................................... '............... ....................................................... 357 Power Press Section...........................................................................; ............................ 379 Public Utilities Section................................... ......................................................... . . 3S9 .Q uarry Section........................................... 405 Refrigeration Section......................................................................................................... 413 Rubber S e c t i o n . . . , ............................................................................................................ 423 Safety Section, A R A --Steam Railroad S ection,'N S C ........................................... 439 Textile Section..................................................................................................................... 479 W oodw orking and Lumber Manufacturing S ection............................................... 485 I n d e x ................ '............................................................................................................. 495 National Safety Council Incorporated 20 North W acker Drive, Chicago Honorary Members A ssociation. or ' i.-on' ami Sin-.t. ICucitocai. ICmani-ahs IsOllKHT \V. CaMITU'.I.I. Airmen W ii.ua m s OFFICERS (1933-1934) John 1C. Font;. President. Roiifkt I. C'ati.i n . Vicc-I'rcsident tor Public Safely. J. 1C. Cl'LUNKY. Vice-President for Kngiiiccring. G. T. llrn.MUTjr. Vice-President for Finance. I.kvv I\. P aimkii. Vice-President for Safety Councils. K. T. Soi.kxstkx, Vice-President for Mcmlicrslii|>. C. \V. S mith. Vice-President for Ilusiness Administration. Gmiti.r. 11. W'.Mtm.. \'icc President for Industrial Safety." Du. C. 11. W atson. Vice President for Health. W. W'mr.Mty. Vice-President for F.dneation. W. 1C. WoUTH. Treasurer. \V. H. Camkkon . Managing Director and Secretary. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1933-1934) C. II. A n x . Past President. I. 1. ISanasii. Past President. C. W. 1if.tu'.ov.ist, Past President. ICaiii. F. P lank, Metals Section. \V. 11. C a m Ktai.v, National Safety Council. Koitr.iiT W. CamI'Iifi.i.. Past President. Uoin uf I. C.vit.i n . Aetna Fife Insurance Comiiany. I. 1C. ( i'l l.ini.V. I'.ellileliem Steel Company. Ci.inmm D aits. Memphis Safety Conned, l.i.n is .A. Di.Ihois. Past President. M.'Hers A. Dow, Past President. 1> ll. Fi ' . n ii.i . Chicago Safety t ouneil. Donai h A. i i n kiii.inmc. Toledo Safely l mini il. llow'Aim If. I;n\-|i\. ihiiTounhs Welle.'iiie X ( 'o. (D .S.A .) Ine. Oi im M. ( inAtis, The General Crushed Slone Company. IIahuv Gtiir.i.ici, The Pullman Company. G. T. 111 i.i.Mm i . Chiraen, North Shore X Milwaukee l'.iilmad H ahmi.p li. llniTMAN, Street X: Highway 'l'raIlie Section. W. I). lames Manufacturing Company Company. o hum.1* j : r Officers and Dir,-dors 5 \ \ V. - It ( >. IAIN'S > Ast I-'kankun M. K uf.mi.. livanston Salety Council. ('. 1.. I . \ l :i)L-.\i.M.N'K, Great Northern Railway Company. i, .11 J-;. J.oxr.. 'J lie Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation. M. J. .Mi (.'aim n v. Automotive & Maihine Shop Section. I h .N u y M inkvii, Kli/aheth Safety Council. \ u n i r i i T. Mokkv, Vast President. 1'., \Y \ ' r n . Ar-.-idi nt Prevention 1-apupnu-nt Manniarturers' Seetion. I i:\v K. Vai.mi.i-, Ifipulahle I.ile Assurance Society. I'. M . Vi i-i-i:r. I'uhlic Utilities Section. V. If. I'ivi i ii'.onk. Vast Vresiilent. At.in-iirr S. 1s Ki,ci.a . Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc. l.r. Cot. Ilr.Mtv A. KTxixukk. Vast President. John Rr s - r u . , In.. Newark- Safety Coimril. t i l l s , If. K r n i , Delivery. Taxicab & Hus Section, til oki.k If. S amokii. General Klcctric Company. IIakky A. Sri ifi. Tz, United States Steel Cor potation, t iiAiu.Ks II. S cott. Vast President. I. ia iik I). SrvMoi'ii. American Airways. Inc. If. I.. S imoxiis. New Haven Safety Council. t '. \Y. S mi p/^ Standard Oil Company ( Indiana I. K. T. Soi.iixt^ kn, lflliott Servile Company. Aimiich M / i'oifi:. Consulting Marine Ifnctiuc-cr. C. P. T oi.ma.n-. Past President. Gioi-i.k. II. W .ttitl., Union Pacific Railroad Company. Du. C. II. W a t s i/t , American Telephone N Teleeraph Company. S. If. W'n1 1 1\o. ASSIf-Ifn.einecrinti Section. A. W. W'ihtxkv. National Purt-au of Casualty if Surety Underwriters. \Y. If. Woiirit. International Harvester Company. Am m u II. Vot-sc,, Vast President. DIRECTORS (1933-1934) U iii.iam 1'. A kpi.iin, Safety Division, Milwaukee Association of Commerce. I'. M. Amiu-ti. Mining Section. .1. I. H vnasii. Consnllinc Ifneincer. If. A. IIaunitz. York Safety Council. I'.vaisr \ \ . Pu c k , United States Rnliher Company. II. \\ . 1i.i:k M , I'erkelcy Traffic Safety Commission. I.td. W. A. I!i:n \ i:tt. Worcester Safety Council. I . 11. lit- sat.t.v. Viclnnnnd Safety Council. t . W. lit m.ot tsr. Western Iflei trie Company. D awii S. Hiviit. I.iherty Mutual Insurance C'ompanv. R. W. V.I.At'K, Vvlrolenm Section. I. m i. k. lit.an k. Jones iY l.an:;ldin Steel Corporation. W aeui \ S. Hi.anvit.t, Troy Saietv Council. N athan V. V.i.oom. I.ouisville Safety Council, t . h. IIoiikkvitAiii'N, Kenosha Safely Cutmcil. 1 "i.. I'.in. II. IlmnKMAN. St. I.inis Safety Council. 6 I :ccnty-iccoiid L omjrt'ss-- National Safely Council R. A. B uvant, Safety Division, Syracuse Ckamhcr of Commerce. . W. 11. C.\ui:i!(ix, National Safety Council. Koi'i.itr 1. C.vri.iN, Aetna Life Insurance Company. 1' iiank II. Cm;Arc, Marine Section. U n i. < nomi, Marsila 11 Field fv Company. V . f./l it. C. u Me,, Safety Department, XasUviHc Chamber of Commerce. J. F. Cit.i.inev. Bethlehem Steel Company. Kim .Mai D ana, Boston Flcvntcd Railway, p'. A. D uiuson, Consultint; Engineer. Cmitoiui Davis, Memphis Safety Council. Kicii.mu) H. D avis, Blnchstonc Valiev Safety Council. L. \ \ ' . D a w i.e v . Refrigeration Section. Gil aui.es D. D awson, Grand Rapids Safely Council. l-iAYis A. Di'.Ri.ois. Consulting Engineer. J a y E. D kckek. Mason City Safety Council. J ames B. D o n a .as, 'Die l 'hiladelphia C.as Works Company. Dii. Louis 1. D udei n , Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. C u ahi.ks IL Rames, Textile Section. H auuv W. E k i n s , Meat Packing, Tannine it Leather Industries Section. 1). V). P ennell, Chicago Safety Council. R a y A. F i n c h , Electric Railway Section. D onami A. F inkiieinek. Toledo Safety Council. T homas I'itger.m.I). Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. H owam) B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U .S .A .) Inc. R. B Folci h in . I.chitth Valley Safity Council. I1 G. G ii.so n. Palier f Pulp Section. Du. T homas W. Cosi.ino, Cliihl Educatimi Section. O l il o M. f haves, 'I'he General Cru-dud Stone Company. 11Aio.v (Htt.iaii r. The Pullman Company. Isaiah H ale. The Atchison, Dipelai f Santa Fe Railway Company. D. T. If Mutt Nf.io:;, Cinteti States Bureau of Mines. G. T. Ilfu.MHTii. Chicago, North Shore f Milwanhee Railroatl Company. ("has. E. H im.. New York Central Lines. ' I.M.'tiMi G. 11or I'maN, Street f Highway Trafili: Section. ( i.At'lii: J. IIoi.liiNG. Alhany Safely Council. HI.It'S \V. 1Inulti'., Il ni Ison County Salili ( munii. if.Mtiiv D. Imm ta., Pennsylvania IIcpar'lincili of l.ahor f Industry. W. D. J a m e s , James Manufacturing Company. A. L. K.m.ms, Power Press Section. K. T. K kii.ku, Detroit Industriai Safety Council. IiiA A' K li-.n t, Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company. Louts \ \ . Kekiiekg, Woodworking ft Lumhvr Manufacturing Section. F iianki.in i f . Kui.mi., Evanston Safety Council. C. L. 1.a hutrNTAi.NK, Gnat Northern Railway Company. L eonard C. L.\Mti, Knoxville Safity Council. 1-hank J. La n a n an, Fort Pitt Mnlleahle Iron Company. M. G. L ien E tc, Easlbay Safety ConneiL R alimi W. 1.11*1)1.i:, Employees' Pnhlieation Section. Dit. R. M. L m i.i New Vork Department of Education. > Officers ami Directors 7 A. I.ciiMA'.. Madison O m ity Safely Council. John 1'.. I.onh. Tlic Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation. II. W. Low, Rubber Section. \V. R. Li.ovn, Safety Division, J'.irmiirdiam Chamber of ( omimrce. II. T. M auti.n, Fisk Rubber Company. I'. W. M atson , Minnesota Safely Council. I'anto.y Mkxpki.ssoh.n, Detroit. I I f.nkv Mixkik. Flizabeth Safety Council. W. S. Moiat.KHixfi, Ft. Wayne Safety Council. K. li. M oulkv. Industrial Accident Freeemioti Associations. M. J. McCahtuy. Automotive & Machine Shop Section. Miu .ki; McCiiytock, Harvard University. T. II. Mi Kknykv, Illinois Steel Company. South Works. 1!. W. N r i r. Accident Frcvention Ikpiipmeut Mamuacturi rs' Section. J ohn A. Onicm.. Carneitic Steel Company. Ci ohm: C. A. Oit , Detroit Kdismi Coui|iany, la w R. F.m.mkii. K(|iiitahle l.ife Assurance Society. J ohn I k I '.mikkh, krooklyn Safety Ctumeil. Ik M. l 'i iti.h. Fuhlic Utilities Section. C. Ik F i:i TiaiXK, American Mutual Inability Insurance Company. I. 1!. Fow d. Seattle Traffic & Safety Comici!. A m-kiit S. 'Kfita.t. industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. 1.1. Col.. 1 e. Niiv A. Rkninckk, Rebirth Fortland Cement Company. Mahi N f s Kirin. Paterson Safety Council, John Roach, Chemical Section. C iiaiu.i s II. Koi.osnx, Jk., F.altimore Safely t'ouncil T oiuas K'oiii. Rochester Safety Council.' John K'i ssit i.. J i;.. Newark Safety Council. I HA'. II. K n i t . Ili livery, TaNicah JV Puts Section. Ii. Ik S i Moim. I it neral I'.leelric Company. li m i l. Scu.itTNia;, F.rie Safety C'oiinril. Ik A. Si i i k m i IT., Fund Section, ili io S i t i k n i ;. M lieeliu.e Safety Council. I I iit.v A. Sentn.'t;r.. United States Steel C>r|ioration. I h.lia.rs II. S cott, Paueau of Safety, Inc. Ia ail I; 11. S iamovi;, American Airways, lue. Fini. S. S iiAicrati;, Utica Safety Couiuil. lii.N. J ohn H. StiK.nui.inxF., Massachusetts Safety Council. Dh. !.. A. SiicuuiY. liethlchcm Steel Company. Ik !.. S imoyds. Southern New Kngland Telephone Company. (iioia.K F. SiNr.rt;. Reading-Iterks County S.v'ely Council. I.u: Ik .Skku.. Cleveland Safety Council. C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Company (Indiana'). W. D. S m it h . Delaware Safety Council. R. T. S oi.knstf.y , Klliott Service Company. . W. D. SeKifiiiT. Peoria Safety Council. K. C. SpinNfi. I.ansdalc, Fa. fii:tii;HK. R. Srr.eiu.Ys. The Safety F.ureau, F.uialo Chamher of Commerce. I.pen s S. Stouua. United Railways & Klectric Company. A** ,S Twenty-second Coiitirrsx-- XuTunud Safely Council Al.nulp II. StYAYNK, General Motors Corporation. Autiivk M. Torn:, Consulting Marine Engineer. W. W. TuK.vcir, Schenectady Safety Council. W. D. Tfiinr.vii.t.r.. San Antonin Safety Council. W illiam F. V i.kcii, Railway Safely Council. V incknt W akkimki.i). Kansas City Safely Council. CiForok II. W akff.i.. Union Pacific Railroad Company. Da. C. II. W atsox, American Telephone t'c Telegraph Company. H arry M. Wi.iiaF.u. Illinois Hell Telephone Company. S. E. WinTi.XG, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. W. W.mrNT.v, Rational Unreal! of Casualty Surety Lmderwrilcrs. W. If. W ixans. Union Carbide & Carlton Corporation. . Dr. C.-E. A. W ixslow. Vale Medical School. H arry W ish. Sr., Chattanooga Safety Council. J. M. W oltz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. W. E. W orth, International Harvester Company. E. J. 7.Ai.Tr. Safety Ilureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce. J. LI. ZoOR, Cement Section. life on! rec frc< CS~l I: com T the indu inert inch Unit natm T! tailci undei until. York ship Th. were reiiu'i and t' prove: aceidtexanu Mi: moto: i.i pn cortico rent, tleclii vehich ing ft i having niunit;. facts aceidt Sim.-  * ret clothes, etc., 1 in air. 'ikl i>c sterilized. the hands no shin and open >p plenty of such 'inniue lint water -Is fur cleansing I'Ciorc mentioned. nal diseases and Important occupampossible hecauso ntimicms contact complete listing irnplcte chemical >c processes, `stances that arc a non-irritating known irritation. : of time of cx.rk. surfaces. Make free as possible '.lie worker with ably cleaned and -.irt, and keep it ~^aud laundered J-.WW Company aiiaiiie in comk loads. .eh worker has >1 equipment hut thin.c into work h ancr who docs npaii.v time; you ill find that the m efficiency will T i l ' li N T V- S /:V O X ! ) .1 X X l ' . 1 1. S A T T. T 3' C O X G R li S S X A T / O X A L S A 1: 1- TV CO U X C 1 1. t'_ _ v ' *_%,> Dust Problem in Industry FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 6, 1933 0Z"I b / I The special session devoted to a discussion of the dust problem in industry was called to order liv J. R. Allan, assistant manager, Industrial Engineering and Con struction Department, International Harvester Company, Chicago, who presided. He briefly outlined the purposes of the session'and then presented the first speaker. The Mechanical Control of Dust By E. O. JO N E S A j ; Consultant, National Founders Association, Chicago The speaker said in part: During the last few years, much lias been written about the pathological effects of dust. From this material there seems to be some lack of agreement among scientists as to the pathological effects of these types of dust, their dangerous dimensions, the ienetii of time one must he exposed to their inhala tion. tiie density of concentration which is dangerous, and the extent to which they are directly causative or contributory > disease. It >s unfortunate that in the twilight zone between ethics ami non-ethics, there are certain members of the legal and medical profession who are willing lo take advantage of these uncertainties ami capitalize cn them largely tor their own benefit. When the foundry industry v.as c-mroutr-.i wit!-, the accusation iiiat it harbored a potential health hazard, its leaders immediately took steps to study the problem, with the object of eliciting ail the facts and determining upon a course of procedure to eliminate the causation. This study has been under way in some localities for some time, but its procedure presents many difucuit problems. The mechanical control of dust is nee. c.ur only problem, nor docs be accomplish ment of such control depend upon large expenditures of money. \Yc know from experience that gradually human ingenuity will provide ways and means to this part of the problem. But let ns digress from the subject ; . consider the amount of dust we as indi viduals create. Take the mnbkr. mr instance, who goes to 1;is bench at the start of his day's work. lie reaches for hi- air hose, and starts the day by removing, with its force everything he can from ids equipment. In close proximity to his bench. uli 7 waily-sccnm! L'ijni/rrs.\---.\'dluntil Saf el y Council or - ike window sill in from of him. you will usually find a varied collection of meet ex relics. lie will usually wet d-ovii his sand pile, hnt seldom his door or gangway. the ccpii W he:: he is t.'irough with his shift he Ust;ally grabs the air hose and proceeds to regular!; take a compressed air hath. designed And ue have the inundry laborer: he lias many menial tasks to periorm. 'When And v `e sweeps or uses a shovel he seems to he of the opinion that his efforts arc judged a muudr Ay the atmosphere he creates. If he floes sprinkle the dour it is usually done very provided sparingly. equipmer ."-kake-i ;u men and crane men seemingly give little attention to the results of their Our in :hnaeutiessress. Oral) buckets are usually lifted to the limit tit their hit and then For this hv.uped. Many companies have furnished equipment, such as positive pressure is our de 8 kekuets anil respirators, to employees who work in extremely dusty atmospheres, who have lit:: it is surprising to note the apparent lack oi interest oil the part of the employee the actual for whose protection this equipment is furnished. In the From these remarks some may say "Why shut the responsibility?" Mot a hit. V* e have merely cited these few facts as an indication that possibly we ran improve the supervision. If we make every man responsible lor the cleanliness in the vicinity in which `ue works, and every foreman responsible for his department, and then in tp.rp. make the superintendent answer for tile cleanliness of his shop, we will not have to worry about tiie increase in labor cost. After dust gets into the atmosphere. :: is. of oi:r>c. very dildcuU am! expensive to remove. Keeping the foundry flour it is iiupi precaution ti[>on the of all kilo hope to a to employ industry w off the ceiling is a man-size job. Ventilation ;s a problem everywhere. A diligent survey of our existing equipment tuny develop the iact that by smat! expenditures we ran improve conditions. Inspect dust-arresting equipment. Sec that the rapping device is in tinier, that the screens arc m good condition, we suggest that they tire rapped ami the hoppers cm; tied regularly. Repair any leaks in pipes. Sec that the valves close properly. Chutes should he kept in good repair and when emptying arres.tjrs. respirators should he worn by the men whose duty it is to perform this work, if refuse irom the How to Director, I: arre-tors is not removed at once, keep it in containers fir wet down until it is rew.oYed. .Move all. natch your air velocities and make sure you are removing at the -ouree a> much of the ihist as the equipment was originally designed to do. You ; ay for the current the motor consumes to operate your suction equipment, therefore get ;i;c proper return for that expenditure. !: * io ; re or allow saml to accumulate around your blasting equipment. Make j; re yog are receiving the proper air changes in your sandblast ro o m s . Inspect your ma-k- to the amount of air purging through. The wearer is prone many times to ju -1 crack nr partially open the valve, and when this is done no is not getting the full protection fur which the helmet was designed. Wo suggest that the helmet he removed from the saudlikist room and stored at the cm! of the day in a dust-tight cabinet, instructing the wearer to clean before ro-nsiug. in o u r cleaning rooms where tumbling barrels are used, we flea! again with air vei. cities. Piping should he diligently inspected ami kept in good repair. Make suntraps are pi-riormine the service they v.ere designed for. it might he well to keep doors in this department wet down. Remove the day's accumulation of refuse at the cud of site day's run. When cyclones are used, make sure you are not exhausting at the level of windows which may lie opened in other parts of your plant. We will have to lo o k fo-/further co-operation from the foundry equipment mniiiitaetttrers who serve our industry. Kqiiipmcnt will have to he sold to us net to 1 he imp., disease has : sunject has . extension o; increasing disability (! eliminating the dustinc* given dust. . given (plant foot of air: that is the Many inst: and it may African inu: pheric dust early as Id; 40 Txvcnly-srcond Coni/rrss--National Safely Coiii\cil a tilin' containing granulated sugar, wliich tillers out the suspended dust. At the laboratory, the sugar is dissolved in water and the limnlicr of dust particles arc ueterininod by remitting tliosc in a small volume of lie sugar solution under a microscope. J his method of dust sampling had certain disadvantages, the chief of which was the fact that the purest commercial sugar contained a certain ipiantity of dust, which introduced considerable errors, especially in those samples containing a low dust concentration. To overcome the limitations of the sugar tube method various other devices were developed, one of which was the Palmer apparatus. This apparatus consisted essentially of a pear-shaped glass bulb, the lower end of which terminated in a U-tubc or trap. Suction was applied to the glass bulb by means of an electric exhaust fan and the volume cit air measured hy mean* of a Tetot tube. Dust-tree dis tilled water was put into the U-tubc. The air drawn through the water in the trap broke it up into a spray within the larger portion of the sampling hull), which washed out and retained the dust. The dust so obtained was analyzed by the usual methods. The Palmer apparatus also had certain disadvantages, the chief of which was that its efficiency as a dust catcher was low. Tn the search for a more portable type of in strument. wliich at the same time would yield rapid results, the South African in vestigators introduced in 191<5 a new instrument known as the Kot/.e konimctcr. The konimctcr samples dust by impinging a small volume of air against the surface of a vaseline-coated glass plate, the vaseline serving to catch the dust particles. The dust retained on the glass plate was then counted under the microscope at a suitable magni fication. The chief disadvantages of the konimctcr arc that in atmospheres containing a high concentration of dust, the spots arc too dense to allow counting the individual particles and the method can. therefore, tin* he -used in such eases, also many samples had to he taken' to secure a correct average determination in places where the dust concentration was variable. As a result of the different methods of dust determination being used by the differ ent governmental bureaus and others, it was soon found that the various dust-sampuug methods did not yield absolute results, consequently some confusion arose in inter preting the various dust studies. In order to arrive at some basis of comparison the U. S. r.ureau of Mines conducted a laboratory study of dust-sampling instruments. 'I'hc results of this study were published in Public Health P.ulletin No. 144 entitled "Comparative Tests of Instruments fur Determining Atmospheric Dusts." (19251 During the course of this study two of the investigators. Dr. I.. Greenhurg and G. )Y. Smith, devised a new apparatus called the impingcr. lit the comparative study the dtist collecting offiriency of the impingcr was found to he high, ami in addition the method offered several advantages over previous methods. Alter several modifica tions to meet special requirements, this instrument was adopted by the Federal Public Health Service and llurcau of Mines as the standard technique ior the sampling of dust in air. The instrument has been used in the study of a number oi du-t trades, and is the commonly accepted method in use today. . l Size o! Dust Partidhs Taken into the Lungs It has been observed from a study of silicotic lungs that most of the dust particles that have penetrated into the air sacs arc less than 10 microns in longest dimension (1 micron is l/100Qth of a miiliinctcr, or 1/2500th of an inch). It is generally agreed, therefore, that we need not bother with particles larger than 10 microns in measuring the concentration of a dangerous dust. So that you may visualize the size of these small particles consider a 2S0 mesh `fisci! nded dust. At tiic particles arc deter- -~"iu!cr a microscope. ; ) of which was the nity of dust, which taming a low dust | ethod various other ! us. Tl;:s apparatus , m which terminated . I means of an electric ' tube. Dust-free ills- i he water in the trap* | t'-uil), which washed , the usual methods. j which was that its j portable type of in- j South African in- j t k o n i i n c t e r . Tlic ist the surface of a articles. The dust ! u a suitable magni- I "spheres containing ! tint; the individual also many samples ; `cs where the dust J I used by the ditYcr- ous dust-sampling ; . n arose in intcr- - of comparison the > .'lilts instruments. ' : No. 144 entitled Dusts." i 1925 f Grccuburg atiT -Comparative study and in addition the several modilica- tbe Federal Public r the sampling of er of dust trades. the dust particles iongest dimension - generally agreed, tons in measuring ( isider a 280 mesh 1 1 Pu.it Problem hi Iiuluslrv 41 screen in which the screen openings arc 50 microns. In the alienee oi a beam of light, an atmosphere containing these tiny (articles will appear clear to the naked eye. and therefore is extremely deceptive.' Only a powerful microscope can make such particles directly visible. It is necessary, therefore, to make a microscopical examination of tlic atmosphere to learn how badly polluted it may he. T.argcr ('.articles such as are visible to the naked eye are essentially harmless in the causation of silicosis, as these arc caught by the membranes provided by nature in the nasal and other respiratory passages and are eventually coughed tip or eliminated before any damage is done. When small dust (articles are dispersed in air, they arc carried about like smoke and settle out very slowlrr limv long such (articles will remain suspended in rjuict air can lie roughly determined from Stoke's law. Assuming a round particle to he one micron in diameter, it can be calcuktfcd by means oi this law that such a particle will fall only 20.3 feet in 24 hours. It can lie seen, therefore, that any fine dust dis persed into the air is not only a momentary hazard but remains in the air for an indefinite period. This fart is often overlooked by workmen, ns it is usually assumed that as soon as the dust cloud is no longer visible all dust has settled out. The term "dusty working dace" is only a relative one. Most air, both inside and outside of factories, contains some dust. It is, therefore, necessary to adopt a standard content for the dividing line between slightly dusty and dusty working (daces. The Wisconsin dust code prescribes a "tentative figure of 15 million countable dust par ticles under 10 microns in longest dimension with free silica content of 35 per cent in a cubic foot of air as determined by Public Health Service technique. Variations in free silica content will make proportional inverse changes in ibis standard." In acvrhanre with this standard the permissible count for practically pure silica would be 5.25i\000 particles. How Dust Samples are Collected As mentioned previously, the instrument used in collecting the dust samples is that known ns the "Impingcr." With this instrument the air to he sampled is drawn through a glass tube and impinged at a high velocity on a glass plate which is im mersed beneath a suitable liipiid contained in the collecting flask. The impingcr, therefore, combines the principle of collecting (hist by impingement v. itii a water-washing or bubbling method and so possesses the. advantages of both principles. The dust is thus trapped and remains in the collecting liquid. Suction is applied to the impingcr by means of-.a steam ejector operated by compressed air. Where compressed air is not available, a small electrically-operated vacuum pump may lie u-td. The rate of air flow is measured either by means of a small vacuum gacc or an orifice-type low meter. The entire apparatus is calibrated before use against a standard gas meter, so that a known volume of nir may he sampled. The rate of sampling is approximately one cubic foot of air per minute. The (lust-collecting device is placed in close proximity to tiic breathing level of^lhc workmen involved while performing their respective duties, so that air samples representing actual working conditions may he obtained After a sufficient volume of ditsl-ladeu air has been sampled, the collecting liquid is pi,-iced in a suitable container and removed to the laboratory for the necessary analysis. . When the. dust sample reaches the laboratory, the entire sample is filtered into a clean graduated flask through a 280-mesh screen so that only particles smaller than 50 microns arc permitted to pass; (articles larger than 50 microns arc not considered 42 V'Tvr/;/v-sccoihI ('mit/rcss-- Xatiniial Safely Council injurio; and un-, therefore. removed from the .-aniijK-, Alter proper dilution. the contents of tlie graduated lltt.sk tire thoroughly shaken so tiltil a uniform suspension is obtained, tuiil two portions of about one cubic centimeter arc removed with a pipette to just lili two Scdgwick-Raftcr counting cells. The cells are allowed to stand at least 20 minutes and tbc dust particles tire then counted by means of a microscope. The microscope with-an Abbe condenser is provided'with an eyepiece micrometer, a ld-mlimetor objective and a 7.X eyepiece, flic eyepiece micrometer has a large' square engraved on it. and this srumre-is divided into 1(10 squares, one of which is fur ther divided into 2? smaller squares. The proper tube length of tbc microscope is determined by calibration with a stage micrometer, so that a side of the large .square of the eyepiece covers 1 millimeter (1,000 microns'). The large square of the eyepiece micrometer, therefore, encloses tbc dust in an area of one square millimeter, and since tbc counting cell is one millimeter dec]), all the dust suspended in one cubic millimeter of the sample Is under the ruled field. All particles visually less than 10 microns in longest diameter in one quarter of the field are counted at five points on tbc cell, namely, near the four Corners and the center. Two cells of each dust sample arc counted and the average of 10 counts is obtained. Control counts are subtracted from the avirago sample counts, giving finally, average net counts of the number of particles which arc then calculated in terms of particles per cubic foot of air sampled. Having determined the concentration of dust particles less than 10 microns in diam eter in a given atmosphere, it is also necessary to obtain inlormation regarding the mineral composition of the (Inst before any evaluation of the health hazard can he made. In general it may be said that the harmitihicss of a quartz containing (Inst is usually in direct proportion to its irve-sibea fSiO:1 content. It is. therefore, neces sary p. distinguish between `'free lira", that is the silica that occurs as quartz, and ``combined silica'', .r tbc silica that is combined with other elements in the various silicate minerals. It should lie borne in mind, therefore, that the total silica reported in the customary chemical analysis is no measure of the amount of free silica. The quartz content of lino hols is usually determined by a combination of petrographic and chemical methods. Kaeb dust presents individual problems and no. individual technique applies to all dusts regardless of their composition. Those interested in liii- problem should consult lie-print Xo. 150 of tbc Public Health Re ports. l-Yhrunry 2-1. lO.lo. entitled "The Quantitative Determination of Quartz (free silica! in Dust-" hv Adolph Knopf. Professor of Physical Geology, Yale Um'vcrsilv, and tYusuinuit, United Suites Public Health Service. . r Discussion of Dust Problems 'el;,',. /.. By DR. LEONARD GREENBURG Yale University, New Haven, Conn. The/ speaker said in part: On the technical side of this problem you have been presented with two cNrciicnt papers by Mr. Jones and Dr. Meiter. There is little that I should add .from this point of view. Perhaps the most valuable contribution that 1 can make is to present to von my own personal view of the broader adminis trative aspects of this problem gained as a result of many years of close contact. In order in do this, let us analyze the problem in its simplest terms. Council proper dilution. the a Uniterm suspension .re removed with a ^ U s arc allowed to ,flPfcd iiy menus of a : eyepiece micrometer, rometer lias a large title which is ftirof the microscope is e of the large square loses the dust in nil millimeter deep, nil r the ruled field. All quarter of the field rs and the center. HI counts is obtained, nine finally, average in terms of particles ' H) microns in diamnmtion regarding the ' ealth hazard can lie r containing dust is is. therefore, ncces ctirs as quartz, and nents in the various total silica reported of free .iliea. a combination ni val problems and no -seiipositinn Those ^ 'uhlie Health Kc- -.11 of Quartz (free -y. Vale University, deni you have been "er. There is little 'tumble contribution ie broader ndntinisrs of close contact, icrtiis. / h t . c f J'rnhlcin in hnlusli'V 4,? W e may begin by agreeing 'lb,at pulmonary fhriisis results from the inhalation "t certain dusts in known I'oiicciitralion over a sufficient period of time. This fact nas liven demonstrated repeatedly by means of industrial, laboratory and pathological studies. On this simple fact. I talsc it. there is conipiete agreement. Sueii legitimate cases of disabling pulmonary lihrosis are iield in many states to lie tlie responsibility of the employer. 1'iirther. a perusal "i th.c compensation laws iTiakcs it evident that there exists a decided trend in thedirection of broadening the compensation acts throughout the Union for we lir.tlfrom time to time that additional states are beimr added to dir list of thioc liohiins silicosis to he a com pensable disease. We would ceytaiuly lie blinding oxu'seives to the facts were we not to admit die existence of this trend in'social ieeiskitmn. It should he pointed out here that this is avery wholesome anil desirable state affairs. The insurance principle lias justified its existence in spreading the burden of ill fortune over a loner period of freedom from catastrophe and surely in the case of industrial accidents it lias freed us from the deplorable state of affairs in existence prior to 1P12. In the case ot the occupational diseases we may hope- for equally satisfactory results. Nevertheless, compensation insurance is not the complete -oimion of the problem at hand. The only adequate means of avoiding the burden of silicosis is Iiy the preven tion oi this disease. All oilier methods (in mu touch the crux of the problem and they carry in' their wake a vast amount oi litigation, ulne-. and a lar.ee financial burden on industry. If what we have acreed upon to this p, ,;;n is true ii is obvious that industry must prevent the dissemination of du-t in the workroom air hv such adequate eneinecrine techniques as are available: "V in certain eases where this ,is not possible industry must provide, ami force the wor'iur in um:. -r.cn means of personal protection as will adequately safeguard him .'(earn-: the inhalation of dust, it is only by these means that we van guarantee a future free of (subunit pulmonarv bi-cn.se due to dust iniiaiaiioii. In -pile of tiie very best efforts of industry to s.-ive tiiis problem there will un doubtedly Pe a certain number of eases brought to the y u r t s ami presented as iceitimale eases of silicosis. While some of these are true cases of silicosis others. ! have been informed, arc not. hut are designed merciy as a means of obtainin'.; unis from industry. A consideration of such cases brines us logically to the second part of the present discussion. What is the ideal method of iuutdline compensation cases with reference to occupational disease and more particularly silicosis? if v.e examine tiie development of the-compensation acts we find that a technique besieiit'il primarily to adjudicate cases of industrial accidents has by decrees been given jurisdiction over occupational diseases. In fact, in some states diseases are reearded as injuries so that they may be bronchi within she scope of the original compensation acts. Unit on dose examination it becomes apparent that diseases arc far more difficult to adjudicate than are the ordinary injuries arising in industry. They present many teehnieal meets and often require a dvt.vbcd knowledge of this particular branch oi mediruu^ with which the average commissioner is very often unfamiliar. As a result wc laid in practice that the Court is presented with highly technical evidence by experts for the plaintiff and for the defendant which is very difficult ii not impossible to satisfactorily evaluate. Oiten the commissioner is caught between tiie conflicting views of such witnesses and is not provided with his own experts to aid him in arriving at the real scientific background oi the problem at hand. -T*t TicchI v-sccoikI Congress--Yuliana! Safely Council What we rcaliy need is ;i strengthening of the technical side of the compensation nets to beep pace with the increased factual umliTstamliu.it regarding the occupational diseases, This does not merely refer to the Courts themselves hut should Liegiu with the promulgation of accurately worded compensation acts which clearly define the diseases tor which compensation is to he paid. Compensation commissioners should he assisted by hoards of technical experts composed of engineers appointed hy the `leans of the various engineering schi ds atul ot physicians appointed hy the deans of live recognized medical schools. The 'engineers selected should have a very com plete knowledge of factory conditions and the field of ventilation, and the physicians should he experts in the field of industrial hygiene and occupational disease. It is only with the aid of such highly specialized hoards, or their equivalents, that the Compensation commissioners may he able to do complete justice to both sides in those higitly technical cases. It is the belief of the speaker that employers and em ployees alike would benefit greatly from the establishment and use of such hoards. In order to hasten the establishment of this system employers are justified in ap pealing to their legislatures with this end in view; certainly such a legitimate demand sit<mid receive the hearty support of all concerned. Frequently one is asked, what should he done with those claims which arc based n little or no real evidence of injury to the worker but which arc merely reared hy some very enterprising attorney? Such claims are, I have been told, becoming very common of late and constitute a real problem to industry. It is ohviotis that t-ic compensation advisory hoards suggested earlier will, as soon as they are formed, serve the future as a healthy bulwark against this type of baseless claim and 1 venture to predict that few such cases would he favorably acted upon hy a board real experts in this held. At the present time factory officials should employ the very best legal talent available and should reinforce such legal talent with technical and medical experts thoroughly versed in the field of silicosis. Many cases have been lost i-y a failure to bring to bear the requisite technical aid required to prove the in iii-existencc of a hazard. Here is an excellent example of a ease in which m.,ney may he saved in the end liv increased expenditures. We now arrive at the final steps in the control of this problem, the physical and X-ray examination of the worker, -.very tactory should have prc-cinplnvmcnt and routine post-examinations. It steins obvious that the burden of the health of the Worker should nut he placed on the plant without the privilege of the pre-employment examination. How can industry he legitimately expected to hire a worker "in the blind" .is to iiis or iter physical condition and then a day later he expected to shoulder the burden of the workers health.' Hy repeated physical examinations it is possible to discern the faint early deviations from normal health if any take place. In this manner the employer would he forewarned very early- if any workmen showed lung changes suggestive of early silicosis. The routine industrial health examination on a brand scale throughout the major portion of .American industry would constitute a public health procedure of major significance. Ilv its means a very large propor tion of the population would he aided u the prevention of the degenerative diseases oi middle life which today constitutes such a real menace. A DJ 0 U K SM Iii\'T -uclv that the r ir n x r v - s /; <o x n a x x c . / /. s a / n r ) c o X c, h /: .v .v A' A T I O X A /. .VA /' /i TV CO U X Cl L .would `tiuii'-. contest. 1 uenclt year in ... the past iite I Safety Section, A.R.A.--Steam improvement in i iwt live deatli?. .ccutuitc Iiams. a nee compare? 'vident expert 's .mo the rui'vns true : hut i ! Railroad Section N.S.C. ..... I the National 1 able to prove Officers 1932-33 j Chairman--C kaui.ks K. Hiu.. New York Central Lines, New York City, est in severity l First I'ire-Chairman--C. L. L a F oo.vt.wxi:, Great Northern Railway Co., St. Paul, ninth best in I Minn. country. The Second Vice-Chairman--H. A. P a k is u , Chicago & North Western Railway Co.. ' Man the nthher 1 * Chicago. industries, : Secretary--J. C. C.wistox, American Railway Assn., New York City, nd cost liitt-.rcs j Members, Committee oj Direction : xpcriencc ni a ' ' P. H aktkxstkix. I.ehifih \'a!ley Railroad. Lcthlehcm, Pa. riihher itood-. H. A. Kmvi:, Delaware. Lackawanna & Western Railroad Co,, New \ urk City. c that tluriue ' C. X. WinnwAitp, New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, New Haven. t did not im- : Conn. atetv prnyrani ; Rom.io S vott. Atlantic Coast Lines Railroad Co., Wilmiiiptnu. N. C. .y column;.as A. O. Lia u. Canadian National Railway, .Montreal. P. Q,, Canada. i idvisory c.mii- !'. W. Cricris. 1in n e r ,K: Rio (irarnle Western Railroad, Denver. 1 - and pending K. (i. 1-a a n s . Louisville fv Nashville Railway, Louisville, Kj. -t was reduced nd tliis was a C. 1*. L akson'. Missouri Pacific Railroad. St. I.onis. !'. M. Mr.Ti'.M.i r., Northern Pacific Railway Co., St. Paul, Minn. ,1. T. Pit.vrr. Readmit Co.. Keadinp. l 'a. i textile mills, m '.0.11. 2; and <r to jtet divi. hut the manrth more than -.lit prevention enminjr down that lie lirol.-e factory that I ii or lcavi-ts The complt report oj these sessions is published in a booklet entitled "I 1rocccdnuis I oj the lotit .liiiuiiii Meclinn oj the Sajety Section", tr.aUnblc from the American Raikeay Ass,dation. j 4j TUESDAY MORNING SESSION V Octeber 3, 1933 1 The sessions of the Safety Section. American Railway Association--Steam Rail \ road Section. National Safety Council, were held as a part of and in conjunction i with the Annual Congress of the National Safety Council in the Stevens Hotel. 439 f 444 Tu-cnty-sccoini Cuiiyrcss-- Xallonul Safety Council TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 3, 1933 Address By FREDERICK E. WILLIAMSON President, New York Central Lines, New York City The speaker said in part: I not my first lesson in safety in a very trying way. I was working in Utica, and the yard was badly congested. I was working with a switch engine in the lower part of the yard, and it was snowing hard. I was on top of a string of cars, and I was trying to figure out how to get them out. I swung down on a side ladder, with tny mind wholly intent on whatI was trying to accomplish, and stepped hack on track No. 2--there was a screech of a whistle, and here suddenly was No. .Vs engine about 50 feet away, or so it seemed to me. Instinctively, I made a dive between this string of cars that was pulling out, and I could just feci that pilot beam whistle by me. and the engineer thought he had hit me. He stopped and came hack to find that I was all right, but certainly I got a safety lesson from him in no uncertain words. So I learned my first safety lesson hv a shock and a scare. Today, however, we have adopted another principle. Now we arc trying to teach the young men safety by rules, by education, rather than bv letting them learn through experience and narrow escapes that safety is essential. You and the au'diated safety bureaus of the several railroads have taught us to. understand that while you can't undo accidents that have happened, you can see to it that no accident that docs happen will he considered a closed hook until there i> a thorough analysis of its cause, with a view to the avoidance, wherever possible, of that same cause of succeeding accidents. As we review tiic official records of the Interstate Commerce Commission, we note with pride the progress of the American railroad in the reduction of accidents, ami all who are familiar with the subject recognize the large contribution of the Safety Section of the Association in that noteworthy achievement. One of my distinguished predecessors in the presidency of the New York Central Lines was fond of saying that a railroad is composed of plant and personnel, and that pcrs' imei -'pri-senis VO per cent of its value. Much of the sucecss of your work is dependent upon a recognition of the large importance ill safe railroading of the so-called "human element." You must consider and deal with a mental ap proach of officers and employees to all safety work. It is not enough that the physical plants he cleared of lurking hazards, nor is it enough that instructions as to the saic methods of operation lie promulgated. Both of these things, of course, are vital. Of c<;ual importance, perhaps of larger importance, is the molding of mental attitude toward safety movements, and toward safety itself. The number of accidents that arc utter-hr unavoidable is surprisingly small. Everything that is done to impress on all the frightful cost of accidents in life, limb and money, is yeoman service. \Yc must eternally seek to instill in tlic minds of all a serious respect for safety measures and a dogged determination to do, each one, his job. not only well, but safely. Your section is now. as it lias been from its inception, in the vanguard of that movement, and it is but candid that I say to you that railroad executives generally, congratulate and honor you ior what you have done and are doing. 452 'J'^irnty-sravu! Conyrcss-- Xatioiial Safely Cnumil the operation of track motor cars hy: (11 operating a car at excessive speed; (2) improperly storing tools on the car; (3) permitting men to occupy unsafe positions on the car; (d) failure to protect against trains ami other track motor cars; ami (5) failure to observe switches and crossin.es, especially with respect to speed and obstructions. The maintenance of way supervisor must know the standard operating rules, and should at all times have in his possession current time tables and be familiar with special instructions. There arc few duties of a .maintenance of way supervisor that we can well delegate to someone else, or avoid responsibility for. From the maintenance of cipiipmcnt standpoint, it is particularly the duty and responsibility of the supervisor to note hazardous conditions about the shop plant. He should he quick to hear any report of unsafe conditions o the premises, ma chines and tools, and his quick eve should personally observe these conditions. He should he of as great value as others working under him in foreseeing possible accidents and injury as the result of these hazardous conditions. After a possible injury, the supervisor also has an important duty toward the injured employee. He should see that immediate first aid care is given the injured person and make sure that he gets into the hands of a competent physician as rapidly as possible. To call in a physician and a claim agent every time a man stubs his toe or skins a knuckle is, of course, a mistake. It is possible to make too much fuss over small injuries. Cut there should he at hand some simple means of pre venting infection for minor injuries, and if an injury is serious, the personal atten tion of a physician is the only recourse. The Green Book The final feature of this session was a presentation of the current "Green Cook" hy L. R. Calmer, Conservation Engineer. Equitable Life Assurance Society, Hew York City. Mr. Calmer very briefly called attention to the fact that he had pre pared a tabulation covering employee casualty rates for the six months' period of 1933. Class I railroads, in accordance with the standard Green Cook grouping and will forward copies to Class I railroads. W E D N E S D A Y M O R N IN G SE SSIO N October 4, 1933 The Goggle Rule and How Enforced By J. C. YOCUM Manager, Safety Department, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway The speaker said in part: It lias always been a puzzle to me why it is necessary to repent over and over again to employees that one of the greatest things which has been given us is sight and how necessary it is that they use the means so irccly afforded them to protect and preserve this blessed gift. To my mind, being blind is about the worst disaster that can happen to anybody. Experience has shown that wc cannot take it tor granted that men will of their own accord think for themselves in this respect, and for this reason it has been riily-S i'o iu l Coio/rcss-- A 1allouai Sa cly Council 'vin into hospitals, loo large a percentage, sometimes 50 per cent i.i them liai, although the operation was successful. (kir trouble is imt that we don't know liotv to switch cats, it is not that wc don't know Ini\v to get trains over a railroad, it is nut that wc don't know how to make th"sc trains line and oomiortaMe for passengers or to meet the needs of the shipping pr.hlic. Inn we cannot perionn our operations without the infection of carelessness; tin the only way we can eliminate it from onr railroad operations is to make each inohidnal man oil onr railroad an expert in the performance of his operations. >" we need to study each individual operation and see where the bug vets into that operation, and develop a tcchiii<|i:c that will assure efficiency every time that operation is performed. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 4, 1933 Report of Committee on Train Service Accidents By D. G. PHILLIPS Superintendent of Safety, Wabash Railway, St. Louis The speaker said in part : In 1952 there were 65 employees killed and 526 in jured in train accidents, while in train service accidents for the same, period there were 5n7 employees killed and 6.S41 injured. So without minimizing the import ance of safety work in connection to train accidents, these figures show us the much creator lick! for work in the prevention of train service accidents. In l<i32 there were six times as many killed in train service accidents as in train accidents, and 2.1 times as many injured.. In r>52. 2u perdons were killed and 50/ were injured in accidents while coupling or uncoupling cars or locomotives. The remedy for this class of accidents natur ally suggests itself, keep from between moving cars that arc about to couple, do not attempt to make any adjustments in the coupling .apparatus of a moving car that requires you to go in front of the car. Such adjustments should be made when ear is still. We believe that proper supervision can eliminate entirely this class of accidents, hut if a supervising ulncial Stands around scciu.tr men doint: v,"ik in this manlier and says nothing, just so Unie will accidents of this kind occur. Ihiriue 1'.'52. '> persons were killed and 125 injured while couplinp or uncoupling air or steam hose. The principal cause of employee Injuries coniine under this hcadiue is lue to alteinptiiip to do their work without proper protection and from inadvertently unconpline air or steam hose under pressure. If nrddeuts of bis kind are to he prevented, it is absolutely necessary that win re a blue line rtlic is applicable, such a rule should be made and should he complied with. However, iro'picntly in switching operations there is no opportunity for the use "i a blue dag. In such cases, not only the men doing the work, hut those working with them .should he on the alert to sec that no movement is made when men are between the cars. Of course, the. mail himself should he sure that air and steam are shut off before any attempt to uncouple hose, and even then they must he careful, as steam and air are frequently trapped and remain fur sometime in a short 'section of hose. Supervising officials should not overlook the failure to blue dag when th rule so proviiles and should watch to see that the man understands the proper method to uncouple air and steam hose. t'N 7 ,\v /i/y - si ' cni hl Co/i;//v..v-- .Viu i o i i i i f S a f e l y Coinin'/ llu- ro-operative response ;in<! ;issist:iuce of tli<>=c railed upon i.. contribute U'.e'.r thought. lime and effort (<> promote stteh ;i romineiul.'ilile r a i i s r .is the c 11'irruium of lmin.'m life and iimb, ;iiul desiring to recognize each and ee..-re one lii a proper and luting maimer,-- lliercfore. lie it resolved-- 1tint this Section recognizes and appreciates the contribution made In each and every one who u. any manner arranged lor or |inrtieipatcd in the conduct of these meetings, including, and with particular reference t". those whose presence, although imt upon the program, have added so much: I iiat the Section is not only grateful, hut indebted to Messrs, h. Ic. Williamson, 'resident. New York Central Lines: M. .1. Gonnlcy. President. American 'Railway Association, and Judge K. Y. Fletcher, General Counsel. Association of Railway executives and of the American Railway Association: in<- ;hcir sacrifice of time, and for the great and lasting benefits that must accrue to and aid in the advance ment "i lids Section ain't its work' because of the timely, we'd chosen and pertinent .`nought given us; That our appreciation is also extended to the management of the Stevens Hotel: to the Press and to all others who have so kindly assisted in making' our stay in "America's Chicago." so pleasing and so profitable; Thai in our hearts, wc cherish the memory of those wlm have been called to fclds beyond, and express our earnest desire and hope, that to those of our .Members upon u is mi burdens have hem placed through physical infirmities and otherwise, lasting and effective relief may speedily come. That these Resolutions be spread upon the records of this Annual Meeting. Announcement of Election of Officers Tile chairman then called for the report of the tellers who had canva-sed the votes ; r lu.-er of the Section for toe ensuing year. This report was presented by Frank .-:i"::-.-. Pennsylvania Railroad, who announced the election of officers as follows: --C. I.. I.a I'otmtaine. ("real Northern Railway. 'illinium--II. A. Pari-h. Chicago & Xoriii -Western Railway. .`kVitii I Viv-t 7m/i mm:--\Y. II. Fading. Central Railroad ol New Jer.-ey. .'! r Ct'wwitli'r ni iht'i'itii'H-- Fa-tern Territory I ( hie-' ear T erm)--T. 1L Carrow, Pcnns> leania Railroad. New Fngland Territory (One-Year Term i--F\ R. llradford. I'.oston X .Maine Ka.il- Soudani Territory--L. <L Ilentley. Chesapeake Xc Ohio Railway. Canadian Territory--A. ( i. lieck. Canadian National Railways. Western Territory--F.. A. Meyer. Chicago. Milwaukee.- St. Paul and Pacific K. R., and CL H. Warfei. Union Pacific System. fi'Uoiiu.'.v ei.' .Ynim'iMlio'i.i-- O. F. join.son. Minneapoiis ic St. Louis Railroad: J. (L Fitzhtigh. (hill, Colorado ami Santa Fe Railway: A. Y. Kohwcdor, Dtiinlli. Missahe and Northern Rail way ; 1. i.. Walsh,. Missoiiri-Isansas-Texas Railroad: lh (L Phillips. Wabash Kailway. .njO C K X M liX T