Document JNaGYoqqg439jevjvrOprzxZa

RADIOACTIVE FUEL -- a "packaging" problem The average package designer usually has only one overriding requirement to meet. It may be preserving freshness, maintaining sterility, or preventing dam age to delicate goods. In contrast, the engineer who has to design a shipping cask for radioactive fuel elements is faced with a staggering list of "packag ing" requirements. This is the story of the evolution of a shipping container for radioactive fuel elements for the new Dresden reactor built by General Electric Co. The en gineers at Knapp Mills Inc. who de signed and built the casks had to thread gingerly through a set of requirements which conflicted with one another and which permitted no compromise. More over. the resulting container had to be right the first time. Radioactivity, of course, was the most obvious factor. The case was specifically called upon to carry greater than 1.000,000 curie load (gamma activity) of fuel while holding radiation levels out side the cask below the AEC require ment of 200 mR/hr at the cask surface and 10 mR/hr at a distance of one meter. But not only was the cask called upon to contain the radioactive fuel depend ably during shipment but it had to con tinue to do so during and after any "credible" accident. A loss of shielding around the fuel could create a radiation hazard in the area. More seriously, if some of the radioactive material escaped, say, in transit, the resulting contamination could be very widespread and danger ous. The cask also had to be designed so that not enough fuel could get together to form a critical mass and start a run away reaction. Personnel also had to be protected from radiation and contamina tion while the cask is being loaded, un loaded and handled. Heat -- The second family of design problem1 is concerned with dissipating the considerable heat generated in the fuel through the cask w^lls. Circulating coolant, continuous metal construction and external cooling fins are all used in the Dresden design to maintain a safe operating temperature. The final main design goals are to construct a cask that is as economical, compact, and lightweight as possible. Essentially, the Dresden cask consists of a stainless steel inner container and a stainless clad carbon steel outer shell. The space between the container and shell is filled with lead, metallurgicalh bonded and integral to both steel sur faces by Knapp's patented directional shrink cooling process. Metallurgicaliy bonding lead to the steel shells provides a continuous metal composition for high physical strength, maximum heat transfer and uniform shield density. In unbonded construc tion. the molten lead when installed mav shrink away from the steel during cool ing, thereby drastically decreasing the efficiency of the cask design. Size -- Engineers designed the cask to carry only four fuel rods so that it would be small enough to be shipped hy truck and not restricted to railroad transpor tation. This is an important advantage for versatile application of a basic cask design. The cask itself is 12.75 ft. long. 38 in. in diameter and weighs 22.5 tons. .Spe cial yokes support the cask in its hori zontal shipping position and help with stand vibrations and shock. Strength and cask integrity -- The Atomic Energy Commission justly con siders the structural integrity of a cask to be the most important factor in de termining its invulnerability to a cred ible accident. Tn addition to normal strength requirements, they require casks be designed to withstand rigorous puncture and drop tests. The resilient, shock absorbing prop erties of the lead mass were perhaps the main factors enabling the cask to be designed to survive the severe punish ment. The puncture test criteria require that a 6-in. diameter area of the cask with stand a blow equal to 30 times the LIA 26317 weight of the loaded cask. In this case, that force is greater than 225,000 psi. AEC sponsored tests on full scale cases showed the bonded lead construction withstood this test without piercing the inner container. On the same AEC tests a cask was dropped from 15 ft. and then from 30 ft. The mass of lead again absorbed the blows without separation of the steellead bonds. Internal pressure -- Another struc tural requirement was to overcome the raised pressure in the fuel chamber caused by heat. Both the cask itself and the end closure withstood the required 100 psi in the fuel chamber. Maximum permitted operating pressure is 50 psi. One of the factors that contributes most to the uniformity and effectiveness of the shield is the extreme care taken during fabrication and inspection of the cask to eliminate any voids or spaces be tween the lead and the steel containers. These steps assure uniform distribution of radiation over the surface of the cask. The four fuel assemblies carried within each cask are separated from each other by a basket made of stainless steel. In addition to supporting fuel as semblies the basket is designed to be a good thermal conductor to aid in heat dissipation. Heat is first removed from the radio active fuel rods by water circulating by natural convection and flowing through perforations in the basket. This heat is absorbed by a black anodized aluminum thermal sleeve positioned around the basket. The sleeve transfers the heat to the stainless steel container wall where it is transmitted through the lead shield and finally dissipated by cooling fins on the cask interior. The cask is designed to remove 25,000 Btu/hr from the fuel while keeping surface temperature of the cask below 180F. In designing the cask a special effort was made to achieve a uniform tempera ture along the length of the cask. This was accomplished by varying the cooling fin spacing from one end to the other. TESTING OUT COOLING The cask's heat removal capacity was tested before use by substituting spe cially designed electrical heaters for fuel elements with the cask filled with water and laid in the transport position. Temperatures were measured with ther mocouples at various check points within and outside the cask body and on the cooling fins. Assurance of no physical imperfec tions such as voids or irregularities in the cast lead was proven by continuously scanning the length of the cask with penetrating gamma rays from a power ful radium source. Direct read-out re cordings of each inspected section would show voids as an excess of gamma rays reaching the detector. Any such flaws in the lead-steel bond were, of course, eliminated. Lead bonded construction was se lected after a careful evaluation of other materials and construction methods. Their appraisal of the shielding charac teristics and the practical engineering and economic factors is summarized in the accompanying table. "Practical fac tors" are weighted three times as heavily as "shielding characteristics" because a material suited in theory (platinum is included as an example) is useful only if it is practical to design and fabricate. In this example, a lead shipping cask could be valued at less than $50,000 but its platinum counterpart would cost more than $35,000,000. The shielding materials are preferred for this design in the following order: lead, cast carbon steel, stainless steel, concrete, tungsten, depleted uranium and platinum. PROPERTY SHIELD MATERIAL Comparison of Shield Characteristics Density Corrosion Resistance Strength (Tensile) Thermal Conductivity Specific Heat Comparison of Practical Factors Availability Design Versatility Ease of Fabrication Ease of Testing Lowest Cost of Finished Equipment Final Shield Merit Lead 2.6 5.0 4.0 2.4 1.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 90.0 Cast Carbon Steel 1.8 3.0 5.0 1.5 3.5 Stainless Steel 1.8 5.0 4.0 0.6 3.9 Concrete 0.8 5.0 4.0 0.01 5.0 Tungsten 4.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 Depleted Uranium 4.3 5.0 4.0 2.8 2.0 Platinum 5.0 5.0 2.0 1.2 1.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 13.5 7.0 70.3 12.0 8.0 10.0 13.5 4.0 62.8 15.0 1.5 9.0 7.5 5.9 53.7 4.5 1.5 1.5 15.0 0.3 41.8 5.0 1.5 1.5 15.0 0.15 41.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 12.0 0.002 30.7 Shield Material Evaluation For Spent Fuel Shipping Cask by Knapp Mills Engineers A note on this table -- Obviously the details of an evaluation of this sort are subject to debate. Properties of the shield materials themselves were compared first. But, because this was a practical design and construction problem, the materials characteristics were rated os o total of 25 and the practical construction factors totaled 75. Thus, an optimum material would rate 100%. Of course, some designation might justify a rating of 6 or 4 instead of 5, but these finer distinc tions were reserved until a final re-evaluation was made. "T-- * i of 4.0 were assigned to materials that would have to be encased , ^ o L I A C. D D l O -eally that of steel. Platinum, for example, would not be encased. Conventionally molten lead and otlier metals have been melted where the cast ing takes place, or the molten metal is carried to the point of use in ladles or a variety of buckets. Such manual meth ods are. of course, inadequate for high speed operations such as supplying type for large city newspapers. One system now in use conveys the lead to the stereo type casting machines in a closed pipe system so that it does not spill, get dirty or oxidized, and is available when needed at the proper heat. One of the principal components of the system, now used at the new plant of the .Yetc York Times, is the electrical impedance heated pipeline which can maintain an internal temperature of 600 QtfU' to 950F. This keeps the lead fluid under flow or standby conditions. The pipe is heated by passing a low voltage electric current through the piping itself so that the electrical resistance of the pipe creates the heat. Wattage is only 100 to 120 watts per foot. The actual heat losses are about one third of this and are low enough to preclude overloading the plant air con ditioning system. Normally, only enough energy is used to make up heat losses -- the reserve capacity is for remelting metal in the line after shutdown. In the New York Times system, de signed and built by Electric Pipe Line. Inc., Saddle Brook. N.J.. used plates of stereotype metal, each as big as a news paper spread (about 40 pounds), are au. 1 tomaticallv conveyed to a 25-ton master! melting pot. Molten lead is pumped i from this pot through the heated pj[)e overhead to either of two 8-ton slave pots which feed the type casting ma chines directly. The molten lead is driven by jm. mersed impeller pumps located in the master pot. Maximum delivery froin each pump is about 700 pounds per tninute. Feed rates are arranged to hold the fluid level constant to one inch in the slave pots, letting it vary in the master pot. The discharge pipe feeding the slave pots is always immersed in the metal to prevent splashing, air draw, and in. ternal drossing. The horizontal pipe run is over four feet above the highest metal level to prevent siphoning back to the master pot. Insulation on the pipe is three inches thick and extends to the lowest metal level in all pots. Molten metal is kept away from the insulation hy a steel sleeve welded to the pipe at its mouth. Electrical impedance heated pipe carries molten stereo type metal to casting machines in a large newspaper plant. !4P; /- L IA26319 urfalW b Project in Arizona. ** Tint battery-powered standby system Sow zero to 85 degrees above frecntly interrupt the commercial AC ^wer. For example, during the period from February 14 to March 27 of this r the normal-power interruptions totaled 22.1 hours. [n normal operation, the microwave , ,tem links the power dispatching office ot Tenipe. with Roosevelt, and Horse |nJef -- Checking soliditote microwave equip ment at Pinal Peak relay age battery and battery 1 charger (right) supply re d liable standby power at 'l station subject to great I extremes of weather. 1. Parabolic antenna at too of HO ft. tower on Pinal Peak (7850 ft.) de tects microwave signals beamed from Power Dis patching Office of Salt River Project at Tempe, 67 miles away. Mesa Dams. The voice circuits are used to control water flow and hydroelectric power generation in the project. A typical installation is the relay stat tion at Pinal Peak. There, where the . weather is really extreme, signals are `delected by a parabolic antenna 110 ft. ' above the ground. That power supply consists of a 24( cell stationary battery capable of sup plying emergency power for three hours, a battery charger and a small propane powered engine generator, r When normal AC power is cut off, ; lead-acid batteries that have been main tained at full charge instantly supply , power for signal relaying. After 1.5 minutes the engine generator substitutes i the AC source and also powers the ibattery charger. 1. Tin the joint area of the cable sheath. JJACKETING & JOINING .. keys to top performance of industrial power cable! "The plant electrical en gineer who today is faced with the problem of select ing a high voltage cable for a plant distribution system . . . should review the char acteristics and records of available materials to de termine which have shown merit of con sideration. If such a review considered service reliability and good experience, two characteristics certainly not to be overlooked for an industrial installa tion. paper-insulated lead-covered cable (PILC) cable would present an out standingly good record." This quotation* coupled with the low cost of lead-sheathed paper-insulated cable raises the question of why the cable is not used exclusively for high voltage circuits in industrial application. A survey of industrial plant electrical engineers showed that lead-sheathed paper-insulated cable is, in fact, widely used. However, two disadvantages are reported by the users. They are, sheath corrosion in certain environments and difficulty with splicing and terminating. The survey showed that although cor rosion was reported as a problem, "sheath corrosion had been eliminated by the addition of non-metallic jackets over the lead sheath on installations where this design was adopted. Fabric reinforced neoprene jackets have been completely successful in eliminating cor rosion of lead sheath. No corrosion of lead sheath protected by a neoprene jacket has been reported on over 30 years of operating experience." Polyethylene jackets are also in use. Splicing and terminating difficulties arose with lead sheathed cable princi pally because of the unavailability of skilled lead wipers to make the uni versally used hand wiped joint. Now there is a joining method available to meet this need. The "pressed electrical wipe" joint `From "Power Cable for Industrial Plant Electrical Systems," by Thomas F. Lora- does not reduce the need for good work, inanship but it does provide a sealed joint as good or better than a hand wiped joint. The technique involve, solder 'sweating.' rather than a hand wipe requiring considerable skill and experience. The electric wipe joint, originated by the Consolidated Edison Company 0f New York, has now been modified and is being offered commercially in kit form under the trade name 'F.lectro-Lap Seal' by The Okonite Company, manufacturers of electrical cables. The new technique is compared with the hand wipe construc tion on the accompanying diagrams. In the standard splice, two heavy hand wipes are necessary to seal the splice sleeve to the cable sheath. In the elec trical wipe four solder-sealed joints are used instead. The sheath area to be sob dered is first tinned. Tools required for this are a torch and a solder stick. A loose-fitting lead reducer is slid over the sheath and tightened to induce capillary flow of the solder. A heater wire wrap ped around the lapped joint raises the temperature evenly to the melt point of the solder. This step should take only about three minutes. Solder is then fed into the hot joint until it accepts no more. While the joint is cooling, excess solder is wiped away. This also finishes the joint with a solder fillet between the sheath and reducer. A splice sleeve is sealed to the reducer in the same way. Joint for joint the pressed electrical wipe is probably more expensive than the hand wipe splice. However, the pressed joint offers the infrequent in staller great advantages in that he need not call on skilled craftsmen. An accelerated service test of a con ventional hand wiped joint and a pressed electrical wipe joint showed that the standard joint failed after 8280 expan sion and contraction cycles while the electric wipe continued to 8640 cycles. In both cases failure was in the sheath outside the joint. ' ditch, electrical engineer. The Okonite Co. Iron and Steel Engineer, July, 1963. 3. Wrap insulated electrical heater over the joint. Apply voltage until the joint is hot enough to solder. Finally, clean off excess solder to finish joint with a fillet. LIA2632 1 sed electrical wipe (left) and conventional 1 wipe (right) on a three-conducto, cc ble 1  /// \ \ / , V\\ atej V of d is ottn eal' erg We uc- < :nd ice *cire o]. or A he ry Ple fv d r e e 4 LINCOLN | CENTER if - waterproofing a reflecting pool One of the dramatic changes of the twentieth century in the United States has been the growth of the big city. In fact "big" takes on a meaning far bevond that which it had when the phrase "big city" was coined back in the gas light era. Today's urban attractions -- shopping, entertainment, recreation -- bring such hordes of automobiles into urban centers that city planners have to work hard to keep their cities function ing at all. Consider what is happening at the new Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City. At a typical perform ance. thousands of people, many of them in their own cars, will be arriving in a short time. Parking these cars takes space. Yet the entire effect of the grace ful buildings of the Center, its land scaped walkways, plazas, reflecting pools and fountains would be utterly spoiled if the grounds were to be turned into one huge parking lot. With space at such a premium, the architects for the Center simply located the garage under the plazas and pools. Of course the major problem arising from this ar rangement was the important matter of providing reliable waterproofing to pro tect materials and automobiles in these below ground spaces: The most reliable of the choices was sheet lead. Accord ingly, a total of 55 tons of 8 lb. chemical lead was used to line a fountain and a reflecting pool. The fountain, located between Phil harmonic Hall and the New York State theater, was designed by Philip Johnson Associates of New York City. It will pro vide a constantly changing kaleidoscope of form and color through regulation of a series of water jets and the play of colored light upon them. Ten tons of lead were used to line this unit. The cir cular form of the fountain and the many penetrations required through the water proofing necessitated special handling. In order to provide the most economical and practical layout, the AndrewsKnapp Construction Co. of Long Island City, New York, who installed the lead work, devised a unique plan. It consisted of 36 pie shaped sheets of lead laid out in a radial pattern with careful regard for placement and location of the many jets. Pipe for all these jets, plus others for overflow and drain lines, were homo genously bonded to the lead pan to form a permanent, watertight barrier against leakage. C'edits: A'c'.itects: PHii'p Johnson Associates (Fountain) Horrison and Abramovitz (Reflecting Pool) ^e^era! Contractor: Slattery C--*- Mechanical Engineers: Syskc P-"nbrng: Eugene Duklauer, LI A26322 ceaa Work: Andrews-Knapo The reflecting pool in front of the Vivian Beaumont Theater was the design of Harrison and Abramovitz, Architects of New York City. Though not as com plex as the fountain, its handling pre sented problems of sheer size. A total of 45 tons of 8 lb. lead was used by Andrews-Knapp to line this pool which measured 122 feet by 80 feet. Sheets were roughly 7 feet by 18 feet on the bottom with smaller sections for the sides. All sheets were lapped 2 inches and burned. Standard details were fol lowed including protection of the lead against the temporary hazard of free lime in fresh concrete through the use of as phalt impregnated papers. Both the fountain and the pool were built by the New York City Department of Parks which is also responsible for construction of the plazas, pedestrian bridge and underground garage at the Center. up i||iVi LEAD over and under the new Verrazano-Narrows Bridge From the top to the bottom of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge if a long way. To be more specific, its towers are nearly the height of a 70-story building. And lead in several forms will be used for its corrosion inhibitive properties from the tip of the bridge's twin towers right down to the waters of New York's Up per Bay. Every bit of structural steel going into this $325,000,000 giant -- more than 160.000 tons of it -- will be covered not Primer Specification -- Verrazano-Narrows Bridge* Pigment (64.5%) Basic lead silico chromate Silicious red iron oxide Organo montmorillonife Min. 94.0 5.0 0.5 Max. 6.0 0.6 Vehicle (35.5%) Raw linseed oil and alkyd resin combined in 4:11 proportions by weight, a minimum of 4.6% phthalic anhydride. Drier -- a combination of 0.15% zirconium -f- 0.03% manganese metals. Weight: 15.2 Ib/gallon * Specifications for the intermedia Industries Association, Inc. LIA26323 wined by writing the Lead just once hut a minimum of three tim. with lead pigmented paints to check co rosion. A fourth coat has been added i the interior of the towers, and all oth, box sections will get one too because , their inaccessibility for repainting late In all. more than 140.000 gallons < paint containing basic lead silico elm mate pigment will be required. Thu rust-inhibitive lead pigment will be pre. ent in every coat to fight he corrosio of salt spray, water, weather and fumeAnd lead pigmented paints stand m well against the elements because lead's ability to make metallic soap out of the organic acids which ordinarib form in the film -- thus neutralizing thei: corrosive powers. It is these acids tha break down a paint's film and expo-u the metal underneath to attack: how. ever, the "active" lead pigment preventthis and extends film life from a matter of months into years. Paint for the Verrazano Bridge is be ing applied by three different contract ors: Harris Structural Steel Co.. New York. N.Y.; Bethlehem Steel Co.. Beth lehem, Pa.; and The American BridgrDiv., U.S. Steel Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. Contractors laying the granite pier blocks which sheathe the concrete sup ports at the base of the two 690 ft. tower~ found lead very useful also. The Albert R. Maclnnis Co. Inc., of Manhattan, used 35.000 lb. of "lead wool" to calk the spaces between each granite block as a simple means of water-proofing tile mortar joints. Since these piers are bat tered constantly by waves (the tower foundation on the Staten Island side i300 ft. offshore, while the Brooklyn tower is 700 ft.), the use of lead calking as sures long life of the mortar with mini mum maintenance. Workmen merely hammered the "wool," which contains many tiny strands intertwined to form a mass about the size and shape of a large rope, into the joints with a chisel. The lead strands cold weld under such pressure to form a permanent, waterproof seal. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is being financed and built, and like all others in New York City, will be oper ated by the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority. Consulting Engineers for the project were Amniann and Whit ney. Anticipated completion date is the end of 1964 -- in time to help lighten the traffic load through mid-Manhattan en route to the World's Fair. c LEAD CHEMICALS 0 10 20 Minutes Effects of dry and dispersed red lead versus cure time (at 307CF) on the 200 per cent modulus of a neoprene rubber. 30 80 70 /60 / 50 T----- 40 30 20 irvISULATION RESISTANCE OF POLYVINYL CH LORI Dc #14 Wire - Vn' Insul tion 1 1 s tabil zed with 7 *-p<arts dry t leac sul ate SS' abil zed with 5 pa rts p redis perseri trit asic leac sull ate _ | | 1 1 l" _L__i__1___L_ _l__L_ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Weeks of immersion in 30C water Comparison of dry and predispersed tribasic lead sulfate stabilizer in a polyvinyl electrical wire insulation after immersion in hot water. LIA2632A --9-- with the mixing built in The new bride's problem of making a sevenminute frosting is not far different from that of the rubber chemist or plastics technologist trying to work out a new formulation. All the ingredients may be right but the product doesn't behave the way they'd like. The new bride may have to spend years learning exactly when to stop beating her frosting so that it sets without getting gritty. The rubber chemist, though, has a simpler solution available to him. Suppose his problem is to introduce red lead into a rubber compound as the curing agent. Red lead is a fine dry powder. Rubber, tough and gooey, waits to receive it on the moving rolls of a rubber mill. Understandably, it is hard to get an intimate mixture of two such materials. Dry powders like red lead tend to be spilled or puffed out into the air. Even when they are "wet" by the rubber it is difficult to be sure that they've been thoroughly dispersed. If the milling is continued for a long time to force dispersion, heating and mechanical breakdown of the rubber may start. One solution to the problem lies in a collec tion of patented pre-dispersed rubber and plastic chemicals. Lead chemicals are listed frecjuentlv in this collection. One of the un listed ingredients is the premixing which puts the chemicals in an easily compounded, inti mately dispersible form. These are the Pres- persion materials made by Ware Chemical Corp., of Westport, Conn. A typical Prespersion red lead would have a composition as follows: Red lead Naphthenic oil Paraffin (rap 130F) Polyisobutylene 90% 6.5% 2.7% 0.8% The material is packaged in bulk and is also available in pre-weighed batches ready for addition to rubber in the mill or Banbury. Another benefit derived from the predis persed chemicals is the performance achieved in the final formulation -- as shown by the per formance tests plotted here. Kto,ri QUIET ELEGANCE... i~] Hahne & Company, Westfield, N. J. The problem of what to do if you have a busy railroad not ten feet from your back door is apt to be a serious one. If that back door is planned to be one of the exits from a fine department store, the problem becomes one of even greater proportion. This was the situation facing execu tives of Hahne & Company, Newark and Montclair department store owners, when a property in Westfield, N.J., be came available for development. It was the desire of the owners to create, not just another unit in a chain of stores. 2- 1"' tf&fc lead astwstoi 3mi vta:>on pads 'larger each $>de than pier above OCTAO. AT GRADE BEAM 2" glass-- fiberbcard Concrete pier -Vertical reinforcing in pier - Vi" cork tape around footing dowels - Footing dowels v -Top of footing --Footing 1" thick iead-asbestosd anti vibration pads " ^Provide smooth level surface u fcr lead-asbestos pads INTERIOR COLUMNS but a new and distinctive member of a> line of fine retail establishments. Thel feeling of quiet elegance, so much a parti of this type of enterprise, would therefore] need a basic solution to the vibration I problem posed by the not infrequent I passage of railroad rolling stock along j the South wall of the building. It was therefore on the advice of their I architect, Lathrop Douglass of New York City, that Hahne & Company en- I gaged the services of Lewis S. Goodfriend & Associates, Consulting Engj. I neers in Acoustics, to make a study of the existing conditions and to recommend remedial measures. Accordingly, a series of measurements were made of railroad induced vibrations produced at the site by trains of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. From these, certain data were developed which were used as guide lines by the structural engineers, Throop & Feiden of New York City. The possi. bility of having to isolate entire walls along the railroad right-of-way where they would come to bear on their footings resulted in a decision to use a system of grade beams carrying the exterior wall and spanning from pier to pier. Each pier then is isolated from vibration on the South side of the building by leadasbestos anti-vibration pads double thick and, on the first interior row of columns, by single thick pads. Addi tional insulation was afforded by the interposition of two inch thick asphalt coated glass fiber board between the exterior walls and the earth back fill. A unique solution was necessary where structural requirements dictated use of steel dowels passing through the pads from the footings into the column to be poured above. In order to prevent the passage of vibration through the dowels, thus short circuiting the system, the specification called for the dowels to be wrapped with 34 inch thick cork tape such as is used to prevent con densate forming on cold water pipes. Pads varied in size from 50 x 20 inches to 20 inches square and all were ad justed in size so that loading ranged from 200 to 500 pounds per square inch. Passage of time since the completion of the job has been sufficient for the owners to gauge the effectiveness of this instal lation. In the words of Mr. J. C. Buck. President of Hahne & Company: "We have not experienced any vibration or noise problems from the railroad, which was a major concern." Credits: Architect: lothrop Douglass, New York City General Contractor: Mohony-Troast, Clifton, NJ. Structural Engineers: Throop & Feiden, New York City Foundation Contractor. George Peterson, Harrison, N.J. p ' - ' c -^.^triend & LI A26325 k C'ty | ODDS & ENDS i ABOUT LEAD * International Lead Conference Proceed ings available -- The edited proceedings 0f the First Internationa] Conference on Lead held in London, Oct.. 1962 have been published. The 350-page, illus trated volume contains 23 papers on lead cable sheathing, storage batteries, radia tion shielding, research, and lead and lead alloys in the chemical industry. The Proceedings are priced at $6.50 post free from the Lead Development Association, 34 Berkeley Square, London, Wl, Eng land, w'ith payment to that organization. When your French curve doesn't fit, take a tip from reader H. P. Higgs: "I use solder to take the place of a French curve. I straighten it by drawing it across the edge of the desk. It is then easilyformed to connect plotted data points.-' he w rites. Considering the cost of flexible curves and the fact that you can never find them when you need them, we think he has a good idea. If you have a tip on a handy way to use lead, let us tell others about it. -- The Editors. Interurban battery buses? A serious proj- -A has been made for inter-urban trolley buses whose overhead trolley- wires would end at the edge of heavy commercial areas. In the congested areas the buses' self-contained batteries would take over. Electric Storage Battery Com pany's Monroe G. Smith sees them as offering economy without the clutter of rails and wires on city streets. One prob lem still to be solved: How to get pas sengers to move to the rear. Less bounce to the ounce is the claim to fame for a lead filled plastic made by Fiberfil, Inc., of Evansville. Ind. The in jection molding acetal resin, Plaslube AC-80/Pb/50, is used for small parts like carburetor valves. The inertia and low bounce brought about by the lead aids in getting smooth performance. -- Thirty Years Ago -- The last word in interoffice communica tions was described in a 1933 issue of LEAD. The British Post Office was in stalling extensions to its pneumatic tube system using lead pipe. This was done in perfect confidence since the existing lead pipe had been giving good service for 52 years previous to 1933! The golden aura of safety will soon loom ot every major intersection in New York City. Convinced that lead chromate yellow had contributed to safety im provement in other cities, New York's new traffic commissioner Henry Barnes is having oil traffic lights painted as well as having yellow lane marking lines in the streets. Here a Welsbach Corp. painter is add ing the new look to a Brooklyn street light. CHANCE OF ADDRESS (please circle one) NEW READER CHANGE OF ADDRESS OR NEW READER Use this side of the coupon if you have recently changed 4your address or if you would like to be added to th' list , ,, , ->, <-U2<>326 From____________ Name, title Company Street City, zone, state To__________________ Name, title Company st PLEASE CHECK INTEREST O Architectural & building Design Engineer O Ceramics D Radiation Q Other (please specify) ated. Partition consists of gypsum board bonded to faces of sheet lead core. One page. Dielectric behavior of Pb-, Ba-, Srhafnate systems Six page reprint of use in the investiga tion of ferroelectric materials for ferro magnetic and electronic applications. the necessary tools, procedures and methods. Lead plumbing Seamless terne for roofing Sheet lead for roofing and flashing Lead as a concrete filler Lead-asbestos antivibration pads Permanent color for lightweight block LEAD LIBRARY of technical information NEW LISTINGS Lead sheathing for power cable 24-page design guide for lead sheathed power cable describes manufacture and evaluates lead sheathing subject to me chanical stresses, corrosive environ ments and varying electrical loads. Fac tors governing cable selection are also reviewed. Transmission loss of leaded building materials Evaluation of sound-transmission loss characteristics of architectural partition materials and constructions with and without addition of sheet lead to faces. Seven pages. Lead wall reduces noise Effectiveness of partition construction in reducing noise is described and evalu GENERAL Discovering the beauty of lead New uses for lead Design engineering data BATTERIES Electric delivery trucks Truck costs in a jiffy Three nomographs for estimating costs of gas or battery powered industrial trucks. The choice of battery systems CONSTRUCTION Pools and planters Description and design details of seven modern lead lined pools and planters. Eight pages. Isolation of buildings from vibrations Silver anniversary roofs Building construction bulletins 2. Specifications -- lead shower and safe pans 3. Specifications -- chemical laboratory drainage systems. Lead work for modern plumbing $2 postpaid, $1.50 per copy in orders of 10 or more. Profusely illustrated 164 page text pre senting clearly to the plumbing student ENGINEERING Transformer noise reduction Design, construction details of close, fitting mass-law enclosure for trans formers. Ten pages. Materials of construction reviews Transducers for ultrasonics Corrosion data -- lead & alloys Methods of lining lead tanks Cutting press vibrations Nuclear materials Radiation protection Four page reprint describes shielding requirements for pipe or duct through wall openings. Thermal expansion data -- lead com pounds, two papers I, II PbO-FejOj Phase Relations Lead to control sound and vibration Anodes for ship protection Lead glazes for brick New class of lead-base alloys Continuous extrusion press for cable sheathing FINISHES Decorative finishes for lead Red lead based paint systems Properties and compositions for 24 for mulations and systems for a wide variety of uses and exposures. 31 pages. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL `'LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS. Reproduced by letterpress from lead type. PRINTED IS U.S.A. p ix u s h ms p u n t in g -- b o g e k s k e l l o g g c o u p LONG ISLAND CITY 1, N. Y. Mail to: Lead Industries Assn,, Inc., 292 Madison Ave., New York 17, N. Y. j| Name, Title Company I Street ;i City, Zone, State Please send TO REQUEST LIA26327