Document JJemVg38MaGOzrNnQ4M8d5pG2

FILE NAME: Kaiser Aluminum (KA) DATE: 1961 Oct DOC#: KA004 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: IH Digest listing attendees of IHF training course covering pneumoconioses & other topics, with Literature Abstracts HWBB-H018917 Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL OCTOBER, 1961 (Vol. 25, No. 10) T-c c INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4 4 0 0 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH 13, PA. 03120921 * HMBB-0018918 \ S3 r _____ _ -7 y . 03120322 In d ustrial H ygiene F o u nd atio n assu m es no responsibility for sta te m en ts In articles ab stra cted In this D igest o r for m aterial from oth er organ izatio n s which m ay be sent to m em b ers from tim e to time. T he D igest's condensation of articles as welt as literature not originating within the Foundation, are made available to our m em bers solely for th eir Information, by w ay of keeping them posted on developments. HWBB-0018919 In du stria l H ygiene F ea tu res A discussion of the identification and control of m ajor industriai medical c a se s is p rese n ted in A bst. No, 951, D ata concerning .the d ifferen tial d ia g nosis of bronchiectasis and bronchitis a r e given in A bst, No, 956, Bundle branch block among employed persons is the them e of Abst. No. 958. Consult A bst. No. 959 for inform ation regarding the m anagem ent of hy p er tension and "low blood p r e s s u r e " in the employee* A b s t . No* 961 r e p o r t s on th e s o l i t a r y pulm onary nodule and lung m alignancy, A study on smoking in relation to phy sical com plaints is given in A bst, No. 964. S ee A b s t , N o, 9.69 f o r i n f o r m a t i o n on akjn cancer and occupation. C o n su lt A b st. No. 97 5 f o r d e ta ils on the toxicology of selenium and tellurium , Bone m a rro w changes in chronic cad* m ium poisoning in rab b its is the title of Abet, No, 979. A bst, No, 980 d iscu sses the co m p ara tive toxicology of iron compounds. A bst, No, 995 r e p o rts on studies of ex p e rim en tal S ilic o sis in dogs, A sb esto sis in a w orker engaged in automobile undercoating it investiga ted in A bst, No, 997, A bet. No. 1002 is c o n c e rn e d with medical problem s of underwater depths. C onsult A bst, No, 1006 for d etails on the m easurem ent of rocket engine noise, A bst, No, 1020 rep o rts on fallout and m an's diet. Information concerning air pollution from the grain in d u stry is given in A bst, No, 1028. F o u n d a t i o n Facts NEW M EM BER. The Foundation welcomes to m em bership The C ooper-B etaem er Corporation. 26th ANNUAL MEETING THIS MONTH* The im m ediate resp o n se to the invita tions for our 26th Annual Meeting which will be held here at M ellon Institute, P itts b u r g h , on O ctober 2 5 -2 6 , 1961 has been m o st g ra tify in g . We tr u s t th a t e v e ry m em b er company will be represented at these conferences and are confident that those in attendance will find the meeting both profitable and interesting. DR, PAUL GROSS, the Foundation's R esearch Pathologist, particip ated in a P o s t - G r a d u a t e C o u r s e on D i s e a s e s o f She C h e s t s p o n s o r e d by th e A m e r i c a n C o lle g e of C hest P h y sic ia n s, on S ep tem b er 26, in P hiladelphia, He a lso atten d ed a m eeting of the Planning Com m ittee for the Conference on R espiratory D isease in Industry on O c to b e r 14, in P h i l a d e l p h i a ^ . ' THEODORE F. HATCH, I-H -F T rustee and Engineering A dviser has been appointed to the A dvisory C om m ittee to the Surgeon G en e ra l on O ccupational H ealth. T his Com m ittee m eets at least once a year to advise on needs and Public Health Service activities in the field of occupational health. M em bers of the C om m ittee a re s e lected from industrial m anagem ent, organized labor, State health and labor d ep art m ents! and the professio n s in occupational health. NEW REPR IN T. "D etachm ent of Sections of T issu e - Its P rev en tio n " by Ethel B, T o lk e r and P aul G ro s s. Am. J. C lin. P ath . 36, 188 (August, 1961], R ep rin ts available from the Foundation upon request. TABLE OF CONTENTS Pag I n d u s tr ia l Hygiene T ra in in g C o u r s e ................................................................................ I N ew s I t e m s ................................................................................ .... ........................................................ 1 O ccupational D i s e a s e S t a t i s t i c s . ...................................... .... 2 C om ing E v e n ts ................................................................................................................. .... 2 L eg a l D e v e l o p m e n t s .......................................................................................................................... 3 Books, P a m p h le ts and N o t i c e s ............................................................. 5 in d u s t r i a l M e d ica l P r a c t i c e . .............................................................................................. 6 Skin D i s e a s e s and B u r n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 12 C h e m ic a l H a z a r d s ................................................... 13 I n d u s tr ia l D u s ts . .................................................... .... ......................................................... .... , 19 P h y s ic a l A sp e c ts of the E n v iro n m e n t . . . ............................ 23 R adioa ctiv ity and X -R a d ia tio n ......................................................................................................... 26 E n v ir o n m e n t a l M e a s u r e m e n t s ............................................... .... 28 P r e v e n t i v e E n g i n e e r i n g ............................................................................................................ . 28 C o m m u n ity A ir H y g i e n e .......................................................................................................................29 M a n a g e m e n t A s p e c t s ............................................................................................................ 31 A c c id e n ts and P re v e n tio n .................................................... 32 Index .................................................................. 33 03120924 MHBB-001S970 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE TRAINING COURSE Conducted by INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION and OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH TRAINING FACILITY U. S. P U B L IC H E A L T H SER V IC E at M e llo n I n s t i t u t e , P i t t s b u r g h , S e p t e m b e r l l - Z Z , 1961 Engineers and Chem ists attending Industrial Hygiene Training Course. Standing - left to right - D. J. Tem plet, Allied Chem ical C o rp .; M, J. Peake, G eneral M ills, Inc.; C harles A. Peterson, D eere & Company; John Suitiess, W eirton Steel Com pany; R, Duane P o llo ck , Boeing A irp lan e Company Seated - left to right - William B. Eastm an, K aiser Aluminum & Chem ical C o rp .; Ralph C. Wands, M innesota Mining U M anufacturing Company; Robert J, Heaney, Kennecott Copper Corp. ; R. D. W eaver, M inneapolis Honeywell Regulator Co. ; William Milon, Bacharach Instrum ent Company, (Also attended som e of the c o u rs e s , but not in picture: F ra n k Donley, C a r borundum Company and C harles Haun, Union C arbide C orp. ) This was the second training co u rse conducted by the Foundation for in d u strial hygiene engineers and ch e m ists, and again, the re su lts were m o st gratifying. It was an intensive tw o-weeka d e voted to laboratory work, lectures, and homework assignm ents. Students personally prepared known concentrations of gases and vapors, calibrated gas sampling instrum ents, used gas de te cto rs, made chem ical anaLyses and ventilation m easurem ents. L ectures and dem onstrations covered such subjects as pneum oconioses, toxicology', radiation, noise and industrial hygiene p ra c tic e . The course was com pleted with a final exam ination which was followed by p resen tatio n of C e rtifica tes of Training to this second graduating class. The attention, industrious and b u si n e s s - l i k e a t titu d e o the s tu d e n ts w as h ig h ly c o m m e n d a b l e . A g a in , we f e e l t h a t the c o u r s e s e r v e d a very useful purpose and provided the participants with knowledge and experience which will serve them well. Future courses of this type are planned. HHBfl-00189? 1 O c to b e r , 1961 V olum e XXV N o . 10 Industrial Hygiene foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue P i t t s b u r g h 13, P e n n s y l v a n i a INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST L iteratu re and News NEWS ITEMS 936 PHS R eorganizes for Expanded S erv ices. E s ta b lis h m e n t of a New D ivision of E n v iro n m e n ta l E n g in eerin g and F ood P ro te c tio n in the P ublic H ealth S erv ice has been announced by Surgeon G e n e ra l L u th e r L , T e r r y . The new Division, with W esley , G ilbertson as its Chief, was created as p a rt of a S ervice-w ide r e organ izatio n designed to stren g th en and expand p re se n t en v iro n m en tal health p ro g ra m s , and to provide m o re assista n c e to state and local health ag en cies. F unctions now assigned to the new D ivision w ere fo rm e rly p e rfo rm e d by the D ivision of E n g in e erin g S e rv ic e s, w hich h as been abolished. T hese p ro g ra m s a re concerned with basic p ro b lem s in environm ental health and sa n ita ry en g in eerin g , p rim a rily those of m ounting co n cern to local ag e n cies, p a rtic u la rly in urban ce n te rs, included a re a variety of general sanitary engineering activities. F or m ore efficien t handling of public h ealth p r o b le m s c r e a te d by e n v iro n m e n ta l h a z a r d s , the S e rv ic e has estab lish ed an Office of R eso u rce D evelopm ent within the B ureau of State S erv ice s. F ra n k A. B utrico heads the new office, which will be p rim a rily concerned with a ir and w ater pollution, exposure to radiation, and occupational and industrial developm ents, - Civil Eng. 937 M ore in fo rm atio n R equired in L ab els, M a n u fa ctu rers of p re s c rip tio n d ru g s will have to fu rn ish m o re inform ation in lab els, u n d er a FDA ru le sla te d to tak e effect M a rc h 5, 1962, T he F ood and D rug A d m in is tra tio n w ill require each package of a p rescrip tio n drug to contain an in se rt which gives com plete in fo rm a tion about the dru g 's use, including harm ful side effects and contraindications. This in fo rm a t i o n c a n now b e o m i t t e d if th e l a b e l s a y s " l i t e r a t u r e a v a i l a b l e o n r e q u e s t 11. I n d u s t r y o p p o s e d th e new regulation on the ground that it would substantially in c re a se c o s ts. But FDA C o m m issio n er G eorge P. L a r n c k says: "Furnishing reliable inform ation for the professional use of p re s c rip tion d rugs in the package will constitute only a sm all fractio n of the co st of p ro m o tio n ". -- Chem* Eng. News 9 3b M ethyl E thyl K e to n e . P ro p e rtie s and essen tial inform ation for the safe handling and use of m ethyl ethyl ketone are d e s c rib e d in a new chem ical safety data sheet published by the M anufacturing C h em ists A ssociation, The vapor of m ethyl ethyl ketone is irrita tin g to the ey es, nose and th ro at. The ir r ita tin g p r o p e r ty s e r v e s a s a good w arning sin ce it o c c u rs at c o n c e n tra tio n s below th at lev el at which any sym ptom s o ccu r. Methyl ethyl ketone is a low flash flam m able liquid and its vapors form explosive m ix tu res with air over a fairly wide range of co ncentrations. M ethyl ethyl ke tone is also quite volatile, and the vapor which is h eavier than a ir m ay accum ulate in low spots or tr a v e l along the ground and be ignited by sp a rk s o r o th e r fla m e s at lo catio n s re m o te fro m the handling site. Safety in handling m ethyl ethyl ketone depends, to a g re a t extent upon the effectiveness of em ployee education, p ro p e r safety in stru c tio n s, intelligent su p erv isio n , and the use of safe equipm en t. W o rk e rs should be thoroughly in fo rm e d of the h a z a rd s th a t m a y r e sult from im p ro p e r handling of m ethyl ethyl ketone. They should be cautioned to p rev en t spills and thoroughly in stru c ted regarding p ro p e r action to take in c a se they o ccu r. E ach em ployee should know what to do in an e m e rg e n c y and should be fully in fo rm e d a s to f ir s t aid m e a s u r e s . C o p ie s of C h e m ic a l Safety D ata S heet SD-83 on m e th y l eth y l k eto n e a r e a v a ila b le a t 30 c e n ts each from the M anufacturing C h e m ists' A ssociation, In c ,, 1825 C onnecticut Avenue, N, W ., W a s h in g t o n 9, D, C. 1. 03120926 Industrial Hygiene Digest O ctober 1961 939 Pittsburgh Sanitary Engineering Conference, T h e 3 r d P i t t s b u r g h S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g C o n f e r e n c e w ill be h e l d N o v e m b e r 4 1961 at the G raduate School of P ublic H ealth, U n iv ersity of Pittsburgh* The co n feren ce will be of interest to sanitary engineers, m unicipal officials, disposal plant o p erato rs, sanitarians, and equipm ent m anufacture rep resen tativ es. Send p re -re g istra tio n fee of $5 ,0 0 (which includes lun cheon) to D r. E u g en e W e isb e rg , 1626 F o r b e s A venue, P itts b u r g h 19, Pa* - - C hem . Eng* News OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE STATISTICS 940 Occupational D isease S tatistics, (Cases reported to the respective Health D epartm ents). Conn, July Pa* Aug. -Sept, Tenn, Aug. Total A llergy to flour 2 A sth m a 1 B e ry llio sis 1 Berylliosis (possible) 1 Derm atitis 27 * 32 Insecticide poisoning I Lead poisoning 3 P neum oconiosis 11 Pneumoconiosis (suspected) 3 Silicosis 20 Silicosis (suspected) 9 2 1 1 1 13 72 1 3 n 3 1 21 9 Total 28 83 14 125 * Causes arc listed as follows: C o n n e c tic u t; O c c u p a tio n a l d e r m a t i t i s du e to p l a n t s : w ood d u s t 1, p o is o n ivy 1; occupational d e r m a titis due to oils and g r e a s e s and m e ta l cutting com pounds 5; occupational d e rm a titis due to solvents 4; occupational d e rm a titis due to o th er c h e m ic als: alk alis 1, glues 1 in k s 1, m u l t i p l e c h e m i c a l s , e t c . 2, pLating c h e m i c a l s 2, s y n th e tic r e s i n s o r r e s i n c o m p o u n d s ( p la s tic s ) 3; o c c u p a tio n a l d e r m a t i t i s -- o th e r: h ea t 2, u n d e te r m in e d 2; u n sp e c ifie d 2. COMING EVENTS Oct. 30-Nov. 1 O c t . 31 - N o v . 2 Nov, 1-3 Nov, i-3 Nov. 1-3 Nov, 1-3 A s s o c i a t i o n oi O f f i c i a l A g r i c u l t u r a l C h e m i s t s , W a s h in g t o n , D, C* In tersc ien c e C onference on A ntim icro b ial A gents and C h em o th erap y , A m e r i c a n S o c ie ty f o r M i c r o b i o l o g y , N ew Y o r k , N, Y, Pittsburgh Diffraction Conference, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. Industrial Engineering & M anagem ent C linic, 25th A nniversary. Industrial M anagem ent Society, Chicago, III, P a r e n t e r a l D ru g A s s o c i a t i o n , A nnual C o n v e n tio n , New Y o rk , N, Y, A m e ric a n C on crete In stitu te, 14th Regional M eeting, B irm in g h am , Ala, 2. 03120927 <*-> ,,----- - r. i.CJTv -a HWBB-B01&922 Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 Nov, 2-3 Nov, 6-7 Nov. 6-8 Nov, 6-8 Nov, 6-8 Nov, 6-9 Week of Nov, 6 Nov, 7-9 Nov, 7-10 Nov* 8-11 Nov, 10-12 Nov. 13-15 Nov* 13-17 Nov, 14-16 Nov, 15-17 N ov, 21 Nov, 21-Dec 1 Nov, 24- 25 Nov. 25- 27 1 Oth I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n C o n f e r e n c e . L o u i s i a n a P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e , R u s to n , S y m p o siu m on M e te o r o lo g ic a l A ir P o llu tio n , U. S. P u b lic H ea lth S e rv ic e , D ivision of Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio A m erican Occupational Therapy A ssociation, D etroit, Mich, A tom ic In d u strial F o ru m , 8th Annual M eeting in Conjunction with A m erica* N u c l e a r S o c i e t y , C h i c a g o , 111. Chem ical Institute of Canada, Chem ical Engineering Division, Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Atom F a ir '61, 7th T rad e F a ir of the A tomic Industry* Atomic Industrial F o r u m a n d A m e r i c a n N u c l e a r S o c i e t y , C h i c a g o , 111. 9th Hot L ab o rato ry and Equipm ent C onference, Joint with A m erican Nuc-lear Society, A tom ic In d u strial F o ru m , and Atom F a ir , Chicago, Ul. International C onference on M easles Im m unization. U niversity of Colorado, N atio n al In s titu te of A lle rg y and In fe c tio u s D i s e a s e s , and D iv isio n of B iologies S tan d a rd s. N ational In stitu tes of H ealth, B ethesda, Md. A m erican N uclear Society, Joint with Atomic Industrial Forum and Atom F a ir , C hicago, III, Institute of M anagem ent Sciences, 2nd A m erican M eeting, Joint with O p era tions R esearch Society of A m erica, San F ran cisco , Calif. Gerontological Society, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. A m e r i c a n P e t r o l e u m I n s t i t u t e , 41 et A n n u a l M e e t i n g , C h i c a g o , 111. A m erican Public Health A ssociation, 89th Annual M eeting, D etroit, M ich. A m erican M eteorological Society, G eneral M eeting, Tallahassee, Fla. E a s t e r n A n a l y t i c a l S y m p o s i u m , N ew Y o r k , N, Y M a n u f a c t u r i n g C h e m i s t s 1 A s s o c i a t i o n , S e m i a n n u a l M e e t i n g , New Y o rk , N. Y, Conference on the U ses of Radioisotopes in A nim al Biology and the M edical Sciences, International Atomic Energy Agency, Food and A gricultural O rganization and W orld H ealth O rganization, M exico City, M exico, D, F . A m e ric a n P h y sica l Society, C hicago, III, A m erican College of C hest P hysicians, Interim Session, D enver, Colorado LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 942 C om pensation News, Changes in the Law. New Y o r k , e f f e c t i v e J a n u a r y 1', 1962, e x t e n d s c o m p u l s o r y c o m p e n s a t i o n an d o c c u pational d isease coverage to em ployers of one or more* Until 1959, em ployers of 4 or m ore had to be covered. Each year since, the num ber of em ployees for required coverage has been reduced by one. During the te rm in office of G overnor Nelson R ockefeller, 390,000 m ore w o rk e rs have been brought under the New York com pensation ac t. New York e m p lo y e rs, e f fec tiv e July 1, m a y not a s k a p p o rtio n m en t of lia b ility am ong p r e v io u s e m p lo y e r s if th e ir w o rk e r s c o n tra c t c o m p re sse d a ir d ise a se . Illinois set up a tr u s t fund to m ake su re the re c o rd in disputed occupational d isease cases is com plete before the am ount paid for rec o rd copies is tu rn ed o v er to the state tr e a s u r y . M as eke hu s e tts , effective A ugust 21, in c re a se d death b en e fits for dependents other than wives or husbands and children. The sam e state, but effective August 24, in creased death benefits to $35 a week for the surviving spouse and $5 for the first child ($6 for each additional child), for a maximum of 500 w eeks. Effective August 29, the state raised m axim um disability benefits to $50 a week, with an extra $6 for each dependent. T otal disability paym ents m ay not be m o re than av erag e w eekly w ag es. In F lo rid a , C h a irm a n , A. W. B row n of the In d u s tria l C o m m is s io n announced a re d u c tio n fro m 2 l / 2 to 2% in the state tax rate on w orkm ens' com pensation insurance prem ium s. The reduction will save em ployers m ore than $300,000 a year. Rhode Island no longer req u ires that $750 be paid the second injury fund when a w orker without dependents is killed, if the fund on M ay 1 is u nder $500,000. 03120928 3. Industrial Hygiene Digest O ctober 1961 M axim um total disab ility benefits, effective June 8, w ere set at $40 a w eek, and the m axim um period for paying total disability benefits at 1,000 w eeks. If a T exas w orker is killed on the job and leaves no dependents, costs of his last sickness and his burial will be paid, with a m axim um of $500. This becam e effective June 1?. -- Cond. from Occ. Hazards 943 P age the W a g e-L o ss T heory. M arion T aber, an outside laborer, had a heat stroke and was totally incapacitated. He received com pensation benefits. D uring his disability, T a b e r went to college. He got bachelor's and m a s te r's degrees, and began teaching in the public school system , at a salary g re a te r than he fo rm e rly received as a la b o re r. His em ployer filed an application to te rm in ate his benefits. The court held that when an em ployee is incapacitated to the extent that he cannot p erfo rm strenuous m anual lao b r, as he fo rm e rly could, he is entitled to continue to receive benefits, even though he obtains fu ll-tim e em ploym ent at h ig h er w ag es. The lo ss of w ages is not the determ inative factor in allowing benefits. Claim allowed, T ab e r v. Tole, K ansas S u p r e m e C o u r t 362 F . 2d 17 {May 13, 1961). -- Occ. Hazards 944 S i l i c o s i s a n d A n t h r a c o s i s --- L i a b i l i t y of L a s t E m p l o y e r -- E v i d e n c e o f I n j u r i o u s E x p o s u r e . C laim ant was not entitled to com pensation from his last em ployer for disability due to silico sis o r an th raco sis because he did not sustain an injurious exposure while in that e m ploym ent. Claim ant, a 57-year old w orker in the coal fields, was forced to quit work after 14 m o n th s of e m p lo y m e n t by the d e fe n d a n t a s a h a u l e r of c o a l. He p r e v io u s l y h ad b e e n e m p lo y e d f o r o v e r 35 y e a r s in v a r i o u s c a p a c i t i e s by o t h e r e m p l o y e r s in th e c o a l m in in g i n d u s t r y , o v er th irty y e a rs inside the m in e s and la te r y e a rs on the o u tsid e. W ithout detailing the ev i dence'; the court ruled that the re c o rd overw helm ingly supported the b o ard 's conclusion that the claim an t's occupational disease antedated his em ploym ent with the defendant, and that there was no evidence w hatsoever that the claim ant had an injurious exposure during his em ploym ent with the defendant which would independently of any other cause w hatsoever, produce o r cause the disease for which claim is m a d e." A ffirm ed, Webb v. Elkhorn Coal Com pany, Kentucky Court of A ppeals. N ovem ber 3, 1960. -- Reproduced by p e rm issio n from W orkm en's C om pensation Law R e p o rts, published by and C o p y r i g h t 1961, C o m m e r c e C l e a r i n g H o u s e , I n c . , 4025 W. P e t e r s o n A v e , , C h i c a g o 4 6 , 111, 945 L iver Ailment -- Exposure to L acquer and T hinner. Claim ant was aw arded com pensation for disability due to a toxic inflam m ation of the liv e r which the board held to be an occupational d ise a se . In h e r em ploym ent for som e six y ea rs, the claim ant was exposed to lacq u er and thinner kept in open contain ers upon a table a b o u t 12 f e e t f r o m w h e r e s h e w o r k e d . T h e m e d i c a l t e s t i m o n y w a s in s h a r p c o n f l i c t b u t th e board was w a rra n te d in accepting the testim o n y of the c la im a n t's m e d ica l e x p e rt who w as of the opinion that the claim ant's disability was due to such exposure. The reco rd also supported a finding of occupational d isease. C laim an t's exposure to the fum es of the volatile chem icals constituted the essen tial "recognizable link" between d isease and em ploym ent. Affirm ed. Z ec ca v, J, L ev in so h n & C om pany, Inc. New Y ork S u p re m e C o u rt, A ppellate D ivision, T h ird D epartm ent, No, 194, D ecem ber 2, 1960, - - R eproduced by p e rm is s io n from W o rk m en 's C om pensation Law R e p o rts, published by and C o p y r i g h t 1961, C o m m e r c e C l e a r i n g H o u s e , I n c . , 4025 W, P e t e r s o n A v e . , C h i c a g o 4 6 , 111. 03120929 4. vCl> = 0.3 Industrial Hygiene Digest O ctober, I9bl BOOKS, PA M PH LETS AND NOTICES 946 You and Y our H earing. N. C anfield. O btainable from : Public A ffairs C om m ittee, In c., 22 E a s t 38th S tre e t, New Y ork 16, N. Y. 20 pp. (July 1961). 25 cents* In a m e ch a n ism w hich is as co m p licated as that of h earing there a re m any p a rts that can go w rong. S om etim es nature plugs our e a rs with wax, thus im pairing our hearing, This type of hearing loss is called conductive, Sound waves a re blocked before they reach the inner e a r. A m ore serio u s type of hearing lo ss, known as perceptive deafness or nerve d ea fn ess, re s u lts when som ething goes w rong in side the in n er e a r o r in the n erv e th at c a r r ie s the sig n als to the b rain . H earing aids p e rfo rm le s s s a tisfa c to rily in this type of hearing lo ss. M ost hearing lo s s e s occur g rad u ally , unnoticed by the p e rs o n affected. Once a lo ss is d etected, the doctor will decide what tre a tm e n t to p r e s c r ib e . M a ln o u rish m e n t, chro n ic infection in the e a r s , nose or th ro at, an a lle rg y , o r a com bination of th ese conditions will resp o n d to m edical tre a tm e n t. In addition to tre a tm e n t by m e d icin e, c e rta in types of h earing lo ss can be alleviated by su rg ical o p eratio n . In p ercep tiv e d eafn ess, the stru c tu re of the e a r deep in the skull or the nerve to the brain or the b rain itself is affected and hence not accessib le to su rg ica l p ro ce d u re s. F o r these people a regim en of rehabilitation such as is d escrib ed in the pam phlet is required. 947 Selected Topics in Radiation D osim etry. P roceedings of the Sym posium on Selected Topics in R adiation D o sim etry Sponsored by The International A tom ic E nergy Agency and held in Vienna, June 7*11, I960. Obtainable from : National Agency for International Publications, Inc, | and U nesco P u b lic a tio n s C e n te r, 801 T h ird A ve. , New Y o rk 22, N. Y. 685 p p . (June 1961). $ 9 .5 0 . Reliable m ethods m easuring the intensity of the radiations from radioactive m a te ria ls and from n u clear re a c to rs a re e s s e n tia l to the safety of all w o rk e rs in atom ic la b o ra to rie s and in d u stria l plants and equally so, in the th erap eu tic use of rad ia tio n in h o sp itals, for the p ro tectio n of patients, doctors* n u rse s, and all h an d lers of radioactive m a te ria ls . Safety regulations are in force but cannot be effective without a wide v ariety of in stru m e n ts and m ethods to m e a su re the actual am ount of radiation present varying all the way from v ery faint rad iatio n s that m ay be p re s e n t in food, air and w ate r, to the intense rad ia tio n s in a n u c lea r rea cto r. The International Atom ic Energy Agency in Vienna conducted an im portant s y m p o s iu m on th is s u b je c t in J u n e i9 6 0 . F o r o n e w e e k , 171 s c i e n t i s t s f r o m 28 c o u n t r i e s d e s crib ed and d iscu ssed m o dern m ethods and equipm ent for this task . A side from two g en eral s u rv e y s , one by D r. K, Z. M o rg an of the Oak Ridge N ational L a b o r a to ry in T e n n e s s e e and the other by th ree F ren ch scien tists from the C enter of N uclear Studies at Saclay, the p ap ers come under the following headings: Ionization C ham bers; Scintillation D evices; Photographic D osi m etry; C hem ical M ethods; T hreshold N eutron D etectors; Counting D evices and Ionization C ham ber for N eutron Dose D eterm ination; Solid State D o sim eters for G am m a and Neutron R adiation; Special M ethods for the D o sim etry of R adiation from A c c e le ra to rs or R eactors; D osim etry on C ritical A ssem blies. The sym posium is an im portant one for physicists, chem ists, biologists, and physicians who a re engaged in w ork with any type of radiation. 948 S p rin k le r S y s te m s . N F F A No. 13. O btainable fro m : N atio n al F ir e P ro te c tio n A sso c ia tio n , 60 B a tte ry m a r c h S tre e t, B oston 10, M a s s , 160 pp. (1961). $ 1 .2 5 , A newly revised standard for the installation of sp rin k ler system s has been released by the N ational F ire P ro te c tio n A sso ciatio n . Providing d etailed guidance on th is subject, the 1961 ed itio n of the N F P A S ta n d a rd on S p r in k l e r S y s te m s in c o r p o r a t e s a s u b s ta n tia l n u m b e r of ch an g es fro m e a r l i e r is s u e s . A m ong the m o st im p o rta n t is p r e v is io n for extended sp acin g of sp rin k le rs in o rd in ary h azard occupancies re g a rd le s s of the type of co n stru ctio n . S im ilar e x tended spacing is also allow ed in som e light and ex tra h az ard occu p an cies. The N FPA S prinkler 03120930 5. HWBB-01897.T Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r, 1961 Standard is alm ost universally used as the authoritative guide to proper sprinkler installation p ra c tic e s. The rev ised text, prep ared by a rep resen tativ e com m ittee under the chairm anship of Gordon F . P ric e of the South-E astern U nderw riters A ssociation, Atlanta, was adopted at the recent NFPA annual meeting in D etroit, 949 Oil Burning Equipment. NFPA No. 31. Obtainable from : National F ire P ro tectio n A sso c ia tion, 60 B a t t e r y m a r c h S tr e e t , B o sto n 10, M a s s , 10 pp. (1961). 75 c e n ts . A revised edition of the NFPA standard for the installation of oil burning equipment has just been released by the National F ire Protection Association. Adopted at the international fire safety o rg an iz atio n 's rec en t annual m eeting, the revision p e rm its the use of approved Type L ventilating system s in certain fuel-burning appliances. Other significant changes in corporated into the new revision include cancellation of approval of use of b aro m etric-fed oil stoves and h ea te rs, and a com plete rev isio n of the stan d ard 's section on a ir for com bustion and ventilation. Widely adopted by states and m unicipalities to regulate the installation of oil burning equipm ent, the standard also co v e rs grade of fuel oil, design, construction, and in stallation of storage tanks, and many other related item s. It was developed by the NFPA Sectional C o m m ittee on Liquid F u el B urning E q u ip m en t, c h a irm a n n e d by . F. T a b is z , g e n e ra l m anager of U nderw riters' L aborato ries of Canada. INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL PRACTICE 950 I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n -- Its C hallenge, to M e d ic in e . S. G r e e n h i li. L a n c e t 1, 1181 (June 3, 1961). The double edged im pact on a so ciety 's d isease p attern is outlined. This change in disease pattern can be observed in both developed and developing countries. The societal s tr e s s e s produced by in d u strial evolution a re co n tra ste d with those produced by technologic revolution. Hypotheses a re advanced to account for th ese differences. B ro ad e r concepts of disease etiology and wider understanding of symptom complexes by the m edical profession a re considered n ec e ssa ry . It is suggested that future m edical c u rric u la m ust take these changes into account, if the role and status of the doctor is to be m aintained in this e ra of social and technologic upheaval. - J, Am, Med. A ssn, References & Reviews 951 Identificatio n and C o n tro l of M a jo r In d u stria l M edical C a s e s . buseh, ind. Med. & Surg. 30, 218-220 (June 1961), M. F . Bruton and R, S. Rosen- The authors have developed a control concept for the C hrysler Corporation Medical D epartm ent which fulfills a three-fo ld need: (1) a simple system of obtaining cu rren t in fo r m ation on o v e r - a ll M edical D epartm ent activity and needs; (2) a m ean s of detection and study of c a s e s w hich p r e s e n t m a j o r e le m e n ts of t i m e - l o s s , d isa b ility , and high c o s t, and (3) an efficient method by which the industrial physician can keep posted on the p ro g ress of those patients who a re beyond his d irect control because of absence from work, o r treatm en t in out side facilities. -- Authors' summary 952 The P regnant Woman in Industry. A Report from the State of Illinois D epartm ent of Public H ealth. Anon. Ind. Med. ti Surg, 30, 238-240 (June 1961). N orm ally, the pregnant woman may continue em ploym ent, being tra n sfe rre d , if n ecessary , to lighter o r m ore sedentary type of job. The work should m eet these req u ire m e n t s : (1) P r e g n a n t w o m e n should not be e m p lo y e d b e tw e en 12 m id n i g h t and 6:00 a . m . T h ey should not work m ore than 8 hours a day, and preferably not m ore than 40 hours per week. 03120931 6. /*C'uT_j=- h' Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 {) E v e r / p r e g n a n t w om an should have at le a s t two 1 0 -m in u te r e s t p e r i o d s d u rin g h e r w o rk shift, p ro p erly spaced to avoid situations that c re a te a h az ard , such as crow ding at lunch tim e and quitting tim e. T here should be adequate facilities for restin g and opportunity to s e c u r e n o u rish in g food* (3) P re g n a n t w om en should not be e m p lo y ed in the following types of w ork, but should be assig n ed to n o n -h azard o u s jobs: (a) jobs that re q u ire stra in of m uscle o r jo in ts, such as heavy Lifting, stretch in g , continuous standing, prolonged sitting, stooping or walking, sta ir climbing many tim es a day o r when carrying m aterials where the hands are not f r e e for. h o ld in g to r a i l i n g ; {b) j o b s t h a t r e q u i r e g o o d s e n s e of b o d ily b a l a n c e , s u c h a s w o r k on scaffolds o r ste p la d d ers; (c) jobs in which th e re is a m a rk e d v ibration, as well as danger of severe injury, such as near power p re s s e s , pow er-driven woodworking m achines, o r polish ing m a c h i n e s ; <d) j o b s in v o lv in g e x p o s u r e to l e a d and m e r c u r y c o m p o u n d s , a n i l i n e , b e n z o l and toluol, nitrobenzoi and other nitro compounds, carbon tetrachloride, ionizing radiation, and other toxic substances co n sidered to be ex tra hazardous during pregnancy. 953 D y s m e n o r r h e a -- C a n be C o s tly , H, R. M u s h lin . Ind. M e d . b S u rg . 3 0 , 2 4 1 -2 4 4 (June 1961)* D ysm enorrhea is a syndrom e which occurs to a varying degree in an industrially im portant percentage of women in the childbearing age. T here a re m any theories of causation, and probably m ore than one factor is operative in each case. The p resen t study shows that other sym ptom s besides pain itBelf, p articu larly those affecting the cen tral nervous system and the g astro in testin al tra c t, m u st be taken into consideration in tre a tm e n t. M edication which can control this syndrom e with a m inim um of side reactions can effectively reduce d is ability, increase productivity, and reduce absenteeism . -- A uthor's sum m ary 954 Suicide A ttem pts with Ingestants. The E xperience at a M unicipal G eneral Hospital. J. H irsh, H. L. Zauder and B, M, Drolette, A r c h , E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h _3, 2 1 2 - 2 1 6 (Aug. 1961). Of the em erg en c y ad m issio n s to Jacobi H ospital from Ja n u a ry , 1955, through A pril, I960, of patients who had ingested toxic substances, m ore than 50% of them w ere determ ined by p sy c h ia tric evaluation to be c a se s of suicidal a ttem p ts. T h e se 232 c a s e s include 178 fe m ales (76*7%) and 54 m ales (23*3%) o r a m ale to fem ale ratio of 1 to 3 ,3 . The predom inant agents w ere b arb itu rates, which w ere used by 61. i% of the m ales and 57.3% of the fem ales, or 58.2% of the total patients. The next m ost com mon agent w as m eprobam ate (Cquanil), used by 9.9% of the patien ts. All o th er agents w ere used le s s freq u en tly and about equally. - - Authors* conclusions 955 U p p e r L i m b D a m a g e in P n e u m a t i c D r i l l W o r k e r s . L* R o c h e , J , M a i t r e p i e r r f , E . E e J e u n e and J. M erm et. Arch, m aladies profess, 22, 57-61 (Ja n .-F e b . 1961). French* The investigations described here w ere undertaken to study the frequency of the d is ab ilities of the upper lim b in m in e r s which m ight be due to th e ir w o rk with p n eum atic tools. In the f irs t investigation, 93 m in e rs w ere exam ined clin ically and only those in whom signs of a rth ritis existed w ere subm itted to x -ra y of w rist and elbow. In 50 of th ese w o rk e rs th ere w ere no sym ptom s* Among the re m a in d e r th e re w ere v aso m o to r sy m p to m s in 32 chiefly of tingling and p ara eth e sia (25). Trophic changes existed in 4. Sym ptom s re fe ra b le to the joints o c c u r r e d in 31 m i n e r s b u t t h e s e w e r e due to s i m p l e a r t h r a l g i a in 21 o f t h e m e n a n d d e f in i te a r th r itic changes w ere found in only 10 m e n -- 5 in the elbow, 4 in the w ris t, and 1 ca se of K ienbock's d is e a s e . In the second in v e stig a tio n s y s te m a tic x - r a y e x a m in a tio n s of w ri s t and elbow w e r e c a r r i e d out on 157 m i n e r s . T he f in d in g s , w h ich a r e s e t o u t in a ta b le a n d d i s cu ssed , w ere that definite a rth ritic changes w ere p rese n t in the elbow in 11, and in the w rist in 15 i n s t a n c e s . In c o n c l u s i o n , th e o p in io n b a s e d on th e fin d in g s of t h e s e tw o i n v e s t i g a t i o n s is that although it is c le a r that th e re is a relatio n between the w o rk with pneum atic tools and the articu la r lesions, n evertheless, the resulting disability is by no m eans severe, -- Bull, Hyg, 03120932 7* MWB0"-0OlB92f* Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r, 1961 956 D if fe re n tia l D ia g n o s is o f B r o n c h i e c ta s i s and B r o n c h i tis , J, T. Jo y n er, D ise ase s of C hest 39, 591 (June 1961), J, E . R ayl, E . D. P e a s e le y and B ronchial d efo rm ity o r dilatation o cc u rs in b ro n c h ie c ta sis, as well as in acute and ch ro n ic b ro n c h itis, B ro n c h ie c ta s is c o n s is ts of a p e rm a n e n t s a c c u la r o r fu sifo rm bro n ch ial deform ity following a previous pneum onia in the sam e are a, w hereas acute bronchitis has a rev ersib le cylindrical dilatation of the dependent bronchi following an acute resp irato ry in fection. Chronic bronchitis has diffuse bronchographic features. P relim in ary clinical studies su g g est that th e se fe a tu re s m a y be due to elev ated in tra b ro n c h ial p r e s s u r e produced by an obstructing m echanism during cough, - - J. Am, Med. A ssn. References & Reviews 957 C o ro n ary A rte r y D ise a se , 2: A ge-Specific Incidence of F i r s t M y o card ial Infarction in White M a les. R. A. W ise, et al. A m . J. Public Health S i, 866-872 (June 1961). Data on the incidence of m yocardial infarction per annum p er each year of life from 30 to 64 in a known w hite m a le population h as been d e sc rib e d . The wide v aria tio n in specific age data has been smoothed by grouping in 5-year-age increm ents. A parabolic curve has been fitted to the data as m a th e m a tic a lly d e s c rib e d as rea so n ab ly a c c u ra te fro m ag es 30 to 60 and p o ssib ly through 64. A fo rm u la Y=0, 16(X-30)+0, 006(X-30)2 fo r com puting the incidence of first m yocardial infarction in a population sim ilar to the one used has been presented. The incidence of m y o c a rd ia l in farctio n in w omen below the age of 60 is v ery low and in the a u th o rs' lim ited study was zero. The study covered a 4 -y ear period and involved about 13,000 m en and 2,400 women. -- Authors' conclusions 958 Bundle Branch Block Among Employed P ersona, T, G. E lias, A r c h . E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h 3_, 1 4 0 -1 4 5 (Aug, 1961), Bundle branch block alone, without signs or sym ptom s of organic heart disease, has a reasonably good prognosis. Right bundle branch block has a som ew hat better prognosis than left bundle branch block. M yocardial infarction can be diagnosed with accuracy in right bundle bran ch block. In left bundle b ran ch block, how ever, it is v e ry difficult to m ake the diagnosis with p rese n t c rite ria . C are m ust be taken in evaluating newly diagnosed bundle branch block not to unduly alarm the patient and risk iatrogenic d isease. - - A uthor's sum m ary 959 The M anagem ent of H ypertensio n and "Dow Blood P r e s s u r e " in the E m ployee. H. E . D ickson, in d . M e d . fe S u rg 7 30, 1 9 5 -1 9 9 (M ay 1961). The fact that th e re is no specific etiology of h y p erten sio n co m p licates a control p r o g ram in the field of Occupational Health Services* T here m ust be an effective p ro g ram of early detection, counseling, r e fe rra l, and follow -up. Among 3,930 em ployees screen ed in the G e o r gia State Em ployees' Health Service, the author has found an o v er-all prevalence over a 4-year period of 8.3% hypertensives. Of this num ber, 38.7% w ere overw eight. During the first b attery of m ultiphasic health te sts offered in 1957, 1,500 em p lo y ees p artic ip a te d . T hat y e a r, th e re w as a p re v a le n c e of 9 ,6 % , By the th ird s e r ie s in 1959, th is figure had been red u ced to 3. 3%. In 1957, 0,2% knew they had an elevated blood p re s s u re . Of the prevalence of 3.3% hypertensive in 1959, 1.9% knew of th e ir history. While statistical evaluation of blood p r e s su re readings a re difficult for group a n a ly sis, p a rt of the aboved d e c re a s e d p rev alen ce can be attributed to the p ro g ram of early detection, re fe rra l, counseling, and follow-up on the m ultiphasic health screening te sts offered in the G eorgia State E m p lo y ees' Health Service. -- A uthor's conclusions 960 A th e r o s c le r o s is in India. K, S. M a th u r, N. i-, P a tn e y and V. K u m a r. C irc u latio n 4 , 68 {July 1961). The extent and se v e rity of a th e r o s c le r o s is in the a o rta and the co ro n a ry , c e r e b r a l, ren al, and pulm onary a r te r ie s w ere d eterm in e d in 500 m ed ico leg al au to p sie s. E a r lie s t e v i dence of a th e ro sc le ro sis in the form of lipid spots w ere seen in the a o rta at the age of 2 l/2 03120933 8. "S' : ?J 1 i/=^=V c .i) Industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r , ! 96 1 HWBB-f0 0 f 8 9 2 S y e a rs, in the coro n ary and renal a r te r i e s in the 2nd decade, and in the c e re b ra l a r te r ie s in t 4th decade. A th ero sclero tic indices rose p ro g ressiv ely with age, showing a steep rise after the 4th decade in the ao rta and the co ro n a rie s. P ulm onary a rte rie s showed no ath ero sclero si As com p ared to the United S tate s, the extent and se v erity of a th e r o s c le r o s is after the age of y e a r s w as m a rk e d ly low in India and significantly low er than in Ja p an and J a m a ic a , It is con eluded that facto rs which initiate atherogenesis differ from one geographic region to another, and that the facto rs which initiate it are different from those influencing m ore advanced stages. Sex d if f e r e n c e s a r e a p p a r e n t e a r l y in life , th e s e a r e m o s t m a r k e d a t the age o f 30 y e a r s , and dim inish after the 5th decade. Inborn basic differences in the two sexes a re suggested, -- J, Am. Med. A ssn, References L Reviews 961 T he S o lita ry P u lm o n a ry Nodule and Lung M alignancy. C . D. M c C lu re , et al. A rc h , E n v iro n m e n ta l H ealth 3, 7 -1 3 9 (Aug. 19611. While a 5 - y e a r fo llo w -u p of 551 r e s i d e n t s of A lle g h en y C ounty id e n tifie d by s u r v e y r e a d e r s a s h a v in g v a g u e ly d e f in e d n o n - c a l c i f i e d s o l i t a r y p u l m o n a r y n o d u l e s r e v e a l e d o n ly 13 ( 2 . 4 % ) m i c r o s c o p i c a l l y c o n f i r m e d p r i m a r y m a l i g n a n c i e s , 11 of t h e s e w e r e i n c lu d e d in th e 184 c a s e s actually r e f e r r e d as having so litary nodules, giving a yield of 6 .0 % p r im a ry m alignant l e s i o n s . T e n , o r a l m o s t 1 /3 , of the 32 n o d u le s d ia g n o s e d s u r g i c a l l y w e r e p r i m a r y m a lig n a n c ie s , A m o re p re c is e definition of " s o lita ry p u lm o n ary nodule" applied by two ex p e rt re a d e rs en hanced the yield of p rim a ry m alignant lesions to a range from 10.6% to 16.5% of the solitary nodules " r e f e r r e d " by e ith e r ex p ert. If the approach is taken that initial dual read in g s by ex p e rts should be used to designate cases for im m ediate follow-up, a p rim a ry cancer yield of 4,5% would have resu lted when either o r both expert re a d e rs identified solitary nodules on "blind" readings of the original 70-m m . film s only. When both re a d e rs agreed on the p re sence of a so litary nodule, this yield ro se to 11.5% , but th is w as acco m p an ied by a lo ss of s e n s itiv ity of the m eth o d . Among th e 146 s o lita r y nodule c a s e s s e le c te d fo r " r e f e r r a l " by e i t h e r o r b o th e x p e r t s w e r e a l l 13 p r i m a r y m a l i g n a n c i e s ( a y i e ld of $ . 9 % ) , and a l l b u t one (a h a m a r t o m a ) of the 32 s u r g i c a l l y d ia g n o s e d c a s e s . F r o m t h i s s tu d y it i s a p p a r e n t t h a t s o l i ta ry nodules initially delineated on the basis of m inifilm s by fast tem po survey re a d e rs to re a lly yield le s s than 5% of p r im a r y lung c a n c e r. A fte r a m e tic u lo u s 5 - y e a r follow -up only 32 out of 551 s u r v e y - d e te c te d s o lita r y n odules c a m e to s u r g ic a l d ia g n o s is , an d only 10, or about a th ird , proved to be p r im a ry m alignancies -- a fig u re co n siste n t with re p o rts of su rg ica l s e rie s . T his suggests that clin ician s m u st have co n sid erab le Bkill in evaluating the clinical significance of lesions designated as solitary nodules in a survey. T here was no clinical or h isto lo g ic a l evidence of a p r im a r y lung c a n c e r a ris in g fro m any of the 261 c a lc ifie d p u lm o n a ry nodules within 5 years. -- A uthors1 summary 962 R esults of a F re n ch Survey on the Role of T obacco, P a r tic u la r ly Inhalation, in D ifferent C ancer S i t e s . D. S c h w a r t z , e t a l . J . N a tl . C a n c e r I n s t . 26^, 1085 (M ay 1961). The authors report on a retrospective study of 3,937 patients with can cer who w ere c o m p a r e d with 3, 614 c o n tr o ls , including p a tie n ts w ith v a r io u s o th e r d is e a s e s o r h ea lth y p e r sons. A list of cancer sites associated with smoking was established, including the lip, tongue, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, lung, esophagus, and bladder. By considering the different c r ite r ia of tobacco consum ption it w as p o ssib le to s e p a ra te th e se site s into two groups: (1) in c a n ce r of the lip, o ra l cavity (excluding the tongue), o ro p h ary n x , hypopharynx, and esophagus, n eith er inhalation n o r p referen c e for cig a re tte s se em e d to be significant. (2) inhalation and preference for cigarettes w ere significant for cancer of the lung, larynx and probably bladder. Concerning the sites listed in (2), inhalation w as an im portant fac to r, in dependent of the amount smoked o r the method of smoking. The p articu lar significance of the cigarette was less definite: it depended, in part, on inhalation, which was associated with this type of sm oking. . S m okers of c ig a re tte s-o n ly , pipe-only, and p ip e -a n d -c ig a re tte sm o k e rs dif fered in certain re sp e c ts and p erhaps in th eir m anner of smoking in general. The effect of in halation ap peared to be specific; it proved to be significant in som e sites of c a n c e r but not in others. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References & Reviews 03120934 9. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 963 C hanges in B ronchial E pithelium in R elation to C ig arette Smoking and in Relation to Lung C a n c e r. O, A u e rb a c h , et al, New E n g l. J . M ed . 265, 253-267 (Aug, 10, 1961), F ro m the standpoint of carcin o g en esis, what im p re ssed the authors m ost was the trem en d o u s in c re a se in the n u m b er of atypical cells with the in c re ase d am ount of cigarette sm oking. The n u m b e r of sectio n s of aty p ical c e lls in the b ronchial epithelium of heavy s m o k e rs who died of d is e a s e s o th e r th an lung c a n c e r a p p ro x im a te d the n u m b e r of se ctio n s of aty p ic a l c e lls in the rem a in in g b ro n c h ia l ep ith eliu m of m e n who died of lung c a n c e r . In stu d y ing thousands of sections w ith atypical c e lls p rese n t, the auth o rs o b served what has the a p p e a r ance of a continuous g radient from a r e a s with a few atypical ce lls but o th erw ise n o rm al to lesions com posed entirely of atypical cells with cilia absent and a thickness of 5 or m ore cell row s in av erag e depth to p rim a ry invasive ca rcin o m a s of m icro sco p ic size com posed en tirely of atypical cells with cilia absent and a depth of many cells from the surface to the point w here invasion o cc u rs. In the opinion of the authors the histologic evidence from this study greatly strengthens the already overw helm ing body of epidem iologic evidence that cigarette smoking is a m ajo r factor in the causation of bronchogenic carcinom a. 964 Smoking in Relation to P h y sical C o m p lain ts, E. C, H am m ond, A r c h , E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h 3^ 1 4 6 - 1 6 4 (A u g , 19 6 1 ). A study has been m a d e of p h y sic a l co m p la in ts in re la tio n to sm oking h ab its in 18, 697 m en and 24,371 w om en o v e r the age of 30, The in fo rm atio n w as obtained by q u e stio n n aire . M any different com plaints w ere found to be associated with smoking habits. T hese in clude cough, h o arse n ess, sh o rtn ess of b reath , pain o r d iscom fort in chest, loss of appetite, nausea and vom iting, pain in stom ach, pain or discom fort in low er abdom en, d iarrh ea, loss of weight, easy fatigue, insom nia, and several other com plaints. Some of these com plaints showed a high degree of association with sm oking (notably coughing, sh o rtn ess of b reath , and loss of appetite) while others (including some not listed above) showed only a relatively sm all degree of association with sm oking. C igarette smoking showed a far higher degree of association with physical com plaints than did cig ar or pipe sm oking. The frequency of physical com plaints in c re a se d with am ount of cig arette sm oking. Coughing was re p o rte d le s s frequently by people who sm oke c ig a re tte s with a low ta r and nicotine content than by people who sm o k e cig arettes with a high ta r and nicotine content. It is suggested that smoking p roduces coughing, shortness of b rea th , lo ss of appetite, and c e rta in other com plaints in susceptible individuals. It is also suggested that these com plaints som etim es have the effect of inducing individuals to sm oke less, inhale le s s , sw itch to low nicotine c ig a re tte s , o r give up sm oking. Among w omen betw een the a g e s o f 30 a n d 49 i r r e g u l a r i t y o f m e n s t r u a t i o n w a s r e p o r t e d s o m e w h a t m o r e f r e q u e n t l y by s m o k e rs than by n o n - s m o k e r s . N e rv o u s te n sio n w as found to be a s s o c ia te d w ith sm o k in g . It m ay be that nervous tension in c re a s e s the tendency to sm oke heavily, but it m ay also be that sm oking in c re a s e s nervous tension in som e individuals (both could be true). -- A uthor's sum m ary 965 H eated F ats and A llied Com pounds as C arcinogens: A C ritic a l Review of E x p erim e n ta l R esu lts. E. A rffm ann. J. N atl. C a n ce r In st. 2, 893 (Nov. 1960). A c ritic a l review of the lite ra tu re shows no valid evidence that heated fats are c a r cinogenic on o ral ad m in istratio n , and chem ical studies have failed to show known carcinogens in heated fats. F u rth e r, feeding ex p e rim en ts on rodents a re co n sid ered inadequate for the d e m o n stra tio n of carcin o g en ic com ponents in hum an food. R esu lts on subcutaneous and cutaneous application of heated fats, ch o lestero l, and other unheated lipids a re variable and inconclusive. It is concluded that subcutaneous application is not suitable to d isclo se d ie tary carcin o g en s. -- J. Occ, Med. A bsts. 966 C o n c e p tu a l C h a n g e s in the C h a lle n g e of C a n c e r T h e r a p y , T he 1961 W, H. M cGuffin M e m o ria l L e c t u r e , N. C . D e la r u e . C an, M ed. A s s n , J. 85, 362-371 (Aug. 12, 1961), Until recen t y e a rs, attention has been d irec ted , in the trea tm e n t of c a n c e r, at the co ntrol of the local p rim a ry d is e a s e . In m any c a se s, this w as a w orthw hile em p h a sis, but it has becom e in c re a s in g ly a p p a re n t th a t if the p r e s e n t p ic tu re is to be im p ro v e d , as f a r a s " c u re " 03120335 10, Industrial Hygiene Digest October, [ M8BB&0018926 is concerned, m eans of sy stem ic attack on the d issem in a te d d ise a se m u st be found. Methods by which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) changes can be induced bring into sh arp focus the p o te n tia l significance of se le c tiv e ch e m o th e ra p y , p a r tic u la rly when used in com bination with o th e r agents or o th er m ethods of c a n ce r tr e a tm e n t. P ro v id e d the m ain m a s s of the p rim a ry tu m o r can be c o n tro lle d by such m a n e u v e rs a s s u r g ic a l e x c is io n o r ra d io th e ra p y , c h e m o th e ra becom es an attractiv e concept in m anaging the asym ptom atic foci of m etastatic d isease. As Rhoads points out, we m ay be a lre a d y on the b rin k of trem en d o u s advances in this field and th fundam ental featu res of chem otherapy m u st be clea rly understood by all. Until recen tly also only anim al cancer cells have been available for the evaluation of chem otherapeutic agents, and since DNA is both sp e c ie s and s tr a in sp ecific, it is only good fortune that any of the know ledge obtained in these studies has had an effective bearing on the treatm ent of human tum ors. H ow ever, we now have human ca n ce rs in m a ss production and have shown that these cultured o r in o c u lated c e lls m a in ta in the sp e cific nu cleo tid e s e q u e n c e s of the hum an DNA fro m which they developed. Knowing what to an ticip ate, th e re fo re , fro m anim al stu d ies, it m ay not be long before many agents of increasing effectiveness will be available for clinical tria l. This is a stim ulating and exciting outlook. In an im als se v e ra l types of tran sp lan ta b le tu m o rs can be wholly d estro y e d by sy stem ic ch em o th erap y , bringing the m agic of " c u re " alm o st within our g rasp . Why not anticipate chem ical m agic for therapy of hum an cancer also? -- A uthor's conclusions 967 The C ollagen and E la stin Content of the Lung in E m p h y se m a . J , A. P ie r c e , J. B. Hocott and R. V. E b ert. Ann. Internal M ed. 55, 210-222 (Aug. 1961). Collagen and elastin m easurem ents w ere com pared in severely em physem atous and in norm al lungs. The alkaline extraction m ethod of Low ry w as em ployed. M orphologic a lte ra tions w ere a s se ss e d on a ir-d rie d connective tissu e skeletons of the lungs p rio r to analysis. The p resen ce of em physem a was not asso ciated with any significant alteratio n in collagen o r elastin, o r the ratio of these substances. It was concluded that pulm onary em physem a does not r e s u l t f r o m a n y p r i m a r y d i s s o l u t i o n o r l o s s of Lung c o l l a g e n o r e l a s t i n . -- Authors' sum m ary 968 Sum m ary of the T hird Conference on R esearch in Em physem a. Anon. A m , R e v , R e s p . D i s , i3, 4 0 2 -4 3 1 ( M a r , 1961), C hronic pulm onary insufficiency is a broad title ten tativ ely chosen for a group of d iseases which are generally labeled em physem a in the United States and chronic bronchitis in the United Kingdom, On the b asis of pathologic and epidem iologic o b se rv a tio n s, v ario u s B ritish o b se rv e rs believe that the disabling and frequently lethal phases of em physem a and cor pulm onale are late m anifestations of a disease, chronic bronchitis, whose cause to them is known, i.e . , polluted air, of both the com m unity and the individual tobacco smoking varieties, plus re c u rre n t bronchial infection. It has also been suggested that a genetic o r acquired d e fect, in one o r m ore of the pulm onary connective tissu es (elastic, re tic u la r, collagenous, ca rtila g en o u s) m ay play a contributing or even a p rim a ry ro le in th e se d is e a s e s . In su m m ary , it is stated that em physem a may prove to originate from one or m ore of the following: chronic recu rren t irritation; chronic or recurrent infection; recu rren t tem porary or perm anent, dif fuse o r patchy p a ra ly s is of the cilia; overp ro d u ctio n and in c re a se d v isc o sity of bronchial m ucus; ab n o rm a lly prolonged reten tio n of v ario u s in e rt o r c h e m ic ally activ e a tm o sp h e ric pollutants; an acquired or congenital defect or abiotrophy of one or m ore of the pulm onary connective tis s u e s ; i n j u r y fro 'm v i o l e n t c o u g h in g . T h e c l i n i c a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f t h i s g r o u p of d i s e a s e s s e e m best explained by postulating individual d ifferen ces in the influence of these v ario u s fa c to rs of ir r ita tio n , infection, tr a u m a , and tis s u e d e fe c ts . The in tro d u c tio n is follow ed by s u m m a r ie s , p re p a re d by the p articip a n ts th e m se lv e s, of the firs t 19 p a p e rs a rra n g e d in the o r d e r of th e ir presentation at the conference held June 10-12, I960, at Aspen, Colorado. - - APCA A bsts. 03120936 11. industrial Hygiene Digest O ctober 1961 SKIN DISEASES AND BURNS 969 Skin C ancer and Occupation, A Review of N ew er Concepts of C arcinogenesis Baaed on Anim al E xperim entation with Potential Occupational Skin C arcingena. L. J. Miedler* Arch*Environm ental Health 2 76-280 (Sept 1961)* Bringing together selected new er data on carcinogenesis the cancer cell m ay be regarded a9 exhibiting a h ere d itary defect in the norm al m echanism of control of cell division. Nucleic acids are basic hereditary units in the cell, and alterations therein might reasonably be suspected to occur in carcinogenesis* T his concept im plies a qualitative alteration in the in tracellu lar inform ation tra n sfe r system* and evidence has been p resen ted suggesting the m anner in which som e of the carcinogens found in an occupational environm ent m ay affect the genetic m a te r ia l w ithin the cell* Included in th is s e r ie s of ag en ts p o ten tially capable of affecting human skin are the polycyclic hydrocarbons, sunlight (ultraviolet radiation)f x -ray, and other io n iz in g r a d ia tio n * T he b ib li o g r a p h y c o n t a i n s 31 r e f e r e n c e s to the subject* - - A uthor's sum m ary 970 T reatm ent of Superficial Fungous Infections with Griseofulvin* R, Q. Crotty* Ind. M e d . & S u r g . 30_, 3 3 1 -3 3 3 (Aug. 1961)* G riseofulvin (Fulvicin) was used to tre a t superficial fungous diseases of the scalp, sk in , o r n a ils in 14 c h i ld r e n and 40 a d u l ts . T h e u su a l d o s a g e w a s 250 mg* f o u r t i m e s daily* C u r e s , a p p a re n tly p e r m a n e n t, o c c u r r e d w ithout aide e ffe c ts in 34 p a tie n ts . R e s u lts w e re u n satisfacto ry in one patient because of side reactio n s, in 3 patients who did not im prove after a reasonable period of therapy, and in 3 patients who had re c u rre n c e s of the infection several weeks after griseofulvin was discontinued. Therapy was not com pleted in the other 13 p a t i e n t s . T h e a u t h o r ' s r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t i n e a c a p i t i s , c o r p o r i s , a n d c r u r i u s u a l l y can be c le a re d in one m onth; tin ea p ed is re q u ire s up to 2 m o n th s, and tin e a unguium m u st be treated for at least 4 months. -- Author*a sum m ary 971 V e n tric u lar F ib rilla tio n in a B urned Boy. C. M . A llan, et al. Can, M ed. A ssn. J. 85, 432-434 (Aug. 19, 1961). It would appear from the lite ra tu re that the incidence of v en tricu lar fibrillation*in b u rn p atien ts i s h ig h e r than the g e n e r a l in c id en c e. It is su g g e sted that m o r e attention should be paid to electrolyte balance than has been in the past. P o tassiu m balance is of p articu la r im portance in this reg ard . F ro m the repo rted cases in the literatu re and from other local h o sp itals, it would seem that in the burned patient in whom th e re is prolonged cata b o lism and chronic infection the stage is set for the production of v en tricu la r fib rillatio n during the in duction of anesthesia, -- A uthors1 sum m ary 972 A l l e r g y to S tinging I n s e c t s , R. L . E t t e r , W, J , R a y n e r an d R. H, J a c k s o n . Ind, M e d . & S u r g , 3_0, 2 1 3 - 2 1 7 (J u n e 1961), Although the p ro b lem of in se c t se n sitiv ity affects only a sm a ll p o rtio n of in d u s tria l patients, those affected are usually em ergency cases. Diagnosis is often confusing and the etiology can be even m o re of a p ro b lem . The patient, if c a r r ie d su c ce ssfu lly through the e m e rg e n c y stage, should be told that he can be helped; in fact, it is the p h y sic ia n s' obligation to so inform him . T his effect on the d o c to r's p a rt m ay be life saving. -- Authors' sum m ary 03120937 Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , ] 9b i MWB 0 - 0 0 1 8 9 2 / CHEMICAL HAZARDS 973 B e n z p y r e n e s in Soil- M . B lu m e r . S cie n ce 134, 474 (Aug. 18, 1961), B e n z p y r e n e s a p p e a r to be c o m m o n and f a ir ly a b u n d a n t c o n s titu e n ts of s o ils . Both th e c a r c i n o g e n i c 3 , 4 - b e n z p y r e n e an d i t s i n a c t i v e 1, - i s o m e r h a v e b e e n d e t e c t e d s p e c t r o scop ically in e x tra c ts of soils from ru ra l a re a s of the e a s te rn United S tates, - - A u th o r's A bst. 974 S k e l e t a l S c l e r o s i s due to C h r o n i c F l u o r i d e I n t o x i c a t i o n . C a s e s f r o m an E n d e m i c A r e a of F lu o ro sis in the Region of the P e rsia n Gulf. H, A. A zar, et al. A n n . i n t e r n a l M e d , 5_5, 1 9 3 - 2 0 0 (A u g . 1961), M arked diffuse skeletal s c le ro s is w as o b serv ed in 8 adult tu berculous patients t r e a t e d in a L e b a n e s e h o s p i t a l l o r c h e s t d i s e a s e s . E a c h h a d l i v e d m o r e th a n 10 y e a r s in Q a t a r , an o il- r ic h A rab ian sheikdom in the region of the P e rs ia n Gulf. Ho s im ila r o ste o sc le ro tic c h a n g es w e re noted in o th e r p a tie n ts in the sa m e h o sp ital. Rib s p e c im e n s w e re obtained during thoracotom y from two Q atari patients showing diffuse skeletal s c le ro s is . O ste o scle ro sis a p p e a re d to be the r e s u lt of s u c c e s s iv e lin e a r zo n es of c o r tic a l and L am ellar new bone fo rm a tio n sim ulating histo g ically the sclero tic changes seen in P a g e t's d is e a s e . T h e'flu o rid e content of defatted and ashed rib sam p les from the two Q atari patients ranged between 0,843 and 1.052% co m p ared to fluoride values ranging between 0 .0 3 d and 0.041% in control rib s obtained from L eb an ese p atien ts. The fluoride co n cen tratio n in drinking w ate r sa m p le s obtained from Q atar ran g ed betw een 0, 0 to 3.45 p p m . No d e te c ta b le flu o rid e s w e re found in B e iru t d o m e stic w a te r. T h ese o b servations indicate that th ere is an a re a of endem ic flu o ro sis as m anifested by diffuse o s te o s c le r o s is in the region of the P e r s ia n Gulf w here the flu o rid e c o n c en tra tio n in drinking w a te r is le s s than 4 pp m . In the United S ta te s, o s te o s c le r o tic c h a n g e s a ttrib u ta b le to ch ro n ic fluoride intoxication have o b se rv e d only in co m m u n ities w hich u se a w a te r supply containing flu o rid e in c o n c e n tra tio n s exceed in g 4 p p m . It is p o stu late d th a t c e r ta in local f a c to rs , such as hot clim ate, m alnutrition, and excessive drinking of tea, all contribute to the severity of -'X fluorosis. - A uthors1 sum m ary 975 Toxicology of Selenium and T ellu riu m and T h eir C om pounds. E. A. C erw enka. J r . and C . C o o p e r . A r c h . E n v ir o n m e n t a l H e a lth 3, l d 9 - 2 0 0 (A ug. 1961). Selenium and its compounds have a toxicity to hum ans which v aries widely from one substance to another. Although the toxicity of elem ental selenium is ra th e r low, inhaled selenium dust and fum es have given rise to irrita tio n s of the re s p ira to ry tract If such exposure is f r e quent, sev ere pneum onitis and irritatio n of the lungs m ight resu lt. Selenium dioxide causes d e rm a titis and burns when in contact with the skin. Hydrogen selenide is very toxic, causing sev ere irritatio n of the resp irato ry organs. L ong-term system ic effects might possibly result if the exposure is repetitive. Selenium oxychloride is a sev ere vesicant capable of causing se v e re and slow -healing burns of the skin. The selenium in th is com pound is capable of p en e tratin g the skin and has been found in the liv e r of ex p erim en tal an im als. Although selenium and its com pounds can p r e s e n t an in d u s tria l h a z a rd , th is h a z a rd can be re a d ily o v e rc o m e by p r o viding adequate ventilation of the working a re a and by protection of the skin. T ellurium and its com pounds are less toxic than selenium , although tellu rites seem to be an exception to this ru le. In in d ustry, te llu riu m is usually not very h azard o u s. N e v e rth e le ss, c a re m u st be e x e r cised w here the elem ent or its com pounds are used. The g arlic odor of the b reath is a good indication of the absorption of tellurium into the sy stem . H ow ever, the susceptibility to te l lu riu m breath v a rie s widely am ong individuals. T he elim ination of te llu riu m breath by a s corbic acid seem s to be possible although this pro ced u re m ight not be com pletely h a rm le ss. T he toxicity of hydrogen te llu rid e r e s e m b le s that of h y d ro g en selen id e in a n u m b e r of r e s p e c ts . T h e r e a r e 67 r e f e r e n c e s on the su b je c t in the b ib lio g ra p h y . - - C ond, fro m a u t h o r s ' c o n c lu sio n s 03120938 13. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r, 1961 976 T h e E l i m i n a t i o n o f N i t r o u s F u m e s f r o m B l a s t i n g G a s e s . S* R . R a b s o n , J . H , Q u i l l i a m a n d E, G oidbiatt. J. South A frican Inst* Mining and M et. 6^, 152-182 (I960), {Journal of S o u th A f r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f M i n i n g a n d M e t a l l u r g y , K e l v i n H o u s e , J o h a n n e s b u r g , S o u th A f r i c a *). The detonation of blasting explosives underground is accom panied by the lib eratio n of toxic g ases and dusts. The design of a suitable underground plant to ex tract fum es and dust is d escribed, F o r the elim ination of the blasting dust many filters have been used, including vertical m ulti-tube, horizontal bag, self collapsing, sawdust filters, and electrostatic pre- cipitators* The gases produced by blasting w ere investigated by the bubbler m ethod of analysis to e s t a b l i s h th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l o x i d e s N O, N O ;, Nj G4, a n d N2Oj . A c o m p r e h e n sive investigation w as conducted on the am ount of the various g ases rele ase d from the type of- explosives available. E x p erim en ts w ere c a rrie d out in a te st tunnel under p ractical mining conditions. -- APCA Absts. 977 The Effect of Sodium C arbonate on P a c k e rs , G irault, A rc h , m a la d ie s p r o f e s s . 2 1, 7 4 7 -7 5 0 (D ec. i960), F r e n c h . S i n c e p r e v e n t i v e m e a s u r e s w e r e t a k e n 12 y e a r s a g o , t h e r e h a v e b e e n no f u r t h e r cases of nasal perforation in this soda packing factory. A fter com plaints of nose bleeding, 21 p e r f o ra tio n s w e re found am ong 160 e m p lo y e e s , m a in ly am ong d o c k e rs and p a c k e r s , e s pecially among those handling pow dered soda. P eriodic exam ination showed that congestion of the nasal m ucosa w as followed by u lceration and p erforation som etim es accom panied by total cartilage destruction. F rictio n lesions of the skin, caused by the rough fibers of sisal sa ck s, w ere com m on, and the com bination of sw eat and soda caused u lc e rs sim ila r to the brine holes of salt w o rk ers. Soda holes w ere m ostly on hands and w rists, though the dockers who c a rrie d the sacks on th e ir a rm s and not on the shoulders, had them on the trunk and a rm s . T hose with fair skin w ere m o re prone. E czem atous d e rm a titis affected a few w o rk ers who handled crystaLs as w ell as a few exposed to pow der. No o th e r effects w ere found on b ro n ch o scopy or annual x -ra y exam inations of the ch est. The incidence of pulm onary tu b ercu lo sis, 5 in 15 y e a r s , w a s l e s s t h a n a m o n g a c o m p a r a b l e n u m b e r in t h e f a c t o r y n o t e x p o s e d t o s o d a . Some pow der collected around the filling m achines, but the g re a te s t danger was from the powder which escaped through the wide m esh of sisal sacks on to conveyor belts, runw ays, w agons and b a rg e s . T h is w as o v erc o m e by the u se of jute sa c k s and p a p e r c o n ta in e rs . In (946, nasal douching followed by the application of a hem ostatic salve to the n o strils, before and after work, was started . Bleeding and ulceration have been cured by this threatm ent, - - Bull, Hyg. 978 The Action of A rsine on Reduced G lutathione. Med. lavoro 52, 11-13 (Jan. 1961). L. Am ante, M. M agistretti and B. P ernis. T he au th o rs have shown that h em o ly sis induced by a r s in e is re la te d to a fall in r e duced glutathione in the e ry th ro c y te s co n cern ed , the glutathione being co n v erted into oxidized glutathione. T his re a c tio n re q u ire s the p re se n c e of oxygen and show s no sto ich io m etric r e lation betw een a r s in e co n c en tratio n and the am ount of glutathione w hich d is a p p e a rs fro m the ery th ro cy tes. The p resen t w ork estab lish es that it is possible to re s to re the initial concen t r a t i o n 01 g l u t a t h i o n e , a f t e r i t s d i s a p p e a r a n c e , i n d u c e d b y a r s i n e , b y m e a n s o f e l e c t r o l y t i c reduction. T h is o b se rv a tio n p e rm its the au th o rs to state that the action of a rs in e on e r y th r o cyte glutathione is not based on the fo rm a tio n o f a com pound of a rs in e and glutathione, but r a t h e r a r s in e o r one of its oxidation p r o d u c ts ( e .g . , e l e m e n ta r y a r s e n i c ) a c ts c a ta ly tic a lly , on the re v e rsib le conversion of glutathione into oxidized glutathione. -- Bull. Hyg. 979 B o n e M a r r o w C h a n g e s in C h r o n i c C a d m i u m P o i s o n i n g in R a b b i t s . M . B e r l i n , B* F r e d r i c s s o n and G, Linge* A rc h . E n v iro n m entai H ealth 3, 76-184 {Aug, 1961), Cadm ium poisoning produces m icrocytic hypochrom ic anem ia in rabbits. P a re n te ra l a d m in istra tio n of iron is follow ed by r e g re s s io n of this an e m ia . F e m o ra l bone m a rro w w as * A d d re s s not in c u r r e n t L is t of P e r i o d i c a l s . 03120939 14. 0 Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 studied quantitatively in cad m iu m -p o iso n ed and co ntrol rab b its w ith and without iron therapy. T h e fre q u e n c y of e ry th ro p o ie tic c e lls w as c a lc u la te d in re la tio n to th e to ta l of m y elo p o ietic cells, and the cellu larity of the m arrow p er unit of are a w as determ ined. F ro m these values the num ber of erythropoietic cells p er unit of a re a w as com puted. This w as not significantly changed in any group of rabbits The histologic p attern of m yeiopoiesis w as g ro ssly altered by ca d m iu m po iso n in g , and a m u c o id type of co n n ectiv e tis s u e d e g e n e ra tio n w as se en . In the rab b its w hich had rec eiv e d only cadm ium the bone m a rro w w as v ery ric h in c e lls , but adm ini tra tio n of iro n produced re g re ssio n of this h y p e rc e ilu la ru y . In groups which w ere not injected w ith iron the reticu lar m arro w cells showed m o re stainable iron in the cadm ium -poisoned rab b its than in the c o n tro ls. C adm ium poisoning thus had cau sed hypochrom ic an em ia without depletion, but rath e r in c re ase , of the depots of iron in the bone m arro w . The beneficial effect of p a r e n te r a l iro n in the in to x ica ted a n im a ls m a y th e r e f o r e in d ic ate th a t so m e fo rm of inhibition in the tr a n s f e r of iro n to the h em o g lo b in -sy n th e sizin g c e lls is induced by ca d m iu m , -- Authors* sum m ary 980 C o m p arativ e T oxicology of Iron C om pounds. A m . J , M ed, Sci* 4 1 , 296 (1961), 1-, C . W e a v e r , e t a l. Studies perfo rm ed in m ice and dogs suggest that iron carbohydrate com plex is less toxic than ferro u s sulfate, ferro u s gluconate, ferro u s fum arate, ferroglycine sulfate com plex, fe rric choline citrate and iron polysaccharide com plex by the o ral and intraperitoneal routes, * Intravenously, the iron polysaccharide com plex w as the le ast toxic and iro n carbohydrate com plex was next in o rd e r. Iron carbohydrate com plex produced the le a st gastrointestinal irritatio n as indicated by em esis in the dog. D oses of iron carbohydrate com plex equivalent to 1 g, elem ental iron p er day for a month failed to produce local irritatio n o r system ic alteratio n s in dogs. R eserv atio n s and caution a re indicated in extrapolating th ese findings to hum ans. -- Can. Med. A ssn. J. Absts. 981 N ick e l in C i g a r e t t e s , F , W. S u n d e r m a n and F , W, S u n d e r m a n , J r . A m . J, Clin. P ath o l, 5, 203-209 (1961). The authors m e asu red the nickel content of cig a re tte s. Six com m on A m erican brands contained 1.59 to 3.07 m ic ro g ra m s p e r cig arette. Of the total nickel content, 20% w as recovered from the m ain stream sm oke. The am ount of nickel that a heavy cigarette sm o k e r inhales in a year is roughly 3 tim e s the am ount of inhaled nickel re p o rte d to be c a r cinogenic for the ra t, an anim al notably re sis ta n t to pulm onary ca n ce r. In the light of these investigations, attem p ts should be m ade to rem ove nickel fro m tobacco sm oke, -- W orld Wide A bsts. of G eneral Med. 982 T re atm en t of Inorganic M ercu ry Poisoning with N -A cetyl-D , L -P en iclllam in e, A . D . M , S m i t h a n d J . W. M i l l e r . L a n c e t _l_, 6 4 0 - 6 4 2 ( M a r c h 2 5 , 1961). Rapid reco v ery followed treatm en t with this chelating agent which is th erefo re a d v o c a te d f o r f u r t h e r t r i a l in m e r c u n a l i s m . A f t e r 15 y e a r s w o r k in a L o n d o n f a c t o r y w h e r e his p red ecesso r had died from m ercu ry poisoning with nephrosis and u rem ia, a hand-gilder, aged 56, developed c la ssic a l chronic m e rc u ry poisoning when the a r tic le s to be gilded in c re ase d in num ber and size because of o rd ers from new A frican states for various state in sig n ia. T he gilding w as done tw ice each w eek by p o ssib ly the only h an d -g ild e r in B rita in . Exhaust from his charcoal fire was inadequate; the p aste-lik e m ercu ry -g o ld am algam was handled and applied to the article which w as heated and repeatedly bru sh ed , G rose intention tr e m o r of the hands for 3 m o n th s b efo re a d m is s io n did not r e s u lt in the p a tie n t's giving up w ork, but did resu lt in his breaking m o st of the household c ro c k e ry . He w as only slightly irritab le. T here w as m ild er trem o r of head and eyebrow s and ataxia; dysphonia was dem on strated to be due to je rk y vocal co rd m ovem ent. S lit-lam p exam ination showed b lu e-g ray m ottling of the co rn ea and polychrom atic lu ster of the p o st-le n s capsule. E lectro en cep h alo g ra m s showed a m ild paro x y sm al instability only, retain ed after tre a tm e n t. All other in v esti gations, including chrom atography of urine for amino acids, w ere norm al, except urinary 15. 03120340 " HM8B-0H18928 Industrial Hygiene Digest O ctober 1961 excretion of m e rc u ry . This before treatm en t was 1,369 m ic ro g ra m s daily and during three 1 0 - d a y c o u r s e s of t r e a t m e n t a t 17 to 1 9 - d a y i n t e r v a l s , it b e c a m e : 1 ,8 2 8 an d 1 ,6 3 9 ; 600 and 420; and finally 290 m ic ro g ra m s. The dose of N -acety l-D , L -p en icillam in e was 250 m g, 4 tim es daily. Im provem ent after the second course perm itted discharge, and there was al m ost com plete recovery one month later. - - Bull. Hyg. 983 A Rapid P ro c e d u re for D eterm in atio n of M e rc u ry in U rine and Kidney. E , J , C afruny. J . L a b , C l i n , M e d . 57_, 4 6 8 - 4 7 2 ( M a r , 1961). A rapid and sim ple p ro c e d u re fo r the d eterm in atio n of m e r c u r y in u rine and kidney tissu e is describ ed . P o tassiu m brom ide is used to liberate m e rc u ric ion from organic co m plex es and r e n d e rs u n n e c e s sa ry any of the la b o rio u s m anipulations usually em ployed in p r e paring sam ples for analysis. F re e m ercu ric ion is then extracted in chloroform solutions of dithizone. The colored m ercu ry dithizonate com plex form ed can be determ ined spectrophoto- m etrically. Results using this method are equivalent to those obtained with a polarographic procedure. Renal and u rinary m e rc u ry concentrations after adm inistration of therapeutic doses to ra ts and dogs a re com parable to those reported in the literatu re. The method may be used to study excretion of m e rc u ry in patients trea ted o r poisoned with organic m e rc u rial d iu r e tic s o r in o rg a n ic m e r c u r y . A s little as 10 m ic r o g r a m s of m e r c u r y p e r m il lili te r of urine m ay be-detected but, with m inor changes, sensitivity can be adjusted for m easurem ent of 1 m ic ro g ra m of m e rc u ry . -- Bull. Hyg. 984 Endogenous P yrogen in the P athogenesis of Zinc Fum e F e v e r. B. P e m is , et al. M e d , l a v o r o Sl^, 5 7 9 - 5 8 6 ( O c t, 1960). In the p r e s e n t p a p e r the h y p o th e sis is advanced th a t m e ta l fum e f e v e r is due to the d ire c t action of zinc oxide fum e on the endogenous pyrogen contained in the p o ly m o rp h o n u clear leukocytes. T his hypothesis ha's been put fo rw ard becau se all the p re v io u s explanations of the p ath o g e n e sis of zinc fum e fe v e r a re open to s e rio u s c r itic is m b ec a u se of the following e x p e r i m en tal re s u lts : (1) A ttacks of zinc fume fev e r can be elicited in ra b b its by inhalation of d i luted acetic acid aerosol followed by inhalation of zinc oxide fum e, A rapid tolerance is in duced by inhalation of zinc fume repeated for two o r m ore consecutive days but not by p re - tre a tm e n t with b a c te ria l endotoxins, (2) An im m ed iate attac k of fev e r can be elicited in n o r m a l r a b b i t s by the t r a n s f u s i o n of 10 m l . a m o u n ts of blo o d s e r u m o f r a b b i t s w ith zin c fu m e fev e r, (3) M icro sco p ic o b se rv a tio n of lungs of rab b its with zinc oxide fume fev e r show an intensive filling of the cap illaries with polym orphonuclear leukocytes. The conclusion is drawn that zinc fume does not act through the liberation of endotoxic Lipopolysaccharides, but p ro b ably through a d ire c t re le a se from the leukocytes of an endogenous p yrogen which is d e m o n s tr able in the blood of ra b b its, and that the contact between zinc fume and leukocytes in rab b its is facilitated by the accum ulation of th e se c e lls in the lung c a p illa rie s due to the ir rita n t action of acetic acid aero so l. -- APCA Abst. 985 Methyl C hloride Intoxication. I, J, M ackie, M e d . J . A u s t r a l i a _1_, 2 0 3 - 2 0 5 { F e b . 11, 1961), An unusual case of m ethyl chloride intoxication would very likely have been fatal had it not been for the ad m in istra tio n of ad ren al ste ro id s. The p atien t, aged 40, had w orked in h is r e f r i g e r a t i n g p la n t fo r 18 y e a r s w ith m e th y l c h lo r id e w h ich , he c o m p la in e d , had b ee n m a r k e d " N o n - T o x i c 11. F o r 6 m o n t h s th e e x p o s u r e h a d b e e n h e a v y a n d , a f t e r good h e a l t h e x c e p t for recen t im potence, during this tim e he becam e weak, thin and pale. He developed p y rex ia, vomiting, m uscle pains and jaundice; the urine was dark and the feces pale. Transient erythem ia, revulsion for alcohol and smoking, headache, th irst and polyuria preceded adm ission to the hospital 6 weeks after jaundice started. Tachycardia, deep jaundice, profound pallor and en larg em e n t of the Liver and sp leen w ere noted. The u rine contained p ro tein , bile p ig m e n ts and s a lts and no a b n o r m a l m e t a l s . The blood co n tain ed 3 .2 g. hem oglobin p e r 100 m l; the white cell count was raised with a leukem oid response; blood u rea was raised; Scbum m 's 03120941 16. a (3 r i 5P -a Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 MHBB-00t89?9 test and liver function tests w ere positive. T ests for hydatid disease, syphilis and m alaria w e re negative L iv e r b io p sy one m onth l a t e r show ed n e c r o s is w ith r e g e n e r a tio n , m a in ly in the c e n te r of the lobules, and ea rly reticu lin fo rm atio n , and 4 m onths la te r w as n o rm al. By th is tim e , the only a b n o rm a lity w as a p alp ab le Liver* The p a tie n t w as stro n g and weLl, though still taking a reduced dose of prednisone. Im provem ent had begun after this was given 2 days after adm ission when even slow transfusion of packed red cells rendered digitalization n eces sary. - - Cond. from Bull. Hyg, 966 A ccidental V apor E x p o su re to A nesthetic C o n cen tratio n s of a Solvent Containing T e tra c h lo ro e t h y l e n e . R . D . S t e w a r t , e t a l . I n d , M e d , & S u r g . 30^, 3 2 7 - 3 3 0 (Aug, 1961), The clinical course of a w o rk er accidentally overexposed to anesthetic concentra- . tions of an industrial solvent containing tetrachloroethylene and Stoddard solvent is presented. While the duration of exposure was brief and apparent clinical recovery rapid, the te trach lo ro ethylene vapor concentration in the p a tie n ts expired a ir dim inished exponentially over a 2-week period* L iver function studies becam e abnorm al during the second and third postexpoaure weeks. T his su g g ests th a t an acute ex p o su re to th is solvent h as a ch ro n ic effect upon the Liver and is capable of producing a m ild hepatitis. D eterm ination of the concentration of tetrachloroethylene in expired a ir at any tim e during the 2-w eek postexposure period would have dem onstrated that overexposure had o ccu rred . T hus, analysis of expired a ir offers a method whereby the m agnitude of exposure m ay be reasonably estim ated long after suspected overexposure has o ccu rred . The use of in fra red spectroscopy to analyze the expired a ir provided for absolute id en tificatio n of te tra c h lo ro e th y le n e , and p ro v e d to be a se n s itiv e , ra p id m eth o d w ith which to m easure the compound. -- A uthors1 summary 967 Two C a s e - N o te s of P o iso n in g by M eth y l S u lfa te . M* G a u lt ie r , e t a l. A rch, m alad ies p ro fe s s . 2^, 744-746 (Dec* I960). French* P o st-m o rte m analysis in one of these cases showed that the blood contained 0,17 g. e t h a n o l , and 0. 052 g m e t h a n o l , p e r l i t e r ; th e v i s c e r a c o n t a i n e d 0 . 4 a n d 0 , 0 6 g* p e r k g . r e s pectively, and 0.01 g. acetaldehyde, and 0*375 g. sulfates, p e r kg. Though the p o st-m o rtem findings of purulent bronchitis, pulm onary congestion, ath ero m a and slight fatty degeneration of the liv er w ere attributed to natural cau ses, it w as concluded that the m ethanol found was c o n s i s t e n t w ith h y d r o l y s i s of d im e th y l s u lf a t e f r o m a c c i d e n t a l e x p o s u r e 12 h o u r s b e f o r e death* The blood sulfate w as n o rm a l (0. 75 g. p e r kg. in text) but the v is c e r a contained m o re than g en e rally found. T his w as the ca se of a m an aged 69 with a p a s t h isto ry of bronchial tro u b le, who becam e ill 5 h o u rs a fte r a 1 0 -lite r carb o y of dim ethyl sulfate w as b roken, with e sca p e of 50-100 m l. He washed his skin but did not rem ove towels from the w orkroom and refused to stop work* Clothing was not splashed. He was adm itted to the hospital 8 hours after the a c ci dent* His com panion, aged 72, w as adm itted at the sam e tim e , having developed, as usual som e hours afte r exposure to this irrita n t, sym ptom s of eye, n ose, larynx and lung irritation* This m an's course, investigations and treatm ent are described. He recovered a month later. The toxic effects outlined and the MAC of 1 ppm give em p h a sis to p re c a u tio n a ry m e a s u r e s which especially are n ecessary in lab o rato ries. W orkers should be train ed to leave the a re a if d i methyl sulfate escapes. Splashed clothing should be rem oved. An exposed p erson, after eye lavage, should be rem oved by am bulance, and bed r e s t for 3 days enforced* The difficult p ro b lem of treatin g pulm onary edem a in the p rese n ce of hypertension is d iscu ssed and also the question of assisted respiration* - B u ll. Hyg* 988 Investigation of the Effect of Toluene on the Blood P ictu re of R otogravure P rin te rs and A uxiliary W orkers, W, B dnfer. Z entr. A rbeitsm ed. u. A rbeitsschutz 11, 35-40 (Feb* 1961). German* B enzene, toluene and xylene have been widely used in co lo r printing on account of th eir speed of evaporation and good solvent capacity, but benzene, the best technically in these r e s p e c ts / has, owing to its hem otoxic action, been generally rep laced by toluene and xylene. C o m m e rc ia l toluene and xylene contain a c e r ta in am ount of benzene (up to 15% fo r to lu en e) but p u re p re p a ra tio n s of both a re now av ailab le. T he p re s e n t investigation on toluene containing 03120942 17. Industrial Hygiene Digest O cto b e r 1961 only 0. 3% benzene included blood ex am in atio n s of a la rg e n u m b e r of w o rk e rs em ployed for m o re than 3 y ears in rotogravure printing They w ere c a rrie d out ev ery 3 m onths in young p erso n s under IS, and every 6 m onths in adults, and included enum erations of erythrocytes total leu co cy tes, p o ly m orphon u clear leu co cy tes, and estim atio n of hem oglobin. A nalysis of the a ir of the w orkroom rev e ale d no benzene or xylene In 3 sa m p le s the toluene content was le ss than the MAC, in one equal to it and in one reach ed 400 ppm. R esults of blood exam inations showed that only 3 tim es in all was the total white count less than 4,000 the polym orphs were never low er than ,000, and there was no absolute or relative lym phocytosis. The red cells and hemoglobin showed only slight occasional v ariations. Sternal puncture of 5 w ork ers with a total white count of le ss than 5,000 showed no pathological changes. C om parison with control w o rk e rs having at the tim e no contact with toluene showed a very sim ila r blood picture. It is concluded thatchouth it is not p o ssib le, without a m uch lo n g er and m o re exact investigation, to state categorically that pure toluene cannot have any injurious effect on the hem opoietic system , it has certainly a much less toxic effect than benzene, -- Cond, from Bull. Hyg. 989 Poisonings by the In se c tic id e P h o sp h e n e (Phosdrin; Carbom ethoxym ethylvinyldimethyl P h o s phate). L. Roche, et al. A rch, m a lad ies p ro fe ss. 22, 52-55 (J a n .-F e b . 1961), F rench, T his paper p rese n ts 4 case rep o rts of poisoning in w o rk ers exposed to the organic phosphorus com pound "P h o sp h en e" (P h o sd rin ) w hich is being used as a g e n e ra l in secticid e in m a rk e t g a rd e n s. All patients re c o v e re d in a few days having been tre a te d m ainly by the ad* m inistration of atropine. The main sym ptom s among these patients w ere: faintness, fainting fits, giddiness, m isty vision, pronounced sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and shortness of breath with pains in the chest in one or two instances. Some of these sym ptom s began eith er during work or 1 to 2 days after exposure. Signs noted w ere pallor, cold ex tre m ities, m oderate b ra d y c a rd ia and m io sis (in 1 o r 2 c a se s). In all p atien ts it w as noted that the b reath had a m a rk e d a ro m a of phosphorus. P a r tic u la r s of the blood e x a m in a tio n s a re given and cholin e s te ra s e estim ations c a rrie d out in 3 of the 4 c a se s showed a considerable diminution in co n c e n tratio n . It is rec o m m en d e d .th at P h o sd rin and o th e r organic p h o sp h o ru s in se cticid e s which a re not at p re s e n t recognized by the law concerning in d u stria l illn e ss should be included in the official list for purposes of com pensation. -- Bull. Hyg. 990 P e r c u ta n e o u s A b so rp tio n of P a r a th i o n and P a ra o x o n , (4) D e c o n ta m in a tio n of H um an Skin from P arathion. T . F re d rik s so n . A rch. E nvironm ental Health 3, 185-188 (Aug. 1961). An investigation has been m ade of the efficiency of a decontam ination p ro ce d u re in rem oving P -3 2 -lab e le d parathion (E 605, diethyl 4-nitrophenyl thionophosphate) from the skin surface of hum an volunteers. Two se rie s of experim ents w ere p erform ed, the m aterial being left on the skin for 30 and 300 m in u tes, resp e ctiv ely . The rad io activ ity w as d eterm in e d before and after the cleansing procedure, and the residue calculated as percentage of the initial count after subtraction of the background count. In the long-term group, ord in ary washing with soap and w ater fo r 30 seconds left a resid u e of about 30% to 50%, while the resid u e am ounted to 8% to 20% in the s h o rt-te rm experim ent* An alcohol w ash im m ediately after the initial cleansing still left a c o n s id e ra b le re s id u e -- m o re than 10% in the 3 0 0 -m in u te s e r i e s and a p p ro x im a te ly 5% in the other series* A final cleansing with soap and w ate r left a resid u e of m o re than 5 % in the lo n g -te rm s e rie s , while in the other s e rie s , the skin w as alm o st com pletely d ec o n ta m i nated. The theoretical aspects of the tim e factor involved have been discussed, and the p ra c ti cal im plications within the field of occupational medicine have been stressed* -- A uthor's sum m ary 03120943 18. Industriai Hygiene Digest O cto b e r 1961 HWBB-0018930 INDUSTRIAL DUSTS ___________________________ 991 P n e u m o c o n io sis Due to T in, L . D e'robert, e t al. A r c h , m a l a d i e s p r o f e s s . 2_l, 7 1 3 - 7 1 8 ( D e c . I960}* F r e n c h . On resum ing w ork a lte r an acute re s p ira to ry illn ess, a w orkm an was subm itted to radiographic exam ination of the chest. The x -ray revealed a generalized m iliary nodulation of the lungs. This finding appeared anom alous as a variety of tests proved that the workm an w as in ex cellent health* On inquiry it w as d isc o v ered that for the p revious 11 y e a rs he had been em ployed at a sm all factory in the production of tin oxide* The atm ospheric conditions w ere d e s c riv e d as v ery dusty and on o ccasio n he had su ffered slight sh o rtn e ss of b re a th on exertion* A rrangem ents w ere m ade for the x -ra y exam ination of his 5 w orkm ates and this revealed 3 sim ila r cases of m icronodulation of the lungs* T hree fo rm e r em ployees w ere traced but only one was alive and his lungs showed the sam e x -ra y changes* The authors then m ade a study of the lite ra tu re on the effects of the inhalation of tin dust* They also c a rrie d out an experim ental study by "dusting" guinea pigs* A s a resu lt of all the investi gations it w as concluded that the inhalation of tin resu lts in a benign pneum oconiosis, ch aracter* ized rad io g rap h ica lly by dense m icronodulation of the lungs but causing no im p a irm e n t of p u l m o n a ry capacity. Two o th e r fe a tu re s a r e mentioned a g ra y ish m e ta llic tinge of the sputum and bradycardia. - - Cond, from Bull. Hyg. 992 Q F e u e r , W. H . G a l l a h e r * J* A m . M e d , A s s n . 177 1 8 7 - 1 8 9 ( J u l y 2 2 , 1961)* A case of serologically proved 0 fever with chronic hepatitis and central nervous system abnorm alities simulating Parkinson's Disease has been presented. The protean nature of this disease has been discussed, The spectrum of clinical m anifestations hitherto reported in association with Q fever includes: pneum onia, hepatitis, p e ric a rd itis , m eningitis, esopha gitis, a rth ritis, o rchitis, epididym itis, phlebitis, and a rte ritis , Epidemiologic studies indi cate that the disease is prevalent throughout the world, yet in m any a re a s the diagnosis is ra re ly m ade. It is possible that Q fever m ay be overlooked while m asquerading as m o re widely recognized illnesses, such as viral infectious hepatitis. Recent studies indicate that the in cid en ce of bovine Q fe v e r is in c re a s in g in the United S ta te s , and hum an infection m ay become an increasing public health problem . -- A uthor's sum m ary 993 How D u s t F i l t e r S e l e c t i o n D e p e n d s on E l e c t r o s t a t i c s . E , R, F r e d e r i c k * C h e m . E n g . 6jBt 107-114 (June 6, 1961), {Reprints available from Industrial Hygiene Foundation upon request. P a ra m e te rs have been established which affect the selection of filters for dust col lection and point up the fact that the elec tro static p ro p e rtie s of both the dust and the collecting fabric are extrem ely critical in dictating filtration p erfo rm an ce. R esults show that the e le c tro static requirem ents of the fabric are dictated by the electro static activity and certain other phy sical p ro p erties of the collected dust. While the trib o electric polarity and charge dissipation p ro p ertie s of fabric filter media are.rapidly estim ated, these sam e p ro p ertie s a re not so easily m e asu red for du sts. Each production fab ric, re g a rd le ss of its apparent sim ilarity to another m a teria l already located in the triboelectric s e rie s , m ust itself be evaluated to find its own se rie s position. The m ethod of determ ining the triboelectric position and the charge dissipation ^3 rate of dust collection fabrics is quite sim ple, A table shows three main dust classifications, (w hich) s e p a r a t e s the two e l e c t r o s ta t ic a lly a c tiv e c l a s s e s I and II fro m the in a ctiv e c l a s s III, Of at le a st 40 differen t c o m m e rc ia l dusts that w ere exam ined only two have d em o n strate d little rv or no electrostatic activity. 03120944 19. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 994 Counting of A tm ospheric D usts using M iU ipore F ilte rs , N, Z urlo. M e d , l a v o r o SJ_* 6 60-671 (Nov, 1960). D ifficulties in dust m e asu rem en t with m iilipore filte rs include the poor visibility of sm all p a rtic le s which is due to the refra ctiv e index of the liquid used to render the filter tran sp a ren t being n ear to that of the dust, the gradual relapsing of the filter to opacity, and the penetration of p articles deeply into the filter if too m uch suction is em ployed. A p ro c e dure is d escribed which avoids e r r o r s due to such causes and gives resu lts agreeing with those given by the th erm al p rec ip ita to r. The m em b ran es w ere steeped in a m ixture of m ethyl cellosolve and butyl alcohol for m ic ro sco p e counting which enabled p a rtic le s of tra n sp a re n t m i n e r a l s a s s m a l l a s 0 . 5 m i c r o n to be d e a l t w ith ; t r a n s p a r e n c y w a s r e t a i n e d f o r o v e r SO h o u r s . A special rev ersib le m ercu ry -d isp lacem en t a s p ira to r is d escribed for use with the filters w h ic h s u c k s 100 cc-. o f a i r in a m i n u t e o r tw o , d e p e n d in g on th e g r a d e of m i i l i p o r e , at a n e a r l y constant flow ra te . A fter the m e rc u ry has run from the upper into the low er re s e rv o ir, the apparatus is inverted and is ready for use again. Rubber diaphragm valves autom atically apply suction and release a ir displaced from the lower reserv o ir. -- Bull, Hyg. 995 Studies of E x p erim e n ta l S ilico sis in D ogs. M . M o sin g er, et a l. Arch* m aladies profess* 2, 5-39 (Jan * -F eb . 1961), F rench, E xperim ental studies of silicosis in the lab o rato ry have larg ely been c a rrie d out in sm all anim als such as rats, guinea pigs* h a m ste rs and m ice. While for certain o b se rv a tions, pathological and epidemiological, these anim als have advantages, their size consider ably re s tric ts the range of investigations. The author and his colleagues decided to use dogs for their experim ents. Under intravenous anesthesia, suspensions of pow dered quartz (size under 3 m icrons) in isotonic serum w ere injected into the lungs o r selected lobes of these through a bronchoscope. T h irty-four dogs (breeds not indicated) w ere given single o r m ultiple d o se s at in te r v a ls . The s u r v iv o r s w ere o b s e rv e d o v e r p e r io d s fro m 9 to 32 m o n th s . The in vestigations com prised clinical, radiological (including tom ography and bronchography) m e ta bolic, biochem ical, m orbid anatom ical and surgical excision. Results a re described very fully u nder th e se headings and illu stra te d by p h otographs of sp e cim en s and p h o to m icro g ra p h s. It e m e rg e s that the fe a tu re s of the d ise a se in the dog ap p ro x im ate c lo sely to thosc*observ^d in m an. The onset of em physem a, it is rem arked, is precocious. The authors submit that their findings prove that silicosis affects not m erely the lungs and hilum glands but also other organs, and that the accompanying biochem ical changes signify system ic changes. Finally, the m erits of the dog for ex p e rim en tal w o rk in pneum oconiosis a r e em p h asized . - - Bull, Hyg. 996 B r o n c h i t i s , B r o n c h i o l i t i s a n d S i l i c o s i s . F . N a g e r , F . Z e n g e r an d J , R, R u t t n e r . Schweiz* m e d . W o ch sch r. 9t)t 1357-1364 (Nov, 6, I960}. G e rm a n , The v ario u s views on the relationship between b ro n ch itis and silic o sis a re d iscu ssed in the f ir s t p a r t of this p a p e r under the headings of sta tistic a l inv estig atio n , investigation by bronchoscopy, experim ental research and pathological investigation. The authors1 contribu tion fails in the la s t ca te g o ry . They in v estig ated histologically 100 lungs fro m 36 subjects w ith c l a s s i c a l s i l i c o s i s , 17 f r o m s u b j e c t s e x p o s e d t o m i x e d d u s t and 47 f r o m s u b j e c t s w ith s ilic o tu b e r c u lo s is . T h ese w e r e c o m p a re d with 30 lungs of p a tie n ts dying of p r im a r il y non* pulm onary conditions, w here the patients had been bedfast with sta sis of the lungs. Twenty lungs from subjects with bronchitis and em physem a w ere also used as controls. The result of the investigation was that there was considerably inflam m atory change in the bronchi and bronchioles in all stag es of silico sis. T hese changes w ere not found o r w ere not so definite in the co n tro ls. In the bronchi of the silico tic lungs th e re was a ly m p h o p latm aceU u lar infil tra tio n , th e re w ere signs of h y p e rse c re tio n , atrophy of the elastic tis su e and la te r of the m u sc u la r tissue, som etim es bronchostenosis and bronchiectasis. The cilia w ere intact. In the bron chioles, the conditions w ere m ore m arked. The silicotuberculosis cases showed the same changes in a re a s away from tuberculous foci. The changes w ere found in all stages. The b ro n c h io litis and b r o n c h io le c ta s is w e r e e s s e n ti a ll y dependent on d u s t. With in c r e a s in g s e v e r i t y of the silicosis the bronchial and bronchiolar changes were m ore definite. The fact that many sev ere cases of silicosis p rese n t no clinical evidence of bronchitis is to be explained by the fact that the bronchitis is "hidden" by the silicotic m a sse s, - - Cond, from Bull, Hyg. 03120945 20. HMBB-0018931 Industrial Hygiene Digest Q cto b e r , 1961 997 A a b e s t o s i s in a W o r k e r E n g a g e d in A u to m o b ile U n d e r c o a tin g , New E n g l. J . M ed. 6 5 , 379-381 (Aug* 4, 1961). H. G . B r u g s c h and H. Bavley T h e m a t e r i a l t h a t th e p a t i e n t u s e d c o n t a i n e d a s b e s t o s of v a r i o u s f i b e r 9i z e 9 in an asp h alt b ate and was held in a m astic form by a solvent of the p etro leu m -d istilla te type. Lun biopsy revealed the presence of asbestos bodies of characteristic appearance. The unusual finding in this case was the presence of num erous am orphous bluish-staining deposits fairly widely d isp ersed throughout the specim en and surrounded by inflam m atory and connectivetissue reaction. The x -ra y appearance of finely gran u lar infiltration throughout both lower lobes and the possibility that the sputum also contained asbestos bodies ("yeastlike bodies") indicate that the lung p ro c e ss in this m an w as of a ch ro n ic n atu re co n sisten t with p n eu m o coniosis and the d irec t local action of foreign m aterial such as asphalt and asb esto sis, This is also suggested by som e of the air te sts obtained in the su rv e y . The c ro s s -s e c tio n a l survey here reported indicates that under prevailing methods of operation, the use of an asb esto sbase undercoating, when lim ited to short exposure a, has not resu lted in an occupational hazard. However, if this operation is perform ed continuously without adequate ventilation and protective re sp ira to ry equipm ent it m ay expose the w orker to the potential danger of pneumoconiosis* As a protective m e asu re, it is recom m ended that w o rk ers using asb esto s-b ase undercoating m a te r ia l a v e r a p e rio d of 10 h o u rs w eekly o r m o r e fo r p e rio d s lo n g e r than one y e a r should o b se rv e the following ru les: p re -e m p lo y m e n t and p eriodic x - r a y studies of the ch e st, with the use of l a r g e - a i 2 ed f i l m s (14 x 17 i n c h e s ) s h o u l d b e m a d e . W hen p o s s i b l e th e w o r k e r s should be r o tated. A pproved r e s p ir a to ry d ev ices, with additional p ro tec tio n for the ey es, should be w orn. M echanical ventilation should be p rovided in the im m ediate vicinity of the w ork a re a . 998 S tu d i e s on th e C h e m i c a l P r o p e r t i e s o f C h r y s o t i l e in R e l a t i o n to A s b e s t o s i s . S, G . C l a r k and P . F . H olt. Ann, -Occ. Hyg. (London) 3, - 9 (Jan* 1961). T here a re two riv al hypotheses, m ech an ical and ch e m ic al, of the path o g en esis of a s b e s to s is . A ccording to the ch em ical hypothesis the fib ro s is of the lungs is due to the action of silicic acid derived from the decom position of asbestos in the lungs. The p re se n t report d escrib es studies m ade at the U niversity of Reading, England, The experim ents w ere m ade in vitro and the aim was to discover the rate of dissolution of South A frican chrysotile asbestos at te m p e ra tu re s betw een 25* and 90*C in n e u tra l, acid and alkaline m e d ia. The m ed ia used w e r e r e s p e c t i v e l y w a t e r , 0* 1 N h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d a n d 0. 1 N s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e . T h e a n a l y s e s of the extracts at various intervals of tim e a re tabulated. It w as observed that the dissolution re su lte d in the rem oval of m ag n esiu m and "the re le a se of m in u te, tw o -d im en sio n al flakes of th e s i l i c a l a t t i c e ' 1. F r o m t h i s i t is d e d u c e d t h a t a r e a c t i o n s i m i l a r to t h a t n o r m a l l y e v o k e d by fine silica p a rtic le s would follow. D issolution, it was o b serv ed , o c c u rre d m o re read ily with alternating acid and alkaline conditions than under the influence of acid or alkali alone. Such an alteratio n of acid and alkaline states o ccurs in inflam m atory d ise ase s including pneum onia and bronchitis. The authors conclude that if the breakdown of chrysotile follows the same co u rse in vivo as it does in v itro , a pneum oconiosis having a general resem b lan ce to silicosis would be expected. -- Cond. from Bull, Hyg, 999 The Changes in the B ronchial T re e in A sb esto sis, G. Jacob and H. Bohlig. A r c h . G o w e r b e p a t h o l . G e w e r b e h y g , ]_8, 2 4 7 - 2 5 7 ( I 9 6 0 ) . G e r m a n . This bronchographic study of various stages of asbestosis has been facilitated by the u s e of a new c o n t r a s t m e d i u m --propyiiodon. In a s b e s t o s i s w ith th i c k e n i n g of the p l e u r a the sm all bronchi tow ards the base are bunched together with th e ir ends turned back. This was described by Jacob as the "broom phenomenon" and is associated with displacem ent of the basal segm ents of the lung. This is not pathognomonic for asb esto sis since it occurs in other conditions causing ple u ra l thickening. In all c a se s the conditions grouped u nder the te rm "bronchitis deform ans" are to be found. The distension of the bronchi expected from the c h a r a c te r of the d ise ase is evident but b ro n ch iectasis is not so striking as in Bilicoeis even in advanced a s b e sto s is and it is cy lin d rical in type* In c o n tra st to silic o sis, th e re is no sten o s is of the la rg e b ronchi. In a s b e s to s is as a rule the lo w e r and m iddle lobes, and in the left lung the lingula are affected, and in silico sis the upper lobe. In th e se lobes the bronchi are 03120946 21. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 bunched while in the o th e r lobes th ey a re sp re a d out. In a s b e sto s is the n o rm al ap p earan ce of th e b ro n ch u s next to the h ilu s can be seen but th is is not so in s ilic o s is w here th e re is an in* c r e a s e of the lung roots and o b literatio n of the lymph ap p a ratu s. The swelling of the roots m ay be so m a ssiv e that m any au th o rs believe that silicotic p atien ts with ca rcin o m a of the lung have a g re a te r expectation of life because of the closure of the way for m e tastasis. This v ery questionable a ssu ra n c e is not g ran ted to the a s b e sto s is patient. - - Cond* from Bull. Hyg. 1000 Influence of C em ent Kiln Dust on P lan ts and A n im als. H. P ajen k am p . Z em en t-K alk -G ip s 50, 88-95 (M ar. 1961). G e rm a n . ( Z e m e n t-K a lk -G ip s , B a u v e rla g G .m . b. H. , Kleine W ilhelm strT 7, Wiesbaden, Germany*), The so-called cem ent dust in the vicinity of cem ent works is not cement but consists essentially of very finely ground lim estone powder and is, as such, a constituent of an in te r m ediate product in the cem ent manufacturing process. It is therefore, m ore correctly called ce m e n t kiln dust. Since it is continually alleged by a g ric u ltu ra lis ts th at this cem ent kiln dust is h arm fu l to plants and a n im a ls, in re c e n t y e a rs n u m ero u s scientific investigations on the effects of dust have been c a rrie d out with a view to testing the validity of these allegations. Among the studies noted is one at the Pathological Institute of the V eterinary M edical School a t H a n o v e r . H igh d o s e s of d u s t ( 2 .5 t o 11 g . / d a y / a n i m a l d u r i n g a 6 0 - d a y p e r i o d in 1957) a d m inistered on the fodder of food, did not show any clinically ascertainable injury to, o r h a rm ful e f f e c t s to t h e g e n e r a l c o n d i tio n of, a g r o u p o f e x p e r i m e n t a l a n i m a l s (2 c o w s , 17 s h e e p , an d 16 d o g s). F ie ld t e s t s c o n d u c te d d u rin g th e g ro w in g s e a s o n s of 1958 and 1959 at the A g r i c u lt u r a l Chem ical Institute in Gottingen, indicated that even considerable quantities of dust brought about no harm ful effects and no other lasting effects on growth or crop yield of several different plants. Those studied w ere oats, rye, g ra ss, red clover, and turnips. The dust had a content of a b o u t 29. 5% l i m e s t o n e ( a n a l y z e d a s C a O ), a n d 3, 1% KzO. It w a s a p p l i e d a t l e v e l s of 0 . 7 5 g . / m . 2/ d a y ; 1. 5 g . / m . 2/ d a y ; 1 . 5 g . f o r 10 d a y s w ith a p a u s e of 10 d a y s an d th e n r e a p p l i e d ; 2. 25 g. for 10 days with a pause of 20 days -- AFCA Abate. 1 001 Experim ental Study of the Toxic Action of Dust in the P roduction of S intcr-(H ard)-M etals. Z. 5. K ap lu n an d N. W. M e z e n c e w a . J* H yg. E p i d e m i o l . M i c r o b i o l . Im m u n o l. ( P r a g u e ) 4, 390-399 (1960). G erm an. Hard m etals or sinter m etals are m ade from a m ixture of tungsten and titanium c a rb id e s am alg am ated with cobalt. In the p ro c e s s of m an u factu rin g th e se m e ta ls the m o st dusty p r o c e s s e s a re the m ixing of the m e tallic tungsten with ca rb o n , the heating and sieving of cobalt oxide, and the sieving, granulating and grinding of the m ixture of m etals. F rom the p eriodical exam inations of 283 w o rk e rs in th ese dusty p laces it w as found that those who cam e into contact only with tungsten and its com binations showed slight changes in the r e s p irato ry organs. W orkers exposed to m ixtures of tungsten and cobalt com plained of poor ap petite, cough, and loss of the sense of sm ell. This paper gives the resu lts of several series of experim ents on white rats to a sce rta in the effects of the individual constituents of the dust. F irs t tungsten carbide, m etallic tungsten, tungsten oxide and titanium carbide w ere used. A nim als w ere exposed to these dusts eith er in a dust cham ber or by in tra tra ch e al injection. All the dusts produced in the lungs a proliferation of lym phoid-histocytic elem ents about the bronchi and larg er v essels. Tungsten oxide give the m ost distinct changes. A separate ex perim ent was m ade with m etallic cobalt. Very definite changes w ere found in the blood v essels and the walls of the bronchi showed inflam m atory changes. E xperim ents with cobalt oxide showed that it had no d istinct g en e ral action but it could produce m o re pronounced changes in the lungs than m etallic cobalt. - - Cond. from Bull. Hyg. * A ddress not in cu rren t L ist of P erio d icals. 22. >o. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r, jQ HHBB-0018932 PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT 1002 M edical P ro b le m s of U nderw ater D epths. F. C. M acintosh. C a n . M e d . A s s n . J . 8^ , 4 2 4 - 4 2 8 (Aug. 19, 1961). The physical and physiological hazards associated with the use oi diving gear are enum erated and briefly discussed. Some of these hazard s in crease with increasing depth, while o th e rs a r e p re s e n t even in shallow d iv e s. C anada n ee d s, for m ax im u m safety of both professional and am ateur divers, m ore widespread facilities for therapeutic recom pression and a g re a te r in te rest in the problem s of diving on the p art of the m edical profession. Mention is also m ade of the toxicological and other hazard s which m u st be considered and elim inated in the design of m odern subm arines. - - A uthor's sum m ary 1003 P ulm o n ary E dem a of High A ltitude. V. A lz a m o ra -C a s tro , G. G a rrid o -L e c c a and G. B attilana. A m. J. C ard io l. 7, 769 (June 1961). O b servations on 27 patien ts with p ulm onary ed em a of high altitu d e a r e rep o rted . M o s t of the p a tie n ts w e r e m e n , w ho h ad been b o r n a t h ig h a ltitu d e s* 19 b ein g P e r u v i a n s . The m ajority w ere young and free from heart disease. Several patients w ere sym ptom -free in previous and subsequent trip s to the sam e altitude. The d isease was often observed in norm al subjects adapted to the altitude, who w ere going back to the highlands after spending a variable length of tim e at sea level. In m o st patients, pulm onary edem a began with mild dyspnea, headache, palpitation, nausea and nonproductive cough shortly after a rriv a l at high altitudes. In som e, the clinical picture began after physical effort, excitation or a heavy m eal. Dyspnea d isappeared spontaneously 1 or 2 hours in som e patients, but in m ost cases sym ptom s w ere p ro g ressiv e and gradually becam e c ritic a l. In sev ere cases the clinical pic ture resem bled cardiac asthm a or acute left ventricular failure: dyspnea was intense, pul m onary rales were heard at a distance. Patients w ere anxious, pale or cyanotic, the skin wet, and, for the first hours, the sputum was often abundant and bloody, later becoming s a l m on-colored, Three patients died. Knowledge of the prem onitory sym ptom s is im portant to prevent death. The trea tm e n t of choice is oxygen o r, when p o ssib le, descent to lower a l titudes. -- J. Am, Med. Assn. References & Reviews 1004 M e asu rem en t of N o ise. L. S. G oodfriend. Noise C ontrol 7, 4-12 ( M a r .- A p r, 1961). This review paper sum m arizes the essential req u irem en ts and perform ance c h a ra c te ris tic s in m o st types of noise m e asu rem en t equipm ent. The environm ental con ditions under which m e a su re m e n ts a re m ade and an ap p reciatio n for the c h a r a c te r is tic s of the noise being m e a su re d a r e also d isc u sse d . DecibeL notations and use of units in sound m easurem ents are reviewed, - - A u th o r's abst. 1005 In str u m e n ta tio n for M e a s u r e m e n t of Sonic S o o m . Noise Control 7, 43-45 (M a r.-A p r. 1961). H, H. Taniguchi. F rom the F o u rie r analysis of an N -shaped signature of a sonic boom p re s s u re tim e signal, the author derives the frequency and am plitude distribution of the signal, and sets up perform ance c rite ria for a tran sd u cer and recording system capable of m easuring typical sonic boom p ressu re pulses. A uthor's abst. 03120948 3. Industrial Hygiene Digest October 1961 1006 M easu rem en t of Rocket Engine N oise. D. N. K east, Noise C ontrol 7, 25*36 { M a r.-A p r. 1961)- T his p a p e r p r e s e n ts a g e n e ra l a p p ro a c h to the m e a s u r e m e n t and a n a ly s is of rocket engine noise and illu strate s this approach with exam ples of problem s which have been en c o u n te re d in the p a s t. The a p p ro a c h su g g e sted is in ten d ed to p ro v id e not only the d esire d data but also sufficient inform ation about the in strum entation and m easu rem en t techniques that possible so u rce s of e r r o r in the data m ay be evaluated. The p ro ce d u re s in clude a detailed laboratory evaluation of the tran sd u cer sy stem s, evaluation and calibration of the com plete d ata-ac q u isitio n sy stem in stalled at the te s t site v ario u s steps in the p r o cessin g and an a ly sis of ta p e -re c o rd e d d ata, the eventual estim atio n of the cau ses and m a g nitudes of e r r o r s in the m e a su re m e n ts, and m ethods for reducing the possibility of hum an e rro r by m easu rem en t personnel. -- A uthor's abst. 1007 C ru ise F light N oise L ev els in a T u rb o jet T ra n s p o rt A irp lan e , D. E. Bishop. Noise C ontrol 37-42 (M a r.-A p r. 1961). A nalysis of noise m easu rem en ts taken inside the fuselage of a turbojet tran sp o rt a irp lan e show b o u n d ry -la y er excitation of fuselage su rfa c e s to be the m a jo r so u rce of noise inside the cabin at high-speed c ru ise conditions. C hanges in noise a re c o rrela te d with changes in flight conditions through referen ce to a generalized boundry-layer noise spectrum , derived from flight m easu rem en ts. - A uthor's abst. 1008 On the D e te rm in a tio n of the A c o u stic P o w e r of a S o u rc e of Sound in S e m i- R e v e r b e r a n t S p ace s. R. J . W e lls a n d F.. M . W i e n e r . N o is e C o n t r o l 7 , 2 1 - 2 9 { J a n . - F e b . 1961). A fter discussing briefly the determ ination of acoustic pow er levels in rev erb eratio n cham bers and anechoic ro o m s, the authors show that it is possible to d eterm in e acoustic power lev els of sm all so u rces in o rd in ary (s e m i-re v e rb e ra n t) sp a ce s with engineering a c c u ra c y . T h ere is re a so n to believe that th ese re s u lts can frequently be extended to la rg e sources as well. - - A uthors' abst. 1009 S im u la ted , C om bined V ib ra tio n , S u stain ed A c c e le ra tio n , and E x tr e m e T e m p e r a tu r e E n v ir o n m en ts. N, G ranick and E. A. Toole. Noise C ontrol 7, 5-10 (J a n .-F e b . 1961). The au th o rs s tr e s s the need i e r environm ental te sts to in co rp o rate se v e ra l of the te st p a ra m e te rs in com bination. A testing facility is d escrib ed that includes provision for sim ultaneous combined tests involving sustained acceleration, vibration and tem p eratu re ex tre m e s . A valve m ech an ism is used to illu stra te the com plexities of such com bination te sts and the resu ltin g sim p lificatio n s that m ay be m ad e to red u ce the te s t tim e without unduly sacrificin g the test re s u lts . -- A uthors' abst. 1010 A Study of the E ffects of Loud Sound on T in n itu s. G, F , R eed and M . A. C h ristia n . L ary n g o sc o p e 71, 167 (F eb . 1961). (L a ry n g o sco p e C o m p an y , 640 S. K ings H ighw ay, St. Louis 10, M isso u ri* ). A ccording to anecdotal r e p o r ts , chronic tian itu s h as s o m e tim e s been reliev ed te m p o ra rily and even p erm an en tly by ex p o su re to h ig h -in te n sity n o ise . T h is e x p e rim e n t was designed to d eterm in e m ore scientifically what effects on tinnitus could be produced by tre a tm e n t with h ig h -in te n sity sound and w hat portion of th e se effects a r e due m e re ly to su g g estib ility of the p atien ts. A group of 100 p atien ts w as divided into 2 g ro u p s m atch ed in age, sex, duration and ch aracter of tinnitus, and n euroticism . The experim ental group was e x p o s e d on t h r e e o c c a s io n s for 10 m in u te s e a c h to a p u r e tone n e a r the tin n itu s fre q u e n c y a t * A d d re ss not in c u rre n t L ist of P e rio d ic a ls. 03120349 24. O ,, i7 ^ |05 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 1961 120 db o r h ig h e r. The co n tro l g ro u p w ent th ro u g h the sa m e p r o c e d u re but with no a c o u s tic rrj s t i m u l a t i o n (th ey w e r e to ld t h a t the e x p o s u r e i n v o lv e d a to n e to o h ig h in p i t c h to h e a r ) . It v w as found that the tonal exposure could eith er alleviate (in 25 of the 50 cases) or intensify ^ (in 13) the t i n n i t u s , but in e i t h e r c a s e the e f f e c t w a s only t e m p o r a r y . A lth o ugh f e w e r c h a n g e i n t i n n i t u s w e r e r e p o r t e d by th e c o n t r o l g r o u p ( b e t t e r i n 11 c a s e s , w o r s e in 4 ) v t h e s e n u m b e r s a re high enough to indicate the im portance of suggestion. Strangely, neuroticism seem ed be irre le v an t. The authors conclude that, if there w ere some way to control the p sy chologic^ in f lu e n c e of i n te n s e so u n d , the p a r a d o x i c a l e f f e c t m i g h t w ell be show n to be due e n t i r e l y to 3C suggestion. -- J. Qcc. Med. Absts. 1011 Q uieting the A ir C onditioning E q u ip m en t for a L a r g e H otel B a llro o m . P . B. O s t e r g a a r d , N o is e C o n t r o l 7^, 2 2 - 2 4 ( M a r . - A p r . 1961), L. S. G o o d frie n d and The requirem ent that the m ain fan-coil unit for the ballroom for the Hotel P ie rre in New York City be located within the ballroom ceiling presented a type of a ir conditioning noise problem not detailed in the available publications on heating and ventilating noise. Specifications for the fan-coil unit w ere prep ared , and the unit was tested at the factory and evaluated in place p rio r to installation of the ceiling. Noise control techniques applied resu lt in a n oise level below NC35 throughout the e n tire b allro o m with the exception of a few points close to diffu sers. H ow ever, noise in the third octave band, typically a problem , is unnotice- able directly below the m achine. Authors* abst. 1012 A nti v ib ra tio n F oundatio n fo r Roll G rin d in g M a c h in e . P . H. A llaw ay . Noise C ontrol 7, 30-32 (J a n .-F e b . 1961). The vibration isolation requirem ents are described for a large roll grinding machine installation. The mounting arrangem ent and some of the construction procedures are sum m ari zed and illustrated. - - A uthor's abst. 1013 The P ro b le m s A sso c iate d with F ine and O ther V isually D ifferent C o n c e n tra te d T a sk s in Indus-- t r y , C . H. B e d w e ll . A n n , O c c . H yg. (L ondon) 3^ 8 4 - 9 3 ( F e b . 1961), This is an excellent scientific and technical paper on visual problem s in industry. P ro b lem s associated with fine w ork have becom e m o re ap p aren t in recen t y e a rs because in some industries, for example electronics, there has been a strong tendency tow ards m ore and m ore m iniaturization and finer lim its. Yet because of norm al com petitive conditions, the actual operation tim e m u st often be le ss than when the ta sk w as la r g e r . The resu ltin g visual difficulties and their practical solution are discussed and described. The m ain factors concerned in a seeing task are review ed with referen c es to relevant re s e a rc h under the - h e a d i n g s : 1. T a s k a n a l y s i s -- (1) s iz e an d v i s u a l a c u i t y a n d (2) i l l u m i n a t i o n , v i s u a l a c u i t y a n d p e r f o r m a n c e ; 11. T he d e s i g n of th e v i s u a l f ie ld f o r e f f i c i e n c y a n d c o m f o r t -- (1) lig h tin g and c o lo r and (2) the av o id an c e of g la r e ; and III. T he e y e s a t w o rk -- (1) ey e s t r a i n d u rin g d u rin g c o n c e n tra te d v isio n , (2) the re c o rd in g of eye m o v e m e n t s , (3) p r e s c r i b i n g fo r seein g fine t a s k s , and (4) the u se of m agnifying a id s . T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r of v e r y good photographs to illu s tra te the d ev ices of lighting and m agnification which a r e of value in d iffe ren t types of fine work and also of electro-oculograph and photographic equipm ent which has been developed for the scientific study of eye m ovem ents. -- Bull. Hyg. 1014 Some A sp e c ts of N asal Function and D ysfunction in R elation to E n v iro n m en tal A ir. R. Hinchcliffe. Ann. Occ. Hyg, (London) 6-21 (Jan. 1961). This paper was delivered at a joint m eeting of the B ritish Occupational Hygiene Society and the Ergonom ics R esearch Society held in London, June 24, I960. The author review ed the p re se n t state of knowledge of n asal dysfunctions rela ted to environm ental air conditions. M ethods of investigating n o se -e n v iro n m e n ta l a ir re la tio n sh ip w e re d isc u sse d u n d e r t h r e e m a in h e a d in g s : (1) A n im a l e x p e r i m e n t s ; (2) H u m a n p h y s io lo g ic a l e x p e r i m e n t s . 25. 03120950 Industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r , 1961 the c lim a tic ro o m ; and (3) E p id e m io lo g ic al in v e stig a tio n s: (a) in r e s p e c t to a ir conditioning, a n d (b) in r e s p e c t to d if f e r e n t c l i m a t i c a r e a s ( g e o g r a p h ic a l ) . It is c o n c lu d e d th a t the p r e c i s e im p o rtan ce of environm ental a ir conditions in the pathogenesis of nasal dysfunction and their influence on the p rev a len c e of n asal d is e a s e has yet to be elu cid ated . A vailable evidence > h o w e v e r, in d ic a te s th a t a r tific ia l c lim a te s , in the se n se of a ir conditioning of offices or facto ries, do not influence the prevalence or attack rate of the upper resp ira to ry or other d ise a se s. It would seem that fu rth er inq u iries into the relationship between nasal dysfunction and en v iro n m en ta l a ir conditions m u st p r im a rily take the fo rm of ep id em io lo g ical in v e stig a tions, F easibility studies conducted by the author indicate that such investigations are po s sible using ra d io g ra p h ic m e th o d s. F o r fu tu re s u rv e y s in th is field , the au th o r s t r e s s e s the value of the epidem iological m ethod and he favors the re s p ira to ry tra c t approach. This sig nifies that sinusitis investigations should be com bined with bronchitis surveys, ~ -C o n d . from Bull. Hyg. RADIOACTIVITY AND X-RADIATION 1015 T u m o rs of the L iv e r F ollow ing A d m in is tra tio n of T h o r o tr a s t, E . E. Suckow , G. C, H en e g ar and R. B aserga. Am. J. Pathol. 663 (June 1961). The au th o rs rep o rt on a 3 9 -y ear-o ld m an with carcin o m a of the hepatic bile duct after adm inistration of thorium dioxide suspension (T horotrast). This co n trast m edium had b e e n giv en by in tr a v e n o u s in je c tio n 15 y e a r s e a r l i e r to e s ta b l is h th e d ia g n o s is o f a n a m e b ic liver ab scess. The patient's chief com plaints w ere abdom inal pain and headache. An ab- dominal laparotom y was perform ed, a liver biopsy was ca rrie d out, and a histological diag nosis of adenocarcinom a of the liv e r w as m ade from the biopsy specim en. The patient died 5 days after the operation, and autopsy revealed bile duct carcinom a with extensive n ecro sis, hem orrhage and fibrosis. The connective tissue in the portal a re a s was m arkedly in creased , and there w ere num erous m acrophages filled with T h o ro trast granules. M acrophages con taining T h o ro tra st w ere observed in spleen and te ste s. The d iscrep an cy betw een the concen tration of thorium and site of origin of induced tum ors is discussed with reg ard to d o s e -re s ponse curve, m inim um tissue dam age required for tum or induction, and num ber of cells at risk within range of alpha ray s. This last factor seem s m ost im portant for thorium -induced cancer. - - J . A m , M e d . A s s n . , R e f e r e n c e s fc R e v i e w s 1016 Short Wave E lectro m ag n etic R adiation a s a H azard to P erso n n el. D. E . G oldm an. N P-9992. L e c t u r e a n d R e v ie w S e r i e s N o. 6 0 - 6 . (N a v a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , B e t h e s d a , M d . ) 8p p . (Sept. 17, 1960). O btainable fro m : Office of T echnical S e rv ic e s, U, S. D ep a rtm en t of C o m m e rc e, W ashington 25, D .C . The rad iatio n h az ard s of sh o rt-w av e electro m ag n etic rad iatio n a re d iscu ssed . It is pointed out that electrom agnetic radiation produces electrical and m agnetic forces and gene ra te s heat upon contact with biological sy stem s. Reactions a re induced which a re potentially dangerous to a n im als. R eported c a se s of eye dam age and other se rio u s in ju rie s to personnel working with high pow ered rad a r g en erato rs a re d iscu ssed . R esults a re rep o rted from studies with m onkeys in which a num ber of neurological d istu rb an ces w ere induced by exposure to J jfra d io frequencies in the 300 to 400 Me ran g e. R esults of o ther anim al studies a re d iscu ssed * briefly, and reaction m echanism s involved in the biological effects of p rim a ry radiations in the ran g e 100 to 30 ,0 0 0 Me a r e s u m m a r iz e d . D ata a r e ta b u lated fro m m e a s u r e m e n ts of the conductivity and d ie le c tric constant of skin; the d ie lec tric constant of selected tissu es; the per cent energy absorption by whole r - t s T rab b its, and dogs; and the cooling tim e constant for m ic e , r a ts , ra b b its, dogs, and hum ans exposed to rad iatio n s in th is energy ran g e. Data a re also included on the heat input and output of the body a t v ario u s te m p e ra tu re s under steady state conditions. -- N uclear Sci. A bsts. 03120951 26, 3 1Si* F" a :C . ) h 5 Industrial Hygiene Digest O cto b e r 1961, 1017 M ic ro w a v e R a d ia tio n of 10 m w /c m * and F a c t o r s th a t In flu en ce B io lo g ic al E ff e c ts at V ario u s P o w e r D e n s i t i e s . W. B . D e ic h m a n n an d F , H . S te p h e n s . Ind. M e d , b Surg, 30, 221-228 (June 1961). In 1 9 53, S c h w a n r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t m i c r o w a v e r a d i a t i o n of 10 m w / c m * be a c c e p t e as a to le ra n c e dose. In 1956, the U .S. A ir F o rc e d issem in a te d this level to in te re ste d ager c ie s. E x p erim e n ta l m icro w av e stu d ies have d e m o n stra te d that a n u m b er of facto rs m u st be closely controlled in o rder to obtain reproducible resu lts with experim ental anim als. These sam e facto rs can be expected to modify significantly what m ay be considered under certain co n d itio n s, a safe e x p o s u re le v el. They in c lu d e: (1) the fre q u e n c y o r wave length of the g e n e ra tin g eq u ip m en t; (2) the p e rio d of tim e of e x p o s u re in h o u r s , m in u te s , or seconds; (3) i r r a d i a t i o n c y c le r a t e , r e f e r r i n g to the in d iv id u a l O N - O F F p e r io d s d u r in g a unit tim e i n t e r v a l (a m in u t e ) , w hen to ta l tim e of i r r a d i a t i o n p e r m in u te i s k e p t c o n s ta n t: (4) a i r c u r r e n t s ; (5) e n v i r o n m e n ta l t e m p e r a t u r e ; (6) body w e ig h t, ty p e o r m a s s , an d c o v e r in g in r e la tio n to th e e x p o s e d a r e a ; (7) o r ie n t a t i o n o r p o s itio n o f a n in d iv id u a l in flu e n cin g r e s o n a n t c o n d i t i o n s a n d s t a n d i n g w a v e s ; (8) d i f f e r e n c e s in s e n s i t i v i t y o f o r g a n s a n d t i s s u e s ; an d (9) effect of reflections. - - Authors* sum m ary 1018 R adiation P ro te c tio n . S. W a rre n . New Engl, J, M ed, 2 6 4 , 705-711 (Apr. 1961). The biological effects of exposure to radiation from various so urces are review ed. It is pointed out that varying needs m ake it desirab le that different standards of protection against radiation be applied to sev eral categ o ries of the population. These groups are listed as patients receiving rad iatio n th erap y or exposed to diagnostic x - ra y s , w o rk e rs using or exposed to ionizing radiation, and the general population. P ro c ed u res for radiation protection at all exposure levels are reviewed. - - N uclear Sci. A bsts. 1019 Protection Against Chem ical and Biological Agents and Radiological Fallout. NP-9899. (C o rp s of E n g in e e rs) 72 pp, (Jan , 197 1961). ( E M - 11 1 0 -3 4 5 -4 6 1 ). O b tain able fro m : Office of T echnical S erv ice s, U. S. D ep artm en t of C o m m e rc e , W ashington 25, D .C . Fundam ental principles and c rite ria are presen ted for use in the design of s tru c tu re s for the protection of occupants against toxicological airb o rn e contam ination. P r o tection from chem ical and biological agents and radiological fallout are considered. P r o tective considerations, operational considerations, and factors affecting occupancy are r e viewed. Design criteria are included for entrances, personnel decontam ination facilities, air filter units, ventilation system s and warning devices. Shielding fundamentals are d is cussed and the effectiveness of various stru ctu ra l m a te ria ls as shielding against radiation is evaluated. P rocedures for data evaluation and analysis are included, and correction factors are tabulated. - - Nuclear Sci. Absts. 1020 Fallout and M an's Diet. E. R. M ercer and F . B. E llis. D airy Sci. A bsts. 3 , 1-6 (Jan. 1961). (Dairy Science A b strac ts, Com monwealth A gricultural Bureaux, F arnham Royal, Slough, England*). This is a review concerned with Sr-90 in m an 's diet. The reasons for the selection of m ilk and cream as representative foods in making a survey of Sr-90 in human diets are presented. The im portance of differentiating rad io activ e strontium s and a procedure for analysis is given. The relationship between strontium and calcium in plant and human n u tri tion and in m ilk production is review ed. D irect contam ination of vegetation rath e r than uptake from soil a p p e a rs to be the p redom inant source of S r-9 0 in m a n 's food. The high level of Sr-90 in m ilk and m ilk products is attributed mainly to fallout; the relationship between soil, plant and food contamination is presented, - - Public Health Eng. A bsts. * A d d ress not in c u rre n t L ist of P erio d ic als. 27. 03120952 H&BB-O01893 industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r , 1961 ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS 1021 T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p B e tw e e n P e a k a n d M e a n C o n c e n t r a t i o n s , 1. A , S i n g e r . J. Air Poll. Control Assn, 336-341 (July 1961). In m o st m unicipal a ir pollution su rv e y s, the m ethod of p red ictin g a v e rag e co n centration levels for various m eteorological conditions is well understood. H ow ever, the many aspects of predicting short-period fluctuations of concentrations are relative unknowns. The m ain purpose of this paper is to show the m anner in which m ean concentration p atterns a re built up from m any sh o rt-te rm peak conditions and that a definable relationship exists between the peaks and the m ean. A m ethod of predicting average concentrations has been presen ted . It has been shown that the sim plified norm al bivariate distribution describing the average concentration pattern is com posed of various sh o rt-term periodic distributions which m ay differ from it significantly. A descriptive, em pirical m ethod has been described which indicates an exponential relationship exist between these sh o rter tim e or peak con cen tratio n s.a n d av erag e conditions. The slope -he exponent a p p e a rs to be p ro p o rtio n al to the stability or the gustiness. Downwind, the peaks a re norm ally within an o rd er of m agni tude greater than average concentrations, w hereas crossw ind, the peaks m ay be several orders of magnitude larger. 1022 T im e E xposure P hotography of Smoke P lu m e s . W. M. Culkow ski, O R O -359. (W eather B ureau, Oak Ridge, Tenn.) 20 pp. (1961). Obtainable from : Office of Technical Services, U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of C o m m e r c e , W ashington 25, D .C . Techniques are described for making long-tim e exposure photographs of smoke p lu m e s for use in stu d ies on a tm o s p h e ric diffusion and a i r p ollution. E x p o s u r e s w ere m a d e over periods of tim e extending up to 9 h o u rs. Ten photographs illu stra te the m ethods used. - - N uclear Sci. A bsts. 1023 F l a m e I o n i s a t i o n A n a l y z e r f o r H y d r o c a r b o n D e t e c t i o n . W. B . I n n e s a n d A. J . A n d r e a t c h . i n d . W a t e r & W a s t e s 5^ 185- 191 ( N o v . - D e e , I 9 6 0 ) . The methods for applying the analyzer to auto exhaust and afterburner testing, to a i r a n a l y s i s , w a t e r s y s t e m s , t he v a r i o u s m e a n s o s a m p l e i n j e c t i o n , e q u i p m e n t c a l i b r a t i o n , and the a d so rb e rs which can be used profitably, are discussed. The flame ionization unit is ideal for determining true total hydrocarbon content as well as for rapidly and directly d eter mining individual hydrocarbons or satura te s and unsa tura te s with the aid of a suitable c h r o m a to g rap h ic column and a d s o rb a n ts . The te s t s e t-u p developed p r i m a r i l y for w o rk on c a t alysts for oxidation of hydrocarbons in exhaust gas is illustrated in the article. -- APCA absts. PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING 1024 The P u r i f i cation of Coke Oven G a s e s with Platinum M etals C a ta ly s ts , H. C. A n d ers en and D . R.. S t e e l e ! B r it. C h e m . E n g . 5^, 8 6 4 - 8 6 5 ( D e c . I 960). Methods have been developed for removing acetylene from coke oven and similar g a s e s by m e a n s of hyd rogenation over pla tinum m e t a l s c a t a l y s t s . This type of ca ta ly s t will 03120953 O '-' 0p -r '^ l -jJ L r ----- n Indu a t r i a l H ygien e D ig e s t O c to b e r , 1961 also remove nitric oxide, diolefins, and carbonyl sulfide. LA e~> 0\ Tem perature and space velocities^ are generally m ore favorable than those necessary for nitrogen oxides and acetylene re m o v g with sulfide catalysts. Catalysts in this study consist of platinum group m etals supported oga 1/8 inch cylindrical pellets. T here is a d eg ree of specificity of catalyst with resp e ct to t h e ^ individual purification reaction) and the p referre d catalyst m etals. Impurity to be removedeo and preferred catalysts are shown. - - AFCA A bsta^ 1025 Control of Dust Produced during the Sintering of Dolomite and in Grinding Operations. G. Barghini. Riv. ital. igiene 0 , 380-394 (Sept.-O ct. I960). Italian. (Rivista italiana d'igiene. Casa E ditrice N istri-L ischi, Piazza C astelletto, P isa, Italy*). In the course of the sintering of dolomite dense concentrations of dust which pol luted the atm osphere in the neighborhood of the w orks at Torano in C a rra ra w ere controlled by the provision of expansion cham bers fitted to the top of the furnace chimney. Oust created on rem oval of the sintered m aterial from the furnace is drawn off through a cyclone and col lected in a closed cham ber. The crushing, grinding and grading arc also accom panied by much dust form ation and for the larg er particles exhaust ventilation and a cyclone suffice. To eli m i n a t e th e s m a l l e r p a r t i c l e s u n d e r 15 m i c r o n s i n s i z e a s y s t e m h a s b e e n d e v i s e d for bubbling the dust through w ater which allows solid m aterial to sink to the bottom of the apparatus, which is cleaned out from tim e to tim e. Crushing and grinding of dolomite and m arble into powder is also a dusty operation and in it the la rg e r p article s a r e su p p ressed by m ean s of a special exhaust system and cyclone. The apparatus is known as a m icrocyclone and makes use of com bined centrifugal force and the resistance to the particles which takes place when they come into contact with the walls of the ducting. T ransport of m aterial from the m eshes to the grind ing machine creates dust and in o rd er to control it a closed system of oscillating cylindrical m etal tubes is used to convey the product from one machine to the other. The operations from this point until final bagging, are completely enclosed. - - Bull. Hyg. COMMUNITY AIR HYGIENE 1026 Use of Indexes of A ir Pollution Potential in M ortality Studies. R. Schiffman and E . Landau. J.~Air Poll. Control A ssn. 11. 384-385 (Aug. 1961). At the p resen t tim e there are no com pletely adequate data for categorizing levels of air pollution throughout the United States. Accordingly, a large number of indexes have been prep ared by the A ir Pollution Medical P ro g ram for use as in d irect m e a su re s to study the possible relationship between these imputed m e a su re s of a ir pollution and m o rtality . The construction of these indexes is based on potential so u rces of a ir pollution such as m e a su re s of home heating, specific and nonspecific industry, service station sales, etc. The authors have dem onstrated a particular method in which a number of these indexes can be used as tools for m edical re s e a rc h . They have exam ined the relationships of c e rtain a ir pollution indexes with m ortality from selected diseases and they have shown that positive relation ships exist. T here a re sufficient statistical relationships in this w ork to indicate the need for further research and study, - . Authors' summary 1027 Cobalt Base A dditives Reduce Soot E m issio n by O il-B urning E quipm ent. F , M auss and D javanm ard. Cobalt (B russels) No. 11, 21-27 (June 1961), The te sts described in this article show that the addition of organic compounds of cobalt to fuel oils d e c re a se s the weight of the com bustion resid u e s, independent of the o p era ting conditions of the bo iler. F o r a given weight of re sid u e , the cobalt additives allow the * A ddress not in current List of P eriodicals. 29. 03120954 Industrial Hygiene Digest O cto b e r, 1961 am ount of excess a ir to be low ered, and consequently reduce the w aste heat. The resu lts obtained a re shown in tabular form . Taking into account the deviations that can be a t tr i buted to variations in operating conditions during the course of one day, it ap p ears that the activities of m ost of the cobalt additives a re of the sam e o rd er: exceptions are the nonyi- phenate monosulfide, nonylphenate disulfide, and acetylacetonate, whose activities are about 20% higher, and also the second of the co m m ercial naphthenates, whose activity is slightly le ss than the average activity of the cobalt com pounds. APCA Absts. 1028 A ir Pollution from the G ra in In d u stry . M, E. M cLouth and H. J . P aulus, J . A ir P o ll, C o n tro l A s s n . j_l_, 3 1 3 -3 1 7 (Ju ly 1961). In the Twin C ities, the m any elev ato rs, m ills, and plants of the grain industry com prise a substantial portion of the industrial picture. Millions of bushels of grain are p rocessed into human and animal foods and other products each year in plants scattered throughout the a r e a . The a ir contam inants from the g rain industry operations consist of various sizes and types of p articles from grain handling operations and certain odor p ro ducing compounds from linseed and soybean oil p rocessing and refining, anim al food p ro duction, and other p ro ce sses. G rain unloading and loading, considered to be the dustiest operations, a re ca rrie d on by essentially all types of m ills and plants. G rain dust collected at the m ills is utilized in anim al food preparations after being prepared in a dust grinding m ill. Handling of the collected d ust and dust grinding to d estro y weed seeds a r e extrem ely dusty operations that contribute substantial amounts of pollution to the atm osphere. Most of the dusty operations are exhaust ventilated through collection system s. Cyclone separa tors are the most commonly used collectors with baghouse filter installations gaining in pro minence in recent years. For special situations in grain operations electrostatic precipita to rs and m ulticyclpnes are being used. P re lim in a ry re su lts of a study on the d ispersion of dust fro m the grain industry plants indicate a considerable influence on the total particulate pollution in a lim ited area. -- A uthors1 summary 1029 E x h au st G as Oxidation on V an ad ia-A lu m in a C a ta ly s ts . W. B. Innes and R . Duffy. J. A ir P oll. Control A ssn. 11, 369-373 (Aug, 1961). Unsaturated hydrocarbons in auto exhaust are believed to be the prim ary precursors of photochem ical sm og. Some of the kinetic studies d esirable in evaluating catalysts for their oxidation a r e d isc u sse d . An approach is outlined for studying the kinetics of exhaust gas oxi- dation using data on van a d ia -a lu m in a c a ta ly st com position to illu s tr a te the m ethod. F i r s t order kinetics fit available data and the activation energy for the pure olefin oxidation by ex c e s s a i r i s a b o u t 17 K c a l an d t h a t f o r CO is 21 K c a l / m o l . O x id a tio n r a t e c o n s t a n t s in e x haust gas appear about equal to the product of the pure gas constant tim es the fraction of vanadium in the pentavalent state except for pentane and hexane which a r e m uch low er. The ra te constant for pure compound oxidation in c re a se s m arkedly with d eg ree of unsaturation and m o l e c u l a r w e ig h t. A c tiv ity for o x ida tion of e th en e a t 405 *C and p r o p e n e a t 3 2 5 'C d i r e c t l y c o r r e l a t e s with V^Og content up to 24% . On t h e r m a l d e a c tiv a tio n , oxidation a c tiv ity n o r m a lly in c re a s e s or stays constant down to about 70 s q . m . / g r a m and th e re a fte r is proportional to surface area. -- Authors' summary 1030 E ffects of High V olatile F uel on In c in e ra to r Effluents. R. E . S tenburg, et al. J, A ir Poll. Control A ssn. 11, 376-383 (Aug. 1961). The te sts described in this p aper dem onstrate the difficulty of burning a high volatile solid waste m aterial without making appreciable contributions to atm ospheric pollu tion, The extent to which operational factors affect em issions of different pollutants is e m p hasized by the wide range of re su lts obtained. F ro m this it is only logical to conclude that m inim ization of pollutants cannot be a ffected by p ro p er in cin erato r design alone but m u st d e pend on a combination of good design and proper operational p ro ced u res. Because of the basic physical and chem ical laws involved, factors shown to affect the in c re a se or decrease of air pollutants in this study would be expected to apply when this or a sim ilar m aterial is burned 03120955 30. ___ n r' c=H vgD) 'S1' r' \ - ui Industrial Hygiene Digest O cto b er 1961 in other incinerators of different sizes and designs. Since modifying influences can resu lt from m any conditions of design construction and operation* causative factors brought out by these te sts will req u ire individual consideration and treatm en t. Reduction of o v erfall e m issio n s to a m inim um will re q u ire that optim um com bustion conditions be m aintained by controlling all operational factors within fairly close lim its. Optimum combustion conditions would im ply a te m p e ra tu re ran g e of 1600* to 2000*F in the seco n d ary c h a m b e r, the use of a relatively low proportion (15% to 20%) of underfire a ir (the rem ain d er being o verfire), and the charging of fuel continuously or in sm all batches as opposed to larg e batch ch arg es. - - Authors' conclusions MANAGEMENT ASPECTS 1031 M a n ag e m en t H ea lth E x am in atio n P r o g r a m in G e n e ra l M o to rs . S. D, S te in e r. J . Occ. M ed. 3, 424-426 (Sept. 1961), An evaluation was m ade of a periodic physical exam ination program covering 45*000 exam inations. The exam inations w ere done by p riv ate clinics and physicians. About 2 /3 of the eligible group take advantage of the p ro g ra m . T h ere is alm o st 100% participation when the em ployee is encouraged to be exam ined. The em ployee p re fe rs a clinic which personalizes the exam ination. A pproxim ately 90% believe the examination is thorough. The others w ere critical of the im personal attitude of the examining physician and q the fact that too m uch of the exam ination w as delegated to the re s id e n t staff. The ex am ination reveals much unknown pathology. In 47% of the subjects conditions w ere discovered which req u ired treatm en t. M edical treatm en t was given to 51% and surgical treatm en t to 30%. Over 60% of the group changed th eir living habits. A one-day m eeting was held with e x a m in in g p h y s i c i a n s f r o m 10 c l i n i c s . T h e r e w a s a g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t t h a t th e e x a m in a tio n should be m ore thorough for the over-40 age group. X -ra y studies should be done w henever indicated but unnecessary exposures avoided. Postprandial blood sugar* uric acid; and occult blood te sts should be included in the laboratory exam ination. The colon and re c ta l exam ination rev eals much pathology inform ation and should be included. A w ritten rep o rt should be sent to the em ployee or to the physician of his choice. - - A uthor's sum m ary 1032 A u t o m a t i o n . A non. I llin o i s L a b o r B u ll. 2 2 , 14 (Aug. 1961), Automation is a definite factor m producing joblessness reflected in the public assista n ce ro lls. This is the conclusion of a study com pleted by the Cook County D epartm ent of Public Aid in w hich 138 p e rs o n s on the a s s is ta n c e r o lls w e re ch o sen a t ra n d o m and th e ir unem ploym ent studied through interview s. Begun at a tim e when industrial productivity and p erso n a l incom e w ere at an a ll-tim e high, the study c le a rly rev e ale d th at a high level of un em ploym ent is not caused by recession factors alone, but by autom ation as well. The study rev e ale d that autom ation could c re a te a p ro g re ssiv e ly m o re se rio u s dependency p ro b lem in p o p u l a t i o n - i n d u s t r y c e n t e r s . By f a r the m o s t i m p o r t a n t c a u s e of u n e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g th o s e interview ed w ere technological development which substituted m achines for m an -lab o r, the shifting of industry from one a re a to an o th er, o r the closing of plants alto g eth er. D irectly and indirectly, technological unemployment accounted for 69% of the total reasons reported for lo ss of jobs, The study concluded that the n e c e ssity of undertaking a s e r ie s of pilot studies p rio r to the establishm ent of a rehabilitation pro g ram becom es evident when one com p a re s the g re a t im balance between the billions spent for r e s e a r c h on the developm ent and application of new technologies and the sm all su m s devoted to r e s e a r c h on the social and econom ic co n seq u en ces of new technologies. If this im b alan ce p e r s i s t s , it w as sta te d , th e re is re a l danger that the social and econom ic p ro b lem s of autom ation will grow m o re rapidly than our readiness to m eet them. 03120956 31. HHBB-0018936 Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r . 1961 ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTION 1033 Acute Radiation Death Resulting from an A ccidental N uclear C ritical Excursion. T. L. Shipman, et al. J. Occ. Med. 3, Spec. Supple., 146.192 (M ar. 1961). An accidental critica l excursion took place in the plutonium reco v ery plant of the Los Alam os Scientific L aboratory on D ecem ber 30, 1958. The average whole.body dose in the lethal case was estim ated at between 3,900 and 4,900 ra d s, with the incident dose to the upper abdomen calculated to be approxim ately 12,000 rads of neutrons plus gam m a radiation. Two o th e r w o r k e r s re c e iv e d to tal d o s e s of a p p ro x im a te ly 130 and 35 r a d s , re s p e c tiv e ly , m o st of which was gam m a radiation. The c ritic a l excursion took place in a tank of solution fro m which plutonium w as being r e c o v e r e d , and the n u m b er of fissio n s w as calcu lated to be abo u t 1.5 x 10*7 . The a c c id e n t and s u b s e q u e n t e v e n ts a r e r e c o u n te d . The c lin ic a l c a s e of the fatality is reviewed in detail. Data are included from routine chemical and pathological studies and special biochemical studies, whole.body counts, and gamma spectral m easure m ents, dosim etric calculations, and health physics studies of area radiation levels. It was clearly apparent that the radiation dose varied widely in different parts of the body and even in d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of th e s a m e o r g a n . R e s u l t s o f c l i n i c a l a t u d i e s , c o v e r i n g th e 14. m o n th s f o l . lowing the accident, a re presented for the two w o rk ers who w ere exposed to non.lethal doses. A n a ly s is of blood d a ta le d to th e co n c lu sio n th a t ch an g es follow ing e x p o s u re s in e x c e s s of 100 r a d s a r e c h a r a c t e r is ti c and of clin ical sig n ifican ce, w h e re a s d o s e s below 50 ra d s produce blood ch a n g es w hich a r e too slig h t to be of any d ia g n o stic v alue, T h e r e a r e 58 r e f e r e n c e s to the subject in the bibliography, . . Nuclear Sci. Absts. 1034 M issile.H appy C anaveral; Workshop for H ygienists. L. B. T ay lo r, J r . Occ. H azards 23, 4 0 .4 1 , 48 (Sept. 1961). As many as 100 a ir pollution studies a re annually conducted at Cape Canaveral in volving m issile exhaust fum es, to find contaminants in the atm osphere following full.thrust launching with different fuel m ixtures. Samples of such toxic vapors as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, beryllium, tetraethyl lead, and hydrogen chloride a re taken for analysis. P ropel, lants under study include hydrazine, hydrocarbon fuels, nitric acid and solid chem icals. The industrial hygienists also inspect w ater treatm ent, waste disposal, corrosion control, and food serv ice facilities. A pproxim ately 4,000 chem ical and biological analyses a r e perform ed each month at the C ape's w ater and sewage lab o rato ry alone, to insure that req u ired quality of w ater is m aintained for b oilers, a ir conditioners, flushing fuel sy stem s, and n uclear sub m arines. Whenever an industrial injury occurs, one of the hygiene sections investigates im m ediately. The section norm ally determ in es what protective clothing and equipment m u st be used in handling dangerous fuels, chem icals and solvents, and in stru c ts Cape em ployees on hazards involving these substances. The hygienists will have to m eet even g reater challenges in the future. The huge Saturn rocket, for exam ple, will be tested at C anaveral. Prelim inary noise and vibration studies have already been m ade, but much additional testing will be neces sary to a s s u re safe working conditions once its flight testing p ro g ram begins. 033.20957 Industrial Hygiene Digest r\ <T-* INDEX A cetylene, rem oval from coke oven g ases 1024 A ir pollution control, cobalt additives in fuel oil from grain industry m easure ment(s) peak and m ean concentrations photography of sm oke plum es m ortality studies 1027 1028 1021 1022 1026 A llergy(ieg), to stinging insects 972 Cobalt additives reducing soot em ission in oil b Coronary artery disease first m yocardial infarction D erm atitis, derm atosia(es) gnseofulvin therapy Dimethyl sulfate two c a s e s of poisoning Oc o iSgj o ^ A rsine, action on glutathione 978 Diving, m edical problem s A sbestosis from automobile undercoating changes in the bronchial tre e and chem ical p ro p ertie s of chrysocile A th ero sclero sis in India Atomic explosions, w arfare fallout Automation and unem ploym ent B enzpyrenes, o ccu rren ce in soils Book( s ) oiL b u r n i n g e q u i p m e n t se lec ted topics in rad iatio n sprinkler system s you and your hearing dosim etry B ronchiectasis and bronchitis differential diagnosis Bronchitis and bronchiectasis differential diagnosis Burns, and ventricular fibrillation Cadm ium poisoning changes in bone m arro w Cancer heated fats lung cigarette smoking sm oking solitary pulm onary nodule skin, and occupation therapy, conceptual changes Cape Canaveral workshop for hygienists Carcinogenic, heated fats Cem ent kiln dust effect on anim als and plants 997 999 998 960 1019 1032 973 949 947 948 946 956 956 971 979 965 963 962 961 969 966 1034 965 1000 Du st(s) from sintering m etals tOul. Dust control, suppression in sintering dolom ite 1025 Dust counting, determ ination using m illipore filters 994 D ysm enorrhea, can be costly 953 E m physem a and collagen and elastin content of the lung sum m ary of 3rd Conference Aspen, Colorado <6 967 968 Exhaust gases, automotive engines ionization analyzer oxidation on vanadia-alum ina catalysts Eye, visual p ro b lem s in industry 1023 1029 1013 F ilte r(s) electrostatic behavior m illipore, for dust counting Fire, sprinkler system s Fluoride(a), and skeletal sclerosis 993 994 948 974 F i r G riseofulvin treatm ent of fungous infections 970 M Health exam inations General M otors program 1031 H earing lo ss, you and your hearing te sts, loud sound and tinnitus 946 1010 Heart disease bundle branch block 958 H yp erten sio n m anagem ent in the em ployee 959 03120958 ne D igest O c to b e r , 1961 S> i high volatile fuel xization nge to medicine ial m edicine rol of industrial m edical cases cticides, poisoning by .sects, allergy to stinging iron compounds com parative toxicity M edic ine im p act of in d u strializatio n M ercury determ ination in urine poisoning therapy M etal(s), pyrogen in zinc fume fever Methyl chloride, intoxication Nasal function. and environm ental air Nickel in cig a re tte s Nitrous fumes elimination from blasting gases Noise m easur ement( s ) environmental tests equipment in rocket engines in s e m i- re v e r b e r a n t of sonic boom in turbojet airplane spaces Noise control and reduction in air conditioning equipm ent antivibration foundation for m achinery Oil burning equipm ent standard for Paraoxon percutaneous absorption Parathion percutaneous absorption Phosphene (Phosdrin) ca r borne thoxym ethylvinyldim ethyl p h o sp h a te, poisoning by Pneum oconiosis, from tin 1030 950 951 989 972 980 950 983 982 984 985 1014 981 976 1009 1004 1006 1008 1005 1007 1011 1012 949 990 990 989 991 P r e s s u r e , low and pulmonary edema 1003 Pulm onary edema of high altitude 1003 Q fever, report of a case 992 Radar biological effects hazard to personnel 1017 1016 Radiation (ionizing, nuclear, x -ray s, accidental data from nuclear protection topics in d osim etry (bk. r e v . ) etc. ) 1033 1018 947 Radioactive fallout and m an's diet L020 Rockets and industrial hygienists 1034 Selenium, toxicology 975 Silicosis bronchitis and bronchiolitis 996 experim ental in dogs 995 Sintering m etals effects of d u sts fro m 1001 Smoking lung ca n ce r and physical complaints 962, 963 964 Sodium carbonate effect on packers Strontium -90, and m an's diet Suicide attem pts with ingestants 977 1020 954 T etrachloroethylene effects of overexposure Tellurium toxicology T horotrast, cancer of the liver Tin pneumoconiosis Tinnitus, effects of loud sound Toluene, effect on blood picture Vibrating tools, upper limb damage 986 975 1015 991 1010 988 955 Women pregnancy and industry 952 workers, dysmenorrhea 953 Zinc fume fever endogenous pyrogen 984 03120959 34.