Document JJK8mDZXq3Bd9RM48Qx3vRmov

Interim Report LEAD Physiological Aspects of "Water Quality Criteria" with regard to Man March, 1957 , Appendix to Report on the Recommended Physiologically Safe Limit for Continued Human Consumption of Lead in Water (January 28, 1953) ( Prepared as part of the Toxicity Project of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission N35512 From The Kettering Laboratory in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Industrial Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Original report prepared by Jules S* Cass, DV*M*, Assistant Professor of Industrial Health Appendix by Paul So Foldes, M.D., Responsible Investigator Lilli B. Lange, Research Assistant Approved / Date: March, 1957 Bibliography lo Am. Pub. Health Assoc.: Occupational lead exposure and lead poisoning. Kept, by Indust. Hyg. Sect. Am. Public Health Assoc., 1-61., 1943. 2. Bambach, K., Kehoe, R.A. and Logan, M.A.: The plasma-cell partition of blood lead. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 76:326-37, 1942. 3. Bloomfield, J.J. and Isbell, H.S.s The presence of lead dust and fumes in the air of streets, automobile repair shops, and industrial establishments of large cities. J. Ind. Hyg. 15:144-49, 1933. 4. Chambers, L.A., Foter, M.J. and Cholak, J.: A comparison of particulate loadings in the atmospheres of certain American cities. Froe. 3rd Natl. Air Pollution Symposium, April 1955:24-32. 5. Cholak, J.: Measurement of air pollution. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Gccup. Med. 10:203-09, 1954. 6. Cholak, J., Schafer, L.J. and Hoffer, R.F.: Results of a five-year investigation of air pollution in Cincinnati. Arch. Ind. Hvg. Occup. Med. 6:314-25, 1952. 7. Cant, V.A.: Le&d Poisoning. Chicago, 111., Chicago Book Company, 1939. /8. Hansmann, G.H. and Perry, M.C.s Lead absorption and intoxication in nan unassociated with occupations, or industrial hazards. Arch. Path. 30:226-39, 1S40. 9. Harrold, G.C. and Meek, S.F.: Solubility and particle size in lead poisoning. Proc. Lead Hyg. Coni'., Lead Indus. Assoc. Chicago, Illinois, Nov. 11-24, 1948. 10. Ingleson, H.: 'Determination of lead in drinking water. Analyst 63s 546-59, 1938. 11. Kehoe, R.A.: Exposure to lead. Occup. Med. 3:156-71, 1347. 12. Kehoe, R.A..: Lead absorption and lead poisoning. Med. Clinics of N. Amer. 26:1261-79, 1943. 13. Kehoe, R.A.:'The diagnosis of lead poisoning in the light of recent information. J. Med. (Cincinnati) 16:527-32, 1935. 14. Kehoe, R.A. and Ashe, W.F.: Lead poisoning. Mimeographed Rept. Kettering Laboratory, June 2, 1941. 15. Kehoe, R.A., Cholak, J., Hubbard, D.M., Bambach, K., McNary, R.R. and Story, R.V.: The fate of lead in human blood. Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Cong. 6:193-204, 1939. IS. ivsnoe. A on.oj.3k, unii.Dba.rdj D.m. , uanoaohc n., ncbdrv > R.R,, and. Story, R.V.s Experimental studies on the ingestion of lead compounds. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 22:381-400. 1940, 17. Kehoe, R.A., Cholak, J.. Hubbard, D.M., Bambacn, K. and EcHaiy, R.R.; Experimental studies on lead absorption, and excretion, and "their relation to the diagnosis and treatment of lead ooisoning. J Ind, Hyg. Toxicol, 25:71, 1943. 18. Kehoe, RoA, Cholak, J, and Largent, E.J.: The concentrations of certain trace metals in drinicing water. J, Am, Water 'Works Assoc. 15:637-44, 1944. 19, Kehoe, R.A., Cholak, J. and Story, R.V.: A spectrochenical study of the normal ranges of concentration of certain trace metals in biological materials. J. Nutrition 19s579-92, 1940. 20. Kehoe, R.A.., Cholak, J. and Story, R.V.: Editorial review. Manganese, lead, tin, aluminum, cooper, and salver an normal biological material. J. Nutrition 20:85-98, 1940. .21 Kehoe, R.A., Thamann, F. and Cholak, J.: On the normal absorption and excretion of lead. J. Ind. Hyg. 15:257-72, 1933. 99 Kehoe. R.A., Thamann F. and Cholak, J.: On the normal absorption and excretion of lead. J. Ind. Hyg. 15:273-38, 1933. OZ S K.W O Kehoe, R.A., Thamann F. and Cholak, J.: On the normal absorption and excretion of lead. J. Ind. Hyg. 15:301-05, 1933. 24. Kehoe, R.A., Thamann, F. and Cholak, J.: On the normal absorption and excretion of lead. J. Ind. Hyg. 15:306-19, 1S33. ( 25. Kehoe, R.A., Thamann, F. and Cholak, J.: On the normal absorption and excretion of lead. J. Ind. Hyg. 1.5s320-40, 1933. 26. Kehoe, R.A. ,.s Thamann, F. and Cholakt, J.s An appraisal of the lead hazards associated with the distribution and use of gasoline containing tetra ethyl lead. ' II. The occupational lead exposure o.f filling station attendants and garage mechanics. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 18:42-68, 1936. 27. Kehoe, R.A., Thamann, F. and Cholak, J.: Normal absorption and excretion of lead. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 104:90-2, 1935. 28. Kruse, W.: Was lehren uns die Leipziger Bleivergiftungen durch Trinkwasser? (What can we learn from the cases of lead poisoning caused by the drinking water in Leipzig?) Ztscn. f. Hyg. und Infektionskr. 118: 143, 1956. . 29. Lead Industries Assoc.: Lead in Modern Industry. New York, Lord Baltimore Press, 1952: 230 pp. 30. Lorraine, N,: A case of severe lead poisoning from drinking water. Lancet 2:1347, 1930. 31. Massione, R, and Beltrami, G.: (Lead in the blood, urine, and feces of normal individuals and persons with lead poisoning,) lied, del Lavorc 31:1-18, 1940. 32. McClure, F.J.: Ingestion of fluoride and dental caries. Am. J, Lis. Children 66:362-69, 1943. 33. Monier-Williams, G.W.: Trace Elements in Food, New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1949: Chapt. 2:64-106. 34. Neal, P.A., Dressen, W.C., Edwards. T.R., Reinhart, W.H., Webster, S.H., Castberg, H.T. and Fairhall, L.T.: A study of the effect of lead arsenate exposure on orchardists and consumers of sprayed fruit. Pub. Health Bull. 267:181 pp., 1941. 35. Pardoe, A.U.: Renal function in lead poisoning. Brit. J. Pharm. Chemotherap. 7:349-57, 1952. 36. Vogt, E.C.: Roentgenologic diagnosis of lead poisoning in infants and children. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 125:129, 1932. 37. Weber, H.J.: Lead hygiene in the plant - the industrial hygiene aspect. Hygiene Conf., Metallic Lead Products Div., Lead Industries Ansoc. 12-21, 1948. j* 38. Whitaker, P.J.: The absorption, excretion, and retention of ingested lead by human experimental subjects. Dissertation, ^University of Cincinnati, 1951. < I-AN SAFE RANGE Long Period: Short Period: in water all sources in water 0.05 ppm 0.5 - 0.6 mg per day total Intake 2-4 ppm HARMFUL RANGE Borderline: in water 2.31 mg per day, short period (calc: 0.92 ppm in 2500 ml water) 2-4 ppm, 3 months T oxic: Lethal: in water 2.31 mg per day, 2 years 8-10 ppm, several weeks no data given in report PERCEPTIBLE RANGE Taste: Cdor: Color: Texture: in water in water in water in water no "information does not apply does not apply does not apply IETAB0LI3H Essential Nutrient: Beneficial Nutrient: Daily Intake: Daily Output: urine feces no no average 0.3 mg from food and water average 0.04 mg fron^ inhaled air average 0.03 mg/liter average 0.3 mg 7 RANGES IN TIE ENVIRONMENT WATER Drinking Water: Surface Water: Ground Water: Sea Water: 0.003 - 0.05 ppm 0.001 - 0.004 ppm Ohio River: 0.,12 ppm (1 analysis) 0.001 - 0.06 ppm 0.001 - 0.008 ppm AIR Suburban: 0.1 - 21.0 pg/cu.m.; average 2.0 pg/cu.m. Rural: trace - 1.3 pg/cu.m.; average 1.0 pg/cu.m. Industrial Areas: 3.0 - 4.1 pg/cu. average 2.7 pg/cu.m. PLANT Food: traces - 1..83 ppm occasional values considerably higher Non-food: 0.02 - 1.60 ppm SOIL 0.6 - 25.0 ppn ANIMAL Food: traces - 1.60 ppm generally; occasional values, i.e., bone and cartilage, higher 01366 EXPLANATORY NOTES S--.PE .GE Lons Period: Short Period: The range of concentration or dosage within which a substance causes no recognised harm A defined period of exposure to a subs ounce in months, years, or over a lifetime. One day, up to a week or two, or an unknown but Dried period of exposure to a subsoance. XARMFUL RANGE Borderline: Tbxic: Lethal: The range of concentration or dosage of a substance within which (in a specified time) recognised effects on bodily function or structure are induced. A range of concentration- or dosage of a substance which causes temporary discomfort, or which induces physio logical adaptation (e,,g,,, transient diarrhea, or increased frequency of urination 'which disappears even though there is continued exposure to the same concentration and dose). A range of concentration or dosage of a substance which causes a harmful change in bodily function or structure that does not disappear with continued exposure to the same concentration and dose. Tne concentration or dose of a subs dance which has caused death in a defined or unknown period of exposure. 'PERCEPTIBLE RANGE Taste: Odor: Color: ' Texture: The range of concentration within which certain charac teristics imparted by a substance to water affect its physiological or esthetic acceptability. Tie range of concentration of a substance which can be recognized by the sense of taste (bitier, street, salty, sour). Tie range of concentration ox a substance which can be recognized by the sense of smell. Tie range of concentration of a substance which can be recognized by the sense cf sight. The range of concentration of a substance winch can be recognized by the sense of touch cr feeling. METABOLISM Essential Nutrient: Beneficial Nutrient: Daily Intake: Daily Output: The significance and the equilibrium of a substance in the body. A dietary substance without which the body dies. A dietary substance which in defined amounts contributes to the optimal function of the body, but may or may not be necessary for life. The amount of a substance which the body normally -obtains daily from all sources (including food, drink and air). Tie amount of a substance which the body normally eliminates daily by various paths. RANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT The various amounts of a substance present in the environment which may contribute to the total daily intake by the body. This IMTERII: SUIii.VKY is one of a ssrj.es oorts cevotea to cne CRITICAL 57ALUATI0II of the PHYSi C1LCGiCAL' ASPKCT3 of ,r!.7atcr Quality Criteria,' 01 The basis of this summary report is a critical evaluation o available information from published and unpublished sour e The purpose is to define ranges of concentration and dosa e which, for a designated substance or group of substances, are safe or unsafe, desirable or undesirable, in waters which otherwise, are potable for nan and domes bio animals. From tine to time, as additional information y warrant, revisions of tliis summary report -;jili be publishe u. There can be no claim to completeness, but rather there is a r,eea for additional source information which nay not 1:,avs been noted in 'die preparation of this report. / Information, references and critique will be gratefully received by: / The Kettering Laboratory Department of Preventive medicine and Industrial Health College of medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio (te B 01364