Document JJJg2KvYDpQDgyzJJ7QJ9oGN2

Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Appendix 1-2 Uses of PFAS in Specialist Equipment This document is the appendix 1 of the general comment to the Restriction report on Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) submitted on 15 September 2023 1 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Table of content Uses of PFAS in Specialist Equipment Summary Electric wires and insulation )FBUTISJOLUVCJOH Sealing materials Plumbing 7BMWFT 1VNQT Coating/Lining .FNCSBOFGJMUFST Electrode 0QUJDBMDPBUJOH Heat medium Lubricating oil Others 2 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Uses of PFAS in Specialist Equipment Summary PFAS are a very important group of substances for Specialist Equipment, which depends on these uses to maintain safety, as they are highly effective in chemical resistance, Repellency from water and oil, and electric insulation. PFAS polymer resins are two to ten times more expensive than other commodity plastics. There is no use other than where the equipment does not work without the use of PFAS. General electronics components are not covered in this document. However, since our equipment also uses common electronic circuit parts, we also use parts common to information equipment and general consumer EEE. For usage and non-substitutable information for such parts, please refer to Japan 4EE Opinion RCOM21, No.4543 and additional Opinion Information and Non-Substitutable Information to be submitted in September 2023. Semiconductors are also used in our products. Many PFASs are used in semiconductors and semiconductor manufacturing equipment. Comments on most of the items in this section have been submitted by industry associations that specialize in the respective items. We hope that dossier submitters consider the manufacturer's opinions. In this chapter, the use of PFAS in components and materials are explained. Then the some examples of the uses follows. These examples are not exhaustive. 3 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Electric wires and insulation An electric wire is a linear member for transmitting electricity. Metal, which is a good conductor, is used for the part that transmits electricity, and plastic resin that has electric insulation is used around the wire in order to block the influence on anything other than the transmission destination of electricity. Conductor Figure 1 Sheath Polyvinyl chloride is generally used for covering parts where plastic resin is used, which is called as sheath, but PTFE, PFA, FTPE, etc. are selected depending on the suitability of use and electric insulation requirements. Since these are more expensive than polyvinyl chloride, they are used only when it is difficult to use other materials such as polyvinyl chloride. PFAS functions required by PFAS wires and availability of alternatives. Wires using PFAS for coating have high electrical insulation when the coating is thin (100 m or less). PFAS also has a high heat resistance of 150-200C. In addition, PFAS wires can be used even when there are chemicals around the device because PFAS has chemical resistance. &YBNQMFTPGEFWJDFTFRVJQQFEXJUIFMFDUSJDXJSFBOEJOTVMBUJPO Cables for Sapphire Capacitance Diaphragm Gauge The components use electric insulation with PFAS. Temperature sensor for control Heater board connection cable and thermistor 4 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) thermal insulation cap thermal insulation case ->Contains Fluororubber(FKM) Sensor <--> Board connection cable ->Sheath, insulator, etc. contain Perfluoroalkoxy alkane(PFA) Temperature sensor for control ->Heat shrink tubing, cable coating, etc. contain Perfluoroalkoxy alkane(PFA,PFE) Heater board connection cable and thermistor ->Thermistor heat shrink tubing, cable coating, etc. contain Perfluoroalkoxy alkane(PFA,TFE,PTFE) Figure 2 There is no fluorine-free material with equivalent heat resistance. Temperature sensor (thermocouple) A thermocouple is a temperature sensor that measures using the principle that a thermoelectromotive force is generated by connecting the tip of a metal wire made of different materials and the temperature difference between the tip and the other end. Temperature sensors can measure a wide range of objects, including acids, alkalis, and organic solvents, and can also measure a wide range of temperatures, including applications that measure chemicals at 100C or higher. The thermocouple wires are coated with FEP and PFA to ensure accurate measurement without negative effects from chemicals or high temperatures. There is no material other than fluoropolymers that combines chemical resistance and heat resistance to realize such applications, and it is difficult to replace them. 5 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Temperature measurement (connection) part Wire Coating Figure 3thermocouple Coated temperature sensor wire )FBUTISJOLUVCJOH By putting a thin and long object to be covered in a tube, heating it, and shrinking the tube, the object is covered. It prevents parts from coming off or falling off, and strengthens the covered part. Fluoropolymer resin heat-shrink tubing is thin but has high electric insulation performance. PTFE and PFA are used as fluoropolymer resins. Functions of PFAS required by heat-shrinkable tubing and availability of alternatives Fluoropolymer resin heat-shrink tubing is thin but has high electric insulation performance. It can be used in applications where there is not enough space for electric insulation, and there is no alternative material available for applications that require tight spaces. Examples of the products which incorporate heat shrinking tubes Thermistor protection for Sapphire Capacitance Diaphragm Gauge Components corresponding to a heater operating temperature of MAX 250C For the picture of this products, please see the explanation in electric wires and insulation. Fluoropolymer resin is used in the heat-shrinkable tube to protect the thermistor There is no fluorine-free material with equivalent heat resistance. Sealing materials 1BSUTEFTDSJQUJPO - Packings, gaskets, and O-rings Packings and gaskets exist to connect and seal by placing/placing them between parts. As an example, they are used in piping and pipe connections. Gases and liquids that pass through pipes leak out through the smallest gaps, and packing gaskets exist to prevent this. Packing in the narrow sense is used for power system parts, and those used for non-moving parts are called gaskets. Various innovations have been made in molding and realizing functions, such as spiral 6 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) gaskets made of alternating layers of thin metal strips and PTFE sheets, and wrapped gaskets made of 0.4~0.8 mm hot PTFE, covering gaskets of metal or other materials. Those with a circular/round cross section are called O-rings. In addition to PTFE, fluoropolymer rubbers such as FKM and FFKM are also used for this application. Figure 4 Packings, gaskets, O-rings - Bearings A bearing reduces friction between two parts to make movement smoother. Bearings are classified into radial bearings, thrust bearings, and linear bearings, depending on whether rotational or linear motion is involved. A bush is also a type of bearing. Fluoropolymer bearings such as PTFE have a low coefficient of friction and can maintain a constant torque within various tolerances, while minimizing rattling and noise. In particular, PTFE must be used for bearings near chemical fluids such as acids, alkalis, organic solvents, and ozone, and for food contact applications, where oil is not preferred. Rotating shaft Brush Case Turbine Water or Air Figure 5 Bearing used for the rotating shaft sliding part of the sensor cleaning brush - Sealing tape Sealing tape, made of PTFE material, is an adhesive tape used to secure parts within equipment. It is employed to fasten parts that could pose safety risks if dislodged, as well as to seal mounting parts. Additionally, the tape serves as a filler to address gaps in the joints or connections of pipes for flowing liquids or gases, such as water pipes, air pipes, and hydraulic pipes. Notably, the tape can establish liquid- or gas-tight connections with tapered pipe threads by directly filling the voids between the threads. 7 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Figure 6 The functions of sealing materials of PFAS and alternatives Functions of PFAS Required by Sealing Materials and the Feasibility of Alternatives to PFAS Required Functions for Sealing Materials Liquids and gases flowing in pipes, or near parts, often consist of strong acids, alkalis, or organic solvents. Therefore, the sealing materials used must be resistant to these chemicals. Fluoropolymer is highly resistant to such chemicals, and additionally, it is ozone-resistant, making it an ideal choice when ozone is present in the piping. If the liquid or gas in the piping, or the equipment itself, operates at high temperatures, PTFE or PFA are good options due to their high heat resistance of up to 260C, a limit higher than other resins. FFKM and FKM rubbers also exhibit high heat resistance, withstanding temperatures up to 250-300C. For applications where sealing materials, such as gaskets, are used on sliding surfaces, where lubricating oil is unsuitable (particularly in contact with food), or where play and noise must be avoided, sealing materials must also possess low friction and self-lubrication properties. In the restriction report on seal tape, paste-like sealing materials are mentioned as alternative materials. However, if these sealing materials contain hydrocarbon substances, reactive functional groups may decompose. This could pose a risk of contamination in the surrounding area due to the produced decomposition products. For sealing tape used for equipment operating in clean environments, where such contamination is unacceptable, paste-like sealing materials cannot be used as alternatives. As a sealing material that combines outstanding chemical resistance, ozone resistance, heat resistance, water and oil repellency, low friction, self-lubrication, and cleanliness, there is no substitute for fluoropolymers. The substitution of fluoropolymers with other materials poses a significant challenge. Non fluorine elastomers might be considered as potential replacements for fluorine rubbers like FKM rubber. However, their heat resistance, low friction, and chemical resistance do not measure up to those of fluorine-rubbers like FKM rubber. Therefore, substituting fluorine -rubbers with non-fluorine elastomers is unfeasible. 8 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Examples of the products which uses sealing materials Pressure Transmitter Pressure transmitters are measuring instruments mainly used in factories and plants. It measures pressure for process fluids such as liquids, gases and steam and outputs analog or digital signals corresponding to the measurement results. It is also used to measure flow rate and liquid level based on measured pressure. The process fluid to be measured has various characteristics such as temperature, pressure, and properties. If the sealing performance is not maintained, not only correct measurement results not be obtained, but the factory or plant may stop. In addition, if the process fluid is high temperature, extremely low temperature, or toxic or corrosive, the outflow of the fluid may cause great damage to the surrounding environment and workers, so the sealing performance is very important. Many sealing materials that use PFAS materials have excellent heat resistance and chemical resistance, and it is considered difficult to replace them when considering the above safety assurance. O-R - It is used for sealing the mating part of the product. Figure 7 Wetted O-RING Gasket Seal a product and pipe fittings. Fluid leak prevention. ("4,&5 Gasket usage example 9 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Collar Figure 8 Junction unit for vacuum environment / O-ring for seal for air and vacuum environment 0QUJDBM+VODUJPOVOJUGPSWBDVVNFOWJSPONFOUJTVTFEGPSBQIPUPFMFDUSJDTFOTPSUIBU FOBCMFTEFUFDUJPOJOTJEFBWBDVVNDIBNCFSCZUSBOTNJUUJOHMJHIUGSPNBGJCFSBNQMJGJFS UISPVHIBGJCFSVOJU The optical coupler is provided with sealing ability to pass the detection light through the wall of the vacuum device. The O-ring for sealing are made of fluorine rubber to keep high temperature, high seal and high cleanliness Figure 9 10 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) To keep high temperature, high seal, and high cleanliness in a vacuum environment, materials other than fluorocarbon rubber are not appropriate. O-rings are used as sealing parts to prevent external leakage at joints between different parts. Mass Flow Controller / Mass Flow Meter 0SJOHTBSFVTFEBTTFBMJOHQBSUTUPQSFWFOUFYUFSOBMMFBLBHFBUKPJOUTCFUXFFOEJGGFSFOU QBSUT .BTTGMPXDPOUSPMMFSVTBHFFYBNQMF DSPTTTFDUJPO &YBNQMFPGVTFJOKPJOUTCFUXFFOGJUUJOH QBSUTBOENBTTGMPXDPOUSPMMFST &YBNQMF PG VTF GPS KPJOUT CFUXFFO GMBOHFQBSUTBOECPEZQBSUT Figure 10 FKM is used for various gases with excellent heat resistance, chemical resistance, ozone resistance, etc., especially when using flammable oxygen gas, it is used due to its high heat resistance and ozone resistance, and the alternative product is a special rubber material, but it becomes a fluorine-based rubber material and the use of fluorine-based substances is unavoidable. If fluorine-based materials are not used, safety is significantly impaired. Plumbing Plumbing is any system that convey fluids or energy for any application. Pipes, tubes, joints, fittings, are used for plumbing. Fluoropolymer resins, such as, PTFE, PFA, PVDF, are used. Some international standards mention uses of fluoropolymer resins for plumbing. 1 Tubes (not heat shrink tubes) Tubes are used for convey fluids to the places. 1 Example of international standards: ISO 12039:2019 mentions that the sampling line shall be made of PTFE, PFA. 11 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Figure 11 Joints / fittings Joints / fittings are components to connect tubes to units and/or tubes to tubes. Figure 12 The functions and alternatives which plumbing requires: The material of plumbing is determined by the types of fluids flowing through tubes. Fluoropolymers can be used as piping for fluids in the temperature range of -10C to 200C (PTFE) and about -40C to 160C (PFA), including acids, alkalis, organic solvents, ozone, and oils. Fluoropolymers (PTFE, PFA, PVDF) are the only plumbing materials that can be used when the fluids of flowing the tubes meets one or more of these characteristics. Fluoropolymer resins are the only materials that can simultaneously provide and express multiple functions required for the proper functioning of chemical resistance/ cleanliness, repellency from water and oil, and heat resistance. Examples of the products which incorporate plumbing Magnetic Flowmeter An Electromagnetic Flowmeter is a type of flow meter that applies a magnetic field in the perpendicular direction to the flow of the measured fluid. As a result of the flow and the magnetic field, an electromotive force is generated in directions perpendicular to both the flow and the magnetic field. This electromotive force is extracted by a pair of electrodes, and the output signal is sent to a converter. The electromagnetic flow meter is a flow meter that applies Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction to moving objects. 12 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Electromotive force (E) Excitation current Excitating coil Lining Velocity: V Measurement fluid Pipe Electromotive force: E Electrode Pipe inner diameter: D Magnetic field (Magnetic flux density: B) Figure 13 The resin lining, known as lining, is applied to pipes (metal piping), and materials such as PFA and PTFE are used. The purposes of this lining are as follows: Electrical insulation: The lining ensures electrical insulation between the measured fluid and the electrodes or the pipe, preventing electrical short-circuiting of the signal electromotive force. Chemical resistance: The lining provides resistance to chemical substances such as acids and alkalis when the measured fluid contains them. This prevents corrosion and degradation caused by the fluid's characteristics and the environment, thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of the measurement. Wear protection: The lining plays a role in protecting the pipe from internal friction and impacts. It reduces wear and damage caused by solid particles and abrasives in the fluid, maintaining measurement performance over an extended period of use. Heat resistance: The lining exhibits stable performance even in high-temperature environments. It resists degradation when exposed to high-temperature fluids and environments, ensuring consistency and reliability in the measurements. NOx measuring equipment For accurate measurement, dehumidify the sample with a dryer unit before measuring. It is dehumidified by the Flemion tube of the dryer unit, but it is necessary to purge dry gas around the Flemion tube. Cover the Flemion tube with a PFA tube, purging dry gas in between. Also, PFA tubes are used to connect the dryer unit and piping. Since NOx is highly adsorbable, PTFE, which does not easily adsorb, is used as a sampling tube. Used to connect flow sensor and PTFE tube. 13 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Micro flow rate liquid flow meter Figure 14 Fluororesin fitting Characteristics of PFA,PTFE Inert to many chemicals Resistance to aging Less additives Soft Easy to process Benefits of using PFA,PTFE Semiconductor manufacturing process is required high level chemical controls, due to chemical contamination makes negative influences on quality of products. PTFE and PFA which are inert to various chemicals and also include low additives, are suitable materials for flow paths in semiconductor manufacturing process. Impact of prohibition using PFA,PTFE It will be impossible to keep miniaturization technology used in current semiconductor manufacturing process. To avoid this problem would require a great deal of effort and technical innovation. Fuel Cell Performance Testing Equipment Fuel cells generate electricity and heat through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. Fuel cell performance testing equipment evaluates the performance and durability of fuel cells. Fuel cells contribute to carbon neutrality by improving energy efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions. 14 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) The following characteristics are required for the piping of the fuel cell performance testing equipment. - The piping serves as a flow path for alkaline substances used as materials for hydrogen and acidic substances produced as a result of the reaction. (Chemical resistance) - Since the polymer membrane used in the fuel cells requires wet condition, water vapor is added to the hydrogen. The flow path is heated to approximately 150C to prevent condensation of water vapor in the piping. (Heat resistance) - Hydrogen in the exhaust gas after the reaction may be reused, which requires an additional supply of hydrogen, resulting in large pressure changes inside the piping. Therefore, the piping needs to be strong. (Durability). In case of condensation in the piping, the concentration of water vapor added to hydrogen cannot be maintained at the required level and normal operation will be disturbed. In addition, a transparent pipe with chemical resistance may be used as a liquid level gauge to check the liquid level in the tank where the alkali solution is stored. For these reasons, the fuel cell performance testing equipment needs to be made of transparent, chemical (acid, alkali) resistant, heat resistant, and durable materials. Currently, PTFE and PFA are the only such materials available, and they are difficult to replace. Plumbing Flange Packing Tank Liquid level gauge Figure 15 7BMWFT Valves are general for equipment with a movable mechanism that can open and close flow paths in order to go through, stop, and control the flow of fluids. 15 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) They are used in a wide variety of products, from relatively small devices with flow paths and valves to large-scale manufacturing processes and chemical plants. There are many types of valves. Some valves, which are often incorporated in specialist equipment, are discussed. They are not exhaustive. The functions and alternatives which valves require: The chemical resistance against acids, alkalis, organic solvents oils, and ozone, which flows through valves, is essentially required. Valves, which opens and close frequently required the property of low friction, repellency from water and oils, non-adhesion. Any failure of valves can cause serious accidents. Therefore, the durability of fluoropolymer resin is required for valves PTFE and other fluoropolymer resins are frequently used. Fluoropolymer resins, such as, PTFE are the only materials that can simultaneously provide and express multiple functions required for the proper functioning of valves. - Solenoid valve A solenoid valve is electromehanically operated. One of the operations is to open and close a valve using the principle that when an electric current is applied to an electromagnet (solenoid), an iron piece called a plunger is attracted and released when the electric current is cut off. Diaphragms divide into a valve compartment that opens and closes flow paths and a functioning compartment that drives. Fluoropolymer resins, such as, PTFE, FKM, FFKM, and FEPM, are frequently used for flow paths, diaphragms, and sealing materials in solenoid valves. Solenoid valves have wide variety of types, such as, liner action, pilot operated, the combination of liner action and pilot operated. - Ball valves A ball valve opens and closes a flow path by rotating a hollow ball. In automatic valves, an electric motor is used to rotate the ball. A large cross-sectional area of the flow path can be obtained, and the resistance of the path can be kept low. Fluoropolymer resins, such as, PTFE, are frequently used Stem Ball Sheet Figure 16 16 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) - Check valve A check valve is installed on gas or liquid piping where the fluid back pressure closes the valve plug to prevent reverse flow. A check valve is called as non-return valve, reflux valve, retention valve, foot valve, or one-way valve There are disc check valves that blocks backflow by closing the O-ring valve with a disc and duckbill check valves that uses a valve plug shaped like a duck's beak. Fluorinated materials such as PTFE, FKM, FFKM and FEPM are used for the valve plug and the sealing materials of the housing. Figure 17 - Relief valves/safety valves A relief valve is a valve that automatically releases pressure when excessive pressure occurs in the pipes. A spring keeps the valve plug such as O-rings or diaphragms closed, and it opens (released) when a pressure exceeding the spring force occurs. Fluorinated materials such as PTFE, FKM, FFKM and FEPM are used for the valve plug and the sealing materials of the housing. Primary side Spring Pressure adjustment bolt Diaphragm Flow direction (atmospheric release) Figure 18 17 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Examples of the products which incorporates valves Control valve of mass Flow Controller Mass flow controllers are used for flow control of various industrial gases. PTFE is used as the material of the valve body of the flow control valve of mass flow controller. See part (10) in the figure24 below (the right is a partial enlarged view). Performance requirements for materials. Heat resistant to withstand operation from -10C to +60C. Chemical resistance to withstand components contained in combustible gases. Resistant to ozone gas. $SPTTTFDUJPOBMWJFXPGUIFQSPEVDU $SPTTTFDUJPOBMWJFXPGUIFWBMWF Figure 19 Enlarged vie 18 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Mass flow controller for semiconductor manufacturing Mass flow controller for semiconductor manufacturing PFA coating is applied to the valve that functions to accurately supply the amount of etching gas in the etching equipment for semiconductor manufacturing. When the valve is closed, it must be tightly closed and impermeable to gas. Low friction is necessary because it must not wear out even with the impact of continuous opening and closing of the valve. The friction ecoefficiency of silicone is low, and silicone cannot be used for this application. Fluoride ion measuring equipment This equipment is mainly used to measure the concentration of fluoride ions in factory wastewater. Fluoride ions are detected by an ion electrode, and the concentration can be monitored continuously by sending the sample to the flow cell holding the ion electrode with a liquid sending pump. The sample water is an aqueous solution such as factory wastewater. Various ionic components and insoluble solids are included depending on the type of production. Used as a switching valve for the solution feed channel The valve is used as a switching valve for the solution feeding flow path, and the body and diaphragm valve are PTFE solenoid valves. NOx measuring equipment NOx meter utilizes chemiluminescence generated in the process that NO and ozone react to produce NO2. Since the emission intensity is proportionally related to NO concentration, NO concentration is obtained by measuring the emission intensity. Since NO2 does not emit light, it is converted into NO by a converter, and NOx(NO+NO2) is measured, and then NO2 concentration is obtained from the difference between NOx density and NO density. So the NOx meter requires switching between the NO measurement line and the NOx measurement line. Also, during calibration, it is necessary to switch between the sample line and the calibration line. Since NOx has high adsorptivity, PTFE is required for NOx passing part, and therefore, a solenoid valve is used for switching. The NOx meter requires switching between the NO measurement line and the NO2 measurement line. Also, during calibration, it is necessary to switch between the sample line and the calibration line. A solenoid valve is used for switching. Control valves Control valves are used in a variety of different markets that controls fluid flows in plumbing installed in air conditioning system of building, and Industrial plants, for example petrochemical and power plant. Examples of control valve products 19 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Control Valve for industrial plant rotary motion 1MVH up and down motion 7BMWF4FBU 4FBU3JOH Control Valve for HVAC ball Figure 20 PTFE seat ring is a component of control valves that has a function of stopping the flow by contacting with the plug when it is fully closed. In general, the friction coefficient of PTFE (0.1 or less) is approximately 1/5 that of metal (approximately 0.5), and the torque required to rotate the plug is approximately 1/5 in proportion to the friction coefficient. Add that, corrosive and high temperature fluid flows through control valves. So, excellent chemical and heat resistance are required to control valves. PTFE fills all of characteristics aforementioned. Furthermore, it has proven track record of long-term use in various fields. Material for scraper rings in industrial control valves 4DSBQFS3JOH 7BMWF4FBU Figure 21 4UFN #POOFU(BTLFU 6QQFS$BHF 1MVH -PXFS$BHF 4FBU(BTLFU 20 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) The PTFE scraper ring scrapes off the fluid adhering to the cage of the control valve and prevents sticking of the plug and cage. Industrial control valves are used to control corrosive fluids such as chemicals, and are required to have performance that can withstand the control of corrosive fluids. On the other hand, in identifying corrosive fluids, there are many fluids that are difficult to determine physical properties such as intermediates of chemical substances, and materials that have a wide range of chemical resistance are required. In order to control corrosive fluids with industrial control valves, scraper rings made of PTFE are required in the flow passages where corrosive fluids come into contact. Other polymer materials, such as rubber and resin, might be able to substitute for PTFE as the material of scraper rings. However, it is considered that the alternative materials are not suitable, because they do not have enough resistance to various chemicals of chemical plants. Lining and throttling mechanism materials for industrial control valves Aperture mechanism valve linings Figure 22 Industrial control valves are installed in pipes of various industrial plants, that are used to control flow of fluids. Industrial control valves are used to control corrosive fluids such as chemicals. Industrial control valves are required to be able to withstand the control of corrosive fluids at high temperatures (approximately 140C). In order to control corrosive fluids with industrial control valves, main body linings and throttle mechanisms made of PFA, ETFE and PTFE are required in the flow passages where corrosive fluids come into contact. Depending on the fluid used, PFA and ETFE are used in the body lining, and PTFE is used in the throttle mechanism. It is possible that other polymer materials such as rubber and resin can be used as alternative materials for body lining and throttle mechanism using PFA, ETFE, and PTFE. However, alternative materials have poor resistance to a wide variety of chemicals in industrial chemical plants and cannot withstand corrosive fluids. 21 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) If it is assumed that metal materials such as chromium and nickel alloys will be substituted, it is necessary to periodically stop the equipment and check the corrosion status of the control valves connected to the pipes. When corrosion occurs, fluid control becomes impossible, so it is necessary to replace the industrial control valve itself. 1VNQT Discharge Process Suction Process Valve Diaphragm Valve Figure 23 Explanation on Pumps 2 A pump is a device that transfers, pumps, and stirs liquids and gases under the action of pressure. It is divided into two types according to the difference in structure: non-positive displacement pumps and positive displacement pumps. Non-positive displacement pumps are pumps that impart energy to liquids by rotating impellers, and include centrifugal pumps, propeller pumps, and viscous pumps. A positive displacement pump is a pump that pressurizes and energizes a liquid that is within a certain volume, and there are plunger pumps, diaphragm pumps, gear pumps, etc. In pumps, fluorine rubber such as FKM, FFKM, and FEPM is used for the sealing members and diaphragms of the housing. PTFE is used for the impeller bearings. 1'"4GVODUJPOTXIJDIQVNQTSFRVJSFBOEBMUFSOBUJWFT Pumps used to transfer fluids such as acids, alkalis, organic solvents, oils, and ozone require high chemical resistance for each member in contact with the fluid. Especially in the case of diaphragms, durability that can withstand repeated bending are also required. Fluorine materials such as FKM, FFKM, and FEPM are used as materials to satisfy these requirements, and it is difficult to replace them with other materials. In the case of bearings, low friction, self-lubrication, and wear resistance are also required. Fluorine materials such as PTFE are used as materials to satisfy these requirements, and it is difficult to replace them with other materials. 2 https://www.monotaro.com/note/cocomite/525/ 22 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Coating/Lining Part Description A surface treatment in which the surface or inner surface of a base material is covered with a fluoropolymer is called a coating or lining. A relatively thick covering is often referred to as a lining, while a thin covering is often referred to as a coating. There are various methods such as molding, bonding a sheet to the base material, bonding powder, or covering with a liquid. Fluoropolymers used include PTFE, PFA, PCTFE, FEP, and ETFE. Metal plating and surface treatment containing fluoropolymer resins are used to adhere to metals. Coatings and linings are applied to parts in contact with fluids. The parts include the inner surface of the piping and parts in contact with the fluid. Coatings may be applied to areas where water repellency to water and oil, low friction, self-lubrication, and non-adhesion are desired. Examples of coating / lining Piping inner surface Pipe Connection flange Lining Figure 24 Coating and lining section of parts (diaphragm) in contact with fluid Figure 25 PFAS functionality required by coating/lining and possible substitutions 23 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) By covering the surface with a fluoropolymer, PFAS gains chemical resistance/cleanliness and mold-releasing properties that the base material does not have. Coatings and linings in contact with fluids can withstand corrosion and operate stably without maintenance for long periods of time (10 years). For example, fluorine coatings and linings on low-hardness rubber materials provide both high flexibility and chemical resistance. When the fluid is a powder, it is difficult for the fluid to adhere to the coating/lining area due to non-adhesion of fluoropolymers. Coatings for instruments and tools for analysis and measurement Analysis and measuring instruments are required to have chemical resistance because they may analyze and measure any kinds of chemical substances, including strong acids, strong alkalis, organic solvents, and oils, as samples. For correct analysis and measurement, no specimens or reference materials should remain in instruments or pipettes, tubes, etc. If residues remain, subsequent analysis and measurement will not be accurate. In order to prevent residues from remaining, coating should be applied to the areas where the specimens and reference materials are likely to remain. The fluoropolymer resins have the functions, such as, repellency from water and oils, and non-adhesion. These functions can prevent residues from remaining, which resulting in accurate analysis and measurement. Examples of Parts and Equipment Using Lining and Coating There are a great many devices that coat base materials that come in contact with fluids. Lining for fluid contact parts of electromagnetic flowmeters and pressure transmitters Equipment around piping such as electromagnetic flowmeters and pressure transmitters cannot maintain their performance without fluoropolymer resin linings and coatings in order to withstand various fluids such as acids and alkalis. Linings using ETFE or PFA can operate stably for 10 years without maintenance. Accidents may occur if the equipment continues to operate with the fluid flowing through the piping without noticing that it has been corroded by the fluid. In order to maintain the work environment and safety management, it is necessary to use fluoropolymers that can be safely used for a long period of time without replacement for devices that pass corrosive fluids. 24 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Environment-resistant photoelectric switch with built-in amplifier 5IF)PVTJOHDPBUFEXJUICMBDL GMVPSPDBSCPOSFTJO 'JUUJOHTGPSGJYJOH CVJMUJOQBSUT Figure 26 External View/ Detection of work piece seating in machine tool *NQSPWFEDPSSPTJPOSFTJTUBODFPGIPVTJOH 5IFIPVTJOHPG&OWJSPONFOUSFTJTUBOUQIPUPFMFDUSJDTXJUDIJTNBEFPG[JODEJFDBTU ;JODEJFDBTUJOHIBTBEWBOUBHFTTVDIBTIJHIGMVJEJUZ FBTZEJNFOTJPOBMBDDVSBDZ MPX NPMEJOH UFNQFSBUVSF BOE MPOH TFSWJDF MJGF PG NFUBM NPME CVU JU IBT MPX DIFNJDBM SFTJTUBODF 5IFSFGPSF JUDBOOPUCFVTFEJONBDIJOFUPPMTBOEBVUPNPCJMFQBSUTNBDIJOJOHMJOFT XIJDIBSFVTFSTPGUIJTTXJUDI VOMFTTDPSSPTJPOSFTJTUBODFJTJNQSPWFECZQBJOUJOHBOE QMBUJOH8BUFSTPMVCMF DPPMBOU CBTJD JT PGUFO VTFE JO NBDIJOF UPPMT BOE BVUPNPCJMF QBSUTNBDIJOJOHMJOFT BOE[JODEJFDBTUIPVTJOHJTIJHIMZMJLFMZUPCFDPSSPEFEVOMFTT TVSGBDFUSFBUNFOUTVDIBTQBJOUJOHJTQFSGPSNFE Figure 26 4XJUDI Figure 27 Confirmation of Existence of Tool in Machine Tool 25 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) 1SFWFOUJPOPGDSFWJDFDPSSPTJPOBOEEJTTJNJMBSNFUBMDPOUBDUDPSSPTJPO 5IF)#IPVTJOHJTBTTFNCMFEXJUIBNFUBMTUPQQFS 464QMBUF [JODQMBUFE Figure 26 BOEBUUBDIFEUPBOBDDFTTPSZ464CSBDLFUPSUIFNPVOUJOHTVSGBDFPGUIFVTFSTJEF NFUBM SFTJO FUD NBUFSJBMTDBOOPUCFTQFDJGJFE (Figure 27 5IFSFGPSF JUJTOFDFTTBSZ UIBU UIF NFUBM TVSGBDF PG UIF IPVTJOH JT OPU FYQPTFE JO PSEFS UP QSFWFOU FMFDUSPMZUJD DPSSPTJPOEVFUPHBQDPSSPTJPOBOEDPOUBDUCFUXFFOEJGGFSFOUNFUBMT The former model number of this switch had adopted acrylic coating, but it was changed to fluorine coating due to low resistance to water-soluble coolant. The surface of the housing must be free from exposed metal. Therefore, coating by coating is necessary instead of plating. For the same reason, coating is necessary even if the housing is changed to a highly chemical resistant metal material such as SUS. There are concerns about the following impacts due to the unavailability of this technology Affects machining with machine tools that use water-soluble coolant and parts machining and production on automotive parts production lines There is no alternative technology. When a switch without fluorine coating is used, corrosion of the switch causes contamination of corrosion products (foreign matter) into parts, generation of rust in processed parts, and increase of stoppage period of machine tools and production lines due to increase of sensor replacement frequency. For the above-mentioned reasons, the prohibition of coatings with fluorine-based paints should be exempted indefinitely from this restriction because of the economic burden due to the increased frequency of replacement and the serious degradation to the finished product. In terms of disposal, restrictions should not be applied as coatings by fluorinated paints generally lead to a reduction in waste. Spatter-guarded proximity switch Part of the housing of the spatter-guarded proximity switch used in a welding environment. CapFluoropolymer resin PFA sensing surface HousingCoated with fluoropolymer resin. Housing Cap Figure 28 Spatter-guarded proximity 26 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) The following features can be obtained by using Fluoropolymer resin. CapIt can withstand the heat of welding spatter. It is difficult for spatter to stick. HousingIt is difficult for spatter to stick. Flame arrestor (sintered metal) surface Figure 29 Sintered metal flame arrestor is used to prevent the internal gas sensor element from becoming an ignition source. Surrounding gas reaches the sensor element through fine gaps in the sintered metal, but when water is adsorbed on the sintered metal, the flow path of the gas narrows. Therefore, in order to prevent water adsorption and corrosion on sintered metal, a fluorine coating is applied for the purpose of adding repellency from water and chemical resistance. Inside the metal nipple Figure 30 Fluorine coating is applied to the inside of the metal nipple which is part of the gas flow path for the purpose of adding non adhesion in order to prevent the gas concentration from decreasing due to the adsorption of highly adsorptive gases. Repellency from water The flame arrester (sintered metal) is given water repellency by applying a fluorine coating to prevent clogging due to water adsorption and corrosion. Non-adhesion Fluorine coating is applied to parts of metal pipes that cannot be used due to insufficient strength of fluoropolymer resin pipes, such as when it is necessary to cut threads to fix them. Chemical resistance Fluorine coating is applied to the parts used in the gas flow path to provide chemical resistance. Fluorine coating can be used in acids, alkalis, organic solvents, ozone, and oils. 27 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Fuel cell performance testing equipment: Coating of tank Fuel cells generate electricity and heat through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. Fuel cell performance testing equipment evaluates the performance and durability of fuel cells. Fuel cells contribute to carbon neutrality by improving energy efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions. The Fuel cell performance testing equipment supplies hydrogen obtained from an alkaline substance to the fuel cell. It stores the alkaline liquid to obtain hydrogen in a stainless steel tank, which cannot be used for a long period of time because the stainless steel is corroded by the alkali. Therefore, the tank surface is protected by coating with PTFE. Moreover, hydrogen gas used for fuel cell is necessary to add water vapor. The tanks for to control the dew point of the added water vapor can reach temperatures above 150C. Thus the coating material must be heat resistant. So far, PTFE is the only material which has both chemical and heat resistance. Piping Flange Packing Coating Tank Figure 31 Solution Temperature sensor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Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) 5IFSFJTOPNBUFSJBMPUIFSUIBOGMVPSPQPMZNFSTUIBUDPNCJOFTDIFNJDBMSFTJTUBODFBOE IFBUSFTJTUBODFUPSFBMJ[FTVDIBQQMJDBUJPOT BOEJUJTEJGGJDVMUUPSFQMBDFUIFN Protective tube $oating &MFNFOU Coating Wire &MFNFOU JOUFSOBM Figure 32 Fluorine-coated temperature sensor Coatings/linings for tools for analysis and measurement Analysis and measuring instruments are required to have chemical resistance because they may analyse and measure any kinds of chemical substances, including strong acids, strong alkalis, organic solvents, and oils, as samples. For correct analysis and measurement, no specimens or reference materials should remain in instruments or pipettes, tubes, etc. If residues remain, subsequent analysis and measurement will not be accurate. In order to prevent residues from remaining, coating should be applied to the areas where the specimens and reference materials are likely to remain. The fluoropolymer resins have the functions, such as, repellency from water and oils, and non adhesion. These functions can prevent residues from remaining, which resulting in accurate analysis and measurement. Coatings for the interior of X-ray analysis detector Fluorescence X-ray analysis (XRF) is designed to analyze elements by measuring the X-ray fluorescence produced after each element is excited by X-rays. X-rays generated from components close to the sensor are also detected, so that X-rays of fluorescence generated from sources other than the sample being measured interfere with accurate analysis. The lower the atomic number, the lower the energy of the X-ray fluorescence. Conversely, elements with higher atomic numbers tend to absorb X-rays more easily. Therefore, metallic materials such as Nickel, which are the internal components of the detector, are coated with a metal with a lower atomic number, such as Aluminum (Al), and then coated with a fluoropolymer resin less than 100 m thick to absorb the fluorescent X-rays generated from Al. Fluoropolymers also emit fluorescent X-rays, but their low energy has no effect on the analysis. If coatings other than fluoropolymers are used, epoxy resins and carbon coatings are available. But these have a lower X-ray absorption than fluoropolymers. For the same absorption capacity, a coating three times thicker for graphite (C) and seven times thicker for polypropylene (C3 H6) is required to absorb the fluorescence X-ray from Al (See the figure38). The thicker coating 29 / 61 Attenuation length (m) Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) interferes with the sensor, reducing detection sensitivity and increasing analysis time. For accurate X-ray fluorescence analysis, it is difficult to use anything other than fluoropolymers for the internal coating of the detector. Al-K: 1,486eV Polypropylene (C3H6) Black carbon (C) polytetrafluoroethylene (C2F4) X-ray energy (eV) Figure 33 X-ray attenuation lengths from Aluminum 3 .FNCSBOFGJMUFST Membrane filters are to remove and separate specific substances or objects from fluids. A wide variety of materials are used. If fluorine compounds are necessary, PTFE, FEP, ETPE and PFA are frequently used. Membrane Dissolved oxygen electrode Figure 34 Electrolyte Electrochemical gas sensor 3 It is calculated with CXRO X-Ray Interactions With Matter, https://henke.lbl.gov/optical_constants/ accessed on 25 August 2023 30 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Measurement method of pH meter and diagram of membrane filter Figure 35 1. Gas components in the sample are go into the electrode through the membrane. 2. The pH of the internal solution changes according to the amount of the gas taken in, and the change of pH is read by a glass pH electrode. 3. The pH change of the internal solution is converted to gas concentration in the sample. The following properties are required for the membrane used in this application. There is currently no other material that possesses these properties at a level that can be used in products. Gas permeability Membrane must have sufficient gas permeability even under conditions of no pressure. Chemical resistance Membrane must have sufficient chemical resistance that will not deteriorate after immersion in various samples. Repellency from water Repellency from water is required in order not to permeable water. PVC, glass and PEEK are too high much gas barrier property to separate gases. PE is weak for acids. Glass is melt down by hydrogen fluoride and some gases. Fluorine compounds such as PFAS are the only materials that can simultaneously provide and express multiple functions required for the proper functioning of membrane filters. PTFE filter used in the ozone decomposition catalyst unit of NOx measuring equipment A NOx meter needs to generate ozone to measure NOx by the chemiluminescence method. For accurate measurements, ozone is generated in excess of NOx in the sample. An ozone decomposition catalyst is used to decompose ozone remaining after NOx measurement, and a PTFE filter is used to remove the catalyst powder. 31 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) PTFE filter is a filter with little adsorption and decomposition. Use is recommended in the Environmental Air Constant Monitoring Practices Promotion Manual. It also has better ozoneresistance than PVC and PE and is less priced than PEEK. PTFE porous membrane electrochemical gas sensor Figure 36 1Electrochemical gas sensor is constituted by a working electrode formed on a PTFE porous membrane, a reference electrode, a counter electrode, electrolyte and a housing which is holding other components. 2Every electrode is connected to a potentiostat circuit and the working electrode is implied fixed potential to that of the reference electrode. 3The PTFE porous membrane is in contact with atmosphere which may contain intended gas to be detected. 4The gas to be detected goes through by diffusion in the membrane and reaches the interface of the working electrode and the electrolyte. 5The gas is electrochemically oxidized or reduced. 6The oxidized or reduced reaction involves transfer of electrons between chemical species and the working electrode, hence current flows in the circuit. 7The current is measured to determine the concentration of the gas to be detected The following properties are required for the membrane used in this application. There is currently no other material that possesses these properties at a level that can be used in products. Gas permeability The membrane must have gas permeability at atmospheric pressure. Water resistance The membrane must have sufficient water resistance not to leak electrolyte. Corrosion resistance The membrane must have corrosion resistance. Examples of corrosive gases are NOx, SOx, halogen and halogen halide. 32 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Chemical resistance Heat resistance The membrane must have sufficient heat resistance over 150EFHSFF$FMTJVT to coat electro catalyst. Non-adsorptive The membrane must have sufficient non-adsorptive. If the gas to be detected is adsorbed on the membrane, the gas can't go through the membrane, or it takes time to go through the membrane. Galvanic oxygen sensor Figure 37 1. Oxygen gas in the sample reaches through the membrane into the sensor. 2. The oxygen gas taken in is reductively decomposed at the cathode. A current flows according to the oxygen amount taken in. 3. The current is read as a voltage through a resistor such as a thermistor. The following properties are required for the diaphragm used in this application. Gas permeability The gas to be measured is taken into the electrode. This measurement is not possible without sufficient oxygen permeability even under conditions of no pressure. Among fluorine compounds, FEP has superior oxygen permeability compared to other polymer membranes. Chemical Resistance FEP is used in environments where it is in constant contact with various gases (acids, alkalis, organic solvents, etc.). The membrane filter does not deteriorate in these environments, does not elute components of the membrane filter when in contact with any sample, and must be resistant to chemicals. 33 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Water repellency and water resistance The membrane filter must be hydrophobic and water resistant to prevent water from permeating into the electrode. The material must not change after 10 years of exposure test as a material. Electrode -Parts in contact with liquid other than electrodes in electrode structure (of instrument that measures the physical quantity of a liquid by electrical means)- The electrode in a measuring instrument is a part to be electrically contacted with an object and to measure for the purpose of measuring the electrical signal of the measurement object. The instrument to measure the physical quantity of a liquid by electrical means is equipped the electrode(s). In that type of instrument, the purpose of the electrodes is to detect the electrical potential or charge at limited area in the liquid. Therefore, (In the electrode and surrounding structure,) parts in contact with liquid other than electrodes must be non-conducting. For non-conducting material, high hardness materials such as glass or ceramics can be used only very limited usage. because these high-hardness materials are inferior in workability and impact resistance. Therefore, in many cases, resin is used for parts in contact with liquid other than electrodes. And there is no resin material other than PFAS that can withstand the temperature and corrosiveness of liquids. Examples of the products which incorporates electrodes Internal junction and filers in electrodes for pH liquid measurement Internal solution determines the standard of electric potential for pH liquid measurement. Small amount of internal solution is diffused in the sample. It is necessary to reduce the amount of diffusion of the internal solution to reducing the impact to samples, and stable measurement. Fluoropolymer gels and porous resins which impregnant fluoro-monomer internal solution minimise the amount of the diffusion. 34 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Samples could be strong acids, alkalis, organic solvents, and others. The liquid junction of electrodes requires chemical resistance. PFASs are chosen for internal solutions, gels and porous resins in the liquid junction for pH measurement. PFASs have repellency from water and oils, which resulting in less stains in the electrodes. This is particularly useful for continuous operations. Internal junctions require PFASs which have the function of chemical resistance and repellency from water and oils for accurate and stable measurement. 0QUJDBMDPBUJOH A water-repellent coating layer which contains Perfluoroalkyl or perfluoropolyether compounds is formed with a thickness of less than tens of nm on the outermost surface of coating layers of the ophthalmic lens surfaces. The water repellent coating provides superior properties such as water repellency, oil repellency, lubricity, smoothness and chemical resistance to the ophthalmic lens. These properties improve prevention of water discoloration on anti-reflection coatings, scratch resistance, ease of wiping off stains (fingerprints, sebum, etc.) on the lens surface andmaintainability.As the results, these high performances enable to extend substantially the product life of lenses. And the water-repellent coating layer is coated on anti-reflection coating layers to eliminate the ghost and flare phenomena in lens optical systems. The one of valuable features is having both properties of low refractive index (n<=1.40) and high transparency of the coating layer which composed of perfluoroalkyl or perfluoropolyether compounds. *1 Ghosting/flare: Reflected light generated on the lens surface is repeatedly reflected in complex ways, resulting in the appearance of light images that are not actually there. The higher the reflectivity of the lens surface, the more likely it is to appear. *2 Anti-reflection coating: A film with a function to reduce reflected light. In ophthalmic lenses, reflection is reduced by alternately layering materials with different refractive indices to utilize light interference. *3 Low refractive index: Since the lower the refractive index of the film of the top surface layer of an antireflection coating, the greater the effect of reducing reflections from the lens surface, a film material with a lower refractive index is required. The refractive index of general glass is 1.52, and the refractive index of base materials for eyeglass lenses is 1.50~1.90 (including plastic and glass). 35 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Figure 38 Functions of PFAS that required for lens coating and their alternatives. Ophthalmic lenses Ophthalmic lenses are daily exposed to sunlight, rain, sweat, and washed with detergents. So, high level repellency from water and oil are required for the coating of ophthalmic lenses. PFASbased coatings are widely used because of their excellent weatherability, low friction, and repellency from water and oil. The water-repellent coatings have been developed since the 1980s, but it is still very difficult to achieve the target performances with non-fluorine compounds. Even after more than 30 years effort, no coating without PFAS, which can pass abrasion resistance, chemical resistance, and weather resistance tests assuming everyday use, has been developed yet. As the proposal alternatives, silicone-based water repellents are representative material, though they can achieve fluorine-based equivalents in terms of contact angle to water, they have not been able to achieve fluorine-based equivalents in terms of contact angle to oil, chemical resistance, and low refractive index. <Test results> Performance comparison of fluorine-based perfluorinated polyether water-repellent coating and silicone-based polydimethylsiloxane water-repellent coating 36 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) To water Contact H2O angle To oil (Oleic acid C18H34O2 Scratch Steel wool load 500g resistance 50 round-trip After 6hr dipping Chemical in alkaliNaOH aq. pH:11 resistance After 6hr dipping in acidHNO3 aq. pH:1 Table 1 Details Pictures of appearance after scratch test Perfluorinated polyether 108 80 Good Good Good Polydimethylsiloxane 104 52 Bad Bad Bad perfluorinated polyether polydimethylsiloxane Contact angle change in chemical resistance test Alkali Water Oleic acid Perfluorinated Before 108 80 polyether After 105 70 Before 105 52 Polydimethylsiloxane After 42 40 Table 2 Water 108 104 105 48 Acid Oleic acid 80 70 52 31 37 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Water repellent effect by coating Without coating With Coating Figure 39 Difference among lens with coating and without coating 4 Period required for replacement: About 1.5 to 2 years, if a non-fluorine material with PFASequivalent performance is produced. Volume of PFAS to be placed on the EU market : car camera 0.32g/year Amount of PFAS entering in the EU as water-repellent coating materials on ophthalmic lenses The amount of PFAS entering the EU as water-repellent coatings on ophthalmic lenses is estimated to be 300 kg/year*1. The amount of PFAS entering the EU through water coating*2 is much smaller (1 ppm to 2 ppm) than the total amount of PFAS entering the EU through all applications (140,000 to 310,000 ton/year). <Explanation for estimating the amount of PFAS entering the EU as water-repellent coating materials of ophthalmic lenses>. The amount of PFAS entered in the EU as ophthalmic lenses was calculated from the product of the annual sales volume of eyeglass lenses in the EU and the amount of PFAS coated as hydrophobic coating film per lens. 4 Cannon optron https://optron.canon/ja/evaporation/pickup01.html accessed on 31 May 2023. 38 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) 1. Hypothesis Assume that all vision corrective spectacle lenses sold in the EU have a hydrophobic coating on both sides. 2. Estimate 1) Annual sales volume of eyeglass lenses in the EU 200,000,000 pcs/year (200 million pcs/year) *1,*2 2) Amount of PFAS per lens (both sides) ** 1.5 x 10-3 g/pcs 3) Amount of PFAS entering the EU through spectacle lenses 1) 2) = 300 kg/year 4) Total amount of PFAS entering the EU 140,000 to 310,000 tons/year *3 5) PFAS content ratio by spectacle lens 9.7E-072.1E-06 (1ppm2ppm) **The net PFAS amount is the solid content coated as the water-repellent coatings on both sides of the lens, excluding the solvent. Assuming that the total amount a is deposited on the total number of lenses b that are put in. The amount of PFAS per lens is calculated as a/b. Therefore, The PFASs amount entering in EU countries as water-repellent coating materials for ophthalmic lenses is much smaller than that entered in EU as other industrial application. 3. Reference *1 WORLD LENS AND FRAME DEMAND STUDY 2022, SWV https://www.ewintelligence.com/world-lens-and-frame-demand-study-2022/98489.article *2 Spectacle Lenses - Europe https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/eyewear/spectacle-lenses/europe *3 ANNEX XV RESTRICTION REPORT PROPOSAL FOR A RESTRICTION, P.22/224, Socio-economic analysis, "For the EU, this resulted in an estimated amount of 140 000 to 310 000 t of PFASs introduced to the market in 2020," https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/f605d4b5-7c17-7414-8823-b49b9fd43aea Examples of devices with lenses PFAS is mainly used for outdoor sensors, lenses of surveillance cameras, etc., and protective panels on the surface of smartphones and other devices. 39 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Without the use of PFAS, it would not be possible to meet the required specification of water contact angle (100 or more). As a result, the visibility of the image will be poor, and the function of the sensor or surveillance camera will not be established. Examples Fiber unit for Measurement use 'MVPSJOFSFTJO Figure 40 8JUI'&1BOE1'" 4USVDUVSF This is a step index type multimode fiber (using the refractive index difference between core and clad). Fluorine resin is used for the clad. No alternative material has been proposed by the manufacturer at present. In this type of fiber, the basic optical characteristics of the fiber are determined by the refractive index difference between core material and clad material, and the material is selected by the manufacturer in consideration of the manufacturing method. Users use commercially available fiber. FEP is used for the clad and jacket, and PFA is used for the jacket and outer coating. Liquid level detection Detection method and part of use 1'" 1'" Purpose and materials used The tip detection part is made of PFA, and the tube material which may come into contact with liquid is also covered with PFA, a material which is easily fused with the tip. Principle using PFA characteristics Use refractive index difference between PFA and liquid In order to make the tip small and non-electric, a commercially available plastic optical fiber cable is used for guiding the detection light, and fluorine resin (specific material is not disclosed by the manufacturer) is also used as the clad material. It uses the difference in refractive index between liquid and liquid. Detection principle It utilizes the return light difference due to the refractive index difference (hereinafter referred to as n) between the material of 40 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) the tip cone and the external contact material. Without liquid : In a state of lower refractive index than PFA (n 1.35) (air n 1), most of the light emitted from the projection is reflected by the inner surface of the cone and returns to the light receiving portion to enter. Liquid : The liquid has a large refractive index equal to or higher than that of PFA (water n 1.33, ethyl alcohol n 1.36), and the amount of light that is substantially transmitted through the conical surface and returns to the light receiving portion decreases. The presence or absence of liquid is determined by this light amount difference. Leak detection 1'" The detection head and cable, which may come into contact with liquid, 1'"DPWFSare covered with PFA. Use refractive index difference between PFA and liquid Chemical resistance Transparent exam1'p"le 1'" The detection head and cable, which may come into contact with liquid, are covered with PFA. Detection principle is the same as "liquid level detection" Sealing performance is ensured by fusing the tip of the PFA detection head and the tube. 1'" Figure 41 41 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Due to the housing made of PFA resin, this fiber unit has higher stability against organic solvents than other products. The following characteristics can be obtained by using PFA resin for the fiber unit. - This fiber unit functions stably for the detection of organic solvents. - There is no alternative to this function This leakage sensor is used for the following applications. - Liquid leakage detection in semiconductor wafer cleaning and developing processes - Detection of tank leakage There are concerns about the following effects due to the unavailability of this technology : - Cleaning and development of a semiconductor wafer using an organic solvent cannot be carried out safely. For the above reasons, the prohibition of PFA resin in leakage sensors affects safety and should be exempted from this restriction indefinitely. Heat medium Refrigerators, compressors, centrifuges Refrigerators are used for the units require temperature control, and pretreatment for measurement and analysis. Fluorinated gases are the only materials that can simultaneously provide and express multiple functions required for the proper functioning of refrigerators, such as, thermodynamic efficiency, surface tension, electrical insulation, inactivity, heat conductivity, and a wide range of operating temperature. HFCs as F-gas will be restricted by the EU F-gas regulation and international treaties. HFCs will be replaced by organic fluorine compounds that their GWP are smaller than carbon dioxide. In that case, the substituted organic fluorine compounds (GWP>1) will be further substituted. A succession of substitutions in a short period shortens the lifetime of specialist equipment, which is originally long-life. Refrigerators, compressors, centrifuges are used as units of specialist equipment, the derogation as spare parts should be considered. Specialist equipment cannot be repaired, it will be discarded, and its lifetime will be shortened. Refrigerants must not leak from the unit, the units that uses refrigerants such as refrigerators, compressors, and centrifuges require the sealing materials mentioned in this document. 5(f), (g), and (h) of proposal wordings are written in Annex A of the restriction report. Specialist equipment with a long lifetime cannot be sufficient grace periods. The grace periods should be examined. 42 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Example of a product using a refrigerator: Compressor calorimeter A Compressor calorimeter is an equipment that measures the performance of compressors, which is the heart of air conditioner. It is used by compressor manufacturers for development and quality control, and contributes to the development of compressors that are compatible with natural refrigerants and more efficient energy-saving compressors. Temperature chamber (Refrigerator equipped) Figure 42 Compressor calorimeter Some of equipment such as calorimeters are equipped with a temperature chamber to maintain a constant environmental temperature for measuring EUT, and refrigeration units using CFC refrigerant (HFC, HFO) are used to cool the temperature chamber. Compressor endurance testing equipment, system performance test equipment, environmental test chambers, and other equipment are also equipped with a refrigerator for the same purpose. Natural refrigerants such as ammonia and CO2 are candidates to replace CFC refrigerants, but they have the following problems. When natural refrigerants are used, the refrigerator becomes too large and cannot be replaced. The system cannot be configured because there is no option of peripheral equipment for refrigeration equipment that is compatible with natural refrigerants. Many natural refrigerants are flammable, toxic, and unsafe. Especially for CO2, the use of CO2 is more hazardous due to its high pressure. For these reasons, CFC refrigerants are difficult to replace. 43 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Lubricating oil Lubricating oil is used to control friction and wear of metal contacting parts when machines are combined to rotate, reciprocate, or otherwise operate. In addition to suppressing friction and wear, this oil also suppresses corrosion and frictional heat, and its sealing and cleaning properties allow the machine to operate smoothly. Lubricating oil formulated with PFAS have the following characteristics Low friction: Reduces the adverse effects of friction on the lifetime and performance of components. Heat resistance: Resistance to chemical changes even when used in high-temperature environments. Resistance to ignition. Weatherability: Excellent oxidation stability and resistance to adverse effects of oxygen. Not decomposed by moisture. Chemical resistance: Resistant to chemicals such as acids and alkalis. Chemical resistance/cleanliness: Almost no deterioration of rubber and plastic materials. There is no other lubricant besides fluorinated synthetic lubricants that can satisfy all of the above characteristics. Lubricant oils in the products. Mass Flow Controller / Mass Flow Meter Mass flow controllers and mass flow meters are used for flow control and flow measurement of various industrial gases. Lubricating oil is applied to joint screws and O-rings to prevent screw galling and improve the assembly of O-rings. Figure 43 TDSFX Ordinary grease and oil cannot be used because they may become a source of ignition when flammable oxygen gas is used, so their safety is significantly impaired. 44 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Pressure Transmitter Measuring Principal A pressure transmitter consists of a barrier diaphragm that contacts the process pressure, a center diaphragm that protects the sensor, and a sensor that detects the pressure. If there is a difference in pressure on each barrier diaphragm, the fill fluid that carries the pressure creates a pressure difference on either side of the sensor, which distorts the sensor and changes its resistance. Measure the pressure by converting the resistance change of the sensor. Standard type )JHI1SFTTVSF 4FOTPS -PX1SFTTVSF $FOUFS%JBQISBHN Remote type #BSSJFS%JBQISBHN :FMMPXBOEPSBOHFBSFB NFBOGJMMGMVJE 1SFTTVSF Figure 44 45 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) In addition to the following items, the properties required for the fill fluid include fluidity even at low temperatures, low viscosity, and non-flammability. The only fill fluid that offers all of these is the fluorinated fill fluid, and there is no alternative. The diaphragms that come into contact with process fluids may be damaged due to corrosion or abrasion during use. When broken, the fill fluid comes into direct contact with the process fluid, but otherwise does not leak into the environment. This product is a WEEE target model and is in a controlled state for disposal. Shipping volume informationLess than 1000kg par year Since the fill fluid is in direct contact with the sensor, high electrical insulation performance is required. PCTFE can use up to 120 degree Celsius, Perfluoropolytrimethyleneoxide can use up to 260 degree Celsius. Stable against strong corrosive acids and alkalis. Does not react with chlorine and oxygen even under high temperature and pressure. Surface tension:2628N/m Silicon oil: Most likely fill fluid but reacts with chlorine and oxygen at high temperatures and pressures, and in the worst cases explodes. Coding for sliding rubber parts of industrial controllers A PTFE-coated lubricant is applied to the outer circumference of the packing to make it easier to separate the front bezel from the case. Since the housing is made of resin, there is a risk of solvent cracking, and grease cannot be used. Figure 45 Overall product Figure 46 Packing installation explanatory diagram 46 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Others Solvent for oil content analyzer Solvent for oil content analyzer is chlorotrifluoroethylene (CAS RN 9002-83-9). (hereinafter "specific chlorotrifluoroethylene solvent") Solvent extraction-nondispersive infrared absorption method is used for oil content measurement. The light from the light source enters the cell filled with the oil-extracted solvent. After that, an interference filter introduces only the absorption wavelength range (3.4 to 3.5 m) attributed to stretching vibration between carbon-hydrogen bonds (C-H) into a detector (pyrosensor). As the oil content in the oil extracting solvent increases, the light transmitted through the cell is decreased, and the current value generated by the pyroelectric effect decreases. The oil content can be calculated using this current value. Infrared absorption method for oil content analysis is standardized in ASTM standard D7066-4. Sample cell Pyroelectric sensor Light source Reference cell Interference Light source window Chopper filter Figure 47 Oil content analyzer bench structure Extraction of oil from solid samples is performed by immersion as shown in the figure below. Figure 48 Method for extracting oil from solid samples Functions of PFAS required by solvent for oil content analyzer and substitutability. The oil content is quantified by Beer-Lambert law using absorption attributed to carbon-hydrogen stretching vibration at 3.4 to 3.5 m (2941 to 2857 cm-1). Therefore, the extraction solvent must not have absorption in this wavelength range. Chlorotrifluoroethylene has no carbon-hydrogen bond (C-H) in its molecular structure and has no absorption at 3.4 to 3.5 m, so it is suitable as a solvent for oil content measurement using the solvent extraction-nondispersive infrared absorption method. 47 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Figure 49 IR spectrum of oil Existing solvents used for cleaning parts and general reagents that do not have carbon-hydrogen bond (C-H) in their molecular structures were verified, butit could not be adopted because it did not meet the following performance requirements. Influence of infrared absorption From the principle of the analyzer, it is necessary to have no absorption higher than that of the specific chlorotrifluoroethylene solvent in the wavelength range of 3.4 to 3.5 m (2941 to 2857 cm-1). Safety The specific chlorotrifluoroethylene solvent is not listed in the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment and are not classified in the EU CLP Regulation Hazard Classification. With a boiling point of 134C and a vapor pressure of 1.33 (kPa), it does not easily volatilize during use, so it can be used with normal ventilated environment. Similar safety and operability are required for alternative material. Analyzer performance cannot be achieved The measurement range of the oil content analyzer is 0-200 mg/L. The light source and the detector are designed and adjusted to achieve the specified performance in the range of 0200 mg/L when measured using the specific chlorotrifluoroethylene solvent. Therefore, as with the influence of infrared absorption, a low absorption rate equivalent to that of the specific chlorotrifluoroethylene solvent is required for measurement in the analyzer range of 0-200 mg/L 48 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Composition Name (CAS RN) Boiling point EFHSFF $FMTJVT Specific Chloro trifluoro ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene polymer 9002-83-9 134 1-bromo propane + stabilizer 106-94-5 stabilizer: unknown 48 aliphatic hydro carbon + ester unknown 174 Classification Not of EU CLP Classified Regulation Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Absorption around 3.4- 3.5 m Small Large Large KB value 31 13 - 4s0o0lumbgilitoyil Possible - Alternative? - Unsuitable Unsuitable Table 3 comparison of solvents Decane Decane 124-18-5 172 Not Classified Not applicable Large - Unsuitable Undecane Undecane 1120-21-4 196 Not Classified Not applicable Large - Unsuitable 1-bromo propane 1-bromopropane 106-94-5 71 Flam. Liq. 2 Skin Irrit. 2 Eye Irrit. 2 STOT SE 3 STOT SE 3 STOT RE 2 Repr. 1B Not applicable Large 121 Unsuitable Trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 87 Skin Irrit. 2 Eye Irrit. 2 STOT SE 3 Muta. 2 Carc. 1B Aquatic Chronic 3 Not applicable Large 130 Possible Unsuitable tetrachloroethylene tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4 121 Carc. 2 Aquatic Chronic 2 Not applicable Middle 90 Possible Unsuitable Solvent PFAS Release Risk Using: With a boiling point of 134C and a vapor pressure of 1.33 (kPa), it does not easily volatilize during use. And the specific chlorotrifluoroethylene solvent is not listed in the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment and are not classified in the EU CLP Regulation Hazard Classification, so safe to use. After use: Only the oil can be removed from used specific chlorotrifluoroethylene solvent with a dedicated equipment and can be reused Existence and Possibility of Alternatives: There is no alternative solvent that can ensure the same performance and safety as the current one. Period required for substitution when a substitute material is developed: 4-5 years Solvent: There is no alternative solvent that can ensure the same performance and safety as the current one. 49 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Limit switch button, housing and rubber seal 1Internal switch button 2Painting the housing 3Used for each rubber seal of limit switch Figure 50 Although the exterior coating can be changed to other coatings, fluorine is the lowest and most suitable for internal sliding properties. Slidingplunger and housing Sliding: internal switch button and internal switch cover Addition of fluorine improves slidability. Dynamic friction coefficient (ud) Heatresistant( degree Celsius) Fluoropolymer PTFE 0.09 260 Table 4 5 Resin PE 0.13 70-110 POM 0.18 80-120 The retention of seals at high temperatures is superior to other rubbers. Switching to silicone rubber is difficult to adopt because of the risk of contact failure. In addition, it is often used for applications such as cutting fluid that damage silicon rubber, so it cannot be used. 5 https://www.y-skt.co.jp/magazine/coating/lowfriction/ 50 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Liquid leak sensor Liquid tank Liquid leak sensor The sensor housing is made of PFA resin. Figure 51 Schematic diagram of sensor structure The sensor housing cover, case and tube are made of PFA resin. Figure 52 Due to the housing made of PFA resin, this leakage sensor has higher stability against organic solvents than other products. The following characteristics can be obtained by using PFA resin for the leakage sensor. - This leakage sensor functions stably for the detection of organic solvents. This leakage sensor is used for the following applications. - Liquid leakage detection in semiconductor wafer cleaning and developing processes - Detection of tank leakage 51 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) There are concerns about the following effects due to the unavailability of this technology : - Cleaning and development of a semiconductor wafer using an organic solvent cannot be carried out safely. Cutting parts (Example of finished products: diaphragm galvanic oxygen sensors, oxygen detectors) It is a part manufactured by cutting a block of resin. Because it is a small-lot production product, it is produced by cutting that does not require mold costs. Another reason for cutting is that there are places where sealing properties are required. Here, I will touch on the machined parts used in the casing of the galvanic oxygen sensor. There are various materials, but we will describe the case where PTFE and PFA, which have higher chemical resistance, are used. Figure 53 Example of Fluoroplastic Cutting Parts Please see "Membrane filters" for galvanic oxygen sensors Fluoropolymer casing are required when parts require chemical resistance. There is a need to measure oxygen concentration even in places where acids, alkalis, and organic solvents are always present. In this application, it is necessary to have chemical resistance such that it does not deteriorate even when it comes into contact with various gases (acids, alkalis, organic solvents), does not elute components even when it comes in contact with any sample. Also, as a material, it is necessary to have weather resistance properties such as not changing in a 10-year exposure test and not softening or deforming in the surrounding environment of -40 to 70 C. If you try to perform the same function with other materials, for example, phenolic resins and polyamide resins can be mentioned as resins that are resistant to acetone as a general organic solvent, but phenolic resins are resistant to strong alkalis. Polyamide-based resins cannot be used as a substitute because they do not have durability against strong acids. 52 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Sapphire Capacitance Diaphragm Gauge Components corresponding to a heater operating temperature of MAX 250C For the picture of this products, please see the explanation in electric wires and insulation. Components compatible with gauge head operating temperature of MAX 250C LEMO connector Board connection cable Cable jacket and dielectric contain Perfluoroalkoxy alkane(PFA) Sensor, Temperature sensor for control Board connection cable Sheath, insulator, etc. contain Perfluoroalkoxy alkane(PFA) Figure 54 Humidity element for humidity sensor and dew point temperature sensor Sector "Electronics and semiconductors (Annex E.2.11.)" "Construction products (E.2.13.)" Sub uses :Monitoring and control instruments Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning(HVAC) Polymeric PFAS /Fluorinated polyimide Generic name for the final product: Humidity sensor, Dew point temperature sensor Common name for application parts: Humidity element Detailed application description: The humidity sensor chip used for a humidity sensor and a dew point temperature sensor measures humidity by capacitance change between electrodes sandwiching the moisture sensitive film. The thickness of the moisture sensitive film is several m. 53 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Schematic diagram of sensor chip structure Polymer moisture-sensitive membrane is made of fluorinated polyimide Figure 55 This humidity sensor is used for the following purposes Humidity sensor installed in an environment in which condensation appears on the sensor itself, such as inside the HVAC duct and the outside air intake section. The following features can be obtained by using fluoride polyimide for humidity sensor The humidity sensor works stably for a long period in an environment where the sensor is condensed (100% humidity). Nothing to replace this function. The humidity sensor has higher stability under high temperature, high humidity and condensation than other products due to the humidity sensitive membrane using fluorinated polyimide. The prohibition of this technology is concerned about the following effects. It won't be able to properly measure and control humidity on HVAC system in an environment in which condensation appears on the sensor itself. Other polymer materials such as methyl methacrylate resin (PMMA), polyimide, polysulfone, etc. can be candidates as alternative technologies and materials. However alternative technology requires replacement of the sensor every time condensation occurs. For example, it is known that condensation appears on a humidity sensor which is inserted into an outside air intake duct several times a year depending on the weather. Humidity sensors without moisture sensitive membrane using fluorinated polyimide for this application will require replacement at least once a year. Moisture sensitive membranes using fluorinated polyimide can withstand at least 8 years of use. 54 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Performance requirements for materials (PFAS) Heat-resistant:180EFHSFF$FMTJVT as a humidity sensitive element Repellency from water: Electrical insulation in condensing environments Chemical resistance: Resistant to organic solvent atmosphere Alternative Considerations: No substitute material Required derogation period: 13.5 years or more Valve for air volume and room pressure control Materials for ensuring sliding, corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, and solvent resistance for air volume valves. Use sector: "Medical devices (Annex E.2.9.)", "Construction products (E.2.13.)" sub-uses: Control valve, Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning(HVAC) PFA26655-00-5 PTFE9002-84-0 PVDF24937-79-9 ETFE25038-71-5 Generic name for the final product: Valve for air volume and room pressure control Common name for application parts: Body, Pivot arm, S-link, Shaft, Spring, Cone, Brackets, Seal), Tap, e-crip), Bush, Slider, Sleeve, Cap, Bolt Detailed application description The two main applications of valves are below. (1) To be installed as a local exhaust ventilation system to prevent workers from being exposed to substances harmful to the human body, such as in chemical manufacturers and biotechnology research laboratories. For example, when a worker opens or closes the door of the local exhaust device (red dotted frame in Figure 56), the differential pressure across the valve suddenly changes, but by taking advantage of the good sliding property, the valve can be instantly changed to the appropriate valve opening position to maintain exhaust at a constant air volume. In addition, since valves must control fluids containing various chemicals and solvents, they must be resistant to corrosion, chemicals, and solvents. 'MFYJCMFIPPE "SNIPPE $IFNJDBMTUPSBHF CPUUMFDBCJOFU 7FOUJMBUFETJOL 4JOLIPPE QIPUPGSPNUIFXFCTJUFPG%BMUPO$PSQ BOE"40/&$PSQ Figure 56 Example of air volume control in a chemical/ Other exhaust applications 55 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) (2) The device is installed in hospital rooms and wards as a negative-positive pressure control device to secure hospital beds for patients with infectious diseases and to protect healthcare workers from infection risk. Even when the differential pressure across the valve suddenly changes due to the opening and closing of the hospital room entrance door, etc., the air supply and exhaust valves respond instantly by taking advantage of their good sliding characteristics and change to the appropriate opening position, thereby always maintaining the pressure difference between the room and outside. Figure 57 Image of negative and positive pressure control in a hospital room The parts used in valves that include candidates for regulation are below. Seal,Tap Bush Figure 58 Valve image Slider Bolt Figure 59 Slider assembly E-crip Sleeve Ca 56 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) (1) For valves that do not require corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, or solvent resistance, parts (Slider, Sleeve, Cap) containing PTFE should be used to ensure sliding properties. (2)Valves that require corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, and solvent resistance use the following parts to ensure the above three functions and sliding properties. Parts containing PTFE (Slider, Sleeve, Cap, Bush, Seal, Tap) Parts containing PFA (Shaft, Spring) Parts containing PVDF or ETFE (Body, Pivot arm, S-link, Cone, E-crip, Bolt) Technical Description of Essential Uses As mentioned above in "Detailed application description", valves must have the sliding property required to respond instantly to sudden disturbances, and the corrosion, chemical, and solvent resistance required to control fluids containing various chemicals and solvents. Therefore, it is necessary to place parts containing PTFE, PFA, PVDF, and ETFE for mechanisms that need to ensure sliding properties and for channel parts that are in contact with the control fluid. (1) Ensure sliding properties Other polymeric materials may be used as an alternative to PTFE for ensuring sliding properties. However, since there is no material with lower sliding resistance than PTFE, the sliding resistance force will increase and the sliding performance required for valves cannot be ensured. (2) Ensure sliding properties, corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, and solvent resistance Other polymeric materials, such as rubber and resin, may be used as alternatives to PFA, PTFE, PVDF, and ETFE for the purpose of ensuring the above four functions. However, the alternative materials cannot ensure the sliding properties, corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, and solvent resistance required for valves due to the deterioration of sliding properties as described in (1) and the lack of resistance to various chemicals and solvents. The following effects are feared as a result of the unavailability of these technologies. The inability to use PFA, PTFE, PVDF, and ETFE for valves will make it impossible to carry out normal operations at chemical manufacturers, biotechnology research facilities, hospitals, and other facilities. This will have a profound impact on the production and supply of medicines, the progress of research in biotechnology, and isolated medical treatment, including coronas. For the above reasons, the prohibition of the use of parts containing PFA, PTFE, PVDF, and ETFE in valves should be exempted from this restriction in terms of ensuring safety for the human body. 57 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) In terms of disposal, the restriction should not be applied to valves containing PFA, PTFE, PVDF, and ETFE, since these components can be used until the product reaches its original service life, leading to a reduction of waste in general. Performance requirements for materials (PFAS) Heat-resistant: Heat-resistant max93degree Celsius Chemical resistance: Resistant to chemicals, solvents and corrosive fluids Sliding performance: Wear resistance due to sliding, sliding performance Non-adhesion: Non-adhesion of foreign matter Mechanical parts for sliding or releasing applications used in "Specialist equipment" Fluoropolymers with excellent low friction, and self-lubrication and mon-adhesion. Properties are often used in mechanisms that require sliding with plastic and metal parts or releasing from sticky materials.. The following common characteristics are related to the reason why fluoropolymers are particularly selected for "Specialist equipment". 1) Some final products handled by "Specialist equipment" require use in special environments. For example, in facility environments where foods, liquids, powders, etc. are handled, consideration must be given to high temperature, high humidity, generation of dust, or hygiene management. 2) Equipment used in social infrastructure such as factories is required to have performance such as automatic operation, trouble-free operation, easy preparation and setup changes. This enables us to provide society with high-quality, low-cost products and services. 3) When handling products with equipment, it is required to minimize the impact on product quality, such as damage or adhesion of foreign matter. From the above, the mechanical parts for sliding applications used in "Specialist equipment" are required to have the following properties. Repellency from water and oil / non-adhesion Low friction, self-lubrication Heat resistance Chemical resistance (Acid resistance, Alkali resistance, Oil resistance, Ozon resistance) Table 5 summarizes the performance of major alternative materials with respect to the required performance. 58 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Material Material or Coating Low Coefficient friction of friction Repellency Contact from water angle of and oil water [deg] adhesion energy [dyne/cm] Oil Contained in resistance food Acid Contained in resistance food Alkali Contained in resistance detergents, etc. Ozon Special resistance cleaning Heat Hot food resistance Table 5 PTFE Material/ Coating 0.04 114 43.1 POM Material 0.2~0.3 Equivalent to PA66 HDPE Material/ Coating 0.2~0.3 88 75.2 ~ ~ PA66 Material/ Coating 0.18~0.4 77 97.7 ~ * Non-adhesion and Repellency from water and oil are according to the above-mentioned property table. Others are summarized by the author of this section based on multiple documents. Appropriate materials are selected and used according to the required performance that varies depending on the work environment and target product. From the table, PFAS shows good properties with respect to water/oil repellency and heat resistance. Cases where PFAS is used as an irreplaceable material include, for example, use in environments where food and liquids are handled, as well as guide parts or blade surface coatings where adhesion is undesirable. Instrument example (Packaging machine for food industries) Figure 60 Heating pressure bar with knife of packaging machine (with PTFE Coating) 59 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) Food Contact Parts of Measuring Instruments The following performances are required for the food contact parts of measuring instruments for pre-packaging food. 1) Conformity with (EC) No 1935/2004, (EU) No 10/2011, etc. is required for safety when materials used are exposed to the body through food. 2) For the purpose of reducing food waste and cleaning burden, and ensuring supply by automating production, it is required that food does not adhere easily. There are two technical approaches to the anti-adhesion performance of 2). The first is "a) reducing the contact area with food" and the other is "b) using water- and oil-repellent, nonadhesive materials." The Table 6 summarizes the performance of the main means currently in practical use considering the operating environment conditions. Each means is provided in the form of material or coating. Technical approach Means Material Repellency from water and oil Nonadhesion (for hard foods) Nonadhesion (for soft foods) Oil resistance Acid resistance Alkali resistance Ozon resistance Heat resistance Durability or Coating Does not adhere to water or oil Food does not remain on equipment. Contained in food Contained in food Contained in detergents, etc. Special cleaning Hot food Hard to wear Table 6 (1)contact area Stainless steel embossed structure Material Oil hardens and accumulates. ~ ~ (2) water- and oil-repellent, non-adhesive materials PFAS(PTFE,PFA) Ceramic HDPE Material/Coating Coating ~ Material ~ ~ ~ 60 / 61 Appendix 1-2 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) *PFAS and PE are according to the above-mentioned property table. SUS and ceramics are summarized by the author of this section based on multiple documents. In terms of technology in the practical stage, PFAS is superior in all items except durability. Since the required performance differs depending on the type of food and the factory environment, means other than PFAS may be selected. However, it is clear from the above table that substitution is not possible in all cases, which is the reason why exclusion is necessary. Also, the determination of substitutability must be tried in all cases using actual food in a real working environment, which is why the substitution period is necessary. Instrument example (Weigher for food industries) Figure 61 Example of oil accumulation (Food contact part is a flat stainless steel without coating) Example of stainless steel embossed structure 61 / 61