Document JJ126koroOOOXG5k4ZMzzYK42
EVALUATION OF EXPOSURE TO ASaESTOS DURXNC MIXING ANO SAND INC OF JOINT CONFOUNDS
CTPSUM ASSOCIATION Deavr, Colorado
Koveober-lS, 1973
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orevaluation
Exrosuse to asszstos puking
HII1NG AND SANDING or JOINT COMPOUNDS
-i --,
CTPSUN ASSOCIATION Denver, Colorado'
iUTROODCTIOH
The Cypsua Association retained George fi. Clayton and Associate* co conduct an Leduatrlol hygiene survey at a Celt etc located is Danver, Colorado. The purpose of the survey ves to determine the eon* centraelans of airborne esheaeee to which workers were exposed durlag to lx lag end sending of joint sisist compounds end to lotsrprst the results in terms of potential health hazards with particular refer ence to regulations promulgated under authority of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. This study was conducted oo November 19, 1973 by Mr. Robert 0* Soule of Clayton and Assoctatos. Results of chat study era reported hereto.
, BACK CROCNT)
The cypsua Association, located at 160S Orrington Avenue in Evanston,
Illinois is a trade association which represents tea co fifteen in
dustrial companies which are engaged In the manufacture of product#
gUVf je
Incorporating gypsum or gypsum-like materials. As with most indus
trial concerns, the activities of the Cypaum Association have bseoae
more bread with the passage and implementation of federal regulations
such as the Metal and Non-Katalli Mina Safety Act and the Oeeupa-
Clonal Safety and Health Act. Teehnietl committees composed of per
sonnel from companies comprising, the Gypsum Association have been es
T
tablished with particular lncaraac to the occupational safety end health field. Of particular concert In this respect'wss the poten
tial hasard associated with exposure of worker# to `airborne asbestos
during mixing and aandlng of compound wood to coal cracks and Joints
formed during installation of wallboard materiel. Although the Spe
cific formulae ions used by ths various companies manufacturing and '
supplying the joint compound vary,it is understood that essentially
all of them incorporate asbestos in ths produet whether as a dry com
pound or a ready-mix produce.
,,
In order to evaluate the expaeor of worker* to asbeatea during han
dling and use of the Joint compound products, the Gypsum Assseletlos decided to undertake a test program during which aevaral products
would be mixed and sanded. George 0* Clayton and Associates was re tained to collect and analyse samples which would represent the ex posure of workers engaged in the study. The teats ware performed oo . Novambor 19, 1973 it a davalopmaac of tewnhaueea known es Xing* s Mill Townheusss, which wore under construction in a suburban area north srf Denver, Colorado.
POTENTIAL HEALTH KAZAKH ASSOCIATES
'
t with fcxroitnu to asbestos
Asbestos la o generic term .Cerrtng to various mlnsrol silicates Ths types used mast widely la Industrial applications ineluda chryso- tile, of Hvhlco asbastes** (a. hydrated magnesium olllcate), issi Ite, _
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or "grey asbestos" (an iron nagnes las tlllcm), croc ldoii tiTlr^
"blue asbostos" < ladlua Iron iilletc), eremeltt* (* etleiua mag
nesium sillest*}, and tathophytllei {anathir iron aigBiaitto ill*
eate) . Of
ehryiot lie iceeusti for over 90 per coot of the
__ total usage of ubeitei in this country, with amoslta and eroctdo-
llte being Che only ocher cypoe uitd to eoy sigeiftease extent.
'Asbestos exists eaturally In bundles of ettzuely fine fiber* .which *
can he subdivided e nelly into easy a seller fibers. The potential
health betted associated vlth exposure to ubeitei le that of inhsls-
cion of airborne fibers resulting in'* type of pneusoeonieela referred
to aa "asbastosis." Snell eaheeto* fiber* eer pass raadlly through
the upper respiratory tract and ha dapoaitad in the terminal bronehl-
olee of the lung. Thera, they produce a local irritation which the
body acccspts to overcoat by initiating a tissue reopense resulting
in the encapsulation of the fibers and consequent fornation of "as*
bestos bodies.M Zf sufficient quantities of fibers are inhaled over
sn extended pgr led of cine, a generalirad diffusa peribronchiolar
fibrosis can davslop. This pulmonary fibrosis can impair chi trans
fer of xygte ssre*g the sveolar ncebrifiei end resale is rsspli*eety
ioauflcincis, or even cardiac failure. It Has bean determined,
through toxicological and epidemiological studies, that long fibers*
20 to 50 sictoaetera in length, are most active In the production olf
the fibrosis. Fibers charter then about two aicroe&ears in length,
sea practically without an Irritating efface. There Is some evidence
that other ninerals having fibrous characteristics can produce simi
lar raactions.
:
Kany recent studies have indicated an association between exposure
to asbestos la both industrial and urban atmospheres end an Increase
in e relatively rare type of lung eaneer `known as mesothelioma. Al
though It he* not been possible to eitabllsh a connection with esbea-
toe in all eases.of this disease, chare is a strong correlation be
tween exposure ts croeldolita and occurrence of mesotheliomas. Other
types ef asbestos have base implicated to a much lesser extant"; HbO=
- ever, this "new hasard" has received much public attention because
it has been suggested that very minimal, oen-oecupstional oxpoeura -- --
_c_sn be sufficieot to produce the disease la soma individuals..
*
Fr many years the Anar lean Conference af Governmental -Indus trial Hy gienists has recommended a threshold limit vslua (TLV> of five mil lion particles pet eubie foot of air (mppef) tor ell types of asbes tos-bearing dusts containing less than one percent cryacalline all ice.. The threshold limit velae is defined as the concentration of an air borne aenttaineBt to which it is believed that nearly all workers nan be exposed for astiausns and repeated work days without axperieaelog adverse effects. Tha XLf of five mppef was baaed on the lapinger earnpling technique which via selected as tha standard method in the early ' epidemiological studiaa of eeewnaclonal exposure to asbestos. - With this method, air la drawn ehre* an Implager containing sstsr and the total particlas {both grains and fibers) in am aliquot of the sample,are esuntad aaimg ilghe-iiald aieroaeopie teebniquea.
Vithla raesne yaara.. because of the imavaasimg esneera about aabascoa in eh* environment and tbs resulting need for a more relevant sam pling method, tha American Conference of Governmental Xndmatrini
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Hygienists Ha proposed * TLV of five fibers (greeter thl aeesrs in length) pet cubic centimeter of air. This standard is bated on the membrane filter technique with eetutl microscopic fiber count* ing at 100-4SQX magnificat Ion using phase contrast illumination.
The Occupation*! Safety end Health Administration (OSHA) has eatsb-
liehed the above eoncentration (five fibers, greater than five micro
meter* In length, par cubic centimeter of air) aa an emergency tesnd-
ard and have aonouneed that, effeetlva July 1, 1976, the etp:;hU
Unit for aa clgbt-hju?. time-weighted average exposure will be rr*
isiti
:r: fliers
1- afiislrn. .*j3i has ssraiJisief
**?=*
ccaeratton ef tan fibara ifraatar than five micrometers in length)
par cubic centimeter of air as an acceptable calling eoneentrartea.
Corkers shall not be exposed .to cane a acre? lane of asbestos in excess
of this value, regardless of duration of exposure.
SAKFLXHC AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
The air sampling conducted to evaluate exposures of workers to aebes*
cos wee all of the "braething sons" type. These camples were col
lected by drawing air through 37-*n diameter membrane filters (Hii1i-
pore Type AA) at a rate of about eve liters per minute using small, -
battery-operated pumps (Min# Safety Appliances company. Model C). The r
sampling units were worn by the workers engaged In either mixing or
sanding the joint compound; the pump was attached to the belt and
the sampler head f astansd on the suti ide of the worker `a shirt at
approximate breathing sene height. Thus, these samples were repre- r
tentative of the time-weighted average conditions to which the men *
were exposed during the sampling period* The sampling head constated
ef a three piece cassette (Ktllipora) ; during sampling the face cap
wee renewed and the filter vat used in an "open, face- mode, with the
filter poaitloned slightly downward to as co minimise dait falling
d.lrect ly onto the filter .
-
. Sampling was conducted for the entire duration of the mixing opera
tions but because of the higher anticipated eonceneracieas aesoci-
' seed with sanding of the joint compounds it was decided to change
filters approximately every tan minutes* Sampling during the sand
ing on the various Joint compounds was conducted ever total otriod
ef sixty minutes* Therefore six consecutive tea-minute samples were
obtained for each sending test'. In addition to the ten-einute tests,
samples were collected over thirty-minute periods as well, 1e., two
eonseeutiyjt ID-minute samples for each sandidg cent. After eellee-
,
tion of each sample the filter cap wee replaced and the cassette, or
sampler head, wee seeled immediately end prepared for transfer to .the
analytical laboratory*
The method of counting aebestes fthere wee essentially the same as
that used by efca II. S. Public Health Service for the eewmevetion. of
asbeetee dust on msmhrans fUteri , The description of this method first appeared in an ertleie written by g.M. Edwards end J.l. Lynchand appeared la the Annate ef Qc.- national Hvtfi^r Volvo* 1, pages 3-d C19dS> .
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H '* 4 * la *ttary, the method consisted o( eh* following steps
PLAINTIFF'S
exhibit
JJk37C5)
A pie-shaped section of etch sample vat Bounced oo a standard itcioiespe tilde uilsg t high viieotlty solution of membrsn* filler la a i:i sixtun of disthyl oxalate and dimethyl phthalete eo reader the filter trestpareat. The aabeatoa fiber* which were ea the surface of the filter vert thea counted ** In*
a 10X eyepiece end e 4OX objective vlth phase coacraat illv.~iaeCloa.
A nunbar of fields, eelected ct random Acres* the sample, "*fteleae to reveal mlntsun of 100 fiber* were examined aad fiber* greeter than five micrometers la length were counted. Any pare!ele hiving an aspect retie of three or greeter v* eonldered to be a fiber. Although it vi conceivable that there would be fibere of paper or other material* present on the fil ter* which would have bees dislodged from the vallboard during the sending operation it did not appear Chet these were of any adverse consequence during the analysis of the samples. Although ' It Is realised thee the counting technique le net specific la serai of being able to Identify the chemical nature of the fibers present in the unple, all of the fibers observed in these earn- - pies appeared to have physical feature* cher act eristic of esbas-^.
toe fibers.
For those samples collected over a thirty-minute period, and
vhtch were too heavily loaded to evaluate directly under the
.
microscope, the collected material on the filters wee dislodged *
in a highly purified distilled voter bath using an ultrasonic
unit (Dynasontc Csrporscioo, Model C6 generator aad Model Ti
teak) end diluted to one liter. An aliquot of the resulting
suspension was drawn, passed through membrane filter (Mi111-
pore Type BA} end via then `analysed according to the procedure
described above.
.
F&XSEHTATXOtf OF RESULTS
A total of four Joint compound produces were used during this study. These produces (two dry mix end two "reedy mix") were supplied by ' two niBufaceurers vhosa identities were not known to the investiga tor. The produces war* identified by code (26, 2&, AS and 4R), a number referring to the supplier sod the letter Indicating whether the produce was e "dry" or "ready-six" compound.
The resultI of the sanpliag program conducted during the mixing of
the eve dry mis products and sanding teat* on all four Joint com
pounds arc presented la Tables l through XV. Examination.of these
date ctvselsthe following*
"
1. During mixing of Joint'-ompouod 2D, the worker was exposed
to e concentres ion of
fibers, greeter than five micro
meters in length, per *-ie centimeter of air.
2. The amount of total particulate generated during the send ing operation o Joint Compound 2D we* so greet that direct
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taalyili of the t en-ninuce s asp let we
|?8111H t. A fuel
7*li of the tblrcy-ainut* unpin, which vert redcposited.
Indicated en Average esaccstracies ot 394 fiber.*, greater
theft live Blercaeter* la length,per cubic ccntlneter of air
3 The result! of analysing four of the sir ttn-nlftutc samples collected during sending on Joint Compound 21 indicated an average coscencratlee of 4.2 fibers per cubic c*aCietr; ' two of the samples wore toe heavily loaded to analyse di rectly. Results of analysis of ths two thirty-minute ' secplas collected during the sending on Joint Compound 2R lodi* catod so average concentration of 11*1'fibers par cubic can* ttaster, e factor of ever 2.2 Claes as high ea the average
obtained free anelyals of the tan-alautc sample*.
4. The sasple obtained during the nixing of Joint Compound 40 indicated a conceaerstioe of 7.4 fibers, greater than five sicroeecer* In length, per cubic centimeter of air.
5. Result* of eealysing four of the sis ten-minute sample* eel-
letted during the sanding on Joint Compound 40 indicated ea
average concent ret ion of 4.4 fibers per cubic ccstiesccr, _
Analysis of the two shif ty-salauet ssepleS, which were sub- ^
jetted to ths redepositlng procedure, indicated an average r
csscsaSretion ' 14,4 fiber* per cubic centimeter, a factor
of 3.4 times es high a* results obtained Iron the ten-uinute
sanples.
'#
6. The results of analysis of five of the six samples obtained
during the sending on Joint Compound 4% indicated an aver
age concentration of 10.8 fibers per cubic centimeter Re
sults of analysis of eha two thircy-alnute sasple* indicated
an average concentration of 9,7 fibers per cubic centItsecer,
a value essentially the same as that obtained from analysis
of the tiB*ainats samples.
-
7. Sir of the thirteen ten-alnoca samples obtained during sand
ing oa sb* four joint coapeunda indicated tssetetrstiess is
' "excess of five ffbars per cubit ecutlatter. goth mlgittg
operations generated ashes toe concentrations in excess of
five fibers per cubic centlBetec.
.
S. . Two of the thirteen tan-aiaute aaaples collected during the
seeding easts indicated concentrations in excess of ten
,
fibers per cubic coatlaeter, the eeceptablt ceiling eoncan-
tretiee. One of the tvo mixing operations generated an as*
beseoa-in-eir eoncentraeloa In arenas of ten fibers per cubic
esacistur .
9. Of the four products : stead, sending on 2t end 4D resulted
in cooeentretlons lees then, but approachins, the current
acceptable limit for ebntInuout" expeeure at vtrksra, five
fibers per cubic ecati&bter. Product 4i coneistenely pro
duced very high cancan;: rations of total dust whleb obscured
the asbestos ftbero on the tsapUs,
.
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: PLAINTIFF'S
( EXHIBIT I &33121
CONCLUSIONS
The follow log conclusions are presented on the bull of observations aod aeaiureoieti boda durlog the study reported her*to.
1# Sale! on tbe teiulci of the ten-minute laaplct, It 1 appar
ent that the axpeaurai of workers engaged la mixing d end-
" lag of the various Joint compounds used during this tear would
he to concentrations approaching or exceeding five flhara,
greater than five micrometers in length, per cubic centimeter
of air.
.
2. It is clear that parsons engaged in the stating and sending of joist eoapounds siollar to those used during this test would
he exposed to eoneentretlone of airborne atbeste* in excess of .two fibers per cubic centimeter during the entire course of their work. This value is the proposed acceptable Halt for an eight-hour time-weighted average exposure to asbestos which is scheduled to become affective July 1, 1S76.
3.
-
With the exception of the tests conducted during sending on . joint compound 4E the result* of analysis of the thirty-sin- ' ute staples, .using the redepo#lelon technique, 'were consist ently higher then those obtained by direst analysis of the ten-minute .samples by a factor of 2?l/2 to 3-1/2. Therefore, it appears Chet use of tbe radeposltion technique would re - . suit in the apparent concentrations of asbestos la air being
higher then actually present -and would thecefora str on the "conservative" side.
*
4. Discounting the results obtained by analysis of the thirty . minute samples, for vhieb the redepositioe technique was uaad, three of the samples collected (mixing of 20 and sand ing se 4R) indieatad soneencratione in oxoosa of tan fibers par sublo sentInetar aod are therefore a eeneern ee peek exposures. With these exceptions, the problem le one of con trolling the eiac-wolghted average exposures of workers .to
--------asbestos .--In that respect,--it must be pointed-nut that thn - sampling results reported herein ate ladicstlva of the expo sures of workers during the mixing or seeding operations end not their time-weighted everege expoeure for a full workday.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The results of sampling reported herein should be analysed in conjunction with a study of the work practices and routine of
- parsons engaged in mixing, ir.ileg or otherwise being exposed, to Joint compounds similar to >oee used in this study. In thl# way a true evaluation of the 11 me-weightmd average exposure of ouch workers to asbestos esn be made. It it la true that, as reported by workers used during- this teat, it would be unlikely for an individual to mix os eanv on thn joint compounds for greater than two Honrs per workday, them the time-weighted`ever-
` mg* exposure of each workers to asbestos likely would be wiebie eceepteble linlts. Of course, tbe problem of controlling ey
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exposures to blo tan {(bin per cubic centimeter would BCill
bivi ca b* contended with.
-
.2 ?rsi che standpoint of being able to eliminate or oinimlen the
___ problem of excessive eonceatratloot of asbestos being generated
by baadliog and uaa of the joint compounds, eonsideratioe ahould
b* e given to the following aspe" cts,
__
a. Tha moat affactive aeaai of aliaiaatlng the aabactoa prob* 1 am obviousiy would ba to eliminate aebeetae from thajoint compound formulations if this la feasible*. Although the tpi* elfic role that aabeacoa plays is the joint compound formu1 at iona la not clear it la understood that manufacturer a of
Joint compounds coaatdar it nssoeesry that aebeetoc ba in the formulae lone.
b. Prom an engineering standpoint, It may be necessary to implemeet the following otcturti ia conjunction with mixing and tending of the Joint compounds containing asbestos.
1. .
Mixing of the Joint compounds mould bo done in such way thee the material is mere affectively wetted as It is removed from the containers or could bo done within an enclosure, with or without mechanical ventilation, so aa to minimis* the amount of asbestos Ibara rsleased into the breathing rone of the workers.
if. Although the results of tha air sampling repotted herein
indicate concentration* ef asbestos fibers ia excess of
acceptable limits, either Chose currently enforced or
those proposed te be made effective ia July, 1976, It
vta obvious dnrlag tbs .study ehse the sanding process is
general baa associated with it exposure of tha worker to
tremendously high concentrations of total dust. There
fore* if means were Implemented to maintain the exposure
of the workers to total partleulata to within acceptable
limits there would be aa inherent control of the asbestos
______problem _ wsjl. ^Although jsesra excaniHwa in nature, en
gineering contrel'~of the total *'du*c"generated by* the sand
ing operations is feasibla. gush control techniques would
include, but not ha Halted te, tha use of a wee sanding
technique end/or use of e portable local exhaust ventila
tion system incorporating, aa the air moving device, a
unit similar to common industrial vacuum el earners and bag
collectors.
...
The next phase of the tooting program to control workers1 expo
. suras to asbestos during use of the Joint essssc compounds logi
cally would ba evaluations of the various potential engineering"
control concepts indicated or interred above*
-
Robert 0. Soul*, P.g. Vice-President, Industrial Hygiene Services
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