Document JD0wa3OzxR6pjj0myB6gYeke

216 CHAPTER 12 1948 Guide -1 `-"Physiological Response,of Subjects Exposed to High Effective Temperatures and Elevated Mean' Radiant Temperatures, by C/M. Humphreys, Oscar Imaiis and Carl Gutberlet (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Healing, Piping & Air Conditioning, March, 1946, p. 101). 15 --Life. Heat'and Altitude; by David B. Dill (Harvard University PresS, Cambridge, 1938). ,6-"The Upper Limits of Environmental Heat and Humidity Tolerated by Acclimatized Men Working in Hot Environments, by Ludwig W. Eichna. William F. Ashe, William B. Bean and Walter B. Shelley (The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 27, March. 1945, p. 59). J7--A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No.. 1188--Local Cooling of Workers in'Hot Industry, by F. C. Houghten, M. B. Federber and Carl Gutberlet (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 47, 1941, p. 403). iA.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 673--Determination of the Comfort Zone, by F. C. Houghten and C. P. Yaglou (A.S.H.V.E.' Transactions, Vol. 29, 1923, p. 361). A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 691--Cooling Effect on Human Beings Produced by Various Air Velocities, by F. C. Houghten andC. P. Yaglou (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 30, 1924, p. 193). A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 717- Effective Temperature with Clothing, by C. P. Yaglou and W. E. Miller (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 31, 1925, p. 89), A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 755--Effective Temperature for Persons Lightly Clothed and Working in Still Air, by F. C. Houghten, W. W. Teague and W. E. Miller (A.S.H.V.E. Trans* actions, Vol. 32. 1926, p. 315). How to Use the-Effective Temperature Index and Comfort Charts, by C. P. Yaglou, W. H. Carrier, Dr. E. V. Hill, F. C. Houghten and J. H. Walker (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 38, 1932, p. 410). ' - I--A.S.H.V.E. Research.Report No.'1196--Comfort.with Summer Air Conditioning, by Thomas Chester, N. D. Adams, C. R. Bellamy, G. D. Fife, E. P. Heckel, Dr. W. J. McConnell. F. C. McIntosh, A. B. Newton, B. F. Raber and C. Tasker. (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 107). 2--Conditions for Comfort, by C..S. Leopold (A.S.H-V.E. Journal Section, Beating, Piping and Air Conditioning, June, 1947, p. 117)* A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1102-^-Shock Experiences.of 275 Workers After Entering and Leaving Cooled and Air Conditioned Offices, by A. B. Newton. F. C. Houghten, Carl Gutberlet, R. W, -Qualley aiuPM.-C-' W. Tomlinson-(A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, VoL 44, 1938, p. 571). - 22~A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1055--Cooling Requirements for Summer Comfort Air Con ditioning,-by- F. C. Houghten, F; E. Giesecke, C. Tasker and Carl Gutberlet (A.S.H.V.E.* Transactions, Vol. 43, 1937, p. 145); .- A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1012--Study of SummerCooling in the.Research Residencefor the Summer of-1934. by A. P. Kratz, S. Konzo, M. K. Fahnestock and E.-L. Broderick (A.S.H.V.E. Trans actions, Vol/41, 1935. p. 207). : *4"A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. -755--Effective Temperature for Persons Lightly Clothed and Working in Still Air, by F. C. Houghten. -W. W. Teague-and W. E. Miller (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 32. 1926. f>. 315). - *5--Application of-Air Conditioning to Premature Nurseries in Hospitals, by C. P. .Yaglou, Philip Drinker and K. D. Blackfan (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions^ Vol. 36, 1930, p. 383). Chapter 13 AIR CONDITIONING IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE Control of Airborne Infection, Value of Air Cooling Under Tropical Conditions, Treatment of Disease, Operating Rooms, Nurseries for Premature Infants, Fever Therapy, Cold Therapy, Allergic Disorders, Oxygen Therapy, General Hospital Air Conditioning THE late war has caused an increase of interest in the preventive aspects of air conditioning. It has re-emphasized the importance of the control of airborne infection and has demonstrated the value of air cooling under tropical conditions for the prevention of heat rash, for promoting proper rest and sleep, and in the convalescence of patients. CONTROL OF AIRBORNE INFECTION Any program of air sanitation is influenced by a number of factors. In the winter months, the closing of doors, windows and other means of access to the outside air to conserve warmth as well as the crowding of persons indoors provides conditions conducive to a. high incidence of contagion. This seasonal phenomenon, illustrated in Fig. 1 which represents a study made by die U. S. Public Health Service, will concern the ventilating engineer in so far as air quality, determined by tempera ture, humidity, air replenishment and type of air movement and by freedom from contamination, is a major intrinsic factor. Apart from the seasonal picture of airborne contagion are such extrinsic factors as rate of turnover of personnel and the marked susceptibility of the recruit in comparison with permanent personnel1 as shown in Fig. 2 by studies of military personnel housed in barracks. These extraneous variables and , the factor of contact infection (direct spray) tend to. complicate any evaluation of the effectiveness of air sanitation for elimination of micro organisms in droplet-nuclei and droplet-dust. Thus, control measures may eliminate consistently 90 per cent of airborne organisms in laboratory tests, but cannot effect a decrease in actual incidence of infection ex ceeding 30 per cent. Thirty per cent may be the maximal reduction in infection possible by air treatment methods. The distinction should be clearly drawn, therefore, between the effectiveness of a procedure in laboratory tests and its effectiveness and applicability in actually reducing the incidence of airborne disease. The following, sequence of events has been postulated as occurring in a large proportion of intra-ward infections: (a) ejection of relatively large protected infective particles from patients, (6) rapid venting bisettling of these particles so that those remaining airborne are in low concentration, (c) survival of infective partiejes to permit the accumu lation of high concentrations on surfaces, (d) repeated reintroduction of infective particles into the air under the stimulus of ward activities or by air currents of the order of 50 fpm over the floor, and (e) extension of infective areas by air turbulence throughout the ward or hospital. The most important link in this probable infection chain has been demon strated to be the reintrodiiction of particles into the air 2. Intensive studies on air disinfection have indicated two distinct control .................... ............ 217