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1 SC-ASHVE-005 St. Louis Public Library American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Heating ventilating air conditioning guide. VOL 5 192 St 628.8 AMERICAN 21718 76009 g:.V l - 9724KK This Book Shall Not Be Taken From The Library. k! American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide 1926-27 Containing Design and Specification Data Useful in . the Planning and Construction of Modern Heating and Ventilating Installations^-- Prepared from the ' Society's Transactions--Investigations of Its Research Laboratory -- and the Practice of Its Members TOGETHER WITH A Manufacturers' Catalog Data Section Containing Essen tial and Reliable Facts Concerning Modern Equipment AND A Consulting Service Section for Engineers also The Roll of Membership of the Society with Complete Index of Technical and Catalog Data Vol. 5 $3.00 Per Volume 972466 Published Annually by . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 29 West 39TH Street New York / Copyright, 1926 by , American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Printed and Bound by The Horn-Shafer Company BALTIMORE MARYLAND 1 1??. 628.8 PREFACE PROGRESS has been made each year in making a worthwhile con tribution toward the dissemination of knowledge about heating and ventilating engineering and the Society's latest effort is The Guide, 1926-27 which is the fifth of these annual editions for engineers, archi tects, contractors and others who are desirous of having a complete knowledge of the heating and ventilating art. This fifth edition of The Guide is by far the most comprehensive in the scope, value and usefulness of its data and contains the latest infor mation on modern equipment. To compile this volume of scientific and useful facts the experience of the Society's members the results of its Research Laboratory investigations, and the work of others has been drawn upon and combined with established standard data in a simple, convenient and practical form for reference. In the growth of The Guide much new data has been added so that on its fifth anniversary it is notable that the Technical Data Section has been substantially increased, with data on entirely new subjects, many drawings have been added and the remaining data revised and brought up-to-the-minute. With new developments in the profession and industry now indicated constant changes in our standards will occur. Those things which appear for the first time in The Guide, 1926-27 are: a recommended standard set of symbols for drawings, chapters on greenhouse heating, hot blast heating, drying, mechanical draft, use of ozone in ventilation, data on building insulation and brief references to new radiator developments. Extensive revisions and additions have been made to the sections on steam heating, water supply systems, gas heating, oil heating, insulation, the ventilation section and the chapters on heating boilers and human comfort have been entirely rewritten. All of this material has been cross-indexed in a comprehensive manner making this edition of greater usefulness to the user. , In connection with the MANUFACTURERS'-CATALOG DATA SECTION a more determined effort has been made to carry out the . original idea of having this data as free as possible from all unnecessary selling talk and to present therein only such technical information and instructions concerning each item of apparatus referred to as is of the greatest practical value to both the user and manufacturers,- of this apparatus. . While desiring to provide the engineer, architect, contractor, estimator, purchasing agent and draftsman with a complete, convenient--and ~ reliable' reference data book on modern heating and ventilating practice and equipment, The Guide Publication Committee finds that as progress is made in the industry, changes will be necessary and each GUIDE WILL represent the best known engineering practice at the time of publication. As in the case of the first edition issued in 1922, the second edition published in 1923 and the third designated 1924-25, the fourth in 1925-26 this fifth edition for 1926-27 has extended and simplified much of the technical data with the idea of assisting the engineer, architect and contractor in designing and producing the most effective installations for heating and ventilating various types of buildings. In every case the various chapters are the product of one or more specialists, nearly all members of the Society and revisions have generally been made by the original authors. Publications of the Society, as well as other sources of information, have been drawn upon for some material and credit has been given in each case. - , ` . Great care has been taken to maintain a logical arrangement of. data in order that it may be most useful and as in the cases of the four previous editions all Catalog Data have been carefully edited in an effort to eliminate exaggerated statements or claims; ' No effort has been spared in compiling data for the improvement of this Fifth Edition of THE GUIDE and the helpful, suggestions of its users are gratefully acknowledged, as they have made it possible for this volume to become the standard reference work in our field, thereby performing a needed and valuable service in the advancement of the science. . . . > The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers having for its purpose the advancement of the arts and sciences iif its fields dedicated this volume to the service of the Industry and hopes that a closer contact between the maker and user of equipment will result in improved service to the country at large. .. ' THE GUIDE for 1926-27 is released with the sincere hope that it \ , will again perform a worthwhile service in advancing the ideals of modern Heating and Ventilating. Guide Publication Committee '. , Perry West, Chairman J A. R. Acheson J. E. Bolling L. A. Harding C. V. Haynes E. V. Hill . S. R. Lewis W. J. McConnell C. L. Riley A. C. Willard C. P. Yaglou . ` . 'i ; ' . ; V'---'--A- r f. * ` .. , t. j i IV Qontents ~ Page Preface............................................................................................................................................... "j Code of Ethics.........................................................................................................;........ :............ v" Heating Section.................................. i...................... 1-196 Chapter 1. Chapter IL Chapter III. Chapter IV. Chapter V. Chapter VI. Chapter VII. Chapter VIII. Chapter IX. Chapter X. Chapter XI. Chapter XII. Chapter XIII. Chapter XIV. Heat Losses from Buildings..................................................................... 5 Heating by Radiation........................-....................................................... 33 Steam Heating Systems...:......................................................................... 53 Systems and Piping for Hot Water Heating...................................... 75 Greenhouse Heating Systems................................................................... 89 Water Supply Systems and Piping........................................................ 99 Steam and Hot Water Heating Boilers--................................-........ 107 Code for Testing Low-Pressure Steam Heating Boilers................ 115 Pumps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment................................ 125 Warm-Air Furnace Heating...................................................................... 143 Oil Fuel for Industrial and Domestic Heating....:............................ 163 Gas Heating.............................................................................................. -- 169 Automatic Heat Control................-.................................................. -..... 177 Insulation..................... .'..................................................... :.......................... 187 Ventilation Section............................................ 197-296 Chapter XV. Chapter XVI. Chapter XVII. Chapter XVIII. Chapter XIX. Chapter XX. Chapter XXI. Chapter XXII. ' Chapter XXIII. Chapter XXIV. Chapter XXV. Chapter XXVI. Ventilation..........................................................................---................... 197 The Hill Synthetic Air Chart................................-.............................. - 209 How Temperature, Humidity and Air Motion Affect Human Comfort.................. ..................................=..................................................... 215 Systems of Ventilation..................................................,.......................... 227 Design and Construction of Air Ducts......................................;........ 239 Air Washers and Filters................ -.......................................................... 245 Air Conditioning and Cooling...................:........................................... 249 Drying....... ................................-................................................................... 261 Ozone in Ventilation........ .......................... -............................................. 265 Exhaust and Collecting Systems............................................. .............. 273 Mechanical Draft................................... -.................................................. 285 Ventilators and Natural Ventilation.................................................... -289 ' Consulting Service Section...........-.................. ' 297-302 Catalog Data Section...........................;........ . 303-580 Manufacturers' Catalog Data........................................................................................... 303 Index to Technical Data Section (p. 1-296).......... ................................... -................ 557 Index to Modern Equipment.............................................................. ..................... -.......-...... 563 Index to Advertisers.........................................................................................................-........ 577 Roll of Membership.......... ............................ -............ 1-56 Officers and Council--1926-27.............................................. -...............-.................r------Officers of Local Chapters--1926- 27...................................... ........................... -..... ...... Alphabetical List.................................................................................:....................................... Summary of Membership............. .......................:............................... -.................................... Geographical List.---................................ -.................................... ................-..... -....... -............ Past Officers.................................................................................... 2 4 43 44 53 CODE of ETHICS for ENGINEERS NGINEERING work has become an increasingly important factor E in the progress of civilization and in the welfare of the community. The engineering profession is held responsible for the planning, construc tion and operation of such work and is entitled to the position and authority which will enable it to discharge this responsibility and to render effective service to humanity. That the dignity of their chosen profession may be maintained; it is the duty of all engineers to conduct themselves according to the principles of the following Code of Ethics: J--The engineer will carry on his professional work in a spirit of fairness to employees and contractors, fidelity to clients and employers, loyalty to his country and devotion to high ideals of courtesy and personal honor. 2-- He will refrain from associating himself with or allowing the use of his name by an enterprise of questionable character. 3-- He will advertise, only in a dignified manner, being careful to avoid misleading statements. ' 4-- He will regard as confidential any information obtained by him as to -v<J the business affairs and technical methods or processes of a client or employer. 6--He will inform a client or employer of any business connections, interests or affiliations which might influence his judgment or impair the disinterested quality of his services. 6-- He will refrain from using any improper or questionable methods of soliciting professional work and will decline to pay or to accept com missions for securing such work. 7-- He will accept compensation, financial or otherwise, for a particular service, from one source only, except with the full knowledge and consent of all interested parties. 8-- He will not use unfair means to win professional advancement or to injure the chances of another engineer to secure and hold employment. 9-- He will cooperate in upbuilding the engineering profession by exchang ing general information and experience with his fellow engineers and a students of engineering and also by contributing to work of engineering societies, schools of applied science and the technical press. 10--He will interest himself in the public welfare in behalf of which he will be ready to apply his special knowledge, skill and training for the use and benefit of mankind. VII ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide 1926-27 . PART I HEATING ALTHOUGH there are many ways of heating buildings the results required are the same no matter what method is used, namely to provide enough heat to compensate for the losses from the structure and maintain an adequate temperature for healthful living or working conditions. Recognizing that uniform practice in the design of heating systems and some standards in the installation of the necessary piping and equipment are desirable the Society has undertaken the compilation of the most practical information available on the subject for the use of architects, engineers, contractors, students, etc., and for this data has drawn upon the experience of its members, the results of its ResearchLaboratory investigations, reports of its technical committees, the Transactions and other reliable sources. Heating, like any other service, depends largely upon conditions to be met and the quality of service required. The capacity of a heating system is generally based upon the most severe conditions of outside temperatures and wind velocities to be found in a .particular locality. Its design should be governed by the character of the building, the purpose to which it is devoted, the period during which it is to be occupied and the reasonable and most practical methods for operating the heating system should be taken into consideration by the engineer. ' Attention is called in this connection to the following: . < That the average winter requirements (extending over a period of about 200 days in the colder climates and 150 days in the milder climates) are about 40 per cent, in the colder climates and about.60 per cent in the milder climates, of the requirements generally estimated for the most severe winter conditions, also that these severe conditions exist for just a few dayseach season. The load factor of a heating system averages from 40 to 60 per cent of the maximum and is considerably below this during a large part of the heating season. Then a heating system designed for maximum conditions will be 1 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 operating under a comparatively low load factor for the greater part of the time and may be correspondingly inefficient and uneconomical, unless properly designed to meet these conditions. In the smaller plants this is hard to overcome without either having a plant too large for economy or too small to heat up in a reasonable time. This is sometimes attempted by having the normal capacity of steam boilers about 60 per cent of that required for maximum conditions which provides for their average operation at about normal capacity and at corresponding overloads for the maximum conditions. In order to make this successful the boiler plant must be adapted to operate successfully on at least 50 per cent overload for short periods.. In larger plants the boilers may be divided into two or three units, so that one unit may be operated during mild weather, one or two units during average weather and the entire plant during extreme weather which arrange ment is ideal for flexibility and economy. Another important design problem is to bring the building up to its working tempera ture. This is a general requirement for buildings that are not heated over night, or which are used periodically and not heated during the time that they are not used. Recent tests have indicated that from 10 to 20 per cent more fuel is required for main taining normal working temperatures in office buildings throughout the 24 hours than is ordinarily required for maintaining working temperatures throughout the day and allowing the heat to be shut off during the time that the building is not in use. It may be assumed that other classes of buildings would show similar results. In office buildings, factories and. other work places, it is not generally considered so necessary to have the temperature up to normal at the beginning of the working period as it is in schools, churches, theatres and other places of assemblage where the occupants are sitting still, and for this reason the relative capacity of the heating system may be less. In school buildings and other buildings where the heating of the air for ventilation is a large part of the load, this factor may be greatly reduced by recirculating the air during the heating up period, so that while the entire normal average load on/the building may be from two to three times as much for heating the air as for supplying the direct radiation the heating-up load for the air may be reduced to from one-half to one-third of its normal value, so that the total load may not be more than twice the direct radiation load. * By continuous recirculation for the ventilation, arranged to vary the amount of .air taken in from the outside from 100 per cent at an outside temperature of 55 deg. to 25 per cent at an outside temperature of 0 deg. the boiler capacity required for heating the air may be held practically constant at about 25 per cent of that required for UK) per cent of 0 deg. air from the outside. . . The load factor of the average heating plant is such that the total heat-required per month will vary according to the following, when measured in percentage of the total heat required for the season: October November December January February March April 7% 12% 17% 20% !8%.' 16% io%~ All of these points are covered in the chapters which follow outlining the current practice in determining the heat losses from buildings, selecting the proper size radiators, the correct pipe size, an adequate boiler, explaining the principles of design for a steam, hot water or warm air system, heating with oil or gas, temperature control methods and methods of insulation. ' In making plans for heating and ventilating, systems the following symbols for drawings are recommended: 2 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 -- -- -- -- --------------------- High pressure steam supply pipe Low pressure steam supply pipe ' Hot water pipe--flow Return pipe--steam or water Air vent line Hh u GH----Gi-- . -X- -<f- Flanges Screwed Union Elbow Elbow--looking up Elbow--looking'down Tee Tee--looking up .= Tee--looking down . . 4- -Ab m- Gate valve Globe valve Angle valve Angle valve--stem perpendicular 4--A- Lock shield valve -Ph Check valve -tty- Reducing valve a a Diaphragm valve . .. Oh Diaphragm valve--stem perpendicular 3 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Thermostat V H Radiator trap elevation Radiator trap--plan a cn S C---- 3 O Expansion joint Column radiator--plan ' a Column radiator--elevation Wall radiator--plan d Wall radiator--elevation 8 Pipe coil--plan Pipe coil--elevation . Indirect radiator--plan 0 Indirect radiator--elevation 0 0 Supply duct--section Exhaust duct--section Butterfly damper--plan (or elevation) -t.1- Butterfly damper-elevation (or plan) Deflecting damper square pipe Vanes , Air supply outlet 1 Exhaust outlet 4 Chapter I HEAT LOSSES FROM BUILDINGS THE procedure to be followed in determining the heat loss from anybuilding can be divided into seven consecutive steps, as follows: 1. Determine on the inside air temperature, at the breathing line, which is to be maintained in the building during the coldest weather. 2. Determine on an outside air temperature for design purposes, based on the minimum temperatures recorded in the locality in question, which will provide for all but the most severe conditions. Such conditions as may exist for only a few con secutive hours are readily taken care of by the heat capacity of the building itself. 3. Select "or compute the heat transmission coefficients for outside wall and glass, also for floor, or top-floor ceiling, if these are next to unheated space. Include roof if next to heated space. 4. Measure up net outside wall, glass and roof next to heated spaces, as welf as any cold floor or ceiling next to unheated space. Such measurements are made from budding plans. . 5. Compute the heat transmission losses for each kind of wall, glass, floor, ceiling and roof in the building by multiplying the heat transmisison coefficient in each case by the area of the surface in square feet and the temperature difference between the inside and outside air. (See paragraphs 1 and 2 above.) . 6. Select unit values and compute the heat equivalent of the infiltration of cold air taking place around outside doors and windows. These unit values depend on kind or width of crack and wind velocity, and when multiplied by the length of crack and the temperature difference between the inside and outside air, the result expresses the heat required to warm up the cold air leaking into the building per hour. 7. The sum of the heat losses by transmission (paragraph 5) through the outside wall and glass, as well as through any cold floors, ceilings or roof, and the heat equivalent (paragraph 6) of the cold air entering by infiltration is the total heat required for warming any building. INSIDE TEMPERATURE The inside air temperature which must be maintained within a building, and which should always be stated in the heating specifications', is understood to be the temperature at the breathing line 5 ft. above the floor and not less than 3 ft. from the outside walls. Inside air tempera tures usually specified vary in accordance with the use to which the building is to be put, arid Table 1 presents values which are in conformity with good practice. Data prepared especially for The Guide by Arthur C. Willard, professor of Heating and Ventilation and Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana. III. .5 / i f 0V American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 1. Inside Temperatures Usually Specified Type of Building Deg. Temp. Warm Air Baths................................ 120 . no Hospital Operating Room__ ......... 85 Bath Rooms-............................ ....... 85 Paint Shops.............. ................. ......... 80 Hospitals............................ ,....... ......... 72 to 75 Public Buildings................................. 68 to 72 Deg. Temp. Residences....................:................. 70 70 Factories...................................... ... . 65 Stores............................................... 65 Gymnasiumt............................... .. 55 to 60 Machine Shops.......................... ... 60 to 65 Foundries, Boiler Shops, etc. ... 50 to 60 In making the actual heat loss computations, however, for the various rooms in a building it is often necessary to modify the temperatures given in Table 1 so that the air temperature at the proper level will be used. By "air temperature at the proper level" is meant, in the case of walls, the air temperature at the mean height between floor and ceiling; in the case of glass, the air temperature at the mean height of the glass, in the case of roof or ceiling, the air temperature at the mean height of the roof or ceiling above the floor of the heated room, and in the case of floors, the air temperature at the floor level. In the case of heated spaces adja cent to unheated (no heat of any kind) spaces, it will usually be sufficient to assume the temperature in such spaces as the mean between the tem perature of the inside heated space and the outside air temperature. The air temperature at the mean height between floor and ceiling is the "breathing line" temperature, Table 1, for rooms not over 10 ft. in height. For rooms above this height, add 2 per cent per foot of height to the breathing-line temperature for each foot or fraction of a foot difference between the mean height of the vertical wall glass roof or ceiling surface, and the height of the breathing line. , In determining mean air temperatures just above floors which are next to ground or unheated spaces, a temperature 5 deg. lower than'breathing- line temperature may be used, provided breathing-line temperature is not less than 55 deg. fahr. . ' OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE , The outside air temperature used in computing the heat loss from.a building is seldom taken as the lowest temperature ever recorded in a given locality. Such temperatures are usually of short duration and are rarely repeated in successive years. It is therefore evident that a tem perature somewhat higher than the lowest on record may be properly assumed in making the heat loss computations. The outside temperature to be assumed in the design of any heating system must not be more than 151 deg. fahr. above the lowest recorded temperature as reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau (Table 2) during the preceding 10 years for the locality in which the heating system is 1There seems to be no agreement in this country at present as to the method of arriving at the proper outside temperature to be used in the calculations or design of a heating system. Some offices use the average of the lowest yearly temperatures for the preceding ten years. The Heating and Piping Contractors' National Association in their'.Code arrive at the assumed outside temperature to be used in the design by including a factor for wind movement as recorded for the locality in.question. Thus, of two localities with the same minimum recorded outside temperature, the locality having the higher wind velocity would be assigned a lower outside air temperature for the calculation or design of a heating system than- the other locality. However, since the effect of wind movement is actyally reflected only in the heat trans mission coefficients of wall, roof or glass, and in the inleakage (infiltration) of cold air at the cracks around outside windows and doors, its effect should be applied to the transmission and infiltration coefficients and not to the outside air temperature: In this chapter, the practice of correcting transmission and infiltration coefficients for unusual wind movement is followed and the method discussed in detail. 6 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 to be installed. The outside temperature assumed and used in the design, should always be stated in the heating specifications. Table 2. Coi~ A Climatic Conditions Compiled from U. S. Weather Bureau. Records li| Col. B Col. C Col. D Col. E Col. F City Average Temp., Oct. 1stMay 1st Lowest Tempera ture Average Wind Vel ocity Dec., Jan., Feb., Miles per Hr. Direction of Prevail ing Wind, Dec., Jan., Feb. Ala.. Ariz.. Ark.. Cal.. Colo... Conn-- DC...... Fla_____ Ga....... Idaho.. Bl ind.. Iowa-- Kans.._ Ky.-- La..:-- Me.. Md..... Mass.. Mich.. Mobile--.................. Birmingham......... Phoenix.................. Flagstaff................. Fort Smith............ Little Rock--........ San Francisco___ Los Angeles.......... Denver.................. Grand Junction- New Haven......... Washington......... Jacksonville......... Atlanta.................. Minn------ MissMo-- Mont-- Nebr.. Nev... N. H... N. J-. N. Y... N. M-- 57.7 53.9 59.5 34.9 49.5 51.6 54.3 58.6 39.3 39.2 38.0 43.2 61.9 51.4 42.5 36.4 36.4 39.9 40.2 44.1 33.9 32.1 38.9 .40.2 45.2 61.5 56.2 31.1 33.6 43.6 37.6 29.1 35.4 27:6 25.1 29.6 56.0 40.3 43.3 43.0 34.7 . 27.7 37.0 34.6 39.6 37.9 33.4 41.6 . 35.1 . 34.7 . 40.3 . 38.0 -1 -10 16 -25 -15 -12 29 28 -29 -16 -14 -15 10 -8 8 -13 -20 -23 -24 -25 -15 -32 -35 -25 -26 -20 7 -5 -23 -17 -7 -13 -27 -24 -27 -41 -33 . -1 -24 -22 -29 -49 -57 -29 -35 -7 -28 -35 -7 -24 -14 -6 -13 8.3 8.6 3.9 6.7 8.0 9.9 7.4 5.6 9.3 7.3 8.2 11.8 8.3 4.7 9.3 17.0 10.2 11.8 8.4 6.1 12.2 7.3 10.4 9.3 9.6 7.7 13.8 10.1 7.2 11.7 11.3 13.1 11.4 11.1 11.5 7.6 9.1 11.8 11.3 8.7 10.9 9.0 9.9 9.5 6.0 10.6 7.9 17.7 13.3 7.3 N N E SW E NW N NE S SE N NW NE NW NW E SE SW ' NW s S NW NW N NW SW N SE W NW ' NW W w SW NW SW NW SE NW NW SE W SW N W SE 1E NW NW S w NW NE . 7 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 2. Climatic Conditions Compiled from U. S. Weather Bureau Records__ (Continued) Col. A Col. B Col. C Col. D Col. E Col. F State City Average Temp., Oct. 1stMay 1st Lowest Tempera ture Average Wind Vel ocity Dec. Jan., Feb. Miles per Hr. Direction of Prevail ing Wind, Dec., Jan., Feb. N. C................ Raleigh................................. Wilmington......................................... N. D................ Bismark............................................. Devi! 's Lake. ............... ............... Ohio................ . Cleveland........................... Columbus............................................ Okla................. Ore................... Baker. ................................ Portland............................................... Pa..................... Philadelphia......................... Pittsburgh.... .................................. R. I.._.............. S. C.._ ........... Charleston-- ....................... Columbia..........................%................ S. D................. Huron.................................... Rapid City.......................................... Tenn................ Knoxville.............................. Memphis....................................... Texas--............ El Paso.......................... ... Fort Worth. ....................... ... San Antonio........................................ Utah...... .......... Modena............................................ Salt Lake City..................... Vt..................... Va..................... Lynchburg....................................... Richmond....................................... Wash..... ....... Seattle.................................... Spokane...... ......................................... W. Va............. Elkins-- .............. . ... Parkersburg................................... Wis................... La Crosse.......................... . Milwaukee.......................................... Wyo................. Sheridan........... .... Lander. ................................ 49 7 53.1 24.5 18.9 3fi 9 39.9 4S 0 34 1 45.9 41 9 40.8 37 ft 5ft 9 53.7 2ft. 1 32.3 47.0 50.9 53 0 54.7 60.7 38.1 40.0 29 3 49 1 45.2 47.4 45.3 37.5 3ft.ft 41.9 2ft.fi 31.2 33.. 0 31.0 28.9 2 73 5 8.9 sw --45 NW -44 11.4 w 17 sw -20 9.3 sw 17 * 20 6 0 cr -2 6^5 H s 5 11 0 NW -20 9 7 -2 13.7 14 6 11 0 8^0 NW NW N NE 43 -34 -- 16 -9 2 11 5 7.5 65 9^6 10 5 NW .w" sw NW NW -8 11.0 NW 4 8.2 N -24 8.9 : W -20 27 2 4.9 1Q? 9Q SE ` s N -7 5.2 NW -3 3 --30 --21 -27 --36 7.4 9.1 4 ft 6.6 12_g S SE sw W' s sw -43 5r6 NW -25 11."7 W --45 NW -36 '3.0 . NE If U. S. Weather Bureau reports are not available for the locality in question, then the U. S. Weather Bureau reports for the-station. nearest to this locality are to be used, unless some other temperature is specifically stated in the specifications. ' In computing the average heat transmission losses for the heating season the average outside temperature from October 1 to May 1 shall be used. This average temperature -is to be that reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau during the preceding lOyears, for the locality in question., General Statement on Temperatures and Wind Velocity In order that no misunderstanding may occur, the specifications for all heating systems or plants shall include a clause stating the following: 1. The lowest recorded outside temperature in the locality, as reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau for the preceding 10 years; 8 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 2. The outside air and inside breathing-line temperatures which were assumed and actually used in making the heat loss computations; 3. The average wind velocity in miles per hour for December, January and February, and the direction of the prevailing wind during these same months for the locality in which the heating plant is located--both wind velocity and direction are to be taken from the U. S. Weather Bureau records for the preceding 10 years. HEAT TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS Definition The amount of heat expressed in B.t.u. which is transmitted in 1 hr. per square foot of the material as used in the building, for a difference in temperature of I deg. fahr. between the air on the inside and outside of the building, is called the coefficient of heat transmission for the material. The heat transmission coefficient for any given building material depends on the structure of the material and its density. Heavy or dense materials, the weight of which per cubic foot is high; usually transmit more heat than light or less dense materials, the weight of which per cubic foot is low. Transmission Coefficients By means of suitable tests on an actual wall construction, heat trans mission coefficients (Table 6) may be determined directly, or they may be computed if certain physical constants are known. If tests are made to determine heat transmission coefficients, the inside and outside air temperatures should correspond with those actually existing in heating practice, and the amount of air movement, both on the inside and outside of the test wall, should be definitely stated in reporting the coefficients. Since actual temperature differences vary widely in different parts of the country, it is desirable to adopt some standard basis for testing, such as 70 deg. inside and 0 deg. outside, and in very precise work make a correction for other temperatures. It has been found that the absolute mean temperature of the wall affects the coefficient materially. The coefficient increases with the absolute mean temperature. Tests are usually run under still air conditions, which means there was no wind movement, during the test, over the surfaces of the wall. In practice, some wind movement over the exterior surface of the wall should always be allowed for; hence still air coefficients cannot be used in actual work as they do not provide for the normal wind movement over the outside of the building in the locality in question during the heating season. Moreover, still air transmission coefficients cannot be corrected to provide for moving air conditions by multiplying by a single constant factor, for the reasons set forth under Effect of Wind on Heat Transmission Coefficients in Appendix to Section III., Code of Minimum Requirements of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. """ The coefficient of heat transmission' of various building materials and types of construction as given in Table -6, are for still air and for a wind movement of_15 miles and are generally applicable to heat trans mission computations using equation (9). Such heat transmission co .9 >/ American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27; efficients are always based on the difference between the air.temperatures on the inside and the outside of the wall'. Transmission Coefficients by Computation . If heat transmission coefficients are to be computed, and in many, if not most cases, they should be computed, the following analysis of the transmission of heat through a simple, solid wall is used as the basis for such computations. The diagram in Fig. 1 exhibits four important temperatures: First the air temperature t inside of the building; second, the temperature k of the inside surface of the wall; third, the temperature l, of the outside surface of the wall, and fourth, the air temperature to outside of the build . ing. Heat reaches or enters the inside surface of the wall by radiation, and convection, since the air and objects A within the building are always American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Now Ki may not equal K,, in which case (k~k) will not equal (l~k). Usually, in an actual wall exposed to wind on the outside, Ko (Table 5) is greater than K, and (k~k) must be less than (t-k). Moreover, the heat Hc passing through the wall by conduction is equal to H, and Ho, and if C is the coefficient of conduction = B.t.u. transmitted per hour per square foot of material per 1 in. thickness per degree difference between the surface temperatures, then H, = Ho = He = ~ (i, - k) S (3) where x => wall thickness in inches. Fig. 1. Temperature Curve or Gradient from Air Inside to and through Wall TO Air Outside, Wall Material Assumed Air-Tight of A represents warm surfaces at temperature t of inside outside air. For an actual temperature gradient curve air; B represents see Fig. 2. cold surfaces at temperature /o warmer than the inside surface of the wall, when the inside air tempera ture t is greater than the outside air temperature to- This heat must then pass through the material of the wall from inside to outside surface by conduction, and is finally given off from the outside surface by radiation and convection, provided, of course, that equilibrium has been established and all four temperatures are constant. ,. The amount of heat reaching or entering the wall per. hour depends on t and k and a coefficient K, varying with the character of the Wall material. K, may be defined as the B.t.u. per hour entering each square foot of wall surface per degree difference between the inside air tempera ture t and the inside surface temperature k.. Hence the heat received by inner surface of the wall per hour by both radiation and convection is Ik - K, (i - l,) S j (1) where 5 is the inner wall surface area in square feet and the other terms are as heretofore indicated. '' Whatever amount of heat H, enters the inner wall surface must be given off from the outer wall surface, so that if Ho represents heat emitted from outer surface ' H, ~ Ho -- K-o {to -- to) S. (2) 10 Fig 2. Temperature Gradient Curves for Glass (Taken from. Bulletin No. 24, Engrg. Exp. Sta., Pennsylvania State College) These equations (1), (2) and (3) are fundamental and are used for determining values for K,, Ko and C for actual wall materials by test. They cannot be used for computing heat-losses in an actual building, since the surface temperatures U and k are seldom known, although these surface temperatures can be determined in a test by means of thermo couples. Hence, for actual conditions where the only temperatures known are the inside and outside air temperatures t and t0, it is necessary to use a transmission coefficient U -- B.t.u. transmitted per hour per square foot of wall surface per degree difference between the inside and Outside air temperatures. Values of U for a limited number of walls are given in Tables 6-12. The heat H transmitted per .hour from air inside to ait outside is then computed as.follows: II = U (t - to) S (4) 11 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 and since H = H, = H, = Hc, the right hand members of equations (1), (2), (3) and (4) are all equal. ' The coefficient U. may be determined by test, or it may be computed for any wall provided values for Ki, K> and C are known. By proper substitution in the four equation^, the unknown temperatures t, and h can be eliminated and the value of the transmission coefficient for a simple wall x inches thick is A, + K, + C and for a compound wall of several materials having thickness in inches of x,, xt, x,, etc., the coefficient is U= xJL; 4+. ^1 +i c*i: +. a + c7+etc- (6) As in the case of the simple wall, K, and K, are always the inside and outside surface coefficients for the two materials in contact with air. If the air is still (no wind), then for the same material K, and K, are the same, and Kx = \ but if the outside air is in motion then Kt is always greater than Ki and will increase as the wind velocity increases. Values for Ki in still air as determined by various investigators are given in Table 3. Values for C, the conductivity of building materials, are given in Table 4, and are taken from the published values of various investiga tors. It should be noted that values of C as well as U are dependent on the temperature range, and it is therefore desirable that the investigator determine conductivity values when the wall is subjected to an air temperature of about 70 deg. fahr. on the inside and about zero on the outside. -- Table 3. Surface Coefficients (X,) for Various Building Materials, under Still Air (No Wind) Conditions '. . The values in the table are in B.t.u. per sq. ft. of wall surface per hour per 1 deg. fahr. difference between the mean air temperature in the room and the inside surface tempera ture of the wall. Building Material Asbestos (sheet).............................. Brickwork (ordinary).... ............... Cement Plaster (finished)........... Concrete.--........................................ Corkboard.............. .......................... Glass (window)............................... Magnesia (blocks).......................... Wood (finished surface)--........... Building paper.--............................ Average of all values....... Surface Coefficient Ki (Still Air) Harding and Willard Wood 1.40 1.40 0.93 1.30 1.25 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.34 1.20 - 1.90 1.40 . `Average of both sides of glass 0.12 in thick and for 70 deg. fahr. total temperature difference from air to air with moving air on one side. Probable value for still air on. both sides 1.60. 12 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 4. Conductivity Coefficients for Various Building Materials2 Building Material Harding and Willard Authority Peebles** Norton |U. S. Bur. Istandards Coefficient of Conductivity C and Weight per Cu. Ft. Lb. per Cu. Ft. Asbestos (sheet).'............................. . Asbestos Board (corrugated)........ Rrirlrwfirlf . . .. Concrete (Stone12:4 M ix)777.77. Ginder Concrete--........................... Cork Board.--.................................... Magnesia (board).............................. Wood (Fir, J-fi in. thick)--.............. Yellow Pine Sheathing.................... Drop Siding......................................... Pine Plank.-......................................... Maple Flooring.......................-.......... Mortar (lime)--................................ Oak Door............................................. Wood Lath and Plaster.................. Metal Lath and Plaster.................. Gypsum Partition Tile................... Pyrobar (gypsum)............................ Gypsum Reinforced Roof Tile.__ Insulex (very light gypsum)......... Cabot's Quilt...................................... Insulite................................ .'............... Celotex................................ 1................ Fibrofelt.......... .................................... Linofelt..................................... .......... Lith....................................... ............... Mineral Wool (medium packed). Plaster Board:-................................................... Porete.............................................................-....... Sawdust (ordinary)......................................-- Shavings (ordinary)...... ................................... Cypress (across grain)--------.-........................... Keystone Hair............... ..................................... Hair Felt._............................................................ Roofing Paper and Pitch................................ One thickness building paper.... ................... One course No. 2 tar felt............................... Cornell Wall Board A in; thick................... Glass (act. glass 91.4% total area)._.......... Double Glass ^ in. air space (glass 69.3% total area)....................................................... 2 in. Tile, H in. plast. both surf................. 4 in. Tile, M in. plast. both surf................. 6 in. Tile, V2 in. plast. both surf--............... 2 in. Tile, plastered as above and roofing covered 48.3 20.4 132.0 140.0 9.7 13.5 33.4 0.29 0.48 4.00* 8.30 0.32 10.51 1.00 8.00 ,2.06 1.50*** 1.00*** 0.60*** ,0.47*** 0.84 6.30 5.20 0.30 6.30 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.36 1.10 1.25 1.00 1.20 0.50 0.40 0.33 0.33 1.25 0.83 0.29 0.25 4.20*** 3.00*** 2.50*** 1.382 0.350f 0.56t 0.321f 0.2951 67329 0.300 0.379 0.275 3.040 0.941 1.040 0.707 0.667 0.2711 0.2461 (See Transactions. Ambkcian Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Vol. 26. p. 385. For damp or wet brickwork take C = 5. **Flat plate method using a test sample 18 in. sauare and up to 4 in. in thickness. ***For thickness-anti construction stated, not per 1 in. of thickness. The values in the tables are in B.t.u. per square foot of wall surface per hour per inch thickness per 1 deg. fahr. difference between the two surfaces, for thoroughly dry materials. For use where air temperature difference on two sides of wall is about 70 deg. and outside air is near zero. __ *See Chapter IX by-Charles H. Herter of the Report of the Insulation Committee, A. S. R. E., Annual Meeting 1Q22, Revised to 1924. entitled "Heat Transmission of Insulating .Materials,'' for the most comprehensive collection of heat transmission data relating to building and insulating material which is now in print. . 13 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 In the case of air space construction, two additional surface coefficients for each air space must be inserted in either equation (5) or (6). These surface coefficients may be taken the same as the K, (still air) values for the materials forming the sides of the air spaces; thus for a simple wall with one air space, ' V= K, C (7) or 3 1x k+k+c (8) With certain very special forms of construction which have irregular air spaces, it is necessary to use the conductivity for the unit construction as actually assembled in the wall. This condition exists when hollow tile x2 is used as furring, in which case is replaced by yr, where Cu is the unit (1 Cu conductivity. See third footnote of Table 4. Table 5. Factors to be Used in Determining Values of Outside Surface Coefficients (Kf) under Moving Air Conditions Wind Velocity in Miles per Hour 5 10 15 20 Brickwork 2.38 3.20 3.76 4.22 Multipliers of Ki* Wood 2.19 2.71 2.95 3.02 Average 2.28 2.96 3.36** 3.62 10 20 Above 20 Additional Values--Smooth Surface ....... ____ ........ 2.20 2.60 3.00 Taken from Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 102, of the University x>f Illinois., Addi tional values from Engineering Experiment Station, Pennsylvania State College, reported by Professor Wood. Tests at Pennsylvania State College indicate character of surface, rough or smooth, .more important than material of surface. .. This is usually taken as 3 even. ' In each case factor is based on still air coefficient (1C,) for same material. For con ditions where wind velocity is not known use the factor (3) or take IC, as.37C> for same material. , ' ' Examples of Computations for. Walls . . The following examples, Fig. 3, will serve to illustrate the method of computing heat transmission coefficients for building walls, including solid walls (simple and compound) and hollow walls. In these examples it has been assumed that a wind movement of about 15 miles per hour exists on the outside of the wall. 14 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Tables 6 to 12 give transmission constants for a number of types of building construction. These values were determined by computation similar to that shown in Fig. 3, using the values for K and C indicated. C = conductivity constant for the material. Cpi, Ca, Cb etc. conductivity for plaster, stucco, brick etc. Ct4 in. = conductivity constant for the actual (4 in.) thickness of tile. Considerable variation exists in heat transmission constants used by different authorities, which is due in part to the fact that further research work must be done along this line and also to the fact that the same kind of building material may differ widely depending upon the source and treatment of the raw material from which it is made. Transmission constants are given for both still air and 15 mile wind. For practical purposes, the constants for any other wind velocity may be obtained with a fair degree of accuracy._by interpolating between these values. In. a table of this kind it is practically impossible to give values for all types of construction in use and the engineer will frequently be required to determine his own values, as in the examples Fig. 3. 15 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 a b l e 6. H e a t r a n s m is s io n from V a r io u s ypes of W a l l C o n s tr u c tio nT T T 16 17 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 6 (Concluded). Heat Transmission Through Windows and Skylights I m3------- 7------......................... ~ U0Btu- ' \ Values given in Table 6 based upon the following GLASS .WOOD authorities: ^ t, ............... -0.60 Reports of the Research Laboratory of the rt*iLA5>. I VZZh---------- *--- ............................1.10 " ' y GLASS SOLID -- yr v --- _>*gTAL tz<ivs 0.6' 0 0, GLASS \ err'i im `1 *-----C---z-n--\----L--4rtl. Glass noLWr' 1.10 l _____ ,MCTAL f ff y-....................... .'..0.60 v coa GLASS u EAnmgeinreicearns. Society of Heating and Ventilating Bulletin No. 102, 1017, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, by A. C. Willard and L, C. Licfaty. Bulletin No. 24, 1918, Engineering Experiment Station, Pennsylvania State College, by R. B. Fehr. Bulletin No. 30, 1920, Engineering Experiment SWtoaotiodna,nPdeEn,nsFy.lvGarnuiandShtoafeter. College, by Arthur T. Bulletin No. 3, 1923, Engineering Experiment Station University of Minnesota, by Frank B. Rowley. Additional Coefficients from Actual Tests Based on inside and outside air temperatures with still air on inside and a wind velocity of approximately 15 miles per hr. on outside, of walls, glass and roof. Note--For a wind movement other than 15 miles per hr. the value of U must be computed by equations (7) or (8), using the proper value for K2. See also Tables 3, 4 and 5. . Table 7. Heat Transmission for Floors and Ceilings Special Note--Values of U taken from pages 13-16 The Guide 1924-25 appear in Tables 7-12 ind. ASSUME THE GROUND TEMPERATURE TO BE 50 FAHR. CONSTRUCTION B.T.U. .31 CONCRETE t:i.lc i npcr fill ROUND .29 ' -30 .29 mmmme^'XZoo^ CONCRETE ^-GROUND -10 S'CONCReTE V: *-V-CiNDER FILL RO UN D SLEEPERS'' .07 Wmmmk:^0Z^L .1 SLEEPERS' rm. -----------------------^.I'/a'WOOD FLOOR 'U&; space ./3 SLEEPERS"' TEMPERATURE of unheated AIR SPACE TO BE 35 FAHR WITH AN OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE OF 0 AN CONSTRUCTION 0 BpUnhgatgd Space Plaster""'^ r~r--^ Latb ; Plaster'1^ La' 6 Z Fgs ----------LMiildl Ceiling 1 H U.M III l.qTc-- ~~ I Floor H H----Joists .. ax.u. 60 26 36 <10 _____ Floor ` E^gSaS^^^^per .21 __----Floor ---Concrete ' ' Concrete coSted 41 1.00 86 41 36 18 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 8. Heat Transmission for Roofs* Construction 1* Wood, 5-Ply Paper, Tar and Gravel.... 1" Wood, Felt Roofing...... .............................. 1)4" Wood, 5-Ply Paper, Tar and Gravel. 2' Wood, 5-Ply Paper, Tar and Gravel. 2Yi Wood, 5-Ply Paper, Tar and Gravel. Tin on Wood Strips..... .................................... Tin on Sheathing................................-............ Tin on Sheathing, with Paper.--................ Shingles on Wood Strips............................... Shingles on Sheathing...................................... Shingles, Paper, Sheathing, Strips--........... 4* Hollow Tile, Paper, Tar and Gravel.... 6" Hollow Tile, Paper, Tar and Gravel.... 2* Concrete, Paper, Tar and Gravel.......... 3" Concrete, Paper, Tar and Gravel.......... 4' Concrete, Paper, Tar and Gravel.......... Flat Tile on Wood Strips...... ..................... Flat Tile on Sheathing--..................... _,-- Slate on Wood Strips........................................ Slate on Paper and Sheathing........ .............. Corrugated Iron on Strips............. ................ Corrugated Iron, Sheathing.......... ................ B.t.u. per Deg. Fahr. Difference 15 mi. per hr. wind 0.30 0.36 0.26 0.21 6.18 1.60 0.60 0.43 0.87 0.43 0.21 0.30 0.27 0.71 0.64 0.57 1.07 0.64 1.10 0.50 1.50 0.64 Additional heat transmission constants B.t.u. per square foot per hour per degree temperature difference between inside air and outside air. . Table 9. Heat Transmission for Interior Walls ' . Construction B.t.u. per Deg. Fahr. Difference 15 mi. per hr. wind 2" Gypsum Block, Plastered Both Sides...-................. ........................... ....... -........... 0.34 0.60 0.57 0.50 0.64 0.60 Table 10. Heat Transmission for Wood Doors and Wood Partitions B.t.u. per Deg. Fahr. Difference 15 mi. per hr. wind Vi tou 1" Thick 114", " Tongued " and " Grooved " 1 Va" " 1)4" 1J4' " 2" 2- . * " 2)4' 2)4" " 3"- " * " " a uu aa u u u ` ' a au 0.65 0.60 0.50 0.42 0.35 0.30 19 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 11. Heat Transmission for Walls of Various Constructions Thickness or Board in In. A" 1" l A" 2" 'iA'` Two Boards With Paper Between B.t.u. Deg. Fahr. Differ ence 15 mi. per hr. wind 0.32 0.24 0.19 0.16 0.14 Board and Corrugated Iron Board and Sheet Iron B.t.u. Deg. Fahr. Differ B.tu. Deg. Fahr. Differ ence 15 mi. per hr. wind ence 15 mi. per hr. wind . 0.45 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.50 0.40 0.33 0.28 0.25 Table 12. Heat Transmission for Walls of Clapboard Construction Clapboard on Studs....................................................................................................... Clapboard on Studs, Lath and Plaster................................................................... Clapboard, Paper, Studs, Lath and Plaster.......................................................... Clapboard, Studs, 1" Sheathing................................................................................ Clapboard, Sheathing, Studs, Lath and Plaster.................................................. Clapboard, Paper, Sheathing, Studs, Lath and Plaster................................... Clapboard, Studs, Brick Fill...................................................................................... Clapboard, Studs, Brick Fill, Papered.................................................................... Clapboard, Studs, Brick Fill, Lath and Plaster.--............................................. Clapboard, Sheathing, Studs, Lath and Plaster with Sawdust Fill............. Clapboard, Paper, Sheathing, Studs, Lath and Plaster with Sawdust Fill B.t.u. per Deg. Fahr. ' Difference | 15 mi. per 1 hr. wind 0.62 0.48 0.34 0.57 0.37 0.30 0.40 0.36 0.31 0.21 0.15 AREAS WHERE HEAT LOSSES OCCUR ,, .. Heat is lost from a building b.y transmission through all of those sur faces which separate heated spaces from the outside air or from unheated colder spaces within the building. In general, five kinds of surfaces are involved: (1) outside walls, (2) outside glass, (3) inside walls or parti tions next to unheated spaces, (4) ceilings of upper floors, either below a cold attic space or as the underside of a roof slab, and (5) floors of heated rooms above an unheated space. In most cases, only items (1) and (2), outside wall and glass surface, are considered. Failure to take account of the other heat losing surfaces, items (3), (4) and (5), when they exist in a building, has generally resulted in more or less dissatisfaction with the operation of the heating plant, as a result of failure to heat the rooms having such surfaces as indicated by items (3), (4) and (5). . The net outside wall surface is usually determined by reference to the scale plans and elevations of the building concerned. In some cases of course, the actual building may have to be measured. The total area of all outside openings which are occupied by windows and doors is accurately measured and listed as glass. The glass area is then deducted from the total outside wall area for each room and the difference is the net wall area. The outside wall areas for any floor should be based on the vertical floor to floor heights and the horizontal distance from center to center of partitions separating different rooms. If there are no partitions, measure from inside face of one wall to inside face of next wall. The areas of walls, ceilings and floors next to cold or unheated spaces are found, of 20 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 course, by taking the inside dimensions of such areas, measured on the heated side. . CALCULATIONS FOR HEAT TRANSMISSION LOSSES The calculations for heat transmission losses are made by multiplying the area S in square feet of wall, glass, roof or floor through which the loss takes place, by the proper coefficient U for such construction (Tables 6 to 12, or by computation as described under Transmission Coefficients by Computation) and by the temperature difference between the inside air temperature t at the proper level (in many cases not the "breathing line") and the outside air temperature t,,. Therefore, Ht = SU (I-l0) (9) where _ . Ht = B.t.u. per hr. transmitted through the material of the wall, glass, roof or floor. 5 =-area in sq. ft. of wall, glass, roof or floor, taken from building plans or actually measured. (Use the net inside' or heated surface dimensions in all cases.) ' XJ = coefficient of heat transmission or B.t.u. per hr. per sq. ft. per I deg. fahr. difference between the inside and outside air temperature for air conditions such as exist in the given locality in coldest weather. (I -- tf) = temperature difference between inside and outside air, in which t must . always be taken at the proper level. Note that I may not be the "breathing line" temperature in many cases. For examples showing application of equation (9) to practical examples see Applications at the end of this chapter, in which the heat require ments are computed for typical cases. . Wind Movement The effect of wind on the heating requirements of any building should be given consideration under two heads: 1. Wind movement increases the heat transmission of walls, glass, and roof, affecting poor walls to a much greater extent than good walls. 2. Wind movement materially increases the infiltration (inleakage) of cold air through the cracks around doors and windows, and even through the building materials themselves, if such materials are at all porous. It is entirely possible that a building may require more heat on a windy day with a moderately low outside temperature, than on a quiet day with a much lower outside temperature. It will therefore be evident that the wind movement in any locality must be given careful considera tion in computing the probable heating requirements of a building, and for the purposes of calculation, not less than the average wind movement in any locality during December, January and February should always be provided for in computing (1) the heat transmission of a building, and (2) the heat required to take care of the in filtration of outside air. The first condition is readily taken care of as already explained, by using a surface coefficient K,. for the outside wall surface which is based on the proper wind velocity (Table 5). In case specific data are lacking for any locality, use an average wind velocity of approximately 15 miles per hour. In a similar manner, the heat allowance (Table 15) for infiltra tion (B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack required to raise the temperature 21 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 of the air leaking in through one degree) through cracks, must be based on the average wind velocity for a given locality, and is explained in the next subdivision of this chapter. , Wind movement involves both direction and velocity, and hence after transmission and infiltration losses have been computed, using coefficients which allow for average velocity, a further allowance must be made for the direction of the prevailing wind in any given locality. This shall be done by adding 15 per cent to the wall and glass transmission losses and the infiltration losses on the sides of the building exposed to the prevailing winds. Those walls which lie in the two adjacent sides of the building most nearly facing the prevailing wind are to be considered in making this correction. This is not necessarily the same as adding 15 per cent to the total heat loss of a room on the exposed sides of the building. INFILTRATION RESULTING FROM WIND MOVEMENT Reference has already been made to the fact that in addition to the heat transmission of the walls, glass and roof, consideration must always be given to the inleakage of cold outside air which must be heated to room temperature. This inleakage or infiltration is exclusive and in dependent of air that may be supplied for ventilation through ducts or flues of any sort. Calculation of the heat required for this purpose is a very simple matter if the volume of air leaking into the building pCr hour is known. Hi = 0.24 Q d (t -- to) (10) where "' Hi = B. t.u. per hour required for heating air leaking into building from outside temperature to to breathing line temperature t; Q = cubic feet of air entering per hour at breathing line temperature, t. d = density (lb. per cu. ft.) of air at breathing line temperature, t. t = breathing line temperature; to = outside air temperature for which heating system is designed; 0.24 = specific heat of air. The determination of Q, the amount of air leaking in per hour, may be arrived at in either of two ways: (1) by assuming a certain number of air changes per hour , for each room, the number of changes assumed (Table 13) being dependent upon the type, use, and location of room, or (2) by computing the infiltration taking place through the cracks around windows and doors in that side of the room which has the greatest number of feet of such crack. In no case should the amount of crack used for computation be less than half of the total crack in the outside walls of the room. Thus, in a room with one exposed wall, take all the crack; with two exposed walls take the wall having the most crack; and with three or four exposed walls take the wall having the most crack, but in no case take less than half the total crack. The linear feet of crack for a double hung sash is equal to the sash perimeter plus the meeting rail. For a standard type steel sash con structed of solid-rolled sections (Fenestra, Lupton and others) the linear feet of crack consists of the perimeter of the ventilating section plus the linear feet of sash section in contact with steel work as, for example, vertical and horizontal mullion steel. The perimeter of sash properly grouted with cement mortar into brick work or concrete is not to be counted as crack. 22 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Neither of these methods for estimating the infiltration is entirely satisfactory in view of the limited amount of data available, but for the purposes of calculation the second (infiltration) method is to be preferred and then checked against the first (air changes per hour) method. In no case use less than one-half an air change where outside doors and windows exist. The infiltration method based on recent tests by F. C. Houghten and C. C. Schrader,- reported in Transactions, A. S. H. and V. E., Vol. 30,1924 and Vol. 31, 1925 and others may be conveniently adapted to calculation purposes. - Tables 14 and 15 as well as Figs. 4, 5,. and 6 present values from the recent tests by Houghten and Schrader at the Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers at Pittsburgh. Table 14 and Fig. 4 based on the report Transactions, Vol. 30, 1924, No. 686 while Table 15 and Figs. 5 and 6 are based on data presented in the Transactions, Vol. 30, 1924, p. 313. Table 13. Air Changes Taking Place under Average Conditions Exclusive of Air Provided for Ventilation Number of Air Changes Taking Kind of Room or Building Rooms, 1 side exposed . Place per Hour 1 Rooms, 2 sides exposed Rooms, 3 sides exposed Rooms, 4 sides exposed Rooms with no windows or outside doors Entrance Hails . Reception Halls . Living Rooms Dining Rooms Bath Rooms Drug Stores Clothing Stores Churches, Factories, Lofts, etc. 2 2 H to % 2 to 3 - 2 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 2 to 3 1 J4 to 3 Table 14 give's the leakage through a 13 in. brick wall, between the frame and the brick, the leakage for a plain window not weather-stripped 23 T a b le 14. A ir L eakag e in C ubic F e e t per H our and B .t .u . N ecessary to H eat Such L eakag e from 0 to 70 D eg. F ah r . for C racks ndicated and % 4 in . Cle a r a n c e, W indo w U nlocked .I American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 3 .8 0 8 .6 4 1 4 .9 2 9 .1 4 4 .3 7 5 .6 1 1 1 .0 1 4 9 .0 P er F t . of C rack A round t h e Sash n c lu d in g M e e t in g R a ilI Per Ft. op Uncalked Crack A round Frame Leakage Cu. F t. | B.t.u. per Hour i i B.t.u. Best Results Leakage Cu. Ft. per Hour W eather Stripped W indow tO Tf hhiOwiOhOO ^*0''-hCtMo Oif'fO00tOCMCOO . CCM- OCM--i'O'O' tOCM -HCMfO'OO'fO Nt-O.O0r-^MfN ^oo'OiOTjioi'd ^ fh r*> 0 Ov O0 tO CM . MON'O'DlOOO COO-OhifCOMOifrOt"-T--f'if CM 00f-0'''00 tO'O -- CMTfO'C-r- F--* CM to to OO T--' B.t.u. Leakage Cu. Ft. . per Hour Average Results B.t.u. Leakage 1 Cu. Ft. per Hour i ..... i Plain Unstripped Wood W indow tOOOOOOO CMOTtC.'OO-Mrf -H - CM ^ O ONN^IOCJN iOOOF--' iFO--i CMOCMnOtonto ^>000000 oicci'OiD-H H'OOO ifNOi-lH^*O-H COM CM0C0O 0^< f0o0 000000 O'CMif^i--tfOON to O oo CM NO'to Os 1-t 1-1 CM CO to CM Wt*100 CM *-* r> IfOD TOf CO'^C4 *t Nr--O0cot-*ifCMto -ooifodo'OO'b^* 1-* CM to 'O ON NNOOto^fOOO*. -iOO -hn^^CoMotoOo'0n0o"H^ i-l NO rJ'CDfD'O-nOOO' ii'O^-CH CMM it--o CtoOC'O-OCOO tCToOt CM O' to tO i-H to CM to 00 fO to Tt 1-1 CM ^ to 1 I NO ^ C-- CO CM NO 'O'O^HC-00tO'O 1-* to NO 1--' CM CM to to it* NO NO CO C- >0 'ONO'ONOj'OO' I CCMOOO'OC*)^* tO to it* CO *0 CM CO -HfONOOO-HCM --1 "* to Tt* -1 CM ID 00 O to CO *1 CM to B.t.u. Leakage Cu. Ft. per Hour W ind V elocity M iles per H our to to t--H to 1-- CM to ^ to , to lON--Ot-O1 COM COO Q^ OID oja 'uiooj ui ajnssajd jo dn *S}S3j Ajo^Eioqeq j Suipimq iO} jaoi\b Aq pauiuuaiap OJ * 1U3D J3d 03 A|ien)5e saniBA ' Aqpaonpajsan[BA jsaj a3ej3Av lasn i xvvd IBDtpBJd joj sanjBA II XVVd 24 Per Sq . Ft . of 13' Brick W a ll; Pl a s t e r e d T a b le 15. L e a k a g e for D o u b le H ung U n lo c ked W indow s C. F. H . per F oot of C rack per M il e W in d V e lo c it y a n d B .t .u . per HoyR per F oot of Crack per M il e W in d V elo c ity per 70 D egrees T em perature D ifference American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 a C- Os to If. to CM CM tO C- 00 O' . to to CM O' o CM to c-- 00 On i-i r-- c- O' 00 NO oo " CM PM CM CM CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CO if CM CM CM CO CO CO a fM(t9> O*--' to ri--t Ci*M cCoO oCOo vtOO OO TOt*' "d* tio-1 C^M* OTt* iCtM* >tOD CitO* CtOM O0' t i^i CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CO CO CO CM CM CM CM CM CM WNNCNNM CM CM CM NNN 1 CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 1-1 cm cm cm cm O' i~> CM <0 CO ' fMCN(NCSC4 O !N fD fO it't rH CM CN n (N fN s: Si.............. -- CM CM CM CM CM > lO'O' tO ^ 3 i- CM CM i CM CM CM CM CM 5 t-. c- r-- r- ^'OOOhioO rO'ONOON'O JJ c CJ CM (0 CM <0 CM CO CM 5 s?[nsaH I XH Vd aSeiSAv II XVVd isax ___ ah aaNiwaaxaa ativoldv samvA d;3 *raooj ' 1 SJnSSdJd JO dh SuipimQ joj mojie O} JU3D Jdd 03diAq pwnp a } S 3 "J 38BJ3 -Ay iasn toil oexd joj S3n'[EA III XVVd 25 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 and the leakage for the same window fitted with a good weather-strip for various wind velocities. Table 15 gives the leakage in cubic feet per hour pier foot of crack per mile wind velocity for a plain frame window and also for a frame window fitted with weather-stripping. The leakage is given for various cracks around the sash perimeter and also for various clearances (Fig. 5) between the sash and the stop and parting bead. Tables 14 and 15 are both divided into two parts, the first part con taining values based upon the original Research Laboratory test data, and the second part containing the same values reduced by 20 per cent in accordance with the suggestion from the authors. In these tables both the best laboratory resultsjand the average of all laboratory results on weather-stripped windows are given. African Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 be slightly less for a given velocity because of a building up of pressure within the room before the air leaks out the opposite side of the building. Attention is called to the fact that air leaks in on the' windward side of the building and out on the leeward side and, since wind will blow from various directions at different times, heating for any room having only one exposure must be based on the maximum loss. The heating plant, however, need not be figured on the sum of all maximum leakages, but in general only half of the total. However,' the table gives accurate comparative figures which are probably not much too high for actual practice. In order to apply these values, a further study of the overall results as found in practice should be made, and the figures modified, if necessary, to fit practical conditions." IflPlCATCP W ltlD V E LO C ITY -M ILLS PEP M0U` Table 15 gives the leakage per mile wind velocity. This is based on the assumption that the leakage is proportional to the wind velocity, while ' this is practically true for a non weather-stripped window it is not so accurate for a weather-stripped window as indicated by the value for different velocities in Table 14. This accounts for the discrepancies ii> certain parts of the two tables. The two tables are, however, practically . in agreement for a thirty mile wind velocity. . According to the authors of the paper: "The values given in the table are from the tests as made and are probably somewhat higher than those actually found in practice. They represent the leakage when the . pressure drop through the window is a certain value which represents a definite wind velocity at right angles to the window. If the wind strikes the window at an oblique angle the component of the velocity at rightj angles to the window must be considered. Pressure difference between the outside and the inside surfaces of the window for an actual wind will 26 Fig. 6. Leakage through Plain Window with Various Clearances In their discussion of results as presented in the 1924 report of the Transactions, the authors state: ' . "The principal facts brought out in the first report were that increasing the crack around the perimeter of a plain sash did not materially increase the leakage, and that weather-stripped sash, while permitting much less leakage, showed a small increase in leakage with increase in crack. These facts were established by making several hundred tests. The present report deals with the effect of increasing the width of the stile, that is, increasing the clearance. ^ "Fig. 5 illustrates what is meant by crack and clearance. The crack around the sash perimeter is equal to one half- the difference between the width of the frame and the width of the. sash, that is, the crack is the same on.each side of the sash. The clearance is the difference between the width of the stile and the thickness of the sash. These terms are chosen arbi ' 27 . ... American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 . trarily to distinguish the two principal air passages which are found in double hung windows, and they will be used frequently throughout the report and should not be confused. "Four sets of sash were fitted.with cracks of gg, gg and 34 in. Each set was tested with clearances varying from gg to 34 in. Each test was repeated a number of times because no two tests gave exactly the same leakage, and it was necessary to obtain average results. Before duplicating any test the window was opened and closed, and the stops were removed and then returned to as nearly the same position as possible. The weather-stripped sashes were tested in the same way. Fig. 6 gives the results of tests on a plain window with various clearances. The tests proved that the size of the crack around the perimeter of the sash has no appreciable effect on the leakage. There fore the results apply to any window of the type tested with a crack of from A- to 34 in- In practice most new sashes are fitted with the crack at least gg in., and this crack becomes greater as the sash dries out and shrinks. I't should be clearly understood that each curve is the average obtained from a number of tests, and the results of any one test may vary from the given curve by four or five per- cent. The figure shows that the leakage increases rapidly with increase in clearance. Calculations for Infiltrations In order to arrive at the heat required for warming up the air entering by infiltration, the following procedure is necessary: First, determine the average wind movement in miles per hour for the locality in question (Table 2); Second, determine the inleakage of outside air per lineal foot of the given window or door crack in cubic feet per minute at the given wind velocity, Table 14 or 15; Third, express the heat equivalent in B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack to heat this air 1 deg. fahr. Thus, for a plain window having gg in. crack and gz in. clearance (see Fig. 5), which means the air channel around the edge of the sash is approximately gg in. wide, the heat equivalent of the air leaking in for a 0-70 deg. fahr. temperature difference is 157 B.t.u. per foot of crack per hour (Table 14, Part II). This value is found in the seventh column of the table. The computation for obtaining 157 is: where 124 X 0.075 X 0.24 X 70 = 157 B.t.u., 124 = cubic feet of air per foot of crack per hour for a 15 mi. wind for in. clearance from the 6th column of Table 14. 0.075 = air density at 70 deg. fahr., pound per cubic foot. 0.24 = specific heat of air, and 70 = difference in temperature between inside and outside air. The most convenient values for use in infiltration calculations are the coefficients of infiltration, for the particular kind of crackage with a wind velocity of 15 miles per hour under average conditions, with ^ in. crack and -gz in. clearance reduced by 20 per cent (Table 14, Part II). For a wind velocity other than 15 miles per hour, use the proper velocity for that locality in place of 15. 28 American Society of Heating and'Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 (1) Plain unstripped window: 124 X 0.075 X 0.24 = 2.23 B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack. , (2) Weather-stripped window: 22.9 X 0.075 X 0.24 = 0.41 B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack. Hence, use the values 2.23; and 0.41 for the heat to be supplied in B.t.u. per hour, per foot of crack for an average wind velocity of 15 miles per hour for each of the two kinds of cracks respectively. In case of very 2.23 good double hung plain windows use --=1.11. For special cases, select proper values from Table 14 or 15 and compute the B.t.u. per foot, of crack as already shown for the average case, using the proper wind velocity in miles per hour. HEAT SOURCES Heat Available from Sources other than Heating Plant The heat supplied by persons, lights, motors and machinery should always be ascertained in the case of theaters, assembly halls, and in dustrial plants, but allowances for such heat sources must be made only after careful consideration of all local conditions. In many cases, these heat sources should not be allowed to affect the size of the installation at all, although they may have a marked effect on the operation and con trol of the system later. In general, it is safe to say that where audiences are involved, the heating installation must have sufficient capacity to bring the building up to the stipulated inside temperature before the audience arrives. In industrial plants, quite a different condition exists, and heat sources, if they are always available during the period of human occupancy, may be substituted for a portion of the heating installation. In no case should the actual heating installation (exclusive of heat sources) be reduced below that required to maintain at least 40 deg. fahr. in the building. The following allowances may be made when required: Table 16. Heat Given up by Persons and Lights Persons; . Man at rest.......................................................................................... 400 B.t.u. per hr. Man at work........................................................................................500 B.t.u. per hr. Lights: ' Electric lamps, B.t.u. per hr. equals watts per lamp X number of lamps X 3.415 Gas lighting: . . * 1 cu. ft. producer gas............................................................................. 150 B.t.u. 1 cu. ft. illuminating gas.....................................................................:.700 B.t.u. 1 cu. ft. natural gas.............................................................................. 1000 B.t.u. A Welsbach burner averages 3 cu. ft. of gas per hour and a fish tail burner 5 cu. ft. per hour. For more detailed information see Table 17. Heat Emitted by Persons per Hour at Different Room Temperatures. ' Motors and the machinery which they drive, if both are located in the room, Convert all of the electrical energy supplied into heat, which is retained in the room if the product being manufactured is not removed until its temperature is the same as the room temperature. 29 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 1' l 3 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 17. Heat Emitted by Persons per Hour at Different Room Temperatures H = Heat emitted by man at rest per hour. HI = Heat emitted by man at light labor per hour. Ha = Heat emitted by man at average labor per hour. Hh = Heat emitted by man at hard labor per hour. H = Heat Energy = (Ft-PoU-^Per hour) = 84 B.t.u., 168 B.t.u. and ' 252 B.t.u. respectively for light, average and hard labor. T = Room Temperature. H = 13.2 (98.6 - T) Heat due labo T X HE 100 HI, Ha, or Hh = 13.2 (98.6 - T) plus --T X HE 100 Room Temp. Deg. Fahr. , * Rest Heat Emitted by Man* B.t.u. per Hour at 84 B.t.u. 168 B.t.u. 252 B.t.u. Light Average Hard Labor Labor Labor Condition Required to Balance Excess and Shortage in Heat Emission 30 905 931 954 981 Increasing Humidity 40 773 807 838 874 :Heavy Clothing for Reduction or Pre 50 642 684 723 768 vention of Radiation 60 509 559 606 660 68 404 461 518 575 Normal Condition 70 378 436 491 . 554 75 312 375 438 501 Decreasing Humidity 80 246 313 375 447 .Air Currents for Producing Evapora 85 180 251 322 394 ,tion of Perspiration 90 114 189 259 342 For children use one-half of table values. If power is transmitted to the machinery from the outside, then only the heat equivalent of the brake horsepower supplied is used. In the ., Motor horsepower w ,, , first case the B.t.u. supplied per hour = ----------- j--------- X 2046, and Efficiency of motor in the second case B.t.u. per hr. = b.hp. X 2546, in which 2546 is the B.t.u. equivalent of 1 hp. hour. In high-powered mills this, is the chief source of heating and is frequently sufficient to overheat the building even in zero weather, thus requiring cooling by ventilation the year round. For intermittent heating allow 10 per cent additional for rooms heated in the day time only, and for longer intervals of several days or more, add 25 per cent in determining minimum heating requirements, and size of plant. Application to Factory Heating3 (See Fig. 6) Lowest outside temperature for Philadelphia, Pa. = -- 6 deg. fahr. (Table 2), hence use ( --6 + 10) = + 4 for heat loss computations. Average wind movement (Table 2) for December, January, February = 11.0 miles per hour from the Northwest. Long axis of building is north and south. Inside breathing line temperature = 60 deg. fahr. Walls: 9 in. concrete (stone), furred with 2 in. tile, plastered x/i in. Ki -- 0.93 plaster in still air, (Table 4). Kt = 3 X 1.3 concrete moving air, (Tables 4 and 6). Ci = 8.3 foe stone concrete, (Table 5): c2 = for tile as shown use 0.99 (not per 1 in.), (Table 5). . 3In this example a design temperature only 10 deg. fahr. above lowest on record instead of 15 deg. fahr. above was used. Infiltration values were taken from Table 14 for a plain window. 30 1 i' \i i + K, K2 ^ + -J-+ _L + + ^ c, 0.93 ' 3.9 ^ 8.3 ' 0.99 . 0.292 from equations (6) and (7). The air temperature at the mean height of inside walls is greater than at breathing line. Mean heightof walls is 16 4- 2 = 8 ft., which 8 -- 5 = 3 ft. above breathing line. Allowing 2 per cent per foot above 5 ft., or 2X3 = 6 per cent, makes the mean air temperature 1.06 X 60 = 63.4 deg. fahr. The triangular areas in the end wall are practically at the mean height of the roof at which level the air temperature is 78 deg. fahr. Wall-vSection A-A FIg. 7. Elevation of Factory Building Roof: 3 in. concrete (stone), with in. tar paper and slag. I,!,*,, i. 1 1 3 0.125 K, K2 ^ c, "* c2 1.3 "^4.2 ' 8.3 ' 0.40 The air temperature just below roof is higher than that at the breathing line. Mean height of roof is 16.+ 4 = 20 ft., or it is 20 -- 5 = 15 ft. 31 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 above breathing line. Allowing 2 per cent per foot above 5 ft., or 2 X 15 = 30 per cent, makes the under roof temperature = 1.30 X 60 = 78 deg. fahr. Floor: The 5 in. concrete floor is laid on the ground, and hence there is only one surface coefficient Kt = 1.3 (Table 3). U = ----i------- = 0.717 ----------- h -- 1.30 ^ 8 The air temperature at floor level = 60 -- 5 = 55 deg. fahr. Windows and Doors: Wood sash and doors with single thickness of glass. Take coefficient U for glass as 1.13 B.t.u. per sq. ft. per degree pier hour for heat transmission (Table 6). Doors are solid wood 1% in. thick and coefficient U = 0.37 B.t.u. per sq. ft. per degree per hour (Table 6). Infiltration: Window crack assumed xg in. and doors at in. By Table 14 (Part I) for a 10 mile wind velocity the leakage pier foot of crack is 85 c.f. hr. for a plain window. The heat equivalent per hour, per degree is . 85 X .075 X 0.24 = 1.53 B.t.u. and allowing for an 11 mile wind the factor becomes 1.53 X = 1.68 (see preceding note). Allow twice this for door crack or 2 X 1 -68 = 3.36. Building Material. Exposure Concrete and Tile__ N N Doors ................. N Crack yt*................... N - Calculation Sheet Entire Building (See Fig. 7) Coeffic. Area Trans. Width Height Sq. Ft. and Temp. in Ft. in Ft. or Lm. Infill. Diff. Ft. M X 50 8^ 213 0.29 74.0 50 16 656 0.29 59.4 12 12 144 0.37 56 1 pair doors 60 3.56 56 Net 4,570 11,300 2,980 11,900 Exposure Factor 1.15 1.15 1.15 H* X 1.15 Total B.t.u. 5,250 13,000 3,430 6.850 ' 28,530 Concrete and Tile__ Glass............................ Crack >6'........... .. W w w 120 16 15 X 4 9 Double Hung 1380 0.29 540 1.13 450 1.78 59.4 59.4 59.4 22.900 36,200 47.500 1.15 1.15 X 1.15 26,300 41,600 27,300 Windows (15) 95,200 South Wall................. Same as N East Wall................... Same See above 30,750 M* 24,800 as W See above 106,600 . 82,850 Roof 3* Concrete and Slag............ No Ceiling 52.5 120 6300 0.60 74 280,000 None 280,000 Floor 5' Stone Con . crete.... .................... On Dirt 50 120 6000 0.717 5 21,510 None 21,510 Grand total of heat required for building in B.t.u. per hour at -j- 4 with 11-mile Southwest wind.. 532.890 Notes--(1) This building has no partitions and whatever air enters through the cracks on the wind ward side must leave through the cracks on the leeward side. Therefore, only one-half of the total crack will be used in computing infiltration for each side and each end of building. (2) An exposure allowance of 15 per cent is also to be added to the wall and glass transmission losses and to the infiltration losses on the two adjacent sides of the building most nearly facing the prevailing wind as stated in paragraph 36. ' (3) It is also possible to compute the heat required to take care of infiltration on the basis of M of an air change per hour as given in Table 13 for a factory with minimum conditions. Volume = 50 X 120 X 20 (mean height) = 120.000 cu. ft. and heat required per hour is . 120.000 X K X 0.075 X 0.24 X 59.4 = 64,200 B.t.u. Based on infiltration through one-half the total crackage in all walls, the heat to be supplied per hour is from preceding table, . 6.850 + 27,300 + 5,950 + 23,750 - 63,850 B.t.u. This value based on crackage should be used, but if building is to be heated intermittently, not less than one air change per hour should be allowed. ' 32 Chapter II HEATING BY RADIATION CALCULATING RADIATION RADIATION can be classified as direct, semi-direct, and indirect, and is usually made of pipe or cast iron; when it is made of pipe it is termed pipe coil, and when made of cast iron it is termed column, wall, semi-indirect, or indirect radiation. . The unit of measure'in figuring radiation is the square foot of heating surface, which is the external surface. The amount of heat a square foot of heating surface (radiation) will give off depends upon the temperature of the heating medium (steam-, or hot water), the temperature of the surrounding air, and the velocity at which the air passes over same. Tables 18 to 24 on succeeding pages indicate the number of B.t.u. a given size column or wall radiator will transmit in 1 hr. with steam as the heating medium and Tables 26 to 30 give similar data with hot water as the heating medium. The ordinary practice in calculating the amount ' of radiation of various kinds to meet a variety of conditions will be briefly stated. To determine the amount of direct radiation to heat a room, figure all of the heat losses, add the proper amount for exposure, and refer to Tables 18 to 30 to find the proper size radiator. If a radiator of more than 20 sections is required, multiply the value, B.t.u. pier intermediate section, for the particular radiator, Tables 18-24, by the number of additional sections above 20 and add this amount to the value, Total B.t.u. per hour, for the 20 section radiator. This will give the total B.t.u. per hour for the required radiator. Example.--What is the total B.t.u. per hour for a 30-section .32 in., single column radiator? Solution.--626 B.t.u. X 10 Sections = 6260 B.t.u. 6260 B.t.u. + 12,875 B.t.u. = 19,135 B.t.u. Total per hour for 30-section radiator. The values, B.t.u. per square feet of intermediate section and B.t.u. per square feet of end surface, are given on the tables to show the rela tionship between the two. The greater exposure of the end surface on the radiator, obviously will give a greater emission per square feet of surface. . To determine the amount of semi-indirect~(sometimes termed directindirect), radiation to heat a room, figure all the heat losses, adding the Prepared especially for The Guide by R. V. Frost, Norristown, Pa. 33 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 proper amount for exposure add 40 per cent and refer to Tables 18-24 to find the proper size radiator. . Example.--The heat losses including allowance for exposure for a given size room is 17,200 Ebt.u. + 40 per cent or 24,080 B.t.u., requiring a 19-section 45 in. 3-col. semi-indirect radiator. Pipe coils should be of the header type* with provision made for ex pansion by a mitre piece. The steam supply should be at the mitre end and all coils should be securely anchored at the return header so as to throw the expansion toward the mitre end. The coils should be made of l]4 or 1J4 in. pipe and not over 60 ft. in length, not including the mitre, which should be at least one-tenth the length of the coil. SELECTION OF RADIATIQN It is usually necessary to select the type and location of radiation to conform to the conditions and space available in the room. In general it is usually most convenient and practical to locate the radiation on the exposed side of the room. The size of the radiator to take care of any particular heat loss can be best selected from the sheets compiled by the Society's Research Laboratory in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Mines Experiment Station, which are based on experiments by the late Director John R. Allen, and F. B. Rowley. As the heat emitted per square foot of radiation varies in radiators of different heights, widths and lengths, and also with the steam pressure and the temperature of the ' room, errors will occur if the same factor is used for all radiators. Examples for the Usd of Tables.---Assume that the heat loss from a room is 15,497 B.t.u. pier hr., to heat the room to 70 deg. fahr. Two-column 38-in. radiators have been selected using steam at 1-lb. gage or approxi mately 215 deg. fahr.' Solution.--In Table 19 for two-column radiators, under 38 in., it will be found that a 17-section radiator will emit 15,960 B.t.u. There fore a 17-section two-column 38-in. radiator will be required with a rated surface of 68 sq. ft. . If in the same example steam at 5-lb. pressure or approximately 227 deg. fahr. was used and the room was heated to only 60 deg. fahr. re quiring 13,300 B.t.u. and three-column 26-in. radiators are selected the radiation would be estimated as follows: Solution.--In Table 25 following down the first column to 5-lb. gage pressure and then over horizontally to 60 deg. fahr. room temperature the conversion factor 0.864 will be found. The heat loss 13,300 X 0.864 (the equivalent heat loss) = 11,480 B.t.u. In Table 20 for three-column radiators under the heading 26 in. it will be found that a 13-section radiator will supply 11,242 B.t.u. under standard conditions which is the closest to the amount required. Therefore a 13-section three-column 26-in. radiator will be required. . 34 395 263 395 . 7309 7752 8193 8635 9080 443 266 394 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 T o ta l B.t.u. per hr. rO 04 1-- C4 CC O\0DN(n'O to On <*-0 wm C4 cq to oo to tcOq cOq itWo tbo*t^** tloOootOcoq>ciqt^tt)coNqoHo-* rt< rt< LO lo Tf oo 00 *to^O'toONtOOot '0'0c*b00 z o cq ioO'oO'o to o to to o O to to to ON cq to to NO OO On cq ^cq*icOqcc*qocOq tOo Rated Surface sq. ft. 26.66 2 8 .3 3 30.00 3 1 .6 6 3 3 .3 3 li as z H 11 >5 za Cn J o U <c va c .= z S5<tdcKt, c/> z 0245 23 n .I Total B.t.u. per hr. Rated Surface sq. ft. 1 .6 6 3.33 5.00 6 .6 6 8.33 1 0 .0 0 11.66 13133 15.00 16.66 Total B.t.u. per hr. 654 1112 1555 1997 2440 rq -rf r- O' cq OOM'OO'O 00 CO t-- cq O cq to to ^ to oo cq to oOn ttoo ooo cq onoo LO to to nO ttoo NNOO ttoo o--oi cq --cq> tooq tcoq rbO--*MtOoOn rO--rO04OttOoo --i l 04 04 oo o NttooeotoootrosOoOo*'^tPo o"HolOcqxtKtlOOtNi^. On Tf O' v lO'O'CCC cs'tooo cq no oo cq rt no oo cq cq cq cq to ccqo to <o otoo Tt 8489 9000 9515 10028 10544 . 514 257 385 Rated Surface sq. ft. Q H^ > <? go s z 0eo 5KoUvo Rated Surface sq. ft. T o ta l B.t.u. per hr. OOO-HTf t> On to 04 <50 rf -<<Nf4fO oo to ^ cq oO> CtrNjNt. ttIOoo otOooN *NN--Oi '0 0 0't"t Otcoq- 'toO--o oOOo-HOc^n ' NcqO NO LO o to to mionon to to io -- ocq ccqq cqo to to to o~cqtot-- cq to to to to to o O' crqf to r-- to --H< do' t0o4 CtoO ^ tNoO On tcoq to 00 cT-t Ttojt cvq O-N nr--o 00fCO*C*O^C' C44 oo to to do ON O' ^ to t-* O' ^ tO C00. tvo-t tcoq ON cq ^ to ^ tt--o to T o ta l B.t.u. . per hr. 38 n .I Rated Surface sq. ft. . to vO On C4 to o*-oi c-q*i cq ccq* to to no O' cq o to to to ^ ^ to to to N o .I OF Sections L ength nches cq to lo 'ONOOO'O -h cq to ^ to Ni-Owc--wQO^Oc' q 5 10 to to --i cq cq 35 to to to 6* cn 40 45 50 B .t.u . per Interm ed. Section 728 243 " " " End Surface 10372 10999 11624 12250 12875 250 380 R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y St a n d a r d D a t a -- A m e r ic a n S o c ie t y o p H e a t in g a n d V e n t il a t in g E n g in e e r s R e s u lt o f C o o p e ra tive W o rk W ith U . S. B ureau o f M in e s E x p e rim e n t S ta tio n , P itts b u rg h Pa C o p y r ig h t 1921 '` T a b l e 19. H e a t E m it t e d b y D ir e c t R a d ia t io n -- T w o -C o lu m n R a d ia to r s 413 415 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 T otal B .t.u. per hr. CO CO -if CO oo co oo co p- CM NO O CM Tf O' oo p-* p vo (CSOIC^DCrMpNTCp vM/-> CO to O0 CM OO to CO CO CM r- cm r- cm Tf CO CM -h On CMI^CMh* -- 00 <30 O CO Tp rp CM z cm cm ^ oo CMrjN'OOO CM rp O0 CM CM CM CM CO CM rp oO CO CO CO CO ^ R ated S u rfa c e sq. ft. 240 242 638 565 T o ta l B .t.u. per hr. Room Temperature at 70 dee t a k e 23 I n . R ated S u rfa c e 8Q. ft. T o ta l B .t.u. per hr. 26 In . R ated S u rfa c e #q. ft. 9464 10032 10601 11167 11736 l-- O ro vO CS O' O fO vo CM HNc^tO O' nO fO . Or*Tfoo 00 CO O' to CO rp rp to oo co r^-HOOtt 'Omc-cooO t-* r-- oo oo 14.00 16.33 18.66 . 2 1 .0 0 ; 23.33 CO CO CO NO CO NO CM rp r-- ON r-1 co CO to O0 CM to CM CM CO to to co co co to f'OCNrf'O CO ro rp rr NO CO CM c- co O 'O H-ifs)rocO On r- CM OO CM O On CO CM On to -n 00 rp tP tO NO CMccoor-- -- w CM to CM -- -- CM CO 7471 8109 8746 9383 10020 16.00 18.66 21.33 24.00 | 26.66 NO co NO fO O CO O NO CO cm to oo co CO co co co cm rp p- CM co CO CO TP co co co co CM LO O0 co rP rp rp to VO r*iHcov)(N (ONONIO CM *^ ^* CM CO rp CM 00 On CO CM On NO CO CM CM ON tO CO to to no r-% oo CM 00 CM OO CO w *- OO rp CM --> CM t-^OOOO CO CO -- OO C>. to to CM CO TP to JN. 3.33 6.66 10.00 13.33 16.66 CO nO to CO O CO CO N CO CM CM CM CO CO co co cO to CO co VO NO >0 to to CM CM CONNN.1^ tO rp CO CM --* t-t CM CO rp to CM CM OO Nr^'O'O'O On oo P*. N O'GC-OOOn P-* P- t-- rp NO O -- CM (O Tf CM oo to to to oo t-. to to t-. oo 006 T otal B .t.u. per hr. 32 In . R ated S u rfa c e sq. ft. .- 233 400 36.66 40.00 43.33 46.66 50.00 225 396 T o ta l B .t.u. per hr. 38 In . R ated S u rfa c e sq. ft. - rp 00 CM NO rp oo cm CM CM CO to Tp CO CM O Tf to to tP OO CM o *->. p- oo T otal B .t.u. p e r hr.' 18143 19227 20311 21394 22478 1083 CM to O' CM *0 On p- o rp CM 00 O *-t CM ri cm tP to oo NO CM to O P- rf to CO ^ to NO CM 00 On -- t CM rp CO CM -- t>* to p- oo oo CM CO rp to P> CN. 00 pCM to z kO nr to to to l CM CM to to CO CO ^ 0 to to to to p-*. rs to to o OO OO R ated S u rfa c e sq. ft. V-* CM CO rp to nO r oo r-> CM CO rp to P- 00 Steam Temperature at 215 deg. Jahr. 40 45 50 B .t.u. per Interm ed. Section " " Sq. F t. " " " " " End Surface No. OF Se c tio n s 30 35 L e n g t hI nches to to to ^ CM CM 36 5 10 40 45 50 B .t.u . per In te rm e d . Section 1239 " " Sq. F t. " " 206 " " " End Surface 7185 8243 9300 10358 11415 12473 13530 14587 15645 16703 1057 211 380 226 236 380 390 Ro01n Temperature at 70 deg. fa h r. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 '| S T o ta l < B .t.u. j per hr, 1 8863 9398 9931 10464 10989 000^-4 *-* CO CM OO Tp Tp ^HCMft) CO Tp VO tooo-''5pr-- o i-* CO 9 -Np to to CM CO CO CO *-t^*P-co CM r-- CM 00 CO oo co to z oo 10 to CM VO r-- CM CM rp --l voovo CM VO *- co Oco0 rp CrPM VrpO 13.50 15.75 18.00 20.25 22.50 24.75 27.00 29.25 31.50 33.75 R ated S u rfa c e aq. ft. 11323 12000 12679 13361 14040 T otal B .t.u. per hr. CO'Np.-P co -< p- *o 00 rp oo n-t CM CO co CM ^ 00 co --' Tp to CM O0 to CM Tp to lO t-- t*-. OO CM CO CM 00 ^ CM P* 00 On t-- z CM CM CO CM tO oo Tp t- CM CM CM CO CO O' CM VO OO^'tNQ CO CO CO rp tP. rp to tO IO R ated S u rfa c e SQ. f t . 9595 10418 1 11242 12065 12889 822 219 T a b l e 20. H e a t E m i t t e d b y D i r e c t R a d i a t i o n -- h r e e - C o l u m n R a d i a t o r sT >MSC 1<w3 gS s 5i ** X ftW 5M= -- CM ft Z3O a< csl g- *3 | CO o <(/5y IA*o g < <u si oU X<83 tf 32 n .I Z (0 CN z to 38 I n . T o ta l B .t.u. per hr. R ated S u rfa c e sq. ft. T o ta l B .t.u. per hr. R ated S u rfa c e sq. ft. T o ta l B .t.u. per hr. R ated S u rfa c e sq. ft. T o ta l B .t.u. per hr. CM tO P" O *-- t- *-*i rp CO <-t OO rHCStOtONp to OO OO CM to O0 CM tO t-- ^co--*r iO r- t>- O0 CO rp to n-* CO tO P-* to co -* co rp to 60.00 63.75 67.50 71.25 75.00 to to to r-- to cm t-- (OC-HlOfiO O vo to to cm r- to cm O co r* CM CM CO co CO iO VO tO CM w VO CM ^-i tO O0 CM rp rp rp to to vo vo VO rp rp COOI'-NJ" to THCSfOMMO GO **-- CM CM C-- ^ CO CO <M CM CM w CM CO ^ to to o *o Tp CO 00 CM --i CM vo VO P-'-'NOOvo CM CO CO tP ^ to to to tpOOf^N. Tp to to O to vo CM --1 vo r-- oO oo 00 VO CO oo to -- r- cm O0 O O *-- w CM ^ to t-* CM --i p-- co p-. oo oo P- OO --1 --r *--i --< CM CM to to to --( CM CM tO VO co CO o* O* VO to to to to t-- t-- to *o oo oo -*"* OO CM tO cm Tp --< CM CO Tp NO O- tO C" vo vO CM CO ' vO rp <-' ro OO CM co CM.CM CO ^ CO rO r-- --' to OO co VO ^ttor^oo CM OO rp cOrrP00 co to P CM CO rp to CM CM CM CM CM CM 00 ^ r-l --i CM CO CM 00 O' Q CO rp Tp to CM 00 rp r--p^oo cm 00 rp *--< CM ' 6512 7481 8453 9420 10391 16207 17174 18144 19118 20088 969 215 370 co rP r-- CO R ated S u rfa c e sq. ft. -- CM CO *nP tO i-- oo w CM CO rp vo p-- oo Steam Temperature at 215 deg. fa h r. No. OF Se c t io n s L e n g t hI nches ; { to VO n-m CM CM 37 i O vo CO CO R esearch L abo rato ry Stan o ar d American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Gf^N0Ol^ 3 3.2 O" >. c'-nOcnOcInONO<-<' H& rO CS -i COio 0000\|> > 00 oo 00 O' *-i oo o 'OO' lONsOO0"OOOfO00 a--l CN CN t4< *2,1 S|5 <#>'0 0'NiO iSls z. g2 M.e O Mh g| 55 Is. S HI S&scs- siSss log Ip III 3 S'2 :8$ |Ij o a* 2 - SDa fid J O CJ D O 2 O' 9 Pd it* ScS &o o (J > n Q CO e 5 W H C u K' e* W iO aa ci *3 to N* 3 =.2 ,*i * Hm s O *-< --j cn fONHOft cn ^ ^ t4 oooo0tt'-^0iorv-o)<o^o^<> CcOOO'f-"tN'.NNO^^fOOQOOofo'OOSsO rT^o*t-<osio^vSt-Oot^Oi~o-' iOCoOsl S|i ^"OONOO TTS-i IN M fD CO ' OOON^fO KSils3 ^-S o*i k. Hffl a-t CN ft so NcnOoo't'i^fO t'OOO'Oii ON*-ON lwO *O0s *0 0C0N CN ^ so C? 5 S ^ 7 8,j 5j5gis ^ if) 010 -0^*^00 toOO'O*'O0 ON-*Ko O *o O *o < 00 OO Os O' ( 3^ *i k. Hog sOCO-SiHVfO)UOTOOJjsiscOOs)WflOH 'ONCOrJi^ Os ^ 00 o OO 00 CN *0 Os CN OO *-l CN t4< t'f^01/) CN t-~ CN -- 'tOo OSOsOfO^O'Os *O- CN t"* Os CN 00^0'^' CNt-. CN CN CN CN CN 31 s toowco O to O to o to o to O to O to O to o Q 3_j r*i i- Hm * so to co _ to *-< r-- co os cn ^ to oo tooo O<os --to1 ttoo s*-o< SO SO CN OO CN to to SO so 00 O O CN Os *- r-- o to to O' to w 00 O' -i to t* HiHCNNCsj SO *4* CN CO CN 00 to CO Os to o SO r- Os -< cn CN CN CN to to Do*: (lg N O Qs Oio so Os VO O O S33.* *4, OO^N OOiOOn 00 tCoN COO' *so4CO tCO-N CN CO CO 1 ,, t-- to to w CO to t-- Os to CO to to CO ooooo O tN00O HOCON OCO Q^a*H OtaC-xj R ated S u rfa c e sq. ft. 'Of'OOO'Oa--< CN -tj* VO O N. CO O' o *-i CN to NM to No. OF Se c tio n s 36 42 . L e n g t hI nches v CN CO Tf O CN to oo CQ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Total B.t.u. per hr. 861 1391 1921 2448 2979 3509 4038 4568 5099 5626 530 265 430 \iTO--* OsQSCONH^r--^Ct^N so o t*- 00 . tOottoo ^ftOosOCN OoOo to O' Ooos oto oS' 2 - . OC-) a. g U*J NstOOOO CN Tf V O0 O CCNN'CtN'OCNOCON Oto CtON t^O to 0tO0 O^ Total B.t.u. per hr. 4036 4644 5251 5859 6468 261 Oi td 2 23*^ Wi o f 23 33 O 2S = 3 Og uv gS H^ 0C4O W OOOss sso^O tCC--oNN OOCONN CNs fO JTOXf ^tC'OoOO OOCONf'l0OO0S'O*tOos ^^oCNtMCN ntO^'Ti OOo-iO^'N 00 s 4) cwCs*~j to SO Q to SO to s O fO s sis CN C- OS OO ttoo Os oo CtoO t--4*i s>--oi 0*--0i CN tCON ss QO ttOO ss QO tCoN OCON OtO CtON ttOo ttOo oO CO r- O' c*n* ^ ^ CN 11378 12062 12744 13425 14111 256 423 P-. td C >.2 2 <V3 - cn oH fid 5< < Total . B.t.u. per hr. OO CN OO Os cr---n<i oy----o>i COrNf' r*C--O1 CsCO N^totONlCONOr-*OtQoO' 'OOOPOCNN >lsOO0' sO0o Ott0oo>'OOO'OOOSO' co zg S3 < 2'f. CO C4 vo U4r1t'*--J sSO rtoo OO S s ctoO OO SSOO tfOO OO ss rCOO OO sO CCOO Oo oo Sgs CN to oO O to s 00 CN CN sCON 0CN'MtOrCtO,lC>O 0rf CN T}< oTto< to gw o K a.5s css 1* 2; o ^r^OOO Oto-H' C"Ni CN Oto0 *Oto"O" tT"j--v OttioooO\stOooc' Os'-Io' tCOooNotsoooo tCJO* sO O' c*tOo-mi T*t^--o-t<i O' 'C-Ni OOtOo OCONO' oo SO 00 ^ ^4* CN ^ -^ T4< tN o CN Total B.t.u. >er hr. u< vCfl2 HCQ o <wi H < Q < ft5 H U U <N CO V c O *J 4* (Q<~ ttoo VO OO ttoo sS QfOsOOfO O to s O to O o CO tO SO Q O so O 3 3 g to SO O to SO Ktn * OCN tCoN CN Oto tCOO CoO' o rJ1 to -*f ^ tO O 829 418 13487 14640 15789 16940 18090 19248 20400 21551 22705 23850 1152 960 230 240 393 h x: < z? Q > CQ . Q (4 Total B.t.u. Per hr. oCt--ONo( OtCOtN*' ttfcOOooCt^ONoO^t64oO* Os O CN t^O O s CO CN to OO 'Ot^oOO'O CtC4NN* -i OCN cn to OCN'' ^4* OO O to t~~ t--1 CN OO 40NOW O O O' O' 00 'O--* N--1t'.--O< O--1 O--4' S ' H 00 S2 I i II H *2. oO S<3 <o <. b] cw E -3 t *w S2 oCNi C^N td a ^ Total B.t.u. per hr. Rated Surface eq. ft. O0 CN-S O TH -H N Tj 00 CN Q CN CN CO tO O* s 00 - t*< to >0 --1 CN Os CN tJ* to h tO ^4* *0 O tCoN troo--o oCONo tGoO ttooo NOOO CN Orf0 CN SO V-O Q ^ O0 CN r- Ooo ' * si .* _w . V Xa lO On-i tyo* O CN to CN oto tCoO O to tO to lO o to o OOO 00 00 O' Os o 'OC 'wuQJ * O u2 3 J) *0) d 3 o a 4- w Sti 2 ou.2 Cr zD in --i CN rO to w&s t^oO Os O *-H CN CO t4< so i--<t*'--Oi O--< O--<'OCN _ * o> tt 3 K cn IS " 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 3 i3 3 CQ 12466 14513 16559 18604 20650 2046 293 319 American Society of Heating and. Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 : 4> >2 H2 i t, 8! <" PS <! a25p*<b*iSc>-j 3 Is <2 u2 u td OJ 2gm3 o <2W-o l=> H JS Q Q Id s 3* . 2o> 2 4> w <H 2 CCM4 2 g& co ' 3 ' 2 o<-> Oi '-- w. mJ "O_ <N =1 h 12 wo S' g "1 a V I I No. OF Se c t io n s Rated Surface sq. ft. T o ta l B.t.u. per hr. Rated Surface sq. ft. Total B.t.u. per hr. Rated Surface sq. ft. T o ta l B.t.u per hr. 0to0 00 t0o0 oo *-< ccmo r- co oo P OO O' 00 co ^ tOo' Coo O' CM rf to to to to CM CM lO to CO CO ^ Tt* to ^ttoo to P- tPo to to co 00. O' O' 'CtO-O'OPCMNP-OCM CCMM CM CO C0O0 Tt* 0T}4 OC' CMO ^00pCM- pTp p* oooo oo CM CM CM CM CO 0C0Mrj<NOH' CM H00 O'O'OOt-i CCMO rrOf CPO- COO' rf< p- ^ --i oo to --< CM CM CO C^M ^ o CO P- P- --i CO to P- 00 O' O' C-`M On' rMCcOo^ 41904 44508 47110 49715 52322 . 2603 289 tCoO to tOo' CO oo Tt CM CM to OO co O' PI rj< O 00 tO POT0~f p* --CM <PCM0- OCMO CM oo 0o0o to Orf*' QOtp' O' o OCM' 00 ^ ^ O' CM co CO cO co co O0 P- to 'HfMfOTjt r# to CO CM P- --00< O' oo p- to O' CM co. rf CO CM ^ rf to r^* OO c .2 <_> <S) 0) -2 ` '<5u ua. *oJ> c ^ CM CO to P`00 0'0 -h CM co ^ to 41 ^HPHr 0H0 CO'M a 3 CQ " " Sq. Fl 3 3 40 17160 18708 2 0 2 6 1 > 21812 23363 24913 26461 28008 29560 31110 1550 310 331 " E n d S urface American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 5 = JS *t u COMOCMO-^<-OH'OC0' iHpr~HrNf t^fOP- P>. rf r*. t/5 co -* O' --i oo to hONOOO' NiONOoO oo to cm O' o oo O' O' O C--M.rrOffMC'lOOMOcc^Coo* cOoo /> co NO O' CM to Ve. 2,5* 2 W_c 1 <^ 5 < ae >.2 o 51 si > !> 2 =?J3 O 'i Htt S, OCMiOJO''-cOo N co - O' oo CM CM co rf tO Prf- Ooo' C-M< trof rufvCOM Nf-OC' PO* to p- oo rf P- o -< to to co CM OO O' r-4 CM CM oo --* fo 00 co to fO -* O' co ^ to >V 5.5 <N GS2 WOuq. ^H 2U< 3rJt 0~g 2 3 eu UttO <w5 u Q < 05 I' Q Id e 2 LU H < W K 33 cO P --1 OO 3 3.j= e*! > Hffl CO ^ O fM o -< P- fo C^. CM CCOO c^o Oto' Pco- C-SO1 0o0 tCoM - O' O -^ CM 00 O' ~* to oo to CM P- co O' CMCOCOrfrf CM co ^ to rf 00 O' to r- tpo- tooo O' p- p^ --i --< *_ CM CM <m H1 Ob. 2 pr oo O' CM CO to ui oa 2 a O2 J- 41 m American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 These conversion factors m u ltip lie d b y th e heat loss fro m a n y ra d ia to r, operating under the indicated conditions, give th e heat loss b y the same ra d ia to r operating a t 215 deg. fahr. in a room a t 70 deg. fahr. 50 deg. fahr. R esearch L abo rato ry Stan d ar d D a t a -- A m e r ic a n So c ie ty op H e a t in g a n d V e n t il a t in g E n g in eer s Resutt of Cooperative W o rk W ith U . S. Bureau of M ines E xperim ent S tation, P ittsburgh, Pa. C o pyrig ht 1921 Cs| CN lO /5 O' *h oo oo O' lO^Nr^OO' ot#r~-u--->um^rcMM'Co--oi<oo oooooooOooootN-fi 60 deg. fahr. T emperature of R oom in deg. fahr. . t^OTOfOiH"0w>if0lQ r-- to ro on s--> cn'Ob~oO'#r~oOr-i rCfN^OOsOO'rO~O'O0O'QtO-rOOOt"'. 65 deg. fahr. OH06 U < 1.828 1.621 1.451 1.311 1.195 1.095 U* Z O NrH^mN-Oao(MOb<~OOcoO>'OH OnOsOnOsQOOOOOCO O Id > Z o U 70 deg. fahr. 1.934 1.701 1.517 1.364 1.239 1.135 z o Qr~OiO'C9Q-' o rO*' O't' nO' oO'*oOo"ooo c0o0 ^ooodoo < Q < cl 75 deg. fahr. lfOO Oto'OOiftSoO*--OCtN'' CM r-l'^H OCMiOOr^O~t4r->tOfO~l--^`fo^omuci o.O'O'O'OOoo r- -H . O Q w g 80 deg. fahr. 3 W 00O00"OOv0o0ofOOs Hto iHODOrf t^CS H CM I-- s--I a-H < W X e m p . !T OF St e a m in i DEG. FAHR. tHr>r'HOrtH--HoortOCsSI lOOiNlfiNOlOO cmcmcmcmcmcmcmcM H HUIO'-nno) i~* O' to to to Ti< to Os V* C* 00 00 0"0 oo oo o> m vo t^-oo O' 09 rt ^_,^H^-,*-,^_CslcMCM Lb. A b s o lu te P ressure t*< r-- co ro r-- i/-) CCOMO-sHto-aCrMt oo 'O sHMfO'J'lOOOOO L b. Gage Vacuum In. Hg. 42 1.064 1.030 1 .0 0 4 0 .9 8 2 0.964 0 .9 4 3 0 .9 0 7 0 .8 7 5 T a b l e 2 6 . H e a t E m is s io n o f D ir e c t C a s t k o n R a d ia t io n f o r H o t W a t e r -- S in g l e C o l u m n R a d ia t o r sI Mean Water Temperature at 170 deg. fahr..Room Temperature at 70 deg, fahr. ___________________________________________________________________________ ! American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Soooo ^ in -< t-- *n n, in -- ro- rn EJ2SSI2 -- --(NtNM if if if m m -i m O mom Q 3 9>NlO I^ONint. PM 5 t- (Ninoo--W M pm rn rn rn -f ^ if m w>0>'0 MQiOOM o n m >0 O "1 O>0 **}/> CN O nr rn m ^ 52 IG 2 2 rttO-- N---d"0 0--0 0 pm PNM^csorsocMopon (N'isft'MinO'OOOsr IJWb: E-ai OrpUN1I-OwOOV) 'c 00n CO nin- f-tm wrnHm<On*mOr*n<imN^mWmif mPH PoMm-<- ^ v)irt>Ov > N 05mn msmoo mn)m< EO'Ctpoi' oinnopom >. m. t~ .---i moofssrno^ i*5^i^*ioim/)cVo, Opm Oo Mo srnF- jls* 3883 88388 38838 83g83 ^222 SSSSSS 88833 s(n)peOoRn)4 Oo mrn >O oOm") ''00m*>,o'0 r<nr>SO'0tr*n>1'0 990 990 009 OOOO in OO ---I m-- C--C NphinphOpOm mNVm) OmlCIVIQimN m'OmO'<N0'O<CP>! *?SS5= 2!GS 3S r3; 0-.<* N OOO CM *> s 0_a0 pm (rsNnVOinOnOnO) IN^vrOp WVp p35lOmOssO rrnt O0'O0ei*O)0O'O r^n00s"rn)0 pOMMOO'CO"'n) ItOOOmOn-a '0--0P"J"C^N"M0 n.nPcM bifWpi. VO i(Nf TVt) S03f U3 vN5. O m m o `oOmO'n Soi^n^ic>mn ^ mmeimo**- |5* O ^ OO PM Tf srinv)'O'O 0'O0 CrM*t>ooow SinomO in m m mom m m o m ro--o2rkbior-rJprin m^Oo'^oOOsi^'snwmioomp.oo mo "---1 ro >? s _ cm pm rn rn ^ if m 5-op.p.oo eoo>oo OOMOV) mm lOO'TlO'O mom N<or>OM wKONin r- o in vi r onuino -- aM r.NMN ^m m po >>o <<nn so o rrnnnD oomrn mmo.mmomm <n so mj o o rn so m oir.6 rnn ntspjnn mif m mm 3jaa S8S8S SSS S8888 #8888 ren?;iQ5 hhv>o m m o> oi^onooo i-i^cnoi rj m ^ ^ m oU)9nNN o>SCOfm> f.3o5Oolfn SlNn-aO oOpi o3sf pHMn osm^r-m m wf*rn araNNn #^U3n SO pi 00 CO Os i~a~-CM Hi m o O' cm m_ oo -- ^ t-- mmonh <i^nieOo Orni-NM1 mif op#m^mfi~n< > oo pm 252^2 mom mPlOoioCnn va rsPI rn ^ n in in mommmm ONO ^mvPiMNc> e ^ n-- moo i1f0 PI nOs- . If p--m r0n0 flO^'Oti 00 Os O. O n PM rn IS*. Hs m m m in in in in m in >n rax(S<H rn rn ^ if in IT)PMS 00 00 Os CO Oas g"- so f- oo O' -- (Nfp^io SO 00 e.o .pin^ in t~.ocOs i r- oo Os mom m 8S S 43 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 z CO IL e n g t h nches 5 10 15 20 ' 25 30 35 40 45 50 IT a b l e 2 7 . H e a t E m is s io n o f D ir e c t C a s t r o n R a d ia t io n f o r H o t W a t e r -- T h r e e - C o l u m n R a d ia t o r s Mean Water Temperature at 170 deg, fahr,__________________________________________________________Room Temperature at 70 deg, fahr._____________ N umber or Se c t io n s I| 45 n . j Rated 1 SSuqr.faFcte S____ Total B.tu. per Hr. SR O CM ao Mj. OCMOOQ t PM OO Mt tO PM Op ^ -i-cMc, -- cm co ^ w> VSoisgoao vSvSWvSvS--cMfpjMpto VHHVNoNooao 1480 2295 3115 3930 4750 5560 6380 7200 8020 8830 oimncos aoO"CM 9650 10470 11390 12100 12920 13750 14570 15380 16200 17000 | o to'O'Ot'-r- u co a a o -- -- cn pm co to l!3* to O to WG to to to to O to to O to eo n z 3 Z PM TO z MO Total B.tu. per Hr. SR 1 Rated Surface Sq. Ft. .1 s WG 0 WG t/> W> WG o M*> I/) V) O WG tp a CG OC CM r~ -- MO to a^OOIGN CM O -- to cm eo co ^ ^ tfl'O'O'O c>iMoocoa 1250 1950 2645 3345 4040 4740 5430 6130 6830 7540 8225 8930 9625 10320 11010 11700 12400 13100 13800 14500 1100 1740 2380 3020 3660 4300 4940 5580 6220 6860 7500 8140 8780 9420 10060 10700 11340 11980 12620 13260 Rated Surface Sq. F t S 3.'75 7.50 11.25 15.00 18.75 22.50 26.25 30.00 33.75 37.50 I 1 41.25 45.00 48.75 52.50 56.25 60.00 63.75 67.50 71.25 75.00 Total B.t.u. per Hr. SR 905 1450 1990 2525 3070 ' 3620 4170 4710 5250 5790 6310 6855 7400 7950 8500' 9050 9600 10130 10670 11200 VYllGYlO VMM -- CMCMCMCG iGga<MiG ao -- ^ t-~ ID O a CM to oo -- *#. Rated Surface Sq. Ft. S Total B.t.u. per Hr. 8R 750 1200 1645 2095 2540 2990 3435 3885 4335 . 4780 5230 5680 6125 6575 7025 7475 7920 8360 8810 9260 Rated Surface Sq. Ft. 8 1 2.25* 1 4.50 i 1 6.75 9.00 11.25 ' 13.50 i 15.75 1 18.00 l 20.25 . 22.50 24.75 27.00 29.25 31.50 33.75 36.00 38.25 40.50 42.75 45.00 ' Z Total B.t.u. per Hr. SR 600 945 1295 1640 1990 . 2340 2695 3045 3395 3750 4100 4450 4800 5150 5500 5850 6200 6550 6900 7250 44 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 z M mMflwtS^OWS) lOwN> OOlWx)Oo UN1 QS>lG'Y0I>N0 ONwglGMWiC mrsvosivcsav}s NpMN<toftorI>G* mit i^G<VQ>N0<I0G <0 C<*CG rO- pvss rtso. X co ba 2za-oz -j--i toPMvs ovos T able 28. N umber or Se c tio n s (MIGpIG MD Pco a mCMCGM'IG g Is OO a O IH e a t E m is s io n o f D ir e c t C a s t r o n R a d ia t io n f o r Mean Water Temperature at 170 deg, fahr,Room Temperature at 70 deg, fa h r. *n i t i | *I St Z 0CO0 i M-oo--(M--PoM PtfM-aPMoCrMO C'COJ ^ m^ppootopmt'oOg >etgMp|mM<Oo 0 <G--O<--GOcm<Gm cOtgG^OM'Gf>g tiGoOgtGNOilG. egWa> oatoao Rated Surface Sq. F t iS Total B.tu. i per Hr. ; SR 1300 2060 2820 3580 4340 5100 ' 5860 6620 7380 8140 8900 9660 10420 11180 11940 12700 13460 14220 14980 15740 Rated Surface Sq. Ft. S Total B.t.u. per Hr. SR Rated Surface Sq. Ft. S Total B.tu. per Hr. SR 1075 1710 2345 2980 3615 : 3.33 6.66 10.00 13.33 16.66 920 1470 2010 2560 3105 4250 4885 5520 6155 6790 20.00 23.33 26.66 30.00 33.33 3655 ` 4205 . 4750 5295 5840 7425 8060 8695 9330 9965 36.66 40.00 43.33 46.66 50.00 ' 6390 6940 7485 8035 8580 10600 11235 11870 12505 13140 53.33 56.66 60.00 63.33 66.66 9125 9670 10220 10765 11310 9Z \H H o t W a t e r H o s p it a l R a d ia to r s -- T w o -C o lu m n Rated Surface Sq. F t S 2.66 5.33 8.00 10.66 13.33 16.00 18.66 21.33 24.00 26.66 29.33 32.00 34.66 37.33 40.00 42.66 45.33 48.00 50.66 53.33 Total B.tu. per Hr. SR 745 1195 1645 2095 2545 3000 3450 3900 4350 4800 5255 5705 : 6155 6605 7055 * 7510 7960 8410 '8860 9315 Rated Surface i Sq. Ft. 1. 8 2.33 4.66 7.00 9.33 11.66 14.00 16.33 18.66 21.00 23.33 ' 25.66 28.00 30.33 32.66 35.00 37.33 39.66 42.00 44.33 46.66 Total B.tu. per Hr. 1 SR '660 1061 1462 1863 2264 2665 3066 3567 3868 4269 4670 5071 5472 5873 6274 ! 1 6675 : 7076 l 7477 7878 8280 CCOSCPO'OroOCOO ^O CCMM CpM 'COM OCMO COO CvsMvs^tvOsOvsOpOm PlM'goO vs I20 n. Rated Surface Sq. Ft. S Total B.tu. per Hr. SR. ofi-o. oaCMNo(n-<oCVMooPa- NCcMgP'CoO.MCocOMooccIMogccN'o PooTf.Io^McloP'C. --otMo p^1G. CctGoM--OoC'oCtOoM-oGf'gCpIMMm PM P*G to pm e^o MWtf)t O 45 IKt-o"ICC--OoImOo 'oo wo>ioooflo' eo v . OO00ONoOONt mWm) Oo o^mOtoCOtnooO tP5M 00O0*2^Ow0o>^ O2`*'ol-"otsOqt'0qN n (Sio *> %000*0 -- w> o> to to tOrsrcO AOiOOx (<oM<CgNoNoN>oo O-- O--<O0OOO alogOoco^Ocmo aOo oQOur-ipO. >"o! --- co OgI pCmOCO OWfoWgp'^ So2aT;o;2o9 w--cNmoaipoon'* IOmOIhOcOm>Gn Oto WroO O^ to to tioo,5'Ototrto ootoOol9O>O to t--vos ^vs>vsGtvo0s -CMotCSoN CcNOCNOtroo tNIOo tOCOO COOO CtOoO ttio"f tf^C'tjtOMo OtOotVG g -ro ^ to oc-ooao -s pm c-g sp i/g o^cioac I rocotp^to i to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to t t--*<i 0c"~0i --< ttoo O-oO tNoIaOOoili tc o>oto p'OTfiM- oo t0o\ -< to cm tp ttoors etogOo t--o o-torootocoitoor- Otj---CM oIGotoC"i . PM ^ WG --p*5'9' -- ~ ` o to v too a mco^io grooao -- cmtotpto >CNooao un O O o o <>oo i lO IG O tQo ph oto to,-o. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 29. Heat Emission of Direct Pipe Coil Radiation for Steam Steam Temperature at 240 deg. fahr.--Pressure 10 lb. per sq. in.--Room Temperature at 60 deg. fahr. WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical-Pipes Horizontal B.t.u. per Lineal Ft. of Coil per'Hour. (Not Lineal Ft. of Pipe.) Size of Coil Single Row............................ ........ Two...................................... ........ Four.............................. ............ ........ Six. ......................... ........ Eight........................................... ....... Ten............................................. ....... Twelve........ .................. ....... l' 175 335 584 752 864 970 1075 1H' 215 413 724 930 1064 1200 1330 245 462 816 1050 1200 1350 1500 WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical--Pipes Vertical Emission varies in inverse ratio of the height of the coil. Use 133 B.t.u. per lineal ft. of pipe as an average for 134 in. coil, 10 ft. high. CEILING COILS--Coils Placed Horizontal--Pipes Horizontal Emission is equal to that of a single row coil. Allowance must be made however, if the coil is at the ceiling in a higher temperature. In this case use 167B.t.u. per lineal ft. of pipe for 1 in. coils. 206 " " " " " " "1)4 in. coils. 231 " " " " " "lj^in. coils. Note.--This Table hasbeen developed by amethodof deduction from the available data on such experimental work on pipe coils as has been recorded, and does not represent definite results of tests as in Tables 17 to 30. The values are therefore approximate only but can be used with assurance that they are more accurate than those obtained by the usual method for calculating pipe coil surface. Table 30. Heat Emission of Direct Pipe Coil Radiation for Hot-Water Water Temperature at 180 deg. fahr. Room Temperature at 60 deg. fahr. WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical--Pipes Horizontal B.t.u. per Lineal Ft. of Coil per Hour. (Not Lineal Ft. of Pipe.) Size of Coil . Single Row.-.............................. ...... Two. .......................................... ...... Four............... ................. .'______ ...... Six............ .................................... ...... Eight............................................ ...... Ten............................................... ...... Twelve.................-...................... ...... i' ' 105 198 352 456 520 583 645 1H" 131 248 432 558 640 720 . 800 l Pi" 147 276 488 630 720 810 900 WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical--Pipes Vertical Entission varies in inverse ratio to the height of coil. Use 80 B.t.u. per lineal ft. of pipe as an average for 1)4 in. Coil 10 ft. high. , CEILING COILS--Coils Placed Horizontal--Pipes Horizontal Emission is equal to that of a single row coil. " Allowance must be made however, if the coil is at the ceiling where the temperature is higher. In this case use 100 B.t.u. per lineal ft. of pipe for 1 in. coils. ' 125 " " " " " " " 1)4 in. coils. 138 " " " " " " " iy2 in. coils. Note.--See note under Ceiling Coils for Steam. 46 1 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 RADIATION FOR ROOM TEMPERATURES The following table from the Establishment of Standard Methods of Proportioning Direct Radiation, by James A. Donnelly (Transactions, Vol. 21, p. 535) gives the proportionate heat losses from buildings, the proportionate transmission from direct radiators, and the proportionate radiation required (with steam at 210 deg.) for various room temper atures, when the outside temperature is zero: Table 31. Effect of Room Temperature on Heat Loss and Size of Radiator Room Temperature PROPORTIONAT E Loss in B.t.u. Difference in Temperature Between Radia tor and Room Proportionate Transmission in B.t.u. Room Temperature Proportionate Surface Required Sq. Ft. 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 701 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 0.50 0.57 0.64 0.71 0.79 0.86 0.93 l.OOf 1.07 1.14 1.21 1.29 1.36 1.43 1.50 1.57 1.64 1.71 175 170 165 160 155 150 145 140f 135 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 1.34 1.29 1:24 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.05 l.OOf 0.95 0.91 0.87 0.82 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.58 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 f 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.69 0.78 0.89 l.OOf 1.12 1.26 1.40 1.56 1.74 1.93 2.15 2.39 2.66 2.95 . f Standard Conditions. Assuming that the rate of heat loss from a building varies directly with the difference be tween the outside temperature and the building temperature, and considering the heat loss for zero outside, 70 deg. inside as the standard, or 100 per cent; the second column shows the proportionate loss of heat from a building when the outside temperature is zero, and the inside temperature is as given in the first column. Assuming that the rate of transmission from a direct radi ator to the air of a building is in proportion to their difference in temperature, with a variation in the rate of transmission of 2 per cent, greater or less, for each 10 deg. increase or decrease in their temperature difference, and considering 140 deg. differ ence in temperature (steam 210 deg., building 70 deg.) as standard, or 100 per cent trans mission, the second column shows the proportionate trans mission when the difference in temperature is as given in the first column. Assuming that under stand ard conditions of outside tem perature zero, building tempera ture 70 deg., and radiator tem perature 210 deg. (or 140 deg. difference between the radiator and room) the amount of radia tion necessary is 100 per cent, the proportionate amounts of radiation given in the second column are those necessary to heat a building to the tempera tures given in the first column, when the outside temperature is zero. Note.--The amount of surface required for heating is always obtained by dividing the heat loss from the building by the amount of heat transmitted per square foot of radiation. Therefore, as-may be seen from the above tables, the proportionate amount of surface required for heating is obtained by dividing the proportionate heat loss from the building by the proportionate transmission of the radiator, in each case. ` The preceding table may be used to find the proportionate amount of radiation necessary to heat a room to any desired inside temperature, other than 70 deg., when the outside minimum temperature is other than zero, arid with' a radiator temperature other than standard. Find the difference between the outside temperature and the room temperature in the first column; divide the proportionate heat loss opposite this amount, 47 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 in the second column, by the proportionate transmission opposite the difference in temperature between the radiator and the room, as given in the fourth column, and the result will be the proportionate amount of radiation required. ' Example.--What is the proportionate amount of radiation required to heat a room to 90 deg., with a temperature of 20 deg. below zero outside, and a steam temperature of 240 deg. Solution.--The difference in temperature between 20 deg. below outside, and 90 deg. inside, is 110 deg. Opposite 110, the propor tionate heat loss or 1.57 is found in the second column. The difference in temperature between the radiator and the room (steam 240 deg., room 90 deg.) is 150 deg. Opposite this, the proportionate transmission 1.09 is found in the fourth column. Divide 1.57 by 1.09 and the quotient, 1.44 is the proportionate amount of radiation required. EFFECT OF HUMIDITY The late John R. Allen, while Director of the Society's Research Laboratory, submitted a paper as a report (A. S. H. V. E. Transactions, Vol. 26, p. 11), which in addition to the treatise on the heat emitted by Fig. 8. Effect of Humidity on Heat Transmission . " various types of radiation, from which the preceding tables were calcu lated gives other'data from which'the following is taken. Fig. 8 shows the effect of increasing the humidity upon the heat transmission. It will be noted that with extreme change of humidity there is a slight change in the heat transmission, the heat transmission reducing slightly as the humidity increases. Humid ity can have very little, if any effect upon radiation, and the effect of humidity must therefore change^the converted heat lost by the radiator. This change of converted heat is probably clue to the change in the density of the air passing over the radiator. 48 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 . EFFECT OF AIR CIRCULATION The amount of heat given off by a radiator may also be increased by increasing the velocity of the air over the surface of the radiator. This increase.in velocity will increase the amount of heat carried off by convection. No exact data are available on the effects that may be introduced by increasing these velocities over radiator surfaces, but in rooms with moving machinery the heat transmission is increased approximately 10 per cent. WARMING THE RADIATOR It is often very important to know the maximum condensation that occurs in a radiator when steam is turned on. Fig: 9 shows the condensation rate in pounds per hour for the time elapsing after steam is turned into the radiator. It will be noticed that the maximum condensation occurs 10 min. after steam is turned on, and in that Time elapsing after Steam is turned info Radiator (in Minutes) Fig. 9. Chart-Shows Demand upon Boiler for Heating-Up Plant case it amounts to about three and one-half times normal condensation. After the end of 25 min., the radiator had reached a normal rate of condensation. This curve was made from observations at intervals of 10 min. so that the intermediate points between the 10 min. points are not known, and the form of the curve is not exact. It shows, however, that in starting a plant, the demand made upon the boiler may be very much higher than the normal demand. EFFECT OF PAINTING The effect of painting was originally determined by experiments made with a cast iron rectangle, and in applying these to radiators of standard type, corrections must be made to allow for the difference between the area of the radiating and converting surfaces. The effect of painting is to change the radiation constant of the radiating surface and has practically no effect upon the heat lost by convection. It is, therefore, a surface effect and it makes no difference what paints are placed on the radiator as a priming coat, the results are always dependent upon the last coat of paint put upon the radiator. In radiators having a large proportion of radiating surface such.as pipe coils or wall coils, the effect of painting will be more marked than in four-column radiators having a comparatively small radiating surface in proportion to convecting surface. All finely ground materials have about the same radiation constant. Therefore all paints having finely, ground pigments will give about the same effect. Metals have a poor radiating effect so that any paint involving flake metal, such as the bronze, will have a low radiating constant. 49 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 32. Effect of Painting . The result of painting is largely dependent upon the last coat, and is more marked on radiators having a large proportion of radiating surface, as pipe coils or wall radiators, than on radiators having a comparatively small radiating surface in proportion to convecting surface. ,. Percentage of Effectiveness Based on Values in Tables as 100 per cent Cast Iron, bare..................................................... .................... Painted with flat black............................................. .......... Painted with aluminum bronze........................................... Painted with gold bronze............................... .................... Painted with white enamel......... ............. .............. .............. Painted with maroon japan.......................................... ....... Painted with white zinc paint.............................................. Painted with no-lustre green enamel................................ 100% 100% 80% 81% 101% 100% 101% 96% EFFECT OF ENCLOSING THE RADIATOR The practice of enclosing radiators has become so general that there is an insistent demand for definite data on the heating effect when so enclosed. . It has been observed that enclosed radiation may give greater heating effect with less condensation than exposed radiators. This result is brought about by a decrease in the radiant effect and an increase in con vection effect due to the enclosure. To accomplish best' results, care must be exercised to follow certain rules in designing the enclosure, the most important of which are: 1. Enclosures should be insulated with 1 in. magnesia or asbestos block, lined with bright tin or non-corrosive sheet metal, placed next to the radiator. 2. The surface of the radiator should be painted flat black, maroon japan, white enamel or white zinc. If the radiator is entirely concealed it may be unpainted. 3. The free area of the grill or opening at the outlet should be not less than the free area through the sections of the radiator. 4. The free area of the grill or opening at the inlet should be not less than 80 per cent of the" free area at the outlet. * 5. If the outlet is in the face of the enclosure so that the air flow is horizontal, the free area of the outlet should be at least 150 per cent of the free area about the radiator, and the clear height between the top of the radiator and the underside of the top of the enclosure should be not less than the depth of the enclosure. ' ' 6. Best results- are obtained with a tight fitting enclosure, provided the free area about the radiator at point of greatest restriction is not excessive. As a general rule the efficiency of the radiator is inversely proportional to the depth of the enclosure. Case 1 is 10 per cent more effective than a direct radiator when properly constructed.. Case 2 is 5 per cent more effective than a direct radiator when properly constructed. Case 3 is equally as effective as a direct radiator when properly constructed. Case 4, with E equal to one-half A,--percentage of reduction is 10 per cent. Case 4, with E equal to A,--percentage of reduction is 20 per cent. Case 4, with E equal to 1 ViA,--percentage of reduction is 35 per cent. Case 5, with E equal to A,--percentage of reduction is 30 per cent. Case 6, percentage of reduction is 5 per cent. This data applies to the use of cast iron column radiation, with en closures built-in as part of the architectural treatment of the room and does not apply to other types of enclosed radiators. ` 50 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 EFFECT OF POSITION The effect of position on heat transmitted by a radiator is a subject that has been investigated to a very limited extent. Experiments that are now available show the heat loss from a radiator is about the same whether it is placed on the floor, at the ceiling or in the middle of the fflimrrmgig | i ZL k y/77//77/7//7s/////S?y. Case 4 Fig. 13 Case 6 Fig. 15 Different Arrangements of Radiators in Enclosures room, air temperatures being the same. It seems to make very little difference whether it is placed near the wall or near the middle of the room, as far as condensation is concerned. There is, however, a considerable difference in the heat of the room and the maintaining of a warm floor. This is particularly the case in rooms in which there is very little circula tion of air, due to mechanical means. Many factories that were effec tively heated with-ceiling radiation when belt drives were used have found it necessary to relocate the radiation at the floor, when direct 5! ^ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 motor drives were installed on machines. It has been found under these conditions that high temperatures prevail at the ceiling while low tem peratures prevail in the working space. Not only operators have been affected under these conditions but also the output of the individual machines. Best results are obtained when the radiators are placed under the windows and adjacent to doors to the outside. The air heated by the radiators under the windows, rises, mixes with the cold infiltrating air from the windows, circulates across the ceiling, gradually settles to the floor, is drawn up by the radiator and the cycle continues. The advantage of placing radiators adjacent to the door is that the infiltration at this point is compensated for, the infiltrating air being warmed before it enters the heated space. Placing a radiator close to an outside wall heats the wall immediately behind the radiator, but the infiltrating air through this wall absorbs this heat in part, the rest being used to compensate for the transmission losses through the walk SPECIFICATION CLAUSES Specifications for radiation should contain the following clauses: 1. Manufacturers must guarantee that the heat emission per radiator shall not fall below the values given in Tables 18 to 30. 2. Radiation must be free from flaws on surface and leaks at nipple connections, and guaranteed to stand a. hydrostatic test of not less than 100 lb. per sq. in. 3. Radiation must be thoroughly cleaned of all core sand, and if for vapor or modu lation steam systems must be washed out and the openings plugged before shipment. 4. Radiation must not be placed where dirt can get into the interior and if to be placed in the weather or damp location must be given a priming coat of paint before shipment or immediately upon delivery at location. 5. Long or low radiators should be crated, and the crating not removed until placed in final location. . 6. Radiators supported from the wall or ceiling shall be supported on steel or wrought iron hangers. 52 Chapter III STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS PIPING systems for steam heating--one broadly classified as one-pipe, two-pipe, vapor and vacuum systems; condensation returning to boiler by gravity or mechanical devices. One-pipe system may be installed as a circuit or as a divided circuit, the steam mains rising close to the basement ceiling above boiler and then grades down from this high point, carrying with it steam and condensate. When the last radiator has been served the main may drop below the water line of boiler, when its size is reduced as the run back to the boiler carries only water, this run is called a "wet return." This return may be run above the water line of boiler, then, it is called a "dry return." In this system the condensate from the radiators returns to the steam main through the feed branches and risers as there is but one connection to the radiators. The air from the system is ejected through air valves properly placed on radiators at the end opposite steam supply, also, on mains properly placed near ends. Two-pipe systems have two connections to the radiators, one for steam and the other for condensation, air being ejected through air valves properly placed as in the one-pipe system. Vacuum systems employ a vacuum return pump to produce a vacuum in the system and return the condensation to the boiler. Vapor or air return systems are two-pipe systems in which all the air and condensation are returned from the radiator through a dry return to a central point, from which point air is ejected from the system and con densate returned to boiler. This system may or may not use thermostatic traps on the return end of radiators and the pressures used are generally not over a few ounces. Graduated supply valves may or may not be required. There are many variations employing various specialties which are usually patented and determine the name of the patented system. Owing to.their specialized nature, none are illustrated here but catalog data on several systems are given in this volume. Gravity Circulation is the term used to indicate any system where the condensate returns to the boiler by natural flow. Wherever this is the case a certain distance must be allowed between the water line in the boiler and the low point of the steam main and the dry return in order to allow for the pressure drop in the piping system and the proper return of condensate to boiler. Material for this section'corapiled by Perry West, consulting engineer. Newark. N. J.; R. V. Frost, consulting engineer, Norristown, Pa., and S. E. Dibble, professor of heating, ventilating and sanitation, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pa. 53 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 54 'VACUUM -CHECK VALVEj . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Mechanical circulation indicates any system where the condensation is returned to the boiler by means of mechanical devises. Pumps for pro ducing mechanical circulation are discussed in Chapter VIII Page 115. There are two broad divisions that may be very definitely made in the subject of pipe sizes for the heating and ventilating of buildings. The following capacity tables of steam mains and branches, radiator connec tions, etc., under average conditions should be applied for sizing pipes. Of the two divisions proposed by James A. Donnelly in Code of Minimum Requirements for the Heating and Ventilation of Buildings, the first covers the distribution of the steam, and the second its use. The conveyance of steam for any considerable distance is a problem by itself, needing separate analysis and altogether different handling from any of the problems concerning the use of the steam after it has arrived at the building to be heated. Steam flow tables should be used for distribution, and tables giving the capacities of steam mains and branches, radiator connections* etc., under standard and average conditions of use should be applied for sizing the pipes within the buildings. For this reason, data on the subject may be distinguished as:-- (1) transmission mains; (2) service piping. Transmission mains are those that have to do with the conveying of steam for a distance of considerable extent, through or between buildings and for collecting and returning the water of condensation from the several sections or buildings. Service piping is that part of the apparatus by which the radiating units are connected to the transmission mains. The velocities of-flow used in the distribution of steam are only limited by the available or allowable drop in pressure, while the velocities within the buildings where the steam is used are limited by the critical velocities or the velocities which will allow of sufficient separation of the condensation so that defective circulation or water hammer will not occur. STEAM HEATING PIPE SIZES In using tables for steam heating pipe sizes, it is frequently hard to determine the length of run upon which they are based. Usually some allowance is made for one or more such items as: condensation in the pipe, equivalent length of fittings, and valves, etc., but it is generally hard to determine what factors have been allowed for, and what per centage of allowance has been made. In compiling the tables and other data for The Guide, 1926-27 every attempt has been made to eliminate such indefinite and conflicting factors. The principal factors upon which the determination of pipe sizes for steam heating depends are: - 1. The equivalent length of the run from the boiler, or source of steam supply, to the farthest radiator, - 2. The total pressure drop, which may be allowed, between the source of supply and the end of the return system. 55 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Length of Run . The length of run must not only include the actual linear feet of straight pipe, but also the proper allowance for fittings, valves friction and other items which cause drop in pressure. . Pressure Drop ' There are, theoretically, several factors to be considered, including: the initial pressure, the pressure required at the end of the line, fluctua tions in the initial pressure, the distance between the bottom of low point of steam main and dry return and the water line of the boiler (where the condensation is to be returned by gravity), the extra load on the system during heating-up periods, and the critical velocity, of the steam (especi ally in risers and branches where the steam and condensate flow in opposite directions), and in other lines where high velocities are objection able from the standpoint of noise, or the entrainment of condensate. With a high initial pressure it is theoretically possible to allow much greater drops in pressure if there is. sufficient distance between the low point of steam main and dry return and the water line of the boiler. In attempting any very great drop in pressure, the following practical difficulties present themselves: , 1. If the system is designed to secure the same drop in pressure for each unit of radiation (including those nearest, as well as those farthest from the source of supply) the velocity necessary to equalize these drops in the shorter runs will be so high that serious trouble will be encountered from noise and the entrainment of the condensate. 2. If the system is so designed as not to equalize these pressures, the condensate returning from radiators near the source of supply will be at a correspondingly higher temperature than that from radiators farthest from the source of supply, thus causing re-evaporation and pressures in the return system with consequent backing-up from one radiator to another, the holding-up of the return and the filling of the return lines, with too large a percentage of steam instead of condensate. It has been found, that while it may be theoretically possible to design a system for reatively' large pressure drops, it is generally more satis factory to design heating systems on the basis of a low initial pressure and reasonably low total drops in pressure. The matter of fluctuations in pressure should be taken into consideration wherever the steam is to be supplied directly from the boiler, to the radiators at boiler pressure and the system should be designed to operate properly with the lowest pressure under which the boiler may operate. With reasonably free venting, the steam supply requirements during the heating-up period may run as high as 300 per cent of the normal maxi mum load under running conditions (see p. 49, Fig. 9). Allowances should'be made for this extra demand, but inasmuch as the steam supply and the demand are somewhat self-regulating, so that if the demand is greater than the supply the pressure will drop and the supply be auto matically reduced, the allowance generally made is considerably under 300 per cent. It is more economical to allow for a certain-amount of over loading of the system during the heating-up periods and to allow a little more time for heating up than would otherwise be required. 56 / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 In the matter of initial pressure and return conditions it is undoubtedly true that with a constant initial pressure (such as is produced by a high pressure supply by means of a pressure reducing valve, or from the boiler direct where the pressure is maintained constant), somewhat higher drops in pressure and correspondingly smaller pipe may be successfully used. It is also undoubtedly true that, with a mechanical return line system where a constant vacuum of any desired degree of from 5 to 15 in. of mercury may be maintained, the factor of fluctuations in initial pressure and the difficulties from high velocities and re-evaporation are reduced, so that the pressure drops may also be higher and the pipe sizes smaller. . . Unusual Conditions . Under this heading are the character and class of the building, the periodicity of use and the degree of normal temperature to be attained at the beginning of each period of use. In public buildings, schools, offices, places of assemblage, and such buildings (where the occupants are normally at rest) the building should be heated to its normal temperature at the beginning of each period of use. In some buildings (especially offices, schools and public buildings), the time between heating periods is relatively short; whereas, in others (such as churches, places of assemblage, etc.), these periods are com paratively long. In commercial buildings such as factories, warehouses, etc., where the occupants are normally exercising, it is not necessary for the building to be heated to normal temperature at the beginning of its period of use. These facts should be taken into consideration in the matters of allowances which are to be made in the capacity of the system. GENERAL DATA ON PIPE SIZE TABLES The following pipe size tables have been compiled for use in designing steam heating systems, and may be used, by those experienced in the profession, with satisfactory results. The following general principals should be followed: . 1. The initial pressure should not exceed 16 oz. gage. 2. It is recommended that the drop in pressure in the mains and-riser to the farthest radiator should not exceed 1 oz. per 100 ft. of straight pipe or its equivalent length, with a lower rate of drop-for systems with long runs. 3. In small installations, such as residences, where the longest actual run is seldom over 200 ft., and where the firing periods extend over several hours, resulting in boiler pressure, fluctuating from zero to about 1 lb., the total pressure drop should not exceed 2 oz. In larger buildings; where boilers are under the constant care of a fireman, a uniform boiler pressure is maintained, and where the water line difference will permit, the total drop in pressure may range from 2 to 8 oz., depending upon the equivalent length of the longest run. The total drop in pressure between the boiler and the farthest radiator, even in a skyscraper, should not exceed 8 oz. 4. The total allowable drop in pressure depends upon (a) the water line difference, {b) the equivalent length' of main and riser from the boiler to the farthest radiator, and (c) the regularity of the pressure maintained at the boiler or source of steam supply. 57 American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Fig. 20. Connecting Two Boilers Using Check Valves and. Equalizers in Returns 5. The water line difference or distance between the water line of the boiler and the low point of steam main or dry return main should not be less than 24 in., because of the heavy drop in pressure from condensation in heating up a cold system. This difference should be increased 2 in. for every ounce pressure drop in the system. If the total pressure drop were 6 oz., the water line difference should be 6 X 2 + 24 or 36 inches. . 6.. There should be a uniform drop in pressure between the source of steam supply and the farthest radiator on every riser. With a boiler pressure of 16 oz. and a maximum total pressure drop of 8 oz., the steam pressure at the supply valve of the farthest radiator on each riser should be 8 oz. The riser whose farthest radiator is 100 ft. from the main would be sized on a drop of 8 oz. per 100 ft. minus the drop in the main to Fig. 21. Connecting Two Boilers Using the Hartford Return Loop 58 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 this riser connection; while one, 200 ft. from the main would be sized on a drop per 100 ft. __ one-half of the difference between the drop of 8 oz. and the drop in the main to the riser connection. The total drop, minus the drop in the main to the point of connection to any riser, divided by the equivalent length of the riser from the main to the farthest radiator in hundreds of feet, gives the drop per 100 ft. in the riser. For a total drop 6 oz., with the farthest radiator on riser No. 4, 200 ft. equivalent from the main and this riser connection 100 ft. from the source of supply, this riser would be sized on a basis of --^-- or 2J^ oz. drop per 100 ft. of riser. Table 33. Flow of Steam in Pipes P -- Loss in pressure in lb. d =* Inside diameter of pipe in inches L -- Length ot pipe in teet D = Weight of 1 cu. ft. steam W = Lb. of steam per min. / P D d& wTM^(i+3_6)l d. 3.6\ W2 L r -- u.uuuxaz yx T f D d& Pressure Loss inOz. Col. 1 1p 87.04/----y/ ioo Inside Dia. Pipe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 20 24 28 32 40 48 80 160 320 480 2.175 --3.076 3.767 4.350 4.863 5.328 5.754 6.152 6.878 7.532 8.138 ' 8.700 ` 9.727 10.655 11.509 12.290 13.756 15.069 19.454 27.512 38.863 47.652 i IK m 2 m 3 3K 4 4M 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 -- -- Col. 2 1 ih 0.522 1.177 1.828 3.709 6.109 11.183 16.705 23.630 32.098 43.719 69.718 105.35 150.33 205.37 271.16 437.51 733.90 925.19 .........--- -........... Steam Pressure By Gage Col. 3 ___ 1 V 0.0 0.3 1.3 2.3 5.3 10.3 15.3 20.3 30.3 40.3 50.3 60.3 75.3 100.3 125.3 150.3 175.3 200.3 --... 0.193 0.195 0.201 0.207 0.223 0.248 0.270 0.290 0.326 0.358 0.388 0.415 0.452 0.507 0.557 0.603 0.645 0.685 -- ... -- - -- Length Pipe in Feet Col 4 v-- 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1400 2.240 1.580 1.290 1.120 1.000 0.912 0.841 0.793 0.741 0.710 0.632 0.578 0.538 0.500 0.477 0.447 0.407 0.378 0.354 0.333 0.316 0.267 Column lX2X3X4=lb. steam per min. will flow through a straight pipe for a given condition. . - Example.--1 oz. drop -- 2-in. pipe -- 1.3 lb. press. -- 100 ft. long -- 2.175 X 3.709 X 0.201 X 1 = 1.615 lb. per min., then 1.615 X 60 -- 20 per cent = 77.28 lb. per hr. Preceding table does not allow for entrained water in low-pressure steam, condensa tion in covered pipe and roughness in commercial pipe, therefore reduce calculated capacities approximately 20 per cent. ' 59 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 In using this method experience indicates that no pipe carries a velocity above the critical value of 20 ft. per second where steam and condensate flow in opposite directions, or above 50 ft. per second elsewhere on account of noise and entrainment difficulties. 7. In order to get uniform distribution of steam throughout the entire system, it is necessary to control the flow by reducing the riser sizes nearer the boiler. The nearer the riser is to the boiler, the greater will be its drop in pressure per 100 ft., since the total drop at the top of all risers should be practically the same. 8. Pipe sizes are figured on a pressure drop basis for steam and water flowing in the same direction or on a critical velocity basis when flowing in the opposite directions. 9. Due to the high rate of condensation in heating up a cold system the critical velocity should be figured at not over 20 ft. per second which will give velocities con siderably below the critical velocity once the system is heated. PIPE SIZES Table 33 gives the numerical value of the four factors of the Babcock formula for various sizes and lengths of pipe and various initial pressures and pressure drops. By multiplying together the four factors for any set of conditions the pounds of steam per minute which will flow through the pipe may be found, as illustrated in the example accompanying the table. . Table 34 is a basic table giving the theoretical capacities of pipe in square feet of direct cast iron radiation (based on lb- steam per hour per square fpot) for various pressure drops in ounces per 100 ft. length of pipe or equivalent length and with an initial steam pressure of 1 lb. gage. This table does not allow a factor of safety for variation in pipe size, condensation in the pipe or other variables and should not be used without taking these factors into consideration. ' Table 35 is the same as Table 34 except that it allows a 20 per cent factor of safety to take care of condensation within the pipe- itself, varia tion in size and roughness in the pipe due to blisters, scaled corrosion and other factors. This table is recommended for general use. . In determining the length of pipe used in any system, the actual length must be increased for the various fittings, and values ,in deter mining the equivalent length before applying any of the tables given. Table 36 gives the length in feet to be added to the actual length of pipe for various fittings and values in determining the equivalent length. If it is desired to determine the capacity of a pipe for any other length than 100 ft. or for any initial pressure other than. 1 lb. such capacity may be found from either Table 34 or 35, by multiplying the capacities found in those tables by constants given in Table 37. Example.--What is the capacity of a 140 ft. 4 in. pipe with an initial pressure of 1 lb. and pressure drop of 2 oz. in the 140 ft.? Solution.--From Table 35 it is found that the capacity of a 100 ft. 4 in. pipe with 1 lb. initial pressure and 2 oz. pressure drop, is 2780 sq. ft. Multiplying this value by 0.841 the constant for a 140 ft. length as given in Table 37 gives 2337 the capacity for the given conditions. Example.--What is the capacity of a 100 ft. 4 in. pipe with 2 lb. initial pressure and pressure drop of 1 oz.? 60 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Solution.--From Table 35 find, 1926, the capacity of this pipe with a 1 lb, initial pressure. Multiplying this by 1.03 for a 2 lb. initial pressure as given in Table 37 gives 1984 the capacity for the given condition. By using the capacities given in Table 34 rather than Table 35 in examples 1 and 2, the capacities for the given conditions without allowing for a factor of safety of 20 per cent may be obtained. Table 38 gives the capacities of various sized pipes for parts of systems based upon stated conditions. Column B gives the capacities of various sizes, of supply mains, branches, to risers which are dripped, down-feed risers, or any other part of any system where steam and the condensation either from radiation or from the pipe itself flow in the same direction, based upon 1 lb. initial pressure and a drop of 1 oz. per 100 ft. and allow ing a 20 per cent factor of safety. These capacities apply particularly to two-pipe steam and two-pipe vapor systems. " Column C gives the capacity of supply mains, branches to risers not dripped, up-feed risers, or any other part of any system where steam and condensate flow in opposite directions, based upon a steam velocity of 16 ft. per second. These capacities apply particularly to a one-pipe system and those parts of any two-pipe system where the condensate from radiators or from the pipe itself are expected to flow in the opposite direction to the steam. Column D gives the capacity of branches to radiators based upon steam velocities of 12 and 16 ft. per second respectively for such branches with in- and 1 in. pitch per 10 ft. length. Table 39 gives the capacity in square feet and pressure drop in ounces for various sized pipe and various steam velocities ranging from 12 to 40 ft. per second. ,- Tables 40, 41 and 42 give the capacities of return mains, return risers and radiator connections, for vacuum systems. The capacity of supply mains and risers for vacuum systems may be taken directly from Table 35 if the allowable pressure drop is greater than 1 oz. per 100 ft. or from Table 38, Column B, if a pressure drop of only 1 oz. per 100 ft. is to be allowed. . Table 43 gives the pounds of steam which will flow per minute through standard pipe at 4000 ft. velocity, and the resulting pressure drop in pounds per 100 ft. equivalent length. This table is particularly applicable to transmission mains and should not be used without particular con sideration in designing distribution systems. Either capacity of a pipe in any part of a system is limited either by the allowable pressure drop along the pipe, or by. the steam-velocity through the pipe or both. If condensate, either from radiation supplied or from the pipe itself, is to return counter to the flow of steam the velocity of the steam must not exceed certain critical values. If the velocity exceeds the critical value the system may continue to operate, but will be noisy. If the velocity exceeds a higher maximum value the condensate will cease to return counter to the-steam and will be along with it clogging the radiator if it has a one-pipe conn passing through the radiator if it has a two-pipe connection. T a b l e 3 4 . P r e s s u r e o s s e sL w it h L o w P r e s s u r e S t e a m N o allowance fo r condensation in pipe or co n strictio n due to scale or corrosion or o th e r factors American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 wOOOOCOiooOO-OOO I0OOnON0iU'"1i<I-), i_nr, s. 0 (f*0} iOrt"o#. .. lONafUsOOgflO'OOOO w^00O>Occ'^r*O<'0P 0~*?-40>C'r-6fNTi^CnOiO "? 1 : S 2! S2 ^ ^ c* <g S> (M^a0"#00^ft00v000"< tS> to *0 Ot C o'nVon9-iCOvPlCMC'tf'JCSroro mcoN-H f--NN O--).(--N<".coor-->4-->*<O0N-0-O-(iNNNi'-0. gO)Ntr<aMo<rO"OMiO''>O)t*fiOioOioIOe>oOioN-taiNo iO O r-o3 oOOi ...... .}fUTISOffOOiO-O^J^-O^(-tNiOV9'-OOOiO''OOVO'OOW)vt'-tO'OlO0O>^O'O4.NO0O.i9Ca ^r(.in^*ro.ioNo-e^tffoiOciooooN>toio--tooOoitvi'.O^-o^i^a_s_s_ rtO'^'000ONCO'^lO-O (OCO^NVlO'Or - fO to OO -- <o<oco-HNino&T;iofo<Niooi OOi'C'S' -- lOONOOlOO^ 3* W0* ' 5 l! Pi <n WcUn3 c_ 31 efl MOS rrt D> W a04. 02 < H otf'iOotoreNci<mcoooos-ono'Ooo'O<rOoo? OiOOO^ -- iTl'>niOO>flONO >OeCN)NK>l06N)KN)l.t>.4l|>. 'OnO(',v?0OOOOOMOV WVOl")NOiOO-'Oion NN)coM>_-oi-n-o-m- --mw'0- -f-',--"i"e^5ooo-o SV'n'wOOC>OOSOtNtoO--Ki'OO)cWOoOW2^^'COoN'OI'--t.'NO--iOort'N IN r. ^ io r-- O ro to O 0>0 -* '9O>a(>t.)NMio'0io<oMr0.h0.^p,)rN'V9l9iv9Mi # ><N 5 zS*c _-a 3 Ji.9 c= > o 5 o.5? g . A 4J 4) JMSO'trS(3 "5^ .; w *2 MC c-- 8t1.) "s' ?>Me, "O>-,605C40O>. ~----S .4A, d"m 8fcj .-3-B-*> Q.CT "" zpl S0PO0N2>OO,5O>.'0vn0loO-t^'N0,0qn'f9'o0n<oO0-or''5xh>Oo(iN-- O -- rs^vi'OoOO-'^l'Oco `'ft -- -- fo '*)9|.NxNc00t0>O4'0x 'pO)urt)N'ONr.-aOoi>oO^N^.I.'O.Y.)N.C.O. O o* o v r~ ('AM^'O^'OlO^'VOOOOOae <NO<Io'v|i^omIAOON>s0c'4e-oN>0>0-0>- 0 --o NO--(Nile<'^^O2O`O-N^r>'))^'i'OoiO'"0pBi0fQlN'O'"'IO0Nllt''N.0'r^.'SOO^OOOo^.O'NaOi ssesf a1ntf^W)lo....>...<. S&13 CCJcOU 'So'--W2.cw3 co ^-2 >. >3crVS<L> whu2 i; SV --" u. 3cyfl 0$J-.22_ '-B'Z *5 . C ^3 c O, .> J*=>40| c.sM 2Prt--^S C- "-<3*5 . ^rt'3 8 111" fOO'IiVfO)'0''O<QooorO.<rt0N.''O0j-0'OO4QO,Nxinr'iOtNr.v^)Oivo] lONWO^r ft.O'0 -- nao^,N)C O'i^',A'lOWOjOf,OOf'OCOMOCtOCONOOr-OCOf"I^' ysft S'-a >. aj is 1515 ,S-2En SS?| 8sOm(3 --O O91--`S40)-Ck Sm o.Sa^i 8 o-S e J* tKNw^Q^.^ooi>e -S*W0^TrOffOSONOCOOOt^fO^t'< m8WSODO*<5 jO -IfO'fOCI'OOOf' Sf- oo - i2 c 3 oi a.is c o^i fin'ONN'*oo<' 62 American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 36. Length in Feet of Pipe to be Added to Actual Length of Run to Obtain Equivalent Length . Size of Pipe St'd. Elbow Side Outlet Tee Gate Valve Globe Valve Angle Valve Length in Feet to be Added in Run 2" 2W 3" 3 y2" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10' 12" 14" 5 16 7 20 10 26 12 31 14 35 18 44 22 50 26 55 31 63 35 69 39 76 47 90 53 105 2 18 3 25 3 33 4 39 5 45 7 57 9 70 10 82 12 94 13 105 15 118 18 140 20 160 9 12 16 19. 22 28 32 37 42 47 52 63 72 Example of length in feet of pipe to be added to actual length of run. MEASURED LENGTH. OZrO 5:0z . . -------------- S6-0: EQUIVALENT LEN6TH * 193 -0` Table 37. Constants for Various Initial Pressures and Lengths Steam Pressure Gage Lbs. Constant bt Which to Multiplt Capacitt op ant Pipe tor 1 Lb. Gage Steam Pressure to Obtain Capacity op Same Pipe tor Pres sure in Col. 1 Length op Pipe Fr. Constant bt Which to Multiply Capacity op 100 Ft. Pips to Obtain Capacitt op Same Sized Pipe With Same Pressure, and Lenqth as Given in Col. 3 ' Co!. 1 CoL 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 (' . <_ ' '/, : * Is i! 0 1 2 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 '75 100 125 150 175 200 I i!3* 0.92 1.00 1.03 1.11 1.24 1.35 1.45 1.63 1.79 1.94 2.08 2.26 2.54 2.79 3.02 3.23 3.44 '-- .... 20 . . 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1400 63 '- ! 2.240 1.580 1.290 1.120 1.000 0.912 0.841 0.793 0.741 0.710 0.632 0.578 0.538 0.500 0.477 0.447 0.407 0.378 0.354 0.333 0.316 0.267 T a b l e 3 8 . C a p a c it y o f P ip e i n S q u a r e F e e t o f D ir e c t R a d ia t io n f o r O n e a n d w o - P ip e St e a m S y s t e m s , W h e n P r e s s u r eT D rop is n o t O v e r 1 oz. per 100 f t . o f E q u iv a l e n t L e n g t h o f R u n . _____________ I n it ia l Steam Pressure 1 lb. Gage_________________ ________ ;_______________________ C apacity in Sq.' Ft. o f R a d ia tio n_____________ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1920-27 Drips to Returns Steam iRsers . 0. - O filss $*=> {ass *a ' 3 Jl QO * O--H LPOO. - QOOO -< PO g, o jS a'gi ^ Cm J O Cm 3' 5 > 0^00.2CO . 43> X Q & 5 IS gs ,,sr.s BS . Q 18 e'S"- SfiO-Sii Z II ESU 45sS IS 82 *2 |l|o O o J' -Z. 325 < 0o S"C OB PQ pCm -u- y, 2eJ .5 208 *&! HiiiCsQS 3C/KQ1 J> a0s. 2S|gl| *<z a < s>, faSa"l" A|ftaSMJ2 i2ge 0Q S3 *C w,, 151 OOQQOQC 0H0^NaO>oOoOoO>Cc 8OO 8oo8O8O8O5< :? 'O*>CoMOoCoN -m CN Drips to Returns C'J rr> Tf< & w'vmX S eo\M\rt\ S e.2oJ 1' -< ^"<- C* SO0 `O*NO''OO'HOOnHOrOOQTOf'OOO "f^tNO0'^*'H2OC>OO0f0O0O0O>OOtOif'ONa cn M rn CO B* Tf pvlopioo^imoUDro'oOi 6o ** c 01 D,p ^'a =5* 64 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 39. Capacity of Pipe in Square Feet of Direct Radiation and Pressure ' Drops in Ounces per 100 ft. of Equivalent Length of Pipe for Various Velocities of Steam Initial Steam Pressure 1 Lb. Gage. Size . 12 Ft. per Sec. 16 Ft. per Sec. 20 Ft.J'eh Sec. 25 Ft. per Sec. 30 Ft. per Sec. 40 Ft. per Sec. Pipe Sq. Ft. P. D.* Sq. Ft. P. D.* Sq. Ft. P. D.* Sq. Ft. P. D.* Sq. Ft P. D.* Sq. Ft P. D.* 3A" l" mn lw 2" tw r iW 4" 25 40 63 90 150 220 340 440 650 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 35 60 90 120 210 300 490 630 800 2.4 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.19 45 70 115 152 260 370 590 780 1000 3.9 2.7 1.2 0.9 . 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 55 85 145 195 325 460 750. 960 1260 6.0 3.8 2.4 1.6 1.3 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.3 65 102 172 235 400 560 900 1150 1500 8.0 5.6 3.2 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.5 90 138 235 312 530 750 1210 1550 2000 16.0 10.0 5.8 4.2 3.0 2.7 1.8 i:5 1.0 *P. D. *= Pressure drop in ounces. Table 40. Capacities of Wet Return Mains in Square Feet For Vacuum Systems . -- * - Size of Pipe 1# 1)4' 1)4' 2* 2)4' 3' 3M' 'Length 300' 600 1,200 3,000 8,200 15,000 28,500 40,000 " 800' 375 750 1,875 5,200 9,700 17,000 25,000 " 1,000' 700 1,700 4,680 8,700 15,100 23,600 " 1,500' 610 1,420 3,850 7,150 12,300 18,900 " 2,500' 1,125 3,000 5,600 9,425 15,000 Length equals measured distance from vacuum pump to end of riser. Table 41. Capacities of Return Risers in Square Feet for Vacuum Systems Size of Pipe K' 1'-/ IK' "Length 100' " 200' " 400' " 600' " 1,000' " 2,000' 925 1,850 3,910 700 1,400 3,150 560 1,120 2,480 420 840 1,750 350 700 1,470 230 460 1,050 Length equals measured distance from boiler or pressure reducing valve to end of riser. Capacities as given in Tables 40 and 41, include allowances for elbows, tees, etc. Table 42. Radiator Connections for Vacuum Systems Capacity in Sq. Ft. Radiation Size of Inlet Valve Supply Vertical Pipe to Inlet Valve Horizontal Runout to Vertical Inlet Pipe Return Size Trap Horizontal Stub to Trap Runout to Stub 1 to 60 61 to 100 101 to 200 201 to 350 w i" i %" 1w i* \ys m* i" IK" 134" 2" 34" 34" 34" 34" 34" K' K" K" K" K" ' K" Radiators to be water pattern tapped or bushed top and bottom opposite ends. ' Steam pattern radiators can be used when tapped or bushed eccentric opposite ends with supply bushing turned up and return bushing turned down. . 65 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 66 Courtesy Crane-Company. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 - RESULTS OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS The Research Laboratory of the American Society Heating and Ventilating Engineers has investigated this subject1, and has found the critical velocity for quiet operation to be about 22 in. per second for the sizes of pipe investigated and apparently increasing with the size of pipe. The maximum velocity, however, with counter flow of condensate where noise is not objectionable is considerably higher and increases rapidly with size of pipe. In the case of horizontal runs both the critical velocity for quiet operation and the maximum velocity where noise is not objectionable, depend upon the pitch of the pipe. The maximum capacity and velocity where noise is not objectionable for horizontal pipes with various pitches are given in Table 44. Mum ber of Z Riser _____. 4 I 1 1*1 Type df Entrance Jquared Cntrano Ilb*<ioiHEtiof2n,11iADToiAaiom4.1I[IAtSe0i5*Sr0mTc|&153ToDTocipjItBA at s IPATooniontSi1IxAo'EMpfnc_11XT]oISo I c. it) Btomcd ' &' 3 3 s iS $ iS i i 1 Bounded ViqldlMddkr &S I w Wm Three 7 j r ^t------- --5 -- ----0 -----'-m --C----- (--A--4 -----K-------* Vwarco Entrance Reamed Entrance W=r . Rounded Entrance 5<NeLE^rHRceWtaQjCurrcR (P) tt>) (?) DufttAO or MINES ooTt^tnnifTcr-'ano(tpMRWpaf.tMq- Fig. 22. Effect of Reaming Entrance to One-Pipe Risers The capacity of risers with various shaped entrances is very important and those shown in Fig. 22 gave the following maximum capacities:-- Reamed entrances.................. ............ .. 24.7 lb. per hr. Rounded entrances___ ____ ............... 23.9 lb. per hr. Squared entrances.................. ............... 22.2 lb. per hr. Three wheel cutter................. ............... 19.2 lb. per hr. Single wheel cutter................. ............... 17.6 lb. per hr. Per Cent Decrease 0.0 3.2 10.1 22.2 28.7 Where the velocity of steam is the limiting factor of the capacity of a pipe, care must be taken that this velocity is not exceeded in any part of Reports by Houghten & Ebin, Transactions, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Vols. 28-32, inch 67 American Societv of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 the pipe or fittings by a constriction, since the velocity at any one con striction will limit the whole system. For this reason, particular care must be taken to ream such pipe and guard against dope constricting it at joints. Iron pipe should also be examined for constricting blisters, Fig. 22 and Table 46, from the Laboratory reports already mentioned show the importance of these factors. ' Table 46 shows variation in capacity of a pipe as affected by variation of size and smoothness of pipe generally found on the market. The maximum and minimum results were obtained by picking out very smooth and very rough pipe from the stock room.of a large manufacturer. Table 44. Maximum Capacity of Steam Lines at Various Pitches Pitch of Pipe in Inches per 10 Ft. Pitch op Pipe--# in. H IN. 1 IN. ' IMw. 2 IN. 3 IN. 4 IN. 5 IN. Pipe Size. Sq. Ft Rad. Based on 240 B.t.u. iM s Sq. Ft Rad. Based on 240 B.t.u. iff 5 Sq. Ft Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. Max.Vel. Max.Vel. Sq. Ft Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. > a a Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. >aK* Rad. iff Based on 240 B.tu. 3 Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. > .3 w w 2" 25.0 12 30.3 14 37.3 18 40.4 19 42.5 20 46.1 21 *47.5 22 49.3 23 45.8 12 52.6 15 63.0 17 70.0 20 75.2 22 83.0 23 87.9 25 90.2 26 104.9 18 117.2 20 133.0 23 144.5 25 154.0 27 165.0 28 172.6 29 178.2 31 142.6 18 159.0 21 181.0 23 196.5 25 209.3 27 224.0 28 234.8 30 242.6 31 236.0 19 263.5 20 299.5 23 325.5 25 346.5 27 371.5 28 388.4 29 401.1 30 Table 45. Results of Tests on Angle and Globe Valves Nominal Size of Pipe In. X l IX ' Area of Pipe Sq. in. 0.537 0.835 1.459 1.927 Area Valve Seat Opening Sq. In. Per Cent of Area of Pipe 0.4418 0.822 1.258 1.773 . 82.2 98.4 86.2 92.2 Maximum Pipe and Valve 9.68 22.10 30.00 46.13 Capacity Pipe Alone Per Cent of Capacity of Pipe Alone 13.52 23.30 47.5 68.5 71.6 95.0 63.1 67.4 Nominal Size In. X i ix m Valve Stem --Vertical Capacity of Pipe and Valve Lb. per Hr. 1.38 7.73 13.20 18.81 Per Cent of Capacity of Pipe Alone 11.8 35.7 31.2 33.0 Valve Stem---Horizontal Capacity of Pipe and Valve Lb. per Hr. 8.83 14.06 22.88 32.00 Per Cent of Capacity of Pipe Alone 76.3 66.1 54.3 56.7 . Table 46. Per Cent Difference in Capacity Due to Variation of Pipe Size and Smoothness ' Maximum Condensation, Lb. per Hr. Capacity of Pipe.............................. ............ Maximum........................................................ X" 14.00 15.20 8.6 1" 24.89 30.08 20.8 IX" 45.42 52.08 14.7 IX' 70.50 82.00 16.3 *\ ' ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 tUVOTlQW . . fcwmc WVTMOSIT- omp. Note --Allowance for expansion must be made in long runs of mains both vertical and i^nzontal. One expansion joint or swing should be installed in any run over 100 ft. 0 in. long and one foreach additional 100 ft. 0 in. of run. All branch connections should be made so as to allow a swing both at the main and the other end connections. __ ' Fig. 237 Typical Expansion Connections for Risers 69 -. i I American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 70 ! THtfMOMATiC TCAP American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 TYPICAL CONNECTIONS TO MANIFOLD COILS OF MOT OVER S PIPES ionstypical connect TO manifold COILS HAVING MORE THAN S PIPES. Fig. 27. Indirect Radiator Connections I?etu*n Connections Blast Cons . Fig. 28. Return Connections to Blast Coils 72 73 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 WITH OWOtttARVHgATlHG COIL Fig. 29. Connections to Coils in Tanks 74 Chapter IV SYSTEMS AND PIPING FOR HOT WATER HEATING A HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEM consists essentially of heaters, radiators, and a connecting system of pipe through which water \t, circulates while conveying heat from the heater to the radiators. The connecting pipe lines should be arranged and proportioned so that every radiator will receive its proper share of heat when the total quantity of heat required by all the radiators is being delivered to the water at the heater. There are a large number of systems or methods of arranging the pipe lines in a hot water system. A few are indicated in Fig. 31. The force maintaining circulation is either that of gravity, which acts because the water in the return risers is heavier than the water in the supply risers, or the force supplied by a pump placed in the return main near the heater. When circulation is due to gravity, it is called a Gravity System; when circulation is produced by a pump, it is called a Forced-Circulation System. OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Hot water heating systems may be either open or closed. Open systems have expansion tanks vented to the atmosphere. Closed systems are operated under pressures higher than atmospheric. In designing the pipe lines for a Closed System the same methods and formulas are used to determine the pressure heads and friction heads as are used in designing an'Open System. The principal difference between a closed system and an open system is that in a closed system,' the pressure on the water in the system can be regulated by a set of valves whereas, in an open system, the pressure on the water is only that due to the atmosphere and the column of water extending from the expansion tank to the point where the pressure is measured. In general, the pressure on the water is higher in a closed system than in an open system and, consequently, the water can be heated to a higher temperature in the former without boiling. As the temperature of the water in a heating system is increased, the size of the radiation and of the pipe lines, necessary to supply a given quantity of heat, is decreased. An open system can be made the equivalent of a closed system in this respect by elevating the expansion tank to a sufficient height. For example, if, in a closed system, a pressure of Chapter especially prepared for The Guide .by F. E. Giesecke,. professor of mechanical engineering. University of Texas, Austin, Texas. . 75 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 76 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 15 lb. per square inch is maintained in the highest radiator and if, in an open system, the expansion tank is located 15 x 2.4 or 36 ft. above the highest radiator, the two systems will be alike so far as pressure and boiling points are concerned. Since water is only very slightly compressible (a change in pressure of 10 lb. per square inch will produce a change in volume of about 1 in 33,000) its density and its coefficient of friction may be considered independent of pressure and hence the laws governing pressure heads and friction heads are also independent of pressure and are the same-for closed systems as for open systems. - PRESSURE HEAD The force maintaining circulation is sometimes expressed in pounds pier, square inch but more generally in terms of the height of a column of water which would produce this pressure, i. e. in feet of water, millinches of water, etc. The height of such a column of water is the Pressure Head. FRICTION HEAD The forces resisting circulation are the frictional resistances in the heater, the radiators, the pipe lines, the several fittings and valves, and in the water itself. These resisting forces are also expressed in terms of water column. The height of this column is the Frictional Head. Tests by Professor F. E. Giesecke demonstrate that the friction head for new commercial black iron pipe of American manufacture is h -- 83 1/1.88 d - 0.04 d - 1.275 where h -- friction head, per foot of pipe, in millinches of water, V = velocity, in ft. per sec. , d = actual internal diameter of pipe, in inches. It has been found by experiment that the friction of water in com mercial black iron pipe varies, approximately, as the 1.8 power of the velocity and that the friction in fittings, valves, and in radiator and heater inlets and outlets varies, approximately, as the square of the velocity of the water in a .pipe having the same nominal size as such fitting, valve, etc. It is, therefore, impossible, to express with accuracy the friction in a pipe fitting in terms of the friction in the pipe. For example, if the friction in an elbow is equal to the friction in 3 ft. of pipe, when the velocity of the water is 1 ft. pier second, the friction in the elbow will be equal to that in 4.1 ft. of pipe when the velocity is 5 ft. per second, and equal to that in 2.2 ft. of pipe when the velocity is 1/5 ft. per second. . - It is possible, however, to express, with sufficient accuracy, the friction in one pipe-fitting in terms of the friction.in any other pipe-fitting or in any valve. For example, if the friction in one open globe valve is equal to that in twelve elbows, when the velocity is 1 ft. per second, the same relation will exist at all other velocities, if the friction varies as the 77 . - '. ! Prejjure Head in M il in c m e j per Foot o r Water C olumn American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Temperature or Water in Flow Pijer 78 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 square of the velocity in both cases. Since more 90 deg., elbows are used in hot water heating systems than any other type of fitting or any valve, all fittings, valves, and other obstructions, found in radiator circuits, shall be expressed in terms of elbow equivalents, for the determination of their friction heads. For this purpose the following table of equivalents may be used:1 1 90 deg. elbow......................................... 1 45 deg. elbow......................................... 1 Open return bend................................. 1 Tee._......................................................... 1 Open gate valve.................................. 1.0 0.9 1.0 2.2 0.5 1 Open globe valve............................ 1 Angle radiator valve.................. 1 Radiator....... _.................................... 1 Heater................................................. 12.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 To avoid friction head calculations by complicated formulae, the diagram of Fig. 33 may be used to find the friction head in one foot of pipe, as the diagram of Fig. 34 is used to find the friction head in one elbow. GRAVITY SYSTEM The pressure head for any radiator or group of radiators, in a gravityflow system, shall be determined by calculating the maximum difference in the pressures caused by the water in the. flow and return risers and dividing this difference by the density of water whose temperature is the mean of the temperatures of the water in the flow and return risers. To illustrate: If a radiator is located above the flow main so that its risers are 12 ft. high, and if the temperature of the water in the flow and return risers is, respectively, 180 and 160 deg.,' and if the density of water at 180, 170 and 160 deg. is, respectively, 60.58, 60.80, and 61.00 lb. per cu. ft., the maximum difference in the pressures caused by the water in the two risers is 12 (61.00 -- 60.58) or 5.24 lb. per sq. ft.; the corresponding pressure head is 5.24/60.80, or 0.0829 ft., or 995 m.i. of 170 degi water. Instead of calculating the pressure head, it may be determined, with sufficient accuracy, from Fig. 32. To illustrate: For the example cited, find 180 on the upper margin of the diagram; from there traverse vertically downward to the intersection with the inclined_160 deg. line; from there, horizontally to the left margin and read 82 m.i."per foot of water column; multiply by 12, the height of the risers in feet, and find 984 m.i: of 170 deg. water, which differs only by about 1 per cent from the head calcu lated previously. After the general arrangement of the pipe lines has been decided upon, the pipe sizes are determined so that, for any radiator or group of radiators, the friction head is equal to the pressure head when the system is operating at a uniform or constant rate. The friction head for any radiator or group of radiators should be determined by calculating and adding together the friction heads.!n the heater, radiator, pipes, pipe fittings, and valves which constitute the circuit for that radiator or group of radiators. 'These values are based, .with slight modifications suggested by later research, on experimental determinations by F. E. Giesecke and published in Domestic Engineering, November, 1912. A record of these tests is shown in Harding and Willard, Heating and Ventilating, p. 259 and in Marks,' Machine Design, pp. 239-240. . . 79 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 F riction Head in M ilincmcj pep Foot o r Pipe F rictio n H e a d ' in M iu n c h c s per E lb o w Fig. 34. Chart for Finding the Friction Head Per Elbow 80 81 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Gravity hot water heating systems may be designed for even circula tion at any range of water temperature difference between flow and return, within practical limits. Small differences in temperature result in large pipe sizes, uneconomical both in cost of installation and operation, and slowness to respond to outside temperature changes. Large differ ences in temperature result in undesirable small piping and difficulty in balancing for circulation. While gravity systems have been designed and installed on as low as 10 deg. and as high as 60 deg. difference, best results are obtained for difference between 20 and 30 deg. with 20 deg. difference applicable to most conditions. . The calculations of pipe sizes to the radiator most unfavorably situated on the basis of one or more different temperature differences will usually make the best practical temperature difference evident. The criterion which determines whether one radiator is more unfavorably or favorably situated than another is the value of the quotient when the height of the center of the radiator above the center of the boiler ia feet is divided by the total travel of the water through the radiator in question. In selecting approximate pipe sizes the following Table 47 may be used: ' Table 47. Approximate Pipe Sizes for Gravity Circulation for a Temperature Drop of 20 Deg. and for Velocities Ranging from 2 to 6 In. per Second Pipe Size w.~ K'- r...... iK"- iK"-- 2"...... 2K"3"...... 3K"~4"......... 4 K"- 5"...... 6"............ Capacity in 1000 B.t.u. 1.5 to 4.6 2.7 " 8.1 4.4 " 13.1 7.6 " 22.7 10.3 " 30.9 16.9 " 50.8 24.2 " 72.5 37.3 " 111.8 49.9 " 149.6 64.3 " 192.9 80.7 " 242.0 102.0 " 306.0 146.0 " 438.0 The capacities shown in the table vary directly with the temperature drop and the velocity. Since the velocity depends on the pressure head and on the friction head it cannot be predicted or estimated accurately before the system is designed and, consequently, Table 47 must be usea only for very approximate determinations of pipe sizes. A much better approximate determination of pipe sizes may be made by the following method: - 1. Determine the equivalent length of the circuit by adding the length of the pipe in the circuit to the equivalent length of the elbow equivalents, placing each elbow equivalent equal to a pipe whose length is equal to 24 diameters.. . - . ' 2. Determine from Fig. 32 the pressure head for the circuit and divide it by the equivalent length of the circuit to find the average friction head ot the circuit in millinches per foot of pipe. '. 3. Determine from Fig. 33 which pipe size has that particular unit friction head when the given quantity of heat is being conveyed. 82 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 To illustrate the application to practice, let it be required to determine the sizes of a few of the pipes for the hot-water heating system shown in Fig. 35. This system is intended for a three-story building in which all rooms are to be heated to 70 deg. The first floor radiator is to dissipate 10,000 B.t.u., the second floor radiator, 8000 B.t.u., and the third floor radiator, 12,000 B.t.u., per hour. Fig. 35. General Arrangements of Heating System The system is piped so that water, leaving the heater, may take any' one of three paths, through Radiator, 1, 2 or 3. The correct solution of the problem requires that the three paths be so proportioned that the proper quantity o'f water will flow through each of the three radiators. Proceed with the design as follows: __ . . 1. Divide the three circuits of the system into sections so that every section will contain only one pipe size and only one rate of flow of heat. For example, the circuit of Radiator I should be divided into four sections; the first section extending from H to A ; the second from A to 1; the third from 1 to 5; and the fourth from B to H. ' The point A must be the 83 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 division point of two sections because the Section H-A conveys the heat for all three radiators, whereas Section A-l carries only the heat for Radiator 1. . For a similar reason B must be a division point. The reason for selec ting 1 as a division point is that it'is often necessary to select a different pipe size for Section A-l than for Section 1 -B, in order to secure the proper friction head for Radiator 1. If it were certain that the pipe size for Section A-l could be the same as that for Section 1-B the pipe line from A to B could be called one section; since it is impossible to know in advance what the pipe sizes leading to and from the radiator must be, it is best to make the radiator the division point of two sections. 2. Having divided the several circuits into sections prepare a table, like Table 48, and record there the designations of the several sections, the quantity of heat conveyed by each section, and the number of feet of pipe and the number of elbows or elbow equivalents in each section. All of this information should be obtained from the plans for the heating system. In Fig. 35 is shown only a diagrammatic repre sentation of the system to illustrate the general arrangement. In this case a number of elbows, valves, air valves, and the expansion tank are omitted in order to simplify the drawing. For the actual design, a complete drawing, such as that shown in Fig. 36, must be available or the designer must be sufficiently familiar with the proposed installation to be able to insert the correct pipe length and the correct number of elbows or elbow equivalents in the description of each section, as recorded in Table 48. ' 3., Calculate the pressure head available for the circuit by means of Fig. 32 and record it in the table. 4. Calculate the pipe sizes for the several sections by means of Figs. 33 and 34 so that the sum of the friction heads in all the sections com posing any one circuit is equal to the pressure head available for that circuit. Table 48. Circuit I* Pressure head = 7 X 90 = 630 m.i. Section B.t.u. Feet Elbows Assumed Diameter In. Unit Total Friction Friction Selected Diameter In. Unit Total Friction Friction H-A A-l 1-B B-H 30,000 10,000 10,000 30,000 8.67 3.5 1.2 5.5 2.67 7.5 10.7 4.5 Total.... m IK 1 IK 12 35 3.5 7.5 12.5 24.5 12 35 104 122 4 41 33 183 128 157 772 : iK IK IK m 3.5 7.5 104 122 4 41 9 56 128 157 621 *The calculations for Circuits II and III are made and recorded in a similar manner. 84 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 FORCED CIRCULATION In designing the pipe lines for forced-circulation systems, the same methods and formulas are used to determine pressure heads and friction heads which are used in the design of gravity-flow systems, with the one exception that in forced-circulation systems the force producing the necessary pressure head is supplied partly or entirely by a pump. The designing engineer should determine, in every case, what portion, if any, of the force necessary to produce the required pressure head Centro! .Station r 6" 13? -- 1,000000 --1 1 "A 1,000,00b 6' -4-4-- . Zl B 6h Si. i,5oqooc cj 2. '1 zi Section Length 1000 Btu*. Pipe size Velocity rrictionhead feet per* he inches ft per sec in.of water O-A . 339 12,500 6 7.15 64.75 A-B B-C C-D D-E t-r F-G G-H 346 339 339 346 339 339 346 1 1,500 10.500 9.000 . 6000 7000 3500 4.500 6 6 5 5 5 4t 4i 655 6.00 744 660 570 560 476 69.20 6441 105.09 96.60 71.19 74.50 6ZJE> - h- I l-J J-K 339 339 346 3.500 2,000 1.000 4 - 451 3t 334 zi 345 K-o 339 12.500 1 6 7.15 61.02 47.46 6304 64 75 y 3i horse power 1 904.65 x )Z.50qOOO - || 9 I2x40x 3600x550 ' 4t s 1_ t -----1 I500000l- _ s4' : 1- 1.00000c 5' At' G --H-- 1000.000 3* At' rl 1500000 Fig. 37. Central Hot Water Heating System Supplying Group of Eleven Buildings will be supplied by gravity. For example, in a central heating system, the pump may supply the entire pressure head for the distributing mains while gravity may supply all or part of the pressure head for the Service lines in the several buildings. In forced-circulation systems, the pressure-head caused by the differ ence in density of the water, and which maintains circulation in gravityflow systems, is generally small when compared with the pressure head .. 85 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 produced by the pump. It may be neglected in the design if it is less than 20 per cent of that produced by the pump. To illustrate, let it be required to determine the pipe size for the central hot-water heating system shown in Fig. 37. The system is to supply 12,500,000 B.t.u. per hour to a group of eleven buildings with a temperature drop of 40 deg. The system is provided with a reversed return. The pipe sizes are selected so that the friction heads in the eleven circuits are practically equal. The Fig. 38. Layout for Sizing Hot Water Mains velocity of the water varies from 3to ft. per second. The theo retical horsepower required to circulate the water through the main is 11.9. The table in Fig. 37 shows the calculations for one* of the eleven circuits. ' ' If the circulation within the buildings is maintained by the pump, the power required therefor must be added to that already calculated. Each flow and return pipe, connecting a building and the mains, should be provided with a gate valve and a thermometer and the gate valves should be adjusted so that the temperature drop in each of the eleven buildings is 40 deg. 86 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 SIMPLE RULE FOR SMALL GRAVITY SYSTEMS In designing a hot-water system for a residence or other small buildings the following simplified method by N. S. Thompson and C. A. Fuller gives good results for the usual two-pipe basement main system. Determine the size of radiator tapping and connection from Table 49 and the size of riser and main from Table 50. To illustrate assume the layout in Fig. 38. The radiator connections determined from Table 49 are as follows: A -- 1 in. B = 1 in. C = 134in. D = 1 in. E = 1M in. F = l\i in. G = 1 in. H = IH in. Where one radiator only is supplied the riser and mains are sized the same as the radiator connection. Where more than one radiator is supplied the pipe size is determined from Tables 49 and 50 as follows: ' A = 1 in. = 10 Equivalent carrying capacity B = 1 in. = 10 " "" 20 = 1J4 in. pipe between D and C C = 134 in. = 20 Equivalent carrying capacity 40 = 2 in. pipe between D and C D = 1 in. = 10 50 = 2 in. pipe between J and D Proceeding in like manner the other sections of pipe are found to be as follows: E to F = 134 in. /7toG = 2 in. G to H = 2 in. H to Mains = 23^ in. J to K = 3 in. . Table 49. Hot Water System Pipe Sizes and Connections Pipe Size First Floor Second Floor Third Floor Fourth Floor w r IK" m" 2" 40 70 110 180 300 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 135 150 195 210 230" 350 400 500 In connection with Table 49, the following equalizing Table 50, should be used to determine the size of risers and basement mains. 87 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 50. Equalizing Table for Sizing Risers and Mains Size of Pipe ' Equivalent Carrying Capacity . Size of Pipe Equivalent Carrying Capacity W ' H" i" 1M' m" 2" 2'A" 2 5 10 20 . 30 60 110 3" 3^" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 175 260 380 650 . 1050 1600 2250 88 Chapter V GREENHOUSE HEATING SYSTEMS* GENERALLY speaking greenhouses are heated either by hot water or steam systems, both being used in all forms: gravity hot water; accelerated circulation of hot water, i.e., where there is some circulation due to gravity and an accelerator or impeller is used to accelerate that circulation; forced circulation of hot water; gravity low pressure steam; gravity low pressure steam with return by means of automatic steam pump and return by means of an electrically driven automatic pump; vacuum return systems; high pressure steam systems with high pressure in mains and reduced pressures in the coils in the houses and even in some odd cases by high pressure steam throughout. There are countless modifications of all of these systems. Hot water heating is older, simpler and the more common method in small houses and small ranges of greenhouses. Although the same tables, formulae and other data that .are used to estimate the heating requirements of systems in the usual types of buildings are also applicable to greenhouse heating and although the same pumps, traps, regulators, valves and other devices and fittings are used in greenhouses as in other systems, there are many differences that must be kept in mind so that due allowances may be made in the specifi cation of a plant. For instance--the highest temperatures in greenhouses are required at night, whereas with residence systems the maximum temperatures are required in the day time. Greenhouse fires are banked during the day almost always throughout the firing season, even in midwinter when the sun is shining, and fuel consumption is heayiest at night; this in marked contrast to practically all other types of heating systems where the fires are banked at night. Greenhouse radiation is almost exclusively made up of piping. The temperature demands are almost always below 70 deg. and horizontal, piping carries a higher co-efficient of emission than the radiating surfaces used in other systems; special care must, therefore, be.given to the selection of the boiler; the demands on it will be higher than with any other form of radiation in quiet air; its surplus must be greater than with boilers for any other sort of quiet air heating. The usual boiler ratings, inflated as they many times are for residence heating purposes, must be discounted still more for greenhouse work, especially so where there is no night fireman, as with the smaller plants, and where fires are left for long periods without"attention. ^Greenhouse heating section prepared by F. J. Eider, Irvington, N. Y. 89 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 . Long runs of pipe are used and expansion and contraction require more consideration than in house heating work; piping must be tied up, anchored, installations must be flexible; expansion joints are no more desirable in greenhouse heating than elsewhere; expansion must be com pensated for by "spring" of pipe and by swivel fitted joints, and expansion joints used where expansion may not be compensated otherwise. . Table 51. Temperature Required for Different Purposes House Temp. Required, Deg. Fahr. General Purposes.....................................................................:...... *...................... Cool Greenhouse (Show)..................................................................................... Forcing House--...................................................................................................... Tropical, or Stove H..................-.............--................................................... -- Conservatory (General Collection) (Winter Garden)............ ................... Palm House--................. ......................................................................................... Tropical Palm House....................................................................-....................... Cool Palm House................................... ................................................................ Orchid House...... ...... -............................................................................................ Cool Orchid House..................................................... -.......................................... Rose House................................1........................................................-.................... Carnation House.... ...... -...................................................................................... Violet House..................... ....................................................................................... Propagating House--........-............................................. -.................................... Camelias and Azaleas--........................................................................................ Cool Vinery,,--................................................................. -..................................... 55 to 60 45 a 60 60 a 65 65 u 70 60 a 65 60 a 65 65 u 70 50 a 55 65 u 70 50 a 55 55 a 60 45 u 55 40 u 45 55 45 a u 60 50 Gool andl Damp Early Vinery (Start January and February)............................-.................. 65 to 70 Second Vinery (Start February and March)..........................-.................... Late Vinery.................................................. 1.......................................................... a 65 " 70 65 u 70 Cool Peach House (Cold Damp Weather), Early Peach House (Start January and February)..................... J............................................................ 65 a 70 Second Peach House (Start February and March), Late Peach House (Ripen November and December)..--.......................................................... Tomato and Cucumber House................................................ -................. r-- Lettuce House.... ................................................ -................................................. Mushroom House................................................................................................... Fern House.......................................... -.................. ........................................... - 65 a 70 65 40 u u 70 45 55 u 60 60 u 65 The matter of levels also affects the design and proportions of the heat ing mains. In many greenhouse ranges the walk levels are not more than; 2 ft. 6 in., or 3 ft., above the top of the boiler and where all of the.radiating surface is made up of pipe coils on a level not higher than I ft. 6 in. above the floor, especially If there are short benches requiring short coils under them, special care is necessary to avoid short circuiting, or interference with the flowthrough low temperature drops in the short coils. The temperatures required in houses are given in Table 51. ESTIMATING HEATING REQUIREMENTS Heating requirements, i.e., the amounts of radiation for greenhouses, are not obtained by scientific calculation or intricate formulae; at least, they are not so obtained by greenhouse specialists. In this calculation only the exposed glass surfaces and other exposed surfaces reduced to the 90 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 equivalent of glass surfaces are considered. The loss of heat by conduc tion through the glass is, of course, by far the greatest loss, but there is another considerable loss which it is very difficult, if not absolutely impossible to calculate, that is, the loss by air leakage between the lights of glass at the laps. These two make up practically all of the losses. The only other losses are those through open doors and through vents. The latter are generally intentional, and used to reduce the greenhouse to the required temperature; but a change of air is necessary for plant growth, so the vents are not opened except for reducing the inside temperature. - Modern greenhouses are glazed almost exclusively with double-thick glass in lights 16 in. wide and 24 in. long. The glazing bars, or ribs, are then usually 16j^ in. center to center. The lap of the glass is % in. by eye measurement. Sometimes 24x24 in. glass is used, but not often, and with this size, the bow, or spring, of the glass when the wind blows is greater, and the heat loss through the laps may accordingly be greater as a consequence. The cubic contents in ratio to the surrounding glass surface, the size and the shape are, of course, more or less factors, but as previously stated, only the glass and glass equivalent enter into the calculation for the quantities of radiating surface. The engineer may modify somewhat the quantities so obtained because of the ratio of the contents to the enclosing glass, or the size or shape of the structure, or because of its geographical position or its elevation, or because the greenhouse is in a particularly exposed position. The calculation is merely that of dividing the glass and the equivalent surface by the proper divisor; and where proper allowances are made for special conditions and where boilers are suf ficiently large so that a liberal factor of safety or proper surplus is. pro vided to cover these conditions over which the designer has no control, there is no better method known than the application of the table of divisors given in Table 52. The conditions for which the engineer must provide, and which are largely out of his control are as follows: Workmanship in construction and glazing of glass house or houses; ratio of cubic contents enclosed to the glass surface; draft,.if chimney is not designed by the engineer; fuel and its quality; firing habits of the operator, time of turning on steam and making up. temperatures inside against falling temperature outside; attention to venting greenhouse heating coils--there is no one thing that the heating engineer can do which will so efficiently offset these negative factors, as the providing of a generous boiler power. ' . WATER TEMPERATURE The average temperature of. the water in a gravity hot water heating system is assumed to be about 150 deg. fahr. and the average co-effieient of transmission of the radiating surface (pipe surface) is assumed to be 2. Pipe in different locations and banked pipes have different values, it is true; overhead, mains, or pipes overhead free and unobstructed have the highest co-efficient, but because of their proximity to roof glass are not the best possible heaters; flat coils of parallel lines are more efficient than 91 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 wall coils, one pipe over the other; pipes pocketed under plant benches or in narrow walks against the sides of solid beds are less efficient than those ini the open, but greenhouse heating engineers must deal with averages and the co-efficient 2 has been found to be safe. ' Only the glass and other exposed surfaces, reduced to the equivalent of glass are considered in the calculation. The factors or divisors for glass surfaces are derived from the following formula: where r = (T -- t) X G (150 - T) X 2 T " temperature desired, fahr.; t = temperature out of doors (0 deg. fahr.); . 150 = temperature of water in radiating surface, fahr.; G = glass and glass equivalent surface; 2 = coefficient of transmission; R = radiating surface. From the above formula the divisors in the table following are derived: Table 52. Factors for Glass Surfaces For 70 to 75 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 2.0 For 65 to 70 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 2.28 For 60 to05 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 2.62 For 55 to 60 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 3.0 For 50 to 55 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 3.46 For 45 to 50 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 4.0 For 40 to 45 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 4.67 For 35 to 40 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 5.5 It will be noted tfiat the temperatures given in the table are not 75 deg., 70 deg., 65 deg., etc., but 70-75 deg., 65-70 deg., 60-65 deg., etc. Greenhouses are so very sensitive to wind arid- so very unamenable to exact calculation that the initiated greenhouse man allows himself-5 deg. as leeway or as a factor of safety, and when he intends to heat to 60 deg. he specifies 55-60 deg. .Greenhouses do not respond exactly to figures in various ways: The sam^amount of glass may in two different houses enclose vastly different volumes; the air loss between the laps, though probably never calculated, may be quite different per square foot of glass in two houses of the same size, design and construction', on account of the difference in workman ship or of glass quality, or of both. The humid atmosphere of greenhouses --and for some purposes the atmosphere is much more humid than for others, as for instance, for rose growing--at some temperatures causes the laps to seal with condensation, checking, or stopping the air loss through the laps. At lower temperatures these laps are sealed with ice and at still lower temperatures the inside surface of the glass is entirely frosted over so that its conductivity is changed. It may be much more difficult to heat a greenhouse at 15-20 deg. above zero, or even at 25 deg. above zero, with the wind blowing, than at zero or below, because the low temperature house may be sealed with ice, as stated. , 92 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 A greenhouse that is not stocked, i.e., in which the crop is not planted and therefore not watered, and which does not carry the normal humidity is much more difficult to heat than a live house, one in operation. And so, the same formula will not work out exactly for outside temperatures below zero because of the varying heat loss. In some parts where the mini mum outside temperature is above zero, or where the minimum of zero is rarely reached and then for short periods only, as in some Southern states, while it is true that the same amount of heat is required to offset the low outside temperature, the duration of the cold spell is so very short that it is unnecessary to pipe the houses or to provide boilers as large as the same house or houses would require further North so that the judgment and experience of the heating engineer is vital. RATIO OF AIR CONTENT TO GLASS SURFACE The ratio.of air content of the greenhouses to the glass surfaces increases with the width, so the number of changes of air through laps of glass, however many they, may be, are less per hour with a wide house than with a narrow one, and the experienced heating man knows this and judiciously omits a line or two of pipe in very wide houses, after having divided the glass surface by the proper divisor. Fig. 39 shows in section two conventional, even span, adjacent green houses of the ridge and furrow, or saw-tooth type, converted by extending the roof lines until they bisect each other, into one even span house; and the sketch also shows at once that above the eaves line the cubic contents contained by the same amount of glass in the large house is just twice the quantity contained above the eaves lines in the two small ones, and, obviously, it requires less heat units to heat the one large house than it does the two small houses, although the glass surfaces are the same. But how much less heat? Who can say? Glass laid by eye measurement, and glass of varying quality are inconstants. How may the air loss be determined? A table compiled for purposes of comparing the cubic contents and the glass surfaces in the roofs of the houses in widths of 20 to 80 ft. with the same roof pitch shows that the air content above the eaves line in the 20 ft. houses bears the following relation to the glass in the roof. Glass : Contents : : 1 : 2.34 whereas in 80 ft. houses, with the same roof pitch: Glass : Contents : : 1 :9.8 '' KINDS OF PIPE Greenhouse radiation is almost always made up of pipe surface-- horizontal pipe placed on the side walls, on._the sides of solid beds and under raised benches, sometimes on the columns supporting the roof. For hot water heating in private greenhouses, in. cast iron pipe', in 9 ft. lengths, is best; this pipe is provided with a hub and a spigot; it 93 - American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 weighs about 11 lb. per line ft.. and holds 2 qt. of water per lineal foot; its superficial surface is-about 1.05 sq. ft. to the lineal foot. The two principal virtues of the 3.^ in. cast iron pipe are that it is practically indestructible--it resists corrosion in the humid atmospheres of greenhouses much longer than any wrought pipe, and its large water content provides stability of temperatures, which is very desirable in private greenhouses, where the gardeners give no attention at all through the night to fires, or at most look after them only on especially cold nights. Pipe of 2 in. diameter, both wrought iron and wrought steel, is used in small commercial houses where hot-water heating is suitable. The . genuine wrought iron pipe costs considerably more than the steel pipe and hence is not used as frequently. Steel pipe as now manufactured is much more durable than formerly. Pipe that is f]/i in. in diameter is used almost exclusively for steam heating in whatever form. With hot-water heating, in order to provide even temperatures throughout the length of the greenhouse, it is desirable that the number of flow lines be equal to the number of return lines, consequently as much as possible the designer of the system always plans for coils of even numbers of lines which are usually placed under benches in two rows, the upper rows the flows and the lower the returns. With steam heating, when overhead mains are used, coils may be considered as returns and it does not matter much whether there are an equal number or not. Mains and connections are designed so that the pressure drop will be low and with little loss of,.pressure there is very little difference in temperature end to end. Gravity hot water coils constructed of 2 in. pipe are not practical in lengths of over 200 ft., indeed they are not really practical in lengths of over 150 ft., whereas steam coils or steam return lines.are frequently installed 300 ft. in length. Cast iron pipe of 3x/i in- size is jointed by means of what are commonly called "rust joints;" the pipes are laid in. center to center; fittings are manufactured with hubs or bells and spigots; all are caulked together with rust joints. Rust joints are not as well known or understood as they should be though they have been made for a century or more; the average fitter ' does not seem to take to the making of greenhouse rust joints and these mechanics seem bound to use salamoniac, salt or some such substance to set up rapid oxidation. These joints are properly made as follows: Tarred rope cordage, or hemp is caulked into the hub or bell and.then clean, moist iron borings are caulked on top of the rope foundation; the borings should be moist, just so that they will cake in the hand and should not be wet and they should be added a little at a time and caulked, not tamped; the more they are hammered, the better they are.. They should be caulked sufficiently so that the finished joint w^H present a hard metallic surface. Such joints properly made will permit turning .on the water and operation of system immediately after the last'joint is caulked and they 94 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 improve with age. Some old time steam heating systems are constructed with mains of cast iron pipe and caulked joints and the joints held against low pressure steam. Besides the advantages of durability and of large water content, resulting in stability of temperatures, cast iron pipe is really desirable because it reduces labor costs, necessity for skilled labor and for cutting and threading tools--no tools are necessary, other than vise, pipe cutter, hammer, cold chisel and caulking tools. Tbe use of vise and pipe cutter has only developed within recent years; formerly greenhouse pipefitters cut all pipe with cold chisels. The making of a new connection or the repairing of a leak in a 3H in. pipe line is much less serious an affair than the placing of tees in 3j4 in wrought pipe lines, pieces may be cut in and cut out and ends sleeved together easily and economically. The 2 in. pipe is placed center to center. in. center to center and in. pipe 3 in. POSITION OF RADIATION Greenhouses are piped in all sorts of ways to suit the great number of different ideas of greenhouse owners and operators; their different ideas on the subject of plant bench or plant bed arrangement which Arrange ments govern largely the location and arrangement of the piping; arid to suit the special requirements of the plants or flowers to be grown in the houses. In houses for vegetable growing, where planting is directly on the floor of the greenhouse, piping should be, mainly and if possible, entirely on the sides so as to provide the maximum growing surface. For rose growing the piping is required to be more scattered or distributed than for any other purpose--if there are raised benches, some heating surface must be under every bench; if there are solid beds, some radiating surface must be in every walk. , ' The bulk of the piping for all purposes, however, should be on the side walls, or just inside the outer walls of the greenhouse. For sweet pea growing, most of the pipe surface should be on the side walls and some on the pipe columns, generally high enough to permit walking under; how ever there is much latitude in the placing of pipe coils and it may be said that the greenhouse heating engineer does not always place piping, the radiating surface, just where it belongs,, or just where he should place it, but rather he places it where he may, or the operator's planting arrange ment permits. As intimated, there are many problems of distribution of coils. When they must be large or long, and small or short coils served by the same mains, care must be taken to avoid short circuits through the short coils. Long pipe coils always present the problem of taking care of expansion. The coils need not be graded very considerably in order to produce circulation; pitch, or grade, is required to produce.high points in hot water heating where air may collect and be released and in steam systems for the purpose of drainage. Condensation should always, flow with the steam current. 93 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 ' A grade, or pitch, of jHsth of an inch in 10 ft. is ample in either case. 1 There is a dearth of dependable data and rules for the sizing of mains with which to connect the coils with the boiler or boilers, owing to the fact that greenhouse heating uses more pipe for radiating surface with less head or elevation than is required or used with any other type of gravity heating. Resistance through the heating unit is less, it is believed, in greenhouse heating than with any other unit; the frictional resistance through, coils made up of two or more lines of steam piping 300 ft. long must be less than through a smiliar quantity of radiating surface in any other form. Mains generally are planned for shortest distance between two points; there is a minimum of bends in greenhouse heating mains. For gravity hot water heating and for gravity steam heating in greenhouses it is believed that greater quantities of radiation are carried on mains than for any other purpose for the reason above given. . When it is found that the size of the system is so large as to call for large mains, say 7 in. pipe, or larger, it may generally be stated as a fact that the system is a little too large for. gravity hot-water heating. Greenhouses should then be heated with steam, or at any rate the cir culation should be accelerated by means of a centrifugal pump or hotwater circulator or accelerator, because large mains in gravity hot-water heating systems almost always present difficulties in the way of distinct self-contained circulations and counter currents. For steam heating, lj^-in. pipe is used almost exclusively, and the greenhouse man has found that where one line of 3J^-in. pipe is required to produce a certain specified temperature with hot water as the heating medium, one line of lJ4-in. steam pipe at low pressure will do the same work. This fact is inconsistent with the application of the divisors given Fig. 39. Sketch Shows Relation of Cubic Contents and Roof Glass Surfaces. ' for quantities of radiation, but the difference is probably, accounted for by the fact that lJ4-in. pipe, being of so much higher temperature, is better distributed. Much of it is distributed in single lines; most of it in flat coils, and seldom in two rows, one over the other, and even then the coils are constructed so as to provide drainage, with a pitch from the supply end to the return bends at the opposite end, and back^from the return bends to the return header, so that the coils converge and are not close 96 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 together. The pipe lines do not, therefore, interfere with each other in radiating their heat. Furthermore, with the proper boiler power it is easily possible to increase the pressure and consequently the temperature so that a greater range is possible than with hot water systems. LARGE RANGES HAVE STEAM SYSTEMS Hot-water heating was used almost exclusively 20 to 25 years ago. Now the use of hot-water heating is confined to private ranges and to small and medium-sized commercial ranges. It is practically never used in large commercial greenhouse ranges. Its cost would be prohibitive. Hot water is, of course, much more economical in small'houses, but in large ranges a properly designed hot-water plant and a properly designed steam system would be equally economical, but the first cost of hot'water is very much above the first cost of steam. In very large ranges vacuum steam heating is frequently used. Thi^ermits the use of smaller mains, smaller return connections and has the advantage of quick circulation, and immediately responds to sudden demands. Overhead mains,-generally speaking, are very desirable in a steam heating plant and not at all desirable in a hot water system; it should be understood that overhead mains are a little too near to the glass roof, that convection currents are almost entirely above the mains and riot below, that most of the heat given off by these overhead pipes is lost through the glass. A steam system, especially in long greenhouses, and commercial green houses are generally long, must be so fitted up as to provide for expan sion, it must be flexible, and furthermore the clear space underneath plant benches, or the heights of solid beds, are. sucb that there is insufficient room for running in,converging coils; this makes overhead mains abso lutely necessary in some cases and very desirable in others, but with hot water heating the runs of pipe are not so long and the temperature range is not so great, consequently there is not so much expansion to be provided for. There is not, therefore, the same necessity for overhead mains and furthermore, greenhouses that are heated with hot water, in which overhead mains are run to the far end and there deliver to floor coils, on walls under benches or in walks, which are in a sense return lines, are very unevenly heated as must be perfectly apparent. In such systems the hottest water is of necessity in the overhead mains, the coldest water is necessarily too in the returns, the floor coils. The floor coils are naturally hottest at the far end of the greenhouse and they lose their heat in their progress towards -the boiler. Furthermore, the far end of the house, the end at which the coils are fed by the overhead main, is the warmer end. . . The coldest days, the zero days, especially in this part of the country, are few, indeed, probably in all six such days in the whole firing season. Most of the days of the firing season are mild'and even in midwinter, during coldest weather, when the sun shines, there is very little need for heat and at such times, with overhead hot water mains, the small amount 97 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 of hot water made is overhead, where it is not required, and in order to heat the floor coils from end to end, and it is impossible to heat them evenly from end to end, a little larger fire must be maintained than would be necessary if the coils were in two rows, i.e., going and coming, flows and returns under the benches. ' . With gravity hot water heating, boilers should always be in pits. The use of overhead mains never makes up for lack of depth of boiler pit. 98 Chapter VI WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND PIPING HE lack of data upon which to base water pipe sizes for plumbing Tfixtures, branches and mains is probably due to the great number of variables which enter into their proper determination. ' Plumbing fixtures in common use, having what is known as good water flow, deliver the quantities of water per outlet as given in Table 53. Table 53. Cold Water Branch Supply Sizes for Fixtures and Maximum Flow in Gallons per Minute Number of Fixtures 1 2 4 8 12 16 24 32 40 Water Closets-- Gal. per Min.............................................. 8 16 24 48 60 80 96 128 150 Tanks Pipe Size........................................................... X H 1 Hi IX tx 2 2 2 Gal. per Min................................................... 30 50 80 120 140 160 200 250 300 Flush Pipe Size ......................................................... 1 m IX 2 2 2 IX 2X 2X Valves Urinals----- Gal. per Min.................... .............................. 6 12 20 32 42 56 - 72 90 120 Tanks Pipe Size....... ................................................ X Gal. per Min..................................................; 25 x 37 1 IX IX IX m 2 2 45 75 85 100 125 150 175 Flush Pipe Size............. .............................................. 1 IX IX IX IX 2 2 2 2 Valves Lavatories and Wash Sinks-- - Based upon Each Faucet Gal. per Min................................................... 4 8 12 24 30 40 48 64 75 Pipe Size......................................................... . X X X 1 1 in IX IX IX Bath Tubs-- , Gal. per Min.............................................. .. 15 30 40 80 96 112 144 192 240 Pipe Size.......................................... ................. % 1 Hi IX 2 2 2 IX 2X Shower Baths-- ' Gal. per Min................................................... 8 16 32 64 96 128 192 256 320 8" rain Pipe Size....................... ....................... X X Hi Hi 2 2 2X 2X 3i Head Acid and Slop Sinks. Manufacturing, Kitchen and Laundry-- Gal. ner Min. 15 25 40 64 . 84 120 150 200 per bibb Pipe Size........................... .... x 1 Hi m IX 2 2 2 2X per bibb Note.--The above sizes are based upon a pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. In estimating risers and mains, the number of gallons for W. C. and urinals where flush valves are used are to be as given for tanks. ` . . The hot water faucets are to be disregarded when estimating cold water risers and mains. Water flowing in pipes is retarded by friction, the extent of which depends upon the velocity, which is the cause of unsatisfactory service when pipes are too small. The amount of head necessary to overcome this friction is known as the friction head, which is usually expressed in feet. It is also known as pressure drop, usually expressed in lbs. per sq. in. per 100 ft. of pipe. The total pressure needed to discharge a given Material for this section furnished for The Guide by W. S. Timmis, consulting engineer, New York. 99 ; American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 quantity of water is the pressure necessary to overcome friction in the pipes (when horizontal) plus the static pressure when the discharge is higher than the supply. . Table 56, column 1, gives the vertical rise in feet to any fixture up to 150 ft. in height; column 2, gives the static head in lb. per sq. in. corre sponding with the vertical rise. The underlying principle involved in determining the proper pipe sizes for mains, risers and branches is to so regulate the size of these pipes that they will carry the maximum amount pf water required of them and absorb by friction and static head, all the pressure at the source and still' deliver water at the fixture in sufficient quantity but at a pressure prac tically equalling zero or slightly above except that due to velocity of flo,,w through the fixture. . Table 53 gives the amount of water in gallons which should flow per minute'for the number of fixtures indicated of each different type, together with the branch pipe size necessary to carry this amount of water with a pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. of run. The volume of water required per fixture is reduced as the number of fixtures in each group is increased, to take care of the factor of probable use. In estimating-the pipe size for any part of a riser in a building of several stories, take 60 per cent of the water to be used on any floor and all floors above as determined from Table 53 and deduct 10 per cent for each floor above. This reduction in estimated amount is to take care of probable use. Thus, if 100 gallons are used on each floor of a 10-story building the size .or pipe will be determined as in Table 54: Table 54. Water Risers for Manufacturing Buildings, Loft Buildings, Apartment Houses, Hotels G. P. M. G. P. M. Pipe SizB WITH Dl(OP PER 100 Ft. Ru>I 5 1b.. 10 lb. 201b. 10th Floor ' 100x0.60 . 10 and 9 200 x 0.60 10 and 9 and 8 300 x 0.60 10 to 7 incl. 400 x 0.60 10 6 . 500 x 0.60 10 " 5 " 600 x 0.60 10 " 4 a . 700 x 0.60 10 3 * 800 x 0.60 10 * 2 * 900 x 0.60 10 " 1 * 1000 x 0.60 60% = 60 90% = 108 80% = 144 70% - 168 60% = 180 50% - 180 40% - 184 40% = 192 40% = 216 . 40% - 240 2' 2Xm 3* 3Xm 3X' 3Xm 3X0 3H' 3X' 3X' 20 2X' 2H* 3' 3' 3* 3' 3' 3' 3' IX0 IX0 2* 2X0 2X0 2X0 2Xm W 2X' 2K' NoU.--For residences, use Table 53. and for the main supply use 25 per cent of total of gallons used by fixtures and then take pipe size from Table 55 on a basis of 10 lb. pressure drop per 100 ft. or less if water supply pressure is less than 50 lb. . The pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. of run will give satisfactory results for branches on the top floor but a higher pressure drop can be used on floors below corresponding with the pressures as given in Table 55 which show that for a building 100 ft. in height, a pressure drop of 100 lb. can be used on the fixture lowest branches and that for a building 50 ft. in height, a pressure drop of 52 lb. can be used on the lowest fixture branches; Table 53, however, can be used with safety on any of the floors 100 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 but will give pipe sizes larger than necessary for the lower floors in a very tall building. Table 55 gives the amount of water in gallons which may be passed through pipes of % in. to 4 in. diameter with pressure drop from 5 lb. to 150 lb. per 100 ft. of run. This table may be used in sizing horizontal and vertical mains. For example, if the water main pressure available is known, say 90 lb., and the horizontal run from water main to vertical riser is 100 ft., and the vertical riser is 100 ft. to top branch; it will require 43.31 lb. for static head (see Table 56), and 15 lb. pressure at a minimum should be allowed for the uppermost fixture or a total of 58.31 lb. which would leave available for friction 90--53.31 = 16.69 for friction in 200 ft. run, or 8.34 lb. per 100 ft. The main can thus be sized from the 7 lb. pressure drop of Table 55. Table 54-A. Apartment House Supply Risers Based upon One, Two, and Three Baths per Apartment One (1) Bath Apartment 1 bath 1 W. C. 1 sink 1 lav. 15 gals. 8 gals. 4 gals. 4 gals. 31 gals. 50% demand--15 gals, per min. Tod Floor 15 eals. Next 28 " " 38 " " 51 " " 60 " " 67 " " 71 " " 78 " 81 u " 83 " " 84 " 85 " Riser 1 $4* IK' l K" 2* 2" 2" 2" 2" 2" 2" 2* 2" Two (2) Bath Apartment 2 baths 2 W. C. 1 sink 2 lavs. 24 gals. 14 gals. 4 gals. o gals. Three (3) Bath Apartment 3 baths 3 W. C. 1 sink 3 lavs. 30 gals. 18 gals. 4 gals. 9 gals. 48 gals. 61 gals. 40%--20 gals, per min. 40%--24 gals, per min. 20 gals. 38 " 54 " 68 " 80 " 90 " 98 " 104 " 108 " 110. " 110 " 110 " * Riser IK' IK' 2" 2" 2' 2' 2K' 2K' 2K' 2 K' 2K' 2K' 24 gals. 43 " 64 " 82 " 96 " 108 " 117 " 124 " 134 " 143 " 143 " 143 " Riser IK' 2" 2' 2' 2 K' 2K' 2K' 2K' 2K' 2K' 2K' 2 K' Note.--The pipe sizes are based upon a drop of 10 lb. water pressure for each 100 ft. run.. The size of branch for each Apartment should be not less than lj^.in. Example--What is the riser size needed for a six-story apartment house having one bath for each apartment? Table 54-A gives 2 in. diameter for all from four to twelve stories with" lKIin. to supply the top floor and next to top and lK in. for floor below. What is the size of riser needed for a twelve-story apartment house with three baths to each apartment? __ Table 54-A gives 2K in. for all floors up to eighth floor, 2 in. for ninth, tenth and eleventh, and 1 K in. for top floor. What is the riser size for a two bath apartment six-stories high? Table 54-A gives~2 in. for the first four floors with 1 K in. at fifth floor and 1}4 in. on the top floor. 101 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 54-B. Apartment Houses. Sizes of Water Supply Mains and Meters Based upon pressure drop of 10 lb. per 100 ft. run For 4 and 5 Stories Apartments per Floor 1 bath,, ......... . 2 baths. ........... 3 baths................ Four Gals. Main 120 VAT 160 3" 200 3" Six Gals. Main 160 3" 200 3" 240 3" Eight Gals. Main 200 3' 240 3' 280 3" ' Ten Gals. Main 240 3" 280 3' 320 3M" 1 bath. ......... 2 baths.... ............ 3 baths............... 150 190 230 For 6, 7 and 8 Stories 2H" 3" 3" 190. 230 270 3" 3" 3" 230 270 310 3" 3" 3'A" 270 310 350 3' 3W 3 W- For 9, 10, 11 and 12 Stories 1 bath. ......... 2 baths. .............. 3 baths.-.............. 200 250 300 3" 3' 3H" 250 300 350 3" 3W 3W - 300 350 400 3'A" 3W 3H" 350 400 450 Note.--The gallons per minute given above are approximated maximum demand for conditions stated. Example--What is the required size of water main for apartment house eight stories high, six apartments per floor, each having three baths? Answer from Table 54-B is 3 in. Example--What is the required size of main for a ten-story apartment house with six apartments per floor, each having two baths? Answer from Table 54-B is 3J^ in. main. Note.--Table 54-B gives the sizes of mains for apartment houses of one, two or three baths for each apartment, and with four', six, eight or ten apartments per floor and from four to twelve stories in height. Table 55. Pipes may be Sized for Giving any Desired Pressure Drop per 100 Ft. of Run Friction Pressure Drop Lb. per Sq. In. per 100 Ft. Run H Pipe Sizes in Inches 1 l H 1M 2 2M 3 3K 4 Gallons per Minute 5 5.4 11 19 30 62 109 171 252 353 7 6.4 13 23 36 74 129 203 298 418 10 7.6 15 27 43 SS 154 242 357 499 20 10.8 22 38 61 125 218 343 504 706 30 13.2 27 47 76 153 267 420 618 864 40 15.0 31 54 86 176 308 485 714 998 50 17.0 35 60 96 197 345 542 800 1115 75 21.0 43 74 117 242 423 665 978 1365 100 24.0 49 85 136 278 485 769 1130 1578 125 27.0 55 96 152 311 544 858 1260 1765 150 30.0 60 105 166 341 598 939 1380 1930 102 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 56. Showing Water Pressure Required to Deliver Water to Top of Vertical Riser with 15 Lb. Pressure at the Top Branch and to Give Adequate Service at Vertical Heights Given Water Pressure in Lbs. Required to Deliver Water to Top op Riser with 15 Lb. Terminal Pressure Pressure Drop per 100 Ft. 5 lb. 15 20.5 25 29.5 35 39.5 44 49.5 54 58.5 64 68.5 73 77.5 83 87.5 7 lb. 15 20.7 25.4 30-1 35.8 40.5 45.2 50.9 55.6 60.3 66 70.7 75.4 80.1 85.9 90.5 10 lb. 15 21 26 31 37 42 47 53 58 63 69 74 79 84 90 95 20 lb. 15 22 28 34 41 47 53 60 64 72 79 85 91 97 104 110 Static Head in Lb. per Sq. In. Vertical Rise or Water PROM Main to Highest Branch 0 4.33 . 8.66 12.99 17.32 21.65 25.99 30.32 34.65 38.98 43.31 47.64 51.97 56.30 60.63 64.96 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80T 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Water Pressure in Lbs. Required to Give Adequate Service at Vertical Heights Given Horizontal Run from Supply to Riser 25' 0" 50' 0" 75' 0" 100' 0" 22.8 lb. 25.3 lb. 28.1 " 30.6 " 33.5 " . 36 " 38.8 41.3 " 44.1 " 46.6 " 49.5 " 52 " 54.8 " 57.3 60.1 " 62.6 " 65.2 " 67.7 " 70.8 " 73.3 " 76.1 78.6 81.5 " 84 " 86.8 " 89.3 " 92.1 " 94.6 97.5 " - 100 " 27.8 lb. - 30.3 Ib. 33.1 " 35.6 " 38.5 " 41 " 43.8 " 46.3 " 49.1 " 51.6 " 54.5 * 57 " 59.8 62.3 " 65.1 " 67.6 70.2 * 72.7 a 75.8 " a81.1 a86.5 78.3 " 83.6 " 89 91.8 " 94.3 97.1 99.6 " 102.5 " 105 " *Note.--The water pressures given in above table are the pressures at the base of the riser, necessary to deliver water to top of riser with a terminal pressure of 15 lb. when discharging the number of gallons per minute called for in Table 55, at the pressure drop indicated. **Notc.--Based upon 10 lb. pressure drop per 100 ft. run of pipe and a terminal pressure of 15 lb. at the uppermost fixture. A terminal pressure of 15 ib. has been selected for operation of flush valves. For terminal pressure of 10 lb., deduct 5 lb. from the figures given above; or for a terminal pressure of 5 lb. deduct 10 lb. from above values. Example.--^Vhat are the sizes required for mains and branches in a building 100 ft. high, supplied with a water pressure of 75 lb. per sq. in. with 100 gal. of water per minute required on each floor? This is worked out in Table 54 and gives the pipe sizes for the main riser with a 10 lb. drop for 100 ft. of run and shows that a 3 in. main, reduced to 2 in., would be required: branches to the various groups of fixtures can be taken from Tables 55 and 56. On the top floor it will be necessary to use a 1H in. branch to carry 60 gal. per min. with a pressure drop of 30 lb. but that at 30 ft. vertically from the supply, a 1 in. branch pipe will carry 60 gal. per minute, therefore 1}4 in- pipe could be selected for this branch. Assuming that the pressure drop in the main riser is 10 lb. per 100 ft. run and the pressure drop on the top floor in the branch does not exceed 15 lb. in all and the static head for building 100 ft. as given in column 2 of Table 56 is 43.31 lb. making a total of 58.31 lb.; it will be' seen that 75 lb.--58.31 lb., which equals 16.59 lb., is the amount of pressure over and above that required, and that this pressure can be utilized to overcome the friction drop in the main feed line running from the source of supply to the base of the riser. From Table 54 it is found that 240 gal. per min. will flow at the first floor, and assuming that this water supply is to be brought in a main 300 ft. long; Table 55 will show that a 3H in- supply would be necessary. Example--What pressure is required in the water supply main to give 15 lb. pressure at the uppermost fixture in a building where the riser is 100 ft. high and is located 75 ft. from the water main in a horizontal direction, when the other fixtures within the building are in use to their estimated average capacity? Answer is found to be 75.8 lb. at the intersection of 100 ft. vertical height and 75 ft. horizontal run. Note.--If only 10 lb. be required at the uppermost fixture, then 70.8 lb. would be the answer. WHEN TANK IS ON ROOF If tank is elevated about 35 ft. above highest fixture, which would be about 25 ft. above, the roof, similar computations will apply for branch connections and main risers except that the main riser will have its . 103 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 greatest diameter at the top. It will be seen that 35 ft. elevation will give the necessary 15 lb. pressure at the highest fixture and that the pressure drop may be made equal to the static head from the top fixtures down, or 40 lbs. per 100. FRICTION IN ELBOWS Friction caused by elbows should be added to straight pipe friction. Each elbow in a line will add friction equal to a length of straight pipe forty times the diameter of the pipe: Pipe Size............................... M 1 IK IK 2 2K Equivalent length of straight pipe in feet___ 2.5 3.3 4.1 5 6.7 8.3 3 . 3K 10 11.7 4 13.3 The water supply formula herewith makes it possible to accurately compute the flow of water in gallons through any pipe with any friction head and also gives formula for the additional head due to water entering the main, which, if extremely accurate calculations are necessary, should be added to the head required for friction; generally, however, this can be neglected as it is comparatively small. WATER SUPPLY FORMULA CF = Cu. ft. per min. discharged G = Gal. per min. discharged H = Friction head of water in feet = pressure X 2.31; if water is raised vertically, deduct number of feet raised, from head due to pressure. L = Length of pipe in feet--including horizontal and vertical runs. CF = 0.16 (3d)6 X 3 H L (1) G -- 1.2 J(3d)6X3H YL (2) (CF)' X L H= .0768 (3d)6 rr (C)2XL (3) 4.32 (3d)6 (4) The above formula neglects the head due to entry, which need not be computed except when L is very short. //, = head due to entry in feet. H, / 0.83 G \* or Hi / 6.25 CF\2 \dJ X 13/ \d2 X 13/ Example.--Required the discharge of a 2 in. main with pressure 30 lb. 100 ft. hori zontal run and 30 ft. vertical run. H = 30 X 2.31 - 30 = 39.3. (3 X 2)6 X 3 X 39.3 VFormula (2) G = 1.2 100 + 30 100.8 In the above case the head due to entry would be Hi /0.83 X ioo.8y 2.56 ft. \ 2 X 2 X 13/ Usually this can be neglected except for very close calculations. 104 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 - HOT WATER SUPPLY Tables 57, 58 and 59 give the hot water requirements for several kinds of buildings in terms of gallons per maximum hour and per day. Pipe sizes for hot water systems may be calculated from the foregoing data on-cold water systems; using the same quantities for the gallons of hot water required per min. as is given for the cold water. It may be borne in mind that a column of hot water is lighter than one of cold water amounting to about ft. per 100 ft. in the height of columns of equal weight. In case the cold water must first be fed down from roof tanks to heaters in the basement and then back up to the top floor fixtures, the extra length of run must be taken into consideration. As a check on the total quantity of hot and cold water required per day it is well to know that this generally runs from 2 to 3 times the amount of hot water re quired and from 80 to 100 gal. per occupant of the building. Table 57. Hot Water Requirements for Apartment Buildings Class Lavatories Hot-Waieb Fixtures per Apartment Bath Tuts Showers Over Tuts Kitchen Sinks Laundry Trays Separate Showers Gallons Hot Water per Apartment per Maximum Hour Ai i i i 2 .0 25 A2 2 i i 2 0 30 A2 2, 2 i 2 0 35 A2 1 1 i 2 1 . 55 B1 1 0 i 2 0 20 C1 1 0 i 1 0 15 Note.--The quantity of hot water required per day is usually about 10 times the maximum hour requirement. Table 58. Hot Water Requirements for Hotels Class Gallons Add for Kitchens per Meal Capacity Add fob Laundry Hot Water Per H. W. perH. W. Fixture per Fixture Maximum per Day Hour Per Day Per Maximum Hour Per Washer Per Piece Per Washer per per Day per Day Maximum Hour High-Class Transient.;...... Medium-Class Transient.. Apartment Hotels............... 85 70 50 6.8 6.5 5.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 0.80 0.60 1.0 1.0 1.0 1200 1000 1000 250 200 200 Note.--Instantaneous demand rate for laundry washers from 25 to 50 gallons per minute. Table 59. Hot Water Requirements for Office Buildings. Class Hot Water per Hot-Wateb Fixture Per Day Per Maximym Hour Having Hot Water in public toilets only.............................. Having Hot Water in Private Offices as well as in PublicToilets.............................................................. For Self-Closing Hot Water Fixtures Deduct 50 30 40% 5.0 30 25% 105 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 As a check on the sizes of hot water mains, Table 60 will give safe sizes for gravity systems fed from roof tanks set not less than 20 ft. from the water line in tanks to the highest fixtures. Table 60. Gallons per Maximum Hour 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2500 3000 ' ' Sizes of Hot Water Mains . Size of Hot Water Main. Inches -2 234 234 3 3 334 334 . 4 '4 106 Chapter VII STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATING BOILERS HE boiler is one of the most important parts of any heating system Tand its selection, as to type, size, rating, capacity, draft require ments, firing periods, kinds of fuel, principles of operation, efficiency and construction, should be made with great care. TYPES OF BOILERS Boilers used for heating, may be classified according to their construc tion as Sectional, either round cast-iron or rectangular cast-iron with horizontal or vertical sections respectively; Fire Tube, embracing steel firebox, or brick-set return tubular; and Water Tube, with either horizontal or vertical tubes and suitable drum arrangements. The most general use for heating falls in the first two of the three classifications given. For the small installations the round pattern cast-iron sectional boiler predomi nates, although certain designs of small steel boilers with fire-tubes and coil water tubes are also used to some extent. In the larger installations, the rectangular vertical section cast-iron boilers and the steel fire-tube boilers of the firebox pattern are used; the makes of either are numerous, and many detail differentiations in construction are to be noted. For the small installations, it is customary to choose a design of boiler with such a disposition of flue passages as will give the maximum contact of flue gas with the indirect heating surface without unduly restricting the gas travel. For this the round sectional cast iron boilers are well fitted, and they are largely used for reason of their resistance to corrosion, pitting and other forms of deterioration. They are generally compact, requiring a minimum amount of floor space, low head room (low water line), and have a small water capacity. On account of their sectional construction and the usual practice of being shipped knocked down and assembled on the job, they are easily handled through small openings at any stage of construction. Their design also facilitates the removal and replacing of damaged parts as well as an increase or decrease in capacity by the addition or removal of sections. Most sectional boilers are comparatively cheap in first cost but the labor of assembling is a factor which must be considered. There are other forms of the boilers in the smaller sizes well adapted-for heating small buildings, which embrace vertical section cast-iron con struction, steel vertical tubular, and steel firebox construction, which have merit for particular classes of service. The features that are of Compiled especially for The Guide by C. W. Obert. New York, E. A. May, Chicago and E. R. Fish, St. Louis, Mo. ' . 107 * a American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 greatest importance in such boilers are grate area sufficient to burn the particular fuel contemplated at a moderate rate when carrying the fated load, a depth of fire-pot sufficient to receive a liberal charge of fuel, an advantageous disposal of direct heating surface in the furnace for absorp tion of the radiant heat of the fire, sufficient indirect heating surface to extract the heat from the gases by convection, yet without interposing an undesirable resistance of flow to the chimney, and simple yet effective means for control of the draft and rate of combustion. For the larger installations, such as large apartment buildings, hotels, office buildings, and other large public buildings, the fire-tube steel, the cast-iron vertical section and the water-tube steel boilers are commonly used, but with such a selection as the local conditions governing the installation may dictate. Some designs of the two former types are more compact than others and in such cases their size may influence their selection. Often low water line and low height may be a limiting con sideration. In many cases also if steel tubular boilers are selected, the provision of sufficient room to permit of removing and replacing tubes may need to be considered. In this reflect, the latter type is at a disadvan tage compared with the sectional cast-iron and sectional steel types of boilers. The latter, due to their ease of access into crowded boiler rooms, are often given preference. Water-tube steel boilers are used mostly in the large installations where it is expected that there may sometime be a desire to turn to high pressure operation. Fire tube boilers are usually constructed of steel, which shows the greatest resistance - to splitting, cracking or similar stress due to the expansion and' contractional strains of temperature differences of too excessive pressures; or temperature. They are well adapted to oil burning on account of this resistance to the wide temperature ranges encountered with this type of fuel. They have large water and steam spaces so that while they may heat up and steam slowly they retain heat and supply steam for comparatively long periods with a receding fire, thus tending to compensate for fluctuations-in firing by the fly wheel effect of their water and steam capacities. Their large steam capacity also tends to prevent priming and fluctuation of the water line. They are comparatively steady under sudden and wide variations in load conditions and require little attention on this account. Steel boilers may be built for high or low pressure and are therefore flexible in converting from one pressure to another. Fire tube, boilers may be of the direct tube, return tube or a combina tion of direct and return tube type and have any desired ratio between grate and heating surface, are generally efficient in operation, and with adequate draft producing means may be operated up to 150 per cent of rating without difficulty. * Water tube boilers are usually constructed with steel or iron tubes, steel drums and either steel, cast steel or cast iron headers. On account of the smaller diameter of drums and the fact that the tubes are the only parts to come into direct contact with the hot furnace gases it is generally felt that this type of boiler is safer to operate, especially on high pressure. They heat up and steam rapidly but also lose their .heat and steam pressure quickly. The water and steam spaces are moderate and their performance on rapid and wide variations of load is accordingly fair. , 108 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 The principal heating surface consisting of tubes with the water inside and the heated gases outside, is easy to clean from the inside with hy draulic or pneumatic tube cleaners and from the outside with steam or air jet soot blowers although with highly scaling waters the scale formation on the inside of a small tube may be comparatively rapid.- The water line is generally high and considerable space and head room is required. On account of being constructed with drums and banks of tubes they may be shipped knocked down and be assembled on the job, thus passing through small openings at any stage of the construction. The sectional construction facilitates repairs or increase and decrease in capacity. This type of boiler is efficient in operation, comparatively high in first cost, but may be operated to 200 per cent of the usual normal rating without undue loss in efficiency. . BOILER RATING The three words, size, rating and capacity, when applied to a heating boiler are sometimes used indiscriminately to designate any one of the three things for which they should be used. The size of a boiler should indicate its physical dimensions, i.e. the size of a sectional boiler may be the inches in width of a rectangular fire box or the inches in the diameter of a round fire pot, combined with the number of sections; the size of a return tubular boiler is usually the inches in the diameter by the feet in the length of its shell combined with the number and size of tubes. The sizes of fire box boilers are usually arbitrary figures based on heating surface and grate surface. The size of a water tube boiler is generally stated in horse power, or the number of tubes wide by the number of tubes high with the size and length of tubes. The rating of a boiler is the measure of what it will do under certain conditions. The manufacturers' rating is the measure which the manu facturers place upon the performance of their own boilers; this may be given for one or more well defined sorts of conditions or for what the manufacturers may choose to consider average working conditions with out definition but in any case the conditions under which ratings have been established should be stated. The ratings of low pressure boilers are usually stated in terms of the number of square feet of standard cast iron direct radiation the boiler will supply with steam or hot water, referred to conditions when the plant is heated up and operated under stable conditions with the radiation in still air at 70 deg. fahr. and all proper allowances made/or the added load of piping and connections? These ratings are usually for an 8 hour or other stated firing period and for hard coal or other stated fuel with allow ance factors for other lengths of firing periods and for other kinds of. fuel when the smaller sized boilers are being considered. In connection with most rating the chimney or draft requirements corresponding to the ratings are given. Unfortunately there are wide differences in the ratings of boilers by the various manufacturers due largely to theTact that there has never been a full and complete cooperation in the establishment of a standard code on which to rate. For the larger sizes of boilers and with other fuels, . ' 109 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 particularly bituminous or soft coal, from 1 to 2 hour firing periods are generally considered. In order to determine the effective rating of heating boilers, it is stipulated by the Heating and Piping Contractors National Association that the output shall be expressed in terms of square feet of direct radia tion load (equivalent to 240 B.t.u. emission per square foot of steam radiation per hour, or 150 B.t.u. for water radiation), as follows: . where For steam boilers, output For water boilers, output WXHXE 240 WXHXE ' 150 W=Average dry fuel burned per hour in lb. for period of test H~ Heat value per lb. of dry fuel in B.t.u. E = Efficiency of boiler SELECTION OF HEATING BOILERS In selecting a boiler for any particular heating installation, there are several important requisites that should be met in order to make sure that the boiler is properly adapted to the conditions under which it will operate: : 1. That the material and construction of the boiler be suitable for the service to which it is to be applied. . 2. That the boiler be simple in construction, easily assembled, and easily operated. 3. That the boiler be so designed as to permit constant and thorough circulation so as to maintain a fairly even temperature in all parts. ' 4. That the steam liberating surface be of liberal area to allow for free disengagement of the steam. 5. That the water and steam spaces be properly proportioned so as to maintain even pressure and water line. 6. That the boiler be constructed in accordance with A. S. M. E. Boiler Code. 7. That the boiler have a liberal combustion chamber and flues so that combustion may be completed before the gases leave. 8. That all parts of the boiler be accessible for cleaning. 9. That the boiler be properly equipped with high grade gages, safety valves, and other fittings. . - 10. That draft requirements of the boiler for the conditions of the service be known and met. 11. That the variation in draft requirements under variations in load be given proper consideration. . 12. That the capacity of the boiler be properly modified to suit the fuel used. 13. That the outlet openings on the boiler be of sufficient number and of ample size to allow for safe velocity of steam and to prevent carrying excess entrained water. 14. That the available data be sufficient to calculate the rate of combustion. 15. That the heating surface data and the relative proportions of direct and indirect surface are known and properly checked. 110 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 . TERMINOLOGY When any question arises concerning size, rating and capacity, it becomes particularly desirable that certain terms may be understood so that all data may be readily translated into comparable form. Among these are the following: Rate of combustion is the amount of fuel in pounds burned per hour per square foot of grate surface. Draft requirement, by which is meant the difference of pressure required to overcome the resistances to flow of gases through the fuel bed, flues, ashpit doors, smoke pipe, chimney, etc. This is expressed in inches of water. The data given by manufacturers generally covers the requirement of the boiler alone and does not include smoke pipe, chimney, etc., which should be added for according to conditions. Heating surface, is any portion of the surface of the boiler which comes into direct contact with heated fuel, flame, or the gases of combustion. Prime or direct heating surface, is that part of the total surface on which the fire shines or which comes into contact with heated fuel. , Secondary or indirect healing surface, is that part of the total surface which only comes into contact with the gases of combustion. - NUMBER OF UNITS Reference has been made to the possibility of installing two or more boilers of proportionately less capacity in lieu of one sufficiently large to care for the whole load. Conditions often arise where the amount of installed load requires a draft with one boiler that calls for a height of stack that is not desirable from an artistic point of view. In such cases it is often better to install two or more boilers, instead of one, with especial regard to chimney conditions which will allow one boiler to be run at an overload at times and all boilers used only in the most extreme winter weather. IMPORTANCE OF DRAFT The capacity a boiler is capable of developing depends more upon the amount of draft available than upon any other factor. Assuming that a chimney is smoke tight and well built according to the Ordinance for Construction of Chimneys, 1921 (recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters and approved by the Society), the intensity of the draft depends upon the height of the chimney, and the quantity or amount of draft depends principally upon the effective area of the chimney. Size of boiler plant is not the controlling factor of chimney height, but the desired rate of combustion is. There may be the same rate of burning in a small as in a large boiler so that the same height of chimney should be provided in one case as in the other, but the relative chimney areas will, of course, not be the same since that factor is dependent on the quantity of gas to be carried off. The mistake is not infrequently made of assuming that a low chimney will suffice for a small installation, and that a greater height would be needed for a larger plant, although it would be necessary to burn fuel at the same rate in either case. According to their height, heating plant chimneys are divided into three classes, the erratic,-uncertain and reliable. Chimneys less than 36 ft. high are erratic in their action. The head produced by such a low height 111 >. / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 is so small that the least unfavorable condition or interference practically puts the chimney out of commission. At best the head produced by chimneys up to 64 ft. in height is so. small that the draft is frequently affected by surrounding conditions making the draft a doubtful one. 'Chimneys over 64 ft. in height are not usually so affected, because as a rule the chimney is designed by an engineer and must be well built to sustain such a heavy load and the height is such as to produce considerable head or force to offset unfavor able weather conditions, etc. Chimneys in this class produce about 0.009 in. draft per ft. of height in zero weather with 600 deg. in the stack according to the formula: )7.9 P r8 where P = draft pressure in inches of water. H = height of chimney in feet. T0 = absolute temperature of outside air. Ts = absolute temperature of stack gases. For low-pressure heating boilers, water heaters and warm air furnaces conservative modern practice in the matter of chimney sizes is in accord ance with the accompanying schedule, Table 61 : Table 61. Chimney Sizes Warm Air Furnace Capacity in Leader Pips Sq. In. Steam Boiler Capacity Sq. Ft. of Radia tion Hot Water Heater Nominal Dimen Capacity Sq. Ft. sions OF FireClay of Radia Lining tion In. Rectangular Flue Actual Inside Dimensions of Fire Clay Lining ` In. Actual Area Sq. In. Effec tive Area Sq. In. Round Flue Inside Diameter of Lining In. Effec tive Area Sq. In. Height in Ft. from Grate 790 1000 590 973 8Mxl3 690 1140 7xllJ-<! 81 70 10 SJi 79 c o 900 1490 13x13 llKxllK 127 99 I-2 900 1490 8Hxl8 6%xl6^ 110 100 1100 1820 12 113 cr o 1700 1940 2800 3200 13x18 HMxi6 183 156 15 177 2 jo 2130 3520 18x18 15^x15% 248 195 o-q 2480 3150 4090 5200 20x20 17Kxl7k 298 234 18 52 254 c"w 4300 7100 20 314 4600 5000 5570 5580 7590 8250 9190 9200 20x24 24x24 17x21 21x21 24x24* 357 278 441 576 380 22 380 5.2 | c 41 u aSt) 6980 7270 8700 11500 12000 14400 24x28* 28x28* 672 468 784 531 24 452 mL2 >2f 2 hW3 9380 15500 27 573 10150 16750 30x30* 900 616 g.Hx. 10470 11800 17250 19500 28x32* 896 635 30 Z -5 707 &> 14700 24300 33 855 17900 29500 36 1018 C'o-e *Dimensions below are for unlined rectangular.flues. 1See also Code of Minimum Requirements for Heating and Ventilating of Buildings. 112 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Chimneys recommended for larger, boilers 15 to 250 .hp. are propor tioned in accordance with the report made by a joint Committee of the American Boiler Manufacturers Association and Stoker Manufacturers Association and approved by these organizations. The sizes are given in Table 62. Table 62. Height of Stack for Average Installations (Sea Level) Forced Draft Stokers Per Cent Rating...................................... Draft Furnace.......................................... Friction Loss (Boiler)..........'................. Friction Loss (Breeching).................... Total Draft Required............................ Height of Stack (Ft.)............................ 100 0.15 0.18 0.10 0.43 80 150 0.15 0.4 0.10 0.65 112 200 0.15 0.65 0.10 0.90 145 250 0.15 0.9 0.10 1.15 178 300 0.15 1.20 0.10 1.45 220 ^ _T Diameter of Chimney in Inches for Horizontal Return Tubular Boilers Height of Stack in Feet--For Sea Level and 0 deg. fahr. Outside Temp. Assumed Fric- . jjon Loss in Stack 0.1 in. per 100 ft. Nominal H. P. 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 75 90 100 115 125 150 175 200 210 225 250 100% Rating 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 . 25 26 27 28 30 32 33 34 35 36 150% Rating 14 16 18 19 20 21 23 24 26 28 29 31 32 34 36 38 38 40 41 200% Rating 17 18 20 21 22 23 25 27 29 31 33 34 35 38 40 43 44 45 47 Draft at Base of Stack 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 _0._6_5 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ -- 100% Rating 21 26 35 43 52 60 69 78 86 95 104 112 __ __ __ .-- 150% Rating 22 ' 28 37 46 56 65 74 84 93 102 112 121 __ 200% Rating 25 30 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111. 122 132 __ - __ Rating............. Efficiency____ CO,.. ............ Data on Which Tables are Based 100% 65% 8% 150% 65% 9% 200% 63%. 10% Stack Temp, deg. fahr.................. Lbs. of Gas................... 450 -500 85 77 550 73 Average Friction Loss Through Boilers Per Cent Ratings.......... 100 150 200 250 Loss Ins., Water...... ....... 0.1 to0.3 0.2 to0.6 0.3 to0.9 0.5 to 1.4 300 0.7 to 1.9 Friction loss through boiler varies according to construction. -- -- For Furnace Draft.--Allow 0.15 for forced draft. For Natural Draft 0.35 iri. or higher should be used depending upon rate of combustion and fuel used. For Breeching Friction Loss.--Allow 0.05 in. for each right angle bend and 0.1 in. per 100 ft. of length. Cross sectional area should be 20 per cent larger than that of stack. 113 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guipe, 1926-27 Height of Stack in Feet F,or Sea Level and 60 deg. fahr. Outside Temperature and 0.1 in. Friction Loss per 100 ft. Total Draft Required In. for Furnace Boiler and Breeching 0.3 0.4 0.5 . 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 Assumed Flue Gas Temp............... 100 56 74 93 111 130 148 500 Per Cent of Boiler Rating ISO 200 250 69 86 81 103 97 120 113 108 138 129 123 155 145 139 172 161 154 190 177 170 194 185 209 200 226 216 231 550 600 650 300 132 147 162 176 191 206 221 236 265 700 Correction for Altitude Height Above Sea Level (Ft.) Ratio Increase in Diameter o 1,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 1.000 1.015 ' 1.030 . 1.063 1.096 1.130 1.165 Ratio Increase in Height 1.000 1.046 1.097 i.205 1.321 1.456 . 1.612 114 \ Chapter VIII CODE FOR TESTING LOW-PRESSURE STEAM-HEATING BOILERS REVISION OF 1923 (Adopted by American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Jan., 1924) OBJECT OF THE CODE HE object of the Code for Testing Low-Pressure Steam-Heating Boilers is to Tprovide a standard method for conducting and reporting tests to determine the heat efficiency at various rates of steaming. ESSENTIALS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE HEAT EFFICIENCY The essentials necessary to determine the heat efficiency of a steam-heating boiler are: a. The total heat input. (The total heat input is the total heat value of the fuel charged.) . b. The total heat recovered at the boiler outlet. . (The total heat recovered at the boiler outlet is the total heat of the steam leaving the boiler less the total heat of the feed water entering the boiler.) . PREPARATIONS FOR TEST The boiler shall be erected, covered and connected to conform to the directions and practice of the manufacturer. The piping shall be connected in such a way that the steam may be carried to a point away from the boiler and it shall be arranged so that the condensation cannot flow back to the boiler. The moisture in the steam shall be determined by a steam separator, not less than 95 per cent efficient, placed in the steam delivery pipe as close to the boiler as possible. The piping between this separator and the boiler, also the separator itself, shall be thor oughly covered with insulating material. A pipe connected to the bottom of the steam separator shall be provided with a positive seal. The water shall be drained from the separator hourly and weighed immediately. The steam connections between the boiler outlet and the separator shall be the same in size and arrangement as that to be used when the boiler is installed. The water shall be fed to the boiler continuously from the feed tank through piping with all necessary valves, and all other water connections to the boiler shall be carefully blanked off. The temperature of the feed water shall be read from a thermometer inserted in a cup projecting well into the feed line near the boiler and filled with a heavy oil. All boiler water connections, including blow-off pipes, must, be exposed to view, so that leakages may be observed, and either stopped or measured. The glands of the feed pump shall be carefully packed to prevent leakage. Code prepared by Committee for Testing Low-Pressure Steam Heating Boilers: Johp Blizard, Chairman, Homer Addams, F. Paul Anderson, L. P. Breckenridge, P. J. Dougherty, L. A. Harding, F. B. Howell, and J. F. Mclntire. . 115 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 The boiler shall be connected with a short, direct smoke-pipe to a chimney flue of suitable size, height and construction to give proper draft. The water spaces of the boiler shall be thoroughly boiled out with a solution of sal soda, potassium hydrate or sodium hydrate and then thoroughly rinsed with clean water. The heating surface, firebox, ashpit, flues and chimney shall be clean and free from soot, ashes and dust at beginning of test. APPARATUS AND INSTRUMENTS . Apparatus and instruments must be reliable and be arranged in such a way as to insure correct data. ' Tanks for measuring the feed water may be calibrated with weighed quantities of water at the temperature to be used during the test, or mounted on accurate weighing scales. The water may be fed to the boiler by gravity, by air pressure or by feed pumps, from feed-water tanks supplied from the measuring tanks by gravity. Accurate scales of suitable size shall be provided for weighing separator water, fuel and all refuse removed from the grate and ashpit. Three draft gages shall be provided and so arranged as to determine the pressure difference at the level of inserting the pipe between the outside and the ashpit, between the outside and the firebox, and the outside and the smokehood. Draft measurements shall be made with draft gages reading to 0.01 in. . Accurately calibrated instruments shall be provided for measuring temperatures of gases, water and steam. An Orsat apparatus shall be used for determining the flue gas composition. If record ing carbon dioxide (COj) instruments are provided, they shall be checked every hour with the Orsat apparatus. A Ringelmann chart shall be used for smoke observations. . Weather Bureau reports from the immediate vicinity may be used to determine the barometric pressure. When such reports are not available, a calibrated aneroid barom eter or mercury column shall be used for determining the barometric pressure. A calibrated steam gage or a mercury column shall be used for determining the steam pressure. A log of the test shall be kept on record sheets similar to those provided by this Code. DURATION OF TEST The test shall continue for at least 16 hours if operated at the normal manufacturer's rating; if operated at other ratings it shall continue until as much fuel has been burned as would have been burned in a 16-hour test at normal rating. METHOD OF STARTING AND STOPPING TEST The New Fire Method of starting and stopping test may be used on any boiler when anthracite coal is used as fuel. All tests using other fuels shall be started and stopped by the Continuous Firing Metjiod. . New Fire Method.--A preliminary fire shall be made and the boiler operated under test conditions for-at least one hour before starting the test. The preliminary fire shall then be dumped, the ashpit thoroughly cleansed and dried wood placed on the grate and kindled. The test shall be considered started at the time of firing the charge of wood. On this charge of wood, fuel shall be placed. The wood shall be considered as having a heating value of '5000 B.t.u. per lb. The height of water line in gage glass and feed tank shall be noted and recorded at the time the preliminary fire is dumped.The water level in the boiler shall be kept at this level as nearly as possible throughout 116 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 the test and the water level in the boiler and feed tank must stand at this same height when the test closes. At the end of test the fire shall.be dumped. The residual fire when dumped shall be placed in tightly covered cans, weighed and left to cool. After cooling it shall be forwarded for analysis and determination of its heat value and ash content. The total fuel fired shall be taken as the total weight of fuel exclusive of the wood used for kindling, to which shall be added the fuel equivalent of the wood and from which shall be subtracted the fuel equivalent of the residual fire. The weight of the ash content of the residual fire shall be added to the weight of ash and refuse removed from the ashpit and the sum recorded as ash and refuse removed from the ashpit. Continuous Firing Method.--A preliminary fire shall be made and the boiler operated under test conditions for at least one firing period and not less than one hour before starting the test. . .. The fire shall then be burned low, thoroughly cleansed and the remaining live fuel spread evenly over the grate as the foundation for the first test fuel charge. The thick ness of the fuel bed and the extent to which .it has been burned through shall be quickly estimated or measured. The height of water line in gage glass and feed tank shall be noted and recorded. The test shall start at the time of making these observations. A weighed charge of fuel shall then be fired. The ashpit shall be thoroughly cleansed immediately and the test allowed to proceed. A constant water level and rate of steaming shall be maintained throughout the test. . At the end of the test the fire should be burned low and clehnsed so as to leave the same amount of live fuel on the grate as at the start. When this condition is reached and the water level in the boiler and feed tank are at the same height as at the start, record the time and this time shall be the time of stopping. The contents of the ashpit shall be removed promptly on stopping and placed in airtight cans, weighed and left to cool. The boiler shall be charged with all fuel charged during test. METHOD OF FIRING The method and frequency of firing shall be as agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. FUEL SAMPLING ' During the progress of the test, fair samples at regular intervals shall be taken with a shovel from the fuel charge, stored in a covered vessel Tn a cooL place, and after crushing and quartering, two one-pint glass jars or other airtight vessels shall be filled. The gross sample for slack coal and small sizes of anthracite in which the impurities do not exist in abnormal quantities or in pieces larger than % in., should weigh approx imately 500 lb. and not less than 1000 lb. for other solid fuels.1 The small samples shall be preserved for determinations of the proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and calorific value. ` The refuse taken from the ashpit and grate shall be reduced by crushing and quarter ing to a quantity sufficient to fill two one-pint jars or other airtight vessels for deter mining its combustible content in the laboratory. Care must be taken to crush and quarter the coal, ash, and refuse on a clean floor; to avoid contaminating the sample a metal plate is to be preferred to a concrete floor. Care must be taken to see that the ash and refuse does not burn after removal from the grate or ashpit. . *As recommended by the American Society for Testing Materials. D21--16. p. 756. 1921. The Committee on Code for Testing Low-Pressure Heating Boilers of the American Society of Heat ing and Ventilating Engineers is prepared to interpret the meaning of any items on the Code...... I: is requested that all tests be filed with the Amercian Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. '' 117 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 STANDARD FORM For Reporting Results of Low-Pressure Steam-Heating Boiler Tests RESULTS Of a Test on a Low-Pressure Boiler Date of Test___........... ....................................................................................................................... ..... Conducted at....................................................... ....... .............................................. ....................... . . Director of Test.........................................--............................................ ..........................................(signature) Manufacturer of.Boiler...........................................................................................:.................. Owner of Boiler........ ....................................................................................................;..................... Size of Boiler...... ....................................................................................................................... ;.......... . Type of Boiler...................................................................... ................................................................... GENERAL PARTICULARS OF BOILER AND FUEL Boiler Type......................... -- Made by...... ................................................................................................................................................ Length of Grate (or Diameter)............................ in. Width of Grate.... ....... _.v.............................. ............................................... ..................................... in. Fuel Capacity (Greatest Possible Volume).......................................................................... cu. ft. Maximum Fuel Depth (Greatest Possible Depth of Fuel)................__.................................. in. Fuel Capacity Normal.................................................... ............................................................ cu. ft. Fuel Depth Normal.... ..... ..............:...................................................................................................in. Average Distance from Top of Normal Fuel Charge to Crown Sheet............................. Jn. Total Furnace Volume, Grate to Crown Sheet and Bridge Wall.... ............................. cu. ft. Total Combustion Space Beyond Bridge Wall................................................................... cu. ft. . Water Capacity (To Water Line).................:................................................................................ lb. Height of Water Line.^........................................................................... OLeaiu C.UUUCU1UH& uscu s(Soi**ze.......................................................................'.................... ............in. Kind of Insulation........................................................ ........................................................... ................ Thickness of Insulation --.......................................................... ................ ................................... in. Detailed Description of Boiler...................... .................................. ................................................... Smoke Pipe and Chimney . Area of Smoke Pipe............................................................... .................. ................................... sq. in. Length of Smoke Pipe (Boiler to Chimney)...... .......... .................. ............................ ........ ..... in. Number and Kind of Bends in Smoke Pipe...... .............................................................................. Chimney, Height above Grate...................................................................... ;............... ,ft. Chimney, Area at Bottom......................................................:.................... ............................ _sq. ft. Chimney, Area at Top......................................... ...................................................................... sq. ft. Fuel Name. Size... Proximate Analysis Moisture...,..................................... Volatile Matter............................ Fixed Carbon..........'....................... Ash................................. per cent per cent per cent per cent Ultimate Analysis Carbon........... ................ ,......... ...... Hydrogen ........... ........................ Oxygen............................................. Nitrogen.......................... ....:........ Sulphur......... ;.................................. Ash.............. per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent As Fired Moisture Free As Fired Moisture Free These forms may be obtained on request at the office of the Secretary of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 29 West 39th Street. New York City, at nominal coat. 118 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Heat Value (Gross) 1 B.t.u. per lb. as fired...... .................................................. -............................................................ B.t.u. per lb. moisture free...................................................................................................-....... B.t.u. per lb. moisture and ash free........................................................................................... Character of Fuel (State whether coking or free-burning, clinker troubles, etc.) Method of Firing . . PRINCIPAL RESULTS OF TEST Heat recovered at the boiler outlet per hour................................................. ........... 1000 B.t.u Maker's rating (sq. ft. radiation X 240)..............................,....... ...............1000 B.t.u. per hr. Percentage of maker's rating developed...... .................. ....... .......................................... per cent Mean interval between charging fuel...................... ................ .............................................. hours Mean interval between attention of any kind to the fire, including charging...........hours Overall thermal efficiency..... ................................................................................................. per cent DETAILED RESULTS OF TEST (For full particulars of boiler and fuel see ``general particulars" ante) General Information 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. in. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Date of Test_____;......................................................-................................................... Number of Test.........................:.................................................................................... Location of Boiler.......................................................................................................... Maker of Boiler and Type............ .............................................................................. Owner of Plant..................................................................-............................................. Test Conducted by................... :........................-...........................................-..... -...... Duration of Test --........................................................ ....... --.........................-....... Manufacturer's Rating of Boiler............................................................... sq. ft. radiation1 Grate Area2....................................................................................................... -----.............. s9- ftBarometric Pressure....... ...................................i.............. ................................. in. of mercury Fuel 11. Heat value, as fired...............................................................................................B.t.u. per lb. 12. Number of Times Fuel Charged during Test------- .'....................................---..................... 13. Intervals between Charging, hrs. Longest.......... Shortest. ..----- Average......... '......... 14. Intervals between Attention of any Kind to the Fire, including firing, hr. Longest..........Shortest..........Average.......... .......... 15. Average Fired per Charge2............................................................................................. -...... lb. 16. Depth on Grate at Start of Test----................................................................. .................. .... (After Firing)............................................................................:................................ --in. 17. Depth on Grate at Finish of Test--.............................. .............................................-........ in. 18. Weight as Fired during Test2.................. -............... ........................................................... --lb. 19. Weight as Fired per Hour3.....................................................................................................lb. 20. Moisture in Fuel.......................... ........................................................................... --per cent 21. Weight Fired per Hour less Moisture:2 100 - item 20 x item 19 .................................. ............... ...................................... lb. 100 Ash and Refuse 22. Weight of Ash and Refuse Removed from Grate...............................^........................... lb. 23. Weight of Ash and Refuse Removed from Ashpit...... ................................................... lb. 24. Total Weight of Ash and Refuse Removed4 (item 22 + item 23)......................................................................................................lb. 'One sq. ft. radiation to be assumed equal to'240 B.t.u. per hr. ' ' t tt 3If the grate have an unusual shape, method of computing area must be stated under "Remarks. 3When the New Fire Method is used the equivalent fuel charged shall be given throughout. The method of obtaining this is shown at the end of this table. * *To include ash content of residual fire when New Fire Method is used. *' 119 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 25. Total Ash and Refuse, Percentage of Fuel as Fired............................................................ 26. Combustible in Ash and Refuse..................................................................................per cent Temperature ' 27. Steam...................:............................................................................................................deg. fahr. 28. Feed Water.......................................... ;.......................................................................... deg. fahr.. 29. Gases Leaving Boiler....................................................................... 30. Boiler Room.................................................................................................................... deg. fahr. 31. Outside Air...... ................................................................-.............................................. deg. fahr. deg.fahr. 60. Total ash and refuse removed from ashpit--.................................................................... lb. 61. Equivalent ash and refuse removed from ashpit (item 59 + item 60, - this is the value to be used for item 23)....................................................... ........ lb. LOG SHEET NO. 1 General Sheet Draft Intensity . 32. In Smokehood...... ...................................,..............-............................. ......................... in. water 33. Over Fire--............................................................................ 34. In Ashpit--................................................................................................................... in.water Output Test of............................................................................................ boiler with................................. coal in.waterDate............................................................. .. Time General Notes Test No.................................... 36. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 deg. fahr. per lb. of dry coal fired.........lb. 37. Heat Recovered at the Outlet per hour (item 35 X 0.97)...... .....................1000 B.t.u. Steam and "Water 38. Steam pressure (gage)................................ -.......................................................lb. per sq. in. 39. Total Water Fed to Boiler during Test...... ........................................................................lb. 40. Priming: Total Water Removed from Separator, Per Cent of Total Feed Water...... .................................................................per cent Heat Balance 41.5 Heat to steam leaving outlet (and thermal effici ency boiler, furnace and grate)...... ................. 42. Heat lost by hot flue gases, exclusive of steam-------43. Heat lost by not burning carbon monoxide............. 44. Heat lost by steam in flue gas.... .................................. 45. Heat lost by combustible in ash and refuse............. 46. Heat lost by radiation........................ ............................ 47. Undetermined losses and errors.......... ......................... 48. Total, items 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 and calorific value of dry fuel................................................... Per lb. fuel as fired Per cent heat in fuel fired 100 Additional items, for use only with New Fire Method of starting Fuel Used 49. Weight of wood for kindling__ 50. Heat value of wood..................... 51. Weight of residual fire................ 52. Heat value of residual fire.____ 53. Fuel value of wood (item 49 X jtem ^2) --...................................... \ item 11/ 54. Total fuel fired during test (exclusive of wood)------- ......................... 55. Total equivalent fuel charged during test (item 53 + item 54).... 56. Fuel value of residual fire (item 51 X jtem ^ \.............................. \ item 11/ 57. Equivalent fuel used during test (item 55 -- item 56, this value to be used for item 18)............................'....................................... .....................lb. B.t.u. per lb. .................... lb. B.t.u. per lb. .................... lb. .................... lb. .....................lb. .....................lb. .lb. Ash and Refuse 58. Ash in residual fire (by analysis) ._. 59. Total ash content of residual fire: .per cent lb. (Here will be recorded the method and times of starting and stopping, the method of firing, the difficulties encountered with ash and clinker, the times of cleaning, slicing and raking the fire, the caking and other properties of the coal, the manipulation of the dampers, etc.) aiteni 41. Heat to "steam," includes the heat used to raise the water removed from, the separator from the feed water temperature to the steam temperature. - 120 121 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 LOG SHEET NO. 2 Date.......... :................................................. Test No: Fuel, Ash and Refuse Detailed Record 6f Coal Fired During Test Time op Firing Quantity Fired, Lb, Tare Gross Net Fired in Interval, Lb. Total Fired, Lb. Time of Removal Detailed Record of Ash and Refuse Removed Quantity Removed from Grate Tare Gross Net Quantity Removed from Ashpit Tare Gross Net \ Special observations for New Fire Method of starting: Weight of wood used for kindling............................................................................................. ..... lb. Weight of fire dumped at end............................................................................... .......................... lb. 122 Boiler gage correction -.w. Thermometer corrections Barometer: At start . Correction not allowed for on sheet . 123 . * finish , American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 LOG SHEET NO. 4 Date.................................................. *................ . Detailed Record of Gas Analysis Test No. Tuts CO* CO* + 0* o* CO* + 0* + CO CO N Remarks . Date No. LOG SHEET NO. 5 Smoke Readings Test No. Time Ringelmann Chart No. Time Ringelmann Chart Remarks 124 Chapter IX PUMPS FOR HEATING AND. VENTILATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION HE various kinds of pumps ordinarily used in connection with Theating and ventilating installations may be classed under the following heads: 1. Boiler feed pumps. 2. Condensation return pumps. 3. Return line vacuum heating pumps. 4. Sump pumps. 5. Forced circulation hot-water heating pumps. 6. Circulating pumps for water brine, etc. 7. Refrigeration pumps and compressors. ' In applying pumps to heating and ventilating systems the following points should be considered: For Boiler Feed Pumps--the load factor, temperature of the intake water, static head on the pump intake, total' pressure against which the pump must discharge, steam pressure available for steam driven pumps, provisions for emergency and breakdown service, method of control; as to whether pumps should be steam, electric or power driven, depending upon the relative first costs and economies taking ifito con sideration the possibilities of the use of the exhaust from steam driven pumps and any difference in the cost of labor and attention required. For Condensation Return and Vacuum Pumps--method and efficiency of return trapping,, degree of tightness of the system, temperature of the condensate at the pump, probable cooling effect of the return piping, lifts (if any) required in the system, length of run of piping from farthest radiator to the pump, the total pressure against which the pump must discharge the total load to be carried, the load factor, the vacuum (if any) to be carried, as to whether the pump is to be automatically controlled from the water-line in a condensate receiver from the vacuum, .or from both, the static heads on the suction and discharge, provisions for emergency and breakdown service and as to whether the pump is to be steam, electric or power driven, etc., as above. For all other Pumps--the service to be performed, loads and load factors, emergency and breakdown service, methods of driving and methods of control. - Standards for Condensation to be Handled--The quantities of condensate Material for this section prepared for The Guide by Perry West, consulting engineer, Newark. N. J. 125 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 to be handled from direct radiation, direct-indirect radiation and indirect or fan blast radiation may be estimated as follows: For direct radiatiqn W = 0.3 R For direct-indirect radiation W = 0.6 R -ror .ind,.irec,t rad,.iati.on .W.. = Q,X, 60w X..--T 55.6 X H where .. W = lbs. of condensate per hour, R = sq. ft. of radiation, Q = cu. ft. of air per min., T = temperature rise of air in deg. fahr. and H = the latent heat of steam in the system in B.t.u. per pound. The normal capacity of pumps to be based on condensate at a tempera ture of not over 180 deg. fahr. For temperature of condensate above 180 deg. fahr. capacity should be increased above that estimated for 180 deg. fahr. condensate as per the following Table 63. Table 63. Temperature of Condensate at Pump Suction Deg. fahr. 190 200 204 Factor 1.15 1.56 2.00 To use Table 63, multiply the quantity of condensate to be handled by the factor corresponding to the temperature of the condensate at the pump suction and select a pump suitable for the quantity thus found. The above increase in pump capacity may be reduced by providing a static head above the pump suction and when this static head is made equivalent to 15 ft. minus the absolute boiling pressure of the condensate (measured in feet of water) no increase is necessary. Allow sufficient head in addition to the total head necessary to over come static head, velocity head, pipe friction and boiler pressure, wherever condensate is to be returned direct to a boiler from the pump. ' BOILER FEED PUMPS Types.--Boiler Feed Pumps may be of the following types: 1. Direct acting steam driven reciprocating pumps. 2. Power driven reciprocating pumps. 3. Centrifugal pumps. 4. Screw pumps. Capacities.--The capacity of a boiler feed pump should be based on 34.5 lb. of water per hour per maximum boiler horsepower served, with a slippage allowance of 10 per cent in the water cylinders and a factor of safety allowance of 2 for intermittently operating pumps and a factor of safety allowance of 1)4 for continuous operating pumps, to provide for unusual demands when the water in boilers becomes low or excessive loads are carried. 0 Piston Speeds in Feet per Minute.--For reciprocating boiler feed pump 126 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 . not to exceed 10 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke of the water pistons. Direct acting reciprocating steam driven or power driven boiler feed pumps are generally found to be more efficient for smaller installations especially with widely fluctuating loads as the efficiencies of centrifugal Table 64. Direct Acting Steam Driven Duplex Reciprocating Boiler Feed Pumps Dia. OF Steam Cyl. Dia. OF Water Cyl. IN . in Inches Inches Length of Stroke in Inches No. of Strokes per Min. Discharge in Gallons Per Per Stroke Min. Equiva lent Dla. of StNGLE Cyl. Pump Boiler H. P. Served Without Factor of Safety S izb Pipe, INCHE s Steam Ex haust Suc Dis tion charge 3 4A 6' * FA iy2 10 12 2 2% 3A 4 4A 5 6 7 3 70 0.04 5.6 2Vs . 80 A IA i 4 60 0.10 12.0 4 180 A A i A i A 5 50 0.20 20.0 5 300 A m 2 iA 6 50 0.33 33.0 5A 480 l 1A 2A 2 6 so 0.42 42.0 6Vs 600 1A 2 3 iA 10 40 0.85 68.0 7 1000 lA 2 3 2A 10 40 1.22 97.6 8A 1400 2 2A 4 3 12 . 35 2.00 140.0 9A 2000 2A 3 5 4 Table 65. Horizontal Duplex Piston Packed Power Driven Boiler Feed Pumps for 100 Lb. Working Pressure Size of Pump Cylinders in Inches Dia. Stroke No. of Revolu tions per Min. Displacement Gallons Per Rev. Per Min. 2A 4 34 3A 5 46 8 10 30 0.34 10.2 30 0.49 14.7 30 0.83 24.9 25 1.30 32.5 20 8.69 173.8 Boiler H. P. Served Without Factor of Safety 148 213 361 471 2520 H. P. Required to Drive Pump 1.5 4.0 3.5 4.0 18.0 Pipe Sizes Inches Suction Discharge iA m 2 1A 2A 2 3 iA 54 Table 66. Reciprocating Single Acting Power Driven Triplex Boiler Feed Pumps for 150 Lb. Working Pressure . Size of Pump Cylinders in Inches Dia. Stroke No. of Revolu tions per Min. Displacement Gallons Per. Rev. Per Min. iA 2 iA 2A 23 2A 4 34 44 46 58 68 8 10 50 0.045 50 0.078 40 0.122 30 0.255 30 0.367 30 0.652 25 0.978 20 2.041 20"-- 2.938 20 6.520 2.25 3.90 4.88 7.65 11.01 19.56 24.45 40.82 58.76 130.40 Boiler H. P. Served Without Factor of Safety 33 57 70 110 160 280 355 . 592 852 1891 H. P. Required to Drive Pump 0.40 0.65 0.80 1.15 1.40 4.60 3.10 5.00 6.00 14.00 Pipe Sizes Inches Suction Discharge A l iA iA iA 2 2A 3 3A 4 .i i ,MA iA iA 2 2A 3 3 127 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27. boiler feed pumps drop off very rapidly for the smaller sizes of pumps and for low load conditions. For this reason centrifugal pumps are not vi as< oa Z CL, Q H (d Nw C/5 U, OM zO dO H CQ W W CD PS Uo- d u. H ZU US 55 a. 5 k- ea < k. 3ss <J Soi 3 o > H o u. usually employed for installations of less than 1000 boiler horsepower. Screw pumps may be used with good economy for small capacities.. 128 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 67. Screw Pumps Since the capacity and pressure at which Screw Pumps will operate is almost infinite, we can only give some idea of their capacity. Efficiencies range from 60 per cent to 70 per cent. Size 2 214 3 3M 3J4 4' 5 5H 6 7 8 9 10 12 16 G. P. M. 2- IS 10- 20 20- SO 40- 60 55- 100 85- 200 175- 275 200- 325 275- 475 300- 600 450- 750 700-1000 800-1400 1200-2100 1750-4200 Max. Rev. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1500 1400 1200 1200 1200 1000 . ?75 720 700 600 425 . Suction Inches 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 8 8 10 12 14 16 Discharge Inches iH 114 214 2)4 3 4 4 4 6 6 8 10 12 14 15 Table 68. Sizes, Revolutions per Min. Heads Pumped Against, Power Required and Boiler Horse Power for Several Commercial Sizes of Centri fugal Boiler Feed Pumps Size of PufdP Inches H. P. Pipe Sizes Inches Suction 1 Discharge Capacity Gallons Boiler H. P. Served Without Factor of Safety 2 m 3 4 5 6 8 2 2)4 3 4 5 6 8 2 2)4 3 4 5 6 8 Two Stage for 100 lb. Working Pressure 214 3 4 5 6 8 10 2 100 2 H 150 3 . 225 4 400 5 620 6 900 8 1600 Three. Stage for ISO lb. Working Pressure 2)4 3 4 5 6 8 10 2 2)4 3 4' 5 6 8 100 150 225 400 620 900 1600 Four Stage for 250 lb. Working Pressure 2)4 3 4 5 6 8 10 2 100 2)4 150 3 225 , 4 - 400 5 620 . 6 900 : 8 1600 129 1450 2175 3262 5800 8990 13,000 23,000 1450 2175 3262 5800 8990 13,000 23,000 1450 2175 3262 5800 8990 13,000 23,000 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 ' - CONDENSATION RETURN PUMPS Condensation return pumps may be of the following types: ' a. Automatic pumps and receivers b. Continuous operation non-automatic return pumps Volumetric Capacities of Receivers.--To be not less than 3 times the maximum minute volumetric flow of condensation to be handled, measured between the "high and low water lines in the. receiver. Piston Speeds in Feet per Minute.--Not more than 10 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke. The ratio between the pump displacement and the maximum vol- Table 69. Duplex Piston Type Return Pumps with Receivers Standard Pressure Size op Pump 3 X 2 X 3H 4KX2MX4 5J4X3MX5 6X4X6 7M X 5 X 6 Receiver Capacity Gallons 12 20 40 60 100 Sq. Ft. Direct Radiation ' 6000 10,500 19,500 . 30,000 45,000 . Lb. Condensate per Hour 2000 3500 6500 11,000 15,000 Minimum Steam Pressure 50 ' 40 35 35 30 4hX2X4 6hX2HX5 6X2hX6 6X3X6 6 X3hX6 Low Pressure 12 6000 20 10,000 40 120,000 40 180,000 60 290,000 2000 3500. 4000 6000 9000 Table 70. Centrifugal Return Pumps with Receivers Size of Pump Discharge Inches i in 2 Receiver Capacity Gallons 40 60 100 Sq. Ft. Direct Radiation 12,000 25,500 42,000 Lbs. Condensate per Hour 4000 8500 14,000 . H. P. TO Drive i PA 2 Total Head Ft. 25 50 50 Table 71. Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps and Receivers Delivering Against 15 Lb. Size 101 102 103 104 105 Sq. Ft! Equivalent Direct Radiation Gal. .. per Min. 8000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 ii 22 35 60 90 R. P. M. . Actual H. P. 1725 1725 1725 1140 1140 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 H. P. Motor Supplied Floor Space Shipping Weight SA S^.-xS' 8' 700 % 5' 3"x3' 8" l 6' 5"x3' 8' 700 750 7' 6"x4' 2" 1050 2 7' 6"x4' 2" 1100 130 i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 umetric rate of the flow of condensate to be handled shall be not less than 3.0 for automatic pumps and receivers and 2.0 for non-automatic return pumps. . _ Normal Capacities for Centrifugal Pumps.--Not less than 2 times the maximum rate of flow of the condensation to be handled. RETURN LINE VACUUM HEATING PUMPS These may be of the following types: a. Direct acting reciprocating steam driven return line vacuum pumps b. Reciprocating power driven return line vacuum pumps c. Motor driven return line vacuum pumps High pressure traps should never discharge directly into a vacuum return. An excessive amount of vapor will form due to re-evaporation of a considerable part of the hot condensation. This may cause a very Fig. 42. Method of Discharging High-Pressure Apparatus into Low-Pressure Heating Mains and Vacuum Return Mains through a Low-Pressure Trap '. material reduction in the vacuum maintained by the pump. Fig. 42 shows a method of disposing of the greater part of the vapor of re evaporation and at the same time lowering the ` temperature of the condensate. . DISPOSAL OF VACUUM PUMP DISCHARGE The discharge from reciprocating vacuum pumps of either the steam or power driven type is a mixture of water and air. Means must be pro vided for releasing the entrained air. This requires water surface area in either a tank having a large horizontal cross section or a stand pipe of enough sectional area to permit a low velocity of downward water flow while the en trained air is escaping to the surface against the "water, current. For removal of air allow one square foot of horizontal cross section for each 2100 lb. of water per hour.- A stand pipe with, diameter- equal-to that of-the pump cylinder is usually sufficient. : . Wherever a suitable location may be obtained the freely vented air "- 131 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 . separating tank is generally used. The tank must be located high enough so that the pressure produced by the water column in the discharge pipe will be sufficient to overcome that in the low-pressure boiler feed water heater or other point of disposal. Fig. 43 shows the proper arrange ment of vacuum pump, air separating tank and feed water heater. The air escapes through a vent in the top of the tank and the water flows by gravity to the feed water heater through the loop seal attached to the discharge outlet in the tank. If the rate of flow of returns to the tank exceeds the rate of discharge from the tank the excess overflows through an opening on the end near the top. . OtSCrtPAUASMCP 3L W MMMM fcfe TAM [Lis DM Fig. 43. Method of Connecting Vacuum Pump, Feed Water Heater and Single Control Hydro-Pneumatic Tank or Air Separating Tank Where an open tank cannot be located at a height sufficient to provide gravity head to discharge the tank contents against the maximum pres sure in the heater or boiler, the hydro-pneumatic tank is used. A float controlled valve is placed on the air outlet of the separating tank and so arranged that when the water of condensation has not sufficient head to flow by gravity to the point of use, the air will be confined in the upper part of the tank. As the pump continues, to deliver water and air to the tank the pressure within the tank increases until sufficient to discharge the water, thus lowering the water-line and eventually permitting escape of the surplus air through the float controlled air valve. The confined air pressure in the tank plus the gravity head in the tank dis charge pipe must be sufficient to cause flow to the place of disposition. This confined air pressure plus the column of mixed-air and water in the pump discharge to the tank is the total head against which the pump must act. Fig. 43 shows a hydro-pneumatic tank, Figsi 44, 45 and 46 show vacuum pump connections for. several different conditions of service. 132 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 1 CastIron J BasePlafe Boi/er/VerfA/mp andReceiver. zX 7 k \ rwntio// Fig.-44. ** Method of Connecting Vacuum Pump and Automatic Boiler-Feed Pump and Receiver Table 72 gives the sizes of plain or hydro-pneumatic tanks for air separating purposes and also those for storage of returns. In the latter case the tanks are based upon storing the quantities of water which will be discharged during five minutes at the basis of hourly rates given in the first column. Vent toAtmosphere Run to Air above Roof* "H Pump Control Valve To Orpin tf W unobstructed Skam toBoilerfeedP/nf Jo Boiler FeedPump# Steam Control Receiving Tank Connection from Low PressureSfeam Main toStpam Gage Globe Valve Discharge toBoilers- Discharge from Pump 'to Tank Steam to _ ^ Vacuum Pump Globe Valve Lubricator 4Globe Valve Globe*' Valve Lubricator y j Globe Valve' BoilerFeedPump CastIron Base Plate ^ and Drip Pan Globe Valve . . T^-Sy-poss- Globe Valve "and Union Vacuum Pump CastIron BasePlater and Drip Pan / GateVatvey "SuctionStrainer FloorLine Lift Filling foSewer --- Fig. 45. Method of Connecting Vacuum Pump, Boiler-Feed Pump and Steam-Control Receiving Tank 133 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 72. Size of Plain and Hydro-Pneumatic Tanks Compensation Lb. per Hr. 4000 6000 8000 10,000 16,000 24,000 34,000 45,000 60,000 Sizes of Plain and Hydro-Pneumatic Tanks For Air Separator only Diameter In. Length In. For Air Separator and Water Storage Diameter In. Length In. 12 24 24 36 12 36 24 48 18 30 24 72 18 48 30 48 24 48 30 60 30 48 36 60 24 72 36 72 36 60 36 . 96 36 72 42 72 42 60 42 96 36 96 42 72 . 48 72 42 96 48 96 LIFT FITTINGS Lift fittings are special devices used in pairs at points in a vacuum heating system where condensation is to be lifted to a higher level. The condensation is lifted in "slugs" on the air lift principles: the slugs being obtained by the use of a comparatively small diameter vertical return with its lower end submerged in the well below the level of the horizontal return which it drains. The lower lift fitting allows the con densation to accumulate in the well below the inlet connection until it seals the vertical passage, thus causing a slight reduction of the vacuum on the inlet side and forcing the water from the well through the vertical lift pipe to the higher level. The upper lift fitting allows the condensa tion to flow into the horizontal return without falling back into the lifting line. Lifts of 6 ft. or over should be made in steps rather than all in one rise. Steps should be used instead of "Drag" lifts through long upwardly inclined pipes. In any case the pipes between the lifts must grade down ward toward the pump. When these fittings are required, the usual places to install them, is with a suction strainer at the pump, and when step-ups occur, in the return line. ~ STEAM DRIVEN RECIPROCATING RETURN LINE VACUUM PUMPS Volumetric displacement of the water cylinders should be 8 to 10 times the volumetric rate of flow of the condensate to be handled. Piston Speeds.--Not more than 20 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke. 134 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Steam driven pumps can be economically used with steam pressures of 15 lb. or over and where the exhaust steam can be completely utilized. Where the supply of exhaust steam from engines or other sources is continuously in excess of that necessary to supply the heating system the electric driven pump is generally the most efficient and is also pre ferable when the steam pressure is too low to operate a steam driven pump. Table 73. Direct Double Acting Steam Driven Reciprocating Vacuum Pumps Diameter in Inches Water Cylinder Condensation Lb. per Hr. for Pumps with , Stroke Equal . to Bore Direct Cast Iron Radiation Served Pipe Sizes Steam In. Suction In. Discharge In. 3 510 1700 K IK h 4 1047 3490 K IK i 5 1830 6100 K2 iK 6 2890 9633 K 2K iK 7 4250 14,166 U 2K-3K 134-2 8 5920 19,733 - K 3-3^ 2- 9 7980 26,600 U 33^4 2 10 10,350 34,500 l 4-4K 2K 12 16,300 54,333 l 4K-S 2K 14 24,000 80,000 IK 5-6 3 16' 33,500 111,666 iK 6-7 3K 18 45,000 150,000 iK 7 4 20 58,500 195,000 i K 7-8 4K 22 74,300 247,666 2 8 4K 24 92,300 317,666 2 8-10 5' 26 112,800 376,000 2K 10 6 28 135,800 452,666 2K 12 6 30 161,300 537,666 2K 12 6. 32 189,600 632,000 3 14' 7 34 221,000 736,333 3 14 7 36 254,000 846,666 3 14 8 '. Pumps Having Unequal Stroke and Bore Stroke' Bore Capacity Factor 2.50 2.25 2.00 1.90 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.67 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.33 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.67 0.60 0.50 1.58 1.48 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.29 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.10 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.78 , The capacities given in Table 73 are for pumps having water cylinder with the length of stroke equal to the diameter of the water piston. The capacities for pumps'of a greater or less length of stroke may be found by use of the last two columns in this table as follows: Divide the stroke by the piston diameter and find the corresponding ratio in the column headed stroke/bore. The capacity factor opposite this in the last column is then multiplied by the capacity given in the table to give the capacity of the pump in question. Proportioning of Steam End of Reciprocating Vacuum Pumps In proportioning the steam cylinder of the pump the following formula will give results which are safe to use. _ 135 American Society of Heating and Ventilating' Engineers Guide, 1926-27 From which we have As = A,, X + pd ) X 3 in which ~TPb Ab = Area of steam piston in square inches. Av = Area of water piston in square inches. Pb = Boiler pressure in pounds per square inch. Pd = Discharge pressure in pounds per square inch. V = Vacuum at pump expressed in inches of mercury. V = Approximate vacuum in pounds per square inch (2 in. mercury = approxi- 2 mately 1 lb. per sq .in.) - Fig. 46. Method of Making Connection to Steam-Operated Vacuum Pump In no case should the head against the discharge of reciprocating pumps exceed 15 lb. unless the pump stroke exceeds the bore and thus reduces the bad effect of clearance. ` Where the pressure on the heater, boiler, etc., varies materially from time to time but in general is near the minimum, a substantial saving in energy may be obtained by using a hydro-pneumatic tank instead of a plain tank set at a higher elevation to overcome the peak pressure in the boiler or heater. The use of a plain tank keeps the pump operating against the maximum head, where the hydro-pneumatic tank set lower operates as a plain tank whenever the gravity head in the tank is sufficient to cause flow from its elevation, and employs the combination of air pres sure and gravity head, with air vent closed, only at times of peak load. Only then is the air pressure load added to the pump discharge. 136 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Where the head on the delivery side of steam driven pumps exceeds 15 lb. it is good practice to deliver the condensation to a vented receiver located close to the level of the vacuum pump outlet. This receiver should be connected to a separate steam or power driven water pump capable of delivering against the maximum head and controlled'by a throttle valve, actuated by the water line in the receiving tank. MOTOR DRIVEN RETURN LINE VACUUM PUMPS Reciprocating Vacuum Pumps.--The displacement and piston speeds should be the same as for the water end of reciprocating steam driven return line vacuum heating pumps. The type of drive between motor and pump may be chain, gear or belt. Other than Reciprocating Pumps.--May be of the centrifugal or rotary type with receivers and generally of one of the following arrangements. a. Ooe pumping unit and motor for handling both air and condensate. b. One pumping unit and motor for handling air and a separate pumping unit and motor for handling condensate. ' c. One pumping unit and motor for handling condensate with an air ejector operated by a recirculated portion of the condensate for handling the air. d. One pumping unit for handling condensate and another for handling the air, both operated by one motor. The receiving tank capacity should be stated in gallons, and in case of automatically controlled units should be the capacity of the tank in gallons between the high and low water levels in this tank, as determined by the water-line control. ' The receiving tank may be placed either on the suction side or on the discharge side of the pump. When placed on the suction side of the pump the capacity of the tank may be used to retain the condensation and to take care of the fluctuations between the rate of condensate returned and the rate of the pump delivery. The suggested receiving tank capacities (as previously defined) for continuously operated and for automatically controlled units should be as follows: Table 74. Receiver Tank Capacities Sq. Ft. Equivalent Direct Cast Iron Radiation Surface Total Receiver Tank Capacity in Gallons Receiver Tank Capacity between High and Low Water Limits where Automatic Water Line - Control is Used. 8,000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 100,000 28 33 40 49 63 80 20 24 29 35 47 63 The air capacities recommended, referred to cubic feet of air per 1000 sq. ft. of equivalent cast iron direct radiation, may be assumed on a decreasing ratio as the system increases in capacity of equivalent square feet of radiation, in accordance with the following Table 75. It should be noted that while water capacities of pumps to be added for fan blast 137 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 I F ig . 47. V o lu m e of A ir th r o u g h O r if ic e s u n d e r V a c u u m I 138 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 heaters are to be based upon their equivalent in direct radiation the air capacities for this class of radiation may be the same as for direct radiation. Table 75. Aik Capacities Sq. Ft. Direct Equivalent Radiation Surface 8,000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 100,000 150,000 250,000 Diameter Orifice Vac. 10' . A* A' Vt" A" Vs" W A" Three W Air Capacity Cu. Ft. per Min. 5 9 15 19 34 60 80 180 The air capacity of the pump should be measured at a point in the main vacuum return line just ahead of the vacuum strainer when the pump is operating under the vacuum specified at the pump suction and when handling the quantity of condensate specified at a temperaturenot exceeding 180 deg. fahr. Air test may be made with water at lower temperatures. This deter mination should be made by means of a standard test orifice located in an inlet connection to the pump suction and consisting of a plate j/g of an inch thick with a reamed hole having sharp edges and of a diameter corresponding to the capacity of the pump. The accompanying Fig. 47 may be used to give the quantity of air handled, corresponding to several sizes of orifices and different degrees of vacuum met with in practice. The water capacity of the pump when operating against 8 in. of mer cury vacuum should be not less than three-tenths (0.3) of a pound of water per hour pier square foot of equivalent cast iron direct radiation based upon condensation at a temperature of not over 180 deg. fahr. when the pump is delivering water against a specified gage pressure at the water discharge of the pump. For pumps handling both air and water the above water capacity must be delivered, when the pump is main taining a vacuum of 8 in. of mercury and handling air through a standard orifice corresponding to the air capacity of the pump as herein specified. Commercial pumps are built for 10, 20, 30 and 40 lb. gage pressure at the water discharge of the pump. Table 76. Sizes, Speeds, Horse Powers and Capacities Motor Driven Condensation Return Pumps Rating in Sq. Ft......................... Discharge Pressure, Lb.______ Gallons per Min.......................... H. P. Motor................................. R. P. M. 60 Cycle and D. C... R. P. M. 25 Cycle...,................. Shipping Weight., .................... 0 to 2000 10 20 33 Vs 52 1700 1700 1440 1440 330 350 2000-4000 10 20 66 Vs % 1700 1700 1440 1440 350 370 4000-8000 10 20 10 10 Vs V 1700 1700 1440 1440 420 440 8000-16000 10 -20 20 20 Vs 52 1700 1700 1440 1440 535 565 139 v/ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 No additional allowance need be made for covered mains or risers, but exposed mains or risers used as heating surfaces should be included in calculating the equivalent square feet of direct radiation. PUMP SPECIFICATIONS Reciprocating and power driven pumps should be specified as to make, size, water and steam working pressures, piston speed, temperature of water to be handled, electric motor characteristics and the trade standard, required in accordance with the manufacturers' adoptions, copy of which is appended to this section of the code for reference. Table 77. Motor Driven Condensation Pump Capacities for Delivering Against Various Pressures Radia tion IN Sq. Ft. of Direct Radia tion Minimum Gallons per Min. Maximum Boiler Pressure Lb. Motor H. P. Sug gested Size of Piping Inches . 4000 4000 4000 6-8 6-8 6-8 10 15-40 50-60 Xi Xi Xi 6000 6000 6000 9-12 9-12 9-12 10 15-40 50-60 X X 1 IX IX IX 8000 8000 8000 8000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 12-16 12-16 12-16 12-16 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 10 15 20 30-60 X 1 IX 10 IS 20-30 30-40 50-60 X X 1 IX 2 IX IX IX IX IX iX iX iX iX Radia tion in Sq. Ft. of Direct Radia tion Minimum Gallons per Min. Maximum Boiler Pressure Lb. Motor H. P. 15,000 25-30 15,000 25-30 15,000 25-30 15,000 25-30 15,000 25-30 20,000 30-40 20,000 30-40 20,000 30-40 20,000 30-40 20,000 30-40 25,000 40-50 25,000 40-50 25,000 40-50 25,000 40-50 25,000 40-50 30,000 . 50-60 30,000 50-60 30,000 50-60 30,000 50-60 10 15 20-30 40 50-60 10 15 20 30-40 50-60 10 15 20 30-40 50-60 10 15 20 30-60 X i ix 2. 3 X 1 2 3 5 1 ix 2 3 5 1 ix 2 5 Sug gested Size of Piping Inched 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2X 2X 2X 2X 2X 2X 2X 2X 2X The kind of drive should be specified for power driven pumps. Centrifugal and Rotary pumps should be specified as to make, type, capacity temperature of water to be handled, speed and motor charac teristics including: ' 1. Name of motor manufacturer 2. Manufacturers rated Horse Power 3. The maximum temperature rise for any part of the motor above the temperature of the surrounding air 4. Full Speed in R. P. M. 5. Current characteristics 6. Whether the motor is open, semi-enclosed or fully enclosed. The following should also be included in the specifications, total head to be pumped against including suction lift friction head, velocity head 140 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 78. One Pump One Motor Return Line System Size A B C D E F G H Sq. Ft. - Direct Equivalent Radiation Surface Diameter Orifice Vacuum 10 IN. Air Capacity Cu. Ft. per Min- 8000 16,000 26,000 40.000 65.000 100,000 150.000 250.000 9-64 3-16 1-4 9-32 3-8 1-2 9-16 Three 1-2 6 11 19 25 42 75 90 180 Water ' Capacity Gals, per Min. 10 Lb. Pres sure 180 F. ii 22 35 60 90 140 200 400 Actual H. P. 0.9 1.4 2.0 2.8 3.9 9.0 10.0 10.0 R. P. M. H. P. of Motor 1800 1800 1800 1200 1200 1200 900 720 i IX '2 3 5 10 10 20 Table 79. Two Pump One Motor Return Line System Vacuum Pumps Capacity Sq. Ft. of Direct Radiation 6000 6000 8000 8000 12,000 12,000 18,000 18,000 30,000 30,000 Capacity G. P. M. 9 9 12 12 18 18 27 27 45 45 Pressurb at Pump 10 15 10 15 10 15 10 15 10 15 Motor H. P. X l l IX 1 IX iX 2 2 3 Table 80. Two Pump Two Motor Return Line System Vacuum Pump i Motor H. P. Capacity Sq. Ft. of Capacity G. P- M. Pressure at Pump Direct Radiation] 6000 6000 . 8000 8000 12,000 12,000 18,000 18,000 25,000 25.000 30;000 30.000 9 9 12 12 18 18 27 27 38 38 45 45 x10 X X 15 X 10 X 15 X 10 15 10 15 X X. X X X 1 1 -2 10 . l 15 l IX 2 10 l 15 l IX 2,, and head against which the pump must discharge. The vacuum under which return pumps-are required to operate and as to whether two or more units are to operate in parallel or separately. { American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 INSTALLATION DATA All pumps should be set on substantial foundations and be provided with heavy cast iron sub-bases, securely anchored to foundation and pro vided with drip ring with drain properly connected to sump or sewer. The exhaust from steam driven pumps supplying steam for heating purposes should be taken through an efficient oil separator before entering any part of the heating system or other apparatus. A full set of the manufacturers working drawings should be used in connection with each installation. Motors should be not less than Vl greater in horsepower than that actually required to drive the pump under full load conditions. 142 Chapter X WARM-AIR FURNACE HEATING* IN this chapter of The Guide consideration will be given to the design of gravity circulating warm-air heating systems. For fan circulating systems see the Chapter XIX on Design and Construction of Air Ducts. Complete engineering data, including the procedure to be followed in designing a typical system, are presented in the first part of the chapter, while the last part of the chapter presents a Standard Code Regulating the Installation of Warm-Air Heating Furnaces in Residences, approved by the National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating Association, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, National Association Sheet Metal Contractors, Western Warm Air Furnace, and Supply Association, and the Midland Club, as a workable Code for furnacemen. DEFINITIONS . In general, warm-air furnace heating plants consist of a fuel burning furnace or heater enclosed in a casing of sheet metal or brick, which is placed in the basement of the building. The heated air, taken from the top or sides near the top of the furnace casing, is distributed to the various rooms of the building through sheet metal warm-air pipes. The warm-air pipes in the basement are known as leaders, and the vertical warm-air pipes which are run in the inside partitions of the building are called stacks. The heated air is finally discharged into the rooms through registers which are set in register boxes placed either in the floor or in the side wall, usually at or near the baseboard. . The air supply to the furnace may be taken (1) entirely from inside the building through one or more recirculating ducts, or the air supply may be taken (2) entirely from outside the- building, in which case no air is recirculated. Sometimes a combination of the inside and outside air supply system is employed. . Furnace heating plants may be (1) of the gravity circulating type in which the motive head producing flow depends upon the difference in weight between the heated air leaving the casing and the cooler air entering the bottom of the casing, or (2) of the fan circulating type in which a fan may supply all or part of the motive head producing flow. In most house installations, the former type of system is in general-use. , *Material for this section was prepared especially for The Guide by Arthur C. Willard, Professor of Heating and'Ventilation and Head of the Department of Mechanical.Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. ___ All figures and much of the engineering data which follow are from Bulletin No. 141, "Warm Air Furnaces and Heating Systems," Part II, by Professors A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz and V. S. Day, Engineering Experi ment Station, University of Illinois. 143 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 DESIGNING A FURNACE HEATING SYSTEM. The design of a furnace heating system involves the determination of the following items: a. Heat loss in B.t.u. from each room in the building. b. Area and diameter in inches of warm-air pipes in basement known as leaders. c. Area and dimensions in inches of vertical pipes known as wall stacks. ' d. Free and gross area and dimensions in inches of warm-air registers. e. Area and dimensions of (1) recirculating or (2) outside air supply ducts in inches. There may be one or more of each. /. Free and gross area and dimensions in inches of recirculating registers. g. Size of furnace necessary to supply the warm air required to overcome the heat loss from the building. This "size" should include square inches of leader pipe area which furnace must supply. It is also desirable to call for a minimum bottom fire-pot diameter in inches, which is the nominal grate diameter. h. Area and dimensions in inches of chimney lining and smoke pipe. If an unlined chimney is to be used, that fact should be made clear. HEAT LOSSES FROM BUILDING The heat which will be required for each room in the building depends on (1) the heat transmission losses through walls and glass as well as through floors and ceilings when the latter two are next to unheated spaces, and (2) the infiltration of cold air through the cracks around outside windows and doors. Calculations for the heat required in B.t.u. per hour should be made as indicated in Chapter I, Heat Losses from Buildings. LEADER SIZES In a gravity circulating warm-air furnace system the size of the leader to a given room depends on the temperature of the warm-air entering the room at the register. A reasonable air temperature at the registers must, therefore, be agreed upon before the system can be designed. The National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating Association has approved an air temperature of 175 deg. fahr. at the registers as satisfactory. At this temperature, the heat carrying capacity (heat available above 70 deg. fahr.) per sq. in. of leader pipe per hour for first, second or third floors is shown by Fig. 48 at 175 deg. fahr. to be 105, 170 and 208 B.t.u. respectively. For average calculations, the values 110, 166 and 200 will simplify the work and may be satisfactorily sub stituted for these heat carrying capacities. If H represents the total heat to be supplied any room, the resulting equations are: . - H Leader areas for first floor, square inches = = approximately 0.009/7 (1) Leader areas for second floor, square inches = jgg = approximately 0.006/7 (2) H ' Leader areas for third floor, square inches = ^qq = approximately 0.005/7 144 (3) American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Fig. 48. Value of Square Inch of Leader Pipe Area for First, Second, and . Third Floors In designing for a lower warm-air register temperature, say 160 deg. fahr., the factors 110, 166 and 200 become 80, 140 and 166 (Fig. 48 at 160 deg. fahr.), and the resulting equations.are: Leader areas for first floor, square inches = -- = approximately 0.012Z7 . (4) H Leader areas for second floor, square inches = ~ approximately 0.007# (5) Leader areas for third floor, square inches = Jgg = approximately 0.006/7 (6) These equations are applicable to straight leaders from 6 to 8 ft. in length. Longer leaders must be very thoroughly covered or else the vertical stacks must be increased in area as discussed under wall stacks. If some provision is not made for these longer leaders, the air tempera ture may be much lower than anticipated and the room will not be properly heated. While Fig. 48 takes care of the drop of temperature in straight leaders up to 8 ft. in length connected to stacks having about 75 per cent the 145 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 area of the leader, the designer must make allowances for all other conditions. The temperature drop in leaders of various lengths at three different register temperatures is shown in Fig. 49. Leader sizes should in general be,not less than obtained by equations (I) to (3) nor should leaders less than 8 in. in diameter be used. lt|is not considered good commercial practice to specify diameters except American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 straight, the ratio of stack area to leader area should be greater than 70 per cent in order to offset the greater temperature losses (Fig. 49) in the longer leader, fn gravity circulating systems, this stack to leader I Fig. 49. Loss in Temperature in 8 in. Leader Pipe of Various Lengths at Different Register Temperatures Note.--Pipe bare, bright tin except asbestos strips for joints. in whole inches, although there is no real reason for not using half inches if necessary. The tops of leaders should be at the same elevation as they leave the furnace-bonnet, and from this point there should be a uniform up-grade of 1 in. per foot of run in all cases. Leaders over 12 ft. in length are to be avoided or receive very special attention. WALL STACKS The wall stack for an upper floor should be made not less than 70 per cent of the area of the leader which has been selected from Fig. 48. So long as the leader is short and straight as was the case for Fig. 48, such a practice is probably justified since the loss (Fig. 50) in capacity occasioned by the smaller stack is not very serious for ratios above 70 per cent. For leaders over 8 ft. in length or for leaders which are not 146 1 * `5 i Fig. 50. Relative Heating Effect of Stacks at Constant Register, Air Temperature area ratio is a very important consideration. Specific data for a great variety of cases are presented in Figs. 51 and 52 and the designer should check his stack to leader combinations with the nearest comparable case as shown in these figures. Any second floor stack supplying heat 147 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 to a room whose heat loss is 9000 B.t.u. or above. (See Figs. 51 and 52 which show that high temperatures are necessary if rooms of more than 9000 B.t.u. requirement are heated by stacks in 4 in. studding), should be run within 6 in. studded walls or should have multiple stacks. Stack Oi tQil <fcd Uz XH DO >2< aOs ti. o til & (ub. W o z H (<d X o American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 WARM-AIR REGISTERS The registers used for discharging warm-air into the rooms should have free or net area not less than the area of the leader in the Same run of pjping __ f_____________ nLn..1yl Ua Innpf 7A >vTr r>onI- s\( flia rrrnco oroo as 0a3 < 03 >1 auz ob a < GO tPOn s < > Co1*S. & o z %M E o c. sections, wherever possible, should be changed from the thin rectangular to the more nearly square shape. Stack heads should have upper end curved to provide easy flow of warm air to the room. Splitters in the upper end of the duct increase the air discharge. 148 * 4 of the register. No upper floor register should be wider horizontally than the wall stack', and it should be placed either in the baseboard or side wall, and not in the floor. First floor registers may be of the base- 149 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 board or floor type with the former location preferred. No first floor register should require a register box more than 14 in. wide, although it may be longer than 14 in. AIR SUPPLY DUCTS Ducts for recirculating air from the house or for bringing in outside air should be as short and direct as possible. The areas of such ducts should never be less than the combined areas of all warm-air leaders and ducts of the recirculating type may be made even larger than the total leader area. The importance of running the air supply ducts as direct as possible without sharp elbows is shown by the comparative performance on the same plant of two ducts (Fig. 53), as presented in Table 81. In both cases a very wide low shoe was used for connecting the ducts to. the back of the furnace casing. The top of this shoe should never enter the casing above the level of the grate in the furnace, and to accomplish this the shoe must be wide. The superior performance of Table 81. Heat Available at Registers for Two Types of Recirculating Ducts Register Air Temperature Deg. .Fahr. Heat Available at Registers. Above 70 Deg. Fahr. B.t.u. per Hr. Rectangular Duct Round Duct Per Cent Increase for Round Duct 130 (Low) 160 (Moderate) 190 (High) 47,000 81,000 120,000 150 54,000 94,000 138,000 15.0 16.0 15.0 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 the round duct using two 45 deg. instead of two 90 deg. elbows is very apparent. Values given in Fig. 48 are based on such a duct. Outside duct connections, if used, should be made to a window frame the full area of duct and such window should be in a wall exposed to prevailing winter winds. The inside type of recirculating duct or ducts is always preferred for residence installations. - RECIRCULATING REGISTERS The register through which the air in the building is returned to the furnace should always be placed in a central position in the first floor, usually in the main hall if one exists. Air from the upper floors must have free access to this register through the stairway of the building. Sometimes more than one return air register is found desirable, and such multiple returns are often justified. The recirculating registers should have a free area at least equal to the duct to which they connect, and their free area should never be less than 50 per cent of their gross area. FURNACE The size of furnace should, of course, be such as will provide the necessary air heating capacity, usually expressed in square inches of leader pipe area, and at the same time provide a grate of the proper area to burn the necessary fuel at a reasonable'chimney draft. The total leader pipe area required is easily obtained by finding the sum of the leader pipe areas as already designated. The grate area will depend on several factors of which four are very important. First of all, the air temperature at the register for which the plant has been designed must be determined. Usually, this tempera ture is taken as 175 deg. fahr. Second in importance is the combustion rate, which must always correspond with the register air temperature, as is shown by reference to a set of typical furnace performance curves (Fig. 54) for a cast-iron circular radiator furnace with a 23-in. diameter grate and 50-in. diameter casing. The conditions shown on these curves which seem to approximate nearest to the 175 deg. register warm-air temperature are--combustion rate 7 lb., warm-air register temperature 173 deg., efficiency of the furnace 58.5 per cent. The third factor is efficiency, which, in turn, is a function of the combustion rate varying with it as shown by the efficiency curve of Fig. 54. The fourth factor is the heat value per pound of fuel burned, which was 12,790 B.t.u., but is not shown on the curves since it was constant for all combustion rates. From the relation existing between these factors it is found (Fig. 54) that the capacity of the furnace under test is 147,750 B.t.u. per hour for the total grate, which gives the capacity at the furnace bonnet per square foot of grate as 51,300 B.t.u. and per square inch of grate as 356 B.t.u. per hour. Suppose it is desired to select a furnace to deliver air to the rooms at a register temperature approximating 160 deg! rather than 175 deg. Referring to the curves, the relation is--combustion rate 5.5 lb., register warm air temperature 160 deg. and efficiency of the furnace 62 per cent. 151 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Under this condition the capacity of the furnace at the furnace bonnet per square foot of grate area is 43,300 B.t.u. per hour, and per square inch of grate it is 300 B.t.u. per hour. From these performance values, the grate area for any plant requirement will be, (allowing 20 per cent heat loss between furnace and registers): ' Grate area (175 deg. register temperature), square inches --1 oO2DH = 0.0034/7* (7) Grate Area (160 deg.), square inches = = 0.0040/7* , (8) a/S -------1------ 1------ Draff /a 1------ 1------ inches 1------ i------ water* ZZOOOO a/o ^ZOO 000 zzo\ t \ \/SO 000 160 000 X Nj MO000 V X^JZOOOO fs/ooooo 80000 Re$ vster Ten7pej'atore- "Cc7pa :/ty ,80^ i60\ f /40% rir Ore. ie i a7s/n9 Dt iefej>23 fn_ 'ter SO /n 'I * 70 $ o"s 'icfiaencif 60S so* 46 I/O tz Stf Comfiust/on Rate in it per stf ft of Orateper fir' 54.Fig. Typical Performance Curves for a Warm Air Furnace and Installation ' in a Three-Story Ten Leader Plant, Operating on Recirculated Air As a check upon the method of selection by performance curves, the method of selecting the furnace which has been in general use is as follows: Let H = B.t.u. beat loss from the entire house per hour = summation of all room losses Hi + H2 + etc. + the B.t.u. necessary to heat the fresh air if any, at intake. This fresh air loss in B.t.u. will be approximately 1.27 times the cubic feet of air admitted through the intake per hour on a zero day. For systems which recirculate all the air this value will be zero. For systems which, have a fresh air intake, controlled by damper, this value might well be approximated, since this loss will probably be reduced to a minimum on a zero day. Assume for such cases, that the building loss is increased by 25 per cent, and that there is the usual 20 per cent loss between furnace and registers. 152 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Let E = efficiency of the furnace / = fuel value of the coal in B.t.u. per pound p = pounds of coal burned per square foot of grate surface per hour and the formula then becomes ' Grate area, square inches 1.2 X 144 H Efp if all inside air (9) For coal having a heat value of 12,000 B.t.u., a furnace having 60 per cent efficiency and 6 lb. of coal burned per sq. ft. of grate per hour, this becomes: Grate area, square inches = o"~60 X 12 000 X 6 for a lnslde air (10) The air temperature at the registers corresponding to the conditions covered by equation (10) would be approximately 160 deg. fahr. and for 175 deg. fahr. and 12,000 B.t.u. the combustion rate should be at least 7.5 lb. with an efficiency of about 57 per cent, using curves of Fig. 54 as a guide. CHIMNEYS The construction, location, height and area of the chimney to which the warm-air furnace is connected affect the operation of the entire heating system. Most residence chimneys are built of brick and may be either lined or unlined, but in either case the walls must be air tight and there should be only one smoke opening into the chimney. Cleanout, if pro vided, must be absolutely air tight when closed. The walls of brick chimneys shall be not less than 3% in. thick (width of a standard size brick) and shall be lined with fire-clay flue lining. Fire-clay flue linings shall be manufactured .from suitable refractory clay, either natural or compounded, and shall be adapted to withstand high temperatures and the action of flue gases. They shall be of standard commercial thickness but not less than % in. All fire-clay flue linings shall meet the standard specification of the Eastern Clay Products Association. The flue sections shall be set in special mortar, and shall have the joints struck smooth on the inside. The masonry shall be built around each section of lining as it is placed, and all spaces between masonry and linings shall be completely filled with mortar. No broken flue lining shall be used. Flue linings shall start at least 4 in. below the bottom of smoke-pipe intakes of flues, and shall be continuous the entire heights of the flues and project at least 4 in. above chimney top to allow for a 2 in. projection of lining. The wash or splay shall be formed of a rich cement mortar. To improve the draft the wash surface should be concave wherever practical. Flue lining may be omitted in brick chimneys, provided the walls of the chimneys are not less than 8 in. thick, and that the inner course shall be a refractory clay brick. All brick work shall be laid in spread mortar, with all joints push-filled. Exposed joints both inside and outside shall be struck smooth. No plaster lining shall be permitted. Chimneys shall extend at least 3 ft. above flat roofs and 2 ft. above the ridges of peak roofs when such flat roofs or peaks are within 30 ft. 153 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27. of the chimney. The chimney shall be high enough so that the wind from any direction shall not strike the top of the chimney from an angle above the horizontal. The chimney shall be properly capped with stone, terra cotta, concrete, cast-iron, or other approved material; but no such cap or coping shall decrease the Hue area. The size or area of flue lining or of brick flue depends on height of chimney and capacity of heating system. For chimneys not less than 35 ft. in height above grate line, the net internal dimensions of/tlining should be at least 7 x 11)4 in. for a total leader pipe area up to 790 sq. in. Above 790 and up to 1000 sq. in. of leader pipe area the lining should be at least 11J4 x 1134 in. inside. In case of brick flues not less than 35 ft. in height with no linings, the internal dimensions should be . . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 If provision shall be made for certain outside air circulation, then increase the building heat loss by, say 25 per cent and obtain by equation (7) a 27-in. grate and by equations (8) and (10) a 29-in. grate. Summary of Data Applied to Warm Air Research Residence Rooms From Chapter I on Heat Losses from Buildings B.t.u. Leader Area - Sq. In. Heat Losses H Stack Area Sq. In. 0.7 X LA Leader Diameter Inches Stack Size Net Register Size Gross First Floor Living............. Dining............ Breakfast...... Kitchen.......... Sun.................. Hall and stair Second Floor Owners........... S. W. Bed___ Bath...... ......... N. Bed........... Third Floor E. Bed.......... W. Bed.......... 17250 6810 2300 9210 25710 12570 15030 9800 2450 14800 8220 8220 hi O uh t II 61 21 83 230 113 = 0.00677 90 59 15 89 = 0.00577 41 41 63 41 10 62 29 29 14 9 8 11 or 12 Two 12 12 14 X 18 8 X 12 8 X 10 12 X 14 Two 12 X 14 12 X 14 11 or 12 5 X 12 9 zy2 x 12 8 3 X 10 11 or 12 5 X 12 12 X 14 8 X 12 8 X 10 12 X 14 8 3 X 10 8 .3X10 '8 X 10 8 X 10 at least 8 x 12 in. up to 790 sq. in. of leader area, and at least 12 x 12 in. ' for leader capacities up to 1000 sq. in. Chimneys under 35 ft. in height are often unsatisfactory in operation and hence should be avoided. TYPICAL EXAMPLE The application of the preceding data to an actual example may be of assistance to the designer. Figs. 55, 56, 57, 58 and 59,* represent the plans of the Warm Air Research Residence of the National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating Association recently erected at the University of Illinois. Assuming all air recirculated, the minimum furnace for the plant will be: , Grate Area = 0.0034 X 132,370 = 450 sq. in. = 24 in. diam. at 175 deg. register temperature. (7) Grate Area = 0.0040 X 132,370 = 530 sq. in. = 26 in. diam. at 160 deg. register temperature. (8) (10) - *Plans used with permission and bath room on third floor not heated at present. 154 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Fig. 57. First Floor Plan STANDARD CODE REGULATING THE INSTALLATION OF WARM AIR FURNACES IN RESIDENCES* THIRD EDITION . June 1, 1924 . This Code is approved and issued by authority of the Notional Warm Air Healing & Ventilating Association, The American Society of Heatinc a Ventilating Engineers. National Association Sheet Metal Contractors, Western Warm Air Furnace and Supply Association and The'Midland Club. ARTICLE 1.--Meaning of the Term "Warm Air Furnace Heating Plant" Warm air furnace heating plants, to which this code refers, shall consist of one or more warm air furnaces, enclosed within casings, together with necessary appurtenances thereto, consisting of warm air pipes and fittings, cold air or recirculating pipes, boxes and fittings, smoke pipes and fittings, registers, borders and face plates, the same being intended for heating buildings in which they may be installed. ARTICLE 2.--Provisions to be made in Building under Construction for Reception of Warm Air Furnace Heating Plants Section 1. a The following provisions shall be made by the owner or building con tractor, in any building wherein a warm air heating plant is to be installed. . b Where warm air register boxes, heads, pipes, or stacks are to be installed, joists shall be set not less than sixteen inches (16") on centers and shall be butted and not lapped. Studding shall set directly over and under joists, leaving a space of notr'less than fourteen inches (14") between studs and joists. Wherever joists are cut, headers must be put in to support joists. c All first story single or sub-floors shall be continuous.' In all houses having studded exterior walls, these floors shall be extended to the outside sheathing and all spaces between studding shall be closed at the attic line. -Vo/e 1.--It is strongly recommended that the attic be tightly floored to reduce heat losses. 157 . American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 d All partition walls (or sections of these walls) in which heat stacks to second floor rooms are to be installed, shall be built of six-inch (6") studding to second story floor joists. Chimneys Section 2. a The owner shall provide a chimney for the furnace constructed in a manner to comply with the following specifications. '` b The chimney must be absolutely smoke tight throughout its entire length, and must extend at least three feet (3') above a flat roof or two feet above the ridges of peak roofs. c If built of a single thickness of brick or of cement blocks, it shall be lined through out its entire length with fire-clay flue lining, having not less than three-fourths inch (%") thickness. Flue lining to be laid in mortar and made air tight. d The furnace flue must have no other opening for attaching any fireplace, furnace,. stove, range, water heater, gas or ventilating connection. e If necessary to offset the flue, it must be done in such a manner as not to reduce the cross sectional area nor create a ledge or obstruction, where loose material may lodge. / Its narrowest internal dimension shall not be less than eight (8") inches and no flue smaller than 8" x 8" rectangular or eight (8") inch diameter round will be considered suitable when hard coal is to be burned, or 8" x 12* rectangular or ten (10") inch round for soft coal or wood. g It is strongly recommended that nothing less than 8" x 12" internal dimensions be used in any case. Note S.--It is recommended that the height above the furnace grate be not less than twenty-six (26') feet. Note 3.--It is strongly recommended ttiat all new chimneys be built in strict accordance with the ordinance recommended by the National Board of Fire UndervTiters. ARTICLE 3.--Method for Determining Size of Warm Air Pipes, Wall Stacks and Furnaces for Use in a Residence Method of Determining Size of Basement Warm Air Pipes (Read Explanatory Notes 4 to 11 Section 1. First Floor Rooms. Divide square feet of glass by 12, Divide square feet of net outside wall by 60, Divide cubic contents by 800, Add together the above and multiply by 9. The result`is the area of the basement pipe. The sum of: Glass (sq. ft.) (Note 4) M2 > .* . Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 5) 4- 60}- X 9 = Area of Basement Pipe (Note 10) Cubic Contents 4- 800 ) Section 2. Second Floor Rooms. Divide square feet of glass by 12, Divide square feet of net outside wall by 60, Divide cubic contents by 800, Add together the above and multiply by 6. The result is the area of the basement pipe. .. ; /The sum of: ) Glass (sq. ft.) (Note 4) -M2 ) j Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 5) 4- 60 V X 6 = Area of Basenent Pipe (Note 10) \Cubic Contents 4- 800 ) Section S. Third Floor Rooms. Divide square feet of glass by 12, Divide square feet of net outside wall by 60, Divide cubic contents by 800, Add together the above and multiply by 5. The result is the area of the basement oioe. . J/TGhlaesssu(smq.offt:.) (Note 4) -M2 ) - - \ Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 5) 4- 60 > X 5 = Area of Basement Pipe (Note 10) vCubic Contents 4- 800 ) 158 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Method of Determining Size of Wall Stacks Section 4. First Floor Rooms.. Same as Section 1. ,. . Section 5. Second Floor Rooms. Deduct 30 per cent from basement pipe area determined in Section 2. . Section 6. Third Floor Rooms; Deduct 30 per cent from basement pipe area determined in Section 3. Explanatory Notes Note 4---In obtaining glass surface use full casement opening. An outside door is figured as glass. Note 5.--To obtain net outside wall multiply height by width and deduct the glass in all windows and outside doors. Note 6.--For rooms having unusual exposure, ordinarily north, northeast and northwest, add 15 per cent to pipe area. For east and west exposure, add 10 per cent. Note 7.--For cold ceilings, add one-half net area of ceiling to net exposed wall (cold ceilings are those next to unfloored attics.) ` Note 8.--Use no warm air pipe less than 8 inches in diameter. If a basement warm air pipe figures greater area than any standard commercial size then the next larger size shall be used. Note 9.--It is understood in using the above values for determining basement warm air pipe areas, that these pipes should be run comparatively straight and that they should not be over 10 to 12 feet in length. Sharp turns and long pipes should have extra capacity. Note 10.--These formulae are for 70 deg. inside temperature with zero temperature outside. For a temperature of 10 deg. below zero, add 10 per cent to the capacity of each pipe. Note 11.--The value of 800 (used in cubic contents) is for an estimated air change of one room volume per hour. If it is desired to provide for 1H room volume use the figure 600. If for 2-room volumes use the figure 400. "The factors 9, 6 and 5 in sections 1, 2 and 3 are calculated for a register air temperature of 175 deg." Transition Fittings and Stacks Section 7. Transition from warm air pipes to stacks shall be made with a welldesigned elbow or boot and no stack shall be less than 70 per cent of the warm air pipe area. Method of Determining Size of Registers Section 8. All registers shall have a free area at least equal to the calculated area of the basement pipe. Method of Determining Size of Furnace Section 9. Add together the actual warm air pipe areas in square inches as obtained in Sections 1, 2 and 3, and select a furnace having a free area not less than the sum of all the warm air pipe areas. ARTICLE 4.--Installation--Location of Furnace Section 1. The location of the furnace shall equalize the length of warm air runs as far as possible, yet give necessary preference to pipes supplying living rooms, dining rooms and main halls. Foundation F Section 2. Furnace foundation of brick, cement, or other incombustible material must be provided. Said foundation to extend at least fifteen (15") inches at rear and sides of furnace casing and at least thirty-six (36") inches in front of furnace casing. Foundation to be level. Setting or Assembling of Furnace Section 3. a The base ring' of the furnace shall be cemented to the foundation, making an air tight joint. The furnace parts shall be assembled plumb and level, and in a workmanlike manner. b All sections and joints shall be properly fitted. Joints requiring cement shall be well filled and all bolts shall be drawn up tightly. Casings Section 4. a Warm air furnaces shall be enclosed in metal casings or walls of brick, tile or concrete. 159 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 - b Portable. Sheet metal casings including casing tops shall be made of galvanized sheets, not lighter than 26 U. S. Standard Gauge. They shall fit the castings and casing rings closely, so as to be dust tight, and shall be securely fastened to the front. The casing shall be lined from the upper casing ring down to a line on a level with the grate. c When side collars are used the casing top must be of sufficient height so that the largest warm air pipe can be taken from side without ovaling. In no case shall a distance less than eight (8") inches be maintained between the top of any furnace and the top of casing or bonnet. d Any furnace, the casing top of which shall come within sixteen (16") inches of a combustible floor, ceiling or joist, shall-be protected by a metal shield, extending not less than eighteen (18") inches beyond the casing of said furnace. This shield shall be suspended at least two inches below wood work, allowing free air space between shield and woodwork. No furnace casing or top, coming nearer than six (6") inches of ceiling or joists shall be allowed in any case. ' e Openings for side casing collars shall be cut into the casing top, so that the tops of all openings are on a level. Casing collars shall be fitted into place with a proper flange, or bead on the outside and drawn up on the inside, making a dust-tight joint. All collars shall be of same size as the warm air pipes to which they are to be connected. / Brick set, cement or hollow tile casings shall be constructed as follows: Walls shall be not less than eight (8") inches in thickness, and shall be constructed air tight. Rec tangular casing shall be, with least inside dimensions, the same as that of the portable casing of a corresponding size of furnace. Walls shall be carried to the same height as the portable walls, allowing not less than eight (8") inches between the top of the furnace and the bottom of the top cover. After placing the collars for the warm air pipes, continue the masonry up even with the top of the collars, lay spacing rods of bat iron on edge or angle irons across the furnace top, cover these with sheet iron, cover the sheet iron with masonry and run the side walls four (4") inches above the masonry bed. A galvanized iron casing bonnet may be used on brick set furnaces. Provisions shall be made in the walls for a manhole to give ingress to heater. Warm Air Pipes in Basement Section 5. a. All warm air pipes shall be made of bright tin not lighter than IC, or galvanized iron. Side seams shall be locked seams. All joints shall be either double seamed or lapped not less than one and one-quarter (134") inches and such joints shall be beaded and soldered or riveted. All pipes shall be properly secured to ceiling or joist. No solder or riveted joint is required where round pipe slips over the casing collar. Any pipe twelve (12") inches or greater in diameter shall not be made of material lighter than IX tin or No. 26 U. S. Standard Gauge galvanized iron. Note IS.--It is recommended that all warm air pipes in the basement shall have an upward pitch of not less than one (1') inch per running foot. b. No warm air pipe shall run within one (1") inch of any'woodwork unless such woodwork is covered with asbestos paper and the paper covered with tin or iron. c. All warm air pipes in the basement shall be provided with dampers not more than two feet from the casing. d. Where warm air pipes pass through a masonry wall, a metal thimble shall be provided; having a diameter at least 1 in. greater than the pipe, and pipe supported in such a manner that the air space is uniform on all sides. Wall Stacks Section 6. a. Single Stacks. All single wall stacks or wall pipes, heads, boots, ells, tees, angles and other connections shall be made of bright tin or galvanized iron and shall be covered with not less than one thickness of 12 lbs. per one hundred (100) sq. ft. of asbestos paper. All studding and other woodwork facing said pipe shall be lined with metal and metal lath used in place of wood lath. An air space of not less than threeeights (34") f an inch shall be allowed on the two sides nearest the vertical studs. All such pipes shall be braced in a proper manner so as not to obstruct the flow of air but to retain the full capacity throughout. All joints shall be locked and held in place by means of lugs, or straps. No joint shall depend wholly upon solder to make it tight. 160 American Society'of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 b. Double Stacks. All double wall stacks or wall pipes, heads, boots, ells, tees, angles and other connections shall be made of bright tin, not lighter than IC or gal vanized iron and shall be made double, from and including the boot or foot piece in basement to the top of each and every stack and register head on all floors. There shall be continuous uniform air space of not less than five-sixteenths (3^6") of an inch, which must be maintained between the outer and inner walls of all such pipes and fittings of all kinds, styles and descriptions; such pipes, heads, boots and other fittings tor be of the styles, or equal to those accepted by. the National Board of Fire Underwriters. All pipes and fittings either single or double must be secured firmly in place by lugs or straps attached to the outer walls of stacks and fittings, and no nails shall be driven through these stacks or fittings at any point. No wall pipes or fittings shall be used which depend wholly on soldered joints. The various members shall be so made that all joints are locked and soldered and the several members shall be attached to each other with slip joints, which are, for the purpose intended, air tight. Registers Section 7. a. When baseboard or wall registers are used, they shall be properly and permanently attached to the stack head in such a manner that will prevent any leakage of air between the head and the register. b. Floor registers shall be provided either with register borders, or double register boxes of tin or galvanized iron with an air space of riot less than five-sixteenths (3^6") of an inch between inner and outer boxes. c. . Registers for warm air and warm air pipes shall not be located in outside walls. The warm air registers in the various rooms shall be located in or near the inside walls in all cases. . Air Supply to Furnace Section 8. a. The air supply to furnace for warm air heating plants may be taken from outside or from within the building or may be taken partially from outside and partially from within. In no case, however, shall air be supplied to any furnace from any basement or furnace room. b. The cold air intake or return where air is taken from within the building shall have a net area throughout its. entire length, of not less than the combined net area of all warm air pipes leading from the furnace. This may be maintained in one or more ducts. . c. When the cold air supply is taken wholly from the outside of the building the supply duct at its most contracted area must equal or exceed eighty (80%) per cent of the combined area of all warm air pipes leading from the furnace. d. Cold air ducts shall be constructed of metal, tile or other incombustible material having smooth inner surface and shall maintain a constant net area throughout their entire length and shall be made air tight. Where a boot or shoe is connected to the casing at the base, the opening shall not extend higher than a line on the level of the grate of the furnace. The width of the shoe shall be of proper measurement to' make the area at least equal to that of the round or square pipe to which it is connected. e. Wherever the space between joists is used to convey cold air overhead, the joists and all wooden surfaces between such joists shall be lined with metal and a sheet metal pan constructed to extend not less than six (6") inches below said joists. The connection from this pan to the boot or shoe shall be made of galvanized iron not lighter than No. 26 U. S. Standard Gauge, and shall have a transition collar, the top area-of which shall be at least 10 per cent greater than the area of the connecting pipe. /. The cold air face or faces shall be made of wood, or metal. When set in floors the top of same shall be flush with floor. Where cold air face is placed in a seat or side wall (whether furnished by owner, general contractor or furnace contractor) the open'work of face must extend to within at least one (1") inch of the floor line. The free area of cold air faces shall be at least 10 per cent in excess of the free area of the duct or ducts to which they are connected. Nate IS.--The effective`area of a vertical cold air face lies within twelve (12*) inches of the floor line, hence, the capacity of any vertical cold air face shall be determined by multiplying the base line in inches by not to exceed twelve (12*) inches in height and deducting for the grills or cross bars. 161 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 . Smoke Pipes Section 9. a. The smoke pipe shall.be as short and direct as consistent with the loca tion of the furnace. It shall be made of either black or galvanized iron not lighter than No. 24 U. S. Standard Gauge, and of the full size of the collar on the furnace through out its entire length. It must have no other opening for attaching any fire place, stove, range, water heater, gas or ventilating connection. It shall be lock-seamed or riveted; all joints shall lap not less than one and one-half inches and it shall be rigidly secured. Cast iron smoke pipe may be used. b. Where the smoke pipe enters the flue, a thimble shall be cemented into the flue and the connections thereto made air tight. Should any smoke pipe come within eighteen (18") inches of any combustible material, such combustible material must be covered with asbestos paper and a metal shield so fastened that a two-inch air space exists between this shield and the combustible material. This shield shall be no less in size than twice the diameter of the smoke pipe and (^sufficient length to cover the wood at all points. c. No smoke pipe shall project through any external wall or window. Pipeless or One Pipe Furnaces Section 10. a. When but one duplex grating is used for.both warm air and cold air in a so-called pipeless furnace, the area of the cold air intake shall be at least equal to the area of the warm air outlet of the grating. Article 4, Section 4, relative to casing shall not govern when this type of furnace is installed, but the following specification shall be followed: The inner and outer casing of this type of furnace may be made of either black or galvanized iron not lighter than No. 26 U. S. Standard Gauge. A uniform air space shall be maintained at all points between the inner and outer, casing. In no case shall the top of the furnace be allowed closer than twelve (12") inches to any ceiling or joists above the furnace. . . b. Where joists are cut to accommodate this furnace, headers shall be put in and braced so as not to weaken the structure of the floor above the furnace. c. Article 3 for determining area of warm air pipe shall not govern in figuring a pipe less furnace. d. Where one warm air register face is used and separate face or faces for cold air supply are used, then Article 4, Sections 5 and 8 shall apply. . 162 Chapter XI OIL FUEL FOR INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC HEATING INDUSTRIAL OIL BURNING OIL has established its place in the heating field first in the industrial and more recently in the domestic service where effective methods have been devised to burn it economically under automatic control. The engineer, architect and contractor should have a fundamental knowledge of its characteristics, its applications, and should know some of the practical phases of installation methods in new and existing plants. Specific data is necessary for successful service of a plant and for the protection of the client's interests. Every installation should be a matter of individual and careful study. Oil as a fuel is desirable because it is liquid in form, being petroleum in its constituent parts. There is claimed for liquid fuel, the advantages of space for storage, simplicity in location of storage adjacent to boilers and means of transportation from the remote points of storage to boiler, reduction in labor and handling of fuel, the elimination of ash removal, ease of control of furnace temperatures, and the elimination of the expense of banked fires. Each case, however, where the liquid fuel is contemplated will have, of necessity, to stand on its merit. The heating engineer must figure out the operating cost both with coal and with oil, and the user will have to evaluate the extra convenience, after which a decision can be made as to what type of fuel, should be used. Crude oil has either a paraffin or asphalt base, or a blending of the two. Fuel oil, is heavy, dark in color and has a greater viscosity, higher calorific value and higher flash point than the crude oil from which it is made. It results from the distillation of crude oil during which processes naptha, benzine, gasoline, kerosene and other distillates are removed. The character of the fuel oil varies in accordance with the extent to which the crude oil has been refined. In the selection of burner equipment and in the determination of storage facilities, it is well to decide what grade of oil is to be used, its Baumfe gravity, viscosity, flash point, and cold test, or temperature at which it will cease to be fluid. The following table gives data from standard authorities on various oils. The flash point varies considerably in the oils from different fields, hence the figures given are subject to variation :* . Compiled especially for The Guide by Byron K. Eaton, chief engineer, Winslow Boiler & Eng." Co., Chicago. 111. . 163 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Oil Table 82. Baums Gravity Dec. Fahr. Data on Fuel Oils Flash Point Deg. Fahr. Pounds per Gallon B.t.u. per Gallon B.t.u. per Lb. Kerosene............................... Distillate............................. . Light Gas Oil........................ Dark Gas Oil....................... Light Fuel Oil...... .............. Heavy Fuel Oil..................... 42 38 36 32 24 18 140 160 190 200 150-200 180-280 6.80 6.96 7.03 7.21 7.58 7.89 135,524 137,402 138,421 140,811 145,612 1491484. 19,900 19,700 19,700 19,600 19,000 18,900 Note. While the use of an oil may be contemplated, having a cold test sufficient to meet the lowest temperatures experienced, if there is any possibility of higher cold test oils being used, heating coils should . be installed either in the storage tank or elsewhere in the system. Air Required for Oil Burning* Per Cbmt CO2 bt Volume or Drt Cases Light Oil Lb. of Air per Lb. of Oil Excess Air Per Cent Medium Oil Lb. of Air per Lb. of Oil Excess Air Per Cent Hbavt Oil Lb. of Air per Lb. of Oil Excess Air Per Cent 4 51.40 260.7 51.93 270.4 52.45 280.3 5 41.31 189.9 41.71, 197.5 42.12 205.4 6 34.58 - 142.7 34.90 149.0 35.23 155.4 7 29.77 108.9 30.04 114.3 30.31 119.8 8 26.17 83.6 26.39 88.3 26.62 93.0 9 23.37 64.0 23.56 68.0 23.75 72.2 10 21.12 48.2 21.29 51.8 21.45 55.5 11 19.83 39.1 19.43 38.6 19.58 41.9 12 17.76 24.6 17.88 27.6 18.01 30.6 13 16.46 15.5 16.57 18.2 16:69 21.0 14 15.36 7.8 15.45 10.2 15.55 12.7 15 14.39 1.0 14.48 3.3 14.57 5.6 *C. R. Weymouth, Transactions, American Society Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 30. Also see Vol. 34. A fuel oil burner installation comprises oil storage, pumping equipment, heating equipment if required, an atomizing assembly and a correctly designed fire-box within the boiler for complete combustion and for proper diversion of the fire and gases. There are certain essential accessories, such as pipelines, oil pre-heaters, regulating valves, meters, strainers, pressure gages, relief valves and the proper adaptation of them all to the particular needs of each specific case. It is not the purpose of this article to discuss the -relative merits of various types of burners. The respective claims of burner manufacturers can be carefully weighed and a decision made as to which is best adapted to the work in question. Mechanical simplicity and the assurance of correct principles of atomization should be of foremost consideration in judging burners. - The decision as to the burner will govern the type of oil pump utilized to draw the oil from the storage tank and introduce it into the burners. The various burner campanies have provided what they consider the most suitable pumping devices for their equipment. One of the most important phases of oil burner installations, is the design of the combustion chamber of the boiler or furnace. While the consumption of coal is limited in a boiler, by the square feet of grate and the draft available where handfiring is utilized, with oil burning equip ment, the only limit to the oil consumption, is in the cubical contents of the combustion chamber or fire-pot. Practically any of the boilers that 164 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 are in use today are adaptable to oil burning equipment but there should be a rearrangement of the combustion chamber. The grates may be removed, and the burner dropped below their level thus enlarging the combustion space. A wide, long, high combustion chamber is ideal, within certain limits. It is only necessary to extend protecting walls where there are waterdrop legs projecting downward from the crown-sheet. All such water surfaces must be protected from any direct contact with the fire. It is well to brick up the sides of boilers, of fire-box or sectional type, to a point 8 or 9 in. higher than the center-line of the burners. Impingement walls should be so built as to properly deflect the gases of combustion. The brick used should be of the very highest heat-resisting type and each brick should be dipped in a thin batter of heat-resisting cement and water and laid up tightly to the next brick. This will give a very excellent wall which will require a minimum of attention. Oil burner manu facturers have plans for the bricking of the various types of boilers, which plans are usually submitted after the contract has been approved. There are a number of oil heaters on the market,..which are meritorious. If low pressure steam boilers are being equipped with oil burners, ordinary coil waterheaters may be connected below the water-line of the boiler. Sufficient heating capacity should be installed to bring the temperature of the oil up to within 25 or 30 deg. of its flash-point. This pre-heating of the oil not only decreases the viscosity but takes a certain combustion burden from the fire in the boilers and also tends to carry in suspension basic deposits which might otherwise be left in the burners. In high pressure work, coil heaters can be connected into the exhaust or live steam lines depending upon the type of heater selected. Naturally, the heavier the oil, the greater will be the tendency towards sediment deposit consequently strainers must be provided. Unless the oil is exceedingly heavy, a single strainer in the suction line just before it enters the pumping equipment, will be sufficient. This strainer can be so built as to be easily accessible for cleaning. In some instances, duplex strainers are used, in which case, the mere throwing of a lever, will change the flow of oil from one strainer to another, so that cleaning can be accom plished without interfering with the supply of oil. The question of the elevation of the pump is of some importance, as some communities prohibit the installation of oil pumping equipment at a point lower than the top of the oil storage tank. As the result, it is frequently necessary to build platforms in the boiler-room'on which to mount the pumping equipment, so that there will be no danger of siphon ing. If this is.not done anti-siphoning devices should be used. While fuel oil burners are not automatic in character, yet a great many burner companies provide automatic regulators to maintain a fire be tween "high-low" limits, so as to maintain uniform pressures. The foregoing discussion refers continually to boilers, it must not be lost sight of that oil fuel is adaptable to scores of industrial purposes. Bake ovens, melting pots, annealing furnaces, dryers and countless other heat demanding units are continually and adequately operated with this modern fuel. "- Adequate oil storage should be planned. Where trackage is available, 165 American Society of Heating,and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 carload deliveries should be provided for. Local ordinances and the requirements of the National Board of Fire Underwriters and the local bureau having jurisdiction should be studied and strictly adhered to, especially in the matter of locating and burying outdoor tanks and in the brick-housing and sand-fill usually required for large interior tanks that are not buried. Where the storage tank is buried outside the building, the oil suction, oil return and the steam flow and return lines should all be run in one large split tile, carefully cemented. The steam line should then drop into the oil storage tank, either spirally around the' suction line, thence returning through the tile, to discharge into the heating system trap, of the coil can extend to and be laid along the bottom of the tank, with the return similarly returning to the steam system. Great care should be ex ercised in the construction of steam lines inside of oil tanks, so that there will be absolutely no possibility of a leakage from the oil into the steam coils when coils are under a vacuum or of the steam leaking into the oil. Every tank should be provided with a man-hole and with the following tappings: 4 in. fill 3 in. suction l]/2 in. return 1in. vent in. steam flow 1 ]/z in. steam return ' All these tappings should be in the top of the tank. The suction pipe should not extend closer than six inches to the bottom of the tank. These tappings can be varied in size to suit local ordinances or conditions. There are two general types of tanks--vertical steel and horizontal steel. Up to 10,000 gal. the horizontal steel tank is commonly used; the vertical steel tank is used for larger capacities. Since the minimum car of oil is 8,000 gal., it is well not to plan any tankage, of less than 10,000 gal. capacity, where carload deliveries are possible. Where oil companies maintain reserves of oil, smaller storage can be provided for than in districts where all the oil has to be brought in by car. In this case, there should be enough storage for a reasonable period. One ton of coal is equivalent to approximately 170 gal. of fuel oil. Standard construction for underground horizontal steel tanks provides 3/16 in. steel for up to 4,000 gal., in. from 4,000 to 10,500, 5/16 in. from ID,500 to 20,000 gal. Vertical above ground tanks should be built in accordance with the Underwriter's tables for diameter and height. While oil consumption can be fairly accurately checked by gaging the tank, the oil meter is the most logical method of quickly determining fuel costs and in estimating the relation between fuel consumption and work performed. ` DOMESTIC OIL BURNERS . The problem of applying oil fuel to residential heating is essentially different from that pertaining to industrial installations. While in an industrial installation the size of the plant usually warrants the necessary investment for installing auxiliary equipment for preheating and atom izing the heavy fuel oils such investment is seldom warranted in the small plant required in a residence. Further, the hazard associated with pre heating and the complication incident with atomization is an added 166 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 factor weighing against the use of heavy oils for this purpose. These facts results in the use of lighter or higher Baum& gravity oils for domestic purposes. These oils which include gas oil, distillate, and kerosene are liquids of low viscosity even at zero temperature. Every manufacturer supplies complete information relative to the handling of the equipment, which should be mounted in the boiler-room. The safety devices demanded by the Underwriters' Laboratories are varied, dependent upon the type of the equipment used, but the owner should familiarize himself with their purpose and care. Noise may be divided into two kinds: (1) Purely mechanical and (2) noise of combustion. The former will depend upon the equipment used and its complication of mechanism. Combustion noise should be approxi mately the same in nearly all burners. Where the correct adjustment of air and oil is made to give the best efficiency, this combustion noise will be cut to a minimum. Any boiler that is heavily covered with insulating material will permit the transmission of less noise than an uncovered boiler. The thermostatic equipment should consist of a room thermostat, centrally located in a position, representative of the general home tem perature, remote from any source of heat or cold, and a boiler control to prevent the temperature of the water or the steam pressure from exceed ing a predetermined point. While oil burners are most successfully operating in hundreds of different makes and styles of boilers and furnaces yet in planning new heating systems the adaptability of boilers to oil burning should be given serious consideration. Generally speaking, boilers with a preponderance of indirect or flue surfaces, are best suited to oil burning, because an oil fire develops a considerably hotter flame than does coal. This means higher combustion gas temperatures, and naturally demands more heat absorbing, water-backed flue surfaces. x The problem of fuel consumption in residential heating plants is just as vital when an oil burner is used as with any other style of fuel. The factors that determine' fuel consumption are: Boiler efficiency Heating piant efficiency Temperatures carried Normal heating demands Abnormal heat losses Burner adjustment. . It is not necessary to discuss these factors, with the exception of the last. The proper adjustment of oil and air and the maintenance of that adjustment under varying draft conditions is important. Fires misadjusted to a white color are obviously using an excess of air at the sacrifice of efficiency. The orange flame, with a minimum of excess air, constitutes what we term a "lazy, floating fire," which gives ample opportunity for the heat units to transfer themselves into-'the heating medium behind the walls of the boiler and its flues.' Where round domestic boilers are contemplated, those with a maximum number of horizontal water sections above the fire-box are to be pre ferred. 167 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 In selecting burner sizes the total load imposed upon the boiler and thence upon the burner should be carefully determined. This load should be determined in accordance with the method for determining the load on any boiler as outlined in preceding chapters. The same allowance for hot water heaters should be made as for ordinary boiler practice and the same precaution should be followed in insulating the boiler and piping. Draft is a matter of importance, since the quantity of air introduced by the very essential motor driven burner fan, must have adequate oppor tunity to pass freely into the stack. The standard practice of assigning an individual flue to the heating boiler should be strictly adhered to. Oil burners with their frequent periods of idleness, and the consequent elimination of needless fuel consumption, do not always impart sufficient heat to ordinary water coils in the fire-pot of heating boilers. Where vapor or steam is used, any of the boiler water-heating units that connect into the boiler. below the water-line, thus heating the storage tank, should be used. In hot water heating plants, larger coils are necessary. In studying the burner equipment itself, attention should be given to the stability of the burner manufacturer and that of his local distributor. The reputation of the burner in past performance is of equal importance. The simplicity and quality of the mechanical construction should be studied and the element of noise, must be given attention. A burner listed as standard by the Underwriters' Laboratories, may be considered as having been built-up standards. The problem of oil storage is relatively simple, since all the fuel may be stored in tanks buried outside. One-thousand gallon tanks of .3/16 in. steel seem to be most popular although the two and three thousand gallon sizes are coming into considerable favor. In estimating the size of storage tank it is well to remember that 170 gal. of oil is approximately equivalent to 1 ton of coal. Inquiry should be made as to the available truck capacities before selecting tank sizes, as the tank should be large enough to accommodate an entire truck-load of oil, while still containing, a "working balance." Local ordinances should be strictly adhered to. Some cities require that a buried tank shall be at least 2 ft. beneath the surface of the ground and at least five feet from a building wall. Others provide that a line drawn at 45 degrees from the junction of the basement floor and the building wall, shall not touch the tank. The tappings, 2)4 in. fill, 1 in. vent and 1 in. oil suction, should all be in the top of the tank. Manholes, oil return lines and steam coils are unnecessary in tanks for the kind of oil suitable for residential work. In the low-priced burners utilizing basement auxiliary tanks, such tanks should be at least 10 ft. from the nearest fire; they should be re plenished by hand pumps connected to the main oil tank buried outside. Where no outside storage is provided, these auxiliary tanks should be filled and vented outside, and should also be provided with a tightfitting, float g;age, so that if the tanks are over-filled, there can be no spilling of oil in the basement. 168 Chapter XII , GAS HEATING HE increase in the use of gas for house heating has been a great Tstimulus to the development of highly efficient gas burning appli ances. Gas-burning heating installations as the sole source of heat for residences, factories, and public buildings (formerly limited to those localities where there was an abundant supply of cheap gas) are taking a more prominent place in' coal-burning regions. Gas-burning heating appliances present an opportunity for the realiza tion of nearly ideal efficiencies in combustion and heat transmission. Full advantage must, however, be taken of the inherent efficiency of such appliances and every effort made to retain this efficiency, for it is only on this basis that gas can compete with coal. TYPES OF GAS HEATING APPLIANCES Gas-burning heating appliances may be classified as those for heating individual rooms; and central heating plants, heating an entire residence or other building. Each classification may be subdivided as follows: . I. Room Heaters a Reflector Heaters (luminous flame) b Radiant Heaters (blue flame) c Gas Logs (blue flame) d Tubular and Cylindrical Radiators ' (a) Floor Furnaces e Gas Fired Steam Radiators (a) Bungalow type hot water systems 2. Central Heating plants a Warm Air Furnaces b Steam Heating plants c Water Heating plants ' COMBUSTION OF GAS In the above classification it will be seen that some heaters are desig nated as luminous flame or blue flame. This distinction comes from the type of burner used. Gas burners are of two general types: Luminous flame burners, and the more widely used Bunsen or blue flame type. Each type of flame has its own field of usefulness; and if combustion is complete, and the flame properly applied, each will deliver the same amount of heat from a given quantity of gas. Gas requires for complete combustion air in the proportion of about 1 cu. ft. for each 110 B.t.u. of gross heat value. The two flames differ in the manner in which this air is supplied for combustion. If gas is forced directly into the atmosphere through a small hole, the air required for combustion is drawn into the Material compiled for this chapter by W, E. Stark, engineer, Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co., Cleveland, O.' 169 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 . jet and the gas burns with a large yellow flame. As the holes in such burners must be small, appliances using them cannot burn gas in large quantities. A luminous gas flame must not be permitted to touch any cold solid surface as this will result in arrested or incomplete combustion, the deposit of soot and the formation of carbon monoxide. ' Blue flame or Bunsen type burners are provided with an external mixer in which a portion of the air (about 2 cu. ft. per cubic foot of gas) is mixed with the gas previous to ignition. This is called primary air. The flame issuing from the port of the burner has .two distinct parts: a pale blue inner cone and a darker cone surrounding it. The heat of the flame issuing from the burner port draws currents of air past the flame and into it in sufficient quantity to cause complete combustion. This is known as secondary air. The flame should sit squarely on the . port and should not have a yellow tip. A yellow tip indicates insufficient primary air, and is corrected by opening the adjustable air shutter. It should be noted here that the proportions of the orifice at the entrance to the burner tube, and the proportions of the burner ports must suit the heat content of the gas being burned. A burner propor tioned for natural gas is not suitable for water gas or coal gas, which are much bulkier in relation to their heat contents. Table 83 shows the heat values of a cubic foot of gas and air mixture, the gas being mixed with the amount of air theoretically required to burn' it. In practice excess air must be admitted to the fire in order to insure complete combustion. Table 83. Volume of Air Required for Combustion of Different Gases* - Gas B.t.u. per Cubic Foot Cu. Ft. Air to Burn Cu. Ft. Gas B.t.u. per Cu. Ft. of Mixture 1084 580 510 575 10.27 5.21 4.43 5.02 96.2 93.4 93.9 95.5 Thomas King. American Gas Journal, October 22, 1921. HEAT VALUE AND EFFICIENCY A gas may be said to have two heat values; a gross or higher heat value and a net or lower heat value. The higher heat value is the entire heat that is liberated by the gas when it is burned completely. The complete combustion of a gas results in the formation of water vapor; the amount depending on the proportion of hydrogen or hydrocarbons in the gas. In order to utilize completely all of the heat of combustion of the gas it would be necessary to condense the water vapor in the products of com bustion ; thus reclaiming its latent heat of vaporization-, and then to cool down the water to the starting temperature. To condense any of the water vapor in the products of combustion it is necessary to cool them down to the dewpoint, which will always be below 212 deg. This is what is done in a calorimeter, but it is obviously im possible to do it in any commercial gas-burning appliance. Since it is not 170 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 possible to utilize all of the heat liberated by the gas in burning, the heat value is sometimes expressed in terms of the lower value; obtained by deducting from the higher value, the total heat of the water vapor down to the starting temperature. The lower heat value is always about 10 per cent less than the higher heat value. Although it is practically impossible to utilize the higher heat value in any house heating appliance, it is nevertheless customary to express boiler and furnace efficiencies in terms of this higher value. This gives a lower efficiency than one calculated from the lower heat value and is of course based on an unattainable standard, but it is a more accurate and consistent way of expressing efficiencies. An appliance may reclaim a little bit of the latent heat of the water vapor. If the test efficiency of such an appliance is calculated from the lower heat value, one is placed in the position of crediting the appliance with some heat that was not charged against it. Although quoted efficiencies are usually based on the higher heat value, care should always be taken to understand which standard guaranteed efficiencies are.based on. For example.--Take an hypothetical gas having a gross heat value of 550 B.t.u. per cu. ft. and a net heat value of 500 B.t.u. per cu. ft., burned in a steam boiler giving an evaporation, of 465 lb. of water (from and at 212 deg.) per 1000 cu. ft. of gas burned: B.t.u. in steam Efficiency = B.t.u. in gas X 100 = 465 X 970.4 cu. ft. X heat value X 100 451,235 With Gross Value Efficiency = 550,000 X 100 = 82.04 per cent With Net Value Efficiency = X 100 = 90.25 per cent 5UU,UUU It will be noted from the example cited that when the efficiency is based on the net or lower heat value, the appliance apparently absorbs 8.21 per cent more of the heat supplied to it than when the efficiency is based on the gross heat value. The following Table 84 shows the maximum possible efficiencies obtain able when burning a typical manufactured gas with various stack tempera tures. These are based on the gross heat value and do not include any Table 84. Products of Combustion and Efficiencies with Typical Manufactured Gas Stack Temperature (deg. fahr.) Heat in Dry Flue Gas above 60 (%)......... Heat in Water Vapor above 60 (%)--..... Heat absorbed by Boiler or Efficiency (%).. 220 3.25 9.95 86.80 235 3.57 10.03 86.40 250 3.90 10.10 86.00 265 4.14 10.16 85.70 280 4.28 10.22 85.50 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Flue Gas Analysis C02 8.04% 02 5.86% N2 86.10% correction for radiation from the boiler covering. Radiation would reduce these efficiencies from 2 to 10 per cent depending on the insulating ' -171 . ... American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 properties of the covering. The gas is assumed to be burned with 35 per cent excess air and has the following composition: H, 52.5 ch4 31.6 c,h. 1.1 C.H. 1.1 o. 0.1 CO, 1.5 N, 3.5 u ' a u u a u a a u u a 100.0 Heat value per cubic foot at 60 deg. fahr. and 30 in. hg., 580 B.t.u. Specific gravity 0.418 (air = 1) Air Temperature 60 deg. fahr. Atmospheric moisture neglected. TYPES OF GAS HEATERS Luminous Flame Reflector Heaters diffuse a large part of their heat by virtue of the radiating power of the bright yellow flame. They are usually backed by a polished copper sheet which reflects radiant heat into the room. The flame must never be so long that it strikes any part of the heater. Radiant Heaters have a blue flame which heats refractory "radiants" or "glowers" to incandescence. Radiant heaters are quite sensitive to changes in gas pressure. The radiants should not glow more than two thirds of their height if the products of combustion are to be free from carbon monoxide gas and in no case should flame issue from tops of the radiants. These heaters operate best if the gas pressure at the orifice is left constant, regulation being secured by an adjustment at the orifice and not by a cock in the gas line. Gas Logs have a very poor efficiency if they are placed in a vented fire place, as the radiating power of a blue flame is low and most of the heat goes up the flue. Tubular and Cylindrical Radiators give off their heat-by radiation from black sheet iron covers, similar to old style coal stoves. They are also made in the shape of a steam radiator, either cast iron or pressed steel being used. ` Floor Furnaces heat by convection, being placed directly beneath floors and heating the room above by the currents of air set up through the heater. They discharge products of combustion into the heated room. Gas-Fired Steam Radiators permit local heating with close automatic control, without the extremely intense heat that is present when the gas gives up its heat directly to the radiating surface. VENTING . It is always safest to vent individual room heaters to an unobstructed chimney. Then no danger can arise from the flame flashing back into the mixer due to low pressure, or from a sudden increase of pressure above that for which the appliance is adjusted. If the gas pressure is certain and constant and if the burner adjustment is correct such appli ances are often vented into ventilated rooms and are considered reasonably safe. In no case, however, should unvented heaters be used in sleeping rooms. 172 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 CENTRAL HEATING PLANTS Individual room heaters are suitable only for taking the chill off in mild weather; or, in the case of a house heated with a coal boiler or furnace, for warming up a room quickly, while the more sluggish coal burning appliance is getting under way. Central heating with gas offers the opportunity to secure uniform temperature throughout the house and instant response to the wishes of the owner, without a multiplicity of controls and vents. Gas can be burned efficiently in warm air furnaces designed foF the pur pose. The principal requirements in the design of.such furnaces are: a path for the hot gas that can be traversed with very little draft loss, thus permitting maintenance of sufficient draft with a low flue gas temperature; and sufficient surfacfe to insure the transmission of most of the heat by direct contact with the hot gases, as a gas flame gives off very little radiant heat. - The heating surface can be placed very close to the burner as com bustion is complete within a short distance from the burner. The use of gas in a coal furnace is unsatisfactory at best. Gas-fired boilers, designed for gas, give very high efficiences, 80 per -cent (based on gross heat value) being readily obtainable. A properly designed and installed steam boiler should operate at full rating without priming and with a stack temperature not over 50 degrees higher than steam temperature. Gas boilers can be applied to any type of steam or hot water heating system. To obtain fully the benefits to be realized from the inherent efficiency of the gas boiler, certain precautions should be observed in installation. . Adequate provision should be made for venting air from the system. A gas burning boiler has very little heat storage capacity. As soon as the fuel is turned off by the controlling devices, cooling starts and inleakage of air begins in greater or less degree.' When heat is again demanded this air must be purged from the system by the steam before heating can begin. Unless the system rids itself of air easily, there will be a "saw tooth" effect on the temperature; caused by the house cooling below the temperature for which the thermostat is set, before steam can expel the air and reach the heating surfaces. A gas-burning boiler lends itself readily to automatic control and such control should be used; since it is a decided aid to economy. Room temperature control on steam boilers and dual control of both room and water temperatures on water boilers should be installed. Steam boilers should be equipped with a steam pressure regulator and with a low-water fuel cut-off; and all boilers should be provided with gas pressure regula tors. All of these devices are standard equipment on most gas boilers. Like a boiler using any other fuel, a gas boiler requires adequate pro vision for venting. The products of combustion are colorless and odorless; but they are none the less tangible, and the chimney must provide sufficient draft to carry them away. Since a gas boiler operates satis factorily with very little draft tension, it is advisable to install some kind of draft check between the boiler and the chimney. This serves the double purpose of keeping the chimney draft low so that the heat lost to 173 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 the stack will not be excessive and of protecting the pilot flame against back-drafts. The boiler manufacturer generally furnishes a satisfactory device as part of the standard equipment. The problem of installing a gas-fired warm-air furnace is not greatly different from that of installing a coal-fired furnace. Warm air pipes and registers should be liberally proportioned (see Chap. X, p. 143) so as not to obstruct the free flow of large amounts of air; and recirculation should always be practiced. Thermostatic control should of course be employed. Dual control, that is, control of both room temperature and duct tem perature,. is becoming popular. It makes for more even heating and provides a sure safeguard against overheating arising from registers being closed while the furnace is in operation. On account of their small heat storage capacity, gas boilers are par ticularly adaptable to extremely low pressure (vapor) steam heating systems. The small water capacity and quick steaming ability insure instant response to the sensitive steam pressure regulators. RATINGS Gas appliance manufacturers have followed the custom established by coal appliance manufacturers in rating their product in terms of cubic feet of warm air and square feet of steam or water radiation. The capacity of a gas furnace or boiler is subject to smaller fluctuations than a boiler employing solid fuel and the element of length of firing period does not enter into consideration. Gas appliance manufacturers rate their boilers in terms comparable with the usual 8-hour rating of coal boilers. In other words, where a 2400 sq. ft. coal boiler would be chosen, a 2400 sq. ft. gas boiler would generally be appropriate. It is common practice for gas boiler manufacturers also to rate theirboilers in terms of Available B.t.u. per hour. To use this rating the cal culated heat loss from the building is increased by the usual percentage, allowed for piping losses and the appropriate boiler chosen. A gas furnace or boiler will show essentially the same capacity or efficiency with any gas fuel, provided steps are taken to furnish burner equipment and air regulation appropriate to the fuel burned. Most manufactured gases, although of lower heating value than natural gases, if burned in sufficient volume will produce equivalent results. The heating value of a mixture of gas and air (air just sufficient to burn the gas completely) is almost the same for any typical commercial gas, asis shown in Table 83. It is a fact, based upon observation, that the user of a gas-fired central heating appliance uses more heat during the course of a year than he does when, depending upon solid fuel. The extreme ease of starting and operating a gas burning appliance leads to the pilot light being lighted on the first cool day of the season. Thereafter, the system generally operates entirely under thermostatic control and is left in operation on many days when very little heat is required to keep the inside tempera ture at 70 to 72 deg.; days when it would be impracticable to keep a coal fire going. On many cold days, the gas unit is kept operating con tinuously at maximum capacity so that the premises are never permitted to cool below the temperature ordinarily maintained. . 174 American- Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 A.great deal of data is available covering the fuel requirements of steam and hot-water heating systems. Not a great deal is available on warmair furnace systems, consequently no effort will be made to present any. In making an estimate of the gas that will be consumed by a gas-fired boiler during the average heating season, two variables must be taken into account. The first is the size of the heating system, usually expressed in terms of square feet of direct cast-iron radiation. The other one is the duration and intensity of the heating season. This is easiest expressed in terms of "degree-days, " a unit adopted by the American Gas Association. A very complete chart giving the characteristics of the heating season for all parts of the entire Continental United States was published by the Heating and Ventilating Magazine in 1925. Table 85, giving values of degree days for several representative cities: City Table 85. Degree--Days for Heating Season Duration of Heating Season City Degree--Days for Heating Season City Degree--Days for Heating Season Cleveland........... Chicago............... Dallas....--........... 2880 6055 6750 5302 6096 6007 2455 Jacksonville....... Kansas City...... Minneapolis....... New York.......... Oklahoma City.. 5880 6202 1080 5302 7953 5303 3827 Pittsburgh--....... San Francisco.... St. Louis............. Philadelphia...... Seattle................. Washington------ 5327 3450 4583 4950 5156 4562 By averaging the records of a large number of gas-boiler installations, the following equations have been derived: For Steam G -- 102 XR H X D 59 X R X D For Water G -- H where G = cubic feet of gas per season R = square feet of direct cast-iron radiation D -- degree-days per season H -- B.t.u. (gross).per cubic foot of gas Example. To estimate the gas consumption for the average heating season for a 300 sq. ft. steam heating system in Chicago. From Table 85 it is found that the average heating season in Chicago has 6007 degree-days. The gross heat value of the gas supplied to that cityjis 535 B.t.u. per cii. ft. Substituting in the equation: 102 X 300 X 6007 G= = 343,578 cu. ft. 535 The requirements of individual installations may vary considerably from an average of several. Generally stores, offices, factories, and other commercial buildings require less heat pier season than do residential buildings provided with an equal amount of radiation. In coal furnaces or boilers, the path traveled by the hot gases is relatively short and the surface with which they come in contact- is relatively small as compared to gas heating apparatus. A large pro portion of the heat in the coal is given off by the incandescent fuel bed as radiant heat. As a gas flame radiates very little heat, the hot products of combustion mustcome in direct contact with the heating surfaces. For this reason the use of gas in coal-burning appliances is always wasteful 175 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 and about three times as much gas will be required than if it were burned in a properly designed appliance. The gas-burning appliances have a longer fire travel and more heating surface than those burning coal and can therefore absorb more heat from the hot products of combustion in a given time. ' Coal-burning boilers are constructed with large passages for the flue gas so that the draft loss through them can be kept as small as possible, thus permitting most of the chimney draft to be exerted in drawing the air through the fuel bed. When gas is burned under a boiler with such liberal passages, the draft becomes too great and the stack losses become excessive. A boiler designed for gas can have restricted passages for the products of combustion, permitting them to come into very intimate contact with the heating surfaces. The experiences of the gas companies in several large cities with conversions have been such as to discourage their use. Warm air furnaces, designed for use with manufactured or natural gas, are available in sizes ranging from 5000 to 20,000 cu. ft. rated capacity. House-heating boilers, of the cast iron sectional type, designed especially for gas fuel, are available in single units ranging from 200 to 7500 sq. ft. of equivalent direct radiation. CROSS-CONNECTING COAL AND GAS BOILERS Quite frequently, when a customer has already a coal boiler in his home, it is desirable to.leave the coal boiler in place, and to cross-connect the gas boiler with it. For small gas companies or any others where there is any possible chance of a shortage or failure of gas, it would seem to be good practice to encourage cross-connecting as the customer would realize very little for a second-hand coal boiler, and it is worth more to him as a safeguard against failure of his gas system than he would realize by selling it. It also produces a more secure feeling in the cus tomer's mind when putting in gas-fired house-heating equipment, if he knows that he can burn coal at any time he has occasion to. There is almost no difference in the cost of an installation, whether it is crossconnected or displaced. Cross-connection also gives the customer a means of disposing of papers, crating and other waste material. In hot water heating systems, it is necessary to valve bff the return pipes on the coal boiler, which prevents circulation through the latter when the gas boiler is in use. Since the gas boiler holds comparatively little water and is almost always insulated, no valves are needed on the return pipes to the gas boiler. Hence, by opening the valves on the coal boiler, it may be operated independently or in conjunction with the gas boiler. . For steam or vapor installation, it is necessary to valve off all of the returns and flows on each boiler unless the gas boiler is set so that the water-line in both boilers is at the same level, in which case it is neces sary to valve off only the coal boiler to prevent the heating of the water in the coal boiler when it is not in use. . The gas boiler should be set as close to the coal boiler as practicable, and the flows and returns should cut into the flows and returns of the coal boiler as near to the latter as possible. 176 Chapter XIII AUTOMATIC HEAT CONTROL EMPERATURE regulation is a vital function in the human body. TWe all carry about with us remarkably effective automatic heat control equipment. In the best functioning of many social and com mercial services, automatic temperature regulation is proved to be necessary, not only to comfort and health, but also to the prevention of waste and to the perfection of manufacturing processes. Temperature control is usually achieved by preventing overheating. It follows that automatic heat control is a better term than automatic temperature regulation, and it is obvious that automatic'-heat control in itself must always effect an economy. All heating apparatuses must be sufficient in capacity to render acceptable service under the most arduous conditions. The most arduous conditions, especially as to extreme cold outside, are in effect only a small part of the heating season. It may surprise many people to realize that in Chicago, for instance, the most extreme cold prevails only on about six days per year. Hence there is ample ability and strong prob ability for overheating during the major part of each heating seaison unless automatic control of the heating apparatus is provided. Ventilating systems without automatic heat control give trouble from drafts. . Rooms heated by- radiators can be cooled more quickly by opening windows than by shutting radiator valves, so that it is found that great heat waste occurs through open windows and open radiator valves, unless automatic heat control is furnished. . . Gas and oil heaters and similar devices using quickly responsive fuels become prohibitively expensive for fuel unless automatic heat control is used. Service hot-water heaters must have automatic control, not only for economy and satisfaction, but also to prevent scalding the bodies of users. Thermostats are very simple mechanisms. Almost every physical thing expands or changes under the influence of heat and so can be made into a more or less effective thermostat. Liquids can be compounded which will become gases at any reasonable temperature desired. Metals having different rates of expansion can be harnessed together so as to give a greatly increased thermostatic movement. Common air is an excellent thermostatic medium, and is used extensively. There are two general divisions into which devices for automatic heat control may be grouped, as follows: 1. The simpler class includes the type in'which the thermostats and the valves and dampers which they operate are self-contained without any outside power, gaining Compiled especially for The Gwde by Samuel R. Lewis, consulting engineer. Chicago. III. 177. * , American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 sufficient energy from the thermostat itself. This class of apparatus is especially adpated to single installations, as for service hot-water heaters, residence heating, and the like. It is suggested that this kind of thermostat be called the unit type. In present commercial practice most unit type thermostats use the expansive power of a liquid or gas, contained in a hermetically sealed receptacle. 2. The other and more elaborate class of thermostat. Fig. 60, includes the type of thermostat which controls air or liquid or electricity already under pressure, and which by controlling this outside power, operates the dampers or valves against springs or weights and similar opposition which will reverse conditions when the outside power is shut-off. There is practically no limit to the power which can be applied in this manner. It is suggested that this kindof thermostat be called the pilot type. In present commercial practice, pilot type thermostats are used for large buildings, where many thermostats are required, usually with air at about 15 lb. pressure, from an electric or steam compressor. Compressed air is a very reliable agent, capable of great flexibility and elaboration of control, and is of considerable corollary use for remote Fig. 60. Example of Unit Type Thermostat Fig. 61. Example of Thermostat Using Outside Power Note.--When thermostat opens, air passes from reservoir and closes valve. When thermostat closes, air between thermostat and valve is released and spring opens valve. operation manually of distant dampers mid valves. Pilot type ther mostats are used to operate electric switches, the current then passing to electric motors or to magnets which move the dampers and valves. Electricity is so flexible and adaptable that very complicated' and elaborate interlocked functions are possible. Pilot type thermostats are also used to operate valves on pipes from water supply mains, thus using hydraulic power for moving valves and dampers. Owing to silting up of pipes which have sluggish currents and to corrosion, this method is not always to be advised. . 178 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATIC HEAT CONTROL New uses and styles are developed daily. Some of the applications will be listed which are believed to be approved methods of installation. Tempering Heaters The tempering heaters, particularly if they are of copper with extended surfaces, and there is a two-pipe vacuum system of steam circulation having a vacuum pump, should be a separate outer layer of radiation capable of heating the air from the coldest temperature likely to be encountered to a temperature above freezing. This outer layer should be controlled by an outside thermostat set to shut off steam when the outside temperature reaches around 34 deg., and to keep steam turned on when the outside temperature is cooler than 34 deg. There should be an additional layer of tempering heater, controlled by an additional thermostat in the duct beyond the fan, where mixing of the strata of air has been accomplished by the fan. This thermostat should be set to control the temperature at the desired degree for cooling the building, such as will give an average temperature at the delivery opening of say 65 deg., or if this causes drafts, at a slightly higher temperature. If there is no vacuum system of steam circulation, it is decidedly likely that any attempt to control the temperature by opening and closing steam and return valves will result unfavorably, due to freezing of the radiation and sudden temperature fluctuations in the rooms, as tempering heaters are immediately responsive and flash hot or freeze solid with great rapidity. Where no vacuum system is available it will be wiser to control the tempering heaters by means of dampers, preferably of the interlocked double type operating in a slow or intermediate manner and reducing positively the air volume through the heaters as they increase the air volume through the by-pass around the heaters. Under this condition no diaphragm valves will be placed on the tempering heater supply and return connections. Air Washers The air washer should invariably be placed between an outer tempering heater capable of warming the air above a freezing temperature, pre ferably controlled by an outside thermostat, and an inner tempering heater capable of warming the conditioned air to the desired delivery temperature and controlled by a thermostat in the duct beyond the fan. It is never permissible to use a by-pass damper around a tempering heater in front of an air washer. ' Control of humidity is possible by adjustment of the temperature of the air as it meets the water, and in greater refinement, by control with an additional thermostat, of the water temperature, cooler for lower relative humidity, possibly from a refrigerated supply; and warmer for a higher relative humidity, possibly from a heated supply. Room Temperatures The room temperatures are controlled by rindividual thermostats, operating valves oh -the radiators and mixing dampers in the flues, as may be necessary. If a vacuum system of steam circulation is installed, 179 American Society of Heating and. Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Fig.. 62. Plan of Class-Room in an Elementary School, Showing Location . of Thermostat the room thermostats should be intermediate or slow moving, while if steam circulation is by single pipe or any kind of gravity system, the radiator valves should be operated quickly from full open to full closed. It is important that the mixing dampers in any case shall be moved slowly and held in intermediate positions. If there is any room which has a separate supply fan and heating equipment, such as an auditorium or gymnasium heated by warm air and without radiation, as is often convenient and desirable, it is advisable- to provide against cold drafts by a variation in the above arrangement, as follows: . ' Suppose that there is a fan drawing through a heater composed of five layers, and delivering air directly to an auditorium, or to a picture theatre. The thermostat in the room ordinarily will strive to keep the room cool. If there are many occupants and many artificial lights, the problem will be to keep cool rather than warm, and the room thermostat, in a temperature above that at which it is set to operate, will ordinarily shut-off all heat, while the fan will deliver unheated air. In a room at 80 deg. the admission of air colder than about 70 deg. (depending'on the point of entry) will cause discomfort from drafts. The prevention' of this unfortunate situation is achieved by installing two ther mostats, one in the room and one in the air duct, the room thermostat serving merely to admit air to the duct thermostat. When the room is cool, both thermostats will be closed and warm air will enter. When the room temperature gets to the critical Fig. 63. Diagram of a Method of Control for a Unit Ventilator 180 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 point of the room thermostat, the room thermostat opens, passing air to the duct ther mostat. The duct thermostat may be set to permit this air to pass on by and to function at the heater to reduce the temperature, but will be set so that when the duct tempera ture lowers to the critical point of the duct thermostat, the latter takes control and prevents the entering air from getting so cool as to cause drafts. Unit Ventilating Systems These individual fan-radiator units are usually equipped with highly efficient radiators in one section, having one supply and one return valve, and depend on nicely adjusted dampers for mixing the heated air with unheated air to gain a desirable admission temperature. It is usually not wise to operate the steam supply valves with thermostats, since freezing may occur, and it is usually not practicable to install in these units separate tempering'heaters with separate automatic control. The approved procedure is to use an intermediate or slow acting room ther mostat for operating the mixing dampers in the unit. This thermostat may also operate the radiator valves if a vacuum system of steam circu lation is provided. If the steam circulation is single pipe, or any kind of gravity type, the direct radiators should have positive thermostats. The fresh air intakes to the units should be closed when the building is unoccupied, and the human operator cannot be trusted, especially in an installation comprising- many units, to do this by manual means at each unit. An excellent recourse is to handle these cold air intake dampers by a compressed air line running from the control point, say in the boiler room, which by manual opening of a valve permits air to pass to all of . the units and to open all of the inlet dampers, the arrangement being such that the dampers will always be held shut by springs or weights when no air is permitted to pass or when the air compressor is shut down. Direct-Indirect Radiators Direct-indirect radiators are usually housed in, having cold air inlets at their bases, and give rather a make-shift type of ventilation. It is not practicable usually to install mixing dampers, such as are used with fan-units, in these, and since the heating surface is in a single radiator calculated for the coldest air inlet temperature, regulation is difficult. The best results are obtained, where the use of direct-indirect radiators is necessary, by installing slow acting thermostats on special brackets directly above the radiators where the thermostat will be exposed to the air currents from the outside, and arranging for these to receive air only through additional thermostats placed in the room and controlling the direct radiators. There should be a vacuum system of steam circulation, and the thermostats should be of slow or intermediate acting type, operating on the supply valves to the radiators. Hot-Water Radiators -- Hot-water radiators lend themselves to automatic heat control, especially where the circulation of water is of the forced type, but as the radiators heat'and cool rather slowly, there will be some temperature fluctuation or range at the thermostat, especially when the radiator 181 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 surface is excessive in amount. It is wise to use supply valves which will close tightly and to place lock-shield valves on the return ends of radiators, to facilitate repairs, and the lock-shield valves may prove . invaluable in equalizing with great nicety the circulation. In residence heating with hot-water it often suffices to install a general thermostat in some representative room, which controls the draft, as with coal, or which controls the fire, as with gas or oil, but there should always be furnished in addition a thermostat in the water or circulating medium which will reinforce the general thermostat and which will prevent boiling over in case the latter should be subjected to unfair exposure such as an open window. ' Fig. 64. An Arrangement for Tempered Air with Warm Air Furnaces FiG. 65. Steam Heated Service Water Heater Warm-Air Heating ' With warm-air heating from furnaces, with fans, as in public buildings, it is always necessary to provide a supply of tempered air for cooling after the rooms become warm. A duct thermostat.and dampers easily and positively will accomplish this, either by mixing some cold air with heated air from the furnaces in an intermediate chamber, or by injecting some hot air from the furnaces into the cold air at the fan inlet, recir culating a measured and controlled part of the air around the furnaces. The room temperatures are controlled by intermediate thermostats and double mixing dampers the same as for a steam system. 182 " American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Warm-air heating for residences may be controlled by a general thermostat in a representative room, and again, as with hot water, an additional thermostat at the furnace in the warm air chamber is desirable to reinforce the general thermostat. Service Hot-Water Heating . It is safe to say that no service hot-water heater should ever be installed without automatic heat control. A unit type thermostat is most desir able, since it will function whether or not the general mechanical apparatus is in service, and will control steam and return valves Or draft dampers, oil or gas fires, or electric heaters. In hotels, hospitals and similar institutions, there should always be at least two independent water heaters, one having very hot water for Jfo! thtrmosiet h briny nom. 1----- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *bt jnhttS/nf --------\ \ \ V ______ \ \ \ "ir \ ' ' 1 - d/eefTK s' P ___ ________ l I srr</ar Fig. 66. Typical Arrangement for Oil Burner kitchen uses, the other having water of medium temperature for bath and lavatory purposes, both controlled automatically. Thermostatic anti-scalding devices are available for showers and the like, but these will not prevent the great heat waste due to maintenance of. scalding temperatures for bath water. No kitchen administration is satisfied without very hot water, but this demand is intermittent and small in volume as compared with usual bath and lavatory demands. Oil Burner Control No oil burning apparatus, unless provided with automatic heat control, can compete in 'operating cost with coal. An approved method for residence heating with oil is to install the following combination: 183 , American Society df Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 1. A general thermostat in a representative room, controlling the electric supply to the burner motor. 2. An additional thermostat in the boiler or furnace which will take control should No. 1 thermostat fail to prevent improper or unsafe temperature being maintained inside the heater. 3. An additional thermostat at the gas pilot which, unless kept warm by the pilot flame, will bring about the opening of the main switch to the burner motor, thus insuring that ho fuel shall be jnjected unless a flame is in being surely to ignite it. There are many other combinations for giving assured protection with oil burners other than thermostatic devices, such as pressure and weight-actuated mechanisms, but it is doubtful whether they are as reliable as the thermostatically controlled schemes. Where electric ignition for the intermittent oil spray is used, it is safer to provide for a continuously operating spark, and to have a thermostat in the heater which will cut out the main switch if the tempera ture ever gets lower than the critical point which indicates failure to ignite the spray. Gas Burner Control The same high intensity as with oil fuel makes it necessary to depend on thermostats to prevent waste, and the intermittent operation and necessity for a pilot flame makes it wise to install, for gas the same combination of three thermostats as for oil burners, one on the general service, one in the heater and one on the pilot flame. DOUBLE THERMOSTATIC CONTROL Nearly all buildings equipped with a large number of thermostats and using compressed air for power, are occupied only part of each 24 hours, and can without any prejudice be kept at a lower temperature during unoccupied periods, as over night or over a holiday. The con ventional thermostats as ordinarily applied militate against this arbi trary reduction, and each instrument would have to be adjusted each time for the lower degree, and then each would have to be restored following the unoccupied period. Equipment is available which provides two temperature adjustments to each instrument, such that if the general air pressure leading from the central compressor to the thermostat is suddenly changed, the service is switched automatically from one control to the other, and if the pressure again shall be suddenly changed, the service will be switched back. Thus at 6 o'clock P. M., say, the engineer of an office building releases the air pressure for an instant and all of the thermostats are switched from the 68 deg. control to the 45 deg. control. Either control, of course, is set for any temperature desired. At say 7 o'clock the following morning, a repetition of the drop in air pressure will restore to service the 68 deg. temperature. 184 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 In a school building the compressed air supply mains may be grouped so that parts of the building used for night school only remain on the 68 deg. service, while others can be thrown over to the alternate service and kept much cooler until again required for occupancy. A familiar scheme similar to the foregoing, with a cooler temperature automatically maintained during the night and increased early in the morning is in use, with the switch operated by a clock, for residence- work. Central Station Heating Central plants should always be governed by thermostats as a measure of economy, and many public service companies require the installation of automatic heat control for this reason. Where economy is of greater consideration than comfort, it often suffices to install one unit type thermostat in a representative room, this controlling a main valve at the entrance to the building. . Where steam at appreciable pressure is furnished from a central station, a combination of pressure reducing valve and cut-off valve, con trolled by a thermostat in a representative room, gives excellent results, as it automatically varies the steam pressure in the radiating surface within a considerable range, giving excellent regulation as well as economy. Automobile Engine Control The importance of thermostatic regulation of the cylinder temperature . of internal combustion engines has long been recognized, but until comparatively recent developments in the production of thermostats, has been ignored in practice. Now the majority of automobiles are provided with thermostats in the cooling medium controlling the volume of air passing the radiator by means of shutters. Several widely advertised and highly developed makes have thermostatic control of valves in the circulating medium. AUTOMATIC HEAT CONTROL IN INDUSTRY Automatic control of heat in manufacturing processes is believed to be still in its infancy. The promotion and development of automatic heat control was hard pioneering for many years. The reward for this pioneering seems to be in process of realization in the fabulous uses of thermostats in industry. . Without automatic heat control in innumerable manufacturing pro cesses, what now are sure and perfect reactions would be only occasional successes, and the cost of production would be much higher. In beet sugar making there are at least eleven processes where C'xact thermostatic control is imperative. In tanning leather there are at least fourteen such stages. -_ Without exact temperature and humidity control, no fine printing is possible, and no good weaving or dyeing is assured. - - 185 American. Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 In the preparation of most food products automatic heat control is vital. Thermostats prevent scorching in clothes dryers. They reduce evaporation and are a safety device for oil storage tanks. They are essential to control gelatine temperature in making photo graphic films. They are used to control paraffin vats in making waxed paper, milk containers, etc. They control baking ovens, no matter how the ovens are heated. A thermostat is a necessary equipment with each automatic refrigerating machine. . Chapter XIV INSULATION FOR PIPING AND BUILDINGS THE economic value of insulation on heated surfaces such as steam and hot water pipes, boilers, furnaces, ovens, etc., has been fully recognized and now increased attention is being given to the value of insulation in building construction; therefore, data on this subject have been included in this chapter. Fig. 67. . Heat Losses from Bare Surfaces . 'a LOSSES FROM BARE HEATED SURFACES The first consideration in determining whether or not pipes and other heated surfaces should be insulated is the magnitude of these losses from such surfaces if they were allowed to remain bare. Fig 67 shows the rate of bare surface losses under still air conditions in B.t.u. per square foot 186 Compiled especially for The Guide by L. B. McMillan, New York. N. Y. 187 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 per degree temperature difference per hour (Curve 1, Trans. A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 26, P. 368) and the. total losses in pounds of coal per year (Curve 2). The latter is based oh 10,000 B.t.u. available per pound of coal and 8760 hours per year. Where surfaces are not heated for entire year, losses for actual period of operation may readily be obtained by multiplying values taken from Curve 2 by the appropriate proportion. This also applies to the losses in dollars per year shown in Fig. 68. HEAT LOSSES FROM INSULATED SURFACES Fig. 68 shows the losses from appropriately insulated surfaces compared with losses from bare surfaces. It will be noted that it was necessary to plot the upper part of the bare surface curve to a greatly reduced scale in order to show it on the same sheet with the curves for losses through insulation. Therefore, for a true measure of the relative losses from bare and insulated surfaces, compare the numerical value of the ordinates of the curves rather than the apparent spaces between the curves on the chart. HEAT LOSS SURFACE TEMPERATURE -DEG.FAHR. Fig. 68. Losses from Appropriately Insulated Sui%aces as Compared with Losses from Bare Surfaces Note.--The scale showing Dollars loss per sq. ft. per year is based on a unit cost of $1.00 per 1,000,000 B.t.u. The actual cost is usually less than this where heat is derived directly from burning coal or oil, but may be greater where illuminating gas or electricity is the source of heat. However, the use of $1.00 as the unit greatly simplifies the use of the chart in connection with any cost per 1,000,000 available B.t.u. All that is necessary is to multiply the values from the chart by the ratio of the actual cost to $1.00. For example, if the cost of heat is $.50 per 1,000,000 B.t.u., multiply values from the chart in dollars by 0.5, etc. 188 Fig. 69. Variation with Pipe Size of Rate of Heat Transmission Through a Given Thickness of Insulation The chart, Fig. 68, is based on still air conditions, room temperature ,of 70 deg. fahr., and 5 in. pipe size. The effect of pipe size on losses through insulations of various thicknesses is shown in Fig. 69. (Trans. A. S. H. & V. E,, Vol. 26, p. 375). For equations by means of which heat losses may be calculated for any thickness of insulation on any pipe size see Trans. A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 26, p. 360. Refer also to manufacturers' data for heat losses and efficiencies of different insulations on various sizes of pipes. 189 - -i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 RADIATING SURFACE OF PIPES In order to determine heat losses per linear foot of pipe from known losses pier square foot, it is necessary to know the number of square feet area pier linear foot of pipe. Table 86 gives these areas for various standard pipe sizes. . CONDUCTIVITIES OF INSULATING MATERIALS The conductivities, in B.t.u. per square foot per hour per inch thick per degree fahr. temperature difference, of various insulating materials are given in Table 87. It should be emphasized that in this table all variables due to differences in thickness, different pip>e sizes, and different air conditions, are eliminated. Table 86. Radiating Surface per Linear Foot of Pipe Pipe Size In. Surface Sq. Ft. Pipe Size In. Surface Sq. Ft. Pipe Size In. Surface Sq. Ft. H 'H 1 i'A i 'A 0.22 0.275 0.344 0.435 0.498 2 2H 3 3H 4. 0^622 0.753 0.917 1.047 1.178 5 6 8 10 12 . 1.456 1.734 2.257 2.817 3.338 Table 87. Conductivities of Various Insulating Materials . Con duc tivity Temp. Diff. at which Conduc tivity was De termined Deg. Fahr. Authority Year Asbestos-Sponge Felted___ 0.468 . 300 Wool Felt.................................. 0.521 300 85% Magnesia..................... . 0.54 300 Carocel................................. ...... 0.54 300 Nonpareil H. P...................... 0.543 300 Plastic. 85% Magnesia....... 0.587 300 Asbestocel................... .......... . 0.596 300 Expanded Asbestos.............. 0.598 300 Indented.................................... 0.686 300 Molded Asbestos................-- 0.778 300 Air CelL ......................... ......... 0.802 300 Vitribestos._.............................. 1.087 300 Asbestos Fire Belt................ 1.093 300 Corkboard. .............................. 0.304 36 Hair Felt................................... 0.246 36 Trans. A. S. M. E.. Vol. 37. p. 968 " Trans. A. S. M. E., Vol. 40, p. 667 Trans. A. S. M..E., Vol. 37, p. 968 "p " " .,, ," " " ." t- Trans. A. S. H. & V. E.. Vol. 26, p. 406 1915 1915 1918 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1920 1920 Table 88. Proper Thickness of Insulations for Maximum Net Saving (Lb. Gage) (Deg. Fahr.) Thickness of Insulation Pipe larger Pipes than 4 in. 2 in. to 4 in. Pipes to IK in. 0 to 25 25 to 100 . 100 to 200 Higher Pressure or Superheat Higher Pressure or Superheat 212 to 267 267 to 338 338 to 388 388 to 500 500 to 600 1 in. 114 in. 2 in. 2Yt in. 3 in. 1 in. 1 in. 114 in. 2 in. 2J^ in. * 1 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1H in. 2 in. 190 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 ECONOMICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION Table 88 (Trans. A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 26, p. 377) shows the thick nesses of insulation which will give most economical results under average conditions. TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE DEG. FAHR. Fig. 70. Heat Losses from Surfaces Exposed to Various Air Velocities EFFECT OF AIR VELOCITY ON SURFACE LOSSES The rate of heat loss from a surface maintained at constant tempera ture is greatly increased by air circulation over the surface. Fig. 70 (Iron & Steel Engineer, July, 1925), is based'-on Langmuir's equations (Trans. Am. Electro. Ckem. Soc., Vol. 23). Other investigators have shown even greater increases in rates of heat loss from bare surfaces due to air velocity. 191 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 EFFECT OF AIR VELOCITY ON LOSSES FROM INSULATED SURFACES In the case of well-insulated surfaces the increases in losses due to air velocity are very small as compared with increases shown above, for bare surfaces, because of the fact that air flowing over the surface of the insulation can increase only the rate of heat transfer from surface to air, and cannot change the internal resistance to heat flow inherent in the insulation itself. The maximum increase in heat loss due to air velocity ranges from about 30 per cent in the case of 1 in. thick insulation, to about 10 per cent in the case of 3 in. thick insulation, provided that the insulation is thoroughly sealed so that air can flow only over the surface. If the conditions are such that the air may circulate through cracks and crevasses in the insulation, the increases may be far greater than those given above. Therefore, it is essential that insulation be sealed as tightly as possible. Pipe insulation out of doors should Be provided with a weatherproof jacket, and other outdoor insulation should be thoroughly weatherproofed. HEATING CONDUITS When steam pipes are run between buildings they should be placed in some form of waterproof conduit which will withstand earth loads and take care of the expansion and contraction of the piping without strain or stress on the couplings, and without affecting the insulation or conduit. Expansion of the piping must be carefully controlled by means of anchors and expansion joints or bends so that the pipes can never come in contact with the conduit. The anchors used are usually U-shaped steel straps which partially encircle the pipes and are firmly bolted to a short length of structural steel set in concrete. TEN IMPORTANT POIN'A ABOUT INSTALLATION In laying out conduits of this type the following points should be borne in mind: 1. The conduit should be laid out in successive straight runs between manholes or anchor pits. 2. An anchor should be placed wherever the line changes direction. 3. An expansion joint or bend must be placed between each two anchors. 4. Manholes should be provided at each expansion joint. Where slip joints are used manholes should be vented. 5. Branches should be taken off at or near an anchor. ' 6. If the distance between buildings is less than 150 ft. and the steam line contains high pressure steam, it may be anchored in the basement of one building and allowed to expand into the basement of the second building. If the steam line contains low pressure steam (up 192 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 to 4-lb. pressure), this method may be used if buildings are less than 250 ft. apart. 7. If the distance between buildings is between 150 ft. and 300 ft. and the steam line contains high-pressure steam, the lines should be anchored midway between the buildings and allowed to expand into the basements of both buildings. If the steam line contains low-pressure steam this method may be used if buildings are between 250 ft. and 500 ft. apart. No manhole is required at the anchor, and a blind pit is all that is necessary. 8. For longer lines manholes must be located according to judgment and depending upon the expansion value of the type of expansion joint or bend that is used. The minimum number of manholes will be required when an expansion bend or an anchor with double expansion joint is placed in each manhole, and the pipes are anchored midway between manholes. 9. Stabilizers to maintain alignment of pipes should be placed on each side of each expansion bend. . 10. A proper hydrostatic test should be applied to the piping before top of conduit is applied and before application of insulation. The pressure used in this test should be greater than the pressure used in service, and should be not less than 100 lb. per square inch in any case. STYLES AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONDUITS COMMONLY USED Filler Type.--The pipes are supported on rollefs placed on a steel rod which rests on,an iron frame. The frame is set on a concrete or mortar base. The pipes are protected by a split tile conduit, and the entire space between the pipes and the tile is filled with an insulating filler. Thus the pipes are nested and the insulation between them and the tile effectively prevents circulation of air. The conduit is placed on a bed of gravel or crushed rock from 4 to 6 in. thick, which is extended upward so as to come about 2 in. above the parting lines of the tile. A tile underdrain is placed beneath the conduit throughout the entire length and is connected to existing sewers led to some other point of free discharge. Insulated Tile Type.--The insulating material, which is diatomaceous earth, is molded to the inside of a split tile conduit. The pipes are sup ported on rollers, which in turn are supported by an iron frame "which extends through the conduit-and rests on a tile base which also serves as an underdrain. The space between the pipes and the insulating' conduit lining may also be filled with an insulating filler. The conduit, insula . tion, piping and earth load are supported by the base drain. A few inches of gravel or crushed rock are placed about the conduit and the base drain. Sectional Insulation Type (Tile Conduit)..--Each pipe is insulated in the usual way with any desired type of sectional pipe insulation over which is placed a jacket of standard asphalt waterproof roofing with cemented joints. The pipes are enclosed in a split tile conduit which is placed on a bed of crushed rock or gravel from 4 to fi in. thick. This 193 .' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 j gravel bed is extended upward so as to come about 2 in. above the parting lines of the tile. Underdrains are sometimes omitted where this type is used, any water which seeps into the conduit being allowed to flow down the bottom of the conduit to the nearest manhole. Drains are laid from the floor of each manhole to some point of free discharge. The pipes are supported on roller frames and these, according to the type of conduit used, are either supported by the conduit itself or have their lower parts set in concrete thus supporting the pipes independent of the conduit. . Sectional Insulation Type (Tile or Concrete Trench).--In a type of ' construction frequently used in city streets, where service connections are required at frequent intervals, the pipes are insulated as described in the preceding paragraph, and are enclosed in a box or trench made either entirely of concrete, or with concrete bottom and specially constriicted tile sides and tops. The pipes are supported on roll frames secured in the concrete. Sectional Insulation Type (Bituminized Fibre Conduit).--Each pipe is individually insulated and encased in a bituminized fibre conduit, The insulating material is 85 pier cent carbonate of magnesia sectional pipe covering, applied in the usual manner as on overhead pipes, except that bands are omitted. After every fifth section of magnesia covering there is applied a short, hollow section of very hard asbestos material in the bottom portion of which rests a grooved-iron plate carrying ball-bearings upon which the pipe rides when expanding or contracting. This short expansion section is of the same outside diametei^as the adjacent 85 per cent magnesia covering. Over the pipe covering and expansion device there are placed two layers of bituminized fibre conduit with all joints staggered and the surface of each conduit finished with liquid cement. Conduits are placed on a bed of crushed rock or gravel, approxi mately 6 in. deep, and this is extended upward to about the center line of the conduit when trench is backfilled- Underdrains leading to points . of free discharge are placed in the gravel or crushed rock beds. Wooden Conduit.--Each pipe is enclosed in a tin-lined wooden casing. Sufficient space is allowed between the pipe and the casing to provide for the insertion of pipe guides or' rollers which rest on the bottom of the casing. The casings are bedded in gravel or broken stone and one or more tile underdrains are laid beneath them. . . ; ! \ j i J,; I' I ; , j j i 1 : J i BUILDING INSULATION Through the use of insulating materials in building construction, the losses through such constructions are greatly decreased; therefore, the saving in fuel, also the effect on the heating equipment required are of considerable interest. Fig. 71, section A shows the reduction in heat losses through frame building construction, due to insulation of various degrees of effectiveness. The topmost point on the curve represents the rate of heat loss through construction consisting of clapboards, paper, sheating, studs, lath and plaster, but without insulation. If insulation is used in addition to the construction outlined, the rate of heat loss through the entire wall is given by the ordinate of the curve at the point on the horizontal scale . 194 . , ' ` American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 . corresponding to the resistance of the insulation added. The curve may therefore be used in connection with any insulating material by determin ing its resistance for the thickness under consideration. In the accom panying tabulation are given the resistances per 1 in. thick of several well known materials. For thicknesses other than 1 in., multiply the value from the table by the thickness in inches. (In case the insulation completely fills the space between the studs, so that there is no air space, subtract 1.0 from the total resistance so obtained, conversely when the insulation is so placed as to provide an additional air space, add 1.0 to the total resistance.) Insulation of frame building walls often produces a greater reduction in heat losses than the estimated values because of the increased tightness of the construction against air leakage. Fig. 71. Effect of Insulation in Reducing Heat Losses through Walls and Roofs ROOF INSULATION . Fig. 71, section B shows the effect of insulation in reducing the losses ^through concrete roof slabs. The topmost point on each curve represents the rate of heat loss through the given thickness of slab, with built-up roof, but without insulation. In order to determine the rate of loss through the roof construction, when any given thickness of insulation is added, determine the resistance of the insulation by multiplying the resistance per 1 in. thick, by the thickness in inches. The ordinate of the curve at the point on the horizontal scale, corresponding to the resistance so determined, gives the rate of heat loss through the entire construction. In addition to reducing the fuel and heating equipment requirements, one of the most important functions of roof insulation is that it greatly reduces the temperature differential between the lower side of the'roof 195 ... American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 slab and the air of the room. Therefore, by maintaining the temperature of the surface above the dew point of the air in the room, insulation is very effective in correcting condensation troubles. Insulation Resistances of Various Building Insulations Keystone Hairfelt............... Cork.__.........................;......... Cabot's Quilt............. ,........ Flaxlinum...........;.................. Fibrofelt................................ Celotex.................................. . Lith Board............................ Insulex---12 lb. per cu. ft.. Insulex--20 lb. per cu. ft. Material Resistance per 3.69 3.24 3.12 3.04 3.04 2.67 2.64 2.5 1.6 Thick t 196 PART II Chapter XV VENTILATION VENTILATION is the science which has to do with the maintenance of such indoor air conditions as are most conducive to proper health and comfort. Practical ventilation results may mean anything from the very best to the very poorest in quality and from the maximum to nothing in quantity. Ventilation perfection is, however, a very definite thing which may be defined as follows: That atmospheric condition in every part of indoor space occupied by human beings which is continually maintained with a proper amount of oxygen; free from dust, bacteria, objectionable odors, poisonous and other objectionable substances; with suitable air movements and at the temperature and humidity quality shown within the zone of human comfort as defined by the joint research work of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, the United States Bureau of Mines and the United States Public Health Service. Taking this as the highest aim of ventilation and calling it 100 per cent the other extreme of 0 per cent of ventilation may be defined as follows: That atmospheric condition in any part of indoor space occupied by human beings where one or more of the above enumerated factors is or are maintained so as to separately or collectively inflict death or permanent injury upon human beings. Between these two extremes are the wide range of conditions met with in practice. ' Good ventilation may be defined as follows: That percentage of perfection of the above factors which is warranted by the require ments of human health, comfort and efficiency on the one hand and expense and labor to produce these conditions (wherever they do not naturally exist) on the other. The science of ventilation began its existence with, and is still growing out of, the fact that wherever human beings assemble within an enclosed space the atmosphere within this space will become vitiated, unless proper provisions are made to prevent it. It is the difficulty of deter mining and applying these proper provisions of prevention that has kept . physiologist and ventilating engineers busy for so many years endeavoring to produce something like satisfactory results. . The commonly accepted usage of the term vitiated atmosphere has for a long time continued to designate conditions which cause unpleasant, uncomfortable or unhealthful physiological reactions, but our 'inter pretations of the true causes and meanings of these reactions have undergone many vital changes with the progress of the art and our growth in its knowledge. , Compiled especially for The Guide by Perry West, consulting engineer, Newark, N. J. . 197 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 In other words the physiological effects of poor ventilation have con tinued to manifest themselves in much the same way but our knowledge of these manifestations are continually changing. Among the effects, which have received the greatest amount of study and which are now generally recognized as direct results of poor ventila tion, are the following: Drowsiness, headache, loss of physical vitality, feeling of suffocation, temperature discomfort, brain fag, irritation of the membranes of throat, nose and lungs, infection, drying and cracking of and the causing of unnatural discharges from these membranes, disagree-, able odors, loss of appetite, nervousness and general nausea. OLD VENTILATION THEORIES DISCARDED It is only within the last 20 years that all of these manifestations of poor ventilation have been definitely recognized and the present era of ventilation started. Prior to this time practically all artificial ventilation was attempted on what might be termed a quantity basis. This, on the . theory that the carbon dioxide exhaled by persons in an occupied space was the primary cause of such of these manifestations as were then recognized. As a result of this theory it was believed that the all important thing about ventilation was the quantity of air necessary to be brought in from the outside in order to maintain an atmosphere containing not more than 10 parts of carbon dioxide per 10,000 parts, by volume, within any properly ventilated space. This, as the basic theory of artificial ventilation, has long been deposed and discredited among engineers, scientists and physiologists, but there are those who still cling to this theory, either in its original form or in one of its many modifications. When it was first learned that the quantity . of carbon dioxide ordinarily found in even poorly ventilated spaces could not, of itself, be entirely responsible for the unsatisfactory conditions met with under such circumstances, the possibility of other causes began to be seriously investigated. There followed a period in which it was believed that some form of poisonous effluvia was exhaled with the human breath and that this was responsible for the vitiation of the atmosphere within spaces occupied by human beings. . Later this idea was disproven and then it was believed that something might be excreted from the pores of the skin or that small particles might be given off from the body or the internal membranes so that the atmosphere became thus contaminated with matter, which upon decom position formed toxins or poisons to cause the effects noted. This rather fanciful theory was soon discredited, however, and then began the real study of the subject which has finally brought the conclusions upon which work is now being done. QUALITY VS. QUANTITY It may be noted here that the basic idea of ventilation today is quality rather than quantity, or the proper conditioning and distributing of a small quantity of air by efficient compact means rather than the poor conditioning and poor distributing of larger quantities with apparatus too cumbersome and expensive to be kept in operation. 198 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 THE PRESENT STATUS OF VENTILATION The result of all of this has brought us down to the present status of the art where it is no longer felt that the chemical composition of the air is the important factor but that proper ventilation depends more largely upon a number of other factors which may be stated in the order of their importance as follows: 1. Air Supply 2. Air Temperature 3. Air Cleanliness in reference to its freedom from dust and other suspended matter 4. Air Sanitation with reference to its freedom from bacteria 5. Relative Humidity . 6. Distribution 7. Air Motion 8. Freedom from odors 9. Freedom from other injurious sub stances. 10. Freedom from monotony, with ref erence to noise and too much regularity of indoor conditions Air supply is still put at the head of the list for the simple reason that while this is no longer considered to be the all important factor in ventila tion the amount of air to be supplied per person or the number of air changes to be furnished for any particular space will always be the starting point, for without air supply there can be no artificial ventilation. . The air supply is so vitally effected by the other factors mentioned that it cannot be determined independently and it will be seen that while this item is placed at the head of the list for the reason that it is the natural vehicle upon which the structures is carried, its importance beyond this point becomes subordinate to these other factors. Air temperature is second for the reason that it has been proven by practically all of the accredited experimenters that over-heating is more detrimental to the quality of ventilation than any other one thing. Air cleanliness is third for the reason that it has to do with human health both from the standpoint of freedom from dust and other suspended substances, which irritate and clog the. air passages, and from the stand point of freedom from bacteria and other infectious media carried along with these substances which constitute the dirt in air. Air sanitation is fourth as it also has to do with human health and is correlated with the third item. ' Relative humidity is fifth, not because it is of so much less importance than air supply and temperature but because it also bears such an inti mate relationship with these two items that it receives a part of its due consideration in their determination. This will be further referred to in connection with air supply and air temperature in connection with which other factors are involved. Distribution is sixth for a similar reason, for while it occupies a much more important place than this position might indicate, it is so closely allied with the effective air supply that it receives a part of its considera tion therewith. Air motion is seventh in the same way, as it too receives a certain amount of its consideration in connection with effective temperature. Freedom from odors is eighth for the reason that while odors may become quite disagreeable'and even nauseating they are seldom dangerous or permanently detrimental to health. 199 ` American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Freedom from other injurious substances is ninth, not because this might not be of more importance but because these substances are met with so seldom in ordinary ventilating practice and must be practically eliminated in any case. -Freedom from monotony is tenth because it has to do with the last refinements and the psychology of ventilation only. These were the first two steps in the new era of ventilation, first--the discovery and admission of our ignorance and second--the recognition of these important factors. The next step was to determine what bearing each of these factors had upon ventilation and to devise some means of expressing them in definite and comparable terms. This work was undertaken by Dr. E. Vernon Hill, who assisted by O. W. Armspach, devised the Synthetic Air Chart which provides a method of determining the degree or effectiveness of ventilation in a room or building. The synthetic air chart which was adopted as the Society's standard in 1920 is a convenient means by which the ventilating engineer can deter mine the percentage of perfection of ventilation in any occupied space. The percentage Qf perfection desirable depends upon the purpose for which the room is .occupied. Dr. E. Vernon Hill suggests the percentages indicated in Table 89 as minimum lequirements. Table 89. E.Dr. Vernon Hill's Recommended Percentages of Ventilation Perfection for Different Classes of Buildings when Tested According to the Synthetic Air Chart Schools New Buildings Per Cent Existing Buildings Per Cbnt Class Rooms............................................................................... 95 Manual.Training Rooms........................................................ 90 Domestic Science Rooms........................................................ 90 Assembly Rooms....................................................................... 90 Toilet Rooms............................................................................. . 85 Corridors..................................................................... ...... 85 90 . 85 85 85 80 80 Churches..................................................................... ...... 85 80 Hospitals Wards........................................................................................... Operating Rooms..................................................................... Other Rooms.. ........................................... ............................ 95. 98 90 90 93 85 Theatres Seating Sections......................................................................... Dressing Rooms, etc................................................................ 90 85 85 80 Dance, Lodge and Assembly Halls..................................... 88 83 Office Buildings Offices in office buildings or other buildings where persons are continuously employed............................... 90 85 Factory Buildings The percentage desirable for factory buildings will vary over a considerable range, depending upon the character of the work and of the process employed, modified to a considerable degree by the dust content of the air and the possibility of maintaining it free from objectionable dust and fumes. This will require a careful classification and considerable study. . 200 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 FIVE CLASSIFICATIONS FOR EQUIPMENT Engineering data is available for designing to meet these requirements. The following five classes of equipment suggested by Dr. Hill will give the percentage of perfection indicated when properly proportioned. Class A--100 per cent equipment.--A mechanical supply and exhaust system consisting of the following: 1. Positive air supply having a maximum capacity of 30 c.f.m. per occupant. 2. Mechanical exhaust equipment with exhaust registers effectively located. 3. Perfect air distribution. 4. Accurate automatic temperature control. 5. Efficient humidifying devices. 6. Accurate automatic humidity controlling apparatus. 7. Efficient air washers, filters or other air cleaning devices, having an efficiency not less than S9 per cent. It is understood that a 100 per cent efficient equipment is an impossibility owing to the fact that to secure a 100 per cent result would necessarily mean that air cleaning devices be 100 per cent efficient; that temperature and humidity control maintain temperature and humidity conditions absolutely on the comfort curve; that air distribution be perfect, etc. All these results cannot be obtained although a 99 pier cent apparatus and an approximately 99 pier cent test by the Synthetic Air Chart is possible. Class B--95 per cent equipment.--Mechanical supply consisting of the following: \ 1. A positive air supply with a maximum capacity of 30 c.f.m. per occupant. 2. A well designed gravity exhaust system. . 3. Efficient air distribution. 4. Accurate temperature control. 5. Adequate humidifying apparatus. 6. Adequate humidity control. Air cleaning devices have been omitted in the 95 per cent equipment as this percentage can be obtained under ordinary conditions without air washers or filters. In an exceptionally clean locality, much higher per centages can be obtained. Class C--90 per cent equipment.--A mechanical supply system con sisting of the following: 1. An adequate air supply with 30 c.f.m. per occupant. 2. Gravity exhaust. 3. Efficient air distribution. 4. Automatic temperature control. 5. Adequate humidifying apparatus. 6. Humidity control in the main duct only or from-a typical room. _ Note.--Synthetic Air Chart--The final form of the Chart and the text will be revised and comfort based upon the equivalent temperature curve rather than on the wet bulb. 201 ' '. t American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Class D--85 per cent equipment.--A mechanical system consisting of the following: 1. An accurate air supply with a maximum capacity of 30 c.f.m. per occupant. 2. Gravity exhaust or exhaust openings. , 3. Good air distribution. 4. Automatic temperature control. Class E--80 per cent equipment. 1. A positive air supply with gravity exhaust but without air cleaning devices, humidifying apparatus, temperature or humidity control. 2. Direct-indirect systems with either mechanical or gravity exhaust. 3. Open window or other so-called natural systems of ventilation. A comprehensive discussion of the requirements of ventilation has been published1 which suggests the following quantities of air to ^ be supplied, under different conditions, to space used for various purposes as given in Table 90: ' Table 90. Amount of New Air to be Supplied per Person1 Cubic Feet'per Minute Without Humidification or Recirculation With Humidification but Without Recirculation With Humidification and Recirculation Number of Aik Changes per Hour Schools-- Class Rooms........................... . Assembly Rooms___ :......... Gymnasiums........................... Toilets. ................................... Locker Rooms....................... Kitchens............. ................... Lunch Rooms........................ Theaters-- Seating Space......................... Hospitals-- Wards.......................................... Kitchens........................ ........... Dining Rooms....................... Toilets. ..................................... Hotels-- Dining Rooms....................... Kitchens.................................... Ball Rooms.............................. Work Space............................. Assembly Rooms................. 30 15 to 20 30 30 to 50 30 to 40 20 to 30 20 10 to 15 25 5 to 10 5 to 10 15 to 20 20 to 30 . 20 to 30 10 to 15 15 to 20 10 to 15 10 to 20 5 to 10 20 to 60 10 to 20 20 to 60 10 to 20 10 to 20 10 to 15 20 to 60 5 to 10 5 to 10 t , ' ' j j : 1 ] ' | j ' VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS In a crowded place of assemblage the heat given off by the ^ccupants together with that given off by the lighting and power equipment is usually more than the normal heat loss through the structure to the lModern Trend in the Science of Ventilation, Perry West, Transactions, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Vol. 30, 1924. 202 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 outside air, even in winter under cold climatic conditions. This means that in order to preserve an equilibrium of effective temperature the entering air must be cooler than the leaving air, so that the problem is usually one of cooling and ventilating rather than of heating and venti lating. * A typical case for winter might show about 300 B.t.u. of body heat plus 100 B.t.u. from light etc., being given up to the building against 200 B.t.u. heat loss from the building, per person per hour. This would mean that 200 B.t.u. per person must be carried away by the air (see p. 29, Chapter I). If the flow of air is upward, or from the side, so as to bring the incoming air into direct contact with the occupants the temperature of the incoming air should not be more than 5 deg. below the temperature of the air leaving the occupant (for ceilings 10 ft. or less in height) otherwise the ventilation will be drafty and uncomfortable. This difference may be .increased 1 deg. for each 2 ft. of added ceiling height provided the rising air does not come into direct contact with another tier of occupants. For 10 ft. and lower ceilings the quantity of air per person to dissipate . 200 this excess heat 15 60 X .02 X 5 33 cu. ft. per person per. min. This amount may be reduced somewhat on the assumption that the component of heat from lights is usually introduced near the ceiling and may be allowed to heat the outgoing air to a greater difference. . In the practical work of engineers who design ventilating systems and of architects and owners who have to pass up on these systems, the one item involving standards which is the basis of all calculations and layouts, is the quantity of air to be handled by the system to be used, for producing the results desired. The functions of the air handled in connection with ventilated Spaces are: (1) to supply the necessary oxygen for respiration, (2) to keep the dilution of C02 and other objectionable substances down to the proper point, and (3) to maintain the proper effective air tempera ture. It has been estimated that an adult at rest will breathe 0.25 cu. ft. of air per minute and exhale 0.01 cu. ft. of CO, in the same period or at the rate of 0.6 cu. ft. per hour, thus removing about 5 per cent of the oxygen from the air breathed. The same air may be rebreathed for a limited time without apparent harmful affect but discomfort is evident. However air may be filtered, washed, cooled and recirculated with evident satisfaction. This was demonstrated under the stimulus of war time conditions and with the development of better equipment. 91.Table Air,Required for Various Percentages of Ventilation Perfection Percentage op Perfection 98% 96% : 94% 92% 90% Co. Ft. op Air per Minute^ Required per Person at Rest 15.0 7.5 5.0 3.75 3.0 ' -- Cu. Ft. op Air per Minute Required per Person at Hard Work 30.0 15.0 10.0 7.5 6.0 203 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 The air handled may consist entirely of air taken in from the outside or it may consist partly of new air and partly of recirculated air. On the basis that the air brought in from the outside is for oxygen supply and dilution only. The following cubic feet per minute per person would be required for the ventilation percentages shown, if all other factors are 100 per cent perfect. In theatres, assembly rooms, auditoriums and other places of public amusement and assemblage there are usually several other factors to consider, such as the removal of excess heat, excess moisture, dust raised by the movement of the occupants and odors. EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY For 85 deg. outside air and 70 per cent relative humidity in the summer the percentage of perfection would drop to 57 per cent without any change in the air from outside conditions. Assuming that the air supply is 30 cu. ft. per person and that the body heat and heat from equipment will raise this 5 deg. Also that the vapor added per person is 10 grains per min. or 0.33 grains per cu. ft. of air handled, the effective temperature difference will be raised about 20, so that the percentage of ventilation, would drop about 5 more, leaving 52 per cent ventilation. It will be seen, therefore, that it would be difficult to get better than 40 to 60 per cent ventilation in summer without some method of air cooling. . . Air motion will assist but unless increased beyond the usual 10 to 20 ft. per minute ordinarily obtained from the movement of the air through the room it will not improve the percentage of ventilation more than 1 to 2 per cent. By the use of refrigerating and dehumidifying apparatus the effective temperature can be maintained at any desired percentage of perfection. The use of a good air washer should reduce the temperature about 70 per cent of the difference between the wet and dry bulb temperature. This for the case cited would reduce the effective temperature difference about 2 deg. corresponding to an increase of 5 per cent in the final per centage of the ventilation. It will be understood that the example cited is an extreme case of temperature and humidity and that the final percentage will be improved by the air washer in a greater proportion if the relative humidity of the outside air is lower. For a condition of 80 deg. dry bulb and 50 of relative humidity, the percentage for the entering air would be 77 per cent, the percentage leaving the occupants would be 70 per cent and the air washer would improve this to 81 per cent. Assuming that 90 per cent ventilation is desired for places of assem blage, that distribution will be 75 per cent, dust 96 per cent, bacteria 98 per cent and odors 85 per cent, there will be a deduction of 1 per cent for dust plus 1 per cent for bacteria plus 1.5 per cent for odor making a total of 3.5 per cent and leaving a deduction of 6.5 per cent for effective temperature plus effective air supply. 204 American Society, of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Assuming that the effective temperature can be controlled in winter to within 1 deg. above or below the comfort line there would be a deduc tion of 2per cent for this, leaving a deduction of 4 per cent for effective air supply. With 75 per cent distribution this would leave 3 per cent deduction for COa, corresponding to an air supply of 10 cu. ft. per min. per person. It will be seen then that 10 cu. ft. of air taken in from the outside, per person per minute, is sufficient for winter conditions but inadequate for summer weather, where heat and humidity are the determining factors, unless refrigeration is used. ' Increasing the air supply from 10 to 50 cu. ft. per person per minute gives little improvement unless some form of artificial cooling is used. SUMMER CONDITIONS It would seem that about 75 per cent ventilation is possible under ' reasonably severe summer conditions with an air supply of 30 cu. ft. per person, using an air washer, and that beyond this point there is little to be gained by increasing the air supply. The figures given are based on upward ventilation and that the cooling effect of from 5 to 10 deg. with air washers and of perhaps twice this amount with refrigeration will produce uncomfortable drafts on the occupants at times. For this reason and for the additional reasons of sanitation and control, the downward system of ventilation is perhaps more efficacious in large and intensely used places of assemblage. On account of transporting all of the heat from lights downward and of forcing the body-heated air back over the occupants it is usually necessary to do much more cooling of the air than can be done with the air washer, without refrigeration. On the other hand the air is brought in high enough to permit of its being diffused and brought to the proper condition before coming into contact with the occupants. It can be seen, there fore, that the air supply per person per minute for assembly-rooms could be 10 cu. ft. in winter, 30 cu. ft. in summer with air washers and anywhere between these two figures for the entire year with refrigeration. Also that nothing better than about 75 per cent ventilation can be obtained in hot sultry summer weather without artificial cooling, but that with such cooling especially if the air supply is taken from over head and exhausted from below, most any desired percentage of perfec. tion can be maintained. RECIRCULATION . The foregoing does not take into consideration the matter of recircula tion, but it can readily be seen that there is little to be gained by recircu lation unless an appreciable amount of COa and attendant impurities which get into the air can be taken out during recirculation. The handling of the larger quantity of air may be of value either to produce air motion or. for use as a better cooling medium with less temperature difference between incoming arid outgoing air. Recirculation may also be used as a purely economic feature during the warming up of the building or during . 205 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 periods when the space is only partly occupied and the mechanical arrangements are inadequate for properly varying the quantity of air handled to suit. '. A good arrangement is to provide, apparatus for handling 30 cu. ft. of air per person per minute with provisions for recirculating any amount up to as much as two-thirds of this. The percentage of air recirculated may be varied to suit the seasonal changes so as to conserve heat in winter and refrigeration in summer. The schools where the requirements are not so severe and it is not neces sary to provide for summer conditions as much as 90 per cent of the air can be successfully recirculated. The use of ozonation for eliminating odors and for otherwise refreshing the air is advisable wherever recircula tion is regularly and intensively employed (see Chapter XXIII, p. 265). Present methods of measuring and comparing qualities of ventilation . not taking into account any of the functions of the relative humidity of the air except that bearing upon effective temperature. This means that air of any temperature and relative humidity, within proper physical range, i.e., below 64 deg. wet bulb, may be made to meet the comfort line by either heating or cooling without addition or deduction of moisture. ' Absolutely dry air may be heated or cooled to 78 deg. and be 100 per cent perfect as far as effective temperature is concerned and still be far from desirable in its effects on the membranes of nose, throat and lungs. Such dry air is also very conducive to the increase of dustiness in the atmosphere of a room from the standpoints of dryness and electrostatic agitation. The air washer and humidifier correct these difficulties and there should be some definition of limits for the relative humidity in the measure of ventilation. It is not unusual to find from 1 to 2 million particles of dust per cu. ft. in the outside air surrounding city buildings and unless this is eliminated it will give dust counts in rooms equivalent to a deduction of from 5 to 20 per cent in the perfection of ventilation. A good air washer should eliminate 80 to 90 per cent of the dust entering the intake and perhaps reduce the dust penalty in the rooms to less than one-half of the figure given. It will be seen, therefore, that air washing and humidification may improve the quality of ventilation about 10 per cent in the effective temperature department, plus another 10 per cent in the dust department, plus other improvements in the quality of ventilation by maintaining proper humidity and removing other injurious substances and odors. Where effective temperature is controlled, according to the usual method, from the dry bulb temperature in the room there may be a wide variation in this effective temperature due to the varying amounts of moisture in the air, unless humidifying apparatus with accurate humidity control is employed. Between the condition of absolute dry air at 70 per cent and absolutely saturated air at 70 deg. there is a difference of 10 deg. in effective temperature which means an average difference of 25 per cent in the quality of, ventilation. This may be taken to mean about 10 per cent on each side of the neutral point for ordinary ventilating 206 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 conditions so that the air washer and humidity should improve the ordinary ventilating plant another 10 per cent on this count. Good dry air filters will of course serve the same purpose for cleaning the air of suspended matter, and may improve the ventilation about 10 per cent. SCHOOLS REQUIRE SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS In connection with the ventilation of schools the condition in the class rooms for average winter weather is that the body heat given up to the room from .the occupants is less than the heat loss from the building to the outside air so that -the incoming air may be maintained at a higher temperature than that of the air surrounding the occupants. This means that the effective temperature may be controlled within 1 deg. above or below the comfort line. Assuming that 95 per cent ventilation is required for class-rooms, that the distribution is 85 per cent and there is no deduction for dust, bacteria or odors, could have a deduction of 85 per cent of 2.5 per cent which is equivalent to about 2 per cent for C02. This would mean 15 cu. ft. of air per pupil per minute. The usual requirements of state laws is 30 cu. ft. per pupil which would mean a deduction of 1 per cent for C02 leaving a 4 per cent deduction for effective temperature, dust, bacteria and odors. Allowing a deduction of 2j/ per cent for effective temperature there would be a possible deduction of 1J4 per cent for these other items. It will depend therefore upon the quality that can be maintained for these other items as to the actual quantity.of air required between 15 and 30 cu. ft. per minute pier pupil. Where intensive recirculation is employed the extent of the recircula-' tion will depend on the quantity of C02, odors and other objectionable factors which can, be removed from the recirculated air and also upon the ability to keep the relative humidity from rising to an undesirable point on account of the vapor given up to the air by occupants of the building. The ventilation of school auditoriums where the occupancy of the rooms is of a relatively short duration of from 1 to 2 hours the initial air in the rooms may be relied upon to reduce the intensity of ventilation re quired so that from 15 to 20 cu. ft. of air per person.per minute is usually sufficient. Imthe ventilation of hospitals the wards may be treated much the same as the class-rooms of a school with the exception that it is inadvisable to use recirculation on account of the danger of contagion. School toilets should be separately ventilated with an air change of from 2 to 5 min. employing mechanical supply and exhaust with the exhaust in excess of the supply in order to prevent objectionable odors from diffusing into other parts of the building. Kitchen and lunch rooms should be ventilated with about a 5 min. air change for lunch rooms and akl to 3 min. air change for kitchens with at least a part of the exhaust taken from the lunch rooms through the kitchen so as to keep all of the air travel towards the kitchen, thus preventing the kitchen odors from diffusing into the lunch rooms. 207 ... American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Exhaust from kitchen range hoods should be discharged by a separate exhaust fan through a fireproof metal duct extending above the roof of the building and provided with automatic fire damper and steam jet fire extinguisher for use in case of emergency as the accumulation of the grease vapors in this flue frequently cause a fire. After a good ventilating system is designed the engineer is only .fairly well started on the road to good ventilation. A system is not a ventilating system until it ventilates. Here is where the operating man and proper supervision come in. Of all the things that go to make up success or failure these two are the most important. The one who lays out the plant should supervise, not only its installation, but testing, and watch it until it is operating properly. Beyond this.it must be kept in the hands of competent operators under the right supervision. Then and not until then, will good ventilation be obtained. 208 Chapter XVI THE HILL SYNTHETIC AIR CHART PERFECTION in ventilation depends upon the condition of the air in a room as affecting health and comfort rather than upon the quantity of outside air supplied. The known conditions of air which may affect human health and comfort are its temperature, humidity, air motion, dustiness, odor, bacterialogical content and carbon dioxide content. The synthetic air chart, devised by Dr. E. Vernon Hill, and revised as a result of investigations by the Society's Research Laboratory is the accepted standard for grading the perfection of ventilation in any room by the conditions of the air itself. According to the synthetic air chart Fig. 72 each of the conditions of the air which affect human health is rated in percentage of perfection in a separate column. The percentage of perfection as regards each factor is indicated by the height of the shaded area in that column. The per centage of penalization for imperfection as regards that factor is given by the difference between 100 per cent and the indicated per cent of per fection. The effect which the penalization for each factor will have on the composite penalization for all factors of ventilation of the room is given at the right hand side of the column. The sum of the penalizations for each , of the factors as given in the right hand side of the various columns is taken as the total percentage of penalization representing the imperfection of ventilation for the room. The percentage of perfection of ventilation is 100 per cent minus this total and is indicated by the height of the shaded area in the last column to the right. The percentage of perfection for any factor is determined by crediting an ideal condition with 100 per cent and a condition impossible for life with zero per cent perfection. In other words, a condition, as pertains to any one of the five factors, that will produce death or permanent disability is rated at zero per cent perfect. CONDITIONS OF MAXIMUM COMFORT Temperature Humidity and Air Motion.--A person's feelingof warmth is determined, by the temperature, humidity and motion of the air. A single index of a person's feeling of warmth is given by a scale of effective temperature, which takes into consideration these three factors. This scale of effective temperature (abbreviated E. T.) has been determined by the Society's Research Laboratory and is discussed in Chapter XVII. For the average human being at rest an effective temperature of 64 deg. gives maximum comfort. Persons working 'at- various rates are most comfortable at effective temperatures below 64 deg. The exact effective temperatures giving maximum comfort for persons working at various _ 209 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 rates have not yet been determined by the Research Laboratory but from the best data available, they are as follows:-- At rest.......................................................................................1-64 deg. E. T. Light Work................................................................................. 62.5 deg. E. T. Moderate Work.....................................'......... ............. .......... 62 deg. E. T. Hard Work................................. ................................................ 59.5 deg. E. T. One hundred per cent perfection in ventilation, for people at rest exists when the effective temperature is 64 deg. Life is impossible for any considerable length of time in an effective temperature of 97fd deg. and a condition having this effective temperature is therefore, rated zero" per cent perfect, is penalized 100 per cent as regards this factor and 90 per cent for imperfection in ventilation. The penalization for variation in temperature from the ideal is therefore 3 per cent per deg. E. T. It will be noticed that this will give zero per cent perfection for 31 deg.--a condition at least nearly impossible for life for a person normally clothed and at rest. 210 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Dust.--Dust is inimical to health and comfort. It is, however, more difficult to arrive at a basis of penalization since it is hard to say that any degree of dustiness is impossible for life. Dust free air is 100 per cent perfect and 250,000.particles per cu. ft. of air as determined by the Hill counter is considered zero per cent perfect, or is penalized 100 per cent as regards the dust factor and 25 per cent for imperfection of ventilation. The percentage of perfection is. reduced by 1 per cent for each 2500 particles. Odors.--In the case of odors it is even more difficult to arrive at a basis for penalization. The following arbitrary scale has been adopted:-- Free from odor......................................... ......... 100 per cent perfect Very faint odor................................................ :.... 95 " " " Faint odor... ......................................................... 90 " " " Noticeable odor.................................................... 85 " " " Distinct odor........................................................ 80 " " " Decided odor................................... :........... ........ 75 " " " Strong odor.... .....:................. .............................. 70 " " " Penalization for imperfection of ventilation is 0.15 of that for the odor factor. . Bacteria.--While all bacteria are not harmful and some may be desir able, the number of bacteria in the air generally indicates the surrounding sanitary condition and the chances for harmful bacteria may be assumed to be roughly proportional to the total number of bacteria in the air. . According to the synthetic air chart, the percentage of perfection depends .upon the number of bacteria in the air as determined by the number of growth appearing in a culture which has been exposed to the air for two minutes in a 4 in. petri dish and then incubated for 48 hrs. at 72 deg. If no colonies appear the condition is rated at 100 per cent and if 500 colonies appear it is rated at zero per cent perfect. The percentage of perfection is reduced by one for each 5 colonies for this factor while penalization for poor ventilation is one-half as great. Carbon Dioxide.--^The carbon dioxide content of the air may be taken as an indication of its purity. The percentage of perfection is 100 per cent if the carbon dioxide content is the same inside and outside and is reduced by 1 per cent for every three parts per 10,000 over that found in outside air. This gives 100 per cent penalization for 300 parts C02. Penalization for imperfect ventilation is 0.9 that for the C02 factor. . . Distribution.--The distribution of the air throughout the room is an important factor in ventilation. Imperfection in this factor is determined by the variation in percentage of carbon dioxide in various parts of the room. In operating the synthetic air chart as many samples, as there are 200 sq. ft. of floor space in the room, or not less than four, of air'Trom different parts of the room are analyzed. The percentage, which the average variation, of the various samples, is of the average C02 content, is the percentage penalization for poor distribution. Penalization for imperfect ventilation is 0.3 that for the distribution factor. 211 American Society o/'Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 EXAMPLE IN THE USE OF THE CHART Determine the percentage of perfection of ventilation in a room where the following conditions are observed. The room4 to be occupied by persons normally clothed and doing light work. Dry Bulb Temperature......................................... Wet Bulb Temperature......................................... Air Velocity............................................................... Dust Count by Hill Counter............................... Bacteria colonies developed in a 2 min., plate. Odors_......................................................................... COj analysis inside Station No. 1...................... COj analysis inside Station No. 2...................... COj analysis inside Station No. 3...................... COj analysis inside Station No. 4............:........ COj analysis outside........ ...................................... Other objectionable substances........................... 74 deg. 62 deg. 50 ft. per min. 10.000 particles per cu. ft. 10 Faint 6 parts in 10,000 6.3 parts in 10,000 5.5 parts in 10,000 5.0 parts in 10,000 4.0 parts in 10,000 None The effective temperature for the observed wet and dry bulb tempera ture and air motion is determined from the Table 93 to 99 in Chapter XVII. From.Table 94 (See Chapter XVII) for 50 ft. per min. air velocity the intersection of the line for 74 deg. dry bulb and the column for 62 deg. wet bulb gives 65.3 deg. as the E. T. of the condition. For 100 per cent perfection 62.5 deg. E. T. is required for persons doing light work whereas the existing condition is 65.3 deg. E. T. or 2.8 deg. too high, which gives according to the chart,. 91.6 pier cent perfection and 8.4 per cent penalization for this factor and a penalization of 7.6 per cent for imperfect ventilation. This is indicated in the chart, Fig. 72. 10,000 dust particles per cu. ft. of air gives according to the chart 96 per cent perfection and 4 pier cent penalization for this factor and 1 per cent penalization for imperfect ventilation. 10 bacterial colonies on a 2 min. plate gives 98 per cent perfection for this factor and a penalization of 1 pier cent for imperfect ventilation. A faint odor or 90 per cent free from odors calls for a 10 per cent penalization for this factor and 1.5 per cent penalization for imperfection of ventilation. The average carbon dioxide content of the 4 samples taken in the room is 5.7 or 1.7 parts more than the outside sample, which, according to the chart, is 99.5 pier cent pierfect for this factor and calls for 0.4 per cent penalization for imperfection of ventilation. . s> There are no other injurious substances indicated hence no penalization is given for such factors. The variations of the carbon dioxide content of the four stations from their average are as follows:-- Station No. l._................................................... 6.3--5.7 =0.6 parts pier 10,000 " " 2...................................................... 6.0--5.7 = 0.3 " " 10,000 " " 3._................................................... 5.7-5.6 = 0.1 " " 10,000 " " 4.....................................................5.7-5.0 --0.7 " " 10,000 4 |1.7 The average variation is.................................................... 0.42, and the per- centage of variation is -0j--42 X 100 -- 7.4 per cent. Therefore the percentage . 5.7 distribution is 100 -- 7.4 = 92.6, and the percentage penalization for imperfect ventilation is 2.2. 212 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide,; 1926-27 Fig. 74. Taking an Air Sample The percentage of perfection for each factor is indicated in the chart, Fig.-72 and are summed up in Table 92. The sum of all the penalizations for imperfection in ventilation is 13.7 and the percentage of perfection of ventilation is 100 minus 13.7 or 86.3 which is shown in the last column of the chart. 213 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 92. Typical Results of Analysis By Hill Synthetic Air Chart Factor Percentage of Perfection for Factor Percentage of Penalization for Factor Percentage or Penalization for Imperfect Ven tilation Percentage of Perfection for Ventilation Effective Temperature........ Dust.......................................... Bacteria................................... Odor.......................................... Carbon Dioxide................... Distribution............................ 9.6 96.0 98.0 90.0 99.5 92.6 8.4 4.0 2.0 10.0 0.5 7.4 7.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.4 2.2 13.7 86.3 The above observations are made as follows: The wet and dry bulb temperatures are determined with a sling psychrometer, the air velocity is determined by observing the speed of a smoke cloud with the aid of a stop watch. The smoke cloud may be caused by means of an ammonium cloud apparatus, Fig. 73 Or by exploding a smoke bomb, or by other means. The dust count is made by means of the Hill dust counter. In this instrument a given volume of air is made to impinge against a glass microscope cover slip coated with an adhesive. The particles are counted under a microscope of definite magnification and the number corrected per cu. ft. of air. . Carbon dioxide samples are taken in 120 cc. rubber stoppered bottles by exhausting air from the bottles with an atomizing bulb, Fig. 74. The bottle should be held at arms length while sampling so as not to be contaminated with the observer's breath and then tightly stopped until the sample can be analysed on a Peterson-Palmquist apparatus for carbon dioxide. . 214 Chapter XVII HOW TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND AIR MOTION AFFECT HUMAN COMFORT AN ordinary thermometer is only of relative value for indicating a person's feeling of comfort as the sense of warmth experienced by the human body is not due alone to the temperature registered by the dry bulb thermometer, neither doefe it depend solely upon the wet bulb temperature. Dry air at a relatively high temperature may feel cooler than air of considerably lower temperature with high moisture content according to the conclusions determined through a series of investigations conducted by the Society in conjunction with the U. S. Public Health Service and the U. S. Bureau of mines. Human comfort or discomfort depend largely on body temperature and therefore on the relation between the rate of heat production and dissipation. By the process of metabolism heat is constantly generated within the body, while on the other hand, loss of heat is constantly oc curring from the surface of the body by radiation, convection and evaporation. To maintain a constant body temperature the loss of heat must equal the heat produced. It is therefore apparent that any inter ference with the elimination of heat from the body is accompanied by a rise in temperature and a feeling of discomfort. There are three principal factors affecting loss of body heat: 1. Temperature. 2. Humidity. 3. Air motion. As the temperature of the air and surrounding objects rises, the loss of heat by convection and radiation decreases. When the temperature reaches that of the body, the loss by radiation and convection ceases. Finally as the air temperature exceeds that of the body, heat passes from the air to the body. ', If on the other hand, the relative humidity is increased the heat loss by evaporation decreases. If while the dry bulb temperature increases, the wet bulb temperature decreases sufficiently, the increase in loss of heat by evaporation may be made equal to the decrease in loss of heat by radiation and convection, resulting in no change in body temperature or comfort. From the above, it is concluded that there must necessarily exist cer tain combinations of temperatures and humidities, which produce..the same total body heat loss by radiation, convection and evaporation and therefore the same feeling of comfort or discomfort. Lines passing through such air conditions plotted as a psychrometric chart may be called Prepared especially for The Guide by F. C. Houghten, director of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Research Laboratory. 215 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 equal comfort lines. The fact is further substantiated by the. general experience of heating engineers in observing that the lower the humidity the higher the dry bulb temperature required for the same degree of comfort. A series of tests have been made in the two psychrometric rooms of the Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ven tilating Engineers, in order to locate these lines on the psychrometric chart, both for still and moving air and the detailed data obtained is to be found in the Society's Transactions, Vol. 27-31 inclusive, and in the Journals for 1926. . The relation of temperature and humidity to comfort for persons normally clothed in still air is given in Fig. 75 while the effect of ait motion upon comfort or effective temperatures for persons normally clothed are given in the Tables 93 to 99 which cover still and various moving air conditions. . . HOW TO USE THE COMFORT CHART AND TABLES In the Psychrometric Chart, dry bulb temperature is plotted as abscissae and grains of moisture per pound of dry air as ordinates. The maximum moisture which the air can hold at any temperature gives the saturation or 100 per cent relative humidity curve. Relative humidities between 0 and 100 per cent are given by a series of curved lines similar to the saturation curve. The wet bulb temperatures for all atmospheric conditions are given by a series of nearly parallel oblique lines. Effective temperature is given by a series of oblique but not parallel lines which approach being parallel to the wet bulb lines at high temperatures and humidities, and dry bulb lines at low temperatures. The numerical value of the wet and effective temperature lines is given by the dry bulb temperature of their intersection with the saturation curve. Dry bulb temperature is the true temperature of the air as determined by an ordinary thermometer. It does not, however, accurately indicate a person's feeling of warmth. If the humidity is high a person will feel warmer at the same dry bulb temperature than he will if the humidity is low. Wet bulb temperature is not the temperature of the air but that which a thoroughly wet body will attain if the air passes over it for a sufficient length of time and with a high enough velocity. A person is not thoroughly wet and hence does not react entirely in accordance with the wet bulb, temperature. At high temperatures when the body is wet with perspira tion, it reacts more nearly to wet bulb temperature while at low tempera tures the body is comparatively dry and reacts more nearly in accordance with the dry bulb temperature. Effective'temperature is an experimentally determined scale which unlike the dry bulb and wet bulb scales is a true measure or index of a person's feeling of warmth in all combinations of temperature and humidity. In other words with any given effective temperature a person will feel the same degree of warmth or coldness regardless of the dry bulb or wet bulb temperature. 216 ` w.6'0 v'i '^r'^fOi-. -S ! f:-'# 90, TOO' "- : ii-: lio.r / 120 ''-.ft 1* -?y.s.-'^ Fig. 75. Standard Psychrometric Chart with Equal Comfort Lines Superimposed American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 THE COMFORT ZONE That range of effective temperatures over which 50 per cent of people feel comfortable, namely 62 deg. effective temperature to 69 deg. effective temperature, is called the Comfort Zone. : That particular effective temperature at which a maximum number, of people feel comfortable is 64 deg. effective temperature and is called the comfort line. While at rest in still air, 97 per cent of all people are com fortable at this temperature. .' Tables 93 to 99 give the relation between dry and wet bulb tempera tures, and effective temperature for still air, and..various air velocities up to 700 ft. per min. for persons normally clothed. The data given in the chart, Fig. 75, and Tables 93 to 99 are for persons normally clothed and differ somewhat from the data contained in previous editions of the Guide for person's stripped to the waist. The tables are divided into zones with correction factors in black face at the side which . subtracted from the "normally clothed effective temperatures" will give the "stripped to the waist effective temperatures" with sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes. There are four fundamental ways of producing effective cooling: (1) The dry bulb temperature may be lowered by direct cooling or removal of heat. (2) The moisture content of the air may be reduced. (3) Air motion will produce effective cooling except for extremely severe condi tions. (4) Evaporation of water without addition or subtraction of heat . is accompanied by an increase in moisture content and a fall in dry bulb temperature along the wet bulb line resulting in effective cooling. Take as an example a condition of 95 deg. dry bulb and 40 per cent relative humidity having a wet bulb temperature of 75.2 deg. and effective temperature of 83.1 deg. This condition can be made equivalent to 80 deg. effective temperature or it can be made to feel-3.1 deg. cooler by any one of the four fundamental changes mentioned. ' (1) By the removal of heat the dry bulb may be made to fall to 88.2 deg. (see Fig. 75) along the "100 grain moisture per pound of dry air" line when the effective temperature will be 80 deg. (2) Without removal of sensible heat or lowering of the dry bulb the moisture content may be reduced from 100 to 54 grains per pound of dry. air, when the effective temperature will be 80 deg. (3) Upon inspection of Tables 98 and 99 it will be found that 95 deg. dry bulb and 75.2 deg. wet bulb will give 80.2 deg. effective temperature with 500 ft. air velocity and 79.6 deg. effective temperature with 700 ft. air velocity. Interpolation between these two velocities will give 567 as the velocity necessary to make this condition equivalent to 80 deg. effective temperature, . (4) Evaporation of water at room temperature without addition or removal of heat will cause the point on the chart Fig. 75, indicated by our condition, to move along the wet bulb line to the left thereby lowering the dry bulb temperature and increasing the moisture ..content. The wet bulb temperature will remain the same but the effective temperature will be lowered. By adding ftTgrains of moisture without heat, the dry bulb will fall to 86.2 deg. and the effective temperature will fall to 80 deg. 217. ' < J- H C/3 Stf aO cn a a D H aC4j as a H CQ a D CQ > Q^ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 2oC a CaDQ CQ H (d .U2 . *aft Oi >1 aas D H 2 CL. Cam 3 a H a W < H >> .** o tfi Coe0) e V. ft. I ' - 9' 5 X* 218 Note.--To obtain the effective temperatures for a person stripped to the waist, for any wet and dry bulb reading: subtract from the normally clothed effective temperature, the factor for the particular belt or sono found at the edge of the Table. '. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 a H 55 PHL > a. < 55 < M-< _c ESa- . -;Cs/a3 caa *erot CQ *r3 >a* -5 G Qu Z < D CQ, *3 U 2 a > ofaa a a D H a faa sa H >a w < < ka "a ft. o caq 219 rtNhoatefa.--/t+Trtor aotbtthaoinoHthaea en fffeIhctaivTeatKelma ptnerrattkunrensnf.of lrna. inUy. wV ies itt aan.d__d__r_y bulb reading for a person stripped to the . waist: subtract from the normall"y clothed effective temperature as found in the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 ss 8 S too* o* o o 8 a > W . pBs $*-* 2 >* e>5? &bO IS 3t 85 U > .S w H E! IQ 05 . w _3 n < H V) o m to to MI gg S American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Z S aJ O >> H 8 W > 02 < z < s H $ in U 0$ D H < < j> 13 s #b0 W <75 H ca B T3 Cctj T0J> . . >* .C Q d Z < ca -j 15 g D CQ H o W to D O 2 < > at O bu K 2 UJ H a > a a b, w 0> a a a < H- 8 to O' 1 O' to 00 OO 2: CM o COo <o o -- <o. to o <o 00 o <o o V. 3 s' E"M .S3 wfe) o CM to O' to o to to o to to is - Qa** O ts o ^ 88S n eo O' to 00 O <o < *4 ^ O' 00 o' cm O 00 3$ to *- o ON' o to O' 00 00 iw o O *0 O' o M o *o o to s s <s to to f to ^ 00 t O CO O' 33 fO 00 o to to O'* OO fia H (S ^ to 00 - O' s s o a fO to <0 O' to to <o 00 O' O' -- t-oo to s CM t*! to o CO o ~ ro O o O t* N ft I O' to <o 3 <o- r<-o^ otoc O' to CM <o o * O' CM to N fO ttoft <o0 t>-o 00 o <,o t<oo N<e cm <0 <A0 (MN3 H CO ") to *o o O o> o 4> <eo 001 o> f*> o O' o to C"5O 221 the p a i^w ia r b e ]t6 ^ io n ^ fo ^ d Ca ttb ^ e ^ o f I^ e T a b l& Cr80n Btr' ppe^ * wa ^- f r ttny ^ ct aD^ dry bulb reading: subtract from the normally clothed effective temperature, the factor for" American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 sD Z UH* COOotO* >H u > 03 < z < w as K n CQ - i* -c H M I jS s po 5< >0o>3 H Wpu Sw H >Id Id t- W 05 w P<S H I % American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 >si as < Z < X 0> o < /> *0 c p 2Q *o > U *3 cq CpQ o 2 a. > a0O3 aa *pH< 0a3 a H a> ' 05 pa 223 it American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 >4> *<4aJ D P3 f- ' uO Z otcr> O 2 < tuo <v CL >m ot*. u0DH<6 W (Wb Wfc. Wet Bulb Temperature 224 Note.--To obtain tbe effective temperatures for a person stripped to the waist, for any wet and dry bulb reading: subtract from the normally dothed effective temperature, the factor for the particular belt or sone found a t the edge of the Table. ' '' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 The best method of producing effective cooling to be employed in any particular case will depend upon accompanying circumstances and should be determined by a competent engineer. Generally removal of heat or water vapor or both, are most effective. However excepting under . unusually favorable circumstances direct cooling or dehumidifying is an expensive process and can only be resorted to where the results will justify the cost. Effective cooling by air motion or evaporation of water is relatively much less expensive. Unfortunately however these methods of cooling are limited to certain conditions of temperature and humidity. Evaporation of water is effective when the air is dry or when there is considerable difference between the wet and dry bulb temperature. Cooling by air motion is most effective at low temperatures. When the effective temperature approaches that of the body little or no. cooling results and for certain higher temperatures air motion will make an uncomfortable condition even less bearable. '. For moderately high, temperatures greater effective cooling is ex perienced as the result of air motion at high humidities than at low humidities. This suggests a valuable method of cooling by a combination of evaporation and air motion. Take for example a summer condition of 96 deg. dry bulb and 80 deg. wet bulb having an effective temperature of 85.7 deg. A 300 ft. air velocity will improve this condition by only 2.2 deg. Saturation with water vapor will give a condition of 80 deg. dry bulb, 80 deg. wet bulb and 80 deg. effective temperature or 5.7 deg. effective temperature improvement. A 300 ft. air velocity with this new wet and dry bulb will give an effective temperature of 75.7 deg. or a total improvement of 10.0 deg. Example 1.--Given dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures of 75 and 68 deg. First: what is the effective temperature? Second: is this condition warmer or cooler than 80 deg: dry bulb and 60 deg. wet bulb? Answer.--The first condition is given by the intersection of the-75 deg. dry bulb line and the 68 deg. wet bulb line. The effective temperature is given by the numerical value of the effective temperature line, passing through this point and indicated by the scale along the saturation curve, and is 71.9 deg. effective temperature. The second condition is given by the intersection of 80 deg. dry bulb and 60 deg. wet bulb and is 71.7 deg. effective temperature. It is therefore 0.2 deg. effective temperature cooler than the first condition. Example 2.--Given 76 deg. dry bulb and 61 deg. wet bulb how many degrees dif ference between this condition and the comfort line or 65 deg. effective temperature? Answer.--The effective temperature of this condition is given by the intersection of the 76 deg. dry bulb and 61 deg. wet bulb lines and is 70 deg. effective temperature or 5 deg. effective temperature warmer than the comfort line. Example S.--Given the dry and wet bulb temperatures in a room of 76 and 54 deg. respectively, what air velocity will be necessary to matte this condition ideally comfor table, that is, 65 deg. effective temperature? Answer,--From Table 93 for still air it will be seen that this condition has an effective temperature of 68.1 deg. in still air. Looking through the various Tables 94 to >99 for moving air it will be found that with a 300 ft. velocity this condition will have an effective temperature of 64.7 deg., and with a velocity of 200 ft. (Table 96) it will have an effective temperature of 65.8 deg. Interpolating between these two velocities the desired velocity is found to be 273 ft. per min. . Example 4---Given a.condition having dry and wet bulb temperatures of 90 and 85 deg. respectively, how much cooler will this condition feel if 300 ft. air velocity is supplied instead of still air? 225 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Answer.--From Table 93 it will be found that this condition in still air has an effective temperature of 86.6 deg., while if the air has 300 ft. velocity it will be found from Table 97 that it will have an effective temperature of 83.8 deg. Cooling of 2.8 deg. will be produced by the 300 ft. air velocity. . In practice these theoretical values will not be fully achieved. Therefore an allowance should be made for an increase in temperature and a decrease in humidity of the diffusing air before it strikes the occupants. The cloth ing worn and the kind of work done will also have a retarding effect. The experimental evidence now available, of the laws governing the cool ing of the human body is of great value in predicting just what may be expected of a definite air velocity at a given temperature and moisture content when directed upon the body of lightly clothed individuals. Complete reports with other detailed examples of the use of Laboratory Human Comfort Data are to be found in the A. S. H. V. E. Transactions, Vol. 27-31 for 1921 to 1925 inclusive. There are many applications for these data. In warm weather it is especially desirable to, have greater comfort in school rooms, theaters, auditoriums, also factories, foundries, iron, steel and glass works, mines and other places where workers are subjected to extreme temperature conditions. Maintaining comfortable conditions indoors in summer when the thermometer registers about 95 deg. is a more complicated problem than maintaining the proper condition in winter. . Effective cooling is however frequently resorted to in theaters and other public buildings and -this practice may be expected to increase. While increased comfort due to cooling is expensive and while it may generally be considered a luxury there are few other luxuries which offer as much real comfort, for the money expended. The fact that provision for cooling in hot weather is not found in more homes, clubs and places of assembly is largely due to the fact that possible comfort to be attained, from this source has not been clearly demonstrated to the building public by the air conditioning engineer. 22f5 Chapter XVIII SYSTEMS OF VENTILATION VENTILATION whether natural or mechanical, means the displace ment of vitiated air from any enclosure and its replacement with fresh air. The systems may be classified as follows:-- Method of Supply Window Gravity Fan Fan Method of Exhaust Gravity Fan Gravity Fan (with or without recirculation) The movement of air in natural ventilation systems is produced by the difference in density between the column of air in the ducts and the outside air. The greater the difference in temperature between the two columns of air the more rapid the air movement. In mechanical systems the circulation of air is maintained positively and uniformly regardless of outside air conditions and when properly designed and operated they will furnish any required temperature or humidity under automatic control. Five methods of fan application in heating and ventilating are common as follows: 1. Fan system supplies both heating and ventilation. 2. Fan provides air for ventilation, direct radiation supplies heat. 3. Fan provides air for ventilation and portion of heating, remainder supplied by. direct radiation. . 4. Fan system does entire heating (no ventilation supplied). , . 5: Fan system provides ventilation exclusively. Typical installations of the first system will be found in churches, theatres, auditoriums and other places of assembly requiring a relatively large amount of ventilation and little heating. The second system is usually provided in hotel, office buildings where only certain rooms need ventilation. Experience has shown that the third type is economical for schools, manufacturing plants doing special work, hotels and other places Where a properly controlled air volume is essential. System four is especially adapted to industrial plants and shops to convey heat to the points desired and create an effective air motion, and uniform tem perature with minimum heat loss. When the fan. is required to do both heating and ventilating it is necessary to keep the fans in operation-and great success has been reported in school work with systems of this-Lind 227 ' . . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 particularly because of its flexibility, absolute temperature and humidity control and economy of operation.1 The Fan System for Heating and Ventilating consists of a combination of a fan operating in conjunction with a blast heater, with or without a system of air distributing ducts. An air washer or humidifier may be added when required without otherwise changing the type of system. For heating purposes only, the fan system may or may not be used, depending on circumstances and the requirements to be met. The fan system may be used to supply both heat and fresh air for ventilation, or it may be used in conjunction with some form of direct radiation which is to care for the heat losses. When used for ventilating purposes, the fan will be required to supply whatever amount of air is specified to meet the ventilation requirements. The system may be arranged so that the fan may blow the air through the heaters, or draw the air through the heaters. Each arrangement possesses its own peculiar advantages, but the selection depends largely upon the individual requirements of the installation. The draw-through apparatus is usually employed in factory buildings on account of its compactness as well as the advantage gained by. con necting directly to the piping system. In this case the temperature of the air delivered will be the same to all parts of the building. The blowthrough apparatus is used in public buildings, or wherever different temperatures and independent temperature regulation are required for different rooms of the building. The use of the by-pass around the heating coils permits the mixture of hot and cold air in any desired proportions, by the use of a mixing damper at the point where the two ducts from the heater, and from the by-pass, join to form one duct leading to the room. In the case of public buildings, the fan frequently blows the warm air into a space termed a plenum chamber, from which the air ducts radiate to the various rooms of the building; this arrangement is sometimes called the plenum system of heating and ventilating. They are often designated single or double type. The air supply systems may be distinguished as upward and downward systems the former being used in such buildings, as theaters, auditoriums where people are closely associated. Air is supplied near the floor and exhausted through grilles in or near the ceiling. The downward plan is used in school-rooms, hospitals, and other .public buildings, air being introduced 8 ft. or more above the floor and drawn out near the floor. The selection of either system depends upon conditions confronting the engineer. '. The amount of heat to be supplied can be determined as outlined in Chapter I and briefly stated amounts to the losses from transmission, from infiltration, with proper allowances for heat supplied by persons or processes. Temperatures usually specified for various types of buildings are to be found in Table 1 (p. 6); The amount of air to be supplied depends largely upon the type of service required, the amount of heat needed, the perfection of ventilation . 1 American Society Heating and Ventilating Engineers Transactions, Vol. 25, 1919. Com parative Study of Natural and Mechanical Ventilation for School Rooms. Legg & Walker; Vol. 28, 1922. Intermediate and Junior High Schools in Detroit, H. W. Anderson; Vol. 29, 1923, Heating and Ventilating Chicago Schools, John Howatt. 228 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 demanded, etc. The total quantity of air to be circulated in an indirect heating system either mechanical or gravity type is demonstrated in the seven cases as follows: ' H = heat loss of room or building as determined by formulae and data given under Chapter I (B.t.u. per hour) .... M = weight of air passing into room per hour in pounds from the heating system Mr = weight of air recirculated per hour, pounds . M0 = weight of air drawn into the system from the outside for the ventilation require ments per hour lb. and passed through the indirect radiation system Mb = weight of tempered air by-passed around the reheater per hour, pounds Mh = weight of air passed through heater or reheater per hour, pounds t = mean air temperature of the room of building t,, = mean outside air temperature . = .mean temperature of the air. entering the heater t3 = mean temperature of the air leaving.the indirect radiator lx = temperature loss assumed in the air duct system ty = temperature of the air entering the room or building . 0.24 = specific heat air of constant pressure. (B.t.u. required to raise 1 lb. of air 1 deg. fahr.) The mean temperature to of the air leaving the indirect radiator (blast heater, tem pering coil, reheater, unit heater or gravity indirect radiator) should be learned from the makers, tables for the heater or indirect radiator or heater it is proposed to. use. Care 1--When all of the air passing through indirect heater is recirculated am: M0 = 0; Mh = Afr = M; Temperature of air entering heater, ti = t ;M = g 24 (ty -- t)~~^ Case g--When all of the air passing through the indirect heater is drawn from the outside: ^ Mr = 0;Mk= M -- Mo Temperature of air entering heater, /, = ta M = ^Atfy -- t)-- Case 3--When a portion of the air passing through the indirect heater is outside air and the remainder recirculated air: Mh -- M Mr + Mo Q 24 (ty -- t) .................................. :........: ................................................................ ^ In this case M0 is known from the ventilating requirements and the amount of airto be recirculated is ascertained by the following formula: Mr = M -- M0 or Mr = q 24 (ty -- t) - Mo-...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................(4) The mean temperature of the air entering the indirect heater is ascertained by the following formula: ' , M0(to + 460) + Mr {t + 460) _ 4Rn .^ h~ Mo + Mr ..................................................... Case 4--When all of the air circulated is drawn from the outside and passed through a tempering coil, air washer or humidifier and reheater. The temperature of the air I, entering the reheater will have the same dewpoint tem perature as the air in the room or building to which the air is delivered, having tempera ture t and relative humidity as specified. If the relative humidity is not specified it shall be assumed as 35 per cent. If the room temperature is not specified it shall be assumed as 70 deg. fahr. . A relative humidity of 35 per cent for a room temperature of 70 deg. has been selected because this is the highest percentage of moisture which the air can hold withoutrpro- ducing dripping on single-thickness windows in cold weather. In this case: M = Mo = Mh = 0 24 (ty -- t)........................................................................ ^ If it is desired to maintain a room temperature of 70 deg. with 35 per cent relative humidity from an outside temperature of zero and with simply an air washer without 229 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Case S Case 6 (b) _______________ .. y,.| K- Case 6 (c) 230 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 any water heater in connection, the tempering coii must be of sufficient capacity to heat the entering air from the outside temperature to 88 deg. dry bulb temperature and 52 deg. wet bulb temperature, and this will be represented by ta in the diagram. In this case the difference is 36 deg. between the wet bulb temperature and the dry bulb tem perature and assuming the washer to be 67 percent efficient, moisture will be evaporated into the air in sufficient quantity to bring the temperature down to 24 deg. which is 67 per cent of 36 deg. Subtracting 24 deg. drop in temperature through the air washer from 88 deg. dry bulb temperature of the air entering the air washer, gives 64 deg. as the final temperature of the air leaving the air washer, the wet bulb temperatureTemaining at 52 deg. The reheater will heat the air to any temperature necessary to take care of the heat losses since foom heating is desired. The dewpoint temperature of the air leaving the air washer and in the room itself will be 41 deg. Using the same illustration and assuming that a humidifying air washer is used with a water heater, the tempering coil will simply have one stack, section or tube row deep to raise the air temperature to about 35 deg. from zero outside temperature. The hot water sprays in the air washer will saturate this air at a tempearture of 41 deg. and the. reheater will simply raise this temperature to any point required to maintain a room temperature of 70 deg. and a relative humidity of 35 per cent. The amount of heat to be furnished by the water heater in connection with the humidifying air washer is made up of the sum of two factors--First: to heat the specified air volume from the temperature leaving the tempering coil to the saturated air tem perature leaving the washer, and Second: to evaporate sufficient moisture into this air to saturate it at the temperature required. If only 23 per cent relative humidity is desired in the room in connection with 70 deg. dry bulb temperature, the temperature entering the. air washer, without water heater will be 64 deg. dry bulb, and the temperature leaving the air washer will be 48 deg. dry bulb, which is a drop of 16 deg. through the washer or 67 per cent of 23)^ deg. difference between 64 deg. dry bulb and the corresponding 40)4 deg. wet bulb temper ature. The illustration in connection with Case 4 indicates that this arrangement is used entirely for heating the room by the fan system. In many cases the heat losses in a room or building are taken care of entirely by direct radiation, and in such cases the final temperature of the air leaving the heater will probably be in the neighborhood of 80 deg. In such a case the same arrangements of tempering coils and reheaters will be used. The arrangement shown in the diagram contemplates the same air tempera ture being delivered to all rooms on this system, and will not be applicable to the heating of several rooms where individual control of each room is desired. Case 5---When a portion Mo of the air circulated is drawn from the outside and the remaining Mr recirculated air, the air drawn from the outside is passed through a tempering coil and the mixture of air, from the outside and recirculated air, being passed through an air washer or humidifider and a reheater. Similar conditions will apply to this Case 5 as have been outlined for Case 4 except that a percentage of recirculated air at a different dry and wet bulb temperature and a different percentage of relative humidity will be mixed with the fresh air after it has been warmed by the tempering coil. In this Case 5, Mo is known from the ventilation requirements as specified, and the amount of air permitted to be recirculated is, therefore: Mr 0.24 (ty-t) Mo (7) Case 6 (a, b, c)--When all of the air circulated is drawn from the outside, passed through a tempering coil and air washer or humidifier, a portion of the tempered and conditioned air passed through an indirect heater or reheater and a portion of the tempered and conditioned air by-passed around the reheater and the mixture passed into the room or building for heating and ventilating. The weight of air to be circulated per hour equals (Mo) as determined by the ventila tion requirements. The dry bulb temperature of the mixture of tempered and reheated air entering the room or building is to be ascertained by the following formula: ".... Mo X 0.24 (ly - l) = H. m 231 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 H + 0.24 Met 0.24 Mo ' (9) This case illustrates the arrangement of apparatus when the heating of several rooms is required with individual control of temperature for each room. The arrangement of apparatus, including tempering coil, air wpsher or humidifier, retempering coil and reheater coil, will be the same as has been outlined in Case 4. The air leaving the reheater and the air by-passed around the reheater, although having different dry bulb temperatures, will have the same dewpoint temperature as the air t in the room or building to which the air is delivered and with relative humidity as specified; if no relative humidity is specified it can be assumed as 35 per cent. If no room temperature is specified it should be assumed as 70 deg. The relative weights of air passed through the reheater and by-passed around the reheater shall be ascertained by the following method: . X = Parts of reheated air in mixture (1 -- X) = Parts of tempered air in mixture ty = Mean dry-bulb temperature of the mixture entering room or building lx = Loss of temperature in the duct system ti = Mean dry bulb temperature of the air entering reheater and by-pass I* = Mean temperature of the air leaving the reheater 1 {X) iU + 460) + (1 -- x) (I, + 460) = (Jm + 460)...................................................... ........(10) tm = Mean tempearture of air entering the duct system = (ty -)- tx). SOLVE: for X. Then Mh = X Mh is the weight of air in pounds per hour to be passed through the reheater. The temperature ty will ordinarily be different for each room of the building. The total weight of air passed through the reheater will be the sum of the requirements for all the rooms. Case 7--Indirect system for warming the air drawn in from the outside for ventilating purposes only. (When an indirect system is employed to warm the air drawn into the system from the outside for ventilating purposes only, the heat loss is provided for by direct radiation or by some other means). The weight of air to be circulated per hour is M0 as may be determined from the specified ventilation requirement Mh -- M = M0. The temperature of the air delivered to the room ty shall be assumed 5 deg. higher than room temperature t specified. a. If no air-conditioning apparatus is to be employed the arrangement is similar to Case 2 where <, = to and ty = t + 5. b. If air-conditioning apparatus is to be employed the arrangement is similar to Case 4; Mh = M = M0. Loss of Temperature in Duct Systems (tx) ' a. When the indirect heater and duct system, are located in the enclosure to which the air is to be delivered, it may be assumed that there is no loss of temperature between the indirect heater and the point or points of discharge into the enclosure, tx = 0. . b. For gravity indirect heating, a loss in air temperature of 5 deg. for the first floor, 8 deg. for the second floor and 10 deg. for the third floor between the indirect radiator and room register can be assumed. c. For ducts run underground an allowance must be made based on the estimated heat loss of the duct, assuming an average temperature of the ground of 55 deg. fahr. . . d. For ducts run in outside walls to the second floor and above, a loss of not less than 10 deg. shall be used in the calculations. When the heating and ventilation requirements have been found the size of the heater and fan are calculated for a given friction, temperature range, pressure loss in ducts, etc. Pressure losses build up rapidly as velocities are increased and generally vary approximately as the square of the velocity. The allowable pressure loss through the heater should in 232 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 . general not exceed 50 per cent of the total static pressure of the system. In public building practice allowable pressure loss through tempering coils and reheaters should be under Yi in. of water and when an air washer is used the friction through the tempering coil and reheater should not exceed 40 per cent of the total resistance as a rule. Factory work permits greater friction allowance for the heaters where duct runs are comparatively short and the resistance of the heater is a large part of the entire pressure loss in the system. The fan can be selected when the following facts are known: 1. Quantity of air required in cubic foot per minute. 2. Static pressure of system (ducts, heaters; air washers, filter, entrance connections, etc). The kind of fan will depend upon the service required, disc and propeller fans being used generally where no resistance is built up. In ventilation work centrifugal fans are largely used and these come under two classi fications--those with straight radial blades and those with curved blades. Each type of fan has its special applications and there is a definite relation between its pressure characteristics, power requirements and the service rendered. Where noise is not objectionable, fan efficiency is the governing factor. In places where quiet operation is essential proportionate outlet velocities should be chosen (see Chapter XIX). The quantity, velocity and pressure of air delivered by the fan should be determined by the A. S. H.-V. E. Standard Code for Testing Centri fugal and Disc Fans (See Transactions, 1923, Vol. 29, p. 407. It is well to remember that good practice requires that: 1. The mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal should exceed 55 per cent. 2. Air velocity passing thru the fan outlet should not cause excessive noise. . 3. The fan should operate, silently and not transmit noise to ducts. 4. The use of variable speed motors is advisable to meet changes in frictional resistance, power economy when ventilation demands vary while constant speed motors are less expensive when ventila tion requirements remain uniform. A fan installation rightly designed and operated will be quiet and efficient but every precaution should be taken to prevent vibration or sound passage to the rooms.. The method of fan drive is important, the insulation of motor, and fan foundations with felt, cork and other ap proved materials of adequate thickness properly waterproofed. UNIT SYSTEMS* Unit systems consist of an individual unit incorporating all the apparatus necessary for providing, directing and controlling the necessary volume of air heated to the proper temperature for the purpose. Two types are ini common use, one for public building work and the other for factory and Data on Unit Systems contributed by H. B. Hedges, New York, N. Y., G. E. Otis, Moline, III., and A. J. Nesbitt, Atlantic City, N. J. . 233 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 industrial installations. They differ in design and construction in pro portion to the service for which they are intended. . They may be located in the various rooms or parts of a building for discharging warmed air into the room or building, and either entirely or partially recirculating the air, or else 'having a fresh-air connection for special ventilation purposes. These units, in the case of a school-room and sometimes in factories, are set on the floor but frequently in factories are suspended from the roof trusses so as to leave the floor spaces un obstructed. Public Building Work Unit heating and ventilating systems intended for public building work consist of a small rectangular steel cabinet, enclosing the following essential parts:-- 1. A fresh air inlet. 2. An air filter. 3. A motor and fan assembly. 4. A radiator or heating element. 5. A cold air or by-pass chamber. 6. Mixing chamber. 7. Air discharge outlet. 8. Fresh air and recirculating control damper. 9. A by-pass or temperature control damper. Note.--Both the recirculating control damper and the by-pass damper can be manually operated, or the recirculating control damper may be pneumatically controlled from some remote point. The by-pass or temperature control damper can be automatically operated on room temperature by means of ther mostatic motor in connection with the use of any pneumatic automatic temperature control system. (See also Chapter XIII.) . When the fresh air inlet damper is open the fresh air is drawn im mediately from out of doors, having the.dust and dirt removed by means of the air filters. From this point the air is driven by means of the motor and fan assembly and forced up through the machine, using either polyphase, alternating current or direct current motor. All of the air may be driven through the radiator to be heated and thence to the room, or all of the air may be driven through the cold air or by-pass chamber and thence to the room, or part of the air may be driven through the radiator and part through the cold air chamber in any desired proportion, depending upon the position of the by-pass damper. The air is driven from the machine in a vertical direction at a velocity ranging from 800 to 1000 ft. per minute. This high velocity drives the air against the ceiling of the room, thereby diffusing it and spreading it in a downward movement to all parts of the room. The closing of the fresh air damper simultaneously opens the recircula ting grille at the floor line, so that there is a free path for the air to circulate by gravity through the radiator. Thus, when the motor is not operating and the fresh air damper is closed, the radiator of the unit becomes an enclosed direct radiator, functioning in the same manner, as any other enclosed direct radiator. By starting the motor during heating-up period in the morning, the air may be drawn from the room at the floor line, heated, discharged, recirculated, reheated and redischarged, this process continuing until the room has reached the desired temperature, thus effecting a tremendous saving in time and fuel in preparation of the room for occupancy. . With this system of ventilation, the air outlets for the room serve strictly in the capacity of vents to permit of displacement and they 234 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 should be small with as little exhausting effect as possible. Under such conditions their location is unimportant further than that they be placed at or very near the floor. In the typical layout they are usually placed in the wall opposite the ventilator. This is not necessary but it has been proven a very satisfactory location and where vent flues are used it is advisable to locate them on inside walls to prevent downdrafts. In school work where it is desired to circulate air through adjoining wardrobes, room outlets should be in low panels of doors or near floor in partitions. Wardrobe outlets may be either at floor or ceiling. The latter arrangement is usually preferable from a purely ventilation standpoint but the former provides a better heating effect. By such a plan direct radiation may usually be omitted from such rooms. When half doors or no doors are used between class-rooms and wardrobes, outlets from latter must be at floor. Fig. 76. School Room Plan Showing Location of Units With the mechanical unit ventilation system exhaust fans or aspirating coils in vent flues are neither necessary nor desirable, it being the idea to force the air out of the rooms under back pressure. Where the outlets are properly proportioned this has an inflation effect that retards infiltra tion and assists in diffusion. One vent for each machine is sufficient and both the grille and flue should have a net free area Of about 18 sq. in. for each 100 cu. ft. of air delivered per minute by the ventilator. - In cases where state laws have failed to anticipate this system of ventilation and demand larger vent flues, arrangements can usually be made to provide throttling dampers in same to secure the desired effect. The so-called corridor system of venting is frequently employed with unit ventilators and is favored by many engineers with this system of ventilation. Vent flues are dispensed with and room outlets are directly into corridors, whicfrserve for conducting the air to roof ventilators connected with grilles located in.the ceiling of the top story corridor. 235 ... American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 In order to carry out the principle of diffusion and get proper results from the unit system of ventilation, consideration must be given to the number, size, location and general application of the mechanical venti lators. With a correctly designed system and proper equipment, good' diffusion will be effected if the frequency of air change in the room ventilated is equivalent to five or more volumes per hour but the extent to which the desirable effect of air motion is present will be governed both by the frequency of air change and the ceiling height. On the same principle that underlies the necessary distribution of direct radiation there is a- limit to the amount of air which can be dis tributed from a single point in ventilation work if good results are to be expected. Practical experiments seem to indicate that this limit is about 1500 cu. ft. per min. with this type of apparatus, for this reason mechanical unit ventilators are not built with capacities greater than 1500 cu. ft. pier min. and should never be used except in rooms with very high ceilings. In a practical way this determines the number of venti lators to be used in a given case. Where the very best results are desired it is recommended that the capacity of any single machine be limited to, 100 cu. ft. per min. per foot of ceiling height. Mechanical unit ventilators should be centrally located on the outside wall of the room which they serve. Corner locations are liable to result in inefficient and unbalanced distribution. In fact, under adverse con ditions, drafts may result from such a location. Unit ventilators may be recessed but they should never be enclosed or concealed. Not only are enclosures liable to affect the jet action but from a practical standpoint they interfere with proper care and attention by rendering the machine inaccessible. Moreover, there is a certain psychological value to an exposed machine. The occupants quickly learn its purpose and operation with the result that they appreciate its value and see that it is operated and properly cared for. No single mechanical unit ventilator should be made to serve more than one room by the extension of ducts from the outlet since this is contrary to all the basic principles of the system. Adjacent rooms, if not sufficient in size and importance to be equipped with individual ventilating systems probably do not require any ventilation. Where the total B.t.u. required for heating and ventilating is in excess of the rated capacity of the unit, the- unit must be supplemented by direct radiation. Otherwise, the unit can be used for both heating and ventilating without direct radiation. No special treatment of vent flues is required by this system, the vitiated air being discharged from the building in the same manner, as all other mechanical systems. It has been found that the best results have been obtained where the cross sectional area of the vent flue did not exceed 20 sq. in. per 100 cu. ft. of air. Industrial Service Unit heaters for industrial work consist of a heating element over which air is forced or drawn by means of a power driven fan which also distributed this heated air to the space to be heated. The area that can be served by one unit varies according tp the type of unit and the location 236 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 of the unit within the building. If the unit could always be located in the center of the area, which is the most ideal location from a standpoint of distribution, then one unit would most generally be capable of heating an area from 50 ft. square up to an area 150 ft. square. Unit heaters may be divided into two classes: Namely, the Direct Fired Type and the Heating Coil Type. '. The Direct Fired Type is constructed very much along the lines of the pipeless furnace used in house heating and burns coal, coke, wood, oil or gas fuel. A power driven fan connected to the base of the heater creates Table 100. B.t.u. Constants for Various Steam Pressures and Temperatures of Entering Air Steam Pressure las. -10* 0* , 10 Temperature or Air Entering Heater 20" 30" 40 45" 50* 55* 60 65 70 75" 0 0.975 0.93 0.89 0.84 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.60 2 1.01 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.65 0.63 5 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.67 10 1.06 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.74 0.72 IS 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.76 20 1.18 1.14 1.09 1.05 1.00 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81 30 1.25 1.21 1.16 1.12 1.08 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.88 40 1.30 1.26 1.22 1.17 1.12 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.93 50 1.35 1.31 1.27 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.98 60 1.39 1.35 1.31 1.26 1.22 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.03 80 1.49 1.43 1.38 1.34 1.29 1.25 1.23 1.20 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 100 1.53 1.49 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.31 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.16 125 1.59 1.56 1.51 1.46 1.42 1.37 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.29 1.27 1.24 1.22 135 1.61 1.57 1.53 1.48 1.44 1.39 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.30 1.28 1.26 1.24 140 1.62 1.58 1.54 1.49 1.45 1.41 1.38 1.36 1.34 1.32 1.29 1.27 1.25 150 1.64 1.60 1.55 1.51 1.46 1.42 1.40 1.38 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.26 Note.--To get B.t.u.*s at any steam pressure and entering temperature, multiply constant from table by rated B.t.u.'s at 0 deg. entering and 5 lb. pressure. , a rapid circulation of air over the cast iron heating surface provided in the fire box. The air thus heated is discharged into the building from an outlet on top of the heater. Generally this type is used where steam or hot water is not available and where it is not desired or practical to install a boiler plant. The Heating Coil Type unit heater consists of a bank of steam or hot water heating coils which may be made of steel pipe, cast iron, copper or brass over which air is blown or drawn by means of a power driven fan. The fan may be direct connected to the motor or pulley driven from motor or line shaft. This type Unit has two distinct classifications: Namely, the Horizontab and the Vertical types. The Horizontal type as a general rule uses a propeller or disk fan for passing the air over the heating surface. Cast iron and copper tube heating surface are in most cases used in this type unit. The fan and heater are built into a sheet metal casing and the direction of flow of air is regulated by means of sheet metal baffle plates. An advantage of the Horizontal Unit is'that it is comparatively light and can be suspended from columns or trusses of the building, thus conserving the floor space, - 237 , American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 and allowing return mains to be run overhead. The individual motor power requirements per unit are usually less than for other types. The Vertical Type, as is implied by its name, provides for the air to enter near the floor level and pass vertically through a bank of steam or hot water heating coils. Movement of the air is produced by a power driven fan, and *a sheet metal distributing outlet at the top directs the distribution. While this type unit is quite frequently suspended from overhead structural supports, it is primarily designed to rest on the floor level, from which position the most effective results are obtained. The fans are of the multi-blade centrifugal type and are capable of operating against a static pressure of 1 in. of water or more. When placed on the floor level these units take the air in at the lowest point where the air is coldest and discharge the heated air at a distance of from 8 to 12 ft. above the floor. The discharged warm air is dissipated in the space to be heated and as it cools, falls to the lower level and is again taken in at the base of the unit and reheated. When so desired the units may be provided with a fresh air connection so that either all out side, all inside, or a combination of both may be used through the heater. This arrangement proves most satisfactory for producing a circulation of outside air in the summer time for ventilation purposes, particularly in large open industrial buildings such as; machine shops, textile mills, foundries, warehouses, garages, mills, railway shops, armories and gymnasiums. . 238 Chapter XIX DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AIR DUCTS THE successful operation of a mechanical or plenum heating installa tion, an exhaust system or a dust collecting plant is largely dependent upon the correct design of the duct system. Materials, proportions, friction, location and innumerable other items are factors in the correct operation of a duct system. In the design of ducts and flues for the mechanical circulation of air, - or by gravity, losses due to friction are the basis for figuring and these losses must be kept within the available pressure difference. This pres sure difference in mechanical ventilation is that derived from the fan while in gravity ventilation it is the asperating effect due to the tempera ture and height of the column of heated air. . When attempting the design of a duct system the general rules to remember are: 1. The air should be conveyed as directly as possible at reasonable velocities to obtain the result desired with greatest economy of power, material and space. 2. Sharp elbows and bends are to be avoided. 3. All ducts or flues shall have sides as nearly equal in size as possible. (In no case shall the ratio between long and short sides be greater than 10 to 1.) The piping systems for various operations must be of different design as the principal consideration for industrial work is for heating while in public buildings the air required for ventilation greatly exceeds the volume needed for heating. For instance, the ducts for a school, theatre or other public buildings, where freedom from noise and elimination of drafts is essential and where branch ducts serve individual rooms, is a much different problem in design than that involved in proportioning ducts intended for heating a factory, where a main duct of decreasing dimensions extends lengthwise of the building and gives a uniform distribution of air. For public buildings air velocities must, therefore, be kept low between 900 and 1200 ft. per minute while in industrial buildings they can range from 1500 to 2000 ft. per minute or even more with no other disadvantage than the difference in operating expense. Standard velocities of air in public buildings are as follows: 1. Through the outside air intakes 1,000 ft. per min. ' 2. Through connections to and from heater 1,000 to 1,200 ft. per min. ' 3. Through the main discharge duct from 900 to 1,200 ft. per min. __ 4. In branch ducts 700 to 900 and vertical flues 400 to 600 ft. per min. 5. In registers or grilles 200 to 400 ft. per min. depending upon the size and location. 6. If diffusers of proper design are used, 25 per cent higher air velocities may be permitted. .... Material for this section was prepared by F. R. Still, vice-president American Blower Co., New York. 239 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 101. Corresponding Pressures and Velocities of Dry Air at 70 Deg. and 29.92 In. Barometer Inches of Water 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.2S 0.30 0.40 0.43 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.87 0.90 1.00 1.25 1.30 1.50 1.73 1.75 2.00 2.17 2.25 2.50 2.60 2.75 3.00 3.03 . 3.25 3.47 3.50 3.75 3.90 4.00 4.25 4.34 4.50 4.75 Ounces per Sq. In. 0.0289 0.577 0.1154 0.1443 0.1730 0.2308 0.2500 0.2884 0.3460 0.4037 0.4326 0.4614 0.5000 0.5190 0.5768 0.7209 0.7500 0.8650 1.0000 1.0092 1.1535 1.2500 1.2975 1.4418 1.5000 1.5860 1.7300 1.7500 1.8740 2.0000 2.0185 2.1630 2.2500 2.3070 2.4510 2.5000 2.5950 2.7395 Velocity Ft. per Min. Inches of Water 896 1266 1791 2003 2193 2533 2637 2832 3102 3351 3468 3582 3729 3800 4005 4478 4566" 4905 5273 5298 5664 5895 6007 6332 6457 6641 6937 6976 7220 7457 7492 7756 7910 8010 8256 8337 8496 8729 4.77 5.00 5.20 5.50 6.00 6.07 6.50 6.94 7.00 7.50 7.80 8.00 8.67 9.00 9.54 10.00 10.40 11.00 11.27 12.00 12.14 13.00 13.87 14.00 15.00 15.61 16.00 17.00 17.34 18.00 19.00 19.07 20.00 20.81 22.54 24.28 26.01 . 27.74 Ounces per Sq. In. 2.750 2.884 3.000 3.172 3.460 3.500 3.749 4.000 4.037 4.326 4.500 4.614 5.000 5.190 . 5.500 5.768 6.000 6.344 6.500 6.921 7.000 7.497 8.000 8.074 8.650 9.000 9.227 9.805 10.000 10.380 10.960 11.000 11.535 12.000 13.000 14.000 15.000 16.000 Velocity Ft. per Min. 8745 8943 9134 9392 9810 9864 10210 10545 10595 10968 11187 11328 11792 12015 12367 12665 12915 13282 13445 13875 13950 14440 14913 14985 15510 15820 16020 16513 16675 16990 17456 17488 17910 18265 19012 19730 20420 21090 Corresponding Velocity for Dry Air at Various Pressures and Temperatures and 29.92 In: Barometer Pressure Inches 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 Ounces 0.1443 0.2884 0.4326 0.5768 0.7209 0.8650 1.0092 1.1535 1.2975 50 1965 2778 3402 3929' 4393 4812 5197 5556 5892 60 70 1986 2808 3439 3971 4440 4864 5254 5616 5956 2003 2832 3468 4005 4478 4905 5298 . 5664 6007 100 2059 2911 3565 4117 4602 5042 5446 5822 6174 150 2149 3038 3720 4296 4804 5262 5683 6076 6443 300 2399 3391 4153 4796 5362 5874 6344 6783 7193 500 2696 3812 4668 5390 6027 6602 7131 7624 8085 550 2S95 4095 5020 5795 6470 7100 7655 8195 8690 240 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 It is customary in proportioning ducts for heating and ventilating work to follow either of two methods: 1. Arbitrarily select sizes from assumed velocities, depending upon velocity of air at fan outlet. 2. Determining the velocity which will give an assumed resistance within fan capacity at noiseless operating speed. By decreasing the velocity in main duct as air is delivered through branch outlets: (1) uniform air delivery through outlets is accomplished, (2) friction in smaller pipes is reduced, (3) portion of velocity head is converted into static pressure. The two greatest losses in duct systems are dynamic losses and friction losses. The former are chiefly caused by changes in direction or in velo city of air flow and are expressed in pressure in inches of water gage as per Table. 101. . Friction losses due to friction of air against sides of ducts, vary directly as the length of the pipe, directly, as the square of the velocity and in versely as the diameter. Friction is commonly expressed as equivalent pressure in inches water gage or in terms of velocity heads, (the ratio of friction loss to the theoretical pressure corresponding to the velocity in the duct). One velocity head is the pressure corresponding to the velo city of air in the duct. For smooth round pipes the friction loss is: where f = -- (--V 50 D \4005 / F = loss of pressure in inches of water V = velocity in feet per minute L *= length of pipe D = diameter of pipe in feet;-^ = length of pipe in diameters. If a factor of safety is thought desirable the length 45 may be used though experiments show that, the friction loss is equal to one velocity head in a length varying from 40 to 60 diameters depending upon the smoothness of the duct. The engineer's judgment and experience should prevail in this matter. For example correction should, be made for pipes with rough or uneven surfaces and in the case of brick or concrete ducts the friction loss should be increased 25 per cent or more. A formula for rectangular ducts is derived in a similar manner but it will be found very convenient to use the accompanying chart Fig. 77. -Other losses of pressure are at the entrance to the duct, through heater, air washer, etc. In ordinary practice it is usual to keep the sum of the piping losses J to and the loss through heater at less than of the static pressure. The remainder is then available for producing velocity. The ideal duct system will take all factors into consideration and proportion air velocities so that the resistance will be practically equal in all ducts regardless of length. 241 D ia m e t e r o f P ip e C u r ic F e e t per M in u t e American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 <o * ' -- v-- q < oh)-4 9B 1000,000 600,000 600,000 900.000 400.000 yxifioo 200.000 150.000 100.000 60,000 60,000 50.COO 44000 90.000 20.000 15.000 (0,000 0,000 6.000 5.000 4.000 5.000 2.000 1,500 1,000 600 600 500 400 500 200 (SO <5 o o 55 55 -^ S3 IOO . . Friction in Water Gage per 100 Feet Fig. 77. Friction Chart HOW TO USE THE FRICTION CHART While this chart can be used to determine the friction of air which is flowing through ducts, it can also be used for determining the size of a pipe to handle a specified volume or the velocity that will be necessary. For example: 242 TS-f' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 1. Assume that a volume of 20,000 cu. ft. per min. is to be discharged through a 36 in. duct. The volume is given on the right hand margin; follow along the horizontal line opposite 20,000 cu. ft. per min. until it intersects with the diagonal line sloping upward to the right which is marked 36 in. diameter of pipe. The velocity will be found to be 2,800 ft. per min., this being the other diagonal line sloping downward to the right, At this point of intersection is a vertical line giving the friction, which is indicated at the bottom of the chart as being 0.4 in. water gage per hundred feet of length. Thus if the duct is only 40 ft. long, the friction will amount to ^ = 0.16 in. W. G. _ 100 2. The friction of elbows varies with the radius; an elbow having a radius in the throat that is half the diameter of the pipe, will present a frictional resistance that is equivalent to a straight pipe that is 30 times its diameter. For instance a 36 in. diameter elbow having a radius of 18 in. in the throat would present as much friction as 30_X^6^ -- go ft. of straight 36 in. pipe. If the radius in the throat is equal to the diameter then the friction would only be equal to 10 diameters. If the radius is twice the diameter, the friction is only 4.3 diameters. The friction of a rectangular pipe for a given velocity (not for volume) can be converted to an equivalent round pipe as follows: D = ---, in which 2 W -f- 2 H W is the width, H is the height and D is the diameter, all in inches. To find an equivalent diameter for a given volume and the same friction as a rectangular duct, proceed as follows: W D = ---------------------- --------------------- * > 0.79 SOME GENERAL INSTALLATION AND CONSTRUCTION HINTS 1. Ducts should be not less than 6 x 6 in. in size and made of galvanized iron or steel. 2. Angular turns should.be made with elbows having a radius not less than the width or diameter of the duct. 3. Offsets should be at an angle of 30 to 45 deg. 4. Branch ducts should make curved connection with main duct and should have accessible dampers. i Gages of Galvanized Iron or Steel to be Used for Ducts, for Outside Air Intake Heating and Ventilating; Round Ducts, Diam., In. 6 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 . 50 and above Gage 26 24 22 20 18 ' Rectangular Ducts Width, In. 4 to 18 19 to 30 31 to 60 61 to 118 118 and above Gage . 26 24 22 20 18 5. Rectangular ducts should have metal strap or rod supports and when over 36 in. in width should be stiffened with angle iron at 4 ft. intervals. 6. Longitudinal seams and transverse joints should be flat and smooth inside; slip joints should be in direction of air flow. 7. Access doors to ducts should be hinged and fire dampers in supply and vent'ducts should be of % in. steel plate, held by fusible link for release at 160 deg. fahr. 8. Air intake should be screened with 1 in. mesh or less and protected from weather. 9. Final exit for exhaust ducts should be protected from weather and placed so as not to contaminate air supply. 10. Underground ducts should be waterproofed, drained and provided with means of access for inspection and cleaning. 243 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 MEASUREMENT OF AIR FLOW The quantity, velocity and pressure of air discharged by a fan or flowing through a pipe may be determined by various methods. An anemometer is used where accuracy is not required and where air velocities not over 600 ft. per min. are to be measured, as at registers. For the greatest, measure of reliability the anemometer shail have been newly calibrated, and correction shall be made for the error as shown by the ' calibration. . The standard method for measuring air velocity and pressure shall be the pitot tube as described in the A. S. H. & V. E. Standard Code for the Testing of Centrifugal and Disc Fans (Trans., A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 29, 1923, p. 407.) Installation tests for determination of fan capacity and efficiency shall be under laboratory conditions, in accordance with this Code. 244 Chapter XX AIR WASHERS AND FILTERS THE cleansing of air for ventilation purposes is a very important phase of the art and is accomplished by two different means; washing and filtering. Both methods cleanse the air of solid or liquid matter in the form of dust or spray, while in addition the washer cleanses the air of soluble gases and vapors, and hence of many objectionable odors. Air filters are distinguished from air washers in that they clean the air without the use of water or the addition of water vapor. They are of two types (1) the viscous filter depending upon the dirt impinging on surface covered with a viscous fluid or oil; (2) the true dry filter type which removes the dirt from the air by passing it through cloth or felt screens, the openings in which are too small to allow the passage of dirt. TYPES OF AIR WASHERS The washing of air is done by passing it over a large surface area of water which is accomplished in the various types of washers; (1) by pas sing it through a fine spray of water; (2) by passing it over wet surfaces; (3) by passing it both through a spray and over wet surfaces. After the air is washed it is freed from entrained water. . When air is cleansed by washing its humidity or moisture content is usually changed. In passing through the water spray or over the wet surfaces both the dry and wet bulb temperature of the air approaches that of the water at which temperature the air tends to become saturated. The moisture.content of the air may, therefore, be controlled by control ling the water temperature. By using water at a very low temperature the washer becomes a dehumidifier or by heating the water the air may be humidified. By raising the dry bulb temperature of the air after leav ing the washer its relative humidity may also be controlled. The humidi fying efficiency of any air washer may be given as i _ 1 _ Final wet bulb depression Initial wet bulb depression for example: With an initial wet bulb depression of 20 deg. and the final wet bulb depression of 6 deg., the humidfying efficiency is - E = I - 6_diX =.o.70 20 deg. Material prepared especially for The Guide by W. H. Carrier. Carrier Engineering Corp., Newark, N. J.' 245 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY CONTROL Air washers require method of control of temperature to prevent freez ing by too low temperature and of overhumidification by too high temperatures of the air entering and'leaving the washer. There is avail able one method of hand control and five methods of automatic or semi automatic control. The method of hand control is by tempering coils divided into two or more sections in series; the outer coil being turned on by hand whenever the outside temperature approaches freezing; the successive coils being turned on as the temperature drops below freezing. Where two sections are available it is usual to turn on the second section when the outside temperature goes below zero, and the third section, where provided, at temperatures below zero. The first, or outside section, must always be turned on full for all temperatures to prevent freezing of the coils. The steam supply to the second, or inside section, may be hand regulated at all temperatures above 10 deg. above zero. The five systems of automatic regulation are: 1. Substitution of automatic regulation for hand regulation and operated in a similar manner; the coils being controlled both by variations in the outside tem perature conditions and also by an auxiliary control for one inside coil from a thermostat located on the discharge side of the air washer. (It is not possible to control the temperature of the air entering the washer except where there is an unusually long tunnel or duct for the thorough mixture of the air leaving the tempering coils before coming in contact with the thermostat.) ' 2. By heating the spray water so as to maintain a temperature or dew point (as the air is then saturated), between 35 and 40 deg. of the air leaving the washer. This method does not necessarily require a tempering coil, it is preferable, however, to use one tempering coil for the purpose of tempering the air should the washer be shut down and prevent freezing of the water when the apparatus is not in operation. More than one tempering coil should never be used except where temperatures may go considerably below zero, then the tempering coils may be turned on, one at 20 deg. fahr. and the second at 0 deg. fahr. The tempering coil may be operated manually or by a thermostat connected with the outside air. The steam supply for water heating should be sufficient to heat and saturate the air from 10 to 35 deg. fahr., when water heating is used in conjunction with a tempering coil. This is to allow for sufficient margin for safety of operation. The steam requirements for this are given later. 3. By regulating the heat supplied either through tempering coils or through the spray water so that the water in the tank shall be kept well above the freezing point. Inasmuch as the wet bulb temperature of the air and the water in the tank are but few degrees apart when the water in the tank is not heated directly, it is a fairly effective and simple control. One permissible variation of this method is to use a thermostat in the air leaving the washer controlling the dry bulb temperatures at this point through regulation of the steam supply to the inside tempering coil. The wet bulb temperature of the air is controlled by means of water leaving the eliminator plates and is held at the desired point by means of adding heat to the spray water. This will control exactly the tempera ture and relative humidity of the leaving air. Two or more tempering coils are required for this method. 4. The fourth method is desirable where recirculation is used and consists in main taining the temperature leaving the washer at about 40 deg. by means of a thermostat located at this point and controlling the admixture of fresh and return air through automatically operated dampers. This effectively prevents over humidification and also danger of freezing and prevents the highest economy in cost in ventilation as no steam is required for either tempering or humidifying except after the air has passed the washer. 246 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 5. The fifth method of automatic control is to reheat the air leaving the air washer to a definite thermostatic controlled temperature and to control the relative humidity of the air by means of a hygrostat which operates either on the tem pering coils to heat the air or to heat the spray water through a water heater. STEAM REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR WASHERS AND FOR HUMIDIFICATION Where the spray water is not heated it is necessary that the wet bulb temperature of the incoming air be above the freezing point otherwise the eliminator plates will coat with ice and stop up even if the dry bulb temperature of the leaving air is above freezing point. It is necessary to heat zero air to 48 deg. in order that the wet bulb temperature may be 35 deg. The temperature of the leaving air may then be expected to be approximately 39 deg. dry bulb and 35 deg. wet bulb with a dew point of 31 deg. The additional heat required due to humidification is that indicated by the temperature drop of 9 deg. or 162 B.t.u. per 100 cu. ft. of air, or 1 b.h.p., for every 3400 cu. ft. of air per min. These are the minimum requirements for humidication above that required for heating the air. The following Table 102 gives the heat required from various outside entering wet bulb temperatures to various dew points tempera tures corresponding to a relative humidity of 70 deg. Table 102. Heat Required from Various Outside Entering Wet Bulb Temperatures to Various Dew Point Temperatures Corre SPONDING TO A RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF 70 DeG. See Mark's Engineers Handbook. Wet Bulb Temperature of Entering Air, Dec. Fahr. -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Relative Humidity, Per Cent at 70 Dec. Fahr. (and Dew Point, Deg. Fahr.) 30% (37.25) 40% (44.5) 50% (50.5) 60% (55.3) 70% (59.6) 80% (63.5) 1194 984 750 510 300 1452 1246 1025 779 496 178 1653 1447 1228 983 700 384 1860 1663 1445 1200 920 603 220 2044 1840 1621 1377 1097 . 783 394 2245 2039 1822 1581 1300 987 619 181 These values are for the total heat required for both heating and humidifying the air. The amount of heat required for humidfying only may be found by subtracting from the values given the heat required to raise the temperature of 1000 cu. ft. of air per min. between the limits specified. The heat required for heating the air is given by the formula H = 1000 hJzJi 55.5 DUST REMOVAL The comparative efficiency of various air cleaning devices, on the basis of dust removal can be determined by means of standardized tests operated at rated capacities and when handling air at a definite standard 247 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 with respect to.quantity and quality of dirt content. The determination of the cleaning efficiency may be made according to some standard method such as that described by A. M. Goodloe, member, A. S. H. & V. E. in the February 1924, Journal. The percentage of dust removal as determined by the method of testing for all commercial air cleaning devices should lie between 80 and 95 per cent and the minimum removal Under such conditions should be specified and guaranteed by the manu facturer. The efficiency of dust removal may be expressed by the following formula: .' _ ^ _ Weight any sample leaving Weight any sample entering In case the resistance method is used in accordance with the AndersonArmspach method of dust determination, the formula will become g _ Time required to give a definite resistance increment with entering sample Time required to give the same increment with leaving sample or, if the same time be used in obtaining both samples, which is preferable then = 1 _ The resistance increment of outgoing sample The resistance increment of ingoing sample RATING OF AIR WASHERS AND FILTERS Air washers and filters are rated as follows: 1.-^--Capacity in cubic feet of air handled per minute. 2. --Resistance in inches of water which the washer or filter offers to the flow of air at its rated capacity. 3.--Percentage of dust removal at its rated capacity. 4.--Percentage of entrained moisture remaining in the air after passing through the washer while operated at its rated capacity. . ' 5.--If considered as a humidifying agent, the humidfying efficiency, or the percentage of reduction in the initial wet bulb depression without external alteration of heating the circulating water. 248. Chapter XXI AIR CONDITIONING AND COOLING THE temperature and humidity of the air that surrounds people has an important bearing on their comfort and general efficiency while in the industrial field hundreds of manufacturing operations are dependent for their success upon the atmospheric conditions maintained. Geo graphical location has a bearing on climatic conditions and an intensive study of temperature and humidity variations in different localities shows that the places having a 56 deg. fahr. wet bulb temperature are favored with best health conditions, the greatest progress in science, art and mechanical development. Scientists have always been seeking a way to produce the same ideal conditions indoors that prevail outside at certain seasons of the year. Many studies have been made, numerous theories have been advanced and discarded. From the latest studies of human comfort (see Chapter XVII) it has been concluded that there is a definite relation between a person's feelings and the degrees of heat, humidity and air motion. Air conditioning as it is practiced today means to obtain predetermined effects upon material or persons within an enclosure by controlling the air purity, temperature, humidity, distribution and movement. The development of effective devices for producing and maintaining the ideal atmospheric conditions desired, has made tremendous strides in the workroom and factory, school, theatre and hotel while but little effort has been made to reproduce these conditions in dwellings. The manufacturer has adopted air conditioning as it has become an exact science and the results are measurable in dollars and cents, in a more perfect product, an increased, production, elimination of waste or some equally important factor. Varying degrees of moisture are required in manufacturing processes and the nature of the product will indicate whether a high or low relative humidity is to be maintained. Heating as well as cooling must be considered in air conditioning work and textile mills, printing plants, bakeries, candy kitchens,, laundries, etc., all present definite problems. For example in spinning rooms 75 deg. fahr. and 65 per cent humidity have been found best for the operations; in match factories 68 deg. dry bulb and 55 deg. wet bulb permit continuous operation and reduce fire hazards; in candy dipping rooms 66 deg. dry bulb and 50 per cent relative humidity give a high quality product. In some cases humidity must be supplied in others dehumidifying is necessary. Air has certain definite properties and obeys certain well known laws, therefore to handle problems in air conditioning the relation between the wet and dry bulb temperature and the dewpoint should be thoroughly understood by the engineer. Briefly, the dewpoint is the temperature at which saturation is'obtained for a given amount of water vapor. With air at the dew point the wet and dry bulb temperatures are the same. If 249 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Fig. 78. Gallons Water Required per Minute 250 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 heat is applied to air saturated at 50 deg. both thermometers will rise, the wet bulb more slowly and the relative humidity will be reduced. At ordinary temperatures the absorption of 1 grain of moisture per cu. ft. reduces the dry bulb temperature deg. The usual way of adding moisture to air in large plants is with the use of an air washer while in homes and offices water pans in furnaces, of devices used in connection with radiators tend to better prevailing indoor conditions. While with air washers the degree of humidity as well as the temperature can be definitely controlled, in the average dwelling little, attention is paicj to these items as contrasted with factories, theatres, schools and other large buildings. USE OF REFRIGERATION IN AIR CONDITIONING* The advantages of one method of cooling air over another and the general factors governing the proportioning and design of air conditioning units are of interest to all whose work may bring them in contact with systems using refrigeration. It is the purpose of this section to give those not familiar with this important branch of air conditioning a better understanding of how refrigeration is applied in this work. The producing of the refrigeration for an air conditioning installation is a problem for the engineer, and is the same as any other refrigerating problem with a varying load. The method of treatment of the air, and its distribution is a separate study involving the entire subject of air conditioning. The remaining problem, then, in connection with the use of refrigera tion in air conditioning is the actual application of refrigeration in a unit or apparatus'for cooling the air. The transfer of heat in air conditioning apparatus is usually accom plished by one of three methods: 1. Passing air through cold water or cold brine sprays 2. Passing air directly over cold coils 3. Combination of the above two methods . COLD SPRAYS VS. COLD COILS A liquid spray which absorbs the heat from the air and transfers it to cooling coils is more frequently used than cooling coils in direct contact with the air, for the following reasons: 1. Fewer coils required, therefore lower first cost, less space and weight 2. Low power for driving compressor 3. Ease of keeping unit clean 4. Ease of controlling effect on air 5. Securing of air cleaning 6. Humidity.control in winter - Section on Cooling with Refrigeration compiled especially for The Guide by N. A. Hollister, New York. N. Y. 251 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Fig. 79. Square Feet Wet Coil Surface 252 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 LESS COIL REQUIRED Water is generally used for spraying when the lowest liquid temperature is not too close to freezing. For lower temperature calcium or brine solutions of varying strengths, according to the requirements, are used. A liquid spray has the following marked advantages: 1. Cheap method of securing an enormous radiating surface for heat transfer from the air 2. Continuous cleaning radiating surface ' 3. Elimination of all frosting of the coils with the accompanying lowering of heat transfer from coil surface . 4. High heat transfer from liquid to coil surface With the comparatively small temperature differences encountered in such work, as 40 deg. water and 55 deg. air, the need of considerable heat absorbing surface is apparent. When water is sprayed the heat transfer must take place on the surface of the drops and the square feet of surface will depend upon how finely the water is divided. Ten gallons of water sprayed and divided into spheres of 0.25 in. diameter gives about 380 sq. ft. of drop surface. If divided into drops of 0.10 in. diameter spheres, the surface increases to about 1000 sq. ft. The water is divided into almost invisible drops and the square feet of radiating surface secured will make a heat transference which would require a large and expensive coil. With water flowing over the cooling coils the rate of heat transfer is many times that secured with air passing over or through the coils even when the coils are dry'and not frosted. With the correct design and proportioning 40, 50, or even 60 B.t.u. per hour per sq. ft. per deg. difference may be obtained in practical commercial units as compared to the 2 B.t.u. or '6 B.t.u. from dry coils to air. The high transmission from water to coil, frosting disadvantages and other factors all combine to necessitate much less water-to-coil surface than coil-to-air surface with an accompanying saving of cost, space, and weight. LOW POWER FOR DRIVING COMPRESSOR . Many air conditioning installations are operated 24 hours per day and on every installation the power used for operation is important. The higher the ammonia temperature, the lower the power used by the compressor. CLEANING UNIT When using the coil-to-air bunker room designs in order to get contact between the coils and air, the coils must be close together, arranged in some staggered form or with deflectors and baffles. Such arrangements make it almost impossible to allow for proper cleaning. ' Dirt collects on the wet surfaces as on the wet eliminator or scrubber plate surfaces in the dehumidifying unit but in the bunker room there is 253 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Fig. 80. Troughs 254 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 no flow of water to clean the surface. Fungus slime frequently collects which, together with rust and dirt and matter carried in by the air, makes cleaning desirable, if not an absolute necessity. With the spray method the flowing water keeps all surfaces cleaner and the draining of the tanks gives a ready means of carrying away all matter collected. CONTROLLING EFFECT ON AIR The control of outgoing air conditions, whether by hand or automatic devices is more rapidly changed in the spraying method than in the coil- to-air method. If an operator is cooling the air with coils covered with frost (and they are practically always covered with frost and ice) and he desires to remove the cooling effect he may shut off the refrigerant but the bunker room will continue to treat the air until the frost and ice are melted which may take quite a while. The alternative method of chang ing the air temperature is to use more space and increase ..the cost by providing a by-pass duct around the bunker room. ' By using a small tank capacity in relation to the volume being pumped it is possible quickly to cool or heat the water and thus have quick effect on the air. Cleaning of Air Where dirt or gases carried by the outdoor air which would harm a product or be undesirable for persons, the coil-to-air bunker room does no cleaning and may even add unsatisfactory bacteria due to the unit not being easily kept clean. The spray unit is in itself an efficient air cleaning apparatus. Humidifying of Air When refrigeration is used in air conditioning work, whether primarily for lowering the dry bulb or for lowering the humidity the resulting moisture in the air is seldom as low as in the outdoor air during our many winter months. For many uses too low a humidity is as undesirable as too high a humidity and many times a constant humidity is desired all year to control yearly manufacturing conditions. The coil-to-air method offers no humidifying whatever while the spray type unit changes from a dehumidifier to a humidifier as soon as the water is not cooled. By air re-circulation or by heating the water or by both, even an excessive humidity may be readily produced by the spray type unit and the humidity controlled all year. Coil and Spray Combined Wi.thout study it might appear that placing the coils in the spray chamber would be the practical solution. It is seldom that this is advisable. . On light duty units, that is, where not much refrigeration is being used in comparison with the air being handled and in some small units coils may be placed in the spray chamber thus doing away with the lower coil chamber, tank, and troughs, but more coil surface and a large spray chamber must be used. 255 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Glide, 1926-27 Fig. 81. Size of Pipes and Number of Pipes High 256 T a b l e 103. C u b ic I n c h e s o f A m m o n ia V a p o r t o b e C ir c u l a t e d t o P r o d u c e O n e T o n o f R e f r i g e r a t i o n i n w e n t y - F o u r H o u r sT AMERICAN SOCIETY Oj HEATING and VENTILATING fcNGINEERS GUIDE, 1926-27 OOQOQO`>QO*OQiOOOOOOOOOOO f'H^Oi'OOO^,'ONOO0000O'O\t'J*!l'fs`00 00O' - - - - -- * - 0OOOOi0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO P*N^5aNOOr^iOOOOOOO*"-HOOO'N^tO`0 --- - - - - - - WQ'OQOQOQOOOOOiOioQOioOiOOO r*fN^N'0*-'#0'0G0O0>0'N5oc*>O0'^ iOO'fOooroooOiNioO"t-HroNOOfOrMOMGn IoO WI--O OiOOO"OOOi* C rO"e--- y-h- *o-* - - . - - -O__'COIv~v_O`OiOr#_,Tj*r0r^SfY0 0QOOOQO0OOO0OO040OO'O0Olo ^iOO^,OsiO*>-OifO*^CNOO^'OCOO'*-''0^H00|0<sl - - 00 00 t-- * o o ^ ^ fO fO 'OiOifl^'fOfON^-HOO lOiOinOO'OlOO^O^vO.OiOOiOQONOOtO'NO-hOOMO'O0OOOOi LO LO Tt* Tj* m GM )t^Oicso>ioo( iOlO^^C*ifOCN^--i O'0>00OfN"#'O'ONOoO*' in O C__________ _ _ _____________ _ -- 5*o^rsioooc^-0'0v^ -. . _ `00>^'0>,fl'NiOCOf,>00noO^OCOi4'0 -- - - - - - - - - - - O' 00 I'- t-- NO 0 ^ ^ r+> C+-) PO tOOOOlO coo flOO- t^N-^.p-ospr^oMesocONO^t-O^*-0-'i'c00^h'(^*pM-'0oo0a^f`O4O^N^'Cf0fOn 8-ii8^531lO.\OC__3_0*_--(_I0__*0r0.'0-O'00f-*r i^'OioincTpfTwf'rjaOifonrNorn JOOOioOOinO'OOOOOOioOOOOOO Tf)3.t.TC^..jON.<.C.mO..N.ff.^nl.^.O(O.NOO(N'^5'-SN-O-Oh-OH^-,O00g\0C^NO'0Nl0Ot`O"-HtOC-- N>fl5T*4t0'Ot^>O*NlOO`0Of--*^)C*(*MN> Oo6' 2H HU O y5 ooooo--oOOoNOo*^oH',^o"lOoOor-t^'POO*O--'OO 'OO O0OofNofO-- MMOOooN't nocooI I I I I I I I I I I I I I I +' r'jr-.r>jt''-cNr-r-- i-- r . r* !> t~- h. (n. fs. r fltOf^t PftOrftNf--t `SOfc^SCfeNCO-^-'O--GOO r-hsin(os tmN ton ^toc' 257 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Unless the resistance of the unit is to be increased the spray chamber must be increased to allow for the space occupied by the coil in the air path. If much refrigeration is being used it will be found that the hori zontal projected area of the coil is considerable. Only a small fraction of the water sprayed hits or comes in contact with the coil surface. Some of the water is therefore not cooled during each cycle and to maintain a certain average water temperature some of the water must be cooled considerably lower. As it is not advisable to operate too close to the freezing point, either brine must be sprayed or a low temperature cannot be carried without submerged coil surface as well as extra coils in the spray chamber. When the sprayed water hits the cooling coil it does not have a ten dency to stick to the coil. The result is that a lower total volume of water will be flowing over the total coil surface and less total cooling will be secured per foot of surface used. If the cost of a larger spray chamber, extra coil surface in the spray chamber, and the submerged coils required and the other factors are favorable, the coils may be used in the upper spray chamber with satis factory results in some installations. For some duties a return bend arrangement may be used passing the air through the upper chamber and then down and back through the lower coil chamber. The coils are covered by a film of running water at a lower temperature than the air and as some air will come in contact with the cold water and other cooled surfaces a limited amount of extra cooling may be secured. There is one important point which is a problem for the refrigerating engineer, but which has sometimes been overlooked. This is the matter of control of the refrigeration. Almost all air conditioning installations, whether with automatic or hand control, give a varying refrigerating load. Systems have been operated using many tons of refrigeration and this load has suddenly been removed owing to changing requirements. Meanwhile'the ammonia compressor may be operating, and freezing'of the system with accompanying damages results if carried far enough. Ammonia, lines in a plant cannot be tapped and valves turned on and off quite as readily as in a steam line. The refrigerating engineer should be fully advised regarding the varying of the air conditioning refrigerating load. With the accompanying charts no one should have difficulty in checking a layout or making preliminary approximate estimates of the part of an air conditioning unit using refrigeration. : It is impossible to give here all the factors governing the use of refrigeration and the allowance to make for different conditions such as coils that are dirty or oily on the inside, coils with poor outside surfaces, the element of time in changing condi tions of air treatment, structural considerations and particularly the action of the water when it is sprayed in the coil chamber in contact with the air. It is not- suggested by the author that those unfamiliar with the details of such work use these charts except as a source of general information as to the factors governing the design of such equipment. Estimates as shown by the dotted lines on the charts are made as follows: 258 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 1. Total heat load--4,0(30 B.t.u. per minute 20 tons refrigeration 2. Design and conditions allow 6 deg. rise in water temperature 3. Average water temperature 44 deg. 4. Average ammonia temperature 10 deg. 5. Difference ammonia and water 34 deg. 6. Gallons handled per ft. of trough lj2 7. Standard unit available allows 8 ft: long troughs Fig. 78 shows that 80 gallons water per minute are required. Fig. 79 shows that 140 square feet of cooling coil surface are required when working at the rate of 50 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree difference. Fig. 80 shows 64 lineal feet trough required. Also shows 8 troughs and coils wide and space required as follows: 6 in. coil centers require space 54 in. wide 8 in. coil centers require space 68 in. wide 10 in. coil centers require space 82 in. wide 12 in. coil centers require space 96 in. wide From Figs. 79 and 80 it was found that 140 sq. ft. of surface and 64 lineal feet of troughs were required. Fig. 81 shows the following: Pipe diameter.......... 1M in. Lineal Feet...... ......... 225 Pipes High................ 5 1J^ in. 283 6 1 in. 404 7 Pipes High have been increased to eliminate fractions and in designing a unit the lineal feet of coil required would have to be increased in pro portion. Allowance must be made for dirty coils, uneven water distri bution, quick control of temperatures and other factors, all of which might double the coil surface shown mathematically by the charts. The heat transfer which may be obtained in the upper chamber and the maximum rise in the water temperature, and therefore the use of Fig.. 78, will vary with each change in nozzle, pump pressure, time element, pounds of water used per pound of air, water to air temperature differences, and other such factors as might be expected, but once the volume of water and the temperature through which it must be cooled are determined, the design of that part of the apparatus using refrigeration will be a comparatively simple problem to those familiar with such work. In this work the problems are many and varied for cooling is used in many industries as well as for the conditioning of air in hotel dining rooms, theater auditoriums and many other rooms where it is desirable to maintain a temperature under that prevailing out of doors. - " With modern refrigerating anc^ dehumidifying apparatus properly designed and applied it is possible to obtain most any percentage of ventilation perfection outlined in Chapter XV. Unless artificial cooling is resorted to it is hardly possible to obtain better than 75 per cent perfection as outlined in Chapters XV and XVI in hot sultry summer 259 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 weather. In hotel, theater, etc., cooling work recirculation will conserve heat in winter and refrigeration in summer. The development of the science of air conditioning has been rapid and the textile industry has derived great benefit from the adoption of adequate systems. Its applications are wide entering somewhere into every process in making of articles used every day, such as clothing candy, meat products, and a host of others. Mass production of uniform quality products has been made possible and has placed manufacturing schedules on a year round basis for many industries. It has also improved conditions of comfort and permitted the operation of theaters and other assembly places every day of the year contributing greatly to the health comfort and wealth of the nation. 9 260 CHAPTER XXII DRYING DRYING is an extraordinarily interesting problem in engineering, and thousands of the products that we use every day go through some sort of drying process during their manufacture. Wood when dried becomes a workable and dependable material, the leather used in our shoes must submit to the drying operation, and the manner of its drying determines its value in the finished product. Clay when dried becomes ceramic ware, flour mixed with water when dried becomes macaroni, wood pulp dried becomes papier and gelatine dried and sensatized becomes photographic film. All textiles require the drying process at sometime during their manufacture. The term drying is often used to cover dehydration, distillation, oxida tion, evaporation or any chemical action due to each of these conditions. Drying in its broader sense is not confined to the removal of moisture, alone, but may refer to the evaporation or removal of substances other than water and to such operations as paint and varnish drying, linoleum manufacture and many other materials which require special treatment with respiect to temperature, relative humidity and rates of moisture removal. ' METHODS OF DRYING In general, drying processes may be divided into three classes: vacuum drying, drying with radiant heat, and drying with air currents. The vacuum method is particularly adapted to material which must be dried quickly at low temperatures and is generally used in the drying of milk, sugar, vegetables and similar products. In drying with radiant heat the temperature of the material being dried is above that of the air surrounding it. The uniform distribution of radiant heat is important in the proper drying of materials, and the radiator used should have relatively large radiating surface and be well distributed in the drying area. About one-third to one-half of the heat given off by the radiating surface passes through the air to the object which is to be dried without materially raising the air temperature, the remaining portion of the heat emitted by the radiator warms the air by convection and produces air currents which assist in the removal of the moisture from the material being dried. Drying with' currents of air or air processing as this method is usually termed, depends for its success upon the proper circulation in the drying chamber so that it will come into direct contact with the substance to be dried. In ordinary work air temperatures carried are from 70-200 deg. fahr. with a relative humidity of 90-50 per cent. When tempera tures exceed 200 deg. the process is referred to as high temperature 261 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 drying. Low temperature dryers are heated either by steam or hot water directly or indirectly and the temperatures are below the boiling point. In high temperature dryers the range is above the boiling point and the heat is maintained directly or indirectly by electricity or heated oil, direct introduction of flue gases, by high pressure steam or special air heaters. Dryers are usually termed intermittent or continuous, depending on whether they are charged for the complete drying period of whether the material to be dried is continuously admitted and removed. As compartment dryers consist of an enclosure to direct the air move ment and control the heat, the current of heated air flowing through the drying cabinet is under accurate and uniform control of temperature and humidity. The selection of the compartment or continuous type of dryer depends upon the most practical method of handling the material rather than upon the drying process. The use of the continuous dryer is customary whenever the drying period is less than 6 hours or where the continuous drying process is required for 24 hours at a time. The efficient operation of the continuous dryer requires that it function at full capacity. The continuous dryer will be found in a variety of forms those prin cipally used being the tunnel, drum, rotary and spray types. In a tunnel dryer the product being kept in trays or loaded on cars moves along by gravity or by means of an endless belt conveyor and the air usually moves in the opposite direction from the material in order to get the maximum drying efficiency. Drum dryers are used for liquids or solids such as paper, cloth and materials that will pass over the drum in a continuous sheet. . . A rotary type of dryer consists of. revolving drums through which material and air intermingle, the drum being inclined to facilitate the movement of the material and is generally used where the product to be dried is in a moist or semi-moist condition. Spray drying consists of sending a fine solution of the material into a current of warm air and is limited to products which can be handled in liquid form. The relative advantages of the different types of dryers are dependent on the nature of the material, the space available and the capacity of the apparatus. . The variety of the products to be dried include many of animal or vegetable origin and many possess exceptional hydroscopic or absorptive properties. When they are of colloidal nature, successful processing is more difficult. Frequently it is necessary to expose the material to a series of different conditions beginning with a minimum temperature and maximum humidity, the temperature being increased and the relative humidity decreased as the work progresses. Where material contains both free and hydroscopic moisture, humidity conditions must be care fully adjusted so that during the period when the free moisture is being removed case hardening or surface drying does not occur. The air circulation is another important factor and the velocity which is used should be high enough to constantly remove the heavy film of saturated air which surrounds the material as soon as it begins to dry. The temperature in which a product is to be dried should be as high as can be used without injury to the material. The accompanying tabulation will give the conditions that are usually found satisfactory. 262 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Material Temp. Deg. F. Apples. ................................ ......... 140-180 Cocoanut............. .......... ...... ..................175-200 Sugar......................................... ......... 150-200 Coffee.................................:...... ......... 160-180 Mixed Stock Feed.............. .. ......... 220 Starch.....................................-- ......... 180-200 Glue........................................... ......... 70-90 Thin Leather Hides.......-..... ......... 90 Thick Sole Leather............... ......... 90 Shade Cloth............................ ......... 240 . Rubber.......... ...... .................... ......... 80-90 Soap..................................... ......... 100 Wall Board.............................. ......... 200-250 Gypsum Board...................... ...... 180-280 Time 6 hours 4-6 hours 20-30 minutes 24-hours 20-30 minutes 12 hours ' 2-4 days 2-3 days 4 6 days 1-2 minutes 1-2 weeks 2 days 12-24 hours 24r-48 hours In any system where there are no critical temperatures the permissible maximum working temperature is that above which the actual gain in speed or output due to the increase temperature is less in proportion than the increase speed of operation due to the increased temperature. In the case of some fruits and vegetables a relatively low temperature and high velocity is better than too high temperature, but, a too low temperature and too long drying period result in a tough product. The evolution of the compartment and tunnel dryer design is very interesting and inumerable means have been used to secure the proper heating effect, air distribution and moisture removal. In dryer design it should be noted that there are three important objectives to be attained: to secure an adequate supply of air so distributed that it circulates evenly over the radiators and trays; to secure a rapid air movement so that moisture is absorbed from the material to be dried, and to effectively remove the moisture from the saturated air. The quantity of air that should be supplied by the fan and the number of air changes in the drying compartment will vary with the type of instal lation and is affected by the rate at which moisture is given up by the material to be dried. . The theoretical amount of moisture which the air will remove is directly proportional to the difference between the wet-bulb and drybulb temperature of the entering air, while the actual amount absorbed by a given quantity of air is measured by the drop in dry-bulb tempera ture between the air entering and leaving the dryer, less a slight cor rection for radiation. For the same reason the higher the temperature of the entering air (for a given initial moisture content) the greater will be the amount of moisture removed per given quantity of air and the greater the economy of the dryer. The temperature of the air will drop approximately deg. for each grain of moisture absorbed per cu. ft. of air measured at 70 deg., or 0.64 of a deg. for each grain of moisture absorbed per pound of air. Approximate calculations may be based on air volume, but for eaxct determinations the weight of air handled should be used, on account of it being a fixed quantity at all temperatures. Knowing the rate of drying desired and the amount of moisture to be removed, it is a simple matter to determine the quantity of air required. It is generally found that about 2 lb. of steam are required to evaporate 263 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 1 lb. of water, under the most favorable conditions, while the more usual figure for steam consumption is lb. of steam to 1 lb. of water evaporated. The principal losses in air drying are radiation and escape of unsaturated air, either through the usual vent ducts or by leakage through the kiln walls. ' ' Practically every problem in air processing and drying presents its individual considerations which affect the over-all efficiency of the final installation. The peculiarities of the material to be dried, the allowable temperature and humidities, the most efficient means of handling the material, the speed with which the process must be effected, and the mechanical or physical limitations imposed by the plant conditions themselves are all factors which must be carefully considered in the design of air processing and drying equipment. It is customary for engineers who specialize in the design of such equipment to treat each problem individually and develop the most efficient for the specific requirements of the client. REFERENCES The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Transactions, Vol. 22, p. 479; Commercial Drying Apparatus, L. P. Dwyer, Vol. 23, p. 255; Drying by Evaporation, F. R. Still, p. 265; Drying in Industrial Plants, J. O. Ross, p. 339, 511, 529, 537, 545; Food Drying, Vol. 24, p. 7; High Temperature Drying, Burt S. Harrison, p. 25; The Temperature of Evaporation, W. H. Carrier, p. 352; Bibliograph on Food Drying and Dryers, Vol. 26, p. 551; Commercial Dehydration, J. E'. Whiteley, Vol. 27, p. 251; Drying as an Air Conditioning Problem, A. W. Lissauer, Journal, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, October, 1921, p. 715; A Chronological Survey of Drying and Dryers, J. E. Bolling. 264 Chapter XXIII OZONE IN VENTILATION OZONE is a normal constituent of pure, natural air and its quantity varies with the topography of the country, particularly with regard to the altitude, the presence of bodies of water, and certain plant life. Ozone is produced, photo-chemically, by ultra-violet light of short wavelength (120-180 pp.), while light of greater amplitude (300-330 pp) exerts a decomposing effect. At high altitudes, where short wave radia tions are more intense, ozone naturally occurs in greater quantities. It is continuously under the destructive effect of longer waves, however, but a dynamic equilibrium is finally reached between the rate of formation and the rate of decay, which shifts with the altitude. Since light of longer wave length penetrates closer to the earth than does that of shorter amplitude, the equilibrium becomes favorable to ozone directly as the altitude. In summing up the evidence at hand it may be concluded that ozone, while mostly absent from city air, is normally present in pure country air, but in amounts that are difficult to estimate accurately. In nature the air is continuoulsy under ionizing influences, and the enclosing of air, as in buildings, excludes these influences, in addition to destroying the original ionization of the air. Ionization is involved in chemical activity. The process of ozonizing, in addition to supplying ozone, ordinarily, absent from city air, further provides considerable ionized oxygen, producing a fresh, chemically active air, comparable with fresh, pure air of nature. Physical Properties Density--Observed Values; 1.657 (Otto, Direct weight method). 1.717 (Soret, by diffusion), Calculated Value; 1.66 ' ' The foregoing values refer to air as unity. Its rate of diffusion, with respect to oxygen is 0.75. . Heat of Formation--The production of ozone is an endothermic reaction, the heat of formation being 34,000 calories per gram molecule (Jahn, Zeit. Anorg. Chem. 68, 250; 1910). Boiling Point, --112 deg. cent. (International Critical Tables, 1926). At a temperature of 270 deg. Cent. (518 deg. fahr.). Ozone is instantly decomposed. Odor--Strong, penetrating and characteristic. Perceptible to the sense of smell in concentrations above 0.01 p.p.m. by volume (Hill & Aeberly, Heating and Ventilating Magazine, December, 1921). ' . Olfacty (minimum perceptible concentration expressed in molecules per c.c.) 2.705 X 10" at 0 deg. cent, and 760. - Solubility--Soluble in water and dilute acids, quite soluble in carbon tetrachloride and many vegetable oils. Its solubility in water, like all gases, is dependent upon the temperature and partial pressure. Nernst (Festschrift, 391; 1912) gives the solubility coefficient for water, at Compiled especially for The Guide by Frank E. Hartman, Chicago, III. ' 265 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 0 deg. cent, and 760 m.m. Hg., as 0.494; or about ten times as great as oxygen. However, high concentrations of ozone, in solution, in water, are not easily obtained in practice, due to the low concentrations at which ozone is available commercially. Of the two factors, temperature appears to have the greatest bearing, as evinced by the following tabulation wherein the experiments are listed in order of decreasing pressure, with only small variations in temperature. The experiments listed here are typical of many hundred of the kind, made by the author. Experiment No. 19 82 . 22 151 4 10 Gage Pressure Above an . Atmosphere mm Hg 300 240 300 150 500 500 Partial Pressure op 0 5.83 5.75 5.72 4.87 3.19 3.19 Temperature Deg. Cent. Solution of O3 in H2O ppm bt- Weight Concentration mgs. 03 PER Litre of Air 21.5 17.5 20.5 17.7 21.5 18.9 1.7 3.0 1.5. 1.98 1.0 1.7 . 11.0 11.5 10.8 10.7 4.7 4.7 Chemical Properties Ozone is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. It is capable of oxidizing all of the elements, with the exception of gold and some of the metals of the platinum group. . In the dry state its activity towards metals is not so marked, and in very low concentrations, such as used in ventilation, it may be considered as being practically inert towards the common metals. It exerts a depolymerising action on the rubber molecule, its destructive effect being quite characteristic even at comparatively low concentrations (ca. 3 to 4 ppm). However, unless the rubber is under stress, fairly high concentrations (ca. 50 to 100 ppm), fail to effect it appreciably. The low concentrations used in ventilation have no noticeable effect on ordinary rubber goods. Iodine is liberated from potassium iodide by ozone. Many of the low oxidation salts (ous salts) are carried to a higher degree of oxidation (ic . salts) by ozone. ' Generally, ozone reacts to liberate molecular oxygen, only the third atom entering into combination. This may be expressed by the equation; M + 03 = MO + 0,.................-....................................... (a) which is typical of the inorganic reactions of ozone. In many cases, however, ozone reacts as follows: M + 03 = M03.r.................... -............... :....................(b) This reaction is examplified in the oxidation of sulphur dioxide: . " ' 350, + 03 = 3S03 Reaction (b) is more typical of the organic, than the inorganic, reactions of ozone, as illustrated by the oxidation of urea: ' CO(Nff,), + 03 = Ns + COs + 211:0................:...................... ...(c) In the oxidation of odoriferous substances, commonly met with in ventilation, such as skatole, indole, amine compounds, and the like, 266 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 reaction (c) may be said to hold throughout. Where an amino group is present, molecular nitrogen will be produced, in addition to the carbon dioxide and water produced from hydrocarbons. Germicidal Properties Ozone compared with other gaseous germicides, generally used for fumigation, rightfully holds first place, as is revealed by the following table: Agent Ozone......... ...... Formaldehyde....................................................... Sulphur Dioxide--...................... Per cent necessary in moisted air to be germicidal 0.1 1.0 4.5 . One-tenth percent by weight, of ozone in air is equivalent to approxi mately 560 parts per million. Such a concentration of ozone could never be used in ventilating work. Rideal (Ozone, D. Van Nostrand) cites 0.05 per cent concentrationas germicidal in air. Hill and Aeberly . (Heating & Ventilating Mazagine, February, 1922), report noticeable bacteriacidal effects in concentrations ranging from 300 to 450 ppm by volume. Ozone, even in respirable concentrations, is effective in in hibiting the development of fungi in cold storage; however, its action is inhibatory and not destructive. Deodorizing T. Graham has pointed out that odoriferous substances are susceptible to oxidation. It is further known that most odoriferous substances contain unsaturated valencies, which render them particularly suscep tible to attack by ozone. ,. The so-called odors of animal effluvia, frequently encountered in crowded places, and where a large percentage of the air is re-circulated, consists of low oxidation gases, and whilst present only in vanishingly small quantities, are highly odoriferous. These gases are completely and rapidly oxidized to odorless and innocuous products by ozone. Hydrogen sulphide is thrown off in small quantities by man, and is frequently present in the air in relatively large quantities, as the result of many industrial operations. Ozone oxidizes hydrogen sulphide very rapidly; under some conditions to sulphuric acid and under other con ditions to free sulphur and water. . Products of putrefaction, such as trimethylamine, indole, skatole, the mercaptans, etc., are readily oxidized by ozone; as are the odors arising from foods, especially during cooking. Many of the odors resulting from the combustion of organic matter are destroyed. Sulphurous gases produced by the combustion of coal are completely oxidized, whilst many of the unsaturated gases resulting from the incomplete combustion of natural gases, oil and spirit fuels, are deodorized by ozone. Carbon monoxide is but slowly oxidized to the dioxide, the reaction being accelerated by the presence of a catalyst and also at elevated temperatures. However, the molecular concentrations of ozone must be comparable, and preferably in excess of, that of the CO, in order to obtain reaction velocities of sufficient value for practical purposes. 267 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 In garages and testing rooms the air is frequently contaminated with gasoline vapors and unsaturated gases, resulting from incomplete com bustion, which cause headaches and feelings of lassitude. Ozone is valuable in oxidizing these gases and freeing the air from odor. However, CO must always be taken into consideration. It is an odorless and "very insidious poison, since the victim has no warning of his condition until coma is induced. Four parts of CO pier ten thousand of air is the maximum concentration which may be continuously respired without noticeable effect. (Henderson, Yandell, et al--Journal. Ind. Hyg. Vol. 3, 1921). Carbon monoxide has been frequently found present in quantities much greater than four parts pier ten thousand in the atmosphere of garages and the like, and so far, adequate ventilation is the only remedy known. It is obvious that, chemically, ozone has nothing to offer for carbon monoxide correction, since the reaction is, at best, slow in the absence of a catalyst, and a molecular concentratiort of ozone comparable with a lethal concentration of CO, would produce quite as much physical distress as the carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is the index of good garage ventilation; this factor may be favorable and still an odoriferous condition, causing minor distress, may attain. Here ozone is of value, but is must be used with judgment, and does not permit of a curtailment of any of the ordinary CO precautions. Ozone and ionized air may possibly have some physiological effect on the haemoglobin, which may cause a shift, in selectivity, in favor of oxygen, but to date knowledge on this subject is not available. The Production of Ozone The air actually passed through an ozone generator should be free from water vapior, dust and gases normally foreign to the atmosphere. Rideal (Ozone, D. Van Nostrand) states that a RH of 25 per cent, at a dry bulb tempierature of 20 deg. Cent., limits the yield of ozone 60 to 70 pier cent of that which would be produced with dry air, other conditions being equal. The vapior content of air to be ozonized should not exceed 0.1 grains per cubic foot, for the best results. The presence of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, chlorine, etc., appreciably reduces the efficiency of an ozonizer. Ammonia gas, should it be admitted to the ozone generator in appreciable quantities, may cause an explosion. The presence of dust favors the passage of sparks, which cause thermal decomposition of the ozone, and adds to the formation of oxides of nitrogen. Ozone generators are now generally supplied with an air filter. Sparking and ``creeping discharges," which frequently form at the edges of the electrodes, should be prevented by the propier design of the electrode members. . The rate of decomposition of ozone is greatly accelerated at high tempieratures, therefore, ozonizers should be operated with a minimum tempierature rise. At room temperatures the rate of decomposition is . negligible. Due to the catalytic effects on the decomposition of ozone, inherent in commercial ozonizers, there is a decided limiting concentration at which ozone may be produced. As a rough approximation, it may be stated 268 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 that the rate of decomposition is proportional to the concentration of ozone. Thus, the energy necessary to produce high concentrations is much greater than that required to produce the same weight of ozone in a more dilute state. The rate of air flow, to energy input, determines the concentration; therefore, air flow is a very important factor in ozonizer design. However, it must be pointed out that the yield does not increase indefinitely, with increasing air flow; and since the power required to dry the air is considerable, in relation to the power required to produce the quantities of ozone used in ventilation, it becomes necessary to strike a . compromise between these two costs, in order to obtain the lowest gross cost of production. Hill and Aeberly (Heating & Ventilating Magazine, December, 1921) have published graphs showing the relation between yield of ozone and air flow, while Hartman (Ice & Refrigeration. November and December, 1924) has given a detailed analysis of this factor, in the terms of dollars and cents. Analysis of Ozone-Air Mixtures . ' . Ozone, in air, is best determined quantitatively by iodimetric titration. Of the numerous methods, for the quantitative determination of ozone, that have been advanced from time to time, none combine as high an order of accuracy with simplicity of technique, as does this standard method, the technique of which is familiar to all chemists or may be found in any text book of volumetric analysis. A few precautions, not ordinarily described in standard text books, should be observed when applying this method to ozone determinations, see Hartman, F. E., Analysis of OzoneAir Mixtures, Aerologist, August, 1926. As the out-put of an ozonizer can be very closely controlled by the manufacturer, it is recommended that the out-put be checked, when desired, by an analysis of the ozonized air coming directly from the ozonizer, thus eliminating the errors inherent in fan deliveries, leakage, etc., which may be addative, and of sufficient magnitude to give quite an erroneous idea of the performance of the ozonizer. It is frequently desirable; to determine the concentration of ozone actually produced in the spaces for which the ventilation is intended. Such concentrations are generally of the order of 0.01 ppm minimum, to about 0.5 ppm maximum, and are without the range of accuracy of the standard iodimetric method. A fairly accurate, and comparatively simple, method for determination of concentrations of this order has been devised by Yant, Jones & Houghten, which is described in detail in the Transactions, A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 29, p. 331 et seq., 1923. Periodical checks of the actual out-put of the ozonizer, together with a check of the concentration established in the ventilated spaces should be fruitful of exceedingly interesting and suggestive data. Determining Proper Concentration The concentration of ozone in the air of ventilated spaces, should not be allowed to rise appreciably above 0.01 ppm. . However, this does not mean that this.is the proper concentration to introduce. The quantity of ozone necessary' to maintain this concentration will depend upon what has been aptly termed ``respiratory load," or cubic feet of air, per person, 269 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 per unit of time; together with a consideration of such odoriferous operations as may exist in the ventilated spaces, and the purity of the source of air supply. Thus air drawn from near the level of the city streets will require more ozone to maintain the proper concentration, than will air drawn from purer sources. This applies equally to air drawn from the vicinity of stock yards and the like. Likewise restaurants, smoking rooms, dance halls and theatres will require a greater quantity of ozone than will schools, offices, etc. Depart ment stores, particularly the basements, due to odors arising from fabrics and other wares, require special consideration. There is also what may be called the "building co-efficient," which includes the length of the duct system, the heigths of the ceilings, and the condition of the venti lating system, whether old and dusty or new and clean, together with the rate of air change, and whether humidity control is .provided or not. In industrial ventilation, where specific contaminants are to be con tended with, a knowledge of the concentration and character of the contaminating substances is essential for best results. Ozone is not a cure-all for industrial odors in general, for instance, allyl alcohol vapors, which possess an annoying odor, when subjected to action with ozone, produce the aldehyde acrolein, which is exceedingly irritating, even in very small concentrations. Here harm rather than good will be done. It is best to submit problems of this character to engineers experienced in the use of ozone for definite recommendations. It has been recommended (Hill & Aeberly, Heating & Ventilating Magazine, March, 1922) that sufficient ozone capacity be provided to permit of building up comparatively high concentrations when the building is not occupied. In schools, for example, the ozone equipment should be operated at a capacity to give perhaps 0.01 ppm of ozone when the building is occupied, and after the pupils have left the building, the full capacity of the machine should be used, closing all openings, recircu lating the entire amount of air, and building up a sufficient concentration to exert the maximum deodorizing effect throughout the building, the duct work and mechanical equipment. For general ventilation, under average conditions (85 per cent ventila tion), the ozonizer should be of sufficient capacity to provide a concen tration of 0.05 ppm of ozone in the fan volume. For 100 per cent ventilat ing systems a lesser quantity can be made to suffice. A generalization cannot be made broad enough to cover the many special conditions, particularly problems of specific deodorization. Determining Required Capacity Having chosen the maximum required concentration of ozone, for the purpose in hand, it becomes necessary to calculate the capacity of the ozonizer. There seems to be no agreement, among makers of ozone equipment, regarding the unit of rating for ventilating ozonizers. There are three methods in common use, as follows: Parts per Million: wherein the ozonizer is rated in parts per million (generally by volume) in some specific air volume. At first this may seem a very desirable method for rating ozonizers, as it is simply necessary to state the ppm of ozone, required for the specific CFM of air. Ozonizers so rated, have their ozone meter calibrated in ppm for the specified CFM, and should the fan volume be varied, the meter is liable to become 270 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 misleading, as the original CFM may not always be considered when reading it. Con- . sideration of the original CFM, and proportioning to any new CFM, is essential with an ozonier so rated, if accurate knowledge of the concentration employed at any other CFM is desired. Ozone is generally applied on the basis of ppm by volume, and as there is no existing agreement concerning a standard temperature and pressure at which the ozonizer should be calibrated, this method of rating leaves the actual capacity of the unit open to question, unless the temperature and pressure employed for calibrating is stated. Since weight is unaffected by temperature and pressure, and as ozone is determined chemically, directly in the terms of weight, weight forms a better basis for the rating of ozonizers, and eliminates a number of qualifying factors, together with tedious calculations in ozonizer design. Milligrams per Minute: Ozonizers so rated have their ozone meter calibrated directly in the terms of milligrams per minute, and leave no questions concerning the actual capacity of the unit. Errors of omission are further circumvented, by forcing a con sideration of all factors, when determining the concentration of ozone in the air of the ventilating system. The expression ppm, generally means parts per million by volume at room temperature and average barometric pressure, when referred to ozone in ventilation. One litre of ozone at 25 deg. Cent, and 740 mm Hg, weighs 1.9127 grams. Taking these conditions as a basis, the weight of 1 cc. of ozone may be taken as 2 milligrams, yielding a very convenient figure for use, easily remembered, and sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes. The metric system is best employed here, for convenience of analysis and ' calculations of design, with final conversion into English units for purpose of application. It is on this basis that the following formulae have been derived: Formulae for Application: CFM = Fan Capacity, cubic feet per minute of air. mpm = Milligrams of ozone per minute. ppm = Parts of ozone per million parts of air, by volume, at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm. Hg. 28,320 = cc per cubic foot. " 2 = weight of 1 cc of 03 at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm. Hg. Given: CFM and ppm; Find: mpm . CFM10PPm X 28,320 X 2 = mpm which reduces to: CFM X ppm v, _c a. -------- X 56.64 = mpm......................-............... --..... (1) Given: mpm and ppm; Find: CFM mpm X 103 ^ -J-- = CFM 56.64 X ppm (2) Given: mpm and CFM; Find: ppm mpm 103 56.64 X CFM ppm. (3) Ventilating Unit--The Ventilating Unit (VU) has been created by the author, for the purpose of simplifying the calculations for applying ozone to ventilating systems. It is a compound unit, taking into consideration quantity and time. It is analagous to the horsepower, wherein 33,000 pounds are lifted one foot in one minute. It represents that quantity of ozone necessary to produce a concentration of 0.1 ppm in 1,000 CFM, at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm Hg. 1 VU = 5.7 milligram of 03 per minute 340 milligrams of 03 per hour " The formulae for its application are very simple: Given CFM and ppm; Find VU CFM 100 X ppm = VU. (4) 271 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 . which reduces to pointing off two places in the GFM and multiplying by the ppm. Given: VU and CFM; Find: ppm ~CpkfU X .1,000 = ppm.................................................... (5) which reduces to pointing off three places in the CFM, one place in the VU, and dividing the former into the latter. Given: VU and ppm; Find: CFM 1,000 ppm X 10 VU = CFM (6) As the VU represents a definite weight of ozone, in a definite period of time, ozonizers so rated leave no question as to their actual capacity. The decimal character of the unit admits of much facility in calculations. WATER PURIFICATION Ozone finds a very important application in the purification of water. Operating costs rarely exceed an energy expenditure of 500 watt hours per thousand gallons. Ozone successfully eliminates odors and tastes of organic origin, particularly the tastes and odors due to excessive chlorination, and the presence of chlorinated phenols and tarry substances. Organic colors are bleached, and the effluent of a properly designed ozonizer is practically sterile. ' The essentials of a good water ozcoizer are, an adequate and constant supply of ozone, in sufficiently high concentrations to effect high solubility at normal temperatures, adequate mixing of the ozonized air and water, under conditions which produce maximum diffusion and absorption, and over a sufficient period of time to effect sterilization. The control should provide under and over voltage release, together with a release for waterpressures too low to efficiently operate the mixing device. INDUSTRIAL USES Ozone finds a number of applications as an oxidizing agent, in industrial operations, many of which are of little interest in ventilation. However, ozone may be used to accelerate the drying of paints and varnishes, the "oxidation" of drying oils, and many other drying operations involving oxidation. Such problems are generally specific, and it is advisable to consult the manufacturers of ozone equipment concerning them. * COLD STORAGE Ozone is of value in cold storage for the prevention of mould develop- . ment, deodorizing of storage spaces, after removal of odoriferous products, to prepare for other commodities. The preservation of flavor, particularly in eggs, and the general freshening and vitalizing of the air, the advantage of which is reflected by the superior condition of products stored in "fresh" air over those stored in "dead" air. 272 Chapter XXIV DUST, EXHAUST AND COLLECTING SYSTEMS PNEUMATIC exhaust and collecting systems may be classified in various ways. They may be classified by the economic purpose to be accomplished by the industries served, or by the type of system used. Classifying exhaust systems by industries served, they fall in sub divisions such as, metal working, woodworking, leather and shoe manu facturing, rubber industry, flint grinding, pottery works, pulverizing works, celluloid manufacturing, printing establishments, felt hatting and fur manufacturing, textile mills, grain and cereal industry, etc. . TYPES OF SYSTEMS The type of exhaust system to be used is determined by the industry served, kind of material handled, and the work to be accomplished. There are two general arrangements; the central and the group systems. In the central system a single or double fan is located near the center of the shop with a piping system radiating to the various machines to be served. In the group system, which is sometimes employed where the machines to be served are widely scattered, small individual exhaust fans are located at the center of the machine groups. . The group arrangement has the advantage of flexibility. It is, however, more difficult to balance than the central, and also the large number of small diameter trunk lines required show a much higher friction loss per foot of length than with the central system where one large main pipe serves a considerable number of machines: Exhaust systems are also characterized by the means employed to collect the dust or other material handled. The dust or refuse may be collected and controlled by enclosing hoods, open hoods, inward air leakage or general room exhaustion. . With some classes of machinery it is not feasible to closely hood the machines and in these cases open hoods over or adjacent to the machines are provided to collect as much of dust and fumes arising as possible. In this class come such machines as rubber mills, package filling ma chinery, sand blast, crushers, forges, pickling tanks, melting furnaces, and the unloading points of various types of conveyors. The open hoods should be placed as close to the source of dust or fumes as possible with due regard to the movements of the operator. When the hood has to be placed at some distance above the machine it should be large enough to encompass an area of considerable extent as diffusion is usually quite rapid. .--- Material for this section originally prepared for The Guide by H. M. Nichols, revised by R. E. Shaw, Boston, Mass. . ' 273 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Consideration must also be given to the natural movement of the fumes. For those that are lighter than air the hood should be over or above the machine and where a heavy vapor or dust-laden air at ordinary temperature is to be removed, horizontal or floor connections are re quired. If it is attempted to remdve heavy dust such as lead oxides by an overhead hood the conditions may be worse than if no exhaust were used at all, owing to the rising air current carrying the dust up through the breathing zones. The principle to keep in mind in all cases is to take advantage of the natural tendency of the material to move upward or downward. In another class of operation the main object is to prevent the escape of dust into the surrounding atmosphere, the removal of some dust from the machine or enclosure being merely incidental. The dust creating apparatus is enclosed within a housing which is made as tight as prac ticable, and sufficient suction is applied to the enclosure to maintain an inward air leakage, thus preventing escape of the dust. While the ex haust system is only required to handle the air which leaks in through the crevices and openings in the enclosure, yet in many installations leakages are very high and great care is required to obtain satisfactory results with a system of this kind. The inward leakage principle is utilized for controlling dust in the operating of tumbling barrels, grinding, screen ing, elevating and similar processes. Certain dust and fume producing operations are best carried on by isolating the process in a separate compartment or room and then apply ing general ventilation to this space. The compartment or room in which the work is performed should be as small as is consistent with convenience in handling the work. The ventilating system should be designed so that a strong current of clean air is drawn across the operator, and away from him toward the work, where the dust is picked up and carried from the room. IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS OF AN EFFI CIENT EXHAUST AND COLLECTING SYSTEM . It is impracticable to enumerate all of the requirements for an efficient exhaust and collecting system, however, among the more important there are the following: ' 1. Fans, collectors, hoods, and ducts should be of adequate size. 2. Air volume and velocities should be adequate for the work to be accomplished. 3. The exhaust hoods should not interfere with the operation of the machine or access to its working parts. 4. The system should not increase the fire hazard. 5. The system should not increase the dust explosion hazard. 6. Where power is expensive, should do the required work with a minimum power consumption. . . 7. In cold climates, should not remove any more air than necessary from the building. 8. Where power is comparatively cheap, first cost should be low, even if the power required to operate is slightly higher. 274 ', American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 In designing an exhaust system certain quantities must be chosen arbitrarily by the engineer, and the success of the installation depends to a large degree upon his experience and the skill with which he chooses these arbitrary quantities. It is quite possible for an inexperienced de signer to lay out a system which may figure out theoretically correct, but the general results may be unsatisfactory. The first step in designing systems employing hoods to trap the material is to determine the number and size of the connections for each individual machine. At this point the designer's past experience is of great value, as, while it is possible to set certain general standards, yet in actual practice the sizes are considerably affected by the local conditions which the layout man finds in the field, and he bases the pipe sizes and hoods on his judgment, being guided by his experience and the general practice. The size of hoods and connections are determined by the size and type of machines or apparatus to be handled by the exhaust system, by the kind of material worked, by the duty of the machines and other local conditions. It is impracticable to lay down any general rules for de termining size connections for the various types of machines and Tables 104 to 106, giving sizes as used in some of the common industries are only intended to serve as a general guide. Under certain favorable conditions smaller connections may be supplied. - Open bottom exhaust hoods of the canopy type, where it is impractical to enclose completely the point of origin of the dust or fumes, should extend over the machine or operation at least 6 in. in every direction ifthe hood is not elevated more than 2 ft. For each additional 2 ft. of elevation, the size of the hood should be increased 6 in. in all directions. It is desirable to make the area of the connecting pipe not less than rG of the total hood area. . In systems employing inward air leakages the area of connections must be proportional to total leakage area in the enclosing housing. Tumbling barrels have connections ranging from 4 to 8 in., bucket con veyors 6 to 12 in., and screening machines 6 to 10 in. In general room exhaust large connections should be provided so that the air may be handled at low velocity and with a minimum power con sumption. After having determined on the proportions of the exhaust system as regards hoods and connections it is then necessary to choose the air velo city or suction at the hood connections, suction at the hood connections being a measure-of the air velocity at that point. . AIR VELOCITY The air velocity required is dependent upon the specific gravity of the material, the fineness of the particles, and their physical characteristics. Certain materials such as grease wools, silk waste, salt, and other hydro scopic substances are difficult to handle due to the tendency to deposit in the conveyor pipes. While the velocity in the system should be sufficiently high to insure the removal of the material it should be kept as low as practicable since any higher velocity requires the use of unnecessary power. With a fixed system or orifice the power increases as the cube of the increase in velocity. 275 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 104. Size of Connections for Wood-Working Machinery Type of Machine Circular Saws, 12-in. diam... ................................................... Circular Saws, 12-24-in. diam................................................. Circular Saws, 24-40-in. diam................................................. Band Saws, Blade under 2 in. wide...................................... Band Saws, Blade 2-3 in. wide--............................................ Band Saws, Blade 3-4 in. wide.... .......................................... . Band Saws, Blade 4-5 in. wide--............................................. Band Saws, Blade 5-6 in. wide.... ....... ................................... Small Mortisers._........................................................................ . Single End Tenoners.................................................................. Double End Tenoners.... .......................................................... Double End, Double Head Tenoners.................................... Planers, Matchers, Moulders, Stickers, Jointers, etc.-- With Knives, 6-10 in........ ........ ;.................................... With Knives, 10-20 in......... ............................................. With Knives, 20-30 in....... ............................................... Shapers, Light Work.................................................................. Shapers, Heavy Work................................................................ Belt Sander, Belt less than 6 in. wide--............................... Belt Sander, Belt 6-10 in. wide........ .................................... Belt Sander, Belt 10-14 in. wide........ .................................... Drum Sander, 24 in....... ............................................................. Drum Sander, 30 in....... ............................................................. Drum Sander, 36 in........ ............................................................ Drum Sander, 48 in......... ......................:................................... Drum Sander, over 48 in........................................................... Disc Sander, 24 in. diam........................................................... Disc Sander, 26-36 in. diam....... ............................................. Disc Sander, 36-48 in. diam..... ................................................ Arm Sander........................................ ........................................... Diameter of Connections in Inches 4 5 6 4 5 6 7 8 6 6 7 10 5-6 6-8 6-10 4-5 8 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 10 5 6 7 4 105.Table Size of Connections for Grinding and Buffing Wheels Diameter op Wheels Grinding-- 6. in. or less, not over 1 in. thick................................. 7 in. to 9 in., inclusive, not over 1^ in. thick...... 10 in. to 16 in., u " u 2 in. u ...... 17 in. to 19 in., " u " 3 in. " ...... 20 in. to 24 in., u tt " 4 in. a ...... 25 in. to 30 in., a u a 5 in. " ...... Buffing-- 6 in. or less, not over 1 in. thick................................. 7 in. to 12 in., inclusive, not over in. thick...... 13 in. to 16 in., u " " 2 in. " .... 17 in. to 20 in., " " " 3 in. " ...... 21 in. to 27 in., " " " 4 in. " ...... 27 in. to 33 in., " " " 5 in. " .... Max. - Grinding Surface SQ. In. Min. Diam. op Branch Pipes in . - Inches 19 3 43 3'A 101 4 180 4M 302 5 472 . 6 19 3A 57 4 101 4H 189 5 338 ' 6 518 7 276 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide. 1926-27 Table 106. Suctions Required at Hoods For Connections of Usual Proportions . Work Static Suction in In. of Water 1-2 1-2 1-2 2-4 2-3 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-4 2-3 1-3 1-2 3*-5 Velocities commonly employed are: 2,500 to 3,000 ft. per min. for light dusts, cotton, shavings and sawdust from dry wood, and similar substances. Heavy dusts, wool, shavings and sawdust from wet wood, rags, waste paper and similar materials 3,000 to 4,000 ft. per min. Lead dust, hog waste, pulp chips, etc., 4,000 to 6,000 ft. per min. In choosing the pipe sizes consideration must be given to the way and manner in which the machines will be operated, as in case a considerable number of machines, all discharging into one main, should be shut off at the same time, the velocity in the main might easily be lowered to the point where it would not be sufficient to carry the material from the machines still in operation, and thus result in clogging the pipes. Ac cordingly, it is sometimes desirable to use velocities higher than the mini mum to allow a factor of safety to cover this contingency. The resistance of a round pipe to the flow of air is inversely proportional to the fifth power of the diameter of the pipe. Therefore, handling a given quantity of air through a larger pipe at a lower velocity decreases the frictional resistance very materially and correspondingly decreases the horse-power required at the fan, and thus it is very desirable to keep the air velocities throughout the system as low as possible, consistent with the major requirement that the material must be taken away as fast as made, without clogging the pipes, under the varying operating conditions met with from day to day in the plant. The static suction required at the hood connections varies from 1 to 5 in. of water. The suction required depends upon many factors such as the relative size of the hoods and connections, kind and quantity of material handled, as well as its physical condition. In some states codes have been issued specifying suctions to be maintained for the more common dusts. . A suction standard should always be considered in conjunction with the shape of hood, and size connection, as these factors together determine the volume of air exhausted and its velocity which in turn are a measure of the effectiveness of the exhaust system. 277 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 The cubic feet of air of standard density taken into the system at each connection is given by the formula: <2 = 4000 4/ where <2 = Cubic feet of air per minute; . A -- Area of connection in square feet; / = Orifice or restriction coefficient; i = Static suction measured in inches of water. The orifice coefficient / is dependent upon the shape and construction of the hood and will range from 60 to 90 per cent. An average value is 70 per cent. Knowing the suction at each hood and the diameter of each connection, the volume of air passing up each branch can be taken from the accom panying Table 107. The sum of all these volumes gives the total volume to be handled by the exhaust fan. Table 107. Cubic Feet of Air Handled Per Minute Through Average Collecting Hoods . Based on Coefficient of Orifice of 0.71 with 10 Per Cent Added for Leakage Diameter of Connection Pipe In. 1 Maintained Suction--In. Water Gage l H 2 2H 3 4 5 m 2 2H 3 m 4 4J4 5 6 7 8 9 10 38 68 107 153 209 273 345 427 614 835 1092 1381 1705 47 84 131 188 256 334 423 523 751 1023 1337 1694 2090 54 97 161 217 296 386 488 605 867 1181 1546 1953 2409 61 108 168 243 330 431 546 676 970 1322 1727 2184 2695 67 118 185 266 362 473 598 ... 741 1062 1448 1892 2387 2959 76 136 214 306 * 418 546 690 854 1228 1670 2184 2762 3410 86 153 238 343 466 609 775 955 1373 1870 1 2440 3091 3806 Common practice is to provide a main suction pipe having an area 20 to 25 per cent in excess of the sum of the areas of the branches enter ing it between the point in question and the dead end of the main. Similarly the discharge pipe leading from the fan outlet to collector is frequently made the same diameter as the large end of the main suction pipe. The reason for this increase in size is that a considerable power saving results from the lower air velocity. However, there is no technical reason why mains should be a certain percentage greater area than the sum of the connections, and still lower power consumption can be ob tained by using larger branches and mains of equal area. While the rule 278 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 of thumb method of determining size of mains works very well in many cases, yet it is always desirable to figure the mains and branches of the proper size to give the velocity which has been found best suited to the work to be done. In certain special cases where explosive or poisonous dusts such as aluminum buffings, grain dust, powdered sugar, or lead dust are handled, increasing the size of the mains unduly would introduce a serious hazard. An exhaust system to be effective must remove a certain amount of air from each hood or other connection, and in addition must maintain sufficient velocity throughout the piping system to convey the dust or refuse material to the separator. Any system which is mechanically well constructed and handles the requisite air at the connections and maintains sufficiently high velocities, is an effective system from the standpoint of the work done. However, to keep the operating cost low it is advantageous to do the work with as low velocities as the character istics of the material will permit. The skilled designer will keep both of these requirements in mind and produce a system which is both effective and economical of power. The maintained resistance of the exhaust system is composed of three factors: (1) Loss through the hoods; (2) Collector drop; and (3) Fric tion drop in the pipes. . A. Suction at the various hoods must be chosen from experience. Loss through the hoods can be calculated by an experienced engineer but may be taken very roughly at one-half the suction. B. Collector drop in inches of water is given by the following.formula: Drop - CVf-ioLoo-V) - where C = a constant which depends upon the type of collector and is found to range from 0.25 to 0.75; V = velocity in feet per minute of air entering the collector. C. Friction drop in the pipes must be computed for each section where there is a change in area or in velocity. Find the velocities in each sec tion of pipe starting with the branch furtherest from the fan. The friction drop for these sections can be determined by reference to Table 108. Total friction loss in the piping system is the friction drop in furthest branch plus the drop in the various sections of the main, plus the drop in the discharge pipe. The total maintained resistance of the system--or static head re quired at the fan = A + B + C. SELECTING THE FAN Having determined the volume of air and static head required, the size of exhaust fan, speed and horse-power can be found by reference to the manufacturers performance tables or charts covering the type of exhaust fan selected. 279 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Table 108. . Frictional Resistance of Straight Conveyor Pipe To Flow of Air Per 100 Feet of Pipe Vbl. of Air in Ft. per Min. 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 2000 2500 2400 2600. . 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 Loss of Pressure in Inches for Given Diameter Pipe 4' 1.92 2.32 2.77 3.26 3.76 4.33 4.93 5.56 6.23 6.95 7.69 8.48 9.26 11.05 13.00 15.25 17.30 5' 1.53 1.85 2.22 2.60 3.01 3.46 3.94 4.45 4.98 5.55 6.15 6.78 7.41 8.85 10.50 12.05 13.85 6* 1.28 1.55 1.84 2.17 2.52 2.88 3.28 3.71 4.15 4.62 5.13 5.65 6.18 7.38 8.66 10. OS 11.52 7' 1.09 1.32 1.58 1.86 2.15 2.47 2.82 3.18 3.56 3.97 4.40 4.85 5.30 6.32 7.44 8.61 9.89 8' 0.962 1.16 1.39 1.63 1.89 2.08 2.47 2.78 3.12 3.48 3.85 4.25 4.63 5.55 6.50 7.55 8.66 10' - 0.770 0.932 1.01 1.30 1.51 1.73 1.97 2.22 2.49 2.78 3.08 3.49 3.71 4.43 5.21 6.03 6.92 12' 0.640 0.778 0.924 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.64 1.85 2.08 2.32 . 2.57 2.83 3.09 3.69 4.34 5.05 5.76 14* 16* 18' 20' 22' 24' , 30' 0.550 0.655 0.7900.930 1.07 1.24 1.41 1.59 1.78 1.99 2.20 2.43 2.66 3.17 3.72 4.32 4.95 0.482 0.582 0.693 0.810 0.932 1.08 1.23 1.43 1.56 1.74 1.92 2.12 2.33 2.77 3.25 3.78 4.33 0.428 0.578 0.617 0.722 0.838 0.961 1.09 1.24 1.38 1.54 1.71 1.88 2.06 2.46 2.89 3.35 3.85 0.385 0.465 0.553 0.650 0.754 0.865 0.985 1.11 1.25 1.39 1.54 1.70 1.85 2.22 2.61 3.02 3.46 0.350 0.423 0.504 0.590 0.685 0.788 0.895 1.01 1.13 1.26 1.40 1.54 1.68 2.02 2.36 2.74 3.14 0.320 0.388 0.462 0.542 0.628 0.722 0.820 0.925 1.04 1.16 1.28 1.42 1.54 1.85 2.16 2.52 2.89 0.257 0.310 0.369 0.434 0.503 0.577 0.657 0.742 0.832 0.926 1.03 1.13 . 1.24 1.48 . 1.75 2.01 2.31 FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF ELBOWS Elbows having a throat radius equal to the pipe diameter set up a resistance equivalent to a section of straight pipe approximately 10 diameters long. With a throat radius of 1H times the diameter the resistance is about the same as seven diameters of straight pipe. The usual types of ventilating fans are unsuitable for exhaust systems which are required to handle materials such as shavings, sawdust, emery dust, etc. Higher pressures are required than in ventilating work and in addition housings and blast wheel must be so constructed that the materials handled do not deposit in same. While the fans used in different exhaust systems are more or less of the same general type, modifications are frequently necessary to fit them for handling such materials as long shavings, strips of paper, cotton, pulverized coal, etc. The most common method of separating the dust and other materials from the air is to pass the mixture through a centrifugal or "cyclone" 280 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 collector. In this type of collector the mixture of the air and material is introduced on a tangent, near the cylindrical top of the collector, and the whirling motion sets up a centrifugal action causing the compara tively heavy materials suspended in the air to be thrown against the side of the separator, from which position it spirals down to the tail piece, while the air escapes through the stack at the center of the collector. For most systems, the nominal size and number of the collector will be the same as the diameter in inches of the main pipe leading to it. The nominal sizes of the different makes of collectors vary greatly, and it is advisable to make sure that a collector is large enough to do the work without excessive pressure drop, irrespective of nominal number or size. The larger the collector within certain limits the better will be the separa tion, and the less will be the back pressure on the fan and power consumed. Fig. S4. Exhaust and Conveying System Handles Waste from Wood Working Machines Special construction is sometimes required for fine dust, also some blow pipe manufacturers use a special type of collector for furnace feed, the object being to deliver the material to furnaces as uniformly as possibly. When more than one fan delivers into a single collector a back pressure valve is required to prevent one fan blowing back through the other in case the second fan should stop for any reason. In most plants, where wood refuse is used for fuel, it is delivered by gravity directly from the collector to the furnace. The discharge~pipe leading from the bottom of the collector is divided and the junction fur nished with a switch or valve so arranged that when the material.comes too fast for the fires it can be diverted into a reserve bin. The furnace feeder should be hinged where it is attached to the lower end of the discharge pipe, in order that it may be disconnected from the 281 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 furnace when the fan is shut down. Also great care must be taken to provide an absolutely tight switch. Otherwise, when discharging refuse to the storage bin, fine sawdust will sift through this valve and settle in the furnace feed pipe, and, in ,case the fireman has neglected to dis connect the feeder from the furnace, the flame may flash back, following this train of fine sawdust, into the collector. Other forms of collectors or separators, are: settling chambers, cloth screen and bag collectors, bag houses, air washers and electric precipi tators. DESIGN OF HOODS . The mechanical design as regards shape and construction of the hoods is extremely important. Probably more systems fail from improper hood construction than from any other one cause. If the material to be moved is already in motion, as are the chips thrown off from wood-working machines, the hoods should be arranged in the path of the particles so that the velocity of the particles assists the air in carrying the material to the throat of the hood. . Hoods should be arranged to draw dust and fumes away from the face of the operator. They should be placed as close as possible to the source of dust or waste material and wherever practical, the hoods should en tirely enclose the dust producing operation. Hoods are usually constructed Of galvanized sheet iron or other equally substantial and durable material. The material should be heavy enough to stand the abrasive action of the dust and refuse. The hoods should be of sufficient mechanical strength to keep their shape and should be well braced and substantially supported. Galvanized iron used should never be lighter than No. 22 gage. If acid or corrosive fumes are present heavy material painted with acid resisting paint should be used, or the hoods may be made of non-corrosive material. . The exposed edges of all sheet metal hoods should be bound with wire or band iron, not only to give the necessary stiffness, but also to prevent the operator from being cut by the raw edges of the sheets. 3 CONVEYOR PIPES The conveyor pipes leading from the hoods to the fan and thence to the collector are commonly made of galvanized iron, the gage of which varies from No. 24 to 14, depending upon the diameter. The piping should be free from dents, fins and projections of all kinds on which refuse ma terial might catch. All permanent circular joints should be lap-jointed, riveted and sol dered, and all longitudinal joints either grooved and locked or riveted and soldered." Circular laps should be in the direction of the flow, and piping installed out-of-doors should have the longitudinal laps at the bottom. Every change in pipe size should be made on a taper not by an abrupt change. : 282 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 All pipes passing through roofs should be equipped with collars so arranged as to prevent water leaking into the building. The main trunks and branch pipes should be as short and straight as possible, strongly supported, and have the dead ends capped to permit inspection and cleaning. All branch pipes should join the main at an acute angle, the junction being at the side or top and never at the bot tom of the main. Branch pipes should not join the main pipes at points such that the material from one branch tends to enter the branch on opposite side of main. Cleanout openings having suitable covers should be so placed in the main and branch pipes that every part of the system can be easily reached Fig. 85. Collectors on Roof Piano Factory m case the system clogs. Either a large cleanout door should be placed in the main suction pipe near the fan inlet or a detachable section of pipe, held in place by lug bands, may be provided. Elbows should be made at least two gages heavier than straight pipe of the same diameter, the better to enable them to withstand the addi tional wear caused by changing the direction of flow. They should preferably have a throat radius of at least one and one-half times the diameter'of the pipe. Every pipe should be kept open and unobstructed throughout its entire length, and no fixed screen should be placed in it, although'the 283 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 use of a trap at the junction of the hood and branch pipe is permissible, provided it is not allowed to fill up completely. The passing of pipes through fire-walls .should be avoided wherever possible, and sweep-up connections should be so arranged that foreign material cannot be easily introduced into them. Where considerable quantities of explosive dust or inflammable materials pass through the exhaust fan, the blast wheel should be con structed of brass composition, copper or other soft metal arid in all cases ample clearance should be provided between blast wheels and housings. Where stringy or fibrous material is to be handled through the fan be sure to employ a fan wheel especially designed for that purpose. MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEM Because of its simplicity the exhaust system usually receives but little attention once it is installed; however, to obtain the best results, it should be' inspected at suitable intervals and necessary adjustments made. The exhaust fan should be given proper attention the same as any other high-speed machine. It should be kept in proper alignment and tightly bolted to its foundation. . Suction hoods, which have been removed to adjust the machines, should be replaced, as soon as the adjustments are completed. Never start a machine with the blast gate closed, as the slight air leak-' age past the blast gate may draw material into the pipe and clog it. Disconnect furnace feeders from the furnaces when not in operation, and do not overload the system by ill-advised additions. 284 Chapter XXV MECHANICAL DRAFT THERE is a certain draft which will give the best results for every kind of fuel and rate of combustion. The amount of fuel that can be burned per hour per square foot of grate surface is governed by the quality, and the type of fuel as well as by the draft obtainable. Mechanical draft is used to obtain economy of operation, increased capacity or both and may be accomplished by either the forced or induced method. The two common methods of producing mechanical draft are by means of fans or steam jets. Each method has its advantages and design conditions will govern the choice of apparatus. Steam jets are reliable, have nothing to break or wear out and are more economical to install. On the other hand fans usually take more power to operate and in cases where fan engines or turbines are used steam can be recovered in the water heater or condensers. . Mechanical draft fans are usually either disc or centrifugal type and because of the severe service to which they are subjected they must be of rugged construction, well balanced, must be able to operate continuously, withstand high stresses, maintain the proper pressure and horse power characteristics and show a good efficiency over a wide range of operative conditions. . The amount of coal that can be burned per hour per square foot of grate surface is governed by the quality and type of coal as well as the amount of draft available. Mechanical draft fans should be of such capacity that they will be able to handle the quantity of gases produced. If it is assumed that 5 lb. of coal per boiler horse power at 24 lb. of flue gases per pound of coal there would be 120 lb. of flue gases per'hour to handle. The volume of flue gases may be easily computed from the density of gases at the flue temperature and the size of fan to be provided ihay be obtained from the maker's table. No attempt should be made to put more air through existing boilers by speeding up the fans as the power consumption will be increased too rapidly. With the fuel bed at constant thickness doubling the weight of air requires about Zx/i times the draft pressure difference, and trebling the weight of air about 6 times. Under the first condition the fan would require times the weight of steam so it can be seen that the most efficient fan must be selected in order for boilers to be driven at a high rating. . The effects of running a fan under conditions other than those for which it is designed are graphically shown by the performance curves of any given fan. -- Where the size of the openings and the length of the pipe remain constant the volume of air handled by any fan increases almost directly, 285 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 as the speed, the pressure increases as the square of the speed and the power consumed increases as the cube of the speed. It is evident therefore that if more air is required but at an increased pressure it would be better to install a larger or additional fan rather than increase the speed of the present fan. ' FORCED DRAFT In forced draft work the air enters directly to the ash-pit so that the fuel bed is under pressure. Pressure maintained is sufficient to force the air through the duct system, stoker setting and fuel bed otherwise there would be an objectionable leakage of gasses whenever the fire doors were opened. Losses through the boilers, breechings, etc. are cared for by the stack. Forced draft equipment requires a higher stack than when the induced draft system is used. As the fan handles comparatively cool air the Fig. 86. Draft Required to Burn Various Kinds of Coal equipment required is smaller and uses less power than an induced draft system of similar capacity. Forced draft is used in under feed stokers and with chain grate stokers when high peak loads, beyond the capacity available with the natural draft, are required. INDUCED DRAFT Fans for induced draft are placed near the base of the stack and handle the smoke arid hot gasses leaving the furnace. It is desirable to use this system when ap even draft is required, and the chimney available is of limited height. With the practice of providing economizers, air heaters, etc. in the modern boiler plant and operating up to 400 per cent rating an excessive load is placed upon the chimney and induced draft equipment is necessary. A good idea of the draft needed to burn various kinds of coal at the rate indicated under normal conditions is shown in Fig. 86. Draft for 286 American Society of, Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 ; various loads varies with the combustion rate and with the, kind of fuel used. The principal losses which the draft will have to overcome will be through the boiler, fuel bed, the stokers, brick work, breechings and economizers. The amount of air required with the forced draft system will depend upon the size of the plant and will necessitate the assumption of the combustion rate and the evaporation. There are theoretically 12 lb. of air required for the combustion of 1 lb. of coal, actually the requirements are from 20 to 25 lb. per pound of fuel. It is customary in mechanical draft work to allow for 100 per cent excess air for hand-fired installations and 50 per cent excess where a stoker is used. This, however, is affected by the kind of stoker used, the size of the installation and the rating it carries. As there is a definite relation between the analysis of flue gases leaving the boiler and the quantity of air supplied, the results of an analysis will give the amount of air or gases being handled by a forced or induced fan. The method used is usually the Orsat apparatus. The amount of air being used may be determined by taking COs readings in the breeching or forced draft connections, or by weighing the coal and ash and taking a flue gas analysis. MECHANICAL STOKERS Three types of stokers are commonly used, namely chain-grate, under fejjd and over feed type. Their use permits a uniform fuel supply, efficient combustion, boiler operation at higher rating and the effectual meeting of peak loads. Either forced or induced draft is successful with chain grate stokers which are designed primarily for the use of bituminous coal particularly the free burning and clinkering types. Where forced draft is used, air is delivered at different pressures under the grate, the control being accomplished by dampers, to suit the grade of fuel and the firing rate. At the front the pressure will not exceed 2 in. water gauge and will decrease toward the rear as the fuel bed gets thinner. Over feed stokers are adapted for all kinds of fuel and the angle of the grate bars will indicate whether bituminous, semi-bituminous coking coal or the non-coking types are to be used. ' Under feed stokers are made in single or multiple units and will burn coking or non-coking varieties of coal equally well. In both cases either forced or induced draft may be used. The important points to be observed in recommending and using stoker installations are: 1. Stokers in large plants used in conjunction with modern methods of coal storage and handling at their disposal show a considerable labor saving. . 2. In small plants stokers are only advisable where the saving in fuel will be large or where the smoke question is a factor. 3. The upkeep cost of stokers generally exceeds that for hand fired furnaces. - 4. The use of different fuels and a better efficiency is obtainable with mechanical stokers. 287 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 No stoker will handle every class of fuel satisfactorily so that in selecting a stoker the engineer should take into consideration the type best suited for the fuel and operating conditions. Relative to efficiency of combustion, other conditions being similar there will be no appreciable difference with the different types' of stokers provided that the proper type is used for the fuel to be burned and the operating conditions are fulfilled. The duct for forced draft work should be as short and straight as possible and designed so that the maximum velocity pressure under load conditions should not exceed 10. per cent of the static pressure. The air velocity should generally not exceed 2500 cu. ft. per minute.' Air ducts are made of heavy steel but concrete ducts are commonly used. Duct sizes are determined in accordance with the general laws of frictional resistance. 288 Chapter XXVI VENTILATORS AND NATURAL VENTILATION OF the two methods of ventilating available, namely by mechanical means, and by the so-called natural forces, the later is often favored, because it is not dependent upon fans, blowers and motive power appara tus, any of which may get out of order; it requires no supervision, and it costs nothing for power to operate, ft is dependent upon the operation of natural laws and is not subject to the requirements of control possible with mechanical ventilation. . Natural ventilation utilizes two separate agencies, (1) the buoyancy of the air caused by temperature difference between inside and outside of the building, and (2) the energy of the wind. The former is the same action that produces draft in a chimney. The two forces are entirely distinct and separate, and may either co-operate or oppose each other, depending upon the design of the ventilator. A ventilator is an opening in the roof, properly protected against rain, snow and down draft; and surrounded by a hood or cowl intended to utilize the force of even the slightest breeze from any direction what-so- ever, in such a manner as to assist and increase air movement within an ' enclosure. Occasionally a damper is required to prevent over-ventilation in cold, stormy weather. In any event, openings near the floor of the building which is to be ventilated are necessary to allow the ventilators to act. Ventilators may be classified in general as stationary and rotary, and each of these may be divided into siphoning and non-siphoning, the rotary ventilator being one which always presents the same face to the wind, and the siphoning ventilator being one which is so constructed as to use the force of the wind to siphon the air out of the ventilator, usually allowing some of the external air to pass through the head. . Engineers, architects and contractors who must make a selection should be guided by the following four general points, (1) quality of material, (2) design, (3) construction and (4) capacity (conditions should be stated otherwise a fair comparison of this item is impossible). What is generally desired more specifically is, the greatest amount of reliable ventilation for a given cost of equipment. The following facts affect ventilation and ventilator capacity: . , 1. Temperature difference between inside and outside of building. 2. Height of ventilator above air inlet openings. ... 3. Wind velocity. ' 4. Design, shape and proportions of ventilator. Material for this section furnished especially for The Guide by Frank Kelley, Pittsburgh, Pa., C. T. Palmer, Akron, Ohio and Thornton Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa. 289 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 5. Air admission below the ventilator, (resistance to flow of air into building). 6. Resistance to air flow through the building. 7. Resistance to air flow in the ventilators themselves. 8. Location of the ventilator with respect to surrounding objects. Of the factors mentioned, only items 4 and 7 depend upon the ventila tor itself; the other items depend upon circumstances wholly outside of ventilator size and design. While ventilators may be divided into certain classes or groups and the average efficiency of one class will be higher or lower than the average efficiency of another class, this does not in any way determine the capacity of individual ventilators, as ventilators of the same class and, which from a casual observation appear to be the same, will have entirely different characteristics, due to the fact that some of the fundamentals have been overlooked or changed in one or the other. The principles which should be followed are: A--Stationary Ventilators. 1. A head sufficiently large to produce a large low-pressure area on the side opposite the wind, and to give an area of outlet for the air leaving the head large enough to obviate undue resistance to flow. At the same time the head should not be so large as to be unwieldy handling or to be structurely weak when erected. 2. A storm band on stationary non-siphoning ventilators sufficiently wide and so placed as to prevent the entrance of external air into the ventilator head. 3. If the ventilator is a siphoning type additional outlet air space must be provided in the head in order not to restrict the air pas sage from the exhaust pipe. B--Rotary Ventilators. . 1. A flaring outlet from a rotary ventilator will give a better exhaust than a straight oultet. 2. Practically frictionless and noiseless turning of the ventilator head, when the wind direction changes. The head should turn at very low wind velocities. 3. Smallest possible change of direction of the air ascending from the building and least possible resistance to its egress by louvres or other obstructions at the outlet opening. C--All Ventilators. ' 1. Freest possible outlet for the air from the building, with large areas and smallest possible change of direction of the air flow. 2. Freedom from down drafts and from entrance of rain or snow. 3. Freedom from being rendered inoperative by collection of snow or formation of ice on ventilator. The simplest form of ventilator, shown in Fig. 87, consists of an outlet pipe with a conical hood above it. The addition of a storm band, as 290 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 shown in Figs. 88, 89 and 90, gives an increased protection against the entrance of rain or snow. The storm band, if placed so close to the cones as to restrict the outflow of air, interferes with ventilation. On the other hand, if the openings are made large enough to permit free egress of the inside air, the storm band increases the ventilation by utilizing the wind velocity to produce suction. ' A further development of the later principle is the siphon ventilator, as illustrated in Fig. 91, in which siphons or ducts are introduced for the particular purpose of producing suction. Various Styles of Roof Ventilators In the swiveling or rotary ventilators, typified by Figs. 92 and 93, a freely rotating cowl is used. A wind vane is provided for keeping the opening facing away from the direction of the wind. This type allows free egress of the inside air (unless the outlet is made unduly small). For producing suction, it depends upon the viscous drag of the wind pas sing along the outside of the cowl. In the induction or ejector type of ventilator, which is also of the swivel ing or rotary type Fig. 94, the kinetic energy of the wind is used to a large extent by creating suction, due to the viscous drag both inside and out side the cowl. This device is effective for ventilation even with very low wind velocities. In some stationary ventilators of the siphon type, or of 291 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 the swiveling cowl type, low wind velocities have the effect of reducing the air discharge produced by the temperature difference, apparently because the laws of fluid flow are not the same at high and low velocities, which is an established fact. . All comparisons of capacity must be referred to a given dimension, namely the throat area, corresponding to the nominal size of the ventila tor. Resistance to flow of air is caused by; (1) restricted outlet openings, or (2) many turns or changes of the direction of the air flow. As regards the first item, this depends entirely upon the proportions, and not upon the type; some of the stationary ventilators have smaller, and others have larger outlet area than some cowl ventilators of the same nominal size. Regarding the second item, the swiveling cowl ventilators offer less resistance than the stationary type, in that the direction of air flow is changed as little as possible. Unless swiveling ventilators move very freely, the opening,, at times, faces towards the wind so that ventilation produced by temperature difference is much reduced, or wholly counteracted. In that case, snow and rain may blow in. The rumbling or creaking noise caused by hard turning swivel ventilator is also very unpleasant. These troubles are, of course, eliminated in well designed ventilators, but must be kept in mind. In Fig. 95, is shown a rotary or air-turbine ventilator, which rotates continously under the action of the wind, the motion being produced by the difference of wind pressure on the convex and concave sides of the vanes. The air-exhausting action is due to centrifugal force. This type of ventilator must be very carefully designed if it is to be leak-proof, and if the noises and impact forces, due to ice accumulating on the vanes in the winter are to be eliminated. CAPACITIES The variety of factors affecting capacity makes it essential for the user of ventilators to exercise great care in respect to this item of capacity. The draft in a ventilator head, due to the velocity of the wind, is. primarily caused by the low pressure area or partial vacuum on the leeward side of the ventilator head. A draft in certain designs may also be caused by the siphoning action of the wind passing through the ven tilator head, but any air which is allowed to enter the head to create a siphoning action must get out and in so doing will diminish the effective area of the head for exhausting air, and it is also very likely to reduce the effectiveness of the low pressure area. Naturally the ventilator which makes the best use of the available forces for creating a draft and which at the same time provides the freest path for the flow of exhaust through the ventilators should be the best ventilator. It does not follow, however, that a ventilator of one class is better or poorer than one of any other class. It may be good or poor not because it belongs to a certain class, but depending upon whether the proper basic principles have been observed in its design. The theoretical velocity of the gases due to temperature difference may be obtained from the following well-known formula: 292 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 V = ^2gH = ^2gH(IL-i ) in which , V = Velocity in feet per second g -- Gravity 32.2 ' H = Effective height of ventilator r1 = Temperature absolute of air in ventilator r = Temperature absolute of air outside. . Rotary Ventilators Fig. 95 Air-Turbine Ventilator Determining the Effective Height This gives the theoretical velocity which will be reduced in the practical case by the resistance in the pipe and the ventilator head. It is impossible to state an exact ratio between_the velocity obtainable and the theoretical as every case will be different, but a reasonable assumption would be 50 per cent providing there is free admission of fresh air into the room or space ventilated. 293 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Many exaggerated claims haye been made in the marketing of ventila tors and it was only recently that very careful tests were made by the U. S. Bureau of Standards (Trans. A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 27, 1921, p. 67. See also Trans., Vol. 28, 1922, p. 189 and Vol. 29, 1923, p. 39) and1 by other'reliable investigators, with the result that ventilator capacities are now quite accurately known under specified test conditions. Conservative figures for the best types of ventilators now on the market, under conditions of unrestricted flow of air to the ventilator, are given by the equation: where <3 = A x 36 xJhx (/i - t0) 6+ V + 20. X V Q -- cubic feet of air exhausted per hour through a ventilator having a free area at the throat of A square inches, mounted on a roof at a height of H feet from the center of the ventilator outlet to the floor, and with a wind ' velocity of V miles per hour, and average temperature t\ inside t0 outside. The height H has been given as the height above the floor; strictly speaking,, it is the height of the column of warm air in the building, which is approximately equal to the height above the location of the air inlet to the building. This location is usually near the floor. If, however, the inlet' is much higher, as shown for instance in Fig. 96, the height H is indeterminate, but may, in general, be taken as halfway between the center of the air inlet and the floor. Highest class ventilators, for instance those of the ejector type, will, under favorable conditions, discharge continuously 25 per cent more air than these conservative figures indicate. Capacities are lower, on the other hand, if ventilators of lower efficiency are used, or if the flow of air into or through the building is restricted, or if the ventilator is not ex posed to the free sweep of the wind. Tests occasionally show consider ably higher discharge rates over short periods of time. These abnormally high results are produced by the action of the wind upon certain openings of the building; they are not due to the ventilator itself, and cannot be depended upon for continuous ventilation if the direction of the wind changes. In the smaller sizes of ventilators (12 in. or less in throat diameter) the air discharge pier square inch of cross-sectional area is reduced, on account of the frictional resistance and, in the rotary types, on account of reduction of free area by the supports, bearings, etc. Example.--What is the capacity of an 18 in. ventilator, located 35 ft. above the floor, with 6 miles per hour wind velocity, 50 deg. fahr. outside temperature, 68 deg. fahr. inside temperature? Answer.--A = 0.7854 X (18)a = 255 sq. in. 36. X 0 = 255. X 35 X ^68 - 50 ) 6+6 + 20 X O' average capacity under these conditions. 294 = 50,000 cu. ft. per hr., American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS The air supply pier pierson and per hour, or the number of the renewals of air contents pier hour is given in Chapter I, p. 23. (See also Chapter XV, p. 202.) To obtain effective, uniform ventilation and avoid local drafts, the ventilators should not be placed more than 30 ft. apart; 20 ft. apart is a good average. It is best, although not absolutely necessary, to locate the ventilator at the ridge of the roof, unless the building exceeds 40 ft. in width, in which case two rows of smaller ventilators should be used. Where the building to be ventilated is surrounded by higher buildings which obstruct air currents, it is desirable to extend the ventilators above the buildings by mounting them on stacks. Example.--A foundry building is 40 ft. wide, 200 ft. long, with an average height of 40 ft.; the ventilators are to be mounted at the ridge of the roof, at a height of 55 ft. above the floor. What number and size of ventilators are required? Answer.--In this case, ventilation is especially necessary in summer. The air in the building should not be over 10 deg. fahr. warmer than the outside air. The wind velocity may be as low as 4 miles per hour. Spacing the ventilators, tentatively, 25 ft. apart, 8 ventilators would be required. Under average conditions, 10 air renewals per hour are sufficient. If the foundry is small and cramped, and pouring takes place over a large section of the floor space, 15 or more air renewals per hour may be needed. On the basis of 10 renewals per hour, the capacity of each ventilator must be: Q_ = 10 X----(-2--0--0---f-t-.---X- --4--0---f-t-.-- X----4--0---f:--t. )- = 400,000 cu. ft. per ,hour . .O The discharge per square inch of throat area under these conditions is; J~36 X y 55 X 10 deg. 6 + 4 mi./hr. + 20 X 4 mi./hr. = 165. cu. ft. of air per hr. The required throat area per ventilator is 400,000 = 2420. sq. in. 165. if there is no resistance and no wind pressure. VThe diameter is 2420. = 55.5 inches. .7854 Standard sizes are 54 in. and 60 in. Either eight--54 in. or else seven--60 in. ventilators could be used, spaced respectively 25 ft. or 28 ft. apart. The foregoing is based on the use of high class ventilators. If ventila tors of lower efficiency are used,'or if the air flow into the building is restricted (as in winter) larger ventilators may be required. CONTROL OF VENTILATION The ideal ventilator would be one which utilized to the very-best advantage even the very lowest wind velocities; attained full capacity at a wind velocity of 4 or 5 miles per hour; and then automatically con trolled the air flow so that the discharge remained constant at all higher wind velocities. Such an ideal ventilator does not exist. The best types now on the market do, however, fulfill very well the 295 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 first two requirements; for the last one, hand regulation is depended upon. For this purpose either a butterfly damper is provided in the throat of the ventilator,, or, in some of the rotary types, louvres are sometimes arranged at the discharge opening of the ventilator. The damper or louvres may be operated by chains from the floor of the build ing, or the butterfly damper electrically controlled by push button. The louvres with their operating device have the disadvantage of restrict ing the free area of discharge, even when open wide. In some designs, this results in a serious reduction of capacity. Ice can interfere with their operation. The dampers may be made to close automatically in case of fire, by use of a weight and fusible link arrangement. The dampers should be so located that ice cannot freeze them tight so that adjustment is impossible. Regulation may also be accomplished, just as effectively, by restricting the flow of air into the building (closing the windows or doors), although this is quite inconvenient in many cases. It is generally considered best practice to have the area to be ventilated between the intake and the exhaust. Also to have the intake 15 per cent greater in area than the exhaust. ' The efficient ventilator uses every bit of wind energy striking it, to the fullest possible extent. - The ideal ventilator is then the one using all the forces at hand, to the greatest possible advantage. Such a ventilator must first be correctly designed to use all these forces--proportioned to use them efficiently--be strongly and practically built to last---needing no care or attention--as they are usually placed in inaccesible places. APPLICATION OF VENTILATORS The use of ventilators on factory and mill buildings is too well known to require comment. For pickling rooms, etc., where noxious fumes are produced, they are practically indispensable. Ventilators for houses are becoming quite'common, especially for the ventilation of bathrooms, which has been much neglected in the past. A frequent use for ventilators is on the top of chimneys, to prevent down drafts and to increase the updraft by means of wind action. For use on houses, several requirements must be kept in mind. Good appearance and noiseless operation are very important. The motion of the ventilator, if of the revolving type, must not shake the building or cause knocks or thumps; and the construction must be such that in the winter the movable part does not freeze to the fixed portion of the venti lator and thus stop the rotation. On account of the increasing danger of carbon monoxide poisoning, it is becoming regular practice to equip garages with ventilators to carry off the waste gases coming from motor exhausts. ` Another application of ventilators is found in connection with power ventilating systems on the outlet or discharge opening. . A very important application for ventilators is on schools, where re circulation of air is used. The duty required, necessitates careful selection. Down draft must positively be eliminated. 296 ~ Consulting Service Section DIRECTORY OF ENGINEERS Specialising in Heating and Vmtilating Work ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY A. R. ACHESON Consulting Engineer 601 Eckel Building Syracuse, N. Y. ALPHONSE A. ADLER M.E., Sc.D. Consulting Engineer 9 Murray Street New York, N. Y. BATTEY & KIPP, Inc. Engineers ' Designing -- Constructing Complete Industrial Plants-- Power Plants, Railroad Shops and Terminals Investigations, Appraisals and Reports 231 South LaSalle Street CHICAGO ESTEN BOLLING, M. E. Consulting Publicity Engineer Box 46 East Orange, N. J. DONALD R. BREWSTER Drying Engineer and Consultant Specializing on Design and Operation of Lumber, Dry Kilns and other Industrial Drying Equipment 104 Baltimore Building . Memphis, Tenn. HERBERT BRUNNER Combustion Engineer 320 West 48th Street New York, N. Y. 298 TI S-. " ALBERT A. CARY Consulting Engineer Steam and Power plants designed and reconstructed Furnaces designed for all kinds of fuel Heat distributed by steam, water or other high tem- perature fluids . 95 Liberty Street New York, N. Y. THOS. CHESTER Air Conditioning, Cooling, Dehumidifying 718 Copeland Street' Pittsburgh, Pa. . ', J. E. COLEMAN, M.E. Consulting Engineer. Heating and Ventilating 50 Church Street New York, N. Y. 20 Rector Place Red Bank, N. J. COOK & WHITE Consulting Engineers 309 Mutual Building Kansas City, Mo. SAMUEL E. DIBBLE Consulting Engineer Heating, Ventilating and Plumbing 415 Hastings Street Pittsburgh, Pa. ROBINSON V. FROST, C.E. Research in Heating ' and Ventilating 828 W. Marshall Street Norristown, Pa. -- ' 299 WALTER E. GILLHAM Architectural Engineer Specializing in The Design of Heating, Ventilating, Plumb ing, Electric Wiring and Refrigeration Systems Not a Sales Engineer 409 Interstate Building Kansas City, Mo. LEE P. HYNES Electric Heating Engineer 406 N. Pearl Street Albany, N. Y. JAROS & BAUM Consulting Engineers for Mechanical Equipment of Buildings 116 West 39th Street New York, N. Y. c ALFRED KELLOGG Consulting Engineer Power - Heating Lighting 89 Franklin Street Boston, Mass. CARL J. KIEFER Consulting Engineer Member A. S. M. E. Member A. S. H. & V. E. Mechanical - Heating Ventilating Sanitary`Equipment Designs Schmidt Building Cincinnati, Ohio - RICHARD D. KIMBALL CO. Consulting Engineers Heating, Ventilating, Electrical & Sanitary 6 Beacon Street Boston, Mass. 300 SAMUEL R. LEWIS Engineer for Mechanical Equipment of Buildings 407 S. Dearborn Street Chicago MENSING & CO. Consulting Engineers Presser Building Philadelphia, Pa. RICHARDSON & GAY Consulting Engineers 220 Devonshire Street Boston, Mass. EDW. B. RICHARDSON B.S., M.I.T., '98 -- B.S.C.E. A.S.M.E. A.I.E.E. ROBERT P. SCHOENIJAHN, M.E. ' Consulting Engineer Industrial Trust Building Wilmington, Del. C. H. SODERBERG Consulting Engineer 608 Donovan Building Detroit, Mich. WALTER S. T1MMIS Consulting Engineer Mechanical Equipment of Buildings, Vibration Tests and Reports 315 Fifth Avenue New York, N. Y. 301 PERRY WEST, M.E. Consulting Engineer 13. Central Avenue Newark, N. J. J. J. WILSON State Registered Consulting Engineer 5514 Paschall Avenue Philadelphia, Pa. 302 Catalog Data Section (Pages 303-556) with INDEX TO TECHNICAL DATA SECTION (Pages 557-562) also an INDEX TO MODERN EQUIPMENT (Pages 563-576) and INDEX TO ADVERTISERS (Pages 577-580) Air Conditioning Carrier Fnqineerinq (orporalion Atmospheric Conditioning Corporation Offices and Laboratories: 750 Frelinghuysen Ave. Newark, N. J. Boston, 176 Federal Street New York, 39 Cortlandt Street Chicago. Burnham Building Cleveland, Union Trust Building Philadelphia, Land Title Building Kansas City, Manufacturers Exchange Building Los Angeles, 911 Mateo Street Engineers, Manufacturers, Contractors, specializing in the design and instal lation of automatically controlled Air Conditioning Equipment, Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Humidification, Dehumidification, and the scientific application of Conditioned Air ireDrying and Processing. Manufactured Weather to make "Ev&ry day a good day." Air Conditioning Systems--Especially designed for Textile Mills, Candy Fac tories, Bakeries, Flour Mills, Drug and Chemical Plants, Printing Plants, Pack ing Plants, Laboratories, Theatres, Public Buildings and for numerous other industries where there are requirements for clean air uniformly distributed and automatically controlled at any desired condition of temperature and humidity. Equipment, workmanship and results are guaranteed. Ask for Bulletin 50G or re quest specific information. Drying and Processing Equipment-- The Carrier Ejector System of air circula tion has been found almost universally and ideally adaptable to all drying and processing operations. By the ejector principle, all of the air within the drying room is set into uniform circulation over the material being treated. Drying rates and schedules are subjected to control by Carrier automatic instruments. The system is adaptable to periodic rooms or continuous tunnels. Write for informa tion on specific applications. A Typical Carrier Humidifier or Dehumidifier showing the automatically controlled fresh and return air dampers, the spray chamber with pumping and water healing equipment and, on the left, the fan which delivers the air to the duct system 304 Carrier Engineering Corporation Air Conditioning . Cross Section of a Typical Theatre Equipped with a Carrier System for Cooling, Dehumidifying and Purifying the Air in Summer and Warming, Humidifying and Purifying the Air in Winter'. Note the use ofCarrier Centrifugal Refrigeration in connection with this equipment. Cooling and Air Conditioning in Public and Private Buildings--With a background of more than twenty years of experience in the design and application of Air Conditioning equipment, the Carrier Organization has logically led in applying this science to the maintenance of condi tions of physical comfort of people congre gated within buildings. In Theatres, . Auditoria, Hospitals, Hotels, Department Stores, Office Buildings, Factories and Mansions it is now possible to maintain ideal conditions of physical comfort, regardless of seasons or outdoor weather. Winter conditions require humidification and heating. In Summer, cooling and dehumidification must be accomplished. Numerous Carrier installations are pro ducing the desired conditions unfailingly. We are at all times pleased to cooperate with Architects, Engineers and Builders in the design and installation of Air Con ditioning equipment within buildings under their direction. Write for the book, "Theatre Cooling''-G. Carrier Centrifugal Refrigeration-- This system is an innovation in the pro duction of cold. The refrigerant is a harmless, inoffensive liquid. The com pressor is a simple centrifugal unit similar in construction and operation to a centri fugal pump. Control is automatic. Space A Complete Carrier Centrifugal Refrigeration Unit. Capacity of this Unit 200 Tons requirement one-quarter that of any other system. This system is used in connection with all of our cooling and dehumidifying installations. Complete safety and sim plicity of operation are assured. Details on request. 305 Air Conditioning The Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp. Executive Office Boston Chicago 31 UNION SQUARE New York City Atlanta Pittsburgh Engineers and Contractors Automatically Controlled Air Conditioning Systems: Cooling--Humidifying-- Dehumidifying -- Heating -- Ventilating -- Drying -- Ross Paper Conditioning -- Fleisher Bakery Systems Complete Dehumidifying Equipment Air Conditioning Systems are designed to overcome the handicaps imposed on industry by variations in weather, or adverse climatic conditions. They insure to the manufacturer that effect on materials and processes which can only be produced by ideal temperature and humidity values, making his plant entirely independent of the seasons or changeable daily weather. Whether the cure for such difficulties involves the creation of high or low temperatures and high or low humidities in any combination, this organization offers a broad experience in the careful design of dependable equipment united with the highest type of engineering and contracting service. In addition to the treatment of industrial departments requiring humidifying or dehumidifying, the cooling of theatres, moving picture houses, cafes, and other places of assembly are fields in which we have specialized with marked success. The experienced active personnel of this organization enables us to design and in stall automatically controlled cooling and air conditioning equipments of any size, for any purpose and having had broad experience in practically all fields where this type of equipment is employed, our sales engineers wilt be glad to cooperate with those requesting their service. 306 Air Diffusers Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. 202-204 FRANKLIN STREET, NEW YORK Knowles Air Diffusers for Auditoriums of Theatres, Churches, Schools Nu-Notch Air Diffusers Are finely adjusted by merely raising and lowering the cap in ten recessed notches, and locking. They cannot be tampered with and are made with lugs for either wood or concrete floors. No set screws. Three outer bearings make them rigid. Size 4' diam. 5' 6* ` 7" * 8* 10* ` C. F. M. at 300 Vel. 27 42 60 81 105 165 Area. Sq. Ft. 0.0873 0.1364 0.1964 0.2673 0.3491 0.5454 Weight, Lb*. 2.75 3.50 4.25 5.75 8.00 11.75 Specification Data--For concrete floors furnish and place 6 in. cast iron mushroom air diffusers with recessed notches for permanent adjustment of mushroom caps at any desired opening: to have center screw locking feature, and L shaped lugs as manufac tured by Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. Provide for each opening No. 20 galvanized iron sleeve extending through concrete floor; to be set when floor slab is laid. (See booklet page 6.) Standard Aisle Hood Air Deflectors Are used to throw the fresh air out into the aisles in one direction. They provide the engineer with an inexpensive method of introducing a large volume of air wherever needed without causing annoying drafts. A curved damper reduces friction loss. Long Wide High Lbs. Small Size................. l*arge Size................. 8* 8* W 6# W 6' May also be made in any size to suit conditions. C.F.M. at 300 Vel. 75 too Area Sq. Ft. 0.25 0.333. Riser Concrete Plan Gallery Riser Ventilator For the intake or exhaust of warm or cool air in the balconies of auditoriums adjustable toany opening and locked. SIZE A B C D E AffCA TwBTr 6 7% 4% 7b 4b `4 (96 GO 2 a 9% 63& 10W Vi $4S /Ob 4- to 12 HV /6% 7I1 (Q% /Z( IT 8% 77% i%t 545 .725 7G5 235 ek 9i Also 6x12 Standard Size Camelback Air Diffusers Give a two-way air delivery, at ends as shown and are particularly desirable in keeping duct work at a minimum. They are furnished with or without dampers. Nos. 1 and 3 have no dampers while Nos.. 2 and 4 have two regu lating dampers. - Nos. 1 and 3--Size 14" long, 7" wide, 6" high at ends. Nos. 2 and 4--Size 14" long, 7" wide, 5" high at ends. . (See Booklet for Capacities) All are of substantial construction being made of heavy cast iron. Other Knowles Products are Single Damper, Double Damper and Lever Lock Mushroom Ventilator, Disc-Loc Gallery Exhaust Vents. Send for new booklet containing complete engineering data. 307 Air Filters The Cooling Tower Co., Inc. 15 John Street NEW YORK, N. Y. Tangldust Air Filters, Cooling Towers for Theater Cooling Systems, Spray Nozzle Cooling Systems and Impact- Air Washers Tangldust "Two-stage" Air Filter The Tangldust is a* `twostage" air filter, built in standard units, that re moves 97 per cent of the precipitable dust and dirt. The "two-stage" feature is a refinement of ordinary filter design, and takes into consideration the fact that ordinary air contains both heavy dust and fibrous mat ter and abo fine dust. This type of construction provides for the depositing of the bulk of the coarser dirt on the first stage, con sisting of baffle or elimina tor plates vertically ar Front and Rear of Filler, ranged across the front of Showing Wire CoiU of Sec- the filter. The remaining ond Stage in Rear of Filter. dust which passes through the first stage is deposited on the wire coils of the second stage which are arranged in increasing density from front to rear of filter. This dust eventually dislodges and falls to the bottom of each coil, preventing the building up of a resistance to the tar flow within the filter. after many years of the most severe service. Easy to Clean an Recharge. --The method of cleaning the filter -- consisting in placing the cell first in a cleaning and then in a charging tank, each op erate bysimply raising and lowering a counter balanced bar--can be accomplished quickly and easily. The han dlingof the cells or units is greatly simplified by the use of a special re Removable Handle for Easy Han movable bundling bar, dling of Filter Celia illustrated herewith. Less Frequent Re charging.--This is the result of the use of the special removable oil pad, saturated with Tangelcne oil, which is placed at the top of each filter cell. In operation, it con tinues to keep the filter surfaces constantly moistened with oil long after the ordinary filter has become inoperative. This naturally results in less frequent recharging being required. Vert Low Upkeep Costs.--The form of construction of the Tangldust filter, making cleaning much easier and recharging less frequent, makes it most economical in upkeep. The most in experienced operator can easily take care of a good-sized installation. . Filter Specifications Furnish and install as shown on plan, an air filter such as the Tangldust Air Filter manufactured by The Coouno Tower Co.. Inc., New York, N. Y., capable of cleaning 800 cu. ft. of air per Cross Section Showing Pataage of Air Through the Two Stages of Construction THE WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATION. General Ventilation.--Schools, hospitals, hotels, museums, theaters, restaurants and public buildings. i Electrical Ventilation.--Cooling turbo-generators, sub-stations, buss galleries, telephone exchanges, etc. Bacteria Control.--Hospital operating rooms and contagious wards, bottling plants, etc. . Dust Recovery.--For recovering valuable dust, such as gold and silver; also minute, velocity not to exceed S50 ft. per minute. Filter shall be constructed in two stages with a renewable oil pad at the top of each filter cell for greater effi ciency, easier cleaning and to prevent the filter drying out between charging. Re sistance offilter at 800 cu. ft. of air per minute per cell shall not be more than .t in. water gage and not more than .3 in when each cell has accumulated qts. of dust. for control of injurious dust, such as lead, abrasives, chemicals, flour, starch, aluminum, etc. Drying Operations.--Butter, eggs, fruit, laundries, paint, milk, sugar and chemicals. Air Compressors.--Internal combustion engines and pneumatic tools. Send pos Bulletin 255^3 Cooling Towers for Theatre Cooling Systems Important Features and Advantages of Tangldust Filters Dustproop Construction.--While the Tangldust filter cells or units are interchangeable, the supporting or enclosing frame is built to meet the specifies- _ tions of each in stallation. This, continuous pelt uner , ntogether with our jtxrr*fgrmbs dust-proof special dustproof BETWEEN CELL AND CASINO joint -- consisting of a continuous felt liner between the cell and casing-- FlLTERj CELL insures a dustproof installation even Dustproof Joint Cooling towers are de signed to recool the cir culating water in air refrigerating systems. They are being very suc cessfully applied to the cool ing equipment of theatres, where they assure a plenti ful supply of cool water being always available for the refrigeration system. This eliminates frequent repairs and shutdowns' of the system. For further information send for catalogue. Tower on Rivoli Theatre, New York City 308 Air Fillers i DURO AIR FILTER COMPANY HOME OFFICE--315t-3155 SHIELDS AVENUE CHICAGO Represented in NEW YORK CITY BOSTON MILWAUKEE TORONTO . i CLEVELAND DETROIT ^ KANSAS CITY ST. LOUIS AND OTHER . PRINCIPAL CITIES THE AIR FILTER EVERLASTING With a copper filtration medium, a substance ideal for its purpose, DURO AIR FILTERS are suited to any application where a Clean Air Supply is important. Features of Importance: . 1. Simple, Effective Cleaning accom plished by ordinary unskilled labor with minimum of difficulty! 2. By Rotative Cleaning a Constant effect in pressure characteristics is maintained! 3. Rough Stop of Coarse Dust! 4. Cavernous Region for Retention of Dust Load! 5. Final and Complete Elimination of Finest Particles! 6. Filtration Media Non-Friable! 7. Non-Corrosive! 8. Non-Magnetic! 9. Electrolytically Inert! 10. Lightweight, Durable, Sturdy Design and Construction Throughout! ALL PATENT RIGHTS RESERVED Write tor complete specifications and performance data 309 to Air Fillers BRADFORD PENNSYLVANIA Midwest Canada, Ltd. Montreal, Canada Branches in Principal Cities PRINCIPLE--Midwest Air Filters operate on the baffleimpingement principle. Each filter cell contains a series of specially perforated and shaped metal plates so designed that they form a graduate filter medium, which with larger openings and spaces for dust accumulations in the front has smaller openings with less spaces in the rear, thereby eliminating the coarser dust on the front sheets or the filter and the finer dust particles towards the rear of the filter cell. This design forces the air to change its direction many times in passing through the cell, and as the sheets are coated with a viscose, sticky fluid, "Viscosine", the dust particles are impinged against the sticky surface of the filter sheets at each change of direction of the air stream, where they are caught and held. At the extreme back of each cell an extra fine filter medium, consisting of a series of knitted copper mats of flat copper wire also coated with Viscosine, is arranged, thereby providing a very high efficiency. and soda in a special tank provided with the installation. It is then drained and aUowed to dry. -When dry it is dipped in Viscosine and set aside to drain, when it serves as the next reserve cell. The entire filter being constantly covered with Viscosine, does not corrode or rust. An installation is practically everlasting. DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS Size of unit (overall)--20 x 20 x 6^ in. Size of Cell--19^ * 19H * 4 in. Net Weight of Ceil--23 lb. Weight of Unit--38 lb. Capacity per Cell--Normal 800 cu. ft. per min. Efficiency--The average efficiency, under normal operating conditions, is 97 to 99 per cent. Resistance--Maintained at any desired value by routine cleaning and selecting proper velocity through filter. Cleaning--Depends on dust conditions. In average installation, each cell is cleaned once every six to eight weeks. Time required--3 to 5 minutes per cell. Viscosine Consumption--One gallon per unit per year. Other types--We have a complete line of filters for various purposes and conditions. Figure 2 shows a filter of the self-cleaning type, and for further information please send your request to our Engineering and Research Department, who will gladly furnish data, sketches and recommendations without any cost or obligation to you. (Fig. I) Midwest Filter Unit Type U-t (cell andframe) SPECIAL FEATURES--Each filter unit consists of a frame and a cell, all of which are completely inter changeable. Each frame is provided with a continuous flange in the rear, against which the filter cells are foroed by thumb screws set in removable plate clips which fit into slots at the four corners of the frame. Thus air-tight joints are provided between all cells and frames. Each frame is further provided with projecting turned-over ' lips, at one side and at the bottom. These Ups grip and interlock with the adjoining side and top of adjacent frames. The frames themselves are bolted together at the rear. In this way, a double air seal is formed on all frames, .and an absolutely air-tight installation assured. INSTALLATION--An installation consists of the proper number of units assembled in an angle iron frame. Any limitations of space are easily and economically met. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE--There being no moving parts, practically no operating supervision is required. Maintenance consists in periodical cleaning and recharging of cells in Viscosine. Cleaning is systematically carried out by removing the cell next to the one last cleaned, and replacing at once by a clean, charged reserve cell. The dirty cell is washed in hot water 310 (Fig. i) Air Filters and Cleaners Reed Air Filter Co. . Incorporated Factory and General Offices 202 Central Avenue : - LOUISVILLE, KY. NEW YORK OFFICE 50 CHURCH STREET ReedAir fitterstSa ^ BRANCH OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES- The Reed System of Air Filtration provides a simple, economical and efficient method of supplying clean air for ventila tion and industrial processes. The Reed Streamline Air Filter represents the most recent development in the self-cleaning filter. It is automatic in operation, positive in performance, has no moving parts and requires no, personal attention in its performance, . All mechanical movement ' Has been eliminated. The filtering media is station- principle and building the Reed Stream line Filter in standard unit sizes has simplified laying out and installing filters of various capacities. Cleaning efficiency of the Reed Streamline Filter is 95 per cent--operating resistance, .25" of water. The Reed Unit Air Filter operates on the principle of the human nostril. The split-wire filtering media, used in Reed Filters exclusively, divides the air into innumerable fine streams, bringing it into intimate contact with Adhesine-coated surfaces. The Reed Streamline Self-Cleaning Air Filter A Reed Air Filter Unit ary--nothing moves but the charging liquid. Once a day the filter is auto matically flushed or flooded with Adhesine which cleans the filtering media and leaves it freshly charged. The filtering media of the Reed. Streamline (Self-Cleaning) Filter con sists of staggered rows of streamline forms similar to the low-wind-resistance shapes developed in the air service. These shapes Q>^C><C>^C> Progressively packed media, varying in density through the depth of the filter, gives greater dust capacity, keeps re sistance at a minimum and prolongs periods between cleanings. Our Engineering Department will be glad to furnish complete data and drawings without cost or obligation. Data and Specifications of Reed Air Filters Size of Filter, over all.....................................20x20x4 in. Effective opening...................... -18x18 in. (2% sq. ft.) Capacity of each unit.................... 800 cu. ft. per min. Efficiency of Filter (Standard Type "B").........97% Surface Area of Filter Media.................. .`..1500 sq. ft. Linear velocity of air through filter 365 ft. per min. Resistance of clean filter to flow of air................................................&-in. water gauge Low-Resistance Streamline Forms Used in Reed Self-Cleaning Filter offer minimum resistance to air flow and clean the air byimpingementon and scrub bing contact with Adhesine-coated surfaces. The only auxiliary equipment is a small motor pump outfit. Adhering to the unit Frequency of cleaning depends upon amount of solids to be removed from air. For the average city air, cleaning periods may be estimated roughly as once in six to ten weeks. Time required for clean ing operation five to eight minutes. Weight of filter celL-................................................. 20 lb. Weight of cleaning tank.__..................................... 45 lb. Weight of filter frame............................................... 10 lb. Weight of "Adhesine" per gal.............................7.5 lb. 311 Air Filters Spray Engineering Company 60 High Street BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SPRACO AIR FILTERS Spraco Air Filters constitute the most efficient device- for removing from the ventilating air, dust, dirt, and other foreign matter. Some of the reasons why Spraco Air Filters are superior follow: First.--Filter media arranged from coarse to fine in the direction of air flow results in progressive filtration. Ample space provided for the accumulation of the maximum amount of dirt without obstructing the air flow. Second.--Framework for holding cells is made up in sections of all welded con struction, insuring maximum strength and perfect alignment. Sectional framework eliminates airieakage and reduces the cost of installation to a minimum. Third.--Cells make two point contact with sectional framework, which is provided with a felt sealing strip. All air must pass through filter media. Fourth.--Quick acting spring latches, Four to each cell, hold the cells firmly against the two point seal. Fifth.--Washing tanks are equipped with steam water heater, drain, and water connections. Steam water heater insures maintaining washing solution hot, while the Spraco Rotary Washing tank is the quickest and most effective means of cleaning the cells. - Send for Bulletin F-47. Engineering Service The Spray Engineering Company maintains a corps of engineers experienced in all phases of air conditioning, including the filtering, washing, cooling, humidifying, and . dehumidifying of air for all classes of work. These engineers are available for con sultation regarding the best solution of such problems. Specifications Space occupied by Cell.................................................. Net weight of Cell..... ..................................................... Net weight of Sectional Framework......................... Standard air capacity of Cell...................................... Average Resistance.......................................................... Cleaning efficiency.................................................. ........ 312 20" x 20" x 4". 30 lbs. 15 lbs. per cell. 800 C. F. M. x/x" w. g. when clean . w. g. with 1 lb. dirt per cell. Under normal conditions will remove 97% of dust and dirt as determined by microscopic dust count. Boilers American Radiator Company Western Executive Office 816 South Michigan Ave. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS General Sales Department 1807 Elmwood Avenue BUFFALO, NEW YORK Eastern Executive Office 40 West 40th Street NEW YORK .CITY Manufacturers of Ideal Boilers, American Radiators, and other Heating, Ventilating, and Refrigerating Products THE IDEAL SMOKELESS BOILER The Ideal Smokeless Boiler has established itself by years of service as representing the highest standard of smokeless performance. It burns all grades of soft coal smokelessly without skilled atten dance, is easily installed, requires no special setting, and has no parts to wear out or be replaced. It is especially well adapted for battery installation. S6* Series Complete data on Ideal Boilers and American Radiators are contained in the Ideal Fitter and special technical catalogs. Any branch of the company or the Advertising Department, 1807 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, New York, will be pleased to forward any of these catalogs on request. Steam Number Rating of Steam Boiler Sq. Ft. Water Number Rating of Water Boiler Sq.Ft. Grate Area Sq. Ft. Fuel Ca pacity Lbs. Total Length "L" Ins. Steam Outlets No. and Size Water Outlets No. and Size Steam Inlets No. and Size Water Inlets No. and Size Chimney Chimney Size Height Ins. Ft. S-2308-S S-2309-S S-23I0-S S-23M-S S-Z3I2-S S-2907-S S-2908-S S-2909-S S-29KLS S291l-S S-3608S S-3609-S S36I0-S S-36JI-S S-3612-S S-3613-S S-3614-S S-36ISS S-4807-S S-4808S S-4809-S S-48I0-S S-481 l-S S-4812-S S-48I3-S S-48I4-S S-7909-S S-791G-S S-791l-S S-79I2-S S-7913-S S-79I4-S S-79ISS S-7916-S S-7917-S 1.050 1.200 1350 1.500 1,650 2,400 2.800 3.200 3.600 4.000 4,450 5.100 5.750 6.400 7.050 7.700 8.350 9.000 9,000 10.250 11.500 12.750 14.000 15.250 16.500 17.750 14.000 15.500 17.000 18.500 20.000 21.500 23.000 24.500 26.000 W-2308-S W-2309-S W-23IOS W-Z3M-S W-23I2-S W-2907-S W-2908-S W-2909-S W-29I0-S W-291 l-S W-360fUS W-3609-S W-36I0-S W-3611-S W-3612-S W-3613-S W-3614-S W-3615^ W-4807-S W-4808-S W-4809-S W-48IO-S W-48II-S W-48I2-S W-4813S W-48I4-S W-7909-S W-7910-S W-79M-S W-7912-S W-79I3-S W-7914-S W-79I5-S W-79I6-S W-79I7-S 1.650 1.875 2.100 2325 2.550 3.900 4.550 5,200 5.850 6.500 7,300 8.400 9.500 10,600 11.700 12.800 13.900 15.000 14.500 16.500 18.500 20.500 22,500 24.500 26.500 28.500 22.000 24.500 27.000 29.500 32.000 34.500 37,000 39.500 42.000 4.64 5.28 5.92 6.56 7.20 7.26 8.47 9.68 10.89 12.10 10.50 12.00 13.50 15.00 16.50 18.00 19.50 21.00 21.60 2530 25.20 28.80 28.80 28.80 32.40 32.40 29.52 32.80 36.08 3936 42.64 45.92 41.00 44.28 44.28 281 320 359 398 437 523 611 699 787 875 972 1.116 1.260 1.404 1,548 1,692 1.836 1.980 1.770 2.065 2.065 2.360 2.360 2,360 2.655 2,655 1.071 1,194 1.305 1.428 1.551 1.674 1.495 1.495 1.618 33 37 41 45 49 42 48 54 60 66 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 MV, 79% 90 iooy. iii'A 122% 133 143% 60 66 72 78 84 90 % 102 108 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-5 1-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 2-5 2-5" 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-102-10 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2t3 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 t t t t 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 12 x 12 12x 12 12 x 12 !2x 12 I2z 12 I6x 16 16 x 16 16x20 16x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x24 20x24 20x24 24x24 24x24 24x24 24x28 24x28 28x28 28x28 28x32 28x32 24x24 24x24 24x28 24x28 24x28 28x28 28x28 30x30 30x30 35 35 35 40 40 40 45 50 55 60 50 55 55 60 60 ' 65 70 75 70 75 80 85 95 100 105 110 80 85 90 "95 100 105 110 115 120 Two 3H-inch and two 4-inch. tFour 3H-inch and two 4-inch Safety Valve sires accord with A. S. M. E. Boiler Code. 313 American Radiator Company Heating Specialties No. 800 Arco Water Regulator For damper control on hot water heating boilers. Adjustable for temperature between 100 and 220. All metal. Length of Bulb 2% inches. Connection, 2 inches. American Radiator Company PACKLESS VALVES Air Valdes and Switches PACKED VALVES No. 988 Arco Packless Valves--Quick Opening Leakless feature consists of special moulded ring with metallic core held under compression by a spring. Requires no repacking. Opens or closes with one turn. Does not stick or bind. Furnished with either round or lever composition handle. No. 988 Angle. No. 955 R. H. Corner. No. 960 L. H. Corner. No. 970 Globe. No. 968 Fractional Type with indicator and graduatcdfdial. No. 78 Detroit Steam Valves Metal well distributed--strong and heavy where strength is needed. Regularly equipped with composition handle, black hard rubber finish. No. 72 Angle. No. 32 R. H. Corner. No. 37 L. H. Corner. No. 57 Globe. No. 373 Gate. No. 816 ' Ideal Quick Vent All metal. Very sensitive. For venting mains, long runs of pipe, indirect stacks, drop risers, etc. No. 815--No. 820 No. 801 Arco Junior Water Regulator For damper control on Hot Water Supply Boilers. Temperature range 130-180. Length of Bulb. 2 inches. Connection, inches. Patent Pending No. 886 No. 817 . Vento Vent For use on Vento Heaters and Blast Coils. Stack connection, Dup connection, Arco Tank Regulator For temperature control of liquids heated by steam. (Also made in flexible tube type No. 826). Range 140 to 180 F. For use on steam pres sures up to 15 lbs. Send for complete catalog of Ideal Healing Specialties 314 No. 860 Ideal Packless Valves--Bellows Type Metallic bellows surrounds the stem and work ing parts, which prevents passage of steam, water or air around the stem opening. Equipped' with round composition handle. No. 850 Angle. No. 851 R. H. Comer. No. 852 L. H. Corner. No. 860 Globe. Also furnished in Quick Opening type--one turn. Nos. 878, 879, 880, 870. No. 101 Detroit Hot Water Valve The No. 101 Hot Water Valve will not stick or turn hard. The narrow edge of the plate presents a small area of contact so that corrosion is easily broken away. Concave plate gives true elbow shape when valve is open, reducing friction of water flow. Made in Angle pattern only. Union Elbow, No. 132. No. 8U5 TheriHostat MERCOID CONTROLS Patents Pending All Mercoid Controls employ the Mercoid Switch which carries the full line current at 110 or 220 volts without arcing or corrosion of contacts. Mercoid instruments give automatic control of temperature, pressure or vacuum. The various models provide a wide field of application. The No. 845 Mercoid Thermostat is especially adapted for use with Unit Heaters--starting or stopping the fan as the air temperature changes. The No. 847 Arco Motor Valve; for high or low pressure steam, water, air, etc., can be used with any Mercoid Control. Write for full details of this complete line. 315 Boilers The Bigelow Company Main Office and Works NEW HAVEN : CONNECTICUT New York, N. Y. 149 Broadway Boston, Mass. 141 Milk Street Manufacturers of Bigelow-Hornsby Water Tube Boilers Bigelow Horizontal Return Tubular Boilers Bigelow Two-Pass Boilers Bigelow Manning Boilers Bigelow Upright Boilers Bigelow H. R. T. Boiler Investigation of the Bigelow H. R. T. boiler will convince you of its true value. Economical service has been the big feature of Bigelow products during a period of boiler building extending over 50 years. With a shop containing the most modem approved equipment for boiler construction a product is assured representing the highest quality in work manship. The Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler is the latest development of this company. After careful investigation of the existing types of steel heating boilers an effort was made to eliminate the objectionable feat ures of many; the result being the Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler. This boiler will meet heating and power requirements especially where space limitations prevail: Elimina tion of staybolts and special brick shapes in furnace reduces maintenance to a minimum. Large furnace volume; long gas travel, uniform velocity of gas over heating surface and low exit temperature assures maximum efficiency. For Central Power Stations and large industrial plants the Bigelow Hornsby water tube boiler is unexcelled. High continuous economy, large overload ca pacity, large furnace volume and straight tubes are a few of the features contained in this type of boiler. The Hornsby is built in units of 375 H. P. to 3,000 H. P. Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler Built in units from 25. H. P. to 150 H. P. 316 Boilers . IRVINGTON, N. Y. FACTORIES: IRVINGTON, N. Y. ELIZABETH, N. J. LANCASTER, PA. Offices: Boston. Mass., Chicago, IlL, Baltimore, Md., Philadelphia, Pa., New York City, N.Y., San Francisco, Calif. Makers of Low Pressure and High Pressure Cast Iron Boilers There ore twenty members of the Burnham Family, in round and square boilers, each adapted to its particular place and purpose. Round Sectional Steam Boiler Made for either water or steam heat ing. Has separate corrugated crown sheet section, and extra longfire travel.. The Hot Water Supply Boiler It has a wonderful reputation for the economical heating af water supply tanks. Sold equipped with following special features: Automatic Hot f Water Damper Regulator; Hot Water Relief Valve set at 80 lbs., two 2 inch Brass Plugs on front section *or clean-out purposes. The One, Two, Three Of Oil Burning Economy AS you know there is a wide variance of comparative costs in oil burning. At best, it seems seldom to result in much better than an even break for residence heating. This is largely due to most boilers having too short a fire travel. This means that the necessary air pres sure under which oil burning must be conducted, carries the hot gases too quickly to the chimney, causing an excess of heat losses. Burnham boilers having a long fire travel, not only baffle down the speed of the gases; but also muffle the noise. The Burnham Square Sectionals,, .with their three times back and forth fire travel, give high efficiency with oil fuels. 317 i Boilers and Radiators Continental Heater Corporation Dunkirk, N. Y. MANUFACTURERS OF CAST IRON BOILERS AND RADIATORS Conlento CONTENTO BOILERS Boiler No. 4-A 5-A 6-A 7-A 8~A Water Rating Sq. Ft. 400 535 670 825 990 Steam - Rating Sq. Ft. 240 320 400 500 600 Overall Length Inches 20 23% 27 30% 34 Crate Area Sq.Ft. 0.94 1.22 1.55 1.92 2.25 CONTINENTAL SQUARE BOILERS Boiler No. Water Rating Sq. Ft. Steam Rating Sq. Ft. Overall Length Inches Grate Area Sq. Ft. 417 750 450 33 1.44 517 1000 600 37 1.95 617 1250 750 41 2.45 717 1500 900 45 2.95 617 1750 1050 50 3.45 Four, five and six section boilers, 2-233" flow and returns. Seven and eight sectional boilers, 3-2H" flow and returns. Water line 46 inches. Continental Square The Contento can be used either on the same floor with the radiators or in the basement. The forward and back fire travel utilizes the gases instead of allowing them to be wasted up the chimney. The deep roomy firepot makes frequent attention unneces sary. The Continental Square Boiler will hold fire for long intervals. The water tube design makes it a quick heater. The flues are easily cleaned and the boiler can there fore be run at highest efficiency at all times with soft as well as hard coal or coke. CONTINENTAL RADIATORS Each individual section is rigidly tested and inspected. After being assembled every radiator receives a second test. Continental Radiators are dependable. ' 38* 32* 26* 23* 38* 32* 26* 23* 38* 32* 26* 22* Four Column........... 38* 32* 26* 22* hive Column............ 22" 18* 14* Wall.......................... 7-B 9-B One, two and three column have 2H" centers. Four and five column have 3" centers. WALL RADIATION 20* 20* . 18*- 18* Column Radiators are assembled with extra heavy - malleable nip ples. 7-B 9-B Height 22* 29* Width 12* 12* 318 C. T. to C. Tappings 19* 25%" Wall Radiators are assembled with screw nipple. Continental Heater Corporation Boilers and Radiators Continental Low Water Line Boilers Smokeless and Regular Types Interior View Superior Features Extremely low water line, that of largest boiler being only 47 inches. Fired short way of grates, making firing easy. Water tubes in fire box come in direct contact with flames. Good cir culation within boiler and large volume of water insures steady water line on fan systems. Made in regular and smokeless types. Will burn any kind of fuel including oil. Every boiler set up and rigidly tested before ship ment. CONTINENTAL LOW WATER LINE BOILER DATA (Ratings have never been changed) Smokeless Boiler Number Regular Series Boiler Number Steam Rating Water Rating Crate Area Flow and Return 2 Each Inches Front Length .of Boiler Inches Extreme Overall Depth 1 Inches Chimney : Area Inches Chimney Height Feet 20 Series Water Line 38 Inches--Height of Flow 43 Inches 25 700 1,150 3.88 26 900 1,500 4.85 27 1,100 1,850 5.82 28 1,300 2,200 6.80 3 35 39'/, 3 42 3 49 39'/, 3 56 39% 8x12 12x12 12x12 12x12 40 40 40 40 ,30 Series Water Line 43 Inches--Height of Flow 48 Inches 530 35 1,200 2,000 5.83 4 35 54'/, 12x12 40 630 36 1,600 2,650 7.29 4 42 54% 12x12 40 730 37 2,000 3,300 8.75 4 49 54% 12x12 40 830 38 2,400 4,000 10.21 4 56 54% 12x12 40 930 39 2,800 4,650 11.67 4 63 12x16 40 sa1030 310 3,200 5,300 13.13 4 70 12x16 >. 45 1130 311 3,600 6,000 14.59 4 77 I2x(6 45 $1230 312 4,000 6.650 16.05 4 84 16x16 45 640 740 840 940 1040 1140 1240 (340 1440 1540 1640 1740 1840 40 Series Water Line 47 Inches--Height of Flow 54 Inches 46 47 48 49 . 410 411 412 413 414 .415 416 417 418 2,500 3,200 3,900 4,600 5,300 6,000 6,700 7,400 8,100 8,800 9,500 10,200 10,900 4,150 5,300 6,450 7,600 8,750 9,900 11,100 12,250 13,400 14,550 15,700 16,850 18,000 9.72 11.66 13,60 15.54 17.48 19.43 21.35 23.32 25.27 27.22 29.17 31.12 33.07 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 --5 5 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 12x16 50 12x16 50 16x16 50 16x20 . 55 16x20 55 20x20 55 20x20 60 24x24 65 24x24 ^ 65 24x28 65 28x28 70 28x28 70 28x32 70 One additional 4-in.-flow. Two additional 4-in. flows. Double series boilers 2,600 to 22,300 sq. ft. 319 Boilers, Heating Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. ' ESTABLISHED 1886 General Offices: 570 Seventh Avenue, NEW YORK CITY Products: Fitzgibbons-Ontario (small-sized) steel boilers for steam or hot water heating. Fitzgibbons-Compac (intermediate sized) steel boilers for steam or hot water heating. Fitzgibbons (large sized) steel boilers for heating. And for power, see page 322. Reputation and Performance: For forty years Fitzgibbons Boilers have been known and recognized for their economy in coal consumption, quick steaming ability, and high evaporative power. Equally wellknown have been their performance records for low cost operation and absence of maintenance cost. Fitzgibbons-Ontario Steel Heating Boiler for small-sized installations, homes, churches, garages, etc. Fitzgibbons-Ontario (Small-Sized) Steel Boilers: These boilers embody all the economical and efficient features of the larger sized Fitzgibbons boilers and are made in sizes ranging from 400 sq. ft. to 3200 sq. ft., steam rating or from 700 sq. ft. to 5100 sq. ft. water rating. The smallest size is 4 ft. 7 in. high, 5 ft. long and 2 ft. 2 in. wide, and is particularly suited for use in small residences where space is limited. They are built entirely of rust-resisting copper-steel, assuring durability and a life-time of service. FITZGIBBONS-ONTARIO STEEL BOILERS--Ratings and Specifications Number of Boiler_____ H-8 H-12 H-16 H-20 H-24 H-28 H-32 H-36 H-44 H-50 H-58 H-64 Steam Rating....................... 400 600 600 1000 (200 1400 1600 1800 2200 2500 2900 3200 Hot Water Rating............... 700 1000 1300 1600 1900 2200 2600 2900 3500 4000 4600 5100 A-Diam. Vert. Snell.......... 26' 29' 29' 29' 33' 33' 36' 36' 40* 40s 43' 43' B--Height Bare Boiler........ ys>/,' 4'-1' 4'-!' 4'-1' 4'-1' 4'-r 4'-4' 4'-4' 4'-6' 4'-8' y-00 5'-O' C-Length Bare Boiler........ '-2' 5'-0" 6'-O' 7'~0' 6'-5' 7'-5' y-<r 7'-9' 7'-7' 8'-7' 8'-4' 9'-4' U-Uiaa. Hot. Shell........... 18' E-Floor to Water Line.... y-v 21' 4'-4' 21' 21' 23' 23' 27' 27' 31' 31' 33' 4'-4' 4'-4' 4'-4' 4'-4' 4'-7' 4'-7' 4'-l1' 4#-1l' 5'-2' 33' 5'-2' K-Diameter Fire Box........ 21' 24' 24' 24' 28' 28' 31' 31' 34' 34' 37' 37' L-Diam. Cast Iron Base... w 33'/,' 33'/,' 33'/,' 37'/,' 37'/,' 40'/,' <0W 42>/,' 42>/,' 45)/,' 45*4' M-Height Cast Iron Base.. 10>/,' 13' 13' 13' 13' 13' 13' 13' 13' 13' 13' 13' N-Floor to Center Fire Door 26'/,' 31' 31' 31' 31' 31' 31' 31' 31' 31' 31' 31' O-Height............................. 4'-7' 5'-2' 5'-2' 5'-2' 5'-2' 5'-2' 5'-5' 5'-5' 5'-9" y-v 6'-l' 6'-!' P-Length Overall............... y-00 5'-l0' &'-10" 7'-l0' 7'-3' 8'-3' T-V 8'-7' 8'-5' 9'-5' y-v 10'--2" Q-Height Cast' Iron Stand. 25'/,' W' 28y/ 28)/,' 27V,' 27V,' 28' 28' 28' 28' 28' 28' R--Width Smoke Uptake... S-Length Smoke Uptake.. -T-Loeation Supply Outlet. U-Location Damper Reg... 1w2V? 8' \tr 6>/,' 'W 12' 6'/,' 15'/* Vff 12' 6>/,' 15'/' 8>/' 12' w 17)/' 10'/' 13' 7'/,' 17*/,' 1OV2 13" S'/,' 20V2* \w 15' 8'/,' 20'/' IM// 15' 9'/,' 22' 13' 15' 9i/2' 22' 13' 15' (O' 25' !2'/2' 17' 10* 25'- 17'1 V-Suggested Behind Boiler.. 18' 23' 33' 45' 3r 44' 31' 43' 35' 47' 40' 52' Supply Outlet....................... 3' 4' 4' 4' w 4</,' 5' 5' 5' 5' 6' 6' Return.......... .. 3' 4' 4' 4' w 4'A' 5' 5' 5' 5' 6' 6' Safety Valve......................... v,' 1' Diameter Smoke Pipe.......... 8' ur 1' 10' 1' w i'/' M/2' \'/i' 2' 10' 12' 12' 14' 14' 16' 2' V 16' 18' 2' 18' Approx. Sq. Ft. Covering... 36 46 52 58 60 66 72 80 . 86 94 102 110 Approx. Shipping Weight..; 1750 1950 2000 2050 2300 2350 2900 2950 3550 3800 4200 4500 Ratings are based on two pounds pressure for steam and 180 deg. fahr. for water and give actual number of square feet direct cast iron radiator surface or equivalent when sufficient radiation is installed to heat the building to 70 deg. fahr.' 320 Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Boilers, Heating Fitzgibbons-Compac (Intermediate Sized) Steel Boilers: This series is iden tical in general design with the large Fitz gibbons Boiler and is made in sizes from 3300 to 16,500 sq. fL steam radiation. A most compact boiler specially adaptable to limited space conditions. Construction: Fitzgibbons-Ontario and Fitzgibbons-Compac . boilers are built completely of steel without a single cast-iron part holding water. Tested under pressure before shipment, and ready for immediate installation upon arrival at job. No assembling of parts at the building; no packed joints, unions, holts, etc. Fuel-Economy: The furnace with its gas diverting arch is so large, and the heating surfaces so ample, that the direct fire and major portion of flue surface is exposed to the hottest gases, utilizing all the heat available from the fuel. This results In a saving of upwards of 20 per cent in amount of fuel required in comparison with ordinary types of heating boilers. Bum Coal, Oil or Gas: The fuel-saving results whether egg, stove, chestnut, pea or buckwheat size of coal, or oil or gas is used as fuel. Unusually efficient when burning oil owing to large furnace and rapid water circulation. NetRatings:- Ratings are net and indi cate the amount of equivalent cast iron radiation that boilers will heat on the basis of 0.25 lbs. steam sq. ft. of equivalent cast iron radiation with the pressure at boiler two pounds, or 180 deg. fahr. temperature of water. Cast iron radiation equivalent is cast iron radiation plus heating loss of means, branches, risers, etc., plus hot water domestic-heating load plus heat loss of condensation not returned. Fitzgibbons-ComPac Steel Heating Boiler for moderate-sized plants FITZGIBBONS-COMPAC STEEL BOILERS--Ratings and Specifications No. of Boiler Steam Rating Sq. Ft. Diara. Height Vert. Bare Shell Boiler Length Bare Boiler Diam. Hor. Shell Water Line Over all Height Height Stand A B C D E CH Smoke Uptake K Space to Draw Tubes Approx. Sq. Ft. Cover Approx. Weight in lbs. Steam in. L ing Re turn in. H-66 H-76 H-86 H-88 H-98 H-108 H-120 H-132 H-144 H-150 H-160 H-170 H-200 H-220 H-250 H-270 H-310 H-330 3300 4'-0' 5'--10* 8'-!' 3'-4' 6'-0* 7'-!' 3800 4'-0' 5'-10* 9'-l' 3'-4' 6'-0" 7'-!' 4300 4'-0' 5'--10* I0'-1' 3'-4' 6'-0' 7'-!' 4400 4'-4' S'--11* 8'-7' 3'-6' 6'-0" T-V 4900 4/-4' 5'-l1' 9'-7' 3'-6' y-o0 v-r 5400 4'-4' 5'-11* 10'--7* 3'-6' y-o' T-V 6000 4'-9" 6'-7' 9'-9' 4'-0' 6'-7' 7'-10* 6600 4'-9' 6'-7' IO'-9* 4'-O' 6'-7' 7'--10* 7200 4'-9' 6'-7' 1l'-9* 4'-O' 6'-7' 7'--10* 7500 5'-0' 6'-l1' 9'-IO' 4'-3' 6'-H' R'-2' 8000 y-o0 6'-((* lO'-IO* 4'-3' 6'-11' 8'-2' 6500 y-or 6'--11* ll'-IO* 4'-3' 6'-1I* 8'-2' (0,000 5'-4' 8'-6' 12'-0* 4'-6' 8'-3' 9'-9' 11,000 5'-4'. 8'-6' !3'-0' 4'-6' 8'-3' 9'-9" 12,500 5'-10* 9'-0" 12'--3* 5'-0" v-<r 10'--3* (3,500 5'-10* 9'-0" 12'--9* y-o* 8'-9* 10'--3* 15,500 6'-2' 9'-2' 14'--0* ,5'-2' 8'-11* 10'-5' 16,500 6'-V 9'-2" 14'-6' S' -2' 8'--11* 10'-5' v-r v-r v-r v-v 2'-5' 2'-5' v-r v-r v-r 2'-8' 2'-8* 2'-8' 3'-3' 3'-3' 3'-3' 3'-3' 3'-3' 3*-3' 13V, 'x26' 13'/ 'x26* 13'/ 'x26' 14' sir 14' xir 14' xir 14' x37' 14' x37' 14' x37' 14' x44' 14' x44' 14' x44* 15' x4V* (5' x49" 16' x58* 16' x58* 17' x58* 17' x58' 2'-9" 3'-9" 4'-9' 2'-8' 3'-8' 4'-8' 3'-8' 4'-8' 5'-8' 3'-8' 4'-8' 5'-8' 6'-3' 7'-3' 6'-3' 6'-9' 7'-6' 8'-O' 118 5500 128 5850 138 62U0 132 6300 143 6650 154 7000 167 9000 180 9500 193 10,000 181 (0,200 195 tO,850 208 11,500 260 >3,000 280 (4.000 295 (5.000 315 15,500 335 17,000 350 16,000 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 321 Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Boilers, Heating PITZGIBBONS Large Steel Boilers The Fitzgibbons Boiler owes its high standing among architects, engineers and builders to (1) its capacity to carry its rating with ease (2) its coal-saving as compared with other types, and (3) its absence of maintenance cost. Construction: The design embodies the strongest possible construction with a minimum of interna! bracing. The combustion chamber is concentric with the vertical shell possessing similar strength. The . interior of the boiler is readily visible and accessible in all parts for inspection and cleaning. Numerous handhole openings together with the manhole in the top head facilitate getting at all parts. Built completely of steel, eliminating all brick work. Steam Pressures: The Fitzgibbons Boiler for heating is built for 15 lbs. steam pressure to conform with the rigid requirements of the A. S. M. E. . Boiler Code. . Combustion: Complete combustion of the fuel', and its consumable gases in the combustion cham ber with a minimum of excess air is a requisite of economical operation. The Fitzgibbons Boiler has a circular grate with no dead corners. The com bustion chamber is over six feet in height, giving the ample furnace volume now recognized as essential for complete combustion. The lower crown-sheet of the furnace diverts the gases into a thorough mixture with the air admitted through the special opening over-the fire-door. This mass of consumable gas is.completely burned in the high combustion chamber before ` entering the tubes. Smokeless operation with semi-bituminous coal indicates the thoroughness of this combustion. Furnace temperatures have run close to 3000 F. Circulation: The second requisite of economical operation is the rapid absorption of the heat by the water. This can be effected only by properly arranged heating surfaces over which a fast circula tion is maintained. The horizontal shell with the , tubes in the Fitzgibbons Boiler is completely sub merged. The water-line is in the vertical cylinder immediately over the combustion chamber. As a result of this unique arrangement, the circulation is always towards the front of the boiler along a fixed path increasing its speed as it approaches the combustion chamber where the source of greatest heat exists. The perfection of this circulation is evidenced by (1) the quick-steaming ability of the boiler (2) less than one per cent moisture in the 6team regardless of overload carried and (3) unusually low fiue-gas temperatures. Economy: Forty years of operation under all sorts of conditions of fuel, supervision and load requirements have placed the fuel-saving charac teristic of the boiler at over 20 per cent of the fuel ordinarily required by boilers of the rectangular-grate design. This economy results directly from the boiler's cylindrical construction, its complete combustion and its rapid water circulation. Adaptability; The boiler requires little boiler-room space. To overcome unusual space limitations caused by irregular column or girder construction, the boiler can be specially built with the fire-door placed on any radius. Any fuel can be burned; semi-bituminous; anthracite buckwheat; oil; gas; wood or sawdust* An ever-increasing yearly production of this single boiler attests to its correctness of design, its economy in operation and its all-around efficient service. . Fitzgibbons Heating Boiler Showing Furnace FITZGIBBONS BOILERS--Ratings and Specifications 322 Boilers Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. 15 Park Row, NEW YORK Internally Fired, Self Contained Water Tube Boilers for Low Pressure Heating and Medium Pressure Power Lower Water Lines and head room than fire-tube boilers. Draft Areas which are sometimes restricted in fire tube boilers, are ample in Harrisburg Star Boilers allowing slower movement of gases giving more time for absorption of their heat. Forced and Positive circulation through water tubes providing for effective transfer of heat from gases which cioss tubes (3) times. Both Inside and Outside surfaces of tubes can be cleaned. It is just as important to remove scale from water surfaces of tubes as it is to remove soot from fire surfaces. As a Safety Feature: The division of water into small masses prevents serious results in case of rupture. 323 Boilers General Boilers Company Manufacturers of Pacific Steel Heating Boilers, Pacific Circulating Tanks Waukegan, Illinois PACIFIC STEEL HEATING BOILERS For Burning Soft Coal Smokelessly For Soft or Hard Coal, Gas or Wood For Burning Oil Pacific Steel Heating Boilers are built for steam or hot water heating using soft coal, hard coal, oil, gas, or wood as fuel. They are constructed of steel accord ing to the A. 5. M. E. Code for building low pressure steel heating boilers. Every joint and seam in the Pacific is electrically welded and each boiler is built and tested to a pressure many times its normal working pressure un der the supervision of an inspector stationed in our plant by one of the largest insurance companies. A stand ard boiler policy is furnished with each steam boiler. Because of the compact design Pacific Boilers save from 25 to 40 per cent, of the boiler room floor space required by other steel firebox boilers, (see dimensions given on opposite page). The catalog ratings on Pacific Boilers are based on heating surface with steam at two pounds gauge pressure, hot water at 180 deg. at boiler. Any Pacific Boiler will carry its full rated toad in direct cast iron radiation. Extra capacity must be allowed for exposed piping, storage tank, pipe coils or indirect radiators and for buildings where normal tem peratures below 70 deg. F. are to be maintained. 324 General Boilers Company Boilers Catalogue ! Number Net R ating- Steam Height Water Line, Inches Diameter Smoke Connec. Inches Minimum Height Stack, Feet Grate Area, Square Feet Heating Surface. Square Feet Size of Outlet. 1 Inches Size of Return, Inches Length Overall Width Overall Height Boiler Length Base Width Base j Length for Ashpit Width for Ashpit Depth for Ashpit PACIFIC SMOKELESS BOILERS t3s t/i V f8fi u J0s0 *5 QX %609 1900 64 14 13 50 6.77 152.0 4 610 2400 64 14 13 50 8.16 189.0 4 66$ 78$ 8875 75 52 64 fA 12 !2 33 41 611 2900 68 16 15 55 9.47 234.0 5 3 612 3400 68 16 15 55 11.06 279.0 5 3 613 4000 68 18 17 60 11.85 318.0 5 3 6M 4500 68 18 17 60 12.70 372.0 5 3 81 46$ 93 46$ 94 m. 106 w, 78 64 12 41 3IV2 478 76 79'/, 76$ 12 49 31$ 12 49 33$ 79V, 88$ 39$ 12 53 33$ 613 5000 75 18 17 60 12.07 392.0 6 3 % 58 89V, 76>/, 45V, 12 41 39$ 616 5500 75 18 17 65 13.10 425.0 6 3 102 58 89'/, 8$ 45$ 12 45 39'/, T&617 5800 75 18 17 65 15.15 457.6 6 3 108 58 89V, 618 6500 81 74 22 65 16.42 508.5 7 4 96 62'/, 96 45$ 12 53 39$ 51$ 12 49 45$ 619 7500 81 24 72 70 18.83 594.8 7 4 620 8500 81 24 22 70 20.00 637.5 7 4 621 9000 89 26 24 70 J9.ll 708.7 8 4 622 10000 89 76 24 75 20.50 809.5 8 4 108 114 112 124 b6m2$' 70$ m'A 96 96 106 106 88$ 51$ 12 57 45$ 94y2 88w inrtf/ 51$ 58$ 58$ 12 12 12 61 49 53 45$ 52$ 52$ 6Z3 12000 99 30 28 75 25.14 864.5 8 4 674 14000 99 30 28 75 26.64 988.8 8 4 113 125 77$ 117V, 63 77'/, 117V, i oo$ 63 15 61 57. 15 65 57 623 15500 106 37 30 85 32.6 1183.8 8 5 129 86 125V, 100$ 83'/, 15 57 77 676 18000 106 32 30 85 34.7 1332.9 8 5 141 86 677 20500 106 32 30 90 36.7 1482.0 10 6 153 86 125V, 112$ 83$ 15 61 77 125V, 124$ 83$ 15 65 77 628 22000 119 36 33 (00 19.1 1583.1 (0 6 (44 93$ 140 \\v/t 96V, 18 61 90V, 679 25000 119 36 33 100 41.4 1759.0 10 6 630 28000 119 36 33 100 43.7 1934.9 10 6 156JA 95$ 140 168(4 95$ 140 125V, 96$ 18 65 90$ 137V, 96$ 18 69 90$ 13 X X X h* S3 f- For Pacific Oil Fired Boilers use the above specification. PACIFIC DIRECT DRAFT BOILERS Net R ating- Steam Diameter Smoke Connec. Inches Diameter Stack Inches Minimum Height ] Stack. Feet | Crate Area, Square Feet Heating Surface, Square Feet Size of Outlet, Inches Size of Return, \ Inches || Length Overall Width Overall 1 , Height Boiler Length Base Width Base Height Base j | | Length for Ashpit Width for Ashpit | Depth for Ashpit H it 2* fca oX 709 1600 64 14 13 45 6.77 152.0 4 2$ 66'/, 42$ 75 52 33$ 12 33 27$ 210 1900 64 14 13 45 8.16 189.0 4 2$ 78$ 42$ 75 64 33$ 12 41 27$ 711 2400 68 16 15 50 9.47 234.0 5 V 212 2900 68 16 15 50 11.06 279.0 5 3 213 3300 68 18 17 55 11.85 318.0 5 3 81 46$ 78 64 37$ 12 41 31$ 93 94 46$ 49$ 78 79V, 76 37$ 76$ 39$ 12 12 4949 3313'$/; 714 215 716 3800 68 18 17 55 12.70 372.0 5 3 4100 75 18 17 55 12.07 392.0 6 3 4500 75 18 17 60 13.10 425.0 6 3 106 96 102 49'/, 58 58 79V, 88$ 39$ 12 53 33$ 89'/, 76$ 45$ 12 41 39$ 89V, 82$ 45$ 12 45 39$ S3 X 717 5000 79 18 17 60 15.15 457.6 6 3 108 58 89V, 88$ 45$ 12 53 39$ 718 5500 81 24 22 60 16.42 508.5 7 4 96 62'/, 96 719 6500 81 74 22 65 18.83 594.8 7 4 108 62$ 96 76$ 51$ 12 49 45$ 88$ 12 57 45$ X 770 7000 81 24 22 65 20.00 637.5 7 4 114 62$ 96 94$ 51$ 12 61 45$ 771 772 7500 89 26 74 65 19.11 708.7 8 4 8500 89 26 24 70 20.5Q 809.5 8 4 112 124 70$ 106 106 88$ 100$ 58'A 12 12 49 53 52$ 52$ < X 223 10000 99 30 28 70 25.14 864.5 8 4 774 11500 99 30 78 70 26.64 988.8 8 4 113 125 77$ 77$ "TV, 88$ 63 II7V, 100$ 63 15 61 57 15 65 57 . eg 225 13000 106 37 30 75 32.6 1183.8 8 5 129 86 12V/- '00$ 83$ 15 57 77 776 15000 106 32 30 75 34 7 1332.9 8 5 141 86 125M 112$ 83$ 15 61- 77 227 17000 106 32 30 80 36.7 1482.0 10- 6 153 86 125V, 124$ 83$ 15 65 77 t- 228 19000 JI9 36 33 90 39.1 1583.1 10 6 144 95$ 140 HP/. 96$ 18 61 90$ 229 22000 119 36 33 90 41.4 1759.0 10 6 230 25000 119 36 33 90 43.7 1934.9 to 6 156$ 95$ 140 168$ 95$ 140 125V U/V. 96$ 96$ 18 18 65 -90$ 69 90$ Pacific Boilers are constructed with smoke outlet at the rear and all of the tubes, both upper and lower banks, are cleaned or removed from the front of the boiler through the front flue doors. Space at rear of boiler is not necessary. . . . Complete catalog showing all types and sizes Pacific Boilers will be furnished on request. 325 Boilers Hart & Grouse Company General Office: UTICA, N. Y. ` Branch Offices in Principal Cities Manufacturers of Royal .Boilers and Furnaces Royal Smokeless Boiler ROYAL SMOKELESS BOILERS Actual Steam Capacities--1670 to 16,600 Sq. Ft The Royal Smokeless Boiler is of the water tube down draft principle. This principle, originated by the Hart & Crouse Co. as applied to cast iron sectional boilers, has proved to be a most effective method of burning any grade of soft coal smokelessly independent of firing skill. The large amount of heating surface in Royal Boilers is retained intact as originally designed. Consequently they produce results with efficiency and economy. Boiler No.] Actual ' Actual Current Capacity Capacity Rating Steam* Water Steam Sq.Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Current Rating Water .Sq. Ft. Heating Surface Sq. Ft. Grate Length Length Area Sq. Ft. Sections Inches Boiler Inches Flow Tapping No. ana Size .Return Tapping No. and Size Smoke InihL 338 i 339! 340341 1 342 ; 343 344 345 346 347 409 410 - 411 ` 412. 413 . 414 415. 416 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 54-8 54-9 54-10 54-11 54-12 54-13 54-14 54-15 54-16 54-17 54-18 1,670 1,965 2*370 2,680 2,975 3,280 3,585 3,890 4,200 4,500 4,250 4,750 5,250 5,750 6,250 6,750 7,250 7,775 7,400 8,470 9,480 10,200 11,250 12,200 13,000 13,900 14,800 15,700 16,600 7,400 8,470 9,460 10,200 11,250 12,200 13,000 13,900 (4,800 *15,700 16,600 2.680 3,140 3,800 4,290 4,760 5,250 5.740 6,225 6,720 7,200 6,800 7,600 8,400 9,200 10,000 10,800 11,600 12,450 11,850 13,550 15,170 16,330 18,000 19,550 20,800 22,250 23,700 25,150 26,550 11,850 13,550 15,170 16,330 18,000 19,550 20,800 22,250 23,700 25,150 26.550 4,800 5,400 6,000 6,600 7,200 7,800 8,600 9,200 10,000 11,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12:000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 14,000 15,800 17,600 19,400 21,000 23,200 25,000 26,800 28,800 30,800 32,600 14,000 15,800 17,600 19,400 21,000 23,200 25,000 26.800 28,800 30,800 32.600 i 7,900 ; 8,900 : 9,900 10,900 11,900 12,900 14,200 15,200 16,500 18,150 14,850 16,500 18,150 .19,800 !21,450. 23,100 ,24,750 ;26,400 23,100 ;26,070 29,040 32,010 34,650 .38,280 41,250 44,220 47,520 50,820 53,790 .23,100 26,070 .29,040 -32,010 ;34,650 ;38,280 41.250 44*220 47,520 50,820 53.790 179 200 220 240 262. 283 316 337 360 378 324 359 394 427 461 496 53! 565 511 573 642 710. 773 841 909 978 1046 1114 1183 511 573 642 710 773 841 . 909 978 1046 1114 1183 14.23 17.00 19.65 22.50 22.50 25.10 25.10 28:00 28.00 28.00 24.00 27.50 3L66 31.66 31:.66 35.50 35i.50 35.50 37.50 45.00 45.00 45.00 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 37.50 45.00 45.00 45.00 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 503/, 563/, 63 69 75% 81% 87% 94 100 106'/, .653/, 725/, 79'/, 86% 93% 101 108 115 83% 93% 104% 114%. 124% 135 145 1551% 165% 176 186% 83% 93% 104% H4% 124% 135 145 155% 165% 176 186% Push Nipple Type. :. : Additional Data Series 33' 66 72 78 84 90 96 102% 109 115 121 93 100 108 114% 121% 129 136 1)43 120% 130% 141% 151% 161% 172 182 192% 202% 213 223% 981% 108% 119% 129% 139% 150 160 170% 180% 191 201% 1-5* 1-5' 1-5' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1^8' 1-8' 1 S' 1-10' 1-10* MG' 1-f!0' 1-10* 1-10* 1410' 1--I0' M0* 3-6' 4-6' 4-)6' 5-6' 5-6' 5t6' 6-6' 6^6' 6-6' 6-6' 40* 2-3' 2-3' 2-3' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' i 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 4-4' 8-4' 8-4' 10-4' 10-4' 10-4' 12-4' 12-4' 12-4' 12-4' 12-4' 18 18 18 18 18. 18 18 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 24 24 . 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 54' . Height of water line........................................... ........Inches Height ot* How ouUet (Header type)............... Height of flow outlet (Push Nipple type).... Overall width..................................................... ........Inches Width at base.................................................... ........Inches 63 90 68 40 68 68' 99 .108 -89. 78 97 . 52 .621% Height from top of foundation. Add 2" for floor height. 326 Hart & Crouse Company Boilers ROYAL SECTIONAL BOILERS Actual Steam Capacities--400 to 9,966 Sq. Ft. Actual Water Capacities--667 to 16,000 Sq. Ft. Series Additional Data 22' 28' 36' Height of flow outlet (Push Nipple type) .. .Inches Height of flow outlet (Header type)........ Smoke Pipe................................................ 46 56 36 32>/, 10 54 65 44 38 12 Height to top of foundation. Add 2" for floor height. 63 75 56 45 15 54' 68" 89 108 50% 62% 24 Boiler Np. Actual Capacity Steam Sq. Ft. Actual Capacity Water Sq. Ft. Current Current Rating Rating Steam Water Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Max. Grate Area Sq.Ft. Length Length of of Sections Boiler Inches Inches Steam Steam Water Water Flows Returns Flows Returns No. and No. and No. and No. and Size Size Size Size 22-4 22-5 22-6 22-7 28-5 28-6 28-7 28-8 36-5 36-6 36-7 36-8 36-9 36-10 36-12 554-A 564 574 584 594 604 614 624 634 644 654 854 864 874 884 894 703 713 723 733 743 753 1 400 533 667 800 667 1,083 1,300 1,517 1,400 , 1,750 2,100 2,450 2,800 3,150 3,850 4,233 4)900 5,567 6,233 6,767 7,300 7,833 8)367 8,900 9,433 9,966 4,233 4,900 5,567 6,233 6,767 7)300 7,833 8,367 8,900 9,433 9,966 667 867 1,100 1,330 1,433 1,783 2,133 2,483 2,310 2,883 3,467 4,038 4,617 5,200 6,900 7,567 8,333 9,335 10,000 11,000 12,000 13.000 14,000 15,000 16,000 6,900 7,567 - 8,333 9,335 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16.000 800 1,000 1,200 1,600 1,700 2,100 2,500 2,900 2,925 3,650 4,375 5,100 5,825 6,550 7,275 8,000 8,600 (0,400 12,200 14,000 15,800 17,600 19,400 21,000 23,200 25,000 26,800 8,600 10,400 12,200 14,000 15,800 17,600 19,400 21,000 23,200 25,000 26,800 1,300 1,650 2,000 2,350 3.36 4.43 5.50 6.57 2,800 3,450 4.125 4,775 6.42 7.98 9.54 11.10 4,825 6,025 7,200 8,400 9,600 10,800 9.25 11.50 13.75 16.00 18.25 20.50 22.75 25.00 14,190 17,160 19,520 23,100 26,070 29,040 32,010 34,650 .38,280 41,250 44,220 15.00 18.75 22.50 26.25 30.00 33.75 37.50 41.25 45.00 45.00 45.00 i4,190 15.00 17,160 18.75 19,520 22.50 23,100 26.25 26,070 30.00 29,040 33.75 32,010 37.50 34,650 41.25 38,280 45.00 41,250 j 45.00 44,220 1 45.00 25 32 39 . 46 36 44 52 60 41 50 59 68 77 86 95 104 53 63 73 83% 93% 104% 114% 124% 135 145 155% 53 63 73 83% 104% 114% 124% 135 1 145 1 155% 34 41 . 48 55 46% 54% 62% 70% 52 .61 70 79 88 97 106 115 68 78 88 98% 108% 119% 129% 139% 150 160 170% 90 100 110 120% 130% 141% 151% 161% 172 182 : 192% 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' - 2-4' 4-3' 4-3' 4-3' 4-3? 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 4r4'' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 2-4' 2-4' 3-4' 3-4' 2-6' 4-4' 2-6' 4-4' 2-6' 4-4' 2-6';- . 4_4 2-6' 4-4' 2-6' 4^4' 2-6' 4-4' 2-6' 4-4' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 3-6' 3-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' 5-6' 5-6' 5-6' 6-6' 6-6' 4-4' 6-4' 6-4' 8-4' 8-4' 8-4' 10-4' 10-4' 10-4' 12-4' !214' 2-6' 3-6' 3-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' 5-6' 5-6' 5-6' 6-6' 6-6' 1-8' 2-5' 1-6' '1-8' 2-5' 1-8' 1-8' 2-5' 1-8' 1-8' 2-5' 1-8' 1-8' 2-5' 1-10' 1-10' 2-5' 1-10' 1-10' 2-5' 1-10' 1-10' 2-5' 1-10" MO* 2-5' 1-10' 1-10* 2-5' 1-10" i-icr 1 2-5' 1 1-10' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 6-4' 6-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 6-4' 6-4'* 8-4' 8-4' 8-4' 10-4' 10-4' 10-4' 12-4' 12-4' 2-6' /-oJ 2-6' 2-6' 3-6' 3-6' 3-6' 3-6' 3-6' 3-6" 3-6' Header Type. Steam No. ROYAL ROUND BOILERS Actual Capacity Sq. Ft. Current Rating Sq; Ft. Water No. Actual Capacity Sq. Ft. Current Rating Sq. Ft. Royal Round Steam Boiler 1035 . 1045 1055 1065 1075 1037 1047 1057 1067 1077 1039 1049 1059 1069 1079 178 244 325 415 525 200 280 375480 625 218 300 425 575 700 425 625 825 1025 1250 475 700 925 1150 1400 525 775 1025 1275 1600 1134 1144 1154 1164 1174 1136 1146 1156 1166 1176 1138 1148 1158 1168 1178 284 390 520 664 840 320 450 600 768 1000 339 - '480 680 920 1120 700 1030 1360 1700 2060 780 1150 1525' 1900 2300 870 1275 1700 2100 2640 Royal Round Water Boiler 327 Boilers t LECTRIC WfLDEp - IECClESIMPLEX] ^STEEL BOILERS^ Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Joliet, Illinois Heating Boiler Division of James G. Heggie & Sons, Manufacturers of Steel Boilers of all Kinds for over Thirty-four Years Representatives in Principal Cities HEGGIE-SIMPLEX HEATING BOILERS For Burning Soft Coal Smokelessly For Soft or Hard Coal, Coke, Gas or Wood . For Burning Oil During the thirty-five years covered by the activities of Jas. G. Heggie & Sons, boiler design has been perfected in its fundamentals. The Heggie-Simplex Boiler is the last step in this evolution. In it there is no compro mise with traditional features. It is the embodiment of a scientific study of all known heating principles and requirements. The Heggie-Simplex Boiler combines in one portable, electrically welded steel unit all the recognized advantages of both firebox and return tubular, double pass boilers. It has four distinctive features of fundamental importance: 1. An extra large firebox and a maximum of direct, heating surface. 2. A secondary combustion chamber that provides ample room for complete com bustion before the flues are reached. . 3. A " rear-front-rear " flue passage for the gases. 4. A single, unimpeded, freely circulating body of water. Correct heating principles find their most perfect expression in this boiler design. It secures as complete combustion of any fuel as ever has been attained in a heating boiler, with full application of its heat units. Needless to say, Heggie-Simplex Boilers are more economical of operation than other types--in fuel consumption, number of firings, and ash handling. They are also economical of space, because of their com pactness, the rear smoke outlet, and the front tube cleaning feature. No finer materials are used in any heating boilers, and none are fabricated more expertly or with greater care. While built to A. 5. M. E. requirements, in a number of points they exceed these stand ards. They may be installed with unex ampled ease, requiring no bricking, packing or other costly operations. Heggie-Simplex Boilers are guaranteed to develop the capacities listed on the following pages, at the point of most economical fuel consumption. They are based upon a stand ard for steam of two pounds pressure at the boiler, and for water upon a mean temperature of 180 deg. fahr. as the water leaves the boiler. Send for Catalog No. 26 to obtain more detailed information and specifications. 328 Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. 329 Boilers H E G G 1E -S IM P LE X D 1R E C T .D R A F T S TE A M H E A T IN G B O ILE R S Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. 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L<0. 2- - 5 lr&5' * m^>00 -** ^ i 4* s** 8^ ZB * oM* E^ Eo CO 5s I I cS j cnjPfNco 82: -iISqsii-srS-Ss^i-VfiSSgcgsQ-3-wss*Cs51QSi2i-cf-IoSs*'5oej3cj > $! Z tj> to >.= u <sfigu, 3-0 zu 8 '?-b5 gI2 .2.2 -.jo J *> g S'3 XOlZ^J^-JQQSQQSmcoZmaa jj :cg ms | -S0'?7|C'CSMQ-V3J |] M - .,, 'SZE I `o__ >"S S SJas'^jss-JS J-cbla#SatSo^'SiiCS*O-S3w^c*S3oB i-.n: -'5>>>.5 D &mtgmu:^'sxvsi I =2s S `^`S's-s^'s^SS las si3 S S S E S s E'S'S-I'S s Xa-X"Xs&5-lS&S-i"aaI SsQ.e Q| 2l:sinXS Za '|ncsa= 330 sc cQ O 60 v - sk-.e4J ol SE js ss 3j<si go -- ^ / on sO sS3e So u hZ e cs 35 & cs 3 N 3 N zu ZcoZco Boilers and Furnaces IriTERn/mon/iL He/tter Cocop/iny New York Makers of Heating Apparatus Fisk Bldg., Broadway and 57th St. UtlCa, N Y, . Chicago 1933-35 Wentworth Ave. Cleveland 1441 Davenport Ave., N.E. Detroit 1114 Dime Savings Bank Bldg. Pa^oRia-His 1613 Filbert St Nashau, N. H. 110 Chestnut St. J^eOATOMY ROWERS On the following pages we present condensed data on the INTERNATIONAL Round Boilers, Economy Sectional Boilers, both the Regular Pattern, and Mixing Arch and Wing Wall Type Smokeless Patterns. INTERNATIONAL Guaranteed Radiation Loads make possible the immediate and accurate selection of the proper boiler size for any job. All guess work is eliminated. Proper allowance has already been made to cover piping mains and risers. These Guaranteed Radiation Loads have been determined from tests in our Research Depart ment. The INTERNATIONAL HEATER COMPANY supports these Guaranteed Radiation Loads absolutely. The guarantee under which INTERNATIONAL Economy Steam and Water Boilers are rated reads: "We guarantee INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY steam and water boilers to maintain 2 pounds steam pressure or 180 temperature at the boiler, on the guaranteed amount of direct cast iron radiation shown for each size. Additional loads such as domestic hot water supply, direct- indirect and indirect radiators, blast coils, or rooms to be maintained below 70 temperature, must be reduced to and included in equivalent square . feet of direct cast iron radiation. ` "This guarantee is based on fuel of at least 11,500 B.t.u. and a chimney providing sufficient draft to properly burn the fuel." 'Both the Regular and the Smokeless types have the following distinctive features in common: A long fire travel and all heating surface below the water line; a low steady water line with water gauge tapped directly into the section; dry steam guaranteed without a header and only one main outlet from boiler; grate bar connections of sectional boilers are outside the ashpit; all heating surface easily cleanedfrom front of boiler through large flue doors. Cut-Away View of No. 140-S-4? Economy Smokeless Boiler 331 International Heater Company Boilers and Furnaces InTERM/mon/iL He/tter Ccxop/my SECTIONAL MEASUREMENTS Smokeless Steam Sizes International Heater Company Boilers and Furnaces InTERn/mon/iL He/tter Cocop/my Height of Water Line, Inches j Diameter of Smoke Outlet, Inches | Height to Supply Outlet, Inches Add to Height for Trimmings, Inches Width of Boiler. Including Trimmings, Inches Height from Floor to Center of Return Tappings. Inches Height of Fire Box to Crown, Inches Height, Grate to Middle of Feed Door, Inches Size of Feed Door, Inches ,8 cVo 22 47 12 57 II 39 19 22 16 9x17 28 50 14 62V, 11 45 19V, 24 16 9x17 34 54 16 68 11 54 20 26 18 11x21 47 59 24 73 12 63 21 'h 26 18 2-10x17 47 in. Series Economy Smokeless Boiler Showing Access for Cleaning Ratings and Dimensions ECONOMY SMOKELESS BOILERS { (Steam Pattern) Guaranteed Radiation Load Sq. Ft. Com mercial Rating Sq. Ft. Grate Sq. Ft. Additional Grate, Sq. Ft. Coal Capacity Pounds Minimum Chimney Dimensions Size of Flue Height Inches . Feet trappings Supply Return 60-S-22 70-S-22 80-S-22 90-S-22 100-S-22 60-S-28 70-S-28 80-S-28 90-S-28 I00-S-28 70-S-34 80-S-34 90-S-34 100-S-34 1IO-S-34 I20-S-34 130-S-34 140-S-34 I50-S-34 6I-S-47 7I-S-47 81--S--47 9I-S-47 IOO-S-47 1IO-S-47 I20-S-47 130-S-47 I40-S-47 150-S-47 I60-S-47. I70-S-47 180-S-47 190-S-47 200-S-47 210-S-47 837 1008 1183 1354 1525 1079 1306 1533 1770 1998 1720 2010 2300 2600 2900 3200 3510 3815 4150 3300 3890 4500 5100 5715 6385 7075 7800 8550 9300 10000 10710 11425 12125 12810 13500 2200 2650 3100 3550 4000 2850 3450 4050 4650 5250 4500 5250 6000 6750 7500 8250 9000 9750 10500 7950 9450 10950 12450 13950 15450 16950 18450 19950 21450 22950 24450 25950 27450 28950 30450 6.4 7.3 8.5 9.7 11.0 8.2 9.3 10.8 12.4 14.0 11.3 13.2 15.1 17.0 13.2 15.1 15.1 17.0 17.0 16.32 19.58 22.85 26.11 19.5 19.5 19.5 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.4 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.4 4.8 4.0 4.1 4.7 5.1 4.4 4.7 4.7 5.1 5.1 4.70 5.16 5.60 6.06 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.6 5.6 5.6 . 5.6 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 460 545 630 715 800 590 705 820 935 1050 985 1135 1285 1435 1135 1285 1285 1435 1435 1250 1500 1750 2000 1500 1500 1500 1750 1750 1750 1750 1750 2000 2000 2000 2000 12x12 12 x 12 12 x 12 12x12 12 x 16 16 x 16 16x16 I6x 16 16 x 16 16 x 16 16 x 16 16 x 16 16 x 16 16x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x24 20x24 20x24 20x24 24x24 24x24 24x24 24x24 24x28 24x28 24x28 28x28 28x28 28,32 28x32 28x32 32.32 32x32 35 40 40 45 50 35 40 40 45 50 45 45 50 50 55 55 60 60 60 55 55 60 60 65 70 70 75 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 2-3'// 2-3'/' 3-3'/' 3-3'/' 3-3'/' 2-4' 2-4' 3-4' 3-4' 3-4' 3-5' 3-5' 3-5' 3-5' 3-5' 3-5' 3-5' 3-5' 3-5' 2-6' 2-6' 3-6' 3-6' 3-6' 3-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' m 2-3'// 2-3'/' 2-3'/' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6* 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 'Judgment should be used in fitting the boiler to a job. As'an example: Do not attach a short boiler to a relatively high stack, or a long boiler to a relatively low stack. Suit the boiler to the job. **AU Economy Smokeless Boilers, 22" and 28" series. Nos. 70-S-34 to 100-S-34 and Nos. 61-S-47 to 91-S-47, inclusive, are built with grates extending full length of the boiler and using a mixing arch. All larger sizes are built as shown in catalog with bridge and wing walls. ... tThe Economy line of boilers does not require a header. Plug and bush tappings to size of mains. {Send for Catalog 1751-G for additional data. 332 Water Pattern jfceOJVOMY SECTIONAL ftomsus Steam Pattern Water Pattern Number Guaranteed * Radiation Load Sq.Ft. Commercial Rating Sq. Ft. Size of Grate Sq. Ft. Additional Area Side Grates Sq. Ft. Number Guaranteed Radiation Load Sq. Ft. Commercial Rating Sq.Ft. Size of Grate Sq. Ft. Additional Area Side Grates Sq. Ft. 4-S-19 5-S-19 fr-S-19 4-S-22 5-S-22 6-S-22 7-S-22 . 5-S-28 6-S-28 7-S-28 8-S-28 5-S-34 6-S-34 7-S-34 8-S-34 9-S-34 IO-S-34 6-S-47 7-S-47 8-S-47 9-S-47 IO-S-47 427 568 711 497 667 837 1008 852 1079 1306 1533 1137 1421 1705 1989 2274 2558 3180 3780 4380 4980 5580 915 1220 1525 1070 1435 1600 2165 1830 2320 2800 3300 2440 3050 3660 4270 4880 5490 6890 8190 9490 10790 12090 3.1 4.2 5.2 3.6 4.9 6.1 7.3 6.2 7.7 9.3 10.9 7.5 9.4 11.3 13.2 15.1 17.0 16.3 19.5 22.8 26.1 29.3 2.1 19-W-4 705 2.5 19-W-5 937 2.9 I9-W-6 1173 2.2 22-W-4 820 2.6 22-W-5 1100 3.0 22-W-6 1381 3.3 22-W-7 1663 3.0 28-W-5 1405 3.3 28-W-6 1780 3.7 28-W-7 2155 4.1 28-W-8 2529 3.3 W-34-W-5 1876 3.6 W-34-W-6 2345 4.0 W-34-W-7 2813 4.4 W-34-W-8 3282 4.7 W-34-W-9 3752 5.1 W-34-W-I0 4221 4.7 47-W-6 5247 5.1 47-W-7 6237 5.6 47-W-8 7227 6.0 47-W-9 8217 6*. 5 47-W-10 9207 1525 2015 2500 1760 2365 2970 3570 3020 3825 4630 5435 4026 5002 5978 7076 8052 9028 11375 13520 15665 17810 19955 3.1 4.2 5.2 3.6 4.9 6.1 7.3 6.2 7.7 9.3 10.9 t 7.5 9.4 11.3 * 13.2 ; 15.1 17.0 , 16.3 19.5 22.8 26.1 29.3 2.1 2.5 2.9 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.7 5.1 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.0 6.5 SERIES . 19* 22' 28' 34' 47' Height of Water Line............ 44' 47' 50* 54' 59* Height to Supply Outlets___ 53' 57' 62V,' 68' 73' Add to height for 1 riminings. 9* II' 11' 11' 12' 27' *>>/.' 35' >/.' 53' Width of Boiler, including Trimmings......................... 35' 39* 45' 54' 63' Height from Floor to Center 18' 19* 19A' 20' 21W Height of Fire Box to Crown 22' 22' 24' 26' 26' Height, Grate to Middle of Feed Door.......................... 16' 16' 18' 18' 18' Size of Feed Door.................. 9x14' 9x17' 9x17' 11x21' 2-10x17' Diameter of Smoke Flue. . .. 9' 12* 14' 16' 2tr SERIES 19* 22' 28' 34' 47' Height to Supply Outlets.... 50* 54' vr 68' 73' Width of Boiler..................... 33' 36' 42' 48' 59* Height from F loor to Center IB' 19* IQt/j* ?u// Height of Fire Box to Crown. 22' 22* 24' 26' Height, Grate to Middle 26* of F eed Door............... 16' 16' 18' 18' 18' 9x14' 9x17' 9x17' 11x21' 2 10x17 Width of Ashpit.................... 27' 29V/ 35' '403// 53' 9' 12' 14' 16' 20' -- Column No. 1 is our "Guaranteed Radiation Load" rating indirect cast iron radiation, as explained on preceding page. Column No. 2 is our "Commercial'' rating indicating our ratings based on tests made in accordance with the A. S. of H. & V. E Code. This is for comparison with boiler ratings of other manufacturers who use this as their rating basis. 333 International Healer Company Boilers and Furnaces InTERn/mon/iL He/tter Cocop/my ECONOMY ROUND BOILERS These Boilers are designed to meet the most rigid demands for economical heating. The carburetor principle of combustion is embodied in the design, also the positive cross fire travel, an exclusive feature of Economy Round Boilers. Have deep firepot section, positive circulation, ample steam dome, individual cleanout doors, and side draft door. Equipped with patented herring-bone triangular grate or flat grate for soft coal and the small sizes of anthracite coal. Made in eighteen sizes, 18 to 30 in. grate diameters. Guar anteed radiation loads (steam): 187 to 166 sq. ft. of radiation, corresponding sizes for water. See Catalog 1746-G for additional data. Economy Round Water Data on ECONOMY ROUND BOILERS Steam Pattern Water Pattern Number Ratings Guar anteed Radiation Load Sq. Ft. Com mercial Rating Sq. Ft. Height Water Line Inches Number Ratings -Guar anteed Radiation Load Sq. Ft. Com mercial Rating Sq. Ft. 3-E-18 and 32-E-I8 4-E-18 and 42-E-18 5-E-16 and 52-E-18 187 208 229 525 41 585 45 645 49 18-E-3 and I8-E-32 309 900 I8-E-4 and 18-E-42 343 975 18-EL-5 and 18-E-52 378 1050 B-221 and B-2221 B-321 and B-3221 B-421 and B-4221 193 540 43% B-212 and B-2122 232 655 471/5 B-213 and B-2132 267 760 51 % B-214 and B-2142 318 938 383 1088 441 . 1238 B-224 and B-2224 B-324 and B-3224 B-424 and B-4224 B-324 and B-5224 250 710 44Vi B-242 and B-2422 413 1200 293 825 49 B-243 and B-2432 483 1388 333 950 53% B-244 and B-2442 549 1575 360 1015 58 B-245 and B-2452 . 594 1763 B-227 and B-2227 B-327 and B-3227 B-427 and B-4227 B-527 and B-5227 320 900 46% B-272 and B-2722 372 1050 51 B-273 and B-2732 427 1200 55>/, B-274 and B-2742 467 1315 60% B-275 and B-2752 528 1538 614 1763 705 1988 771 2213 B-230 and B-2230 B-330 and B-3230 B-430 and B-4230 B-530 and B-5230 467 1300 47>/2 B-302 and B-3022 544 1530 52>/4 B-303 and B-3032 613 1725 58 B-304 and B-3042 666 1875 63% B-305 and B-3052 771 2213 898 2550 1011 2888 1099 3150 Height to Flow Outlet Inches 40% 44% 48% 42% 46% 50% 43% 48 52% 57 45% 50% 55 59% 48 53% ft . SERIES Outside Diameter at Base........................................................... Size of Smoke Flue...................................................................... Tappings, Supply and Return.................................................... 18" 25%" I5%" 7' 23" t-2%" 21* 29* 16* 9* 26%* 2-2%' 24* 32' 17* 9* 28%* 2-3' 27' 35" I7%" 10" 321/.' 2t3%" 30* 39* 17%* 10' 35' 2-4' In the 18" sizes the crown sheet is cast separate from firepot. In 21", 24", 27" and 30" si2es the firepot and crown sheet are cast in one piece. ' 334 International Healer Company Boilers and Furnaces InTERn/rrioii/iL He/tter Coop/iny INTERNATIONAL CARTON FURNACE The International Carton Furnace is a sturdy, powerful heater made entirely of heavy cast iron with but five principal castings used in its as semblage. ` It is very economical in the use of any fuel com monly used for heating purposes because of its self cleaning radiator. Deep sealed cup joints are provided wherever castings join. The base and lower casing ring are in one piece, feed chute and combustion chamber are cast as a unit, and the ashpit is in one piece. Has patented herring-bone triangular grate, large double feed door, and roomy ashpit. Made in six sizes. Firepot diameters 20 to 33 in. Casing diameters 44 to 60 in. Complete Catalog 1818-G sent on request. Economy Furnace INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY FURNACE This is a moderate priced heater, but one of unusual efficiency. Proportions of heating surface, grate area and air capacity check with scientific and accepted standards. The front is finished in a rich blue and surface grinding assures correct fit of contact joints. The unique Economy radiator is totally different from any other and wide air spaces causes practically 50% of the air to pass toward the center over the hottest part of the fire. This heater has triangular grates, a big humidifier, large roomy ashpit, cold drop wire handles on both tight fitting feed and ashpit doors, and its ashpit, feed chute, and radiator openings extend thru the front so no smoke, gas, or dust can leak into the warm air chamber. It is made in five sizes for hard or soft coal. Firepot diameters: 18 to 26 inches; casing dia meters: 36 to 52 inches. Complete data in catalog 1752-G. INTERNATIONAL ONEPIPE HEATER The International Onepipe Heater is designed to deliver large volumes of warm air through one register correctly pro portioned to firepot diameter. The castings with the exception of special flanged front are the same as those used in the Baronet Furnace. Heavy galvanized casings. Inner casing triple lined with heavy asbestos and corrugated tin. Both casings extend down to the rings which are integral with the base. Top is adjustable to various heights without cutting. Furnished with cast or steel radiator for hard or soft coal. Firepot diameters 16 to 24 in. Casing diameters 36 te50 in., register sizes 24 x 24 in. to 40 x 40 in. Complete data in Catalog 1610-G. Onepipe Healer Special Types for Warming and Ventilating School Houses. Send for Bulletins 1505-G and 1757-G. 335 Boilers Ironton Bernhard Boiler Mfg. Co. Ironton - Ohio ligHHARB B@ii.eBS . The Consistent Boiler The COMBUSTION from each Grate Bar being entirely taken care of in the Section directly above it, the same Ratio of GRATE Surface, FIRE Surface and FLUE Area is always maintained. Note how Gases Expand at three different points. ' j i i j ' , ! : ,: .i Smokeless Boiler with the Lowest Water Line Boiler No. Steam Rating Water Rating 20- 5 20- 6 20- 7 20- 8 20- 9 30- 6 30- 7 30- 8 30- 9 30-10 30-11 30*12 40- 8 40- 9 40-10 40-11 40-12 40-13 40-14 40-15 40-16 40-17 40-18 . 40-19 40-20 40-21 40-22 to 40-32 600 800* 1000 1200 1400 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4200 4900 5600 6300 7000 7700 8400 9100 9800 10500 11200 11900 12600 13300 14000 700 21000 Add per Section. 1000 1300 1650 2000 2350 2600 3250 3900 4550 5200 5850 6500 6720 7840 8960 10080 11200 12320 13440 14560 15680 16800 17920 19040 20160 21280 22400 1120 33600 Crate Surface Sq. Ft. 2.50 3.33 4.17 5.00 5.84 5.00 6.25 7.50 8.75 10.00 11.25 12.50 10.00 11.66 13.33 15.00 16.66 18.33 20.00 21.66 23.33 25.00 26.66 28.33 30.00 31.66 33.33 1.67 50.00 Flue Area Through Sections Sq. In. 1 -h*. Steam per Hour B.t.u. per Hour 42 150 145,500 56 200 194.000 70 250 242.500 84 300 291.000 98 350 339,500 80 400 388.000 100 500 485.000 120 600 582.000 140 700 679,000 160 800 776,000 160 900 873,000 200 1000 970,000 160 1050 1,018,500 185 1225 1,188,250 210 1400 1,358,000 235 1575 1,527,750 260 1750 1,697.500 285 1925 1,867,250 310 2100 2,037,000 335 2275 2.206,750 360 2450 2,376,500 385 2525 2,546.250 410 2800 2,716,000 435 2975 2,885,750 460 3150 3,055,500 485 3325 3,225,250 510 3500 3,395,000 25 175 169,750 760 5250 5,092,500 Height Water Line Flow Openings 42' 42' 42' 42' 42' 42' 42' 42' 42' 42' 42' 42' 46' 46' 46' 46' 46'46' 46' 46' 46' 46' 46' 46' 46' 46' 46' _ 46' 2-3' 2-3' 2-3' 2-3' 3-3' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 3-4' 3-4' 3-4' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 3-~^ 3-5' 3-5' 3-5' 3-5' 4*5' 4-5' 4--5* 4-5' 4-5' 4-5' 6^5' 336 Boilers Kewanee Boiler Company Kewanee, Illinois BRANCHES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES Steel Heating and Power Boilers, Water Heating Garbage Burners, Tabasco Heaters, Tanks and Radiators KtWANEt plR&BX Kewanee Firebox Boilers represent 35 years of Ron CD * " intensive study and effort to make the highest D1"ILfcR -Brick-eet-for Heating grade equipment for heating buildings. They are adapted to the burning of any grade of fuel and will maintain high efficiency when operating to supply the variable demands of a heating load. Kewanee Sm?keless 5?iler -Portable-far Heating The rated capacity is the amount of direct radiation that the boiler will carry with a firing interval of three to four hours depending upon the . grade of fuel used. No discount in rating is ad vised as reserve capacity has been allowed to care for the most severe weather conditions. Kewanee Boilers are built of steel (riveted) using as a minimum basis the rules of construction adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, known as the A. 5. M. E. Boiler Code. * ' Ratings The rated capacity of Kewanee Boilers, as shown, is the number of square feet of direct radiation or equivalent which the boiler will carry, if sufficient radiation is installed to heat the building to 70 degrees fahrenheit. The ratings are based on a standard for steam of 2 lb. pressure at the boiler, and for water on a mean temperature of 180 deg. fahr. as the water leaves the boiler. 337 Kewanee Boiler Company cg W 3 tt Id 52 c. fd c. * Ed o < CO (J wS zw " c 5: Id Ut 0'OffiNv<ooOQ*Osff'M^'Ooeor0"0'>i*5o-N --000 338 N u m b e r o f B o ile r ................................................................... 104 105 106 107 108 ojr^'V-JL*'* "*'*' fA -- -- M -- ------------ N ri^Aco -- ON'CNOOO'OQ'O^NNO'IsJsO'NO'Q'OMJn'JO'PJINOO ^SSS 95PS>'tO';'N,AN ** ^ O'<-v0f>.O'A-0`^'0r^<Nts0'^> --''O't'OO'W'^NOP'vOU'Qtf'O 0 , r-^ /''<'* ri4A'i$*,S fS ~ 0 >o rs c--o ^ >--O' r<>n. --f*>O' ^--co ^p0iri10o^^0xJ-Wo u*A> gS^0300 0 >o 0"0 rs 00 *r\ * m rt -- "> , *"* -- W ri-3r!lSS"T o> -- -- o' j>! 2 ? JC 5 S ^ 2 ^ ^ K S? S Capacity. Steam.......................................................................sq.ft. Heating Surface...................................................................... *q.ft. Area of Upper Grate............................................................... sq.ft. Diameter or Boiler....................................................................in. Length Boiler Over-all..............................................................ft.in. :Diameter of Stack.................................................................... in. Height of Stack.................. _............. .....................................ft. Diameter of Stack, Two Boiler*...............................................in. Height of Stack. Two Boiler#...................................................ft. Size of Steam Opening............................................................. in. Size of Return............................. in. Size of Safety Valve................................................................. in. C --Rear Space.......... in. D --Thicknesi W all................................................................in. E--Length Grate...................................................................in. J --Width Ash-pit............................................. in. F --Thickness Bridge W all....................................................in. G --Grate to Tube Sheet....................................................... in. U --Header to Bridge W all....................................................in. KH --Height Brickwork............................................................ --Location Steam Supply................................................... in* ft.in. L --Length Over-air............................................................... ft.in. ;M --Height Water-line........................................................... in. N --Height Side Flue.................. ........................................in. O --Diameter Breeching Connection.....................................in. S--Top Flue Space....................................... ..................... in. V --Length of Arch................................................................ ft.in. W Width Over-all...........................,.............................. ft. in. :Req'd at Rear to Draw Tubes............... .......................ft. in. ' Number Common B rick............................................................ . Number Fire Brick..... .............................................................. Common Brick for Two Boilers................................................ Foundations n o t included. 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',<'M,N` ' zr>--v\qon.-oooeoo ^NtA 132 0 2 'O -- 22S'C- O >fiO'OOJNtA>e(ftsMp,C'O-N-)CI N- ^N'<lOO U5 50 00 J, 00Sod-------=!- 2^2*<?2^ 22i2IS -------=r--- 22 2"<S ^221222 -- 0^O'-- rs. -- a " '^ts* O'o 2-- rr S St">< --^ >TA -3S2-i<ISt.J. :0 2'p<iqS^ SfMSi'0 I2 9"S,?"f>SSgK " . . - -- <S 'CVr' ^rSCCCOtA^- sJCorfs. ><CiAOQMeOM<OMoeOI - 2 2 ^^ R?=r- si <5 *8 & tj-- co*offl S a ia . ^ r> -- co o co >o ^ mnt30 0ss -- ro 0'O cs co >o <0 O'co 0 co 0 0 0 a ^c>63000^$ 2.5.S>li.S.S*S.5.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S..S -S.S *1 *: jya .-CoQ *5 m O >o . ^"1 i-sp-sj' *jCQco*5C0eO'S `o'o'^'o'o^* isji'SSsSissl X.S S S' ilI>> esIon:.gsscldSJ2C_ -'s-l?is,S"-|--^"*1"S^"S:;3.JUt-Ugstd-ifS.f= uS3*q.SEJtctJ-x=5<2jjq.21.q0S!;q.2Eqge.S| 222 n iTTTTTTg.s.sdii^xHgzo' 339 ill: -- o. rs -- caa -- e-du-> -- --s -N ':*<*< j> j5 !t| -: cV Vc l II 1 I i>aodj: Foundations not included. N ote-- A F irin g Space o f about 8 '-0 " should be m aintained a t fro n t o f Boilers. T his provides sufficient space to draw tubes through firedoor. Kewanee Boiler Company 03 05 Ed oM ECUd 03 > CO H E-1d Ed osEd * O co 09 < Ha: Ed 0- Ed 2 < 6Ed * Boilers Kewanee Boiler Company Boilers 455 505 900 935 16-2 16-2 18-1 20.1 64 64 20 20 13 13 24 21 105 105 12-6 \2-6 123 123 121 121 109 109 9-10 11-4 77 77 84 90 60 86 43 43 2-3 2-3 66 10 10 100 IfO 54 54 90 100 38 40 84 2M 2209 ; 2427 42.9 46.1 25000 28000 84 20-1 20000 1711 39.6 78 19-11 34 90 48 100 8 6 2-3 40 60 84 71 9-10 101 115 117 97 124) " f3t0 60 16-1 16-2 885 425 420 421 422 423 424 17500 1514 36.6 78 17-11 34 60 48 90 74 78 71M 101 115 117 97 , 11-3 " f2t4 60 16-1 14-2 840 385 space is available a t fro n t, it is n o t necessary a t rear, and vice-versa. Foundations not included.. t ) f space is available a t fro n t, it is not necessary a t rear, and vice-versa. 414 i 415 416 417 418 m -- " l"* -- -- -- -- QQs<'-Op=eo-N ^-->-Me>OQee>OTfAN>eobr-N.-o<--A^~O-e-----m---i--A-- 'o-O-.-,-cj-[-Q--e-e-Ns--fs*--Nom-- |l|S2Sgsg"'gRSRS3s:sssgs^2S5=|2 gg^SSSSSR^gSiSSRSSSSgSSglSSljJgg gr-rs ; ^ -- -- o* |^SgSSSgr'",mS3S?2Sg8:8S2gSg3S| 407 408 409 410 411 412 j 5 j8nm3c"o.S22 SSSSr',n*<s5!SS;?*grt ggg:82R9i;><ni?e?3Sg 82"'S5as?;g'oV<ssa8sagiSS="25!S=2s O'A'O 2 N ^ g^m- l55STaaK3''rgsss55ssgs32"2!?5r|R ^N e<0 9>QNiA~iAte^Neovismpae'Oaoosis--em oki>o----oN>UA'Noo'*in>ev(NNvtOftQinrws'^oras"c0o'f oor*m^--oscoO'atsQoo e5o--~a ^9 4^ersQccoso'OVMvo-<o<e<oTtn-i<i^>0e<^65Oinr'o" ^o N^ " i P'0NOQ<OQ'OV<N'II'0<^'0^<A-Wl^e0 0 -- 00*0 SS<>:,AnRn: cs .5.E J2.S\i2.,.E.S..S.S.:...E\.S.E..5.E..S.S* 2" S' ST I \ ,, .5(3 8i3,i s J& 3 c g'ftda g fS 1^ IITIIjy 4> 341 Foundations not included. f l f Ketoanee Boiler Company Boilers 1 fc4O 8g2H2S3SR"''f2S5H2SS5E:KS2R2SBRg5Sl:8gRgg 1 3% p^fSSSK--^BSRSSSRSSRRRSoSSRRSSpS g gRS2S3SSe'^S3329SSgSSRR:8oS8RftS3ggS fsad S2S^SSSS,'"'^SSS2aSS2ggr!SgSaHS^?SR2S fad SI-s2S!:!S;2,'"''"-S3S-S!Sf|SS2a2SgRRRSSgg2= S '2 a. g^S5SSSS'',"m233S-0S52gRS222SSSSS2S2!SS 1J2 2 ||^S^SSS3''",m2ftSS-S?33:R22sSgsa2:RSRSg 1 i S"3SSRR,''"'g58R * |S~"SSSSS'i"rg=g? f3ad gS2?gS5SS'^,N2?5 f|ed gg3!?3aSSR'0'rrH2S5 J gB*3 SRSR-* 2?R .1 g*=:SRSR-* ''SR !R32SSS2222RSsaiSB R2 R5gSSS2222RRi3gir2R Kg R32KSS2222Rsa2S Rg Rft3HSR222RRSga22S RS RR3g?g222rJRSgS3:2K RS? 1 Rft;jSS822ERSgR R^R RS 1 1 ga2*s SSSR- 'RR - SRg3?S222"SsiRaR23 SR -8 gS^S^RSSg^^^Sft 3Kgft!?S22:2S?;RSRRK S3 i R2SR2SSS",m^'SR Sr3sSS222R5rRRR,'R 39 j;4:^.e.s.ej:.E4;.s.s.e.e...s.s.e.e.s.s.s..s.e'.s.h.s.e.s.s'.e.s.e i at I* ::^.............................. 342 Kevoanee Boiler Company Boilers g aRS5SR33"'<5'rSRSRg35SggH2SB2SSR3a|S fad ||2H2SRSS"-"','SRSR5SSSSgSRSB2RaR?3gS | O' 2 !|5S3SRS3">'0^SRSRSg3SSSSRS==RaRRSSR | ' g 5RS2SSSS"'i'^33SRSg3SSSRRo2RRS3ggr | g gg^S3SSS3,'",SRSRRS3SSgSRSSRSaRRSgR 1 g i2S5SSSR,'"'"'3SSRRSgSSgSRgS2RRRR32R S 2 s2S;!S5SS^"SS?-SS"SR:?;2:S:S-2:aS=?R | g g52SJSRSg''"'gSR9RSS2?;HRS2RSRS2a9g|g g gRRSSasas'--gSS$!R3R;g2SS 2SRRft2a?S s 1 g ls2"23S8R'-,-gKft5!RsR2!2Ss; 2SRRR2SSR R | fad gg2R^S?SR'0''^?S3R3ft9R33 SKRRRSRRS ft - u l2~3a,a~^"Sft*:iaii'K-S;S RS2;as$ R | O' a gR-.!5!2-?S:!!0'r'N?^SRgR3RSR 2gRRS2SSft S ] a 2SSRR2asS 8 a |22iSS-:S!:3?'0m^S;?S-:S:S52:? 2S3RR2SSR g a S2S2RSS?",^^SRSRR32R?? 2SSRR2R8S 9 I a SSTSRRSSR^-'^gRSRSS^SRS ~ "23222RSR 3 jj -a a |SrS22S2^g^SSSRSR3R?S "2S222RSR R | a |SRS2RR22gSRSSRftS;32SS "23222S2S S 3 fad I^RSSRSRS^^-RftR RkSRSR 22RRS2 R = JiJ;j;.E.E.E.EJ-.E.E.B.S.S..S.S..E.E..E.S..S.S.S..E.E.E.E H h M M N U M h N a M Mj; M i H N]; 3lr Jiiii!jllll ilfHf dl|p! tfHNHH Numberof Boiler........ :............ 343 Lebanon Boiler Worlds Boilers Lebanon Boiler Works J. K. PETTY & CO., Inc., Proprietors 1210 Buttonwood Street - Lebanon, Pa. Sales Offices Koithan & Pryor, Representatives 507 Harrison Building, PHILADELPHIA - 39 Cortlandt Street, NEW YORK Representatives in Other Principal Cities For Larger Buildings Lebanon "L-O" Steel Boilers Built also for high-pressure service up to 400 horsepower. The standard unit is shipped complete with steel base, grates, bridgewall and refrac tory combustion arch securely attached to the boiler, ready for operation. The boiler is skidded on its own base. . For Oil Firing the burner is generally located in base at rear, bridgewall is omitted, and combustion arch on top of furnace water circulating tubes is extended to rear head. Boiler No. Steam Radiation Boiler Dimensions <Sq. Ft.) Width x Height Coal Oil Fuel above Floor x Length LO-15 LO-16 LO-17 LO-I8 LO-19 LO-IIO LO-III LO-112 LO-113 LO-114 LO-115 LO-II6 LO-117 LO-118 LO-119 LO-120 LO-I2I LO-122 3,200 4.000 4,800 5,600 6.400 7,200 8,000 9,600 11,200 12.800 14,400 16,000 20,000 24,000 28,000 32,000 36,000 40,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 44* x 71* x 6' 44* x 71* x r 50* x 79* x 7' 50* x 79* x 8' 50* x 79* x 8' 56* x 86* x 8' 56* x 86* x 9' 56* x 86' x 10' 62* x 91'x 9' 62'* 91*x 10' 62* x 91*x II' 68'x 97' x 11' 68* x 100*x 12' 68* x 106*x 12' 74* x 109*x 13' 74* x 1l3*x 14' 74* x I17'x 15' 80* x 118*x 14' For Homes and Small Buildings Lebanon "Oil-or-Kol" Steel Boilers Steam, Vapor or Water Heating 344 Steam Radiation Sq. Ft Boiler Dimensions Boiler No. Hard Coal Oil Fuel Diam. x Hgt. Sq. Ft. Sq.Ft. Inches . OK-118 OK-121 OK-124 300 400 550 375 18x57 500 21x57 700 24x60 OK-127 750 925 27x63 OK-130 1000 1250 30x63 OK-133 1300 1625 33x66 OK-136 OK-139 OK-142 1650 2050 2500 2050 2550 3125 36x66 39x72 42x72 *Small-doorway sizes. **For Soft Coal the next larger size boiler is recommended. Boilers Molby Boiler Company Incorporated 41 East 42nd Street, New York Plant: Lansdale, Pa. Molby Magazine-Feed Downdraft-Crossdraft Boilers and Tank Heaters with Adjustable Side Grate for Burning No. 1 Buckwheat Anthracite The Molby will heat home--large apartment house --or commercial building-- having a good chimney, just as successfully and just as easily with low priced small coal as ordinary boilers burn ing the expensive sizes. The Molbt Boiler is self-coaling and gives a steady, even heat over long periods with low-priced No. 1 Buckwheat Anthracite. Also burns sized free-burning bituminous with proper chimney draft. Also coke.. Magazines need re-filling only every 12 hours. Cast iron sectional construction throughout. Ratings are based on the assumption that a good grade of No. 1 Buckwheat Anthracite is to be used and that the chimney is of such area, height and tightnga as to produce the required draft; also that the boiler,'mains and connections snail be covered with an insulating material. These ratings, under the same conditions, may be used for sized soft coal which must be free-burning and non-caking. ' Should larger sizes of good grades of Anthracite be used, a given boiler--other conditions being the same--would burn more coal with eaual efficiency. Thus, when such larger sizes are regularly used, the ratings shown are increased. The boiler is built throughout in accordance with the codes of the American Society of Mechanical Engineer$ and the American Society or Heating 1 and Ventilating Engineers. Side grate easily adjusted for any size of coal. A*A NUT STOVE N0.1 BUCKWHEAT ANTHRACITE-' SIZES, CAPACITIES, DIMENSIONS AND PRICES STEAM STEAM AND WATER WATER Number Steam Vapor 25* Series Water Line | Returns Steam ! Rating Length Smoke Pipe Outlets 1 Chimney j Flue Return Water Rating List Price Size-- Inches JMc -C T3 X *GS .Sa-jg; 68** < Number Water Cipher List Price S-4026 $-5026 S-6026 S-7026 S-8026 Adageo 48 2-3 500 $ 407.00 54 41 Addieo 48 2-3 675 492.14 54 41 Admito 48 2-3 850 577.28 54 41 Adzo 48 2-3 1025 662.42 54 41 Adelo 48 2-3 1200 747.56 54 41 35'/, 10 2-3 8x12 1890 42 10 2-3 8x12 2230 481/j 10 2-3 8x12 2580 55 10 2-3 I2I2 2950 6i'/2 to 2-3 12x12 3300 W-4026 W-5026 W-6026 W-7026 W-8026 Doxno Doseo Dcffo Doveo L>ocko 2-3 850 $379.74 2-3 1175 461.99 2-3 1400 544.22 2-3 1700 626.46 2-3 2000 708.69 31' Series S-4031 S-5031 S-6031 S-7031 S-8031 S-903I S-10031 Buro Buffo Bullo Buno Bulbo Buovo Uungo 47* Series 54 2-4 1000 681.45 62/2 61 54 2-4 1350 837.54 62'/, 61 54 2-4 1700 960.99 62>/ 61 54 2-4 2050 1169.58 62'/ 61 54 2-4 2400 1297.29 62'/ 61 54 2-4 1150 1410.81 62l/ 61 54 2-4 3100 1524.33 621/j 61 37V, 14 2-3 8x12 3320 44 14 2-3 12x12 3820 soy, 14 2-3 12x12 4290 561/, 14 3-3 12x16 4690 63'/, 14 3-3 12x16 5100 bW2 14 3-3 16x16 5510 75/, 14 3-3 16x16 5930 W-4031 W-5031 W-6031 W-7031 W-8031 W-9031 W-I003I Edamo 2-4 1650 658.71 Edgeo 2-4 2250 809.48 Edito 2-4. 7850 923.73 tdicto 2-4 3425 1130.21 hdeno 2-4 4000 1253.57 Educeo 2-4 4575 1363.22 Eduxo 2-4 5150 1472.87 S-5047 S-6047 S-7047 S-8047 S-9047 S-10047 S-11047 S-I2047 S-13047 Calxo Calfo Caro Carpo Casco Cadto Cabo Cando Camo 67i/, 2-5 2550 1384.82 00 67'/ 2-5 3200 1611.86 80 671/ 3-5 3850 '1838.90 80 67'/ 3-5 4500 2065.94 80 671/ 3-5 5150 2292.98 80 67'/ 3-5 5800 2520.02 80 67>/ 3-5 5450 2775.44 so 67>/ 3-5 7100 3002.48 80 67>/ 3-5 7750 3229.52 80 75'/, 50'/, 75'/ 59 75'/ 67'/2 75'/ 76 75/, M'/j 75/2 93 75/2 101V, 75'/ no 75'/2 118V, 14 14 16 16 18 18 18 18 18 2-4 12x16 5990 2-4 16x16 7150 3-4 16x16 8310 3-4 16x20 9500 3-4 16x20 10650 4-4 20x20 11840 4-4 20x20 13000 4-4 20x24 14150 4-4 20x24 15320 W-5047 W-6047 W-7047 W-8047 W-9047 W-10047 W-11047 W-12047 W-13047 Fluxo Fledo Hipo Flowo Flungo Flusho Flinto Flato Fleigo 2-5 4250 1338.38 2-5 5325 1557.68 3-5. 6400 1776.98 3-5 7500 1996.28 3-5 8575 2215.58 3-5 9650 2434.88 3-5 10775 2681.60 3?5- M800 2900.90 3-5 12925 3120.20 Note.--In ordering 26-in. boilers state whether you wish same fitted up with right hand or left hand end to the chimney. Length includes Smoke Box. ' Equipment.--Each steam boiler is equipped with a full set steam trimmings (26 in. series, 1 pressure regulator; 31 in. and 47 in. series, 2 pressure regulators.) . Water boilers are furnished with two water temperature regulators, except 26 in. series which are equipped with one. A complete set of firing and cleaning tools, together with instruction books for setting up and operation, accompany each boiler. 345 Boilers and Radiators National Radiator Companv General Offices: JOHNSTOWN, PA. New York, 47 W. 42nd Street Philadelphia. 121 N. Broad Street Baltimore, 2622 Frisby Street Washington, 2205 Fifth St., N.E. Johnstown, Pa. New York New Rochelle Cleveland {Richmond, 3032 Norfolk Street Pittsburgh, 1402 Arrott Building Cleveland, 6308 Kinsman Road Cincinnati, Cor. Spring Grove and Elmira Aves. Chicago, 1038 S. Kolmar Ave. Plants New Castle, Pa. Trenton, N. J. Warehouses Baltimore Cincinnati Washington Chicago Richmond '. Manufacturers National Smokeless, Novus Upright and Sectional, Acme Round, Radium Gas and Hot Water Supply Boilers, also Aero Radiators. Three-Column . Four-Column Five-Column Seven-Column Patents Applied For AERO RADIATORS The Aero Radiator was designed by Engineers with more than 30 years experience in radiator manufacture. In the Aero line is represented a real effort, to simplify the multiplicity of radiator patterns and heights. Large buildings are now warmed with the more modern, efficient, economical and easily controlled vapor and vacuum systems. These necessitate the use of a radiator pattern with top and bottom nipple connection--the type known as a water section. The demand for the straight steam section, with bottom nipple Legless Radiator connection only, is consequently negligible. The Aero Radiator is made in one type only--the top and bottom nipple connected section. It is tapped top and bottom both ends. The top tappings are plugged and the bottom tappings bushed to size required. All radiators are vented for both steam and hot water. One vent is plugged. Any Aero Radiator can be used for either steam, hot water or vapor. Aero Radiators are made in four patterns--Three, Four, Five and Seven Column. A total of 18 heights comprises the entire line. Roughing-in measurements are standard. All sections measure 2J4 in. from center to center. The Three-Column pattern is 5)4 in. wide, the Four Column is 6% in. wide, the Five-Column pattern 8% in. wide and the Seven-Column pattern 12 in. With these widths and standard roughing-in measure ments they can be used on any standard specification. . Window Radialor Aero radiators are sold at the same standard sheet price as the old radiator types. 346 National Radiator Company Boilers and Radiators Number Sections Number Grates Outlets No. and Size iize Smoke 1 Pipe II Patented Sectional View LIST PRICES AND RATING Size Steam Water Rating Rating Grate Area sq. ft. Com bustion Charo- ber Area Height Water Line Inches Height Top Outlets Inches Height Includ ing Trim- sq. ft. ""S. Width Boiler Inches Width Length Includ- Includ- TrinL Smoie- mings Inches Inches Size Base Inches 25- 9 25-10 25-11 25-12 2525 2825 3125 3425 4175 9 4675 10 5175 11 5675 12 31- 9 31-10 31-11 31-12 31-13 3625 4050 4475 4900 5325 5975 6675 7375 8075 8775 9 10 11 12 13 36- 9 36-10 36-11 36-12 36-13 36-14 36-15 36-16 5125 8475 5750 9500 6JV5 10,525 7000 11,550 7625 12,575 8250 13,600 8875 14,625 9500 15,650 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 48- 9 9200 15,100 48-10 10,325 16,950 48-11 11,450 18,800 48-12 12,575 20,650 48-13 13,700 22,500 48-14 14,625 24,350 48-15 15,950 26,200 48-16 17,075 28,050 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 5 6.11 6 7.27 7 8.43 8 9.59 5 8.55 6 10.24 7 11.93 6 13.62 9 15.31 5 11.50 6 13.75 7 16.00 8 18.25 9 20.50 9 20.50 10 22.75 10 22.75 5 18.23 6 21.78 7 25.33 8 28.88 9 32.43 9 32.43 10 35.98 10 35.98 3.48 3.48 3.48 3.48 5.07 5.07 5.07 5.07 5.07 6.75 6.75 6.75 6.75 6.75 9.50 9.50 12.25 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.65 14.20 14.20 17.75 49 49 49 49 52 52 52 52 52 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 57% 57% 57% 57% 61 61 61 61 61 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 SB 65% 65% 71% 71'/* 71% 71'/* 71% 783/, 783/, 783/, 783/, 783/4 783/, 783/, 783/, 89 89 89 89 89 69 69 89 36% 36% 36% 361% 50 50 50 50 50 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 40'/, 403/, 403/, 403/, 54 54 54 54 54 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 745/, 277/6* 603/8 3-4' 81'/, 277/8x675/8 3-4' 88% 27%x74s/, 3-4' 95'/, 27%. 81% 3-4' 12 12 12 12 79% 88 951% 103 1101% 333/** 65% 3-5' 333Ax 74 3-5' 333/4* 81% 3-5' 333/4* 89 3-5' 33>/,. %/, 3-5' 15 15 15 15 15 87>% 413/$* 73% 3-5' 95% 413/$* 817/g 3-5' 104%. 413/$* 90% 3-5' 1123/g 413/$, 985/$ 3-5' 12! 413/6x107 4-5' 1293% 413/6,1153/8 4-5' 1373/4 413/8*1233/4 4-5' 146% 413/8.132% 4-5' 16 16 16 16 16 16. 16 16 1091/* 119% l30i/2 141'/$ 1513/4 1623/6 173 183% 537/6* 89% 3-6' 537/8* 99% 3-6' 537/6*110% 4-6' 537/8*121% 4-6' 537/8*1313/4 5-6' 537/6*1423/6 5-6' 537/8*153 5-6' 53'/,, 163'/, 5-6' 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Sylph-Oil Air Regulator Patents Applied For The National Up-Draft Smokeless Boiler will conform to any smoke ordinance* Burning smoke depends upon the temperature to which the air discharged over the fire is preheated. The National-Preheating Air device heats air to in excess of 1000 deg. It is discharged into the smoke and gases as they pass over the Refractory Bridge wall into the Combustion Chamber. The National Smokeless Boiler will clear to the No. 1 Smoke Screen in from 10 to 15 seconds and to a clear stack in less than one minute after firing a charge of green coal. National Smokeless boilers show an average increase of 28 per cent in evaporation on the same fuel charge and consequently are very economical in operation. The volume of preheated air necessary to burn smoke varies with the state'of com bustion. The air should be gradually decreased and cut off almost completely during a period of about 20 minutes from the time fuel is charged. Unless this is done the preheated air has a tendency to chill rather than increase the gas temperatures and the boiler efficiency and evaporation is decreased; The Sylph-Oil Regulator operates the Preheating Air Device automatically and positively can be regulated to close the air intake in any time from one half-a minute to one hour after fuel is charged. 347 Newport Boiler Company CHICAGO General Offices: 529 S. Franklin Street Boilers SAVES HOURS OF TIME AND TONS OF COAL Heating expenses may be reduced about 50 per cent, by burning No. 1 Buckwheat coal which contains approximately the same heat value as the larger, more expensive sizes. Patented Newport features make possible the use of practically all kinds of Fuel Coal--Coke--Oil and Gas. This modern heater, highly economical, eliminates the drudgery of frequent attention, required in the operation of ordinary surface feed boilers, and offer as well unmatched convenience, uniform heat for long periods without attention, consistently meeting present day demands. ' NEWPORT COAL BURNING BOILERS Boiler Number Steam S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-6 S-55 S-66 S-77 S-88 S-99 Rating Square Feet "Maximum Direct Radiation Load Boiler ' Number Water Rating Square Feet "Maximum Direct Radiation ' Load Length Overall STEAM 594 750 907 1063 1219 1375 1668 2000 2313 2625 ' 340 430 518 607 696 786 965 1143 1322 1500 W-4 W-5 W-6 W-7 W-6 W-55 W-66 W-77 W-88 W-99 WATER 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2282 2782 3313 3813 4313 572 . 714 857 1000 1143 1304 1590 1893 2179 1 2464 30'/.' 36>/,' 42'/.' 49* 55'/.' 44' 50'/.' 62V/ 69* Width Overall 32' 32' 32' 32' 32' 56' 56' 56' v 56' 56' Chimney Flue Size Inches 8x 12 8 x 12 8x 12 12 x 12 12x 12 I2x 12 12x16 12x16 16 x 16 I6x 16 Height Feet 35 35 40 40 45 40 45 45 50 50 O-S-4 O-S-5 O-S-6 O-S-7 O-S-8 O-S-55 O-S-66 O-S-77 O-S-68 O-S-99 NEWPORT OIL BURNING BOILERS 594 750 907 1063 .1219 1375 1686 2000 2313 2625 340 430 518 607 - 696 786 965 1143 1322 1500 O-W-4 O-W-5 O-W-6 O-W-7 O-W-8 O-W-55 O-W-66 O-W-77 O-W-88 O-W-99 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2282 2782 3313. 3813 4313 572 714 857 1000 1143 1304 1590 1893 2179 2464 30/,' 36/j' nw 49' 55'/,' 44' 50'/,' 56/x". 62/,' 69' 32' 32' 32' 32' 32* 56' 56' 56' 56' 56' 8x (2 8x 12 8x12 12 x 12 12 x 12 12x12 12x 16 12* 16 I6x 16 16 x 16 35 35 40 40 45 40 45 45 50 50 The "Maximum Direct Radiation Load" is the maximum actual amount of square feet of cast iron column radiation or its equivalent that we recommend be attached to. boiler. This amount provides a safety factor of 75 per cent, being ample for average conditions, to take care of the load imposed by mains, risers, etc., but does not provide an allowance for the heating of water for domestic use. or any extra load where attached radiation will condense more than 0.25 (K) pound-of steam, per. square foot per hour. The water line on all Steam Boilers is inches. - ' Height over all Coal Boilers 62 inches--Oil Boilers 48& inches. 348 Boilers and Radiators Niagara Radiator and Roiler Company Main Offices North Tonawanda, N. Y. . New York Citt--2051 Grand Central Terminal Philadelphia--121 North Broad Street Chicago--1111 East 83rd Street Cleveland--2036 East 105th Street Pittsburgh--304 Oliver Building Niagara Smokeless Boilers . Made in 31 sizes for Steam or Water. 1600 to 14,250 sq. ft. in Steam 2650 to 23,700 sq. ft. in Water Niagara Column Radiation Made in 1-2-3-4-6-Window Seat Pin and Prime Indirect patterns. Niagara Round Boilers- Made in 21 sizes for steam or water having TRIANGULAR or FLAT Grates. 300 to 1450 sq. ft. in steam . ` 500 to 2400 sq. ft. in water Also Hot Water Supply Boilers 349 Niagara Wall Radiation 8-7-9 sq.ft, patterns Boilers OiLCiTy BoilerWorks Oil Cit^i/ New York, N. Y., 501 Fifth Ave. ' Detroit, Mich., 715 Donovan Bldg. Philadelphia. Pa., 1043 Real Estate Trust Bldg. San Francisco, Calif., 417 Market St. Pittsburgh, Pa., 1116 House Bldg. Chicago, III., 19 W. Jackson Blvd. Atlanta, Ga.. 315 Glenn Bldg. Los Angeles, Calif.. 1003 Union Trust Bldg. Baltimore, Mo., Dukehart Bldg. Winston-Salem, N. C., 236 Liberty St. . Indianapolis, Ind., 117 East Michigan St. Cincinnati. O., S. W. Cor. 3rd and Walnut Sts. Richmond, Va., American National Bank Bldg. "Oil City" Direct Draft Boiler "Oil City" Smokeless Boiler "OIL CITY" low pressure boilers are offered to the trade as the last word in "Heating Economy" comprising in one unit all the elements of a modern plant for steam or hot water heating, especially adapted for Schools, Office Buildings, Hotels, Churches, Club Houses, Hospitals or for any purpose where the service of a universally recognized fire box boiler of high merit is desired. All parts of the boiler are made ac cessible for cleaning by the use of man holes, handholes, and wash-out plugs. Ratings--Ratings are very conservative, only such parts of the boiler coming in actual contact with passage of the hot gases, and lying below the zone of normal water level being considered as heating surface. "OIL CITY" boilers are designed and constructed to meet all requirements of modem engineering as formulated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the boiler laws of the various states and cities, and are backed by 35 years of suc cessful practical experience. Description--"OIL CITY" boilers are built in smokeless and straight draft types for portable and brick settings, self con tained with all steel construction thor oughly braced, stayed, inspected, and tested for 15 lb. working pressure. These boilers have large fire boxes thereby insuring ample combustion space in which heat-giving gases and air freely mix before entering tubes. The arrangement of tubes in relation to shell allows free circulation of water at all times, together with large steam space, insuring dry steam and steady water level. Equipment--Equipment with all boilers includes, in addition to complete set of shaking grates, all the necessary castings, safety valves, steam gauge, water column, etc., required for a complete installation. Oil Fired--Where oil is used exclusively we recommend our new Series 9000 Port able Return Tubular Fire Box Oil Burning Boiler. Complete specifications and measurements shown in Circular H-18. Every "OIL CITY" boiler bears the official stamp of the A. S. M. E. Boiler Code, indicating the pressure at which the boiler may be worked. At a small increase in cost "OIL CITY" boilers are furnished, braced and stayed, for a safe working pressure of 100 lb. Complete specifications, measurements and weights shown in Catalog H-9. SPECIFICATIONS AND GENERAL DIMENSIONS ON NEXT PAGE. 350 Oil City Boiler Works Boilers Settling Plan and Measurements "Oil City" Heating Boilers "Oil City" Smokeless flbtiOE/e areata 007 aoa <509 <5/0 <3// o/o 0/5 <3/4 <3/5 a/6 <3/7 a/a <3/3 07/ <377 373 <374 cmrary - hrrrae OO/LTE PEWETEE 34 Pr TOO JSX 4000 4500 57X0 5500 6000 6500 7JOO 0500 0000 COO <4000 76000 *3050 TOZZ 73700 50X7 JfiPr TOO 5X0 6600 700 OJOO 900 9900 0700 <7400 /4COO J6SX 79X0 007 7600 '9700 5X00 40000 40000 a in 40 40 40 54 54 54 60 60 e& 60 66 66 7E 7Z TO TO 34 34 Pt&fit .9-/ 0-5 //-5 0-// //-u iT-// /7-ii /J-// /5-J <6-J <5-9 <7-9 A6-7 /7// <7-0 0-0 704 Off Profit j-r 5-9 4-7 J-5 J-5 4-7 4-7 4-6 4-4 4-9 4-9 6-0 5-0 5-9 5-0 6-< *:5 9-/ iff 0 f9 /9 /9 <9 /.9 776 77* 77* 77* 75 73 75 75 73 75 73 73 HE/GHT CPEE OO/LEE fir 7/ ?i 7/ 76 75 76 <57 07 07 07 90 JO 96 96 97 97 05 03 r Pr&fir 70 70 TO 75 75 75 0-5 i O-J 0-5 o-</ J-// 9-5 95 9-7 9-7 04 04 PrTtfir fit /4 fit /4 fit fit /7 /7 /7 /7 /7 77 /7 /7 /7 /7 // /7 in 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 * 7 7 <3 O a O O <3 0 0 fit 4 4 4 4 4 t 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 fit Or* ChX C.J6 0.47 0.47 0.47 ej.46 efoe O.JO TSrJD /7.54 /7j) <7.60 <7X0 7044 3X64 in 77 77 77 74 74 74 76 76 <35 TO X 57 54 54 56 X 40 47 nr /weech/ag - 7h0 ooeees air -7ho oxleej a&gut J7?xx-cr aorta /tasvr j7?icx - n*o oolleej eeobto ope/t eezie pcoej * JO JO X J4 54 54 JO JO 40 40 44 46 X X 57 57 56 56 A 07 70 TO 77 77 77 74 74 76 76 TO JO 57 57 54 54 X 0 in & 70 03 JV 5/ 5/ J4 J4 56 J6 0 47 46 46 40 40 54 54 fir JO JJ 55 55 55 60 60 60 65 65 65 70 0 0 OO 30 50 OO fir 60 5 65 65 65 TO 0 TO 75 75 75 <30 <30 OO 50 03 VO W in 76 76 76 TO TO <33 57 57 57 57 55 35 57 57 40 0 45 45 "Oil City" Direct Draft Type uupjbee or oo/lee 307 300 303 3/0 3// 3/7 9/3 3/4 3/3 3/6 3/7 3/a 3/3 970 37/ 377 373 304 cof/pc/tp - jte/eo cpppcrrr - aettee 54 Er 7500 7900 3500 4000 4500 5000 9500 6000 7000 OOOO 9500 f,COO OOOO '5000 <7X0 OOOO. esooo oca -34 Tr 400 4000 5700 6603 7900 dxx) 300 9500 0600 '5700 <500 *6700 T/sao fiOOO 0550) J7CO0 9X00 txa> oo/lee pewetee n fir. 40 40 40 54 54 54 60 60 60 60 66 66 77 77 7<5 TO 04 04 eaL/e leljgth a Profit 0-7 5-6 -/ 0-0 //-/ <7-/ !Z-5 /J-7 <4-4 <6-7 <5-9 /74 <5-// /7-6 /7/< /9-N 70-/ 77-/ 700* 70 CUTLET plooe eetueu C Profit 5-n 4-3 4-0 P-7 4-3 4-< 4-e 4-// 5-0 6-9 6-5 7-7 6-3 6-5 6-0 7-// 7-7 9-7 p fit /3 /5 /3 /9 <3 <5 77* 77* 77* 77* 75 75 73 75 75 75 73 75 plooe 7V aettee lute e in 7/ 7/ 7/ 76 76 76 07 07 07 07 X X 56 X 97 37. 05 05 HE/GHT CPEE OO/LEE HE/6/fT 7957/rrr 0r 757fir 7-0 7-0 70 7-5 75 7-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 a-// a-// 5-5 9-5 3-7 3-7 0-/ EH Pt7fit fit /4 /4 /4 /4 /4 /7 /7 /7 /7 /7 /7 /7 /7 -<7 /7 /7 /7 J/ZE OUTLET 3/ZE EETUEU 5/ZE JPX3EE OUTLET fit 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 o a a O a <3 0 0 0fit 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 fit 0,56 0.X .x 0*7 0.4T 0.4T 0.46 et.t6 Tf.46 a*6 <5,X (S.X <7,59 <7.5* 7.60 <7*0 <576* <3%64 0/79 OEEECM/YG-CME OLE. fir 77 77 77 74 79 79 76 76 TO 70 X 57 54 54 56 56 40 47 P/<3 OECEC////YG -TM? OLEJ. fir JO X X fit .54 34 X X 40 40 44 46 X X 57 57 .56 X 564. JT/7C/C -CUE OLE. fit 70 TO TO 77 77 77 79 79 76 76 70 X 57 57 54 34 X 40 P/fiJ. 5T/9CAT . TWO OLEJ. fit TO 70 TO 5/ 37 3/ 34 34 56 J6 40 47 46 46 40 40 54 54 7/e/gut or/rcr-or/E ole Pr X X 55 55 55 60 60 .60 65 65 65 0 0 0 X X X /OO HE/GTfT JTfiXX - TMO 0003. Tr. 60 60 65 65 65 0 0 0 75 75 75 OO X X X <0O 0O /0 EEQP 7Z7 OPES/ EEEE POOEJ fir 76 76 76 03 03 03 57 37 57 57 35 X 57 57 40 40 45 43 351 Boilers THE WM. H. PAGE BOILER CO. 200 Madison Avenue, NEW YORK Boston. 123 Beverly Street Philadelphia. 1718 Sansom Street Cleveland. Rose Building Meadville, Pa.. Factory Makers of Boilers for m6re than Half a Century i Boilers Commercial , Raring* Sq. F t. Steam Page Safe R ating# 1 Sq. F t. Steam Size o f Grate, Inches 1' Height Over A ll, Inches, Steam W idth Over A ll, Inches, Steam Height Over A ll, Inches, Water . W idth Over AU, Inches, W ater Total Length, Inches Water Line, Inches, Steam Outlets and Inlets, Inches I Size of Smoke 1 Pipe, Inches . Monarch Smokeless Monarch Water Tube Monarch Sectional Steam and Water Boilers ii a 6 i *0 zG3 s": MS 604 850 605 1075 606 1300 607 1525 650 850 1050 1250 22x20 22x263/8 22x32% 22x39'/, 3.06 4.03 5.00 5.98 60% 88 M'/i 39% 39% 39% 39% 52 52 52 52 35 35 35 35 35% 41 2-3 13 41>/, 41 2-3 13 48 41 2-3 13 54'/, 41 2-3 13 504 1600 505 2100 506 2600 507 3100 508 3600 509 4100 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 28x2434 28x33'/* 28*41% 28x49?/* 28x58% 28x663/8 4.82 6.45 8.07 9.70 11.32 12.96 73 73 73 73 73 73 45% 45% 45% 45% 45% 45% 64% 64% 64% 64% 64% 64>/2 41 41 41 41 41 41 44V, 51 2-5 15 53% 51 2-5 15 61'/, 51 2-5 15 70 51 2-5 15 783/, 51 2-5 15 863% 51 2-5 15 405 3400 406 4200 407 5000 408 5800 409 6600 410 .7400 411 8200 412 9000 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 40x33% 40x41% 40x49% 40x58% 40x66% 40x75 40x833/8 40*91% 9.20 11.52 13.85 16.18 18.50 20.82 23.13 25.50 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 59% 59% 59% 59% 59% 59% 59% 59% 72% 72% 72% 72% 72% 72% 72% 72% 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 52 58 2-5 21 603/, 58 2-5 21 68% 58 2-5 21 77% 58 2-5 21 85% 58 2-5 21 93'/, 58 2-5 21 102% 58 3-5 21 "0>/, 58 3-5 21 6-60 6600 4600 60*41% 17.29 82% 85% 74% 81% 643/, 60 2-6 26 7-60 8200 6000 60x49% 20.78 82% 85% 74% 81% 72% 60 2-6 26 8-60 9800 7200 60x58% 24.27 82% 85% 74% 81% 81% 60 2-6 2b 9-60 11400 8400 60*66% 27.76 82% 853/, 74% 81% 89% 60 3-6 26 10-60 13000 9600 60x66% 31.25 82% 853/S 74% 81% 97% 60 3-6 26 11-60 14600 10800 60x66% 34.74 82% 853/, 74% 81% 106% 60 3-6 26 12-60 16200 13-60 17800 12000 13200 60x75 60x75 38.22 82% 85>/, 74% 81V, "4% 60 3-6 26 41.72 82% 853/S 74% 81% 123 60 3-6 26 14-60 19400 14400 60x75 45.20 82% 853/, 74% 81% 131% 60 3-6 26 15-60 21000 15600 60x833/* 48.69 82% 853/S 741/4 81% 139% 60 3-6 26 16-60 22600 16800 60x83% 52.18 82% 85% 74% 81% 148% 60 3-6 26 17-60 24200 16000 60x83% 55.67 82% 85% 741/, 81V, 156% 60 3-6 26 18-60 25800 19200 60x9|3/4 59.16 82% 85>/, 74% 81'/," 1643/, 60 3-6 26 19-60 27400 20400 60x913/4 62.65 82% 85>/, 74*4 81% 173% 60 3-6 26 20-60 29000 21600 60x913/4 66.14 823/4 853/, 741/4 81% 181'/, 60 3-6 26 Commercial Ratings, as given, are derived from tests made in accordance with the American Society op Heating and Ventilating Engineers* Low-Pressure Boiler Code. . . #Page Safe Ratings are conservatively made, derived from careful and exhaustive tests, during yean of service under every condition--which proved their safety--and are guaranteed, based on fuel of 12,500 B.tu., with chimney flue of pro portions to provide sufficient draft to properly burn the fuel. " 352 POINTS Paramount In Choosing Boilers 1--Continuous Service--Any heating plant will break if carelessly operated. Broken sections in Prox Boilers can be plugged off and heat maintained, avoiding dismissal of school or closing of building. 2--Fuel Economy--Short wide firebox design, full three-layer fire travel, very low stack temperature, large self-cleaning flues, conservative ratings, ideal design for perfect combustion with soft coals. 3--Long Service--Safety--Prox Cast Sectional Boilers represent maximum ^permanence. 4-- Quick Dry-Steaming--Low water line, small waterways, quick circula tion, dry steam assured by steam separating header over Prox Boilers. 5-- Repair Economy--Remove any sec tions like tilting book from bookcase. Other boilers must be torn down and expensive covering destroyed. 6-- Installation Economy--Take flow direct from large steam separating header, saving extra cost of additional header construction necessary to get dry steam with other boilers. PROX BOILERS--World's best for large installations in Schools, Theatres, Apartments, Churches, Hospitals, Hotels, etc. WRITE FOR LATEST CATALOG 353 Boilers and Radiators Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. General Sales Offices 41 EAST 42nd STREET NEW YORK, N. Y. For List of Factories ant} Branches, see Page 549 Cast iron water boilers 100 to 23,450 sq. ft. capacity. Cast iron steam boilers 325 to 14,200 sq. ft. capacity. Firebox heating boilers, capacity steam radiation 2,500 to 25,000 sq. ft.; capacity water radiation 4,000 to 40,000 sq. ft. Radiators--all types - The Pierce-American Boiler A 30-year record of proved successful performance Sizes and Dimensions No.* Sec tions Length BOILER AND HEADERS Width Height Height Water Line on S. B. No. and Size. Outlet* No. and Size, Returns Smoke Pipe DU. Size of Flue Chimney Height CAPACITY SQ. FT. Steam Water Boilers Boilers 2)4 215 4 5 47 55 4455 216 6 63 45 56'/, 40/4 2-3 2-3 % 10x10 30 600 1000 56'/* 40% 2-3 2-3 'A 10x10 30 800 1325 56'/, 40'/, 2-3 2-3 10x10 35 1000 1650 265 5 55 51 266 6 63 51 267 7 71 51 268 8 79 51 6644/$2 4477/ys, 2-3 2-4 2-3 iiy. 12x12 35 2-4 iiy. 12x16 35 1400 1750 2325 2900 641/2 64'/2 47V, 471/, 22--44 2-4 iiy. 12x16 40 2-4 iiy. 16x16 40 2100 2450 3475 4050 325 326 327 328 329 3210 5 6 7, 8 9 10 55 63 71 79 87 95 59'/, 59>/, 59'/, 591/, 591/, 59'/, 67 67 67 67 67 67 49 49 49 49 49 49 2-4 2-4 14 2-5 2-5 14 2-5 2-5 14 2-5 2-5 14 2-5 2-5 14 2-5 2-5 14 12x16 12x16 16x16 16x16 16x20 20x20 35 40 40 45 50 60 1700 2250 2800 3350 3900 4450 2825 3700 4625 5525 6450 7350 405 406 407 408 409 4010 4011 4012 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 55 63 71 79 87 95 103 Ilf 651/, 661/. 66$ 66$ 66$ 66/2 661/2 W/j 69'/, 69'/, 69/4 69'/, 69% 69'/, 69'/, 69'/, 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 2-4 2-4 15% 16x16 45 2600 4300 2-5 2-5 15'/,. 16x20 45 3250 5375 2-5 2-5 15'/, 16x20 50 3900 6450 2-5 2-5 5'/, 20x20 50 4550 7500 2-5 2-5 15% 20(20 55 5200 8600 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 15% 15'/. 20x20 20x20 55 60 5850 9650 6500 10725 2-5 2-5 15'/. 20x24 60 7150 11800 466 467 468 469 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 68 76 84 92 too 108 116 124 132 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 82 '55% 2-6 2-6 19% 24x24 65 5400 8925 82 55V, 2-6 2-6 19% 24x24 70 6500 10725 62 55% 2-6 2-6 19% 24x24 75 7600 12550 82 55/4 2-6 2-6 19% 24x28 80 8700 14350 82 553/4 2-6 2-6 19% 24x28 85 9800 16150 82 55>/, 2-6 2-6 19% 28x28 95 10900 18000 82 55% 2-6 2-6 19% 28x28 100 12000 19825 82 82 . 55'/, 55'/, 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 19/4 19'/. 28x28 28x32 105 no . 13100 14200 21625 23450 Steam boilers are designated by the letter *'S" before the number, as S-214, S-215, etc. Water boilers are designated by the letter "W," as W-214. W-215, etc. All measurements are in inches, except where otherwise noted. Special sizes or location of tappings can be furnished at prices shown in discount sheet. Blank grates sections for brick lire wall to reduce size of grate will be supplied without extra charge with boiler if so ordered. {See page 549, Valve Section) 354 Boilers PIERCE FIREBOX BOILERS Built by Ames Iron Works Division of Pierce, Butler & Pierce Manufacturing Corporation OSWEGO, N. Y. Series 800 : Series 900 For Description, see p. 358. . ' For Description, see p. 359. fi - Series 1000 For Description, see p. 360. 355 Series 000 For Description, see p. 361. Ames Iron Works Boilers 3l !ggggSSSggS^ftRSKRSRg-^SSSS^Rfgg 2 2 1 ijht SgggS-^ftSSSRgRS^S^SSSS^S^gS 1 Is sa ~______________ _LJf" si irli!!!frliza lie iSSSgggS=^Sa^?^S^S'"^S:RS2S^gS *A >** vJVJ . - 5l ||SSSSggHf^S=5:SSSSS'i,"'rSSRS^S7 gggSSSSggRp^S5fs$2R'<5",''St:S^2"ga ggSfRggggS^fRBSgRSRR^^iRgiRSfS^gg Igga|SgSggSf=RB2K3SS"'"agaS"2^gg I |gagSaSggsf*7S525R3!aS"','"'S!BR#7R^2S 22 !ig|sSSaSggsj^S5a9RS!SS,,','mSS5Rfa^S 1 ||agSSSggsf'fS525RSRg,",'"'SE5R IIfl fj I gg2RaaSg|g^Soa5SRRR`",'mSB5*^"| i-&<Ltes<LU& IZOZOUpZOJ J5: ! 4444: :4 21 W Ames Iron Works Boilers Qi SMSm'\ymsRl. ---- ^ i --gg II! |g^|3?g||S^^5RSR-2SRSgS5S^iS2E5p5 H |;;g3SgggS-"552R2R'23KgS2K2R2:sRSR il 18] ||SSSSgggS2~Sa^RgR'"rl,SSRSS2fC2SR2g ir^rgj ?gSg||S^SaRRSR'""i,SS:RgRa~R2Rggg Il||2SSSgRf^S=R32S*~2SRSS::2~C=RSgS I -n-01= | a 2 f |gSSSSggH~=S=RSSS~"'RSRS327S=SRSS jg I.C O . . sT* . .2 si ij5la*al*as~82RSS'' 'SgRSS -|s=spg| pH ifsa"ir ^=RS RR ~ 2SSR-1 I2o3=spg I! |s||||PRSaS||S^S5aRSR--SBRgSS^SRSpi 22 S j |gl5SS3||S^SoaRgR---?sigS2=3R3g2g 1 I fI gg2gSaSg|S=2SoRR5R'','"?SRg2^S2R2S ||^S-S||Si|soRRRR' SBRSSrfSRRSSg 4444 : umuisunir^ii^i 4 H I i" 356 357 Ames Iron Wor\s 2 C6 |2 " 8 u o5 CC * C-wQ. oa g BS 3 cWo E" f-t- T(J OJ a. & O* Boilers ooNNeo<omeecooNoe-<euvsvNcpONi<Mne'60OBOo SOin^- -- fAfA ---oo-So|N PS -- ------ lA IN GO IN OO -- -tO--Niflo--iftVB-WoS' ON CO -- OeNIStO'OMQOCO'eNCOO'mNN<0ONmC\0>OOCOOO 0irt>NrwtCsOf*'M*\~o9o>rN*\r> * . rs --' ---- -- infs to in to -- ^--orsiAO'>rt-<'to--- nw -- -o o in PSfA N -- rs gs 83 (A O' S' rS(A0O- 0'rss<ArNrNS-LALAu SLAfASfAtA S- PSPN o- PS --- ---r-otS'CA --lOico^^-ojj O fA LA IN OoOOnOu'Ov^'PmNoO'OQBQ-Co'OBKp LA PS O . n LA JN -- O^-- 2 (Oioo --mo'^-^mN NO LAN. 0PnPnS-PS00CNpAS- --A'0e3fAINPN -- PSPSOlA L--AlPAINSPS--PSrApPlLfANO--'^.S. 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O' -- PA C^JCJ= C C C C^CJSjC c c c c c c c s > 32 S/$ t5J > & .a > _ 1&Cc .Ess 2s 22 a.^s.*--10_ 9 OSftS V >-- . ^ .*J fTM 8 S u V *J -- _S= *_- 5m S 5 SE1- .-Os-n0_ *5 ^-* s 8 s lm".a = = 8-58 g-fs 'sT3 -511-S ex a shis "5 5 5 i* is (SifcSlsQl^**00^01--^-ist2.tnt->-Nygg 358 Safety valvee w ill be furnished to conform to the requirements of the state or m unicipality in which boiler is to be operated. *Smoke stacks and smoke connections or breechings are not furnished unless specially ordered and a t extra price. fSize and location o f all steam openings shown apply for IS pounds pressure. This inform ation w ill be given for higher pressures upon request. . :s ... . Ames Iron Worlds Boilers O' , vT* vT* Feyre PONA' OSJPrnAAiONlpAAa!tOA>----eAc^A,O----nAO>ANpOAa NN*ONNf-Ns4 AN --ce----v--'0--^--O--AP*SNt-'AOLN--NNO'^0"^0'(p--'O----Cl--AN --ONQ^fA OPA' *3 CiCbO eOOO<pAAABNAAVOONVeNiS%* CNA--B--^--%_>;*O<0e--A1 'OO'h--.KAO '(Da--V- LAA<O 8Nt8A -SNRN --Nb . - - " =-' b0>o> Cb <--5IONNPPAAA L--A pAP^AONtOTPNNOA.NP.'1---I%N0.--.LOO- PSA -- . ----^ >--N- , O--N --O P(A1N LPAA O'-- LlbA IpNA * PA IN,N-- -- L----AA P--M IPOsA. 1 06 a Nr* O' 3 Cb 0--0P-5TS^(AfAf--A^N(A OPA--OPPPOnOSS'PS -I--.n.#.^O--.A' P^S ^--A--Oi--*e. OO--O#AP|SAlAO'N-- L--AIpNATPA^P--MIn,OfA' ----fi0AA AO*' 3 t4) Cb PL--AASLPIPNSAS frASP--S<^APfASOV--'PS(S0PAS'..IN-P--vOS-'-fPAS^--"^-----A'OS---.fPA|S L--AOI--NL--AI--N S'PAIN-S--- --O---'-O--- -PSA' f(OAN' eb Cb Lf--AAPlPSaS OPS'--^L--A ^fA PfAS W --PSf^APSL--A--I-N-,PfAS.--V --^ L--A OPN' ^^ ^OO --In --AO^fAtNPS --PA IlAN--O--fL--AA - IN vj ONO' ICOfbi PSCS--O'^PSLOAINOPOfSOA' O'IN----,P0S --'O'N--+*A'O0"^A'6^0A0W<l--NON'NN--IANiAAOOfOA-- * o X co Cb lPASILfnAAAS"P1S* --O(A PS lAPLInAA PIInnn *.LA *lIAN- PSS---ON--^SATOS'SlA-S"SlA' ---*'^InlAS' PAS---O--lAOPlAS0 o 0u) co Cb SLOOfAAPPLSA-fOAfBA<PASIONISnO' --InO%S-<' k-APOS --VaON' --' PLOAOPL<AePlAfAP--NS<'AlA<S0- fA '0--N9'O--- OOOIPNS o b3 V Cb ONPAOSP^CSSINAfAPSLPAALA,<.fA*.LAAS--^O'P--SLA^*AL^APAPS. '^--lNS"^^PSfAPA--pAOOINlOLllPAA.S s> u s o *C3b SLINAiP--AS PSSI--N OfA PS NfOALSOA- OvPO--S.SO'-PS --W O' --PS l^A^^A PAP--S --SP SIn'S--'fNrA --PS fA0IlNA00. 'SPlAS- 913 1 e 0 *3 Cb tAlIOna'0--'PPSSPS PSS -*C--AO OpIAnO*A'*vP.0A'l.a --S---OP'S<--P!SA-5"S,PAfAI0N'P---SS--"LSA-PSS'fA0P--SfASIn0PS 1 016 1 A* O *3 Cb O--LOO--A'I--NPOA'NPSP^StIANf--AfI--An'VLAc*NfAAL*NA--^--OS'c--<A:INS'^PAfAINP--SS--" *^A^PS(A^LPAS--ILNA i--IANOPPAS V c CVb 0PLASIN--AL--INA PSSPS'POSlP--SS*AO---'-fA--^--P. OS'--'NAS- InSS S`fAPSS'0lN'P--S^--^<SSfOA S--S-L--A O'Q--iPAS C C, 2SC : Iccccccccc icccccccccc : : " .J J , ............................................... .................................... ... jwww ;;;:::;:;:;::;:::;:; r;;:::: i ............................................................IN U M B E R O F S IZ E * * *........................ ` i .......... .......................................... ..... . i :; :i :i ;i : : ::iSj: m8 : : : : :.*J3 : ^*.c;....;...:....:...:..........:....:...:....:...:....:...:....:...:....:. .:*pg: ; 2 3 . ; ; h -- ft..............^ >...............* - 3 * S? .1.1 : :jjiS J : : :::: ^ =1 ^3 ` n CkS * - * 1, 4 c y *.2 --O 2 "t> C i1! : : is J o"a=: g j S J : I'fE " !""o (2(2 .1 J8= s S" 1-SK.:(St, fijj-S s 1st E b S S'^a*'3wjs| 8-S ! 5^ i E gS = Ssa:a.i SXcQ^e; g bo3 1 go S I! = s g b6(6< j 1 5 5-8^E5 g g g 6 ii h sQatO-^^-S S'`5-C^'7cO-c'5'cCic?3-^'S-c-'-2~S-C'3^^CO is I lD.g'b b !^aJ V J3ES jzzo i 0 l?<!lp5pS<c"UDU-o:E"'^-Jt2OTl->'N8ga8x:^ O 359 Safety valves w ill be furnished to conform to the requirements of the state or m unicipality in which boiler is to be operated. *Smoke stacks and smoke connections or breechings are not furnished unless specially ordered and a t extra price. fSize and location o f a ll steam openings shown apply for 15 pounds pressure. This inform ation w ill be given for higher pressures upon request. Ames Iron Works 360 Boilers B O ILE R S B U IL T FOR IS POUNDS PRESSURE O N LY . . Safety valves w ill be furnished to conform to the requirements of the state or m unicipality in which boiler is to be operated. "Smoke stacks and smoke connections or- breechings are not furnished unless specially ordered and a t extra price. ' ' Ames Iron Works Boilers 06 e mi in V? .. e 8 252 25ggs:SSSg Sb'rSS 1 g s s| v; <<n :SSSSgR?;-,:'",'"S!a !=asssssc!SS 5 0'00 0 V e* ogooo-->^'Omeqih<--n<Np --i/iR--FmiNi-scOi N>S' i--Nfri moo-- m --innNo> miN`O> --Na <3 >o . 3N -- m ' C 2o <<n 5 4 9 00 9 6 0* * a? ^ OON <OmoO (<\V<-Ni/>KN na) "O>O>< h^ >VMAIs-O`iiONOONN iA<Nn>CO NOK'OOOt \ esoo -- -- . ^oo--m --iN^eBmiN-- --IN O'V . Nifl mn 00 < n 5. "i : s ssrj 00 50 0 0 9 5>nN'OU ^~NlAKNnN^Q---- >'r<,'* 'VN'fl ' 0 * 4O<n- NcoBS? *N 00 -- O' -- m in n- eo in in iNo-m*-N iNMN<A*A&> 1ooS *" In nV " In 0 1 o "1 5 5. * ^^ s S 0 0 0 0 0 0Off'<,OOON-,NR.-^^rtM-^< (IN' -ON-' ' ^' <S- 6 <0 5oir<tN a*&NOSorotTV V ns----<*Mflao^o>N miN -- m --A nmm --N-- 5In -- IN N" m^ , S S SS S SS St 0 4 0 OO^IS^-OOONm'V--MSh. --> m --'NO;> <OM --QfriQNQONN(F| OO -- VAINOSOON- IN IN -- a -- NN -- A ----<IO' 0 < 1in ft IN ^ &r m m - 32 8 5 2 0 885s e ggdSSS g!?V 'SR g=S;gKijgKS'r' ^SSS=S?X < 21in ss * is? . Ss ~ 00 ft < N H 0OO --O^OOON^h --WNN--'O^'OAV-O^'ONifti'ONi-O'fa'OOWNOO' 00in --*nSiNnOmmN`n *. NK --n--N,t<CS(^,-- -- co . -- m c 3in tA ft IN 050 0 5 3 5 1--O'N^OO'OON--rn'iN^'Sb'm -- in F^S^H^Tn e vO nn > >orN -- S^m'pooN -- us'o' q- 'No w n'o-in mmrNmrN? fN n-o--in --SS'OiNmiNwi --/* 8 22KK ^ ? - . " 2046 I i 8 3 32 8 8 3 8 5 ?::*8 ^J ggS^K <06 <0 RS N V , fcaR: &K &^w S:sa= i&! ;*SS o w O o IN < 0 8OON>OO' oL----O^S!sT'OMIn >>ON--OVI --'OOQN --WO 3 5 5So wNiAOoS IN' --In mmmr iN --in --S n-inn- --N- F 0 m nm . -- in -- m fe < IN D >0, ,, ^ ^ js s <; in m N' --r*i m m -- K. m *a in N-m in -- -- -- a* m in Bm m-- ooSom -- -- in yo-N'-N^'OrtNi' ^m mm t m Smin --<m -- < 0R Sa^g2gggS22;5~^SS;XsSSS^-?32S=SSES8S*''S2 O O u iInNN--- in UImlN *. --* -- in o aSva2S88S5,5,'2S2R:'gSVsf^"'"'~gS=a=gR5SiSS"Sg in ft < 00in ft SJm m in ' JfiJfisrJiSjdtfl' ' : :';;JSj .:....:.....:.....:....:.....:.....:.....:........:...j...............................................................o-i :;:: : : : :< : : i-S'f : : : : : : :l- : : : &a :::::: :-o Wit ;1ii n iilj ii jlj^i ij iijUJljMji yj N U M B E R O F S IZ E ............................... 1 j E S> S S-" 1o h r/\ 4o ^ > ScO-J-S'Sft ^ * 0J JS E | 5 jSb: . | e> ff} 3 3. ^ w J w kQatfl&i'O S S.s goiiio^ Slffl 8 mw'mX M^'SrA 3 3 5o o ( < - |qI^<"`jqij`,-u:i:--^JSz<=a-omf->.N<guQujj|;o|^ u 361 . B O ILE R S B U IL T FO R 15 POUNDS PRESSURE O N L Y . Safety valves w ill be furnished to conform to the requirements of the state or m unicipality in which boiler iB to be operated. 'Smoke stacks and smoke connections or breeching are not furnished unless specially ordered and a t extra price. Boiler Number [ S-Hr. Rating Sq. F t. Steam Crate Area, 1Sq. F t. Height to Top Outlet, In. Height Water line, In. Ashpit, Inside, In . Number Height to 1 of Outlet, Inches Nominal Di of Grate Inches SizeSmokeInches Height of W aterline Inches [Number an ISize of Out jInches Number an Size of lnle Inches D irect Rai` tion Boiler supply at 8* firing perio< Boilers Richardson & Boynton Co. Manufacturers of "RICHARDSON" "PERFECT" Heating and Cooking Apparatus Since 1837 . Executive Offices: 260 Fifth Avenue, NEW YORK CITY Chicago Philadelphia Providence Boston Rochester Buffalo Cleveland Albany Detroit Minneapolis St. Louis Springfield Pittsburgh RICHARDSON ROUND BOILERS Ratings and Dimensions Height to Top Outlets Direct Boiler No. 8-Hour 8-Hour Rating Rating Sq.Ft. Sq.Ft. Steam Water Nom. Diam. Crate In. Grate Area Sq.Ft. Outle t. In.* Height - and Water Inlets Line No. Steam Water In. and Rad. Boiler will Supply Size Sq. Ft. 1190 300 500 19 1.97 47% 45% 42% 2-2% 200 1191 350 575 19 1.97 51% 49'/, 46'/2 2-2% 235 1192 375 625 19 1.97 55% 53'/, 50'/2 2-2% 250 1221 450 750 22 2.64 53 Ml'/, 48'/. 2-2% 300 1222 500 825 22 2.64 57 M'/, 52'/, 2-2% 335 1223 550 900 22 2.64 61 38'/, 56V, 2-2'/$ 375 1251 625 1025 25 3.41 mv7 52 49'/, 2-3 410 1252 675 1100 25 3.41 58% 56 53'/, 2-3 450 1253 725 1200 25 3.41 62'/, 60 57% 2-3 460 1261 875 1350 28 4.28 55% 53'/* 51 2-3% 600 1282 950 1550 28 4.28 59% 57'/. 55 2-3% 650 1283 1025 1675 28 4.28 63% 61'/. 59 2-3% 700 * Richardson Round Boiler RICHARDSON SECTIONAL BOILER Ratings and Dimensions co V . OS ^ c On Z <9 255C 1000 1600 4.57 55 48% 27%*35% 2-3% 256C 1250 2000 5.7(1 55 48% 27%x42% 2-3% 257C 1500 2400 6.83 55 48>/, 27%x50 2-3% 258C 1700 2800 7.97 55 481/, 271/2x57'/. 2-3'/2 355C 1950 3125 7.85 63 56 39 i33% 2-4 356C 2400 3850 9.81 63 56 39 *41% 2-4 357C .2850 4575 11.75 63 56 39 x50 3-4 358G 3300 5300 13.70 63 56 39 x58'/4 3-4 359C 3750 6025 15.65 63 56 39 166% 3-4 427C 3500 5600 13.82 66 60 45 x50 7-5 423C -4050 6500 16.11 66 60 45 x58'/4 2-5 479C. 4600 7400 18.40 66 60 45 ,661/2 2-5 4210C 5150 8300 20.69 66 60 45 *74% 3-5 42IIC .5700 9200 22,98 66 60 45 x83 VS 536 6300 10000 18.94 82 70'/, 55 x55 2-6 537 /300 11600 22.68 82 70'/, 55 *65% 2-6. 538 8300 13200 26.40 82 70'/, 55 *76% 3-6 539 9300 14800 30.12 82 70'/2 55 *87% 3-6 5310 10300 16400 33.88 82 55 x98 3-6 362 Richardson End Feed Sectional Steam Boiler Richardson & Boynton Co. Boilers SMOKELESS ROUND BOILERS Ratings and Dimensions Steam a a -O JH *o S ;= g < Sit ece tS S-432 53V7 23 2.89 9 48% 2-3 2-3 320 sqit. 700 S-532 57V4 23 2.89 9 52% 2-3 2-3 350 " 750 S-632 62 23 2.89 9 56% 2-3 2-3 380 * 800 S-462 55'/2 26 3.70 10 40'/, 2-3% 2-3% 450 " 900 S-562 59Vi 26 3.70 10 53% 2-3'/, 2-3% 500 0 1000 S-662 64 26 3.70 10 58 2-3% 2-3% 550 a 1100 S-492 60 29 4.58 10 53% 2-3% 2-3% 630 a 1250 S-592 65V* 29 4.58 10 38% 2-3% 2-3% 700 * 1350 S-692 70% 29 4.58 10 64% 2-3% 2-3% 770 " 1450 Water W-432 45V4 23 2.89 9 W-532 50 23 2.89 9 W-632 54'/4 23 2.89 9 W-462 47'/g 26 3.70 10 W-562 51 Vs 26 3.70 10 W-662 555/a 26 3.70 10 W-492 50>/2 29 4.58 10 W-592 55% 29 4.58 to W-692 61% 29 4.58 10 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3% 2-3'/, 2-3% 2-3% 2-3% 2-3% 2-3 520 sq.ft. 1(50 2-3 570 " 1225 2-3 620 1300 2-3% 725 " 1500 2-3% 800 " 1650 2-3% 875 " 1800 2-3% 1025 * 2050 2-3% 1125 " 2225 2-3% 1225 2400 Richardson Round Smokeless Boiler Direct radiation boiler will supply, is based on the use of cast-iron radiation in a 70 F. temperature and with the assumption that the Boiler and Piping system is thoroughly covered in the usual manner. For churches, garages, schools, or where pipe coils, wall or indirect radiation is used, the tax on the boiler must be figured on a basis equivalent to cast-iron radiation as above. When coils or indirect water heaters are used in connection with steam and water boilers, for heating water for domestic purposes, additional capacity must be figured at the rate of 1H square feet of direct radiation for a steam boiler; and 2lA square feet of direct radiation for a hot water boiler, for each gallon of water to be heated per hour. ' Height of chimney for 23" series, 35 feet; 26" series, 40 feet; 29" series, Inside area of chimney flue, 23" series, 96 sq. in.; 26" series. 96 sq. series, 144 sq. in. RICHARDSON HOT BLAST SMOKELESS BOILERS End Feed Sectional Steam and Water Special features of the "Richardson" Hot Blast Smokeless Boilers "C" Series. They are made in sectional form and can be erected at any time, whether the build ing is new or old. This enables the boiler to be installed with a minimum handling expense. The natural fire travel and draft eliminate excessive heights in chimneys. Long smoke travel and no obstruction to the flames, aid combustion to the perfection point and utilise maximum beat from the fueL "Y" Flue Construction equalises the circulation and assures a steady water line. . Overhanging prime heating'surfaces are at the maximum, producing 'the highest evaporative power. During the process of the fuel-coking; gases are drawn back into a large chamber in front of the bridgewall, which has two port holes at the top center, making it impossible for gases to accumulate and explode. The base is made in sections, permitting enlargement of a boiler if ever necessary. Fire door: Replacing of grates through fire door big enough for man to enter (15x20 inches) means important saving in tune. The size of this door permits even distribution of fuel over the fire. Made in sizes 1850-16,150 sq. ft. for steam Made in sizes 3000-26,600 sq. ft. for water 363 Boilers and Radiators Richmond Radiator Company New York Boston Cleveland Chicago Philadelphia Harrisburg Richmond Radiator Co. Boilers and Radiators Richmond Radiator Company "Richmond" Sectional Boilers For heavy duty with all grades of Hard or Soft Coal, Coke. Lignite. Natural Gas and Fuel Oils. "Richmond" Model Sectional Specially designed for efficient heat surface, cir culation. compactness and accessibility. 18", 22", 30" and 40" grates, 3 to 12 sections. Steam and Hot Water. Richmond " De Luxe " Mechanically far in advance of any other Round Boiler. A Code Boiler made with grates 17", 20", 23". 26", 29" in diameter. Steam and Hot Water. " Richmond" Radiators An efficient, compact and graceful radiator, designed to give the utmost in heating surface and effective heating. Made in 1, 2. 3. 4 and 6 columns --window indirect and wall patterns. . Catalogs op Boilers and Radiators Upon Request 364 "Richmond" Smokeless Boilers Burn Coal Smokelessly Meets the Requirements of the Most Rigid Smoke Ordinances. A 53-inch Boiler, 7 to 16 Sections, Steam and Hot Water. NEW POLICY OF BOILER RATINGS All Richmond Boiler ratings are now based upon exact boiler output, that is the exact amount of direct cast iron radiation boilers will carry. In addition to un covered piping--boiler covered. Posi tively eliminates the selection of a 700-800foot boiler when actual radiation is but 450 feet. Complete data on the entire Richmond line will be found in the catalog of new ratings. May be obtained from headquarters or any branch office. NEW ENGINEERING DATA BOOK--FREE! Invaluable to every Heating Engineer. Contains reprints of all Official Codes, Data on Chimneys, Boiler and Pipe Cover ings and reports of Richmond Boiler tests and ratings according to existing Codes. Records of tests on file with Heating and Piping Contractors A ssociation. A copy of this helpful book of engineering informa tion sent upon request. 365 Boilers and Radiators The H. B. Smith Company Works: Westfield, Mass. Westfield, Mass. New York, 10 East 39th Street Cleveland, 1108 Webster Avenue, S.E. 57 Main Street Boston, 640 Main Street, Cambridge Philadelphia, 49th St. and Grays Ave. Manufacturers of Boilers and Radiators for Steam and Water Heating i No. 60 Smith Boiler--Front No. 60 Smith Boiler--Back 366 V J A- The H. B. Smith Company Boilers and Radiators SMITH SMOKELESS BOILERS Nos. 27, 36 , 42, 60 For Anthracite Coal. Oil. Gas, Coke and all Bituminous Coals. When Bituminous Coal contains over 22H% volatile Oxygen Torch should be installed. With Oxygen Torch No. Nominal Size of of Fire Pot. Sec- - Inches tions Total Length Length Foun- Rating, Rating, datum. Feet Feet Boiler Width Length Inches Inches No. of Sec- in Boiler Nominal Size of Fire Pot, Inches Width Length Total Length Boiler Inches Length at Steam Water Foun Rating. Rating, dation, Feet Feet Inches 10 27 U12 27 27 13 27 14 27 15 27 11 12 36 36 t3 36 14 36 15 36 12 . 60 13 60 14 60 15 60 16 17 6600 18 60 19 60 20 60 No. 27 36 77 42 83 48 69 54 6606 19015 107 6628 74 80 86 92 2.700 3,000 3,300 3,600 3.900 4,200 4.450 4,950 5.450 5.950 6.425 6.925 No. 36 42 87 48 93 54 99 60 105 66 m 68 74 80 86 92 4300 4.800 5300 5.800 6,300 7,100 7.925 8.750 9.575 10.400 No. 60 42 110 48 116 54 122 73 79 10.800 17.800 12,000 19.800 85 13,200 21.800 6606 66 128 134 140 91 14.400 23.750 97 15.600 25,750 103 16.800 27.700 72 146 109 18,000 29.700 78 78 152 158 112115 19300 31,700 20.400 33.650 Additional Data Applying to Smokeless Boilers Boiler No. 27 36 42 60 Width at foundation............ 35' Width ot boiler, steam......... 56' Width of boiler, water......... 59' Height ot boiler.................... 60' Height of water line............. 57' Oval smoke pipe equivalent to 13'/," round 48/," 72' 76' 83' 59' )V/z' round 50' m68/,* 763/,* 60' 72' 98' 98' 6867'' 29'/2* round 65 27 27 78 27 27 9 27 W 11 27 27 12 27 12 27 13 27 13 27 14 27 14 . 27 No. 27 24 47 32 1.200 1,975 30 53 38 1.500 2,475 36 42 59 65 44 50 21,.180000 2.975 3,475 48 71 . 56 2,400 3,950 54 60 77 83 6628 2,700 4.450 3.000 4.950 6606 66 89 89 95 74 3300 5.450 74 3,300 5,450 80 3.600 5,950 72 95 66 101 78 101 60 3.600 5,950 86 3.900 6.425 86. 3.900 6,425 No. 36 87 36 36 36 42 63 69 44 2.300 3.800 50 2.800 4,625 190 11 12 12 13 36 36 36 36 36 36 48 54 60 6606 66 75 81 87 93 93 99 56 3,300 5.450 6628 3,800 6,275 4300 7.100 74 4.800 7.925 74 4.800 7.925 80 5300 8.750 13 14 14 .15 15 36 36 6762 99 105 36 36. 36 78 72 84 111015 111 80 5.300 8.750 86 5.800 9.575 86 5.800 9.575 92 6300 10.400 92 6,300 10.400 No. 60 8 60 36 86 49 6.000 9.900 9 60 42 92 55 7.200 11.900 10 60 48 98 61 8,400 13.850 11 60 54 104 67 9,600 15.850 12 13 14 60 60 60 6606 72 110 111262 73 79 1102,,800000 17,800 19,800 85 13,200 21.800 15 60 78 128 91 14,400 23.750 16 60 84 134 97 15,600 25,750 17 60 78t 140 103 16,800 27,700 18 60 84f 146 109 18,000 29,700 19 20 60 60 84f 152 84f 158 115 19200 31.700 121 20,400 33.650 Note--Additional data pertaining to No. 42 boiler, furnished on application. Supply Drum Tappings* Outside diameter............................ .... ..... 12 in. Tapped for 2-in. lock-nut nipples. Front end tapped 2 in. Rear end tapped one 4 in. and one 2 in. Tappings on Top No. 60 Number of 4' Size of Tappings 5' 6' 8' Sections Number of Tappings 8 9 - to 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 . 19 20 22 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 22 2 2 2 2 22 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 i - . , Return Drums* Steam Boilers . Outside diameter.--...............................................8 in. Tapped for 2-in. lock-nut nipples. Front ends tapped...........................................2J4 in. Rear ends tapped.............................................5 in. Undersides tapped-................... -...................1H in. Fire Tools and Steam Trimmings , Furnished When boiler is to be used for water wanning, specify on order the size of supply and return pipe tappings. Tappings other than those listed are special. Order must specify size. 367 The H. B. Smith Company Boilers and Radiators Mills Water Tube Steam and Water Boilers Sectional cast iron boilers which are moderate in first cost, low maintenance and extremely economical in fuel. Sectional view shows large combustion chamber and vertical waterways of small area. The latter absorb the heat quickly, circulate the water rapidly and make dry steam. May be fired with anthracite coal, wood, coke or fuel gas. ' Size of Boiler No. 24 No. 34 No. 44 No. 48 Nominal Width Fire Pot Inches 24 34 44 48 No. 44 Mills Boiler--Interior Commercial Rating--Capacity in Sq. Ft. ' Steam Water 700 to 2025 2000 to 5200 3600 to 9000 4800 to 12,000 1175 to 3350 3300 to 8575 5950 to 14,850 7925 to 19,600 Max. Allowable Working Pressure Steam Water (Open Tank) Water (Closed Tank) 15 lb. 15 lb. 13 ib. 15 lb. 301b. 30 Ib. 301b. 60 lb. 15 lb. 15 Ib. 15 lb. 30 lb. H-B Steam and Water Boilers H-B Boilers have three waterways be tween sections. They are the only boilers in which ascending and descending cur rents of water are circulated through separate connections, giving a steadjwwater line and rapid circu lation without back pressure. Commercial Ratings 17 Hy-Test Boiler For Hot Water Supply A. S. M. E. Standard Maximum allowable working pressure, 120 lb. Open Tank; 80 lb. Closed Tank. Diam. of Fire Pot Inches Steam Kating Feet Water Rating Feet' 15 250 to to 27 1000 425 to 1650 368 The H. B. Smith Company Boilers and Radiators "Princess" Water Radiator Princess Direct Radiators For sanitary reasons, radiators with wide spacing should be demanded. If ordinary radiators are not sanitary enough for hospitals, they are not sani tary for the home. To meet hospital specifications some manufacturers make special radiators with wide spacing and charge an increased price. . Princess Radiators are the standard radiators of The H. B. Smith Co. and are sold at regular list prices. Princess Wall Radiators Suited for all places where direct radiators or pipe coils cannot be used. Espe cially'desirable in locations where floor space is valuable and where wall, column or ceiling space is more available. They possess extreme flexibility of size and arrange ment. Made in two heights, 15 and 22 in. Can be furnished with heating surfaces from 5 sq. ft. up, in multiples of 1x/i sq. ft. Corresponding lengths in 22 in. radiator are from 9 in. up, in multiples of 4 in. (1 in. allowed in over all length for plugs and bushings). In the 15 in. radiator, corresponding lengths are from 13 in. up, in multiples of 6 in. By combinations of the two heights, these radiators can be arranged in tiers, either for horizontal runs or for column work. Hung horizontally, they make excellent ceiling radiators. mm/ s y " Princess " Wall Radiator 369 "Princess" Steam Radiator Boilers Spencer Heater Company Williamsport, Pa. NEW YORK BOSTON PHILADELPHIA BALTIMORE BUFFALO ROCHESTER DETROIT SYRACUSE ALBANY HARRISBURG SCRANTON Builders of Spencer Heaters SPENCER HEATERS Give uniform heat over long periods and use small size hard coal with least attention to the fire. The magazine-feed feature is built into the heater and requires no adjust ment. The magazine holds a supply of coal sufficient for 8 to 12 hours in severe weather or for a proportionately longer period in milder weather. Spencer Heaters are economical and efficient. Due to the magazine-feed feature of the Spencer Heater it is impracticable to obtain a firing period of less than 8 hours. Therefore ratings of Spencer Heaters are based upon an evaporation of 8 lbs. of water per lb. of coal burned, the rated evaporation having been obtained in actual test using fresh mined No. 1 Buckwheat coal as fuel. Spencer Heater Company SPENCER HEATERS are adaptable for residences, apartment houses, churches, schools, public and commercial buildings, theatres, green houses, garages and all other types of buildings heated by low pressure steam, vapor, or hot water. For over 25 years SPENCER HEATERS have been tried and tested under the most severe climatic conditions. There are thousands of successful installations throughout the entire country. ' Write for illustrated catalog containing complete information. Boilers 60 Series. Spencer Tubular Healer 100 Series. Spencer Tubular Heater SPENCER TUBULAR STEAM HEATERS Heater Number Rating Sq. Ft. Radia tion Fire . Surface Sq. Ft. Heating Surface Sq. Ft. Tapping Flow Tapping Return Overall Length Ins. Overall Width Ins. Water Line Ins. Draft to Develop Rating Ins. HgO Size Chimney Flue 15 17 19 20 21 - 3-45 S 3-50 3-55 2 3-60 ^ 3-70 3-80 .8 3-90 3 3-105 3-120 8 3-140 " 3-160 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4.500 5,000 5,500 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,500 12,000 14,000 16,000 >2.00 13.50 15.00 16.50 18.00 18.05 20.24 22.56 24.83 27.00 30.35 34.70 39.05 43.40 47.75 52.10 282 309 337 365 393 389 429 468 506 547 560 621 683 745 807 869 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 2-2%' 2-5A' 2-2%' 2-2/,' 2-2%' 2-2*4' 2-2%' 2-2*4' 2-2*4' 2-2%' 2-2'/,' 2-2*4' 2-2*4' 2-2/2' 2-2*4' 2-2/2' 721/2 781/. 84% 99<0/%A 99/2 105% 112 1181/4 124/2 98 104/4 110/2 1165/4 123 129/4 621/, 621/ 621/2 62>/i 62'/2 81/4 81/. 8I/4 8I/4 81/. 116/, 116/, 116% 116/, 116% 116'/, 56 56 56v 56 56 59 59 59 59 59 66 66 66 66 66 66 .23 16'xl6'x50' .24 16'xl6'x55' .25 16'xl6'x60' .26 16"xl6'x65' .27 16'x16'x65' .24 18'x!8'x50' .25 18'xl8'x55' .26 I8'xl8'x60' .27 18'xl8'x65' .28 18'x18'x70' .27 20'x20'x65' .28 20'x20'x65' .29 22'x22'x65' .30 24'x24'x70/ .32 24'x24'x70/ .34 24'x24'x70/ Heaters No.- 3-45 to 3-160 are furnished with steel jackets and 1)4 in. Rockwool asbestos covering, also pipe header. Heaters No. 15-21 are furnished with steel jackets only. Chimney Flue sizes are based on a maximum Flue Temperature at Boiler Smoke outlet of 500 deg. fahr; 370 SPENCER SECTIONAL STEAM HEATERS Heater Number Rating So. Ft. Radiation Fire Surface Sq. Ft. Tapping Tapping Flow Return Overall Overall Length Width Ins. ' Ins. Water Line Ins. Draft to Develop Rating Ins. H2O Size Chimney Flue 1-5-S 1-6-S 1-7-S 1-8-S l-*-S 2-6-S 2-7-S 2-8-S 2-9-S 2-IO-S 2-ll-S 600 750 900 1,050 > 1,200 1,300 1,600 2,000 2,400 2,800 3,200 2.26 2.82 3.38 3.95 4.51 5.64 6.77 7.90 9.03 10.16 11.28 1-4' 1-4' 1-4' 1-4' 1-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' . 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 48>/fl 54/, 6oy, 66y, 73/, 685/e 74% 81*4 87/, ' 935/g 99/, 37% 377/8 37/, 377/8 37% 57% 57/, 57% 57/, 573/8 57/, 50' 0.12 10'xl0'x30' 50' 0.13 10'x10'x35' 50' 0.14 IO'xIO'xSS' 50' 0.15 I2'x12'x35' 50* 0.16 !2'x12'x35' 50* 0.17 10'xl0'x35/ 50" 0.18 I2'xl2'x35' 50' 0.19 I2'xl2'x35' 50' 0.20 I2'xl2'x35' 50' 0.21 irxl2'x40' 50* 0.21 12'xl2'x40/ SPENCER SECTIONAL WATER HEATERS 1-5-W 1-6-W 1-7-W 1-8-W 1-9-W 2-6-W 2-7-W 2-8-W 2-9-W 2-10-W 2-11-W 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,100 2,600 3,200 3,800 4,500 5.100 2.26 2.82 3.38 3.95 4.51 5.64 6.77 7.90 9.03 10.16 11.28 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4* 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 481/, 543% 60>/, 66/, 73/, 683/, 74% 81*/* 873/, 93*/g 99'/, 37% 37% 37% 37% 37/, 573/, 573/, 573/8 573/, 573/, 573/,, 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.21 10'x10'x30' I0'xl0'x35r 10**10*x35' 12'x12'x35' 12'xl2'x35' 1O'xI0'x35' 12'xl2'x35' 12'xl2'x35' 12'x12'x35' 12'x12'x40' 12'x12'x40' 371 Boilers New York Chicago The Thatcher Company Boilers--Furnaces--Ranges ' Since 1850 General Offices Thatcher Building 39-41 St. Francis Street Newark, N. J. Telephone Mulberry 4480 Agencies in all Principal Cities Thatcher Round Boiler THATCHER ROUND BOILER No. Rating Sq. Ft. Steam No. Rating Sq.Ft. Water Actual Diam. Crate Inches Crate Area Sq. Ft. Height to Top Outlet Steam Water Height Flow to and Water Return Line ^nchef* Inches 19-0-S 300 19-OW 500 19 2.04 465/4' 42'/,' 40 19-l-S 350 I9-I-W 575 19 2.04 51'/.' 47-' 44'/, 19-2-S 400 19-2-W 650 19 2.04 55'/,' 51'/,' 49 22-0-S 450 22-OW 750 22 2.64 49>/,' 44'/," 42V, 22-l-S 525 22-1-W 875 22 2.64 54)/," 49)/,' 47 22-2-S 575 22-2-W 950 22 2.64 59' 54" 51% 25-OS 600 25-OW 1000 25 3.41 50'/.' 44'/," 42% 2Sil-S 675 25-l-W 1150 25 3.4! 55'/.' 49Vf 47% 25-2-S 750 25-2-W 1225 25 3.41 toy*1 54'fc 52V, 28-OS 800 ZOOW 1325 28 4.28 51'/,'. 45'/,' 43V. . 28-1-S 900 28-l-W 1500 28 4.28 56'/,' 50'/,' 48V, 28-2-S 1000 28-2-W 1650 28 4.28 61'/." 55>/." 54 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 A round steam or hot water boiler. Especially designed to secure the greatest amount of heating surface by thin waterways, heavy corru gations. arms extending in to the fire-pot. and staggered passageways in the wheel sections. THATCHER PROGRESS WITH LOW WATER LINE The Thatcher Progress has such an unusually low water line that it can be used in the very lowest cellars without need of a boiler pit. The fact that either half of a twin boiler may be used alone is another big advantage. ' The scientific construc tion embodies the triple fire travel principle which forces the smoke and hot gases to go three times the length of the boiler before going up the Sue, thus obtaining all their heat units. Furnished to care for any sized buildings.. and adopted for coal or oil burning, the Progress has proven of value to all heating men. 372 Boilers The Titusville Iron Works Company Titusville, Pennsylvania Manufacturers of Fire Tube Steel Boilers for Power and Heating; Fronts, Grates, Castings, Smoke Stacks, Tanks and Oil Well Boilers; Steam, Gas, Oil and Gasoline Engines; Pumping Powers and Oil Well Machinery New York Office........................ 152 West 42nd St. Chicago Office......................... 53 W. Jackson Blvd. Buffalo Office............821-23 Marine Trust Bldg. Detroit Office............. 833 Washington Blvd. Bldg. Pittsburgh Office...................Farmers Bank Bldg. Washington Office................ 732 Woodward Bldg. The Organization and Facilities We manufacture a com plete line of fire tube steam boilers to meet all general heating and power require ments. We also make a specialty of boilers built to architects' and engineers' specifications. Our shop is one of the largest and best equipped boiler manufacturing plants in the country. It is provided with the latest improved machinery including hydrau lic and pneumatic riveting machines, as well as hydraulic flanging equipment. Engi neering skill, careful work manship and the best of materials are combined to make Titusville Open Bottom Locomotive Portable Boiler with Water Front Titusville Boilers better made boilers for every purpose. All boilers are made in strict ac cordance with the latest boiler code of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and can be made, if desired, to conform to local requirements. A large supply of material for all Tico Return Tubular Fire Box Boiler rza types of boilers is constantly carried and an adequate stock of completed Ticos and Acme Firebox Boilers is always ready for immediate ship ment. Thorough inspectionsand tests are constantly made during the construe- Titusville Perfection Boiler--Built in Sizes 25 H. P. to 200 H. P.from i5lbs.to 150lbs Working Pressure Titusville Jacketed Tubeless tion and all workmanship and ma- --fa Heating terial is guaranteed first class in every respect. . . . In addition to the line of Titus ville Boilers illustrated herewith D~omestic H-ot Water by Direct Circulation we manufac ture pneu matic' and storage tanks of every de script ion. D e s c r i p- tive bulletins will be sent Titusville Standard Tubular Boiler and Setting on request. Acme Smokeless Boiler--Brick Set Type for Steam and Hot Water Heating 373 Boilers and Radiators UnitedjStates J^adiatoii (Corporation GENERAL OFFICES: DETROIT, MICHIGAN Manufacturers of Capitol: Boilers and United States Radiators Boston, Mass. Portland, Me. Springfield, Mass. Providence. R. I. New Haven, Conn. Troy, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Brooklyn. N. Y. Branch and Sales Offices Harrison, N. J. Cincinnati, Ohio Philadelphia. Pa. Detroit, Mich. Baltimore, Md. Chicago. III. Buffalo, N. Y. Milwaukee, Wis. Rochester, N. Y. Indianapolis, Ind. Pittsburgh, Pa. Louisville. Ky. Cleveland, Ohio St. Paul, Minn. Columbus, Ohio Kansas City, Mo. Birmingham, Ala. St. Louis, Mo. Des Moines, Iowa Omaha. Neb. Denver. Colo. Portland, Ore. Seattle, Wash. San Francisco, Calif. Assembling Plants located at points indicated by asterisk Manufacturing Plants Located in Following Cities Corry, Pa.; Detroit, Mich.; Dunkirk, N. Y.; Edwardsville, III.; Geneva, N. Y.; West Newton, Pa. GUARANTEED HEATING The problem of boiler ratings has been an acute and perplexing one. Some manu facturers rate their boilers conservatively. Others make extravagant claims. No two determine ratings on the same basis. Associations of heating engineers and contractors have tried to protect themselves. They have fixed certain standards by which published ratings should be judged. But we find the standards in one city conflicting with those of another. Boiler ratings consequently have come to mean little. They cannot be used for accurate comparison between different makes of boilers. They are an uncertain measure of the proper size of boiler required for a certain building. The United States Radiator Corporation has now put an end to all the confusion. In choosing the correct size of boiler for any building there is one, and only one, consideration: will it properly heat the required number of square feet of radiation? The net cast iron radiating surface that each type and size of Capitol Boiler will heat adequately has been definitely determined and is officially published herewith. And we have gone still farther--Capitol capacities are guaranteed in writing. Only the advanced'design, the dependability and mechanical accuracy of Capitol Boilers could make possible such a positive assurance of heating capacity. When the needed radiating surface is known and contributing factors checked, the selection of the proper Capitol Boiler becomes simple, sure and safe. GUARANTEE The United States Radiator Corporation will give with each Capitol Boiler sold, an absolute guarantee in writing that it will properly heat its full published amount of direct cast iron radiation provided only that the boiler is connected to a correctly installed system and that the recognized standard requirements listed herein are followed. Should any Capitol Boiler not meet these conditions, the additional capacity necessary will be supplied without charge by the United States Radiator Corporation. STANDARD REQUIREMENTS A guarantee of size of boiler for specified amount of direct cast iron radiation must be based upon certain standard requirements. Direct Cast Iron Radiation: It is assumed that direct cast iron radiation will emit 240 B.t.u. per hour for steam, and 150 B.t.u. per hour for water, therefore, all radiation must be reduced to this heat emission basis. The amount of radiation required on this basis shall be computed as outlined in our catalogue, or from methods adopted by either the Heating and Piping Contractors' National A ssociationf or the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Corrections: Under ordinary conditions approximate corrections will reduce the following loads to their equivalent of direct cast iron radiation: Direct-indirect, multiply by.......................................... 1.25 Indirect, multiply by....................................................... 1.50 374 United States Radiator Corporation Boilers and Radiators Blast Coils: Determine condensation in pounds of steam per hour and mul tiply by 4. Heat Value of Coal in B.t.u. per Lb. Factor Heat Value of Coal in B.t.u. per Lb. Factor Heat Value of Coal in B.t.u. per Lb. Factor Domestic Hot Water Supply: Storage tank ca pacity in gallons--for steam multiply by 2; for water multiply by 3.2 Allowances: The boiler 13,000 12,500 12,000 11,500 11,000 1.00 1.07 1.14 1.21 1.29 10,500 10,000 9,500 9,000 8,500 1.37 1.46 1.56 1.67 1.79 8,000 7.500 7,000 6,500 6,000 1.92 2.06 2.21 2.36 2.53 size guaranteed for direct cast iron radiation includes allowances for heat loss of piping system and peak load. Where the actual AMOUNT OF DIRECT CAST IRON RADIATION EACH CAPITOL BOILER IS GUARANTEED TO CARRY Boiler Size Direct Cast Iron Radiation Boiler Size Direct Cast Iron Radiation No. Load. Sq. Ft. No. : Load, Sq. Ft. surface in square feet of the piping system exceeds 25 Steam | Water Steam | Water per cent of the direct cast Capitol Boilers--Square Type iron radiation for steam, or 35 per cent for water, addi tional allowances shall be made for the extra surface. Draft: The boiler shall be attached to a chimney providing sufficient draft to 184 200 185 . 300 186 400 187 500 204 350 205 500 206 625 330 495 660 825 580 825 1030 238 239 240 4106 4107 4108 4109 2100 2400 2500 2000 2500 3000 3500 3465 3960 4125 3300 . 4125 4950 5775 consume with proper com 207 750 1240 - 4110 4000 6600 bustion the required amount 255 750 1240 4111 4500 7425 of fuel per hour. 256 925 1525 WN276 3700 6105 Fuel: The size of boiler 257 1125 1855 WN277 4300 7095 recommended is based upon 258 1300 2145 WN278 4900 8085 the use of a free-burning C276 800 1320 WN279 5500 9075 coal not smaller than nut G277 980 1620 WN280 6100 10065 size and having a heat value G278 1160 1920 WN28I 6700 11055 of at least 13,000 B.t.u. G279 1350 2220 WN282 7300 12045 When the coal to be used 235 1200 1980 WN283 7900 13035 has a heat value less than 236 1500 2475 WN284 8500 14025 13.000 B.t.u.. the direct 237 1800 2970 cast iron radiation shall be Capitol Boilers--Smokeless Type multiplied by the factor corresponding to heat value of the coal. 627 727 827 1000 1225 1450 1650 2020 2390 1140 4500 7425 1240 4900 8085 1340 5400 8910 Capitol Dependable 927 1027 1675 1900 2760 3135 Smokeless Boilers 1127 2125 3505 750 4700 850 5350 950 - 5850 7755 8825 9655 Smokeless combustion of bituminous coal at the lowest cost is now assured with a new degree of certainty by Capitol Smokeless Boilers. 1227 740 840 940 1040 2350 2500 3000 3500 4050 3875 4125 4950 5775 6680 1050 6500 10725 1150 7000 11550 1250 7650 12620 1350 8150 13450 ' "Smokeless" simply means ._ complete combustion. And all of the carbon which forms stand second to no other boiler. ' smoke cannot be burned without the correct amount of air, Capitol assembly, testing, and marking insure correct oxygen. ' installation. No more skill or attention is necessary to The auxiliary inlets that supply air for completing com stoke them for the smokeless, low-cost consumption of all bustion in Capitol Smokeless Boilers bituminous coals including lignite are not dependent upon the skill, ' than is required to fire ordinary guesswork or memory of the fireman. anthracite-burning boilers. The Their size for each boiler rating is definitely determined in the Capitol Testing Laboratory and permanently fixed at the factory. They need no adjusting. The intensity of the fire itself governs the amount of air drawn in. To further assure ac curacy, every Capitol auxiliary inlet is always an integral part of a single boiler section and is never placed between two sections where faulty assembly will cause a variance. This mechanical precision of com bustion which eaves fuel and minimizes smokeless uncertainty is typical of every detail in the pro gressive design and careful construc tion of Capitol Smokeless Boilers. simple coking method of firing is all that is needed (pushing a portion of the incandescent coals back and putting the green fuel in front). The main air supply is admitted under the grates and through the fuel bed. After passing through four inches of live coals the oxygen in the air becomes exhausted. Additional air is taken from the ashpit, and drawn up through carefully propor tioned and permanently fixed pas sages in the front'of the boiler which open at a point fust above the fuel bed. . As the heated air and volatile gases, distilled from the fuel, rush toward the back they,_are deflected downward by a Curtain section. Capitol Smokeless Boilers--50" Series No. 1160 Capitol Sraokdets Boiler Then, as they pass under, they are again charged with preheated air from another inlet in the Curtain. For economy of fuel, ease of opera ~ _ In boilers of eleven sections or larger, tion anddependable beat in buildings requiring 4700 to 8150 a bridgewall (which is designed for a fire-brick lining) square feet with steam heat or. 7755 to 13,450 square feet retards their progress and in smaller sizes they meet the with hot water, Capitol Series 50-inch Smokeless Boilers back wall. The fresh oxygen and heated volatile gases are 375 United States Radiator Corporation Boilers and Radiators forced to thoroughly mix and1-complete combustion is secured. '' Twice more, three times in all, the gases are forced to travel through dues the full length of the boiler in constant contact with the largest possible heating surface, giving up to the water the maximum number of neat units Before passing out of the boiler. _ - When the fire is banked at night, ti(e deep fuel bed slowly cokes the coal forming an incandescent bed that ignites RADIATOR LOADS AND DIMENSIONS Boiler No. Height of Water Line, Inches Grate Area Sq. Ft. Coal Ca pacity, Cu. Ft. Outlets and Inlets Direct Cast Iron Radiator Loads, Sq. Ft. Steam Water 750 850 950 1050 1150 1250 1350 4700 5350 5850 6500 7000 7650 8150 7755 8825 9655 10725 11550 12620 13450 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 Min. Chimney Sizes mM " . -- V x 18.29 29.67 VS' 55 24x24 21.33 34.68 4-5' 60 24x24 21.33 34.68 4-5' 65 24x28 24.37 39.69 5-5' 70 24x28 24.37 39.69 6-5' 80 28x28 2V.41 44.71 6-5' 90 28x32 27.41 44.71 6-5' 95 32x32 *See Guaranteed Heating. Height including trimmings 92 indies; width 82 inches Specify if back or top outlet smoke hood is required. the fresh charge in the morning and enables the boiler to reach its full capacity, easily and quickly. The efficiency of the SO-inch series of Capitol Smokeless Boilers is shown strikingly by the typical performance curve below. The chart is based on many individual tests and the ratings are fixed conservatively. Notice the high volatile coal used for these tests. * PERFORMANCE CURVE No. I ISO CAPITOL BOILER Capitol Smokeless Boilers--40" Series The Capitol Testing Laboratory has gone even farther than designing the most efficient smokeless boilers known. The 40-inch series has a 49-inch water line. No lower water line is necessary for any room with a ceiling high enough to allow men to work. Not only fuel is saved; building costs are cut. No pit is needed. Construction savings done, particularly where water in the basement must be guarded against and where foundations must be cut in rock, frequently pay for the entire heating plant. For large installations in such locations a tandem of 40-inch Capitol Boilers is often used in pref erence to a single boiler of larger sice. Important as this exclusive advantage is, however, it is secondary to the remarkable economy that results from the efficient operation of the Capitol 40-inch series. ' With no pit required and no base section on/this boiler, installation is simplified. Any bituminous coal or lignite may. be used successfully; burned economically and-amoke- lessly by any ordinary fireman. ` '. Auxiliary air is admitted just above the fuel bed through passageways cast across the entire width' of the front boiler section. The sise of the air. passages are correctly proportioned by the Capitol. Testing Laboratory and need ho adjusting. The greater portion of the air is taken from the ashpit The remainder, enters the passageways through openings in the clinker door. The amount of dr drawn No. 1140 Capitol Smokeless Boiler in is automatically regulated to the rate of combustion in the exact amounts required. This pre-heated air with its original oxygen sweeps across the fuel bed until it reaches a waUr-containing Curtain cast in a section near the back, which forces it to mingle with the gases as they pass beneath it. Then they hit the lower, solid portion of a water-filled bridgewall (which requires no fire-brick), mix completely. RADIATOR LOADS AND DIMENSIONS Boiler No. : Height of Water Line. Inches 1Crate Area Sq. F t | Outlets Height Feet Dimen sions Inches Direct Cast Iron Radiator Loads. Sq. Ft. Steam Water 740 2500 4125 49 840 3000 4950 49 940 3500 5775 49 1040 4050 6680 49 1140 4500 7425 49 1240 4900 8085 49 1340 5400 6910 49 Min. Chim ney Sizes 3 o* S3-ai 8.15 10.40 2-5' 50 I8x 18 10.31 13.30 2-5* 55 18x20 10.31 13.30 2-5* 60 20x20 12.47 16.30 3-5' 65 20x24 14.63 19.25 3-5' 70 24x24 14.63 19.25 V5- 70 24x28 16.79 22.20 V5' 75 24x28 See Guaranteed Heating. Height including trimmings 71 inches; width 75 inches. Equipped with combination top and back outlet smoke- hood. and every smoke-producing particle is turned into heat before the gases pass through two openings in the upper portion of the bridgewall Back to the front of the boiler they must go, through two bottom flues and then return through two top flues, heating water every inch of the way, before they pass out of the boiler. Without the foregoing facts the performance chart shown below might be bard to believe. Any fair test will substantiate this curve of efficiency that has no equal in the smokeless boiler field. PERFORMANCE CURVE No. 1140 CAPITOL BOILER United States Radiator Corporation Boilers and Radiators Capitol Smokeless Boilers--27" Series Smokeless boilers are as desirable for large residences and small apartments as they are for largo1 commercial buildings, since smoke is a particular nuisance around homes. In addition, smokeless operation means greatest fuel economy in small installations as well as large. . To meet this large and growing demand; the Capitol 27-inch series Smokeless Boiler has been designed. Capitol ease of operation and mechanical certainty of proper auxiliary air supply, important in the larger sixes, become a necessity in a small installation which has not an attendant who devotes as much time to its care. Any fireman can shovel soft coal into .a 27-inch scries Boiler and operate it smokelessly. No special skill or atten tion is required. Auxiliary air is admitted through fixed openings in the fire door which never need adjusting. Together with the volatile gases it sweeps toward the back. They meet an inverted bridgewall or curtain. Are deflected downward. As they pass under, they receive an additional supply of oxygen from a slot in the curtain. Then, hitting the rear wall, the oxygen mixes thoroughly with the gases and com bustion is completed in the back of the fire box. All the smoke is burned before the gases enter the flues. Twice more they travel the full length of the boiler, getting the utmost heating value out of every pound of coal Boiler No. Height of Water Line, Inches Grate Area i Sq. Ft. Coal Ca pacity, Cu. Ft. Height Feet Dimen sions Inches RADIATOR LOADS AND DIMENSIONS Direct Cast Iron Radiator Loads, Sq. Ft. Min.Chim ney Sizes Steam Water 3 o 627 727 827 927 1027 1127 1227 1000 1225 1450 1675 1900 2125 2350 1650 45'/, 5.32 7.93 2-4' 40 12x12 2020 45'X 6.55 9.75 2-4' 40 12 x 12 2390 45'4 7.78 11.37 3-4' 45 12x12 2760 45'h 9.01 13.09 3-4' 45 12x16 3135 45'/, 10.24 14.81 3-4' 45 12 x 16 3505 45'/? 11.47 16.53 3-4' 50 12x16 3875 4% 12.70 18.25 4-4' 50 12 x 16 See Guaranteed Heating. Height including trimmings 68% 1-: width 50% in. Specify if back or top outlet smoke hood is required. Banking the fire is as simple as stoking it When the main drafts are closed, the green coal cokes slowly in the deep fire box. An incandescent bed is formed that quickly ignites the fresh fuel shoveled in the next morning and swiftly floods the house or apartment with grateful warmth. Every detail in the Capitol 27-inch series Smokeless Boiler is likewise designed for easy and reliable operation. Even the flue doors are extra large, a convenience in keeping the flues clean, although Capitol smokeless combustion minimises the soot, the heat losses it causes, and the task of cleaning it out. The high heating efficiency of Capitol 27-inch series Smokeless Boilers over a remarkably wide range of operating capacities, is clearly shown in the authoritative performance curve given below. PERFORMANCE CURVE No. 1127 CAPITOL BOILER No. 827 Capitol Smokeless Boiler CAPITOL FIVE COLUMN RADIATORS Surface Hj 37' 32' 26' 23' 20* c-fj Height Height Height Height Height 5 sq. ft. 4.3 sq. ft. 2.9 sq.ft, 2.5 sq.ft, per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. 25 3 7'/, 4 10 5 l2'/2 6 15 ft7 17V, 20 9 22V2 10 75 11 271/2 17 30 13 32t/2 14 35 15 57V, 16 40 17 421/j 18 45 19 47>/2 20 50 21 52V2 72 55 23 57V, 24 60 25 62>/2 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 its 120 125 8.6 12.9 17.2 21.5 25.8 30.1 34.4 38.7 43.0 47.3 51.6 55.9 60.2 64.5 68.8 73.1 77.4 81.7 86.0 90.3 94.6 98.9 103.2 107.5 6.6 10.2 13.6 17.0 20.4 23.8 27.2 30.6 34.0 37.4 40.8 44.2 47.6 51.0 54.4 57.8 61.2 64.6 68.0 71.4 74.8 78.2 81.6 85.0 5.8 8.7 11.6 14.5 17.4 20.3 23.2 26.1 29.0 31.9 34.8 37.7 40.6 43.5 46.4 49.3 52.2 55.1 58.0 60.9 63.8 66.7 69.6 72.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 . 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5 40.0 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0 52.5 55.0 57.5 60.0 62.5 Allow % inch, ^ each bushing in estima ting length ofradiators. Each section is 8% inches wide. Width of legs, 8% inches. . Above Radiators tapped 1% inches at top and bottom. Distance from floor to center of lower tap ping, 4% inches. Distance from floor to center of upper tap ping: . 37' Height ,, 35%' 32' Height.__30%' 26' Height..... 24%' 23' Height__ 21%' 20* Height__ 18%' 377 Boilers Universal Smokeless Boiler Company 100% WATER TUBE, SELF-CLEANING BOILERS Factory and Main Office - - RAVENNA, OHIO Steam Boiler Number Steam Rating Water Boiler Number j Water Rating Grate Area Square Feet Grate Length Inches No. Sections Approximate Boiler Length , Inches Height Chim ney Sea Level-- Square Feet , Guarantee On installations under 5000 ft steam, we guarantee our boilers to provide sufficient steam to take care of 50 per cent of their rated capacity shown below. On installations over 5000 ft. steam 60 per cent of the rated capacity. This guarantee is based on using bituminous highjvolatile coal similar to " Pittsburgh Vein" nin-of-mine. Four-hour firing period. Our SMOKELESS BOILERS comply with the law and are guaranteed to pass the smoke ordinance of all cities, using bituminous coaL The smokeless feature is fool-proof. Expert or careful firing not necessary. Double Grate Down-drajt "Smokeless"(Patented) CAST IRON SECTIONAL BOILERS 100 Per Cent Water Tube Construction 36' SERIES--DOUBLE-GRATE, DOWN-DRAFT. "SMOKELESS" Water-line 48 in. if base of boiler is set in a pit 13 in. deep. Width overall 49 in. Height overall 73 in. Returns 4-236 in. S-32 S-42 S-43 S-53 S-54 S-64 S-65 S-74 S-75 S-84 S-85 S-95 S-96 S-97 S-106 S-107 S-108 S-117 S-118 S-119 S-1110 3800 4500 5200 5700 6400 7100 7800 8150 8500 8850 9200 9750 10150 10500 11000 11250 12100 12250 12650 13000 15000 W-32 W-42 W-43 W-53 W-54 W-64 W-65 W-74 W-75 W-84 W-85 W-95 W-96 W-97 W-106 W-107 W-108 W-117 W-II8 W-II9 W-1110 6080 7200 8320 9120 10240 11360 12480 13040 13600 14160 14720 15700 16240 16800' 17600 18000 19360 19600 20240 20800 24000 9.75 13.0 13.0 16.26 16.26 19.5 19.5 22.74 22.74 26.0 26.0 29.26 29.26 29.26 32.52 32.52 32.52 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 19 24 24 30 30 36 36 42 42 4ft 48 54 54 54 .60 60 60 66 66 66 66 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 22 23 d 1 111 8 OJS 1 Tcnfes?e 45 7 15 51 2 15 57 2 15 64 3 16 70 3 16 77 3 16 85 3 16 85 4 17 92 4 17 92 4 18 99 4 18 105 5 19 Ml 5 19 117 5 19 120 5 20 127 5 20 134 5 20 140 6 21 147 6 21. 153 6 21 160 6 21 45 45 45 50 50 . 50 50 55 55 60 60 65 65 65 70 70 70 75 75 75 75 Single-Grate, Low Water Line (Patented) "Smoke-Preventing'* Equipped with hot blast oxidising tuyeres, and high temperature cement baffle section. 24" SINGLE-GRATE, UP-DRAFT. "SMOKE-PREVENTING" Water-line 47 in. Width overall 36 in. Height overall 57 in.___________ Steam Boiler No. Steam Rating : Total No. of Sections Water Boiler No. | Water Rating S-531 S-541 S--551 S-552 S-553 S-562 S-572 S-573 S-582 S-592 S-593 2160 2880 3600 3900 4200 4320 5040 5400 5760 6460 6830 6 W-531 3460 7 W-541 4600 8 W-551 5760 9 W-552 6240 10 W-553 6720 10 W-562 6900 II W-572 8000 12 W-573 8600 12 W-582 9200 13 W-592 10360 14 W-593 10920 24' SERIES--DOUBLE-GRATE, DOWN-DRAFT. "SMOKELESS" Water-line 57 in. Height overall 67 in. Outlets 4 io. Width 36 in. Returns 2 in. S-432 S-433 S-443 C AAA S-454 S-455 S-465 S-466 S-476 S-477 1650 1800 2200 2400 2700 3000 3250 3450 3800 4000 W-432 W-433 W-443 W-444 W-454 W-455 W-465 W-466 W-476 W-477 2640 2580 3620 3840 4320 4800 5200 5520 6080 6400 5.0 5.0 6.60 6.66 8.32 8.32 10.0 10.0 11.16 11.18 15 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 35 40 45 50 60 65 70 75 80 85 12 40 12 40 15 45 15 45 16 45 16 45 16 45 18 45 18 5018 50 36' SINGLE-GRATE, UP-DRAFT. "SMOKEPREVENTING" Water-line 48 in. Width overall 49 in. Height 60 in._________ Steam Boiler No. Steam Rating Total No. Sections Water Boiler No. ' Water Rating S-331 S-332 S-342 S-343 S-352 S-353 S-354 S-362 S-363 S-364 S-373 S-374 S-375 S-383 S-384 S-385 S-394 S-395 S-3% S-397 4000 4675 5350 6000 6650 7100 7550 8000 8450 6900 9350 9800 10200 10650 11100 11550 12000 12450 12900 13350 6 W-331 6400 7 W-332 7500 8 W-342 8560 9 W-343 . 9600 9 W-352 10640 10 W-353 11360 II W-354 12080 10 W-362 12800 10 W-363 13520 12 W-364 14240 12 W-373 14960 13 W-374 15680 14 W-375 16320 13 W-383 17040 14 W-384 17760 15 W-385 18480 15 . W-394 19200 16- W-395 19920 17 W-396 20640 18 W-397 21260 s 378 Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Boilers Universal Cast Iron Sectional Gas Boilers For Natural or Manufactured Gas With Special Circulating Section and Metallic Jacket lined with Super-Firefelt Patented Universal Gas Boiler with Metallic Jacket. The front Panel is easily removable for cleaning. Boiler Steam Number List Approximate Number Rating Sections Price Shipping Weight 31 TS 41 TS 51 TS 61 TS 32 TS 42 TS 52 TS 62 TS 72 TS 33 TS 43 TS 53 TS 63 TS 73 TS 34 T S 44 TS . 54TS 64 T S 74 TS 35 TS 45 TS 55 TS 65TS ' 75 TS 36 TS 46 TS 56 TS 66 T S 76 TS 380 480 660 840 1020 1200 1380 1560 1740 1920 2100 2280 2460 2640 2820 3000 3180 3360 3540 3720 3900 4080 4260 4440 4620 4800 4980 5160 5340 3 $208.00 4 255.00 5 312.00 6 367.00 7 421.00 8 460.00 9 512.00 10 564.00 M 615.00 12 665.00 13 714.00 14 762.00 15 809.00 16 863.00 17 909.00 18 962.00 19 1006.00 20 1059.00 21 1102.00 22 1154.00 23 1196.00 24 1248.00 25 1288.00 26 1339.00 27 1379.00 28 1429.00 29 1467.00 30 1518.00 31 1554.00 735 1137 1300 1475 1629 1789 1954 2116 2281 2445 2606 2767 2928 3094 . 3227 3319 3582 3741 3938 4095 4257 4431 4604 4769 4932 5100 5263 5433 5668 . Steam Bon^ns--^Height to water-line 29 in.' Height to top flue opening 38 in. If METALLIC JACKET is not wanted, deduct from the net, $13.50 for a 3-Section Boiler and $1.25 net for each addi tional section over three STEAM OR VAPOR BOILERS Outlets, 2-3'. Fifteen-section boilers and over have one extra 136' outlet for every 10 sections. Returns, 2-3'. Trimmings -- Safety valve, steam gauge, water glass com plete with try-cock, automatic gas control valve, automatic steam pressure regulator, metal bellows, type; pilot, complete with lava tip and cut-off valve. WATER BOILERS Outlets, 2-3'. Returns, ,2-3'. Trimmings --Thermometer, altitude gauge, automatic gas control valve, pilot. With Plain Section and Metallic Jacket lined with Super-Firefelt Number Steam Water'. Number Rating Rating Sections List Price Water - List: Approx. Price Shipping Steam Weight 31 PS and P W 41 P S and P W 51 PS and PW 61 PS and PW 32 P S and P W 42 P S and P W 52 P S and P W 62 P S and P W 72 P S and P W 33 P S and P W 43 P S and P W 53 P S and P W 63 P S and P W 73 P S and P W 34 P S and P W 44 P S and P W 54 P S and P W 64 P S and P W 74 P S and P W 35 P S and P W 45 P S and P W 55 P S and P W 65 P S and P W 75 P S and P W 36 P S and P W 46 P S and P W 56 P S and P W 66 P S and P W 76 P S and P W 300 400 550 700 850 1000 1150 1300 1450 1600 1750 1900 2050 2200 2350 2500 2650 2800 2950 3100 3250 3400 3550 3700 3950 4100 4250 4400 4550 480 665 905 1145 1385 1625 1865 2105 2345 2585 2825 3065 3305 3545 3785 4025 4265 4505 4745 4985 5225 5465 5705 5945 6185 6425 6665 9605 7i4r 3 $146.00 $188.00 715 4 194.00 227.00 1017 5 241.00 275.00 1150 6 288.00 322.00 1293 7 332.00 369.00 1419 8 363.00 399.00 1549 9 406.00 445.00 1684 10 450.00 488.00 1616 11 492.00 533.00 1951 12 534.00 575.00 2065 13 575.00 617.00 2216 14 616.00 658.00 2347 15 654.00 698.00 2478 16 700.00 744.00 2614 17 737.00 784.00 2717 18 782.00 828.00 2879 19 819.00 867.00 3012 20 863.00 911.00 3141 21 899.00 949.00 3278 22 943.00 993.00 3405 23 977.00 1029.00 3537 24 1021.00 1073.00 3681 25 1054.00 1108.00 3824 26 1098.00 1151.00- 3959 27 1130.00 1185.00 4092 28 1173.00 1228.00 4231 29 . 1204.00 1261.00 4363 30 1246.00 1304.00 4503 31 1276.00 1335.00 4708 Steam Boilers--Height to top flue opening 38 in. Height to water-line 26 in. Water Boilers--Height to top flue opening 38 in. 379 Boilers Utica Heater Company UTICA, New York 365 E. Illinois St. Chicago, III. 628 Union Building Cleveland, O. 1843 Grand Central Term'I New York, N. Y. Representatives In Principal Jobbing Centers Utica-Imperial SUPER-SMOKELESS Boilers Burn Soft Coal Smokelessly--Use Any Available Fuel Patented January 10, 1982. Utica-Imperial SUPER-SMOKELESS Boiler Cut-away View, Showing Primary and Secondary Combustion Chambers and Air Inlets SUPER-SMOKELESS BOILERS-- Are designed to operate smokelessly when burning soft coal. They utilize any avail able fuel, burning either hard coal, soft coal, lignite, coke, fuel oil or gas with ex ceptional efficiency and decided economy. ELIMINATION OF SMOKE-- Is attained by consuming the smoke and soot within the boiler. This complete combustion is due to the admission of highly heated air through water-jacketed inlets, in the baffle wall at the rear of the fire box. The admixture of oxygen at this point instantly converts the heavy gases into incandescent flames of unusual heat ing capacity. The smoke and soot are actually used as fuel and clean chimney and flues are maintained at all times. SUPER-SMOKELESS Boilers comply with the most rigid smoke ordinances and are recommended by foremost heating engineers and leading architects for impor tant buildings. CONSTRUCTION-- SUPER-SMOKELESS Boilers have a single grate and are of sectional cast iron construction. Cast iron is highly resistantto corrosion and preferable to steel where low pressure permits using it. The sectional construction permits easy handling in shipment as well as installation in com pleted buildings. The baffle wall is a specially designed water section of the boiler. It has a series of water-jacketed air inlets above the firebed and is covered on the side facing the fire by high-test plastic firebrick. OPERATION-- SUPER-SMOKELESS Boilers are ex tremely simple to operate. No special skill or high priced help is required. Long firing periods are the rule and little care or attention is required for successful, smoke less operation. 380 Utica Healer Company Boilers Capacities and Dimensions of Utica-Imperial SUPER-SMOKELESS Boilers Number - Steam Steam Ratings. Sq. Ft.. High Output High Efficiency Number Water Water Ratings. Sq. Ft. High Output High Efficiency Grate Area Sq. Ft. Length of Sections Inches Length of Sections and Smoke Box Inches S-245 S-246 S-247 S-248 S-249 S-335 S-336 S-337 S-338 S-339 S-3310 S-405 S-406 S-407 S-408 S-409 S-4010 S--4011 S--4012 S-4013 S--4014 S--4015 S--4016 S--4017 S--4018 S--4019 S-4020 S--4021 S-4022 S-4023 S-4024 1600 2075 2550 3025 3500 3000 3750 4500 5250 6000 6750 4125 5250 6375 7500 8625 9750 10875 12000 12700 13500 14250 15000 15750 16375 17000 17600 18150 18650 19100 19500 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2000 2500. 3000 3500 4000 4700 2750 3500 4250 5000 5750 6500 7250 8000 8750 9500 10250 11000 11750 12500 13250 14000 14750 15500 16250 17000 W-245 W-246 W-247 W-248 W-249 W-335 W-336 W-337 W-338 W-339 W-3310 W-405 W-406 W-407 W-408 W-409 W-4010 W-40II W-4012 W-4013 W-4014 W-4015 W-4016 W-4017 W-4018 W-4019 W-4020 W-4021 W-4022 W-4023 W-4024 2560 3320 4080 4840 5600 4800 6000 7200 8400 9600 10800 6600 8400 10200 12000 13800 15600 17400 19200 20320 21600 22800 24000 25200 26200 27200 28160 29040 29840 30560 31200 1920 2400 2880 3360 3840 3200 4000 4800 5600 6400 7520 4400 5600 6800 8000 9200 10400 11600 12800 14000 15200 16400 17600 18800 20000 21200 22400 23600 24800 26000 27200 5.00 6.25 7.50 8.75 10.00 7.32 9.10 10.87 12.65 14.42 . 16.20 9.68 12.03 14.38 16.73 19.08 21.43 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 37% 45% 533/4 62 70% 37% 45% 533/4 62 70% 78% 37% 45% 53% 62 70%. 78% 863/4 95 103% Hl% 1193/4 128 136% 144% 1523% 161 169% 177% 1853/4 194 48% 56% 63% 71% 79% 49% 57% 66 72% 80% 89 49% 57% 65% 74 82% 90% 97 105% 113% 121% 130 138% 146% 154% 163 171% 179% 187% 196 204% Capacities and Dimensions of Utica-Duplex SUPER-SMOKELESS Boilers Number Steam Steam Ratings. Sq. Ft. High Output High Efficiency Number Water Water Ratings, Sq Ft. High Output High Efficiency Grate Area Sq. Ft. Length of Sections Inches Length of Sections and Smoke Box Inches S-827 S-828 S-829 S-8210 S-8211 S--8212 S--8213 S-8214 S--8215 S-8216 S-8217 S-8218 12750 15000 17250 19500 21750 24000 25400 27000 28500 30000 31500 32750 8500 10000 11500 13000 14500 16000 17500 19000 20500 22000 23500 25000 W-827 W-828 W-829 W-8210 W-82II W-82I2 W-8213 W-8214 W-8215 W-8216 W-8217 W-8218 20400 24000 27600 31200 34800 38400 40640 43200 45600 48000 50400 52400 13600 16000 18400 20800 23200 25600 28000 30400 32800 35200 37600 40000 28.76 28.76 33.46 33.46 38.16 38.16 42.86 42.86 42.86 47.54 47.54 47.54 53% 62 70% 78% 86% 95 103% 111% 119% 128 136% 144% 70% 79 87% 95% 103% 112 120% 128% 136% 145 153% 161% Height of water line: 24 series. 45H inches; 33 series, 53 inches; 40 series, 57 inches; 82 series, 57 inches. Equipment Shipped with Boilers All Super-Smokeless Boilers are provided with equipment of the best type. Steam Boilers are equipped with Water Column with gauge glass and compression cocks; Retard Steam Gauge with Bourdon brass tube spring, Non-Glare Dial, syphon and cock; All-brass Pop Safety Valve, A. S. M. E. Standard; and Automatic All-metal Damper Regulator suitable for low pressure. Every boiler is furnished with a complete set of firing tools, consisting of shaker handle, hook, hoe, slice bar and flue brush with handle. Duplex Steam Boilers are equipped with Steam Header, Return Yoke, and Equalizer fitted with Hartford Connection which may be used or not, as desired. 381 Boilers Weil-M'Lain S CIENTIF1C COMBUSTION BOILERS WEIL-McLAIN COMPANY-Michigan City, Ind.- Chicago, 111. The Weil-McLain ROUND TYPE BOILER with its COR RUGATED FUEL-SAVING HEATING SURFACES and its long "back and forth" fire travel embraces the newest and best conceptions of heating engineers. Other points of merit in the Weil-McLain Round Type Boiler are: fire-pot and crown sheet cast separately to permit easier handling; large fire door; handy front clean-out doors in every section and triangular type grates which cut and shake out all ordinary clinkers. STEAM - Size Boiler Rating Sq. Ft. WATER Size Boiler Rating Sq. Ft. Actual Diam. Grate and Fire. Pot Inches (Both Steam and Hot Water) 5-S-17 5-S-19 5-S-22 5-S-25 5-S-28 5-S-31 6-S-17 6-S-19 6-S-22 6-S-2S 6-S-28 6-S-31 395 480 660 865 1065 1350 410 500 695 915 1130 142S 5-W-17 5-W-19 5-W-22 5-W-25 5-W-28 5-W-31 6-W-17 6-W-19 6-W-22 6-W-25 6-W-28 6-W-31 650 795 1090 1430 1760 2225 675 825 1145 1510 1865 2350 17 19 22 25 28 31 17 19 22 25 28 31 NOTE: Table is not complete; these boilers are also made four section. The Weil-McLain SECTIONAL or SQUARE TYPE BOILER . like the Round Type has corrugated heating surfaces directly above the fire, has a long "back and forth" fire travel--features that add greatly to the efficiency and economy of this boiler. Kamber 22-W-5 22-W-6 22-W-7 25-W-5 25-W-6 25-W-7 25-W-8 28-W-5 28-W-6 28-W-7 28-W-8 36-W-5 36-W-6 36-W-7 36-W-8 36-W-9 WATER Water Rating $n. Ft 1500 1825 2150 1825 2225 2650 3050 2700 3275 3850 4425 3850 4725 5600 6475 7350 Total Grate Length Area Inches to. Ft 51 4.88 58 5.96 65 7.03 51 5.70 58 6.90 6S 8.10 72 9.30 63 7.97 72 9.72 81 11.47 90 13.22 66 10.25 75 12.50 84 14.75 93 17.00 102 19.25 Number 22-S-5 22-S-6 22-S-7 25-S-5 25-S-6 25-S-7 25-S-8 28-S-5 28-S-6 28-S-7 28-S-8 36-S-5 36-S-6 36-S-7 36-S-8 36-S-9 STEAM Steam Rating to. Ft 900 1100 1300 1100 1350 1600 1850 1650 2000 2350 2700 2350 2875 3400 3925 4450 Total Length Inches 51 58 65 51 58 65 72 63 72 81 90 66 75 84 93 102 Water Line laches 46 46 46 51 SI 51 51 55 55 55 55 58 58 58 58 58 Grate Area So. Ft (Steam andWater) 4.88 5.96 7.03 5.70 6.90 8.10 9.30 7.97 9.72 11.47 13.22 10.25 12.50 14.75 17.00 19.25 NOTE: Table is not complete; this type boiler is also made in a 48* size. 382 Boiler Feeders McDonnell & Miller General Offices: Wrigley Building CHICAGO A\saa \S "Doing One Thing Well'' Eastern Warehouse Stock Bush Terminal, N. Y. PRODUCTS: Duplex Water Feeders Duplex Switches McDonnell & miller duplex WATER FEEDERS McDonnell & miller duplex switch The McDonnell & Miller Duplex Water Feeder is a simple and positive means of controlling the water line in low-pressure steam boilers, automatically supplying make-up water as necessary, and protecting the boiler against flooding by disposing of any excess condensate that may be returned from the system. It is completely self-contained. Steam and water equalizing connections as well as supply and overflow connections, are all made in the head so that floats and valves may be exposed for .inspection without breaking a single pipe connection. May be applied to all steam heating systems whose pressure does not exceed 15 pounds and are suitable for city water pressures up to 115 pounds. Weight, packed for shipment, 50 pounds. The McDonnell & Miller Duplex Switch is a combination Low Water Cut-off and Pressurestat for oil fired boilers. When the boiler water line falls to the bot tom of the gauge glass the switch cuts out the oil burner motor and cuts it in again when there is at least one inch of water in the glass. The pressurestat may be adjusted for any cut-out pressure from 9 ounces to 10 pounds 6 ounces and the difference be tween cut-out and cut-in pressures may be varied at will from 7 ounces to 5 pounds 6 ounces. ' The switch movement is-springless being operated on the weight-and-lever prin ciple. It is permanent and accurate in its adjustment and may be easily- adjusted without tools. . The Duplex Switch is easily installed in the gauge column in less than an hour. Weight, packed for shipment, 25 pounds. 383 Boiler Liquid NO RAD RUST CORP. Manufacturers Dept. A 1 Lancaster, Pa. JOHN G. KELLY ' Exclusive Distributors 210 East 45th Street New York City BOILER AND HEATING SYSTEM CLEANSER WJ. BOILER AND HEATING SYSTEM CLEANSER s when heated actually vaporizes and therefore can circulate through the entire system--the pipes, radiators, valves, and traps, BESIDES the boiler. It so thoroughly cleans the entire system of oil, grease, core-sand, rust, and scale, that it will, PERMANENTLY cure priming, surging, and sluggishness. It is also a wonderful tonic for old systems as a cure for slow-steaming. A Harmless Liquid containing neither acid nor poison. It will not bake or harden in the system. It contains no sediment to clog up the system. Very Simple To Apply being poured into the boiler through the safety valve opening. Then get up a pressure; W. J. vaporizes and cleanses. After sufficient time has elapsed the mucky water is drawn from the bottom draw-off cock and you still have enough of the liquid left in the boiler to prevent rust and scale from forming for a year. ' . GUARANTEED to cleanse the system thoroughly and increase its heating efficiency. . 384 No Rad Rust Corp. Boiler Liquid Successful as evidenced by the following testimonials PAUL R. ALLEN, New York Architect, says: "The two dead radiators, to which I called Mr. Howett's particular attention, are now apparently 100 per cent efficient, a fact undoubtedly due to the peculiar rust and grease eliminating properties of your product. ' "My entire plant has been greatly bene fited and water now drawn from the bottom of the boiler is quite clear and free from all grease, scum, sediment, etc. "I am convinced that this method is the correct one and the only sure means of securing a thoroughly clean plant. I will not hesitate to recommend its use, with the utmost confidence in its success." H. W. REIS, Vice-President of W. A. Russell & Co., says: "At the time of putting in the W. J. 16, the builder of my home assured me that the heating system had been thoroughly cleaned out and `blown' off within the last year and that he was sure there was no oil, rust, grease, etc., in the system. "The results obtained from W. J. 16 were truly remarkable--not only did I draw off more than a quart of thick brown oily substance, but I was able to get up steam very readily and thereby eliminate the discomforture that we had been encountering during the entire winter. I also noted after the system was thoroughly cleansed that there was considerable saving in fuel in addition to having a steady uniform heat. "I have recommended W. J. 16 to a number of my neighbors who have ob tained the same gratifying results, and in conclusion, beg to state that it is impos sible to determine the real merit and economy of W. J. 16, until you have actually used it." VAPOR ENGINEERING CO., says: "In another case, a residence at 156 Bast 78th Street, New York City, we found though the boiler had been blown down, in the usual manner, that the owners complained that they could not obtain - heat in all the radiators without an exces sive fire at the boiler. We put one gallon of W. J. Boiler and Heating System in the Veco Governor which permitted its free entrance into the boiler and on the follow ing day we took out of the boiler at least two quarts of oil, sample of which we have here at the .office. After taking the oil from the boiler 2-ounce pressure was ' raised on the boiler in about three minutes time and every radiator in the building was heated all the way through. Since that, the owner has called this office and advised that the plant had been improved 100 per cent. We shall be glad to furnish the name of this job, or any of the others that we have tested, should anyone be interested. "We are convinced that your preparation will save both the owner and the heating contractor quite a little time and money and for that reason are going to include it in all of our future specifications." C. A. DUNHAM CO., says: "We used the cleanser according to your instructions, and are pleased to report that it was very effective in cleaning the ' dirt out of the system. "Thanking you very much for sending us this cleanser, and assuring you that we will tell everyone who is having boiler trouble about it, we are" H. A. YATES ENGINEERING CO., Inc., says: "On the one job which we used this cleanser, it worked out very well indeed, cleaning the system thoroughly, steadying the water line which formerly had been jumping, and decreasing the time which it formerly took to raise pressure on the system. "We like it so well that in the future on our blow down jobs, of which we have forty or fifty a year, we intend to use it ex clusively." RUSH, LEE & RUSH, St. Louis Architects and Engineers, say: "We have used your W. J. Boiler and Heating System Cleanser in our building and find it to be very effective in cleansing the water in the boiler in fact consider it superior in every respect. ` ' A. S. GRANT, Sales Manager of ABENDROTH BROS., says: "I put this liquid in the heater in my house and it certainly took out the oil and dirt from the heating system, and showed a vast improvement by getting up steam more quickly. One evening after arriving home, my wife advised me that the steam gauge showed ten lbs. pressure early in the evening and wanted to know if the safety valve was in working order as she became quite frightened. I asked her why she allowed the steam to come so high and she said that since I used the cleanser, it was* hard to keep down the steam. "I certainly recommend this compound for any new or old job in both steam or vapor." Boiler Liquid The Vinco Company, Inc. 75 Vesey Street, NEW YORK CITY Vinco treatment for "breaking in" new or remodeled steam and rapor heating systems Telephone--Cortlandt 1995 Cable Address--Vincomp, New York Vinco (Latin "I conquer") is a simple, safe, sure cleanser --a necessary corrective which establishes and maintains free, easy circulation, uniform heat distribution and high fuel economy. Vinco stops foaming, prim ing, surging, sluggish steaming, clicking of pipes, incomplete circulation and poor radiation by removing oil, grease, scale and dirt from the internal surfaces. Vinco does not temporarily disguise or blanket the foaming, but permanently removes causes as well as effects, and does this completely, without blowing down under steam, without harm to any part and at a cost of about one cent per sq. ft. of radiation for the Vinco compound. Using Vinco for initial ``breaking in" gives the system a clean bill of health from the start by assuring positively that the internal surfaces are and will remain clean, and later is a protection against the crack ing of boiler sections that often results from priming and slugs of cold returns. Treat ment with Vinco quickly develops the best performance permitted by the design and avoids the shaken confidence and com plaints which often result in disputes and withheld final payments. Vinco also saves the heating contractor many non productive hours, by doing its work thoroughly without "come backs." Specification Cleaning the System: Upon completion of the installation, the contractor shall clean the system by the Vinco Method to remove all oil, grease, rust and dirt from the boiler, using *. . . lb. of Vinco, in exact accordance with manufacturer's directions. This compound must remain in the boiler for 36 actual steaming hours, which corresponds to six or seven days average operation. At the end of this period, boiler must be thoroughly drained and flushed before refilling with clean water. 4201 to 4600 square feet of radiation 28 " 4601 *' 5000 " ..................... 30 " above 5000 square feet use an additional pound of Vinco each additional 300 square feet of radiation. All radiation should be taken at actual rating. Adding a little Vinco each heating season keeps all internal surfaces con stantly clean. . Vinco Results are Guaranteed Vinco is guaranteed to meet every claim and to contain no potash, lye, soda, oil, acid or other harmful ingredients. Results must be satisfactory or purchase price will be refunded. Patents are pending upon the product, the process of manufacture and methods of application. The use of any unlawful imitation will be subject to prosecution. For safety and full benefits, specify by name and see that the material comes from 3-lb., 5-lb., or 10-lb. litho graphed cans bearing name and registered trademark as shown. Price SI.50 per lb. with liberal discount to the trade. . In writing specification, insert in this space number of pounds of Vinco to be used in accordance with the following schedule: Write for Literature 386 Boiler Liquid Factories: Boston and Toronto "X" Liquid is a collodial solution which repairs leaks quickly and per manently in high and low pressure boilers and hot water heating systems below the "X" Liquid can be Poured thru a cloth. Therefore it cannot clog. It is harmless to all metals, rubber and leather water line without shutting down. Just pour "X" in. "X" Liquid ci'rcu- lates freely with the water in the system, trickling out through the leaks, becoming a solid by contact with the air and heat, and contracts and expands with the metal. "X" Liquid seals cracked and porous castings, leaky bolt heads, split nipples, leaking joints and all leaks inside the system which otherwise would be impos sible to get at. "X" Liquid is in practically world-wide use, it being also used to repair leaking automobile and aeroplane radiators, cylin ders and water jackets. "X" is ussd to repair leaks in all places where hot water is confined. "X" Liquid has been used for years by the Standard Oil, General Electric, American Tel. & Tel., etc., and by the U. S. Government on ALL aeroplane endurance flights from the Trans-Atlantic Flight in 1922 to the MacMillan Arctic Expedition in 1925. "X" Liquid increases boiler efficiency because it prevents rust and the deposits of lime and silica which quickly coat the inside of pipes and boilers, reducing heat conductivity. Boilers can be kept per manently free from corrosion by the occa sional addition of "X" Liquid to the water. An "X" repair is a permanent repair and will with stand over 600 lb. pressure. "X" BOILER LIQUID Sizes and Prices Carried by all Jobbers of Steamfitters Supplies. Sold on a money back guarantee. Quart Cans........... -....................... $6.00 Each Half Gallon Cans....'......$10.00 Each OILER LIQUID REPAIRS LEAKS IN HIGHS LOW. PRESSURE BOILERS AND HOT WATER 387 Burners, Oil The American Nokol Co. 215 North Michigan Ave., CHICAGO, ILL. Facts about THE NEW r . silent Automatic OilHeating forHomes Fully automatic oil heat--for residences and other buildings--large or small General Description.--Nokol was the first automatic oil burner practical for heating homes--perfected 9 years ago. It provides fully automatic heat--tem peratures with maximum variation of 2 deg., thermostat control. Atomization is by combination of Venturi and nozzle --suction provided by blower fan, motor driven. Combustion is . also markedly efficient (see below). Combustion.--Since oil can only burn completely in high temperature zones, Nokol has a combustion chamber inde pendent of furnace or boiler. By this means necessary temperatures for com plete, clean combustion almost instantly reached--and maintained. Cost.--In more than 29,000 homes--for periods up to 9 years--Nokol heating costs have been found no higher than for hard- coal; usually less. The lowest-cost, fully automatic oil heat known. Efficiency.--Orsat tests show an aver age of .12 per cent carbon dioxide in flue gas^-almost'instantaneously after start ing, and during whole period of Nokol operation. This indicates combustion efficiency of at least 85 per cent. Ignition.--Nokol has either gas or re markably efficient electric ignition--the latter for use where gas is not available. The gas "pilot" light is constantly ready for operation. Expanded momentarily as combustion begins and ends--to avoid puffing out. Noise.--The new Silent Nokol--by simple, effective softening of flame-- cuts noise to the vanishing point. Safety.--Nokol was the first domestic oil burner listed as standard by The Underwriters' Laboratories; approved by all leading safety boards. Equipped with double safety controls--positive in char acter. : Sizes.--Any furnace or boiler may be fitted with Nokol, which is one of the few automatic oil burners made in adequate range of sizes. Typical Nokol Installation, heating 14-room house. Chicago, III. Sent Upon Request A concise file of data on Nokol--cover ing every question of installation and operation--sent upon request. It is in convenient form for reference and filing. 388 Burners, Oil Automatic Burner Corporation 312 North May Street - - CHICAGO, ILL. How ABC Heats Your thermostat, placed in one of your living rooms, is set at 70 deg. The temperature in your home drops to 68 deg.--automatically ABC starts. The lowering of the oil in the burner reservoir drops the float, unseating the three check balls. ( As the oil flows in from the wall float, which holds one pint of oil. the lowering of the float in its ' container automatically starts the pump. The pump draws oil from an underground tank. When enough oil has been admitted into .the reservoir the dependable three balls set, stopping the automatic pump and checking the flow of oil. Observe this: At no time do you have more than one quart of oil in your basement. The armature shaft by centrifugal force draws the oil through a taper hole up to the atomizing cup. Air is taken in--always the proper amountthrough holes in the bottom of the cup. The oil and air. thoroughly mixed and broken up. are thrown into the boiler, noiselessly, as a fine atomized, instantly inflammable mist. Ignited by the pilot light, the mist of oil burns with a clean, soft flame of circular form. ' Twelve Reasons Why ABC Appeals to Engineers 1. Converts coal boiler into oil burn ing boiler: ABC is designed so that it retains the natural functions of a coal heating boiler. All boilers were designed to burn coal--and not to absorb heat traveling at a high veloc ity. The ABC horizontal circular flame heats from the grate on the water legs. Result: quick heat; low stack temperature; saving in oil. 2: Oil burned in suspension: This is the first law of efficient oil burning. 3. Longer boiler life: Burners with a concentrated flame in time destroy a boiler. The ABC circular flame, evenly applied all around the boiler, adds to its life. 4. No carbon or soot: Engineers know what an immense advantage this is. 5. No fan or blower : Heat is not forced up the chimney and wasted. 6. Dess oil required: Unique means of atomization assures complete combus tion. Every particle of oil is burned. The heat rises slowly and is maxi mumly absorbed, by the boiler. 7. Simple: The life and amount of service of a piece of machinery is in ratio to the number of moving parts. ABC has only one moving part sub ject to wear. It is simple. It has no complicated or delicate adjustments. 8. Burns low-priced oils: 32-36 grav ity oil is recommended. 9. Odorless: An ABC heated home is odorless. 10. No unsightly parts outside of boiler: The burner is entirely enclosed in the boiler out of the way. . 11. Automatic: Heat when you want it --as you want it. . 12. Quiet: The importance of quietness in a domestic oil burner cannot be overestimated. ABC is really quiet. Full Information will be Sent You Gladly No. Maximum Steam Radiation Max. Hot Water Radiation Approximate Floor Space Required Shipping Weight Price Type E 3000 4500 Enclosed in Boiler 110 l. $600 to $1,000 aBc oil burner no noise-- no carbon 389 Burners, Oil Ballard Oil Equipment Co. Oil Burning Engineers and Contractors NEW YORK WASHINGTON PHILADELPHIA NEWARK. And Agencies Throughout the United States The Ballard Oil Equipment Company offers a complete line of oil burning equipment for indus trial and domestic installation. Its organization centers about its engineering service and its long experience in the field. To the architect, heating engineer and contractor this service is available in the form of expert engineering advice and the sale and installation of equipment which is perfectly adapted to the requirements of the individual job. . Installation of Ballard Type H Rotary Mechanical Burners in two 150-H. P. Simplex Boilers Ballard equipment includes: high pressuremechanical burners, steam atomizing burners, the . Ballard Type H rotary low pressure mechanical burner for fuel of 12-16 degrees Baume, the Ballard Type H rotary low pressure mechanical burner and pump unit combined for fuel of 24 degrees Baume , and higher, the Ballard Type A automatic domestic and semi-industrial system, and automatic residence systems. Descriptive literature sent upon request. Ballard Type A, Automatic Oil Burning System Installed in Healing Boiler and Hot Water Healer ' Ballard Service Recognized the World Over Ballard Type H Combined Burner and Pump Unit 390 Burners, Oil Factory Branch Offices: San Francisco Sacramento Philadelphia S. T. JOHNSON GO ----------OIL BURNERS---------Trade Mark Registered Distributors and Dealers Throughout the United States and in Foreign Countries Main Office and Factory: 940-950 Arlington Avenue Oakland, California Twenty-one Years of Specialization in Oil Burning Equipment Products steam radiation; 5 to 40 horsepower. Can A full line of oil burning equipment, with a type and size for every heating and power purpose. Rotary Oil Burners, manual or full automatic control. Five sizes--600 to 20,000 sq. ft. steam radia tion. Success fully used in all kinds -of boilers, using fuel oil from 14 to 34 deg. Baume. Effi be'safely operated with gravity oil supply. Recommended only for small, boilers. Steam Fuel Oil Pumping Equip ment.--Consists of duplex steam-driven oil pumps, mounted in duplicate upon cast-iron drip pan over heat er, with legs. Also furnished with one pump. Equip ment ranges from 20 to cient built-in 2,000 horse oil pump, drawing from Rotary Oil Burner--Manual or A iitomatic Control power. Rec ommended for underground tank. Listed as standard by large installations.. Underwriters' Laboratories, an organiza tion established and maintained by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Fuel-Oil Pumps.--Electric motordriven oil pump--a simple device to pump any grade fuel oil or distillate-from Low Pressure Air Burners and underground oil supply tank and to Equipment.--For any kind of oil. Un usual efficiency, economy, simplicity. Designed to vaporize heavy crude fuel oil maintain pressure on oil-supply .piping to one or more Whirlwind Burners. with air pressure one to five pounds per Long life and dependability characterize square inch. S. T. Johnson Co. equipment. Best Especially rec materials and precision methods of manu ommended for large installa tions. facture. Correct design based upon proven engineering principles, developed during twenty-one years of successful manufac Whirlwind Burners.--Easi turing. Special literature furnished on request. ly adapted to any furnace, boiler or oven. . & Hr ^ i 3 to Two styles and Steam Fuel-Oil Pumping Equipment six sizes--500 to 4,000 sq. ft. Steam Atomizing Burner 34--726 391 Burners, Oil Winslow Boiler & Engineering Go. Builders of Oil Burners Factory NEW YORK Show Room: 46 E. 41st St. CHICAGO 208 S. La Salle St. GALESBURG Illinois he winslow industrial TBURNER bums efficiently all fuel oils from 14 Mexican Crude up. The motor blower unit may be located at any convenient point near the boilers and connected to the burner assembly, in front of the boilers, by oil and air piping of correctly proportioned sizes. The motor blower unit has a high grade gear pump that pulls the oil from the stor- Sliding Type The burner as shown is standard and all barrel assemblies from the T-10 to the T-70 are interchangeable on the same head, giving extreme flexi bility of equipment. age tank and delivers it at from 7 lbs. to 10 lbs. pressure to the burners. At the same time the blower is supplying the re quired air at low pressure, measured in ounces, to effect a thorough atomization of the oil. This unit is complete with a strainer, pressure gauge, check valve and 011 relief valve. Single motor blower units handlea variety of burner assemblies and where dual units are twinned the capacities are not only doubled but the plant is insured against any shut down. There are several sizes of motor blower units and also of burners. In specifying burners determine whether the boilers are to carry an overload.. Ordi narily, steel boilers can be provided with burners rated at the boiler rating unless overloads are contemplated. On the other hand, cast iron boilers can usually be pro vided with burners rated at about 70 per cent of the boiler rating. This is due to the different methods of rating steel and cast iron boilers. 392 Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co. Burners, Oil Wherever possible specify two smaller burner nozzles even though one larger one will do the work, so as to assure an easier control of fuel consumption. In nearly all boilers, two burners, by giving a wider flame distribution, reduce excess air, as suring better combustion. At the same time by utilizing more of the heating sur face, the efficiency is still further increased. Where loads are apt to be variable the double burner nozzle is ideal. where it is whirled off at tremendous speed, mixing with the air from the barrel and entering the boiler perfectly atomized. ' The cut to the left shows the balanced rotating cup and revolving turbine wheel. Two sets of ball bearings between these units insure low frictional resistance and high speeds. The cut to the right above-shows. the method of attaining atomization, The oil travels down the central tube and impinges onto the concave-convex rotating disc. It whirls centrifugall'y to the edge of the disc and strikes the heel of the revolv ing cup in a thin film. It then travels along the inner wall of the cup to the rim Auoniuu uun The following partial list of WINSLOW BURNER assemblages will be of assist ance in determining correct sizes for a large scope of work. The ratings in column five are based on 100 square feet of steam radi ation per horse power and represent the total load the burners can handle. WINSLOW BLOWER AND BURNER CAPACITY Motor Blower Unit Size and Number , Maximum Steam Motor Oil Pump - of Burners . Radiation Horsepower Gallons per Minute Air Outlet B-60 B-60 B-60 B-60 B-60 B-90 B-90 B-90 B-90 B-120 B-120 B-120 B-120 B-180 B-180 B-180 B-180 B-300 B-300 B-300 B-300 B-500 B-500 1 T-10 2 T-10 l T-30 2 T-30 1 T-40 3 T-10 3 T-30 2 T-30 2 T-40 4 T-10 3 T-30 2 T-40 1 T-70 5 T-10 4 T-30 3 T-40 2 T-70 8 T-10 6 T-30 5 T-40 4 T-70 1 T-250 2 T-250 3,500 5,000 . 5,000 7,500 6,500 9,500 11,000 10,000 12,000 11,000 14,000 16,000 10,000 14,000 20,000 22.000 22,000 20,000 24,000 30,000 34,000 25,000 50,000 3/4 y. % 1Ii''A/2 % y. i'A iI''A/i 1/2 vA V/i I vs I'A i'A 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 \/i 2 l Vi 2 Wi 2 I'A 2 2 2 2 3 3 2Vi 33 2/i 3 3 - *A 53 ZA 53 53 53 53 3 3 3 3 5 31/? 5 5 - 5. In addition to the WINSLOW INDUSTRIAL burner described here the Winslow Boiler & Engineering Company manufactures a complete line of fully automatic, residential and apartment house burners. . The gas and the electric ignition KLEEN- HEET burners, with the vacuum oil feed elimina ting the usual basement auxiliary tank, are built in a total of nine .sizes and are thus suitable for a great range of work. The Junior KLEEN-HEET buraersT without the vacuum feed but completely automatic in operation, are in two sizes. The No. 10 is rated at ong thousand feet hot water and is suitable foi* the average home. The No. 6 is especially-adapted to Arcolas and small domestic water heaters. . Inquiries to the INDUSTRIAL DIVISION of the WINSLOW BOILER AND ENGINEERING COMPANY, 208 South La Salle Street, Cl * ` , Illinois, will be promptly answered. Cabinets, Heat TRANE HEAT CABINETS (See Trane Heating Specialties on pages 530 and 531. Also Trane Pumps on pages 474 and 475.) The Trane Company Let Cvos&g* Wis. BRANCH OFFICES . New York, Chicago, Boston, Cincinnati, Newark, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Seattle, Los Angeles, Albany, Minneapolis, Salt Like City, Greensboro, N. C., Zanesville, Ohio, Tampa,-Fla.', Baltimore, Md., Des Moines, Iowa, New Haven, Conn., Sheboygan, Wis., Kansas City, Mo.; England: 22-23 Clerkenwell Close, London, E. C. 1. Canada: The Trane Co., 21-23 River St., Toronto, 2; Thomas Robertson & Co.; 134 Craig St., West, Montreal, F. S. Murdoch, 310 Brcadalbane, Winnipeg; A. B. Madden, 48 Sparks St., Ottawa. Japan: Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo. China: C. J. Doughty <k Co., 8-9-10 Brenan Road, Shanghai. The Trane Systems of Vapor and Vacuum Heating, Patented Heating Specialties, Trane Heat Cabinets, and Trane Automatic.Electric Pumps,. For All Purposes The Trane Heat Cabinet is essentially a heating element en closed in a cabinet that acts as a chimney. The heating element or Heater, as shown by the illustration on the next page, occupies a compara tively small space in the bottom of the cabinet. It is designed in such a way that unless air is passing over it, the Heater gives off very little heat. But when air around the Heater is allowed to circulate, heat is given off very rapidly. HEAT CABINET FEATURES Trane Heat Cabinets can be used wherever an ordinary cast-iron radiator can be used--and in many places where it can't. Economy of Fuel.--Heat Cabinets save fuel. Light Weight.--One radiator weighs as much as five Heat Cabinets. In other words, enough Heat Cabinets to heat an ordinary house do not weigh any more than about two radiators. Think what this means in freight saving. Low Cost.--A Heat Cabinet, although its heat unit is constructed of brass and copper, does not cost as much as a radiator and shield. . . Small Space.--Heat Cabinets use much less space than enclosed radiators. Beauty.--Heat Cabinets are furniture, and can be finished to match any surroundings. Concealed When Desired,--Heat Cabinets can be built into the walls, so nothing is visible except the heat outlet. Temperature Control.--Heat Cabinets give to all present forms of radiator heating. INCLUDING hot water systems, the feature of temperature control at each heat outlet--exact, and instantaneous. Quick Heat.--The heating of all present types of radiator systems is much faster with the use of Heat Cabinets--especially hot water systems, where heating is accelerated 300 per cent to 400 per cent. . Permanence.--Heat Cabinets are solid and rigid, with no joints or seams--as per manent as the piping. 394 The Trane Company Cabinets, Heat 1. Cabinet made of strongly reinforced the concealed or recessed type sheet metal, painted with one priming cabinets, the damper arrangement is coat. Can be used this way, or re included in a grille. . finished as desired to match any sur roundings. .2 The heat outlet. Grille not necessary, and not furnished as standard equip ment, but can be added if desired for . 7. The Heater of a Trane Heat Cabinet. . This unit is made up of copper sheets fastened by a patented process to a U-pipe, through which the steam or hot water passes. , artistic reasons. 8. Copper sheets in heater are at nearly 3. All heat from Cabinet is thrown to the front, thus keeping walls clean, and leaving top of cabinet free for the the same temperature as the U-piper giving a large area of heating-surface ' in a very small space; placing of ornaments, etc., without 9. Air entering at bottom of Heat decreasing the efficiency of the , Cabinet, passing over the heated Cabinet. copper sheets and up through the 4. Cabinets furnished with or without tops, as desired, thus enabling owner or architect to keep the Heat Cabinets outlet, gains great velocity and there fore heats the room rapidly. 10. Heating unit is rigidly constructed, in harmony with woodwork and fur and is built to last forever, It is not nishings of the room. Tops furnished fastened to the Cabinet. Cabinet can by us are made of metal. be removed at any time. 5. Heat control damper. By. simply regulating the position of this damper, perfect control of heat is secured on all types of modern heating systems, including hot water and one-pipe steam. 6. Heat control knob. This knob is placed on the ends of the cabinets where visibly cabinets are used. On 11. Different capacities in heating units are secured by varying the length of the unit. Capacity also increases with increased height of the Cabinets. 12. Inlet and outlet are at sarrie^ end of heating unit. Exact connections at this_point vary with different types of heating systems, but heating units are always the same. 395 Cabinets, Heat The Herman Nelson Corporation Moline, Illinois Belfast, Mb. Boston New Haven New Yoke Crrr Stracuss BRANCH SALES AND SERVICE OFFICES Philadelphia SCBANTON Pittsburgh Grand Rapids Detroit Chicago ' Cleveland Columbus - Toledo Indianapolis Des Moines Milwaukee Minneapolis St. Louis San Francisco Emporia Omaha Kansas Cm Denver Salt Lake Cm Spokane Portland Seattle Vancouver Toronto PRODUCT--Herman Nelson Invisible Radiator. The Herman Nelson Invisible Radia tor is so designed as to be completely con cealed and truly invisible in any standard wall or partition as is shown in the accom panying illustration. The Radiator itself is a single unit consisting of a special cast aluminum core acting as a steam container and a plurality of copper plates mounted on the core and acting as heating surface. The heat in the steam is transferred to the inner surface of the core, diffused through the metal and delivered from the outer surface of the copper plates to the surrounding air. Built of indestructible materials without joints, it will not wear out, rust, leak or burst. 88" high designed for use on blank wall where higher outlet is desired. Units can also be arranged for any special height of outlet above the minimum on special order at additional cost. Various units are obtainable ranging in capacities of from 16 to 84 sq. ft. of direct radiation equivalent. The Herman Nelson Invisible Radia tor may be used with any type of steam, vacuum or vapor heating systems. A beautifully illustrated catalogue to gether with complete technical data will be furnished you on request to our main office at Moline, Illinois. The Herman Nelson Invisible Radia tor is furnished as a complete unit. The Radiator being enclosed in a substantial steel cabinet having a cold air inlet opening at the base and a hot air outlet grille with damper at the top. The com plete unit is designed to be placed in a wall or partition, covered with metal lath and plastered so that nothing will show but a neat opening at the bottom and the outlet grille at the top. The installation of The Herman Nelson Invisible Radiator involves no radical change in plan. The complete unit is made 3%" deep to correspond with usual framing materials. The only pre paration necessary is to provide pockets in the walls of the proper width and height to receive the unit. In masonry walls, however, bucks or some other suitable means should be provided for securing wire lath. . The Herman Nelson Invisible Radia tor is made in four sizes governed by the length of Radiator and designated nomin ally as 20", 30", 40" and 50". Also, each length of Radiator is regularly enclosed in two standard heights of cabinets, one of minimum height 20%" designed to fit under the average window, and the other (See also page 419, Unit Heater Section.) 396 Control Equipment ABSOLUTE<?^05> CORPORATION ELKHART, INDIANA Originators of Non-Deteriorating Mercury Switches The CON-TAC-TOR Mercury'Switch has made the Automatic High Voltage Control possible. Switching Motors without a Relay was unknown before the Mercury Switch was used for this purpose. Now thousands of fractional H. P. Motors are switched on all types of service without relays and are controlled on either Temperature or Pressure changes as desired. A few CON-TAC-TOR Controls are listed below. No. 64 Thermoswitch for Room Temperature Control-- Mounted on Wall and Switches ]/i H. P. Motor without a relay. BOILER CONTROLS A complete line--Safety Controls for Oil Burners. Primary Controls for Forced Draft Coal Installations. No. 33 Pressureswitch for Steam No. 42 Vaporswitch for Vapor Systems. No. 56 Aquaswitch for Hot Water. No. 68 Furnaceswitch for Hot Air. No. 59 Bipass Gas Valve for Pilot Light. No. 80 Shutoff Oil Valve for Oil Line. No. 98 Safety Controls for OIL BURNERS Thermal Safety and Con trol on the Ignition with one moving part. 397 No. 48c Draft Gages Lewis M. Ellison 214 West Kinzie Street CHICAGO, ILL. Ellison Draft Gages --The famous Ellison Inclined Tube Gage, the recognized stand ard of accuracy, was designed and intro duced in 1896 by Lewis M. Ellison. Water in glass tubes having a variable movement, an oil of constant response for the indicating liquid was adopted--permanency of calibration established. Today there is an Ellison draft gage for every draft from the small domestic furnace to the super-power boiler, for traveling engineers and for technical institutions. The gages have sliding scales for setting zero, re quiring no refilling for several years. The stationary gages are black finished, of heavy construction, with white enameled scales, readings visible across the boiler room. Bulletin of complete line on request Single-Tube Inclined: This gage is for small boilers and furnaces, and for power boilers with operating draft not over the scale range of )4 inch. It is equipped with seal for 400 feet chimney height, natural draft. Single-Tube Inclined: This gage, for power boilers, is made in 1, 1%, 8. 8, 4, 5. 6, 7)4 inches scale range, suction or pressure. Air Filter Gage: This gage indicates the differential in hand air cleaning fillers, piped from the inlet and outlet sides, complete with connections and casing inserts. Pointer is set for the highest permissible in crease in differential for properly filtering the air-- the most satisfactory and efficient filter gage known. Compound Inclined: This gage reads furnace draft to left, flue draft or differential to right of zero. Open Type Inclined: For laboratories and lechnicalinstitutions, 1,1)4, 8,8,5 inches range. Suspen sion plate relieves the gagefrom mounting strains, level adjusted with left suspension. Furnished with and without portable attachments. While metal scale. . Combination Inclined: By turning the handle of the cock, this gage reads furnace draft, flue draft or differential, 1,1)4 range. Portable Inclined: This gage was designed for traveling engineers, light end compact, 8 inches scale range. Furnished with attachments in pressed aluminum carrying case for one or two gages. Half-inch gage set ideal for healing engineers. 398 Lewis M. Ellison Draft Gages Two-Tube Inclined: By means of the differential system, this gage reads 1 to 1)4 inch furnace draft and differential simultaneously; flue and furnace drafts when cock is closed. Without differential system, 1 to 7)4 inches range. Three-Tube Inclined: This gage is furnished with or without differential systems, with scales 1 to 1)4 inch range of like readings ora combination of readings from 1 to 7)4 inches scale range. Four-Tube Inclined: This gage reads suction or pressure. 1 to 1)4 inches of like readings or a combi nation of readings from 1 to 7)4 inches. Multi-Tube Vertical: This gage is for the duct and zone pressures of forced draft traveling grate stokers. It is made in 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 tubes, in 7 and 10 inch scale range, with white enameled sliding scale, requiring no refilling for several years. By means of an equalizer all chambers are filled in one filling. Furnished with panel or for gage board, complete with back connection fittings. Printed paper scales are furnished for marking the load curves, Firing Guide, inserted over the metal scale by simply removing the cover.. Single-Tube Vertical: made in four sizes, 4, 7, 12, 20 inches scale rangefor suction, pres sure or differential, for gage board and with and without panel. Like the stationary inclined gages, the scale is white enameled, readings visible across the boiler room. With the slid ing scale feature, the gage requires no re filling for several years. The efficient pressure range is carried be tween pointers, set by removing the cover. This gage is 399 Drying Equipment 1800 Foster Avenue Air Conditioning, Varnish Drying, High Temperature Baking, Heat Treating and Heating Equipment. HILE the designing, Wmanufacture and in stallation of drying systems is an essential part of our business, we should first be considered as engi neers--specialists in problems involving drying, high tem perature baking, processing, ventilating and air condi tioning. The accompanying photo graphs illustrate two types of Drying Systems, Inc., high temperature equipment which deliver air at tem peratures ranging from 250 deg. to 700 deg. fahr. An air washer, or Automatic Filter, is usually installed in connec tion with these heaters. This equipment, built in unit sections, is ex ceptionally economical, as well as entirely safe. It is being successfully applied for drying and baking decorative finishes in many diversified industries and for the The Lawrence Heater processing of a number of different materials. We manufacture an Induced Draft Heater, in which the working air is mixed with the products of combustion. This equipment is particularly adaptable for drying articles which are finished with a preservative coating, and for the drying of such materials as abrasives, insulating pro ducts and foundry cores. Practically every drying or heating installation presents new conditions and different engineering problems. . Our staff of experienced engineers, specialists in Air Condition ing, is available to analyze your individual requirements --without obligation. We invite correspondence and requests for literature cover ing any particular problem. 400 Drying Systems, Inc. Drying Equipment The utilization of waste heat is a highly developed practice offering many op portunities for scientific waste heat equipment. Some un usual and very satisfactory installations of this equip ment have been made in a number of different indus tries, practically eliminating hitherto material operating costs. Wherever hot, effluent gases are available, great economies can be effected by conserving this heat. In many cases such heat can be used advantageously for dry ing, baking and space heating, since the effluent gasesare not mixed with the delivered air. Typical Installation cf Automatic Air Con ditioning Equipment in Modern Bakery AIR CONDITIONING By arrangement with the American Blower Company, manufacturers of Sirocco Equipment, and through the acquisition of a staff of specialists in this work, we are prepared to offer Air Conditioning Service in all its branches. Special installations for paper mills, bakeries, candy factories, public and manufacturing buildings have been conspicuously successful. Bulletins and information covering this subject will be forwarded on request. A consultation with our air conditioning specialists places you under no obligation. The Phoenix Constant-Effect and the National Rotary Air Filters are advanced types of viscous film filters applic able for any service wherein clean air is required. These filters are automatic and comprise four important exclusive fea tures, namely: Unvarying Cleaning Efficiency Constant Resistance Self Cleaning Minimum Operating Cost Both Air Filters are built in sizes which are readily adaptable to any requirements --they are furnished in units, which range incapacity from 2,000 to 50,000 c.f.m. For larger air capacities, filters of multiple units can-be-furnished. Bulletins covering this [ij subject thoroughly and illustrating sizes and installations, will be sent upon request. 401 Expansion Joints Established 1841 E. B. Badger & Sons Co. Manufacturers of Expansion Joints for High and Low Pressure OFFICE AND WORKS 63-75 Pitts Street, BOSTON, MASS. SALES OFFICE 101 Park Avenue, NEW YORK Badger Self-Equalizing Expansion Joints The Badger Self-Equalizing Expansion Joints are made from special seamless copper tubing, fitted with cast iron or steel rings to control the expansion and provide equal distribution over each corrugation. The joint is made in Standard and Extra Heavy patterns, and unless otherwise specified will be furnished with standard flanges for pressure up to 125 pounds and extra heavy flanges for all pressures from 125 pounds to 200 pounds. Monel metal sleeves can be furnished fitting inside of the corrugations, for use with super-heated steam and other high temperature fluids. f Expansion Joints Fig. i Fig. 2 This type of Joint is furnished in 4 in. and 5 in. sizes, with four and eight cor rugations to take 1 in. and 2 in. of ex pansion. For smaller sizes, we furnish a 4-in. joint with companion flanges, bolts and gaskets, tapped for the size required. This type of joint is made in sizes from 6 in. to 20 in; in clusive, with two, three, four or five corrugations, 2}4 in. deep, each corrugation taking J4 in. of expansion. Specifications on Badger Expansion Joints Fig. 1 Size Inches 4 5 FOUR-CORRUGATION . Inches Finished Weight Pounds Price Each 12& 65 $76.00 I2& 78 82.00 EIGHT-CORRUGATION Face to Face Inches Finished Weight Pounds Price Each I9K 95 $102.00 \9% 110 110.00 Add to List Prices for Extra Heavy Flanges $4.60 5.35 For sixes up to 3H in. inclusive, add $4.00 net to price of 4-in. joint for American Standard 125 pound companion flanges, bolts and gaskets; and $5.00 net for Extra Heavy American Standard flanges, bolts and gaskets, tapped to size required. Fig. 2 Two Corrugation Size Inches F/F Fin. wt Price Inches Pound Each Three Corrugation . Four Corrugation F/F Fin. wt. Price F/F Fin. wt. Price Inches Pounds Each Inches Pounds EaUi Five Corrugation F/F Fin. wt. Price Inches Pounds Each Add to List Prices for Ex. Hy. Flanges 6 12V, 146 $126.00 16 200 $155.00 19 236 $187.00 22V, 285 $216.00 $ 7.43 8 12VV 187 156.00 16 250 188.00 19 293 211.00 22V, 345 243.00 13.25 10 12A 258 182.00 16 325 219.00 19 395 254.00 22V, 465 291.00 17.05 12 13 338 222.00 m 410 262.00 19V, 493 300.00 23 570 340.00 21.63 14 vi'/i 404 252.00 17 490 296.00 20 576 337.00 21V, 660 381.00 24.55 16 13Vi 476 285.00 17 570 334.00 20 672 382.00 21V, 765 431.00 34.15 18 14 546 320.00 Wi 645 374.00 21 760 428.00 24 861 483.00 53.84 20 15 669 388.00 18'/z 765 450.00 21'/* .911 511.00 24% 1010 573.00 56.48 Sizes larger than 20 in. can be furnished on special order. 402 "MOGUL" DOUBLE-END-GUIDED, TYPE F. L. J. (FLANGED) EXPANSION JOINTS Built in all pipe sizes from l'A" to 6' diameters, for extremely high or low pressures and temperatures, for saturated steam, superheated steam, hot or cold water, oil or gas and other fluids. , , ,. , , , ,, They are Double-End-Guided, have extremely deep packing chambers and unusually long packing-gland take up. They have built-in Traverse Stops and large graphite lubricating chamber. They may be packed while the line is hot and in an expanded condition. Write for Bulletin with complete description and dimensions. "MOGUL" DOUBLE-END-GUIDED, TYPE R. S. J. (RISER) EXPANSION JOINTS Built with screwed ends, in all pipe sizes from 54" to 4" pipe diameters. Write for Bulletin and dimensions. 403 Fans and Ventilating Equipment American Blower Company General Offices: Detroit Branches and Sales Offices City and Address Telephone Atlanta, Ga., Bona Allen BldgWalnut 5643 Baltimore. Md.. American Bldg........ ............. Calvert 3743 Birmingham. Ala., American Trust Bldg...__ :._Main 1278 Boston, Mass., 10 High St________________ Liberty 8347 Buffalo. N. Y,, White Bldg___ -__ ________ Seneca 2668 Charlotte, N. C., Piedmont Bldg... ___________ 1254 Chicago. III., 140 S. Dearborn St._____Central 1631-1632 Cincinnati, Ohio, Keith Bldg Main 1934 Cleveland, Ohio, Swetland Bldg____ .Superior 1066-2198 Columbus. Ohio, First Nat'l Bank Bldg., Main 3443 (Bell) Dallas, Texas, Mercantile Bank Bldg.X-5518 ' Davenport, Iowa, Kahl Bldg.________--Davenport 2458 Denver. Colo.. 1228 California St...... ..... _Main 3155 Detroit. Mich., 2539 Woodward Ave...Cadillac 8880-8881 El Paso, Texas, P. 0. Box 240Main 2739 Grand Rapids, Mich., Shepard B!dg._Main 367 (Bell) 51122 (Citizens) Indianapolis, Ind., Continental Bank Bldg.___ Main 4545 Kansas Crrr, Mo., Mutual Bldg.....Victor 5965 Louisville, Kt., 428 South Fifth St.. Main 1881,City 1223 City and Address Telephone Los Angeles, Cal., Detwiler Bldg................. TUcker 9440 VAndike4838 Milwaukee, Wis., Majestic Bldg......................Grant 1986 Minneapolis, Minn., 808 La SalJe Ave.............. Main 0034 New Orleans, La., 344 Camp St.... .......... Mpin 5977 Newark, N. J., 79 Ogden St................ Branch Brook 3612 New York, N. Y., 50 Church St................. Cortlandt 1010 Omaha, Neb., Peters Trust Bldg................... ATlantic 6S48 Philadelphia, Pa., 112 S. 16th St. Rittenhousc 6393-94 (Bell) PrrrsBURGH Pa., Oliver Bldg..... ................... Atlantic 1820 Portland, Ore., 1002 Pacific Bldg..............Broadway 7866 Rochester, N. Y., Cutler Bldg.... .................. --.Main 4590 Salt Lake Citt, Utah. Dooly Bldg., Wasatch 1680-1681 San Francisco, Cal., Rialto Bldg...............'...Kearney 2325 Seattle, Wash., Leaiy Bldg.............................Eliott 0713 Schenectadt, N. Y.. 147 Jay St......... Schenectady 7622-W St. Louis, Mo., Boatmen's Bank Bldg............... Main 2395 Stbacuse, N. Y., 1611 E. Genesee St___ __ Warren 8054-J Tacoma, Wash., 1127 St. Paul Ave....... ............,,Main 3150 Tampa. Fla.. 206 South Franklin................................ -3453 "Sirocco" Fans and Blowers for heating, ventilating, cooling, drying and mechanical draft. -"Sirocco" Utility Blower--a compact. - ^durable ventilator for installation with ducts. "Sirocco" Air Washer -- for puri fying and humidifying air for dehumidifying and cooling. "ABC" Air Wash ing and Cooling Fan--an automatic, highly effective and durable unit that provides for puri fication, humidifica tion and cooling. Venturafin Unit Heater-- one small unit is equal to 500 feet of direct radiation-- occupies only one-fourth the space and has only one-tenth the weight. "Ventura" Disc Fan for operation under free air delivery conditions -- a complete ven tilation system in itself. Descriptive Catalogues sent upon request. 404 -i* Fans and Ventilating Equipment Buffalo Forge Company Associated With Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America Buffalo, N. Y. BRANCHES New York. N. Y., 39-41 Cortlandt St. .Washington. D.C., 418 Washington Loan & Trust Bldg. Philadelphia. Pa.. 1302 Land Title Bldg. St. Louis, Mo., 515 Chemical Bldg. Boston, Mass.. 10 Milk St. Cincinnati, O., 604 Mercantile Library Bldg. Cleveland. O.. 368 Rockefeller Bldg. Minneapolis, Minn., 430 Oak Grove St. Pittsburgh. Pa., 927 Union Arcade Denver, Colo.. 1718 California St. Detroit. Mich., 2051 W. Lafayette Blvd. Los Angbles, Calif., 220 Black Bldg. Chicago, III.. 562 W. Wash. Blvd. . Indianapolis. Ind., 725 Continental Bank Bldg. Atlanta, Ga., Candler Bldg. San Francisco, Calif., 307 Flatiron Bldg. Wash., 905 Olympic Way CANADIAN BRANCH Canadian Blower and Forge Co., Kitchener, Ontario CARRIER AIR WASHERS One-piece eliminators and scrubbers that are easily assembled in a few minutes and give greatest cleaning effect known. Spray nozzles prevented from clogging by tank-width screen. Original efficiency is maintained indefinitely by a few min utes flushing out each week. Power Blowers and Exhausters have cast iron housings and are for belt or direct motor drive. Mill Exhausters. Standard and slow speed, high efficiency, and single or double exhausters are furnished for handling refuse or dust. For belted or direct drive. Carrier A ir Washer with Side Plate Removed. Note Spray in Operation Buffalo Niagara Conoidal Fans handle large quantities of air at high efficiency under big overloads in industrial plants. Low speed and great capacity well suited to belt drive. Buffalo Beezo Propeller Fans are very useful for remov ing steam, odors or foul air in shops, millsand factories. Belted or direct motor driven types. Buffalo Stoker Fans have highest efficiency at normal load where it counts most, utmost proven reliability, and high speed for direct connection to turbine or motors. They completely pro tect motors. Buffalo Duplex Conoidal Fans, shown below, maintain even pressure and good efficiency over a greater range of air demand than is possible with any other construction. Best adapted to schools, public build ings, offices, etc. Moderate speed for direct connec tion to motor. Send for Catalogue Buffalo Products Conoidal Multiblade Fans Carrier Air Washers Pipe Coil Heaters.. Ventilating Sets Disc Fans Humidifiers Generator Coolers Gas Scrubbers * -- Stoker Fans Induced Draft Fans Planing Mill Exhaust Fans 405 Dust Collectors Pressure Blowers ' Drying Apparatus Spray Nozzles Forge Shop Equipment Fans and Ventilating Equipment Clarage Fan Company Kalamazoo, Michigan Boston, Mass. New York City, N. Y. Detroit, Mich. Chicago, III. f Denver, Colo. Los Angeles, Calif. Springfield, Mass. Cincinnati. Ohio Philadelphia. Pa. Minneapolis. MjnW. Omaha, Nebr. Houston. Texas Pittsburgh, Pa. Charlotte. N. C. Cleveland. Ohio Birmingham. Ala. St. Louis. Mo. . South Bend. Ind. Huntington, W. Va. Buffalo, N. Y. New Orleans, La. Consult Telephone Directory for Street Address of any of above Branch Offices Products--Heating and Ventilating Fans and Allied Apparatus, Multiblade Fans, Air Washers, Exhaust Fans. Pressure Blowers. Mechanical Draft Equipment, Heaters. Vertical Steam Engines. New Type HV Fan--Tested in accordance with the Standard Test Code, prepared by National Association of Fan Manufacturers and American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Clarage New HV Multiblade Fan, shows 77 per cent maximum efficiency. Average multiblade fans show approximately 63 percent maximum efficiency. This higher efficiency allows saving of 15 to 20 per cent in power requirement to drive. Lower power require ment often allows use of smaller motor or engine, saving 10 to 15 per cent. Often HV Fan one size smaller will meet specifications, saving 15 to 20 per cent in first cost of fan equipment. ' Built in complete range of sizes for heating and ventilating schools, offices, theatres, churches, factories, etc. Capacities from 500 to 236,000 Clarage Type V Washer cleansing and humidi fying air in large hotel. Clarage HV MulHblade Fan installed for schoolhovse ventilation. C. F. M. Constructed to a quality standard for con tinuous duty at low upkeep. Furnished with "bab bitted, self-aligning, ring-oiling bearings, having special felt washer feature which keeps oil in and dirt out. Can be motor, engine or turbine drivenby belt or direct connected. Improved Type V Washer--Spray nozzles so perfected that dense mist screen is obtained at lower pump pressures, effecting marked saving in horse power for operating pump. Spray nozzles cannot clog. New construction of eliminator plates greatly simplifies erection. Suitable for all types of washed air installations. Performance fully guar anteed. Range of sizes to cover every requirement. Cooperative Service--Our engineers have compiled elaborate data on every Clarage product. This data will prove valuable in selecting the most practical and efficient equipment. We will gladly cooperate in every way possible. Write for Clarage literature or ask to have a Clarage Engineer call. CLARAGE TYPE HV FAN CAPACITIES 1200' OUTLET VELOCITY 1800' OUTLET VELOCITY Size of Fan Volume of Air W S. P- !'S. P. Volume of Air *S. P. PS. P. V/2*S.P. V S. P. C. F. M. R. B. R. B. P.M. H.P. P. M. H. P. C. F. M. R. B. R. B. R. B. R. B. P.M. H P. P.M. H. P. P. M. H. P. P.M. RP.i 1 Vi 1J/4 2 2'A ?by/z 2,322 3,156 4,128 5,220 6,444 9,288 12,660 16,524 20,880 25,800 402 .31 345 .43 301 .56 267 .70 242 .86 201 1.24 170 1.80 149 2.35 132 2.96 119 3.65 549 .55 471 .74 411 .97 364 1.22 330 1.51 275 2.17 236 2.90 206 3.79 183 4.79 165 5.92 3,482 4,734 6,192 7,830 9,666 13,932 18,990 24,786 31,320 38,700 480 .68 412 .93 360 1.21 319 1.53 289 1.88 241 2.7! 199 3.70 175 4.83 155 6.09 139 7.54 579 .97 497 1.32 433 1.73 384 2.18 348 2.69 290 3.88 244 5.07 214 6.62 189 8.35 171 10.3 683 1.30 585 1.77 512 2.31 453 2.92 410 3.61 341 5.20 286 6.77 250 8.82 222 II.I 200 13.8 1.65 2.24 2.93 3.70 4.58 6.59 8.70 11.4 14.4 17.8 Range of Sizes include No. K to No. 9 inclusive- 406 Fans and Ventilating Equipment Ilg Electric Ventilating Company General Offices and Works: 2880 N. Crawford Avenue CHICAGO, ILL. NEW YORK 13 Park Row PHILADELPHIA 325 Commercial Trust Bldg. BALTIMORE Hearst Tower Bldg. ST. LOUIS _, 1421 Syndicate Trust Bldg. CLEVELAND 1314 Schofield Bldg. PITTSBURGH 1024 Bessemer Bldg. MINNEAPOLIS 442 Builders Exchange Bldg. CINCINNATI 405 Union Central Bldg. . DETROIT 204 Owen Bldg. BOSTON 136 Federal St. INDIANAPOLIS 905 National City Bank Bldg. ROCHESTER 941 Granite Bldg. . Ilg Universal Blowers--Direct Connected and Belted--no bearings in inlet. Ball-bearing, grease lubricated motors. Sizes 10 in. to 100 in. Jlgair Unit Heaters with Patented Ad justable Deflector. For floor type or ceiling type. Lowest power consumP' lion--easily connected to outside air. Hg Self-Coded Motor Propeller Fans, all sizes for any current or voltage, kept in stock lg in. to 72 in. CATALOGS Complete Catalog, 200 Pages Condensed Catalog, 48 Pages BULLETINS Unit Heaters . Garage Heating * Fog Reduction and Steam Removal Restaurant Ventilation Residence Ventilation " Store and Office Ventilation .Power Roof Ventilators Farm Ventilation Fans and Blowers for Railroads Industrial Ventilation Ilg Fans Everywhere 407 . Fans and Ventilating Equipment The New York Blower Company 2254 S. Halsted Street, CHICAGO ILL. SALES OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES Fans--Blowers--Unit Heaters--Air Washers--Fan Furnaces--Ventilators TYPE ME Fans for heating and ventilat ing public buildings, schools, theatres, factories, mines, etc. Fans for mechanical draft, conveying systems, foundries, gas plants, stokers. Pulley driven or motor driven disc and propeller fans of wide range. Write for bulletin 100 giving complete data. PEERLESS AIR WASHERS for public and industrial buildings. Cooling systems for theatres, auditoriums, churches, de partment stores, etc. Humidifiers and de-humidifiers for special processes and drying, as paper, textiles, tobacco, glue, leather and wood. * COMET UNIT HEATERS for economi cal heating and ventilating where steam is used. Write for bulletin No. 85 describing these compact units and how efficiently they heat garages, factories, foundries, offices, etc. THERMAIR FAN FURNACE equipped with Heavy Duty Disc fan occupies a floor space of six feet square. Delivers over 600,000 B.t.u. per hour and will heat any building with 10,000 square feet floor area. Easy to install as no duct work is needed. Bulletin No. 90 gives complete data. SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE BULLETINS OF EACH PRODUCT WILL BE GLADLY SENT. 408 Fans and Ventilating Equipment Atlanta, Ga. Boston, Mass. Buffalo. N. Y. Camden, N. J. Chicago. 111. Cincinnati. O. Cleveland, O. Dallas, Tex. Denver, Colo. Detroit, Mich. Hartford. Conn. Indianapolis, Ind. Kansas City, Mo. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Hyde Park, Boston, Mass. PLANTS LOCATED IN Camden. N. J. Htdb Park, Mass. Sturtevant. Wis. Galt, Ont. Framingham, Mass. Berkelbt, Cali?. Los Angeles, Cal. Minneapolis, Minn. Montreal, P. Q. New York. N. Y. Pittsburgh. Pa. Portland, Ore. Rochester, N. Y. St. Loui9, Mo. Salt Lake City. Utah San Francisco. Cal. Seattle, Wash. Toronto, Ont. Washington, D. C. ' STURTEVANT PRODUCTS The wide application of Sturtevant Products can hardly be discussed here; so for the convenience of the architect, engineer and contractor the publications listed below have been prepared to aid in the selection of proper equipment for industrial, public, and private buildings of all types and sizes. We will gladly send you any of these publications on request. ENGINEERING SERVICE Each office, address shown above, maintains a force of trained engineers who are always ready to analyze the conditions of any prospective installation and make recommendations for suitable equipment. We hope you will avail yourself of their services. CATALOGS Heating and Ventilating Equipment No. 227 Heating and Ventilating Layouts. 271 Multivane Fans. 283 Autoforce Ventilators. 290 Silentvane Fans. 297 Air Washers. 306 Hot Blast Heaters 322 Coal Burning Blowers. 323 Unit Heaters, Industrial. 328 Propeller Fans. 329 Unit Ventilators, Schoolhouses. 332 Ventilating Sets. 337'Monogram Fans. 1270 Motors. " Power Plant Equipment No. 239 Steam Engines. 255 Generating Sets. 271 Multivane Fans 275 Gear Transmissions. 301 Cindervane Fans. 311 Steam Turbines. 330 Turbovane Fans. 331 Air Economizers. 334 Lead Coated Steel Tube Econo mizers. 1270 Motors. Turbo-Undergrate Blower Speci fications. Collecting and Conveying Equipment No. 291 Pneumatic Collecting and Con veying Systems. 302 Steel Plate Planing Mill Ex hausters. 303 Reversible Planing Mill Fans. 291 Dust Collectors. 337 Monogram Exhausters. 1270 Motors. Drying Equipment No. 299 Drying Systems. 314 Moist Air Dry Kilns. 316 Industrial Dryers. 1270 Motors. Blower Equipment No. 257 Steel Pressure Blowers. 1266 Big Midget Blowers. Vacuum Cleaning Equipment No. 320 Stationary Vacuum Cleaners. 324 Heavy Duty Vacuum Cleaners. Household Vacuum Cleaners. 409 i Fans and Ventilating Equipment L. J. Wing Mfg. Go. Branch Offices in Principal Cities 663 Hudson St., NEW YORK Phone: Chelsea 0027-0030 Factory: NEWARK., N. J. Manufacturers of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters, Wing Turbine and Motor Driven Blowers, Wing-Scruplex Fans and Exhausters WING FEATHERWEIGHT UNIT HEATERS The Wing Featherweight Unit Heater, expressly designed for overhead installation, makes available for any industrial building a heating system that leaves all floor and'wall space absolutely unobstructed. The success of this system has been proven by the satisfactory operation of several hundred units in industrial buildings of every kind and description. The installation of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters is extremely simple, due to their light weight and small dimensions. For instance, a unit equal in heating effect to 12,000 sq. ft. of direct radiation, weighs only 332 pounds. A few advantages attending the installation of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters may be briefly summarized as follows: . The heated air from the units, located at or near the ceiling or roof, is delivered directly downward toward the floor, heating the working level first. Chilled areas, caused by opening of doors, are almost instantly brought back to normal temperature by this downward method of heating. ' Since the air recirculated by the heaters is taken from the upper spaces and delivered to the lower levels, it is evident that an active circulation of air from the ceiling to the floor is continuously maintained and that, therefore, excessive heat is not allowed to accumulate in the upper spaces, as is the case with any system of heating that allows the heat to rise to the ceiling immediately, as it does in the case of direct radiation. .. The steam and return lines are carried entirely overhead, eliminating costly pipe trenches which are necessary when radiation is placed at or near the floor. All vertical type heaters are furnished with ball bearing motors that do not require attention more than once a heating season. METHODS OF INSTALLATION The cuts show three different methods of installation, the units in each case being located well above the head line, out of the way. The third illustration shows the high ceiling type heater installed thirty feet from the floor above a traveling crane. The column of heated air leaves the heater with sufficient velocity to strike the floor with considerable force from this point, but by. the aid of adjustable diffusers the column is divided and directed so that no objec- . tionable velocity is felt at the head line. The best and most economical installation of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters is when they are placed close to the roof or ceiling. Low Ceiling Type High Ceiling Type zmqEnd 6 .HZK ZEES a `I ^ n | Condensed Table of Engineering Data Unit "AxA" B Size in. in. c in. D in. Air ci.m. Motor hp. Temperature Room Leaving B.t.u. per Hr.- Available Approx. Shipping Weight Lbs. 13-4-12 19% 25 75 6 1150 % 60 110 69.500 185 17-3-12 22% 27% 27% 6 1950 H 60 110 96,900 212 22-3-12 27% 27% 27% 6 3200 H 60 112 162,000 270 22-4-12 27% 77% 27*/, 6 2800 M 22-5-12 27% 27% 27% 6 2600 M 60 60 122 169,000 133 180,000 280 288 25-4-12 32% 28V, 28V, 7 4800 Vf 60 122 289,500 320 25-5-12 32% 28% 28V, 7 4500 'A 60 133 311,400 332 30-4-85 40% 37% 37% 8 6900 l 60 122 416,000 360 30-5-85 40% 37% 37V, 8 6500 1 36-4-85 46% w 39% 8 9600 2 60 133 450,000 365 60 122 579,000 504 36-5-85 46% 39'/, 39% 8 9000 2 60 133 623,000 528 Space does not permit complete table for other room temperatures but this data will be gladly furnished on application. 410 Medium Ceiling Type Horizontal Type L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. Fans and Ventilating Equipment [etAWM*Gcuisa*fioCjOoNoTidAmCCiTQnWwMTisnoMfmcmomrupwmoiercxtJl WING-SCRUPLEX EXHAUSTERS Wing Scruplex Exhausters consist of the highly efficient "screw propeller" fan and cased in appro priate manner with a motor on the outside where it is clean, cool and easy of access. They are used in duct work where the resistance is low and being de signed in the form of an elbow fit snugly in any iI WinQ-Serwplex Exhauster line. The accompanying diagrams show the methods of installation. Proper SelectiorTof Exhausters--Where par ticularly quiet operation is de sired, as in offices, residences, hospital wards, churches theatres, etc., use lowest speeds in all sizes. For toilet rooms, laboratories, motion picture booths, stock-rooms, etc., use any speed in sizes 1 and2;lowand mediumspeeds "Wing-Scruplex " Exhausters in all other sizes. In indus trial plants, hotel and restaurant Size Inlet Sq. In. Outlet Round, jj -ce. Free Air Cu. f. m. Hp. .15 in. Cu. f. m. Hp. .25 in. Cu. f. m. Hp. .40 in. Cu. f. m. Hp. .50 in. Cu. (. m. HP. kitchens, enginerooms, workshops, etc., use any speeds. 1-A 2-A 2-B 3-S 3-A 3-C 1ft 10% 1750 13% 14H 1150 13% I43< 1750 16% 17% 850 W/. 17% 1150 16V, i7y, 1750 850 0.052 1440 0.060 2050 0.195 2130 0.090 2700 0.180 4000 0.600 630 0.054 330 0.060 950 0.069 395 0.090 1895 0.208 1695 0.216 1155 0.248 1250 0.110 2150 0.195 1550 0.221 3720 0.635 3510 0.655 3150 0.700 750 0.285 2810 0.720 The accompanying table gives perform ances at static presures up to M in. Com plete table up to 1 in. static on request. 4-S ?1 21% 850 2850 0.100 2200 0.125 1610 0.150 4-A 21 21V, 1150 3575 0.170 3150 0.200 2775 0.220 1950 0.245 1550 0.280 4-C 21 2iy, 1750 5400 0.540 5160 0.600 4990 0.650 4670 0.710 4440 0.750 5-A 25 25 1150 5200 0.330 4720 0.380 4250 0.440 won 0.530 2610 0.600 5-B 25 25 1/50 8000 1.330 7740 1.360 7540 1.400 7175 1.480 6900 1.540 6-A 30 30 600 5500 0.210 3725 0.250 2375 0.330 6-B 30 30 850 7400 0.550 6280 0.600 5450 0.740 4000 6.830 3400 0.960 6-C 30 30 1150 10250 1.500 9520 1.550 8950 1.570 8000 1.620 7340 1.760 WING-SCRUPLEX FANS Wing Scruplex Fans are built in the following sizes: 10 in., 13 in., 17 in., 22 in., 25 in., 30 in., 36 in., 42 in., 54 in., and 60 in. Capacities from 950 C. F. M. to 33,000 C. F. M. Up to 25 in. diameter, propellers are made of cast aluminum alloy while the larger sizes are of pressed steel. Wing-Scruplex Fan WING TYPE E M MOTOR DRIVEN BLOWER Wing motor-driven Blowers are installed in heating boilers so that low cost Buckwheat coal can be burned with great savings in fuel bills and with better heating results. They are also used in industrial plants where motor drive is preferred to turbine drive. The'Wing E M Blower is a simple compact unit of motor, fan, and casing, of the same general design as the Wing Turbine Blower, the first individual forced draft fan blower ever built Where Wing units cannot be set directly into the brick base of the boiler, they are equipped with feet or base and mounted to the floor with the discharge connected to the ashpit by a short sheet metal duct. Motors are fully enclosed and Ask for Bulletin 36 dustproof. Because of this feature they stand up for years in the dusty atmosphere of boiler rooms without repair. Another feature of prime im portance is variable speed control; this permits of regulation without the use of dampers and saves power. Wing Blowers are cutting down fuel bills in hundreds of schools, apartment houses, lofts, hotels, churches and institutions throughout " the country. Booklet 36 describes Wing motor-driven units. Information on Wing turbine- TyPe E M Blower driven units in Bulletin 77. Typical installation in a New York, apartment house where the use ofBuckwheat coal in place of domestic sizes is satring the owner a large part of his previous fuel bill. In the right foreground is shown an E M Blower connecting directly into the rear end of a cast-iron hot water boiler; the E M Blower in the background serves the two steam heating boilers. Note how com pact this installation is--a characteristic of Wing E M Blower layouts. 411 Foundations, Cor\ Cork Foundation Company 315 Fifth Avenue, New York NOISE is a great detriment to work. It hinders and annoys. Elimi nation of vibration and the noise made by the whir of fans and motors is possible by the use of "ABSORBO" beneath the base of the apparatus--as shown in the illustration. "ABSORBO" is made of prepared strips of natural cork \]/2 in. thick, set in rigid steel frames, with lateral braces wherever required. In the process of preparation the cork is impregnated with creosote to render it impervious to oil and water and to preserve its natural oil and moisture. . In most installations where "ABSORBO" is used, it is placed under the timber frame of the machine. In foundations for engines, com pressors, turbines and large pumping units, it has been advantageous to place it under the concrete base, with a layer on the sides of the con crete foundation to eliminate the horizontal vibrations. Specifications for its installation and test data on its effectiveness in absorbing vibrations and eliminating noise will be gladly furnished. 412 Foundations, Cor The Korfund Company 231 EAST 42nd STREET Boston Philadelphia Pittsburgh Cleveland Columbus ABSORBS VIBRATIONS New York, N. Y. Cincinnati . St. Louis Chicago Detroit . Ottawa, Can. KORFUND FOR THE ISOLATION OF NOISE AND VIBRATION The essential qualities of a good isolating material are: permanent and sufficient elasticity; structural strength to sustain load; durability and indestructibility; water, oil, acid and insect-proof. These requirements make artificially, pre-compressed materials such as special felts, layers of woven materials, com pressed cork, etc., unsuitable as they must be pre-compressed to such a density that their elasticity is made illusory. The isolating effect or the materials themselves will be destroyed through the action of oil and water. Pure natural cork, and by that is meant the cork as it is taken from the bark of the Cork Oak, possesses the necessary qualities of the ideal isolating material to a greater degree than any other material. Experience extending over many years has proved that natural cork is indestruc tible, impervious to water and acids if properly treated, and possesses such high resilience that it is considered the best isolator for all kinds of machinery. ' Korfund pads are made up in the following way: The strips or blocks of natural cork, specially selected for this purpose, are care fully cut to size and bound together with an iron frame which is not quite as thick vertically as the cork. No artificial binder is used for the reason that such binder hardens and destroys the resilient, shock absorbing and sound-deadening effect of the cork, or is liable to be dissolved through the action of oil and alkalis. The frames of all Korfund plates are made of heavy steel, reinforced by internal longitudinal and lateral struts. This con struction is substantial and strong and gives adequate support to the cork strips. The cork used for Korfund pads is treated by a special process to preserve the normal degree of moisture which is so vital to it. Korfund pads thus treated will not decompose or decay. With larger pumps, compressors and other machinery, especially if they are of the reciprocating type, Korfund must be arranged under the foundation block proper. Then the weight of the foundation block will help to steady the machine and the foundation bolts will not have to pass through the cork pads. Proper side isola tion has to be provided where necessary. With smaller pumps and compressors of the centrifugal type, also with fans, the machinery may be placed direct on Korfund. In such a case timber or a steel plate has to be placed on Korfund before mounting the machinery in order to equally distribute the weight of the ma chine all over the surface of the cork. Korfund pads are made up in any size and thickness required. We carry, a large stock of many different sizes for immediate delivery. No fitting, cutting and conse quent waste of material will result on the job. They can be installed by unskilled help. Many thousands of installations of Korfund for all kinds of machinery are in use all over the world. They-are silent witnesses of its ability to absorb noise and vibration. We are consulting engineers specializing in the isolation of noise and vibration. Our advice is at the disposal of our cus tomers. Write for catalogue "H". ' 413 Furnaces, Warm Air Langenberg Manufacturing Co. 4549 No. Euclid Ave. :: ST. LOUIS, MO. Dealers in all parts of the United States A QUALITY COMBINATION A g^gMTgAcMg FURNACE; Twin Sirocco Fan with S K F Bearings; New Design Casing. All assembled into the . UNIT HEATER FUELS-- Any coal, coke or oil. Operates by fan or gravity. No byrpass dampers necessary. Churches, schools, stores, audi toriums, small factories, residences and garages where these plants have been installed and now operate successfully are our best references. We design and install our own systems anywhere in the United States or Canada. DATA ON UNIT HEATER No. Diam. Diam. Diam. Depth Area Diam. Height Height Height of Unit of Casing Drum Fire Pot Fire Pot of Crate of Rad. of Rad. of Drum Overall With Fan Units Inches Inches Inches Inches Sq. In. Inches Inches Inches One-Way Outlet Diam. Smoke Pipe Inches U-453 U-513 U-573 U-661 U-66I-H Area of Outlet In Sq. In. 45 22 20 15 283 10 51 26 23 15 380 11 57 29 26 15 490 13 .66 32 29 19 616 16 66 32 29 19 616 18 Size at Feed Door Openings Inches Cu. Ft. Air per Minute Fan Cu. Ft. Air per Minute Gravity Ap proximately R.P.M. of Fan 35 35 38 41 58 Diam. of Fan Inches 58 8' 9 59 8' . 9 62 8'-9* 10 69 9'-6' 10 97 12' 10 H. P. Required Approximate B.t.u. Shipping Guaranteed Weight at 9 lb. per Including sq. ft. Motor Lb. (See Note) 452 616 707 1018 1018 12x13'/z \2x\y/2 12xI3'/2 12x13'/2 12x13V4 3500 3900 4400 5900 7000 1400 1570 1750 2400 2600 365 18 390 18 314 21 238 24 275 24 A Vi V, %. 1 1350 1550 1850 2150 2250 180.576 252,396 314.640 383.040 406,980 Note:--When burning Illinois Coal producing about 12,000 B.t.u. as ordinarily burned. Other fuel will give different rating. . Unless otherwise specified, furnace will be rated on 9 lb. of coal per sq. ft. of grate when estimated. 414 Grates Neemes Foundry, Inc. Established 1874 Branches in 20 Cities TROY, N. Y. PRODUCTS: Neemes Improved Shaking and Dump ing Grates; Superior Dumping Grates; Hand-operated Stokers. Also all types of Stationary Grates. NEEMES GRATES: Suitable for Burning All Kinds of Fuel: Neemes Improved Shaking and Dumping Grates and Straight Dumping Grates . are built to fit rectangular and circular furnaces of internally and exter nally fired boilers and can be installed without alteration of brickwork. Grates are suitable for all sizes and grades of anthracite and bituminous coal, slack, lignite, tan bark and admixtures of coal and sawdust. No screws or bolts are used in grate proper, thus removal and replacement of parts is greatly facilitated. Neemes Superior Dumping Grate Adapted for Use with Forced Draft: Both the Neemes Improved Shaking and Dumping Grate and the Neemes Superior Dumping Grate are exceptionally well adapted for use with forced draft. . SERVICE RECORD OF NEEMES GRATES: Neemes grates have been performing satisfactory service for the past 25 years and have been installed in boilers repre-. senting over 250,000 hp. NEEMES HAND-OPERATED STOKER: The Neemes Stoker, operates at 15degree pitch which obviates the necessity of a deep ashpit. The coal is fifed onto the dead plate and coking bars at the front of the stoker only, and the large angle to which the stoker bars are raised during Neemes Improved Shaking and Dumping Grate Dominant Features of Neemes Grates: Patented lock box holds shakers in place' and prevents their being forced up into the fire and burned, yet does not interfere with ready removal of shakers. Fire shaken and dumped with very little effort. Dead air spaces reduced to a minimum. No special setting required, as grates rest on usual bearing bars or dead plate lip. All. castings spaced to allow ample side and end play, preventing warp ing and buckling. Clinkers cut and crushed in center of concave surface of teeth and not on the point--no broken teeth result. Clinkers cut and ashes shaken out without breaking up fuel bed or loss of unburned fuel; periodical slicing of fires is not necessary. Grates do not clog with ashes, as air slots are widened out below the surface, permitting any ash small enough to pass top space to fall into pit. . Neemes Hand-operated Stoker is kept at a uniform depth, and at the same time proper progress of the fuel is assured without mere churning. The dump plate is shaped to prevent avalanching of the fuel during dumping and to assure being completely covered with fuel after dumping. Side bars are anchored in place at the forward end only and rest in recesses at the_rear end, so as to provide for free expansion. Bulletins and additional data on Neemes Grates and Stokers will be sent on request. Heaters, Air rf Home Office 1490 S. Vandeventer Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Eastern' Office 1013 Flatiron Bldg., New York, N. Y. Baltimore.. Boston........... Buffalo........ Chicago......... Cleveland.. Detroit......... ...2 E. Lexington Street .............. 723 Little Bldg. ______702 Morgan Bldg. ........... 1703 Fisher Bldg. .........612 Marshall Bldg. ........... 308 Scherer Bldg. Washington.--................... Indianapolis........................... ......... 621 Illinois Bldg. Kansas City................. .................. .412 Mutual Bldg. Philadelphia...................... 1011 Pennsylvania Bldg. Pittsburgh.......................... :......................715 Magee Bldg. Seattle.................................929 Dexter Horton Bldg. Spokane. ..........................................409 First Avenue .714 Evans Bldg. Sales Offices in Principal Cities Factories at ST. LOUIS, MO. and ELIZABETH, N. J. Sole and exclusive manufacturers of Skinner Bros. Steam Coil Heater, Skinner Bros. Direct Fired Heater, Skinner Bros. Lightweight Copper Heater, Skinner Bros. Revolving Siphon Ventilator, Skinner Bros. Slow Speed Low Power Dust Collect ing System, Skinner Bros. Patent Fan Blast Dryer Outfit, and exhaust heads, blow piping, -slow speed fans, buffing and emery wheel systems, machine guards. SKINNER BROS. STEAM COIL HEATER Recommended for heating, ventilating, air conditioning industrial buildings, regardless of size, whether of permanent or temporary con struction, sawtooth or monitor, single or multistory. In paper and pulp mills, dye- houses, packing plants,, laundries, dairies and buildings in which steam vapor, condensation and drippage are troublesome, Skinner Bros. Steam Coil Heaters are installed to eliminate these conditions.. Installations in thousands of buildings throughout the country demonstrate their versatility and ability to heat automobile factories, furniture factories, garages and repair shops, railway shops, foundries, shoe factories, stone and marble works, flour mills, textile mills, warehouses. Skinner Bros. Steam Coil Heaters are built in ten standard sizes and three models deliver ing from 75,000 to 4,630,000 B.t.u. per hour, and ranging in floor space occupied from 2 x 2 ft. to 7 x 7 ft. However, they are con structed in sizes and dimensions to flt the requirements they are called upon to All in capacity and space occupied. For use where floor space is at great premium we supply an inverted type for overhead suspension. Outlet hoods are designed to accomodate the conditions found in the buildings, one, two, three way, round or rectangular, being supplied. Skinner Bros. Steam Coil Heaters function equally well with either live or exhaust steam, and high or low pressure may be used. The coils of. every heater are tested with 150 lbs. of hydraulic pressure before leaving the factory. Whatever power is available may be used to propel the fans. The performance of the heaters is guaranteed when they are installed as directed by our engineers. . In figuring the approximate capacities of the heaters engineers may be guided by the following for general purposes: . For each square foot of floor space occupied by the heater the power consumption for driving the fan is 1/12 H. P., and the air handled will be 400 to 450 C. F. M. with an output of 30,000 B.t.u., when steam pressure on the coils is five pounds and ingoing air at 60 deg. 416 Skinner Brothers Manufacturing Company, Inc. Heaters, Air Heater Designation DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITIES Skinner Bros. Two-Fan Four-Inlet Steam Coil Heaters Height* Floor Space Covered H. P. Motor R. P. M. C. F. M. B.t.u per Hour, Air Entering at 0^ F. 5 lbs. Steam 100 lbs. Steam y y/r / Vi 490 1,850 125,000 \1 635 2,450 159,000 206,000 265,000 120Bf 6' 2'/2' V 4"x2' 4" r /, 490 635 1,850 2,450 142,000 185,500 30 y i'/i /i l2 490 4,500 352,400 620 5,600 460,000 236,500 309,000 589,000 770,000 30B 6' 6'/j' /1 l2 490 4,500 429,009 620 5.800 544,000 716,000 910,000 6' \'/l (1 21 Vi 544 600 5,200 6,000 612,500 668,000 935,000 1,020,000 t oy2" 4' 4"x4' 4* f1 22'/2 600 .730 6,000 7,000 736,000 803,000 1,125,000 1,230,000 f2 525 8,300 995,940 1,538,000 ......... . f 3 600 10,000 1,166,300 1,825,000 400 12,000 1,453.000 2,222.800 ... ....65 \} 5 4 \6 /( 170Vz 450 14,400 1,727,000 2,560,400 420 14,000 1,695,000 2,610,000 450 17,000 2,015,000 2,987,000 460 26,000 . 2,780,000 4,400,000 500 28,500 2,960,000 4,630,000 Not including outlet which is made to fit requirements. fMade in 1 fan, 2 inlet style only. SKINNER BROS. DIRECT FIRED HEATERS Designed for use in buildings in which steam is not available. A heater that burns bituminous or anthracite coal, coke. wood, gas or oil. It is the pioneer of its type and not only has proved performance in factories, mills, shops, garages and industrial buildings of all kinds, but has been widely recommended by contractors for preventing the freezing of concrete, plaster and other materials during winter construction. Skinner Bros. Direct Fired Heaters are built in three sizes, delivering from 50.000 to 150,000 B.t.u. SKINNER BROS. REVOLVING SIPHON VENTILATORS A roof ventilator designed to embrace the last word in efficiency and at the same time be so simple in construction that the possibilities of getting out of order are entirely eliminated. Skinner Bros. Revolving Siphon Ventilators, therefore, have shown themselves to require no attention whatsoever, once they are installed. -. Operation: The slightest movement of air exerting pressure on the vane at the top moves the ventilator head to a position in which the open face is at right angles with the direction of the wind. In this position the air passes through the immovable shutter or louvres putting into operation the siphon principle which causes the foul air or fumes in the room below to be siphoned up the stack and out through the face of the ventilator. Rain falling directly downward runs off the top. largest cities in the United States. The wind and when the rain or snow is blown in a slanting velocities used are those reported by the U. S. direction the face of the ventilator is automatically Weather Bureau. Therefore, these figures are turned from the windward. Bali bearings and a accurate for normal weather conditions in various hardened steel pivot bearing minimize all possible parts of the country. friction. A counter-balanced damper in the stack closes the ventilator when desired. Stocked in galvanized iron in 26 standard sizes, and made of Size Gauge Cu. Ft. per Hr. sheet copper on order. The following table is based upon the capacities of Skinner Bros. Revolving Siphon Ventilators operating in the average wind velocity of the ten 10 12 14 16 24 24 24 22 29,040 41,400 56,460 73,920 16 22 20 22 '93.240 115,200 22 22 . 139,380 24 22 165,840 26 20 194,400 28 20 225,720 30 20 259,200 32 20 294,840 34 20 332,880 36 20 ` 373,200 38 20 415,800 40 20 460,800 42 18 507,960 44 18 557,520 46 18 609,360 48 18 660,000 50 18 720,000 52 18 778,800 54- 18 839,760 56 16 903,000 58 16 968,760 60 16 1,036.800 Skinner Bros. Revolving Siphon Ventilator 417 NI Heaters, Unit Modine Manufacturing Co. Manufacturers of TherModine System of Heat Distribution Racine, Wis. Branches In All Principal Cities Products TherModine Copper Tubular Radi ating Units for Steam, Vapor and Hot Water Heat Distribution. TherModine Heat Cabinets. Modine Unit Heaters for Industrial Heating. What TherModine Is TherModine is the development of tubu lar .copper automobile radiators to the distribution of heat for steam, vapor and hot water heating systems for buildings. The manufacturers are among the largest firms in the automobile radiator business, guaranteeing entire responsibility both for product, statements and deliveries. TherModine Heating Sections TherModine heating sections are built of pure 30 gauge copper tubes, crossed and reinforced by fins of the same metal, six to the inch, forming many small air pas sages. Tubes are expanded into brass heater plates secured to cast bronze headers. Material and workmanship are guar anteed to be of the very best. Sections will withstand 50 lb. steam working pres sure and 100 lb. water pressure. Copper and brass will last indefinitely, except where sulphurous and kindred acids occur which is very rare. . TherModine heating sections are guar anteed against failure for 5 years, except when they are used where large quantities exist of acids or alkalines which have strong affinities for copper. Influence on Design--Architects recog nize the almost revolutionary changes in design made possible by TherModine and the elimination of the bulky cast iron radiators. As heated air leaves the Ther Modine upper grille horizontally there is none of the smudging of walls as over cast iron radiators. Small room design where door clear ances are so great a factor and furniture layout has been influenced by the presence of cast iron radiators, gain as much as 20 per cent in available floor area when Ther Modine is built into walls or partitions. In the Wall Application--TherModine may be placed in a 4-in. partition wall. Architects are reporting many ingenious applications of TherModine behind builtin book cases, china cabinets, etc. Heat Control Every TherModine Stack or Cabinet has a tight fitting damper to control the heat. Dampers can be controlled by hand or by standard automatic temperature con trol systems. Hand valves are not needed. Roughing-in Dimensions ' Allow )4 in. over-all dimensions for recesses. Sections are 4 in. longer over-all than tube length. Center to center' of tappings is length of tubes plus 2)4 in. HEATING CAPACITIES B.t.u. per inch of length of tubes Cabinet* Wall Stacks Standard heating sections have tube lengths from 12 to 36 in. in even inches. Tube lengths divisible by 6 will be carried in stock. Sections are made in three widths: 12 T, 16 T, 20 T, which are 5)4, 7 and 8% in. wide, respectively. Advantages of TherModine Over Cast Iron Radiators Weight--TherModine weighs but 5 per cent of equal capacity cast iron radiators. Over-all Over-all He^ht I2T I6T 20 T He^|ht 12T 16 T 20T 14* 180 240 295 20* 210 275 240 20* 220 m 363 30* 755 340 425 26* 260 345 450 40* 300 390 490 32* m 385 480 50* 330 445 S55 38* 315 420 323 60* 365 490 605 44* 340 433 365 70* 400 530 660 80* 430 575 720 Above ratings based oh steam at 212 F. . B.t.u. transfer based on 160 water equals one-half above. 418 Heaters, Unit The Herman Nelson Corporation Moline, Illinois Beuast, Me. Boston New Haven ` New York Cite Syracuse BRANCH SALES AND SERVICE STATIONS Philadelphia Scranton Pittsburgh Grand Rapids Detroit Cleveland Columbus Toledo Indianapolis Chicago Des Moines Milwaukee Minneapolis St. Louis San Francisco Emporia Omaha Kansas City Denver Salt Lake City Spokane Portland Seattle Vancouver Toronto Product: Univent System of Ventilation. Univent: The Univent, which is electrically operated draws fresh air through the wall or window, cleans it, warms it to a comfortable temperature and diffuses this fresh air to every nook and corner of the room. There are four UNIVENT models: "S," "S-D," "R" and "0.M . Each of these models are made in various sizes and capacities to meet most problems in ventilation. Cabinet: All models are 38 in. high. Model "S" and "S-D" 12)4 in. deep, model "R" and "O" are 18)4 in- deep. The width of the various models vary according to their capacity. The Univent cabinet is built of high grade furniture steel, properly re-inforced to insure utmost rigidity and durability. The light front panel is easily removed making all parts accessible for cleaning and inspection. The cabinet is regularly finished with olive green lacquer. Open View of UNIVENT Illustrating A--Copper radiator without a single joint, absolutely leak-proof. B--Air filter easily removable for cleaning. C--Cone type fan specially insulated for quiet ' operation. Radiator: The radiator is made of pure copper plates securely and tightly pressed to core of special silumin metal. Silumin metal is non-corrosive. This is a leak proof, high capacity, last-forever radiator, with low temperature surface. It heats air from 40 deg. below zero to 70 deg. or thru any equivalent range when the Univent is in operation. Univent Fan and Motor: A single aluminum low speed fan is used. No housing is necessary for this fan. All models of Univent can be equipped with direct or 60 cycle alternating current motors, and are recommended in the following order: Direct-current, poly phase; alternating current, single-phase alternating current. " Filter: Filters for removing dirt, dust, soot and sand from the air can be installed in the Univent if desired. No nuts, bolts or screws are necessary for installation. Automatic Temperature Control: Any well known system of temperature control may be used with the Univent System. Capacities: Four sizes of each model with capacities varying from 500 to 1500 cu. ft. of air per minute can be furnished. Service Stations--Information: Rep resentatives and Service men are located in each of the cities listed above. Catalogs containing complete engineer ing data can be furnished on request to our main office at Moline, Illinois. 419 Heaters, Unit John J. Nesbitt, Inc. - Established 1894 Manufacturers of The Universal Unit Ventilation System Executive Office and Factory: State Road and Rhawn St., Holmesburg Junction, Philadelphia, Pa. Branch Office NEW YORK CITY John J. Nesbitt, Inc., 405 Lexington Avenue : ' Sold by American Blower Company, Detroit, Mich., through following branch offices Atlanta. Ga., Allen Building. Baltimore, Md,, American Building Birmingham. Ala., ' American Trust Building Boston, Mass., 10 High Street Buffalo. N. Y., White Building Charlotte, N. C;, Piedmont Building Chicago, III.. 140 S. Dearborn Street Cincinnati. Ohio, Keith Building * Cleveland. Ohio, Swetiand Building Columbus. Ohio, . First National Bank Building Dallas, Texas, Mercantile Bank Building Davenport. Iowa, Kahl Building Denver. Colo.. 228 California Street Detroit. Mich.. 2539 Woodward Avenue El Paso, Texas, Border National Bank Building Grand Rapids, Mich., Shepard Building ' Indianapolis, Ind., Continental Bank' Building Kansas City. Mo., Mutual Building . Louisville. Ky., 428 S. Fifth Street . Los Angeles, Calif., Detwiler Building Milwaukee, Wis.. Majestic Building . Minneapolis. Minn., 800-6 La Salle Avenue New Orleans, La., 521 Baronne Street . New York City, N. Y., 50 Church Street Omaha, Neb., Peters Trust Building Philadelphia. Pa., Otis Building Pittsburgh, Pa.. Oliver Building Portland, Ore.. Spaulding Building Rochester, N. Y.. Cutler Building Salt Lale City, Utah, Dooly Building San Francisco. Calif., Rialto Building ' Seattle, Wash., Leary Building Schenectady, N. Y., 147 Jay Street . . St. Louts. Mo., . Boatman's Bank Building * Syracuse,' N. Y., ' 1611 E. Gennesee Street . Tacoma, Wash., , . 1127 St. Paul Avenue ' . . Canadian Sirocco, Ltd. Montreal, 144 Inspector Street ` Calgary, 605 W. Second Street * Winnipeg, ' 567 Banning Street . Vancouver, 612 Standard Bank Building Windsor, McDougalland Banwell Streets Products Manufacturers of the UNIVERSAL com bined heating and ventilating Units. (Port able Unit ventilators), also UNIVERSAL air filters. THE UNIVERSAL UNIT The Standard by Which AU Other Makes ' are Measured ' Trade Mark Reg. U. S. Pat. 0f}ice Universal Unit System of Heating and Ventilating A mechanical system of ventilation for sup plying fresh warm air directly from outdoors for use wherever good ventilation is required and particularly suitable for school house ventilation. 420 John J. Nesbitt, Inc.'______________________________________________________ Heaters, Unit Universal Combined Heating and Ventilating Units The cabinet of the UNIVERSAL UNIT is constructed of No. 14 gage cold rolled, stretched leveled, pickled and oiled first quality furniture stock steel. All parts of the UNIVERSAL UNIT are finished in olive green, sprayed and baked to a smooth hard finish. Fans UNIVERSAL Fans are of the multi-blade low speed double inlet type, designed to operate at 800 r.p.m., plus or minus 5 per cent. The fans are rigidly constructed of aluminum with special care given to balance. Fans are mounted on double extended ends of the motor shaft. Motor . Motor of UNIVERSAL UNIT can be supplied for quiet operation on any character of current. The use of a motor generator set is no longer necessary with this system. Three-Point Lead Mounting The motor and fan, assembly of the UNIVERSAL UNIT is mounted in the cabinet on three steel ball points. These points rest on lead liners, supported by angles from the side of the casing. This three-point lead mounting has made possible the use of alternating current motors with a permanent and rigid supporting device. Universal Unit Radiator Standard UNIVERSAL UNITS are provided with 106.25 sq. ft. of prime surface, extruded copper tube radiation. The radiator weighs , only 61 pounds complete. This radiator is composed of a plurality of individual, thin walled, seamless copper tubes the ends of which are hexagonal and assem bled resemble a true honey-comb in appearance. The steam is free to flow between the tubes in both a vertical and horizontal direction. The air flows through the tubes, so that the tubes are entirely surrounded by steam on one side and swept by air on the other side, which means 100 per cent prime surface. Temperature Control Damper The UNIVERSAL UNIT is. provided Vertical section, end removed, UNIVERSAL UNIT, Series No. 14-3643. Fresh air intake through wall box and grille near bottom of Unit. This Unit can be recessed to depth of 4 in. as shown, recess must be 60 in. long by 86 in. high, or can be recessed t in. in 45 in. tang recess 36 in. high. .Standard practice places the Unit flush with the inside wall. with a temperature control damper, which can be manually or thermostatic ally operated to regulate the temperature of air from Unit. 421 John J. Nesbitt, Inc. Healers, Unit Full'Area of Radiator UNIVERSAL UNIT Series No. I4-S64A one piece front and by-pat*division plates removed, thawing radiator and motor fan assembly in place. Entire operation of removing and replacing front and by-pass requires less than three minutes Inlet and Recirculating Damper Each UNIVERSAL UNIT is arranged so that air can be brought from outdoors, warm, if desired, and circulated in the room, or can be recirculated and reheated within the room, as desired. This is accom plished by means of a circular roll damper of aluminum. This damper can be manually controlled at the cabinet, or pneumatically controlled from some remote point. Universal Air Filters The use of air filters is especially recommended for buildings located in congested manufacturing districts, or where the air is heavily laden with dustpr soot. UNIVERSAL air filters are of the adhesive impinge ment type, designed to fit in the fresh air intake of the UNIVERSAL UNIT. In this location the velocity of air over the entire surface of the filter is uniform with the result that an equal amount of work is imposed throughout its entire area. Combined with this ideal location is a set arrangement, which provides ease and simplicity of removal and replacement, when cleaning is necessary. Catalog and Engineers' Data Book A copy of our "Catalog and Engineers' Data Book," containing com plete engineering data, specifications, etc. on UNIVERSAL UNIT Ventilation System, will be furnished upon request to our executive office. ' 422 John J. Nesbitt, Inc.__________________ Heaters, Unit TABLE OF CAPACITIES final Temperatures and Condensations 2 lbs. Gauge 1500 Cu. Ft. of Air per Minute or 90.000 Cu. Ft. of Air per Hour--Universal Unit Sene# No. 14-3643-15 and 18-3643-15 1200 Cu. Ft. of Air per Minute or 72,000 Cu. Ft. of Air per Hour--Universal Unit Series No. 14-3643-12 and 18-3643-12 Temp Entering Air Deg- F. -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Final Temp, of Air British. Thermal Units Sq. Feet Surface in Radiator Condensa tion per So. Ft; in Rad. Total (Con densation in Radiator . . Final Temp. of Air .British Sq. Feet Condensa Total Con Thermal Surface ; tion per Sq. densation Units in'Radiator Ft. in Rad. in Radiator 100.31 106.63 112.65 119.28 125.63 131.93 138.23 144.43 150.83 2I0M5 201955 192777 183600 175440 166252 157075 148915 139737 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 2.06 1.98 1.89 1.80 1.72 1.63 ' 1.54 . 1.46 1.37 218.87 210.37 200.81 191.25 182.75 173.18 163.62 155.12 145.56 103.1 109.4 115.73 122.04 128.35 134.67 140.97 147.37 153.67 175440 168297 161155 154012. 145852 138720 131577 123417 116275 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 1.72 1.65 1.58 1.51 1.43 1.36 1.29 1.21 1.14 182.75 175.31 167.87 160.43 151.93 144.50 137.06 128.56 121.12 Current Conturned A. C. 146 Watts D.C. 143 Watts ' A. C. 118 Watts D. C. 102 Watts 900 Cu. Ft. of Air per Minute or 54,000 Cu. Ft. of Air per Hour--Universal Unit Series No. 14-3643-9 end 18-3643-9 600 Cu. Ft. of Air per Minute or 36.000 Cu. Ft. of . Air per. Hour--Universal Unit Senes No. 14-3643-6 and 18-3643-6 Temp. Entering Air Deg. F. --Zio 0 10 20 30 40 50 Final Temp, of Air British Sq. Feet Condensa Total Con Thermal Surface tion per So. densation Units in Radiator Ft. in Rad- in Radiator 112.96 119.3 125.64 131.98 138.28 144.68 150.98 139737 133612 128515 122400 116275 110(60 105052 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.26 1.37 1.31 1.26 1.20 1.14 1.08 1.03 145.56 139.18 133.87 127.5 121.12 114.75 109.43 Final Temp, British Thermal Sq. Feet Surface Condensa Total Con tion per Sq. densation of Air' Units in Radiator Ft. in Rad. in Radiator 123.18 130.6 137.02 143.42 149.79 156.29 103017 98937 93840 89760 85680 83635 106.25 106.25 106.25 106.25 106:25 106.25 1.01 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.82 107.31 103.06 97.75 93.50 89.25 87.12 Current Con sumed Watts Hour A. C. 90 Watts D. C. 90 Watts A. C. 80 Watt. D. C. 83 Watts When a fine adjustment is desired for obtaining either a smaller or larger volume of air than a given set of fans discharge from a given line voltage, air volume regulators will be furnished. The air volume regulators consist of curved plates, which may be readily, adjusted to further open or *!-><= fetn Hicfhiirve ninn ' ' ROUGHING-IN DIMENSIONS 423 Heaters, Unit York Heating and Ventilating Cprp. 1502 Locust Street :: PHILADELPHIA Unit Heaters--Unit Fans--Rotary Ventilators--Stationary Ventilators--Cyclone Dust Collectors--Damper Quadrants--Blast Gates--Drying Trays--Radiator Brackets--Sheet Metal Work and Light Structural Iron Fabrication. YORK "WELDED COIL" UNIT HEATER SPECIAL FEATURES The coils are welded entirely, therefore there are no joints to leak. The coils are guaranteed for operation up to 200 lbs. steam pressure and are tested to 1000 Ibe. hydrostatic pressure. All eight sizes of York Units are designed for standard motors operating at standard speeds. , Direct connection to motors by flexible couplings is supplied at less cost titan belt or chain drive. Full housed centrifugal fans of the double inlet type give the high outlet velocity so essential to positive dis tribution. Self-aligning, dust-proof ball bearings are standard for fan shaft mounting. Units are narrow in width, permitting unobtrusive placing in tiie shop. Operates equally well on vacuum, low or high pressure steam. ,_ . Unit will beat and ventilate simultaneously, if desired. Base of the unit ts open on all four rides, hence air ts drawn from the floor, where it is naturally coldest. This simplifies connection to outride air when same is desired, for it can easily be made by a rectangular duct from any one side. . Rigid discipline in manufacturing assures unfailing and economical operation from units so carefully designed. OPERATION Air enters the unit at the base from all four sides, passes upward around the welded pipe coils, through the fan and ts then distributed by the outlets in any direction desired. Unit may be automatically controlled by a thermostatic switch. . OPERATING ECONOMIES It is not necessary to run York Unit Heaters con tinuously to obtain an appreciable amount of beat, as is the case with horizontal unit heaters or a blower system. In the morning the units can be run for a short tune to bring the room up to the proper temperature and to start the air in circulation. The power can then be shut off and the circulation thus started will continue (although at a slower rate). Capacities and Dimensions Sq. Ft. Heating Surface Equiv. Direct Radiation Weight with Motor Size Unit R.P.M. A.P.M. H.P. Motor Recirculating Air at 60 F. Entering Unit B.t.u.* Final Lbs. Cond. Temp. per Hr. A BC DXH & 25 1750 1160 2780 1800 V. H 208,000 137.5" 147,000 146.0" 217. 153 140 830 MOO 47 17 16 86 m. 14 2 35 1750 1160 'B5480 3620 411,000 137.8" 296,500 146.3" 428 309 280 1650 1900 88 17 20 86 ny. 14 4 45 1450 870 9650 5 5850 676.000 132.0" 462.000 142.5" 707 481 360 2300 2450 88 30 24 M3 i<p/, 20 2 50 1450 870 10950 6550 7% l'/2 741.000 129.2 504.000 140.2" 772 525 360 2520 2500 88 30 24 M3 isy. 20 3 55 1450 870 12800 7700 7Vi 2 950.000 136.8" 635.000 147.0" 990 661 520 3200 3300 88 30 24 M3 m 20 3 60 1450 870 14360 10 8600 2 1,037,000 134.5" 1080 694.000 144.5" 723 520 3500 3400 88 30 26 M3 19'/, 20 3. Note--To get BASIC Rating (i.e., 0 entering and 5 lb. pressure), multiply B.t.u. given by 1.35. See 1924 Guide, page 339, for B.t.u. Constants. . 424 York Heating and Ventilating Corp. . Heaters, Unit A--Damper that permits recirculating air in building. B--Fresh air opening, which is closed when damper A is opened. Outside opening protected by wire screen. C--Warm air outlets. Since they have a square base they may be pointed in other directions than those shown. D--Opening at floor line for entrance of exhaust gases. Er-Duct for discharging exhaust gases to outdoors. The above is standard arrangement for motor, exhaust air outlet and steam headers but their rela tive position can be reversed if conditions require. RATINGS No. 30-G UNIT For Steam Pressure of 5 Pounds Recirculating Air e at 60 Deg. r ahr. o s Entering Unit CU I Basic Data Air at 0 Deg. Fahr. Entering Unit YORK WELDED COIL UNIT, No. 30-G This self-contained unit combines the means for heating and ventilating garages and exhausting foul gases. The air to be wanned is drawn through the heating coils by two (2) of the fans, and discharged positively in desired directions. This air may be drawn fresh from out-of-doors, or recirculated within the buildings at will by a regulation of dampers. The third fan, with its intake at the floor level, withdraws and exhausts to the outside the poison ous gases that collect along the floor when motors are run. When a number of engines are running and throw off an objectionable quantity of gases, the exhaust pipe damper and-fresh air damper are opened. The garage will then be quickly ventilated. At times when little or no gases are produced, the exhaust pipe damper may be closed and the recirculating damper opened. The heater then recirculates the air within the building, so that fuel is saved when no ventilation is needed. When more heating capacity is needed than that provided by the units necessary for ventilation, unit heaters without the exhaust fan are added to complete the required total. Garage Unit No. 32-G has the same B.t.u. capacity as the No. 30-G but twice the exhaust ca pacity and requires a 2 h.-p. motor for 1750, a 1H h.-p. for 1450 and a 1 h.-p. for 1160 r.p.m. Dimensions are the same as No-. 35 unit on opposite page. YORK-FIN UNIT For Steam Pressures up to 15 lbs. R .P .M . || Cu. Ft. per Min. Warm Air B.t.u. per Hr. Final Temp. Cond. per H r. 1 B.t.u. per Hr. Final Temp. | Cond. 1 per Hr. Cu. Ft. A ir per M in. Exhausted 1750 2780 i'/i 208,000 137.5 2171 281.000 104.8 294/ 1700 1450 2290 I 178.200 141.3* 186/ 241.000 109.9 252/ 1410 1160 1800 '/, 147,000 146.0 153# 198.600 116.1" 207/ 1130 870 1340 % 116.100 152.0" 121/ 157,000 124.2 164/ 850 May be used on high or low pressure steam, vapor, vacuum or hot water system. Note--When facing outlet openings. RH means motor is on Right; LH means motor is on left. Unless otherwise specified, RH will be furnished. APPLICATION Recommended only for plants with overhead returns fed by low pressure supply. York Welded Coil. Floor Mounted Unit Heaters are preferable for all other conditions. Ratings, Specifications and Dimensions Recirculating Air at 'E s s o o 60* F, Entering Unit and 5/ Steam Press. S co CL OC CL < 2 CL X s1 Sq. Ft. Heating Surface Outlet Openings si s.J 1= (3 o 6 Z Nx N ZS Outside ."_c A of Angles Dimensions ' BcDE F > e 3 3 CO cL .3 c/1 s co B.t.u. Cond. per Hr. Actual Ecjuiv. Direct Radiation 102 1750 1160 3000 2000 V, % 157,000 112.0 164/ 116,500 M8.5* 121/ 109 630 2 n%* n% 370 33 43 16 15 3% 3% 2" 2* 103 1750 4100 1160 2710 1 'H 231,500 116.5 241/ 172,000 124.3 179/ 164 930 3 ny,* ii% 460 45 43 20 15 3% 3% 'y 2" 104 1750 6200 M60 4100 I'/i % 381.000 122.0 397/ 270.000 127.2 281/ 246 1520 4 n%* n% 550 63 43 20 15 3% 3% y 1' 162 1160 870 7800 5880 3 1 433.000 115.4 452/ 358.000 121.3 373/ 273 1740 2 18'/,* 18% 750 69 61 25 22% 3% 3% y 2*- 425 Heaters, Unit Pecco Incorporated Main Office and Factorv 2951 North Market Street ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, U. S. A. ' District Sales Offices Davenport. Iowa--1608 E. Tenth Street Boston, Mass.--162 Tyler Street - Columbus, Ohio--404 Clinton Building Chicago, III.--5530 Cornell Avenue Cincinnati, Ohio--919 Provident Bank Building Milwaukee, Wis.--137 Oneida Street Baltimore, Md.--109 E. Pleasant Street Pittsburgh. Pa.--Farmers' Bank Building PECCO UNIT HEATERS Pecco Unit Heaters are built in two types--Steam Coil and Direct Fired. The particular advantages of these units lie in the fact that they are designed entirely on fundamental prin ciples of aerodynamics. ` Cold air intake (see illustration) is located at the bottom near the floor or cold air level. The warm air outlet hood (through which the warm air is projected by the bank of steam coils placed directly over the fan wheel) is located at the warm air or breathing level. In operation the cold air is exhausted by the fan wheel, forced upward and around the steam coils, heated by the steam coils and then projected at the breathing level. A thorough recirculation of air is thus established and because the fan wheel keeps the heated air always in movement, it is distributed evenly throughout the open building space. Mechanically, Pecco Unit Heaters are built to highest standards and in many instances include - features which were developed and used exclusively S,tam Co" 'Jnlt Heater by Pecco. The steam coils are made of heavy pipe bent cold without deformation at the bend and butt-jointed with special steel couplings which prevent rupture and subsequent leakage. Capacity ranges from 135,000 to 1,550,000 B.t.u.'s per unit. Send for complete catalog. - Direct Fired Type Direct Fired Type The illustration at the left shows the Pecco Direct Fired Unit, which burns either coal, coke, gas, wood or oil. Built on the same principle, this type is as effective as the Steam Coil Type. Send for special catalog. In addition to the above, Pecco, Incorporated, also manu factures the so-called ceiling suspension copper fin type heaters and complete blow pipe systems. Special Engineering service gladly furnished. 426 Heaters, Water Alberger Heater Company HOWARD IRON WORKS 218 Chicago St. BUFFALO, N- Y. representatives in principal cities Heaters -- Condensers -- Coolers -- Economizers -- Expansion Joints Alberger-Buffalo Heaters are built in several types to meet a large range of standard and special water heating requirements. The stand ard instantaneous water tube type with floating heads is a highly efficient device embodying economy in space and maintenance cost. The storage water heater is used where the steam supply is intermittent or insufficient to take care of peak water demands. The swimming pool heater is especially designed for the purpose and is also exten sively used with air washer equip ment. All of these heaters are built in either horizontal or vertical arrange ment. Alberger-Buffalo equip ment is widely used for many special requirements involving the heating or cooling of water and other liquids, and for the interchange of heat from one liquid to another. Instantaneous Water Healer Furnished in Vertical or Horizontal Type Swimming Pool Heater Single Pass Furnished in . Vertical or Horizontal - Type Storage Type Healer If you have not already done so, send immediately for a copy of the ALBERGER HEATER DATA BOOK which gives complete information regarding capacities (and dimensions of our various types, as well as service and installation data. Also remember that our experience in designing and building special heaters and coolers is available to prospective clients. The Howard Guided Expansion Joint is a most satisfactory means for taking care of expansion in pipe lines because it is designed with only one object in view--100% service. The construction is mechanically correct--deep stuffing box--bronze sliding sleeve--totally enclosed construction to eliminate accumulation of dirt--exterior adjustment of packing gland-- ready accessibility when packing is renewed. It is the most economical joint to use because it stays on the job and leaves a satisfied customer. Send for--Bulletin XJ-3 for full details. Howard Expansion Joint ' . 427 c Heaters, Water Excelso Specialty Works, Inc. 65 Clyde Ave., BUFFALO, N. Y. Excelso Indirect Water Heaters, Phaeton Heaters, Fire Pot Generators, Rotary Hack Saw Tools EXCELSO INDIRECT WATER HEATERS Dimensions--Price List--Capacities Single Coil . Double Coil Trip! eCoil Jr. II 12 13 14 15 25 26 27 28 35 36 Length ....... Diameter........ oA 6<AB>/l 101/2 14 MV, 15 19V, 12h 15 19 23'/, 21 25 5 55 6V, 9 9 9 9 ny, i y/t Shell Open*gs, . 1 1 1 Vfi 1$ m 2 2 2 2 3 3 Coil Open'gs, . y. J/. y< 1 1 \ l'/z m Wi l'/i 2/2 2/2 Weight mCrated........ ..Lb*. It n 16 29 37 42 65 73 88 106 185 210 $12.50 $30 wo $50 $70 $120 $150 $180 $210 $310 $400 Connect below water line of any Steam or Vapor Boiler, or use with live steam. Boiling water in the shell heats water circulating through copper coil. Heating Water Below Water Line of Steam or Vapor Boilers Size............................. Jr- M 12 13 14 15 25 26 27 28 35 36 Tank Capacity........... 30 30 45 60 90 120 160 200 300 400 600 800 Temperature rise 100 deg. in 3 hours. Heating Water With Live Steam Size............................. Jr. 11 12 13 (4 15 25 26 27 28 35 36 lank Capacity........... 45 50 75 100 150 200 250 300 450 600 900 1200 Temperature rise'TOO deg. in 3 hours at 5 lb. pressure. THE EXCELSO PHAETON HEATER Dimensions--Price List--Capacities Diameter............... In. 6 8 10 12 15 18 Height....................In. 3'/2 */i 5% 6 7 8 Tappings................ In. 1 1 I'/z 2 2/2 3 Center to Center of Outlets............... In. Capacity............. Cals. 2/2 30 2/2 45 3 80 3'/2 100 '/2 150 5/2 250 Sq. Ft. Direct Water Radiation........... Ft. Shipping Weight..Lb. 40 6 75 100 150 250 400 II 18 30 60 " 85 List Price.............Iron $7.50 $12.00 $20.00 $24.00 $50.00 $70.00 List Price........... Brass $15.00 $28.00 $45.00 $54.00 $M5.00 $160.00 The highly efficient firepot heater, suitable for hot water supply or auxiliary radiation, transfers 80 per cent of heat to water. Excelso Firepot Generator Generator fits any type of hot water boiler or hot air furnace. Made in both cast iron and brass. Size No. 1, up to 40 gals, capacity. Size No. 2, over 40 gals, capacity. 428 Excelso Rotary Hack Saw Tool Boilers may be quickly and easily tapped by means of the Excelso Rotary Hack Saw Tool. Each tool cuts three sizes: 1 in., 1% in. and.2 in. Pipe Tap size. Price $7.50 net, with six blades; two of each size. Heaters, Water The Patterson-Kelley Co. 99 Park Avenue - New York City Hot Water Heaters for all purposes. Pool Heaters and Converters. Preheaters, Heat Exchangers, Heaters for Chemicals, Gases, Oils. Coolers for Brine, Chemicals, Gases, Oil and Water. Tbe Patterson Combined Hot Water Service and Storage Heater, Type B, is for any service where require ments for hot water are not constant, or where a large volume must be stored for sudden heavy demands. We guarantee to furnish heaters that will deliver the quantity ot hot water called for. Without obligation our Engineering De partment will be glad to give engineers the benefit of our 45 years' experience. General Specifications Constructed like a high grade boiler-rof heavy steel plate. Steam inlet and outlet chamber is a heavy, grey iron casting. Tube head is a heavy, steel forging into which both ends of each tube are expanded. Tubes are of pure, cold drawn seamless copper and * U ' shaped to provide against contraction and expansion strains. Heater is for any service and in any required size per tables below. Write us for engineering advice. STORAGE CAPACITIES No. Dimensions in Inches Capacity Approx. in Gals. Wl in Lbs. No. Dimensions in Inches Capacity Approx. in Gals. Wt. in Lbs. 1S 2S 3S 4S 5S 6S 7S 8S 9S 10 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 S 17 S 16 S 19 S 20 S 24x48 24x60 24x72 24x84 30x60 30x72 30x84 30x96 30x 120 36x72 36x84 36x96 36x 108 36x120 36x 144 42x72 42x84 42x96 42 x 108 42 x 120 94 . US 141 164 180 215 255 285 360 310 365 415 475 500 640 430 500 575 650 720 650 750 850 950 875 1000 1150 1300 1500 1250 1400 1550 1700 1850 2100 1500 1650 1800 1950 2200 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 S 27 S 28 S 29 S 30 S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 S 37 S 38 S 39 S 40 S 42 x 144 42x168 42 x 192 48x96 48 x 120 48 x 144 48x168 48 x 192 54x 120 54x144 54x168 54 x 192 60x 120 60x 144 60 x 168 60 x 192 72x174 84x 168 % x 168 96x192 860 1000 1155 750 940 1125 1300 1500 1190 1425 1665 1900 1400 1700 2000 2240 3000 4000 5200 6000 2450 2800 3100 - 2600 2925 3350 3840 4200 3500 3900 4300 4700 4300 . 4950 5600 6200 7000 8700 10000 11000 HEATING CAPACITIES--40 F. to 180 F.--Steam at Atmospheric Pressure No. Gallons per Hour Approx. Wt. fn Lbs. No. Gallons per Hour Approx. Wt. m Lbs. 1H 2H 3H 4H 5H 6H 7H 8H 9H 10 H 11 H 12 H 13 H 14 H 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1250 1500 1750 200 15 H 2000 700 215 16 H 2500 800 235 17 H 3000 900 255 18 H 3500 ' 1050 . 285 19 H 4000 1200 . 315 20 H 4500 1350 350 21 H 5000 1500 370 22 H 6000 1750 400 23 H 7500 ' 2000 425 24 H 10000 3200 450 25 H 12500 3800 500 26 H 15000 4500 550 27 H 20000 .5100 600 28 H -- 25000 5800 NOTE.--To specify Type B. Heaters, combine the numbers of the required storage and heating capa cities. For example. "One Patterson Type B. Heater with No. 22 S. and No. 17 H." has 1000 gallons storage with 3000 gallons hourly heating capacity. ' 429 Heaters, Water O. E. Frank Heater and Engineering Co., Inc. Associated with FARRAR & TREFTS, Inc. BUFFALO, N. Y. Branch Offices New York Philadelphia Detroit St. Louis Indianapolis Kansas City Charlotte. N. C. Calgary. Ont. Branch Offices Boston Mass. Minneapolis Chicago Pittsburgh San Francisco Washington JCleveland Harrisburg. Pa. O. E. F. products consist of a complete line of heaters for every hot water need. Storage Heaters for hot water service in either U-tube or Straight tube type. Instantaneous Heaters for hot water service, heating systems, power plants. Complete information on materials, construction, service and our guarantee on request. Large stocks of tanks, castings and tubes insure prompt shipments. r.jaritiM and General Ptmeoaoni 0. E. F. Heaters. Heating Water from SO to 180 F. with Steam at 212 F. Gala. Approx. Overall Dimensions ft. Size Width Length Hot. Type Height Ver. Type Gals. Approx.Overall Dimensions ft. Size Width Length Hor. Type Height Ver. Type ax.M Steam Max. Water Drain ! Max. 1Steam I Max. Water 1 Drain 200 IH-7 15}4* 7'-5* V-tyf 3* 3* 1* 2000 1H-60 21 >4' 8'-8Vi* 9'-8J4* 4' 5* l'/2' 300 IH-II 15V* T -5* V-W 3* 3* 1* 2500 IH-76 W 8'-ll* 9'-IO* 6' 6* 2* 400 IH-14 I5V4* 7'-5* B'-W 3* 3' 1* 3000 IH-90 W.1 8'-l1* 9'-IO* 6* 6* V 500 IH-15 18* 8'-7* 9'-8* 3* 4* IV,' 4000 IH-120 -if/;' 9'-H/.' 10,-4,/4* 8* 8* y 600 IH-18 18* 8'-7' 9'-8* 3' 4* l'/2* 5000 IH-150 9'-l>/," !0'-4'/,' 8* 8* 3* 600 IH-24 18* 8'-7* . 9'-8* 3* 4* 1'// 6000 IH-162 26'/,' 9'-iy.' IO'-4`/4* 8* 8* 3* 1000 IH-30 18* 1250 IH-38 18* 8'-7* 8'-7* 9'-8* 9'-8* 3' 3* 4* 4* w\'k 7000 IH-189 30V,' 8000 IH-216 30V.' IO'-3>/,' IO'-3Vi* ir-4/4* 10* ll'-4'/." 10* 8* 8* 3* 3* 1500 IH-45 21V/ 8'-8'/,' 9'-8'// 4* 5* w 9000 IH-243 30V.' io'-3y." n'-'/,' 10* 8* 3* 1800 IH-54 21'/.' 8'-8Vi* 9'-8Vi* 4' 5' w 10000 IH-270 30'/.' 10,--3Vi* M'-W 10* 8* 3' Cuarifr? General 0. E. F. Feed Water Beaten, Heating Feed Water from 50 to 200 F. with Steam it 212 F. Horse Power Approximate Overall Dimensions Size Lbs. per - Hour Width Length Height Maximum Maximum Drain Horiz. Type Vertical Type Steam Water 50 FW-9 1500 15'/.' 7'-5* B'-W 3* 3* 1' 75 FW-13 2250 15'/,' 7'-5* B'-W 3* 3* 1* 100 FW-17 3000 15'/,' r-y S'-l'/j' 3* 3* 1' 150 FW-26 4500 18* 8'-7* 9'-8* y 4* Wi' 200 FW-35 6000 18* 8'-7* 9'-8* 3* 4* Wi" 250 FW-43 7500 21'/,' 8'-8>/,' 9'-83/,' 4* 5* w 300 FW-52 9000 21'/,' 8'-8'/,' 9' -8'/,' 4* 5* I1/,' 350 FW-61 10500 21'/,' 8'-8'/,' 9'-8'/,' 4* 5* l'/i' 400 FW-69 12000 21'/,' 8'-8'/,' 9'-8Vi* 4* 5* I1/:' 450 FW-78 13500 25'/.' w-\r 9'-IO* 6* 6' 2* 500 FW-87 15000 25'/.' 8'-l1* 9'-l0* 6* 6* 2' 600 FW-104 18000 25'/,' 8'-ll* 9'-10* 6' 6* 2' 700 FW-121 21000 26'/,' 9'-l'/,' 10'-4'/4* 8* 8* 2' 800 FW-136 24000 26'A- 9'-l'/,' 10'--4V4* 8' 8' 2* 900 FW-156 27000 26'/,' 9'-l'/,' 10'-4'// 8* 8* 2' 1000 FW-160 30000 26'/i' lO'-IVi* II'-4'/,' 8* 8* 2* 1100 FW-165 1200 FW-180 1300 FW-195 1400 FW-210 33000 36000 39000 42000 26'/2' 26'/2' 30'/,' 30'/,' I0'-I'/,' lO'-IVi' 10'-3'/,' lO'-VA* II'-4'/,' ir-4'/,' ll'-8'/,' 11 '-8'/,' 8* 8* 10* 10* 8* 2* 8* 2' 8' 3* 8* y 1500 FW-225 45000 30'/,' IO'-3Vi* ll'-8V,' 10* 8' 3* 1800 FW-270 54000 30'/.' 10'-3V4* ll'-8'/,' 10* 8* 3* 2000 2500 FW-300 FW-375 60000 75000 34'/.' 34V,' U'-0%* ii'-ovi* l2'-0/,' l2'-0%* 10* 10* I0T 10* 3* 3* 3000 FW-450 90000 39'/,' ir-W 12'-6'/,' 10* 12* 3* 4000 FW-600 12000 39'/,' ir-6'/,' 12'-6V4* 10* 12' 3* O. E. F. Feed Water Heaters and Instantaneous Heaters are designed for a maximum working pressure of 125 lbs. on the water spaces and 50 lbs. on the steam spaces. O. E. F. Instantaneous Heaters are constructed of heavy close grain castings with rolled steel tube sheets and eighteen gage Admiralty Metal tubes. Admiralty Metal tubes are unexcelled for feed-water service. Write us about them. O. E. F. Instantaneous Heater for General Hot Water Service, Feed Water, Bleeder Turbines and Forced and Gravity Hot Water Heating Systems. .Also Vertical Type. Steam opening may be located on top or either side of shell to suit requirements. 430 0. E. Frank Heater and Engineering Co., Inc. Healers, Water Fig. 1 O. E. F. U-Tube Storage Heater Fig. 7. O. E. F. Straight Tube Storage Heater O. E. F. Storage Heaters are made of best quality flange steel, have rolled steel tube sheets, and sixteen gage copper tubes. Chemical analysis and physical test of all steel used furnished on request. O. E. F. Heaters are doubly guaranteed by O. E. Frank Heater & Engineering Company and Farrar & Trefts, Inc. O. E. F. Storage Heaters are furnished in either the U-bend Pattern, per Fig. 1 or the Straight Tube type, per Fig. 7. The shells are of best quality steel plate, the smaller sizes welded and the larger sizes riveted construction. The heating surface consists of 1ki in. OD seamless drawn copper tubes No. 16 or 18 SWG as required. They are properly supported with a tube, supporting plate to prevent wear of the tubes due to sagging and rubbing together. The tube sheets are steel, eliminating any possibility of cracks and leaks, which so commonly occur with cast iron tube sheets. The tube nests or bundles are removable from the tank for cleaning or repairing. Where it is necessary to use both low and high pressure steam, the steam chamber and tubes may be arranged without the necessity of installing a separate tube bundle. Openings of ample size are provided, and we call your attention to the arrangement of the steam inlet and outlet, making it possible to remove the tube bundle by simply unbolting the flanges and avoiding the necessity of breaking any length of pipe. All storage heaters, unless otherwise specified.-will be furnished for a working pressure of 100 pounds per square inch gage pressure, on both the steam and water spaces. Storage heaters furnished for higher pressures. CAPACITIES--O. E. P. U-Tube and Straight Tube Storage Heater*--Heating Given Quantities of Water from 50-180. _______________________________________________Deg. Fahr., with Steam at 212 Peg. Fahr. ____________ Storage Capacity 80 93 <41 164 168 220 257 294 330 370 423 476 529 S76 646 720 792 .664 752 846 940 Tank Size 18x72 16x84 24x72 24x84 24<96 30x72 30x84 30x96 30x108 36x64 36x96 36x108 3&xl2C 42x96 42xl0f 42x120 42x132 42x144 48x96 46x106 46x120 Gallon* ^.00 200 300 400 500 600 700 . 800 900 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 4000 5000 A5 BS C5 D5 CS F5 CS H5 IS 1C5 LS MS NS 05 P5 All Bll Cll Dll 11 Fit Cll Hil Jit. K11 Lll MM Nil OH P1I Q5 Oil R5 Rll 55 S1I BI6 CI6 DI6 16 FI6 CI6 HI6 JI6 K16 LI6 MI6 NI6 OI6 PI6 016 RI6 SI6 C22 D22 E22 F22 C22 H22 J22 K22 L22. M22 N22 022 P22 022 R22 S22 C27 D27 E27 F27 C27 H27 C32 32 F32 G32 H32 gyC38 38 F38 C38 H38 ISD43 43 F43 C43 H43 K27 L27 M27 N27 027 P27 Q27 R27 S27 K32 L32 M32 N32 032 P32 032 R32 S32 K38 L38 M36 N36 038 P38 R38 S36 K43 L43 M43 N43 043 P43 043 R43 S43 oSD47 47 F47 G47 H47 J47 K47 L47 M47 N47 047 P47 E54 F54 C54 H54 JM K54 L54 M54 N54 054 P54 R47 S47 R45 S54 F8I G8I H8I J8I K8I LSI MSI N8I 081 P8I RSI S8I CIOS HI0& 1108 KI08 LI08 MI08 N108 OKH PI08 QI08 RIOS SI08 JIM MIM NI34 0134 PI34 0134 RI34 SIM NI62 0162 PI62 QI62 RI62 SI62 P2I5 Q2I5 R2I5 S2I5 R269 S269 T5 TII . TI6 T22 T27 T32 T38 T43 T47 T54 TBI TI08 TI34 TI62 T188 VS VII VI6 Vtt V27 V32 V38 V43 V47 V54 V8I VI08 VI34 VI62 VI88 V2I5 ws WII WI6 W22 W27 W32 W38 W43 W47 W54 W8I WI08 WI34 WI62 WI88 W2I5 Stor1034 1128 1204 1325 1445 1574 1666 1469 1616 1763 1909 2056 2115 2327 2S38 2750 2961 3173 Cap. Tank Size 48x132 48x144 54x120 54x132 54x144 54x156 54x168 60x120 60x132 60x144 60x156 60x166 72x120 72x132 72x144 72x156 72x168 72x160 Gal*, per Hr. 100 XS Y5 AX5 BX5 CX5 DX5 FX5 GX5 HX5 KX5 LX5 MX5 NX5 0X5 PX5 QX5 RX5 TX5 200 XII Yll AXII BX11 CXII DXII FXII GX1I HXIt KXII LXIt MXII NXII OXI1 PXII QXIt RXI1 TX1I 300 XI6 YI6 AXI6 BXI6 CXI6 DXI6 FXI6 GX16 HXI6 KXI6 LXI6 MXI6 NXI6 OXI6 PXI6 0X16 RXI6 TXI6 400 X22 Y22 AX22 BX22 CX22 DX22 FX22 GX22 HX22 KX22 ILX22 MX22 NX22 0X22 PX22 QX22 RX22 TX22 500 X27 Y27 AX27 BX27 CX27 DX27 FX27 GX27 HX27 KX27 LX27 MX27 NX27 0X27 PX27 QX27 RX27 TX27 600 X32 Y32 AX32 BX32 CX32 DX32 FX32 CX32 HX32 KX32 LX32 MX32 NX32 0X32 PX32 QX32 RX32 TX32 700 X38 Y38 AX38 BX38 CX38 0X38 FX38 CX36 HX38 KX38 LX38 MX38 NX38 0X38 PX38 QX38 RX38 TX38 600 X43 Y43 AX43 BX43 CX43 DX43 FX43 GX43 HX43 KX43 LX43 MX43 NX43 0X43 PX43 QX43 RX43 TX43 900 X47 Y47 AX47 BX47 CX47 DX47 FX47 CX47 HX47 KX47 LX47 MX47 NX47 0X47 PX47 QX47 RX47 TX47 1000 XS4 Y54 AX54 BX54 CX54 DX54 FXS4 GX54 HX54 KX54 LX54 MX54 NX54 0X54 PX54 QX54 RX54 TX54 1500 X6I Y8I AX8I BX8I CX8I DX8I FX8I GX6I HX8I KX8I LX8I MX6I NX8I OX6I pxei 0X61 RX8J- TX8I 2000 XI08 YI08 AXI08 BXI08 CXI08 DXI08 FXI08 GXI08 HXI08 KXI08LX 106 MX 108 NXI06 0X108 PXI08 QXI08 RXI06 TXI08 2500 XI34 YIM AXI34 BXI34 CXI34 DXI34 FXI34 GXI34 HXI34 KXI34 LX 134 MXI34 NX134 0X134 PXI34 QXI34 RXI34 TXIM 3000 XI62 YI62 AX 162 BXI62 CXI62 DXI62 FXI62 GXI62 HX162 KXI62 LX 162 MXI62 NX162 0X162 PX162 OX162 RX162 TXI62 3500 XI88 YI88 AXI88 BX188 CXI88 DXI88 FXI88 GXI88 HXI88 KXI88LXI88 MXIS8 NXI88 0X188 PXI88 QXI88 RX188 TXI68 4000 X2I5 Y2I5 AX215 BX2I3 CX2I5 DX2IS FX215 CX2I5 HX2I5 KX2IS LX2I5 MX2I5 NX2I5 0X215 PX2I5 QX215 RX2I5 TX215 4500 X243 Y243 AX243 BX243 CX243 DX243 FX243 GX243 HX243 KX243 LX243 MX243 NX243 0X243 PX243 QX243 RX243 TX243 5000 X269 Y269 BX269 CX269 DX269 FX269 HX269 KX269 LX269 MX269 0X269 |PX269 0X269 RX269 TX269 6000 DX323 FX323 LX323 MX323 QX323 RX323 TX323 7000 FX377 MX377 RX377 TX377 Note.--The letter given in the above table of sixes indicates the size of the Link and the Qumerab the square feet of heating surface. EzanpU.--h CS heater consists of a 24" x 72" storage tank (length not including dished heads) and contains 5 sq. ft of heating surface. ' 431 Heaters, Water The Whitlock Coil Pipe Company Manufacturers and Engineers Baltimore, Md. Boston. Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Charlotte, N. C. Chicago, 111. Cincinnati, 0. Dallas, Tex. Denver, Colo. Dea Moines. Iowa Detroit, Mich. Houston, Tex. Indianapolis, Ind. K>nran City, Mo. Memphis, Tenn. HARTFORD, CONN. pRODuerS New ^ ^ New York, N. Y. Omaha, Neb. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburg^ Pa.. Rochester, N. Y. San Antonio, Tex. San Francisoo, Calif. Seattle, Wash. St. Louis, Mo. St. Paul, Minn. Tacoma, Wash. Troy, New York Tulsa, Okla. Darling Bros. Montreal, Manufacturers?*# Whitlock Heaters, in Canada See Telephone Directory/-.for Local Address Whitlock type "K" storage heaters are manufactured in both horizontal and vertical types. The table shows sizes of the horizontal heaters only. We will gladly furnish dimensions of horizontal heaters and vertical heaters upon request. That this type of heater is of particularly sturdy construction is evidenced by the increasing number of prominent engineers and architects who are specifying their use in ail types of buildings, including many of the largest and finest bmldings constructed. Whitlock Type K Storage Heaters, Horizontal ' SHELLS To be used with Type K Heating Section Shell Prices include Oadle. Manhole 11'xl5' HEATING SECTIONS . Capacity based on Heating from 40 to 160 with v Steam at 0 lbs. pressure. For other tempera tures and Steam Pressures see Bulletin No. 27 Number Gallons One Filling eter of Shell Length Shell Thick Thick ness ness of Shell of Head Weipht Shell Number Gallons i& Maximum Size Steam iSL Smallest Shell into which Section will Fit Inches Weight . Entire Heating Section Lbs. 1 65 18 2 80 18 3 118 24 4 141 24 5 164 24 6 185 30 7 220 30 8 255 30 9 290 30 10 365 . 36 II 420 36 12 475 36 13 525 36 14 575 42 15 720 42 16 860 42 17 1000 42 18 950 48 19 1140 48 20 1310 48 21 1480 48 22 1190 54 23 1430 54 24 1670 54 25 1900 54 26 1420 60 27 1710 60 28 2000 60 29 2300 60 30 2460 72 31 2880 72 60 % y. 400, H 0 100 2 I6x 48 75 72 60 A A %$ 450 H 1 150 600 H 2 200 2 2 I0x 60 ' 80 I8x 72 90 72 A 84 % 60 'A 72 'A 64 'A 700 H 3 250 $ 800 H 4 300 y,- 750 H 5 350 % 850 H 6 400 % 950 H 7 500 V3'A4 I8x 48 18x 48 175 185 y'A 18x 60 190 3i$ I6x 60 I8x 72 200 210 96 'A 84 % 96 X Vi 1050 H 8 550 Z<4i 1300 1450 H9 HI0 600 700 I8x 72 215 3<4 I8x 84 220 5 24x 60 300 108 %, Vx 1600 Hll 800 3 Vi I8x 96 260 120 & 96 >6 %<4 1800 1850 HI2 900 HI3 1000 33V$i 18x108 18x120 270 285 120 144 V'4z 2150 2500 HI4 1250 HIS 1500 5 5 24x 84 24x108 370 425 166 % 120 % Vni 2900 2850 HI6 1750 HI7 2000 5 6 24x120 30x 96 450 570 144 % Vi 3250 HI8 2400 6 30x120 620 168 V* Vx 3700 H19 2800 6 30x132 670 192 % 120 % V'4l 4100 3250 H20 3200 H2I 3600 8 8 36x 96 36x108 860 920 144 $ 168 V, i 3700 4200 H22 4000 H23 4400 8 8 36x120 36x132 950 1020 192 y> 4700 H24 4800 10 36* 96' 1200 120 % % 4300 H25 5400 10 36x106 1300 144 % %. 4900 H26 6000 10 36x120 1380 168 X % 5600 H27 7000 12 42x 96 1950 192 % 6200 H28 8000 12 42x % 2000 144 'A 36 5700 H29 9000 12 42x108 2300 168 36 36 6400 H30 10000 12 42x108 2460 DIRECTIONS FOR USE--Select the size storage you require and combine its designating number with the number which designates the desired hourly output. Assuming a required storage of 1000 gallons (No. 17 shell 42 x 168) and a required hourly output of 1750 gallons (No. H16 Heating unit) you would specify a Whitlock Type K, No. 17H16. 432 The Whitlock Coil Pipe Company Heaters, Water WHITLOCK TYPE R INSTANTANEOUS HEATERS This type of heater is used extensively as an instantaneous heater in connection with a separate storage tank, as a swimming pool heater, as a hot water convertor for use with a heating system as well as for various' special conditions. . Standard sizes of the 2 and 4 pass heaters are shown in the table. Dimensions on multi-pass heater will be furnished on request. Standard Sizes, Capacities, Dimensions and Weights 2 PASS, TEMP. RANGE; 40 F. to 80 F. 4 PASS. TEMP. RANGE 40 F. to 120 F. Capacity Size Gallons Over-all No. Length Hour Diaroeter of Shell Size Size Capacity Water Connec- Connec- Weight tions tions Over-alJ i& Length Diaro- eter of Shell Sbr tions Size Connec- Weight tions iiy. y. iiy.0 iy.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 150 350 650 1100 1600 1900 2550 3200 3800 5100 6350 7950 14$ 19$ 23$ 29$ 39% 24$ 30$ 35/4 43$ 55V, 45 7 7 7 7 7 7 y/f 99Y$t 12 1'/, 'Yf Vi 2 2>Vi 2 VA 23 2'A 3 2$ 3% 4 35 35 46 80 90 110 130 145 170 240 270 300 360 420 610 80 150 300 480 650 800 960 1350 1600 2100 2600 3300 16$ 21 % 2316$ft 38$ 24$ 30>/, 35>/, 43/, 55>/. 52 7 7 7 7 7 7 % 9$ m 9% 12 % .* I l% VA 2 2 22V%i 1 2\'A 2 TA 2<4 3 3 y/z 4 5 5 80 100 115 135 150 170 220 270 300 350 420 620 12 9550 52 12 4 6 670 4000 61 12 3 6 700 13 12700 67 12 4 8 810 5300 79 12 3 6 860 3ft14 15900 15 19100 15 5 8 930 6600 55% 15 3% 8 . 940 15 5 8 1040 8000 15 4 8 1070 16 25600 59 17 6 10 1320 10500 71 17 5 10 1390 6iy17 31700 71 18 38200 17 20 6 10 1510 13300 83 17 8 12 1940 16000 72% 20 5 10 1580 5 10 - 2020 44400 7oy, 20 8 12 2100 18500 82% 20 5 12 2230 19 50700 78y, 20 8 12 2300 21000 92% 20 6 12 2430 19'/, 57100 59y, 26 10 14 2870 24000 26 6 12 2800 s!20 63450 64y, 26 10 14 3020 26700 21 79300 76Va 26 10 (6 3500 33300 26 26 6 12 3000 6 14 3480 22 95100 66 30 12 18 4250 40000 73 30 8 14 4015 23 126900 83 30 12 20 4780 53300 92 30 8 16 4600 24 158400 78 36 14 24 6550 66700 83 36 10 20 6100 25 191000 89 36 14 24 7060 80000 95 36 10 22 6900 Sizes 0 to 10 inclusive, have V/ O. D No. 18 B. W.C. Copper l ubes. Remainder have 1' O. D. No. 17 B. W. G. Copper Tubes. Sizes 0 to 10 inclusive, have O. D. No. 18 B. W. G. Copper Tubes. Remainder have r O. D. No. 17 B. W. G. Coddct Tubes. Whitlock Heat Transfer Products include the following types of apparatus in addition to the Storage and Instantaneous Heaters shown above: Feed WateT Heaters;, Heat Exchangers; Fuel Oil Heaters; Superheaters; Condensers and Coolers for all kinds of liquids; Also pipe coils of any kind of pipe or tubing and Air and Ammonia Receivers. . Additional information and quotations covering any of this apparatus will be gladly furnished upon request. . ' 433 Heating Surface Aerofin Corporation 750 Frelinghuysen Avenue hie uuar k, h/.J. L. C. Soule. Sec'y and Chief Engineer Manufacturers of Fan System Heating and Cooling Surface Type of Heater Aerofin Standard Units (except for the galvanized casings) are constructed entirely of brass and copper. The seamless copper tubes in; O. D.) are wound with a helical crimped brass fin which is mechanically soldered to the tube while the fin is held tightly in place, so that a perfect metallic union is effected providing an excellent conducting medium for the heat. The fin surface is 80 per cent of the total surface, thereby effecting remarkable lightness in weight and great compactness. Construction Advantages The superiority of AEROFIN is demonstrated by its light-weight, non corrosive features, unit construction, space saving, and because it comes to the job already encased and ready for steam connections. Aerofin is furnished in various sizes of standard units which may be bolted together to make batteries of any number of units, wide, high, or deep (in the direction of air flow). Our catalogue will be gladly sent on request to any architect, engineer, or contractor desiring same for the purpose of specifying exact sizes of Aerofin Units or for obtaining complete information regardthe construction and installation of these units. Weight AEROFIN weighs from 9 to 16 per cent of equivalent cast-iron heaters and from 12 to 25 per cent of equivalent pipe coil heaters. Two men can easily handle any of these AEROFIN Units. Section through Header, Tapping Hub. Tube Plate, Orifice Ring and Tubes, showing construction of Aerofin Compactness Several units may be assembled together like a sectional bookcase by simply bolting through the template-punched flanges. Aerofin Units are furnished in tube lengths ranging from 2 ft. to 12 ft. and with either one, two or three rows of tubes deep in each unit. There is only one standard size of header which makes the width of the units 29 in. over the casing flanges. The length of the casing is the tube length plus 8)4 in. AEROFIN batteries have about the same face area as Is required by other blast heaters, but a great deal of space is saved in the direction of air flow. The 3-row units occupy only bi the depth of that required by other heaters, 2-row units save the depth and the single row units have the same 10 in. depth as is required for other types of heaters. The galvanized steel casing with its template-punched flanges provides a means for direct attachment of the duct work or for the fastening of another set of batteries onto the back or front of the first battery, by -simply bolting through the flanges. 434 Aerofin Corporation Heating Surface For Diaphragm Valve Control ue Chapter on Temperature Regulation in AEROFIN Catalog Comparative Installation Costs The installed cost for AEROFIN is generally less than that for other types of heaters, when the saving in erection and freight is considered. The factory cost of Aerofin (completely encased) some times appears higher than the fac tory cost of other heaters (quoted without casing). In figuring installation costs, add to the price of cast-iron heaters and pipe coils an additional 6 or 7 cents per sq. ft. of heating surface for the galvanized steel casing. Aerofin has its galvanized steel casing as an integral part of the unit. The average labor cost for installing cast-iron heaters and pipe coils is 12 to 25 cents per sq. ft. of heat ing surface, while the labor cost is only 3 to 5 cents per foot for in stalling AEROFIN. Remember that all sizes of AEROFIN Units can be handled by two men, without block and tackle. Erection Aerofin is so light and sturdily encased that it can easily be supported on steel legs which are furnished as a standard accessory at a small charge. No extra reinforcement of the building construction required with Aerofin--may be suspended from ceiling with small angles and rods, without expensive platforms-- may be handled with only ordinary care and assembled without using any block and tackle or scaffolding. f(n Wopilra,m Vtdtt c,,n.Tol m Chapt,, m Tcmverature Regulation in AEROFIN Catalog ' . UNION Aerofin can be erected in the same number of HOURS as would be required in DAYS to erect the heavy heaters. DUPHBUGM VALVE UNION GLOBE VALVE Figuring Capacities The performance tables and phy sical data tables cannot be published here on account of the great amount of space required, but these data are contained in our catalogue which will be gladly sent on request. In our catalogue it will be noted that face velocities and net face areas are published in stead of the usual free area velocities and the corresponding free areas. In case of AEROFIN the net face area is just double the free area and the face veloc ity is correspondingly )4 the free area velocity. The net face area of any unit equals the tube length times 2 ft., which is the width across the tubes between the inner surfaces of the casing. Hence to 435 For^OknIReiuSn Tank Gravity System Aerofin Corporation Hooting Surface For Diaphragm Valve Control tee Chapter on Temperature Reputation in Aerofin Catalog A foundation 24 in. high will be required in cases where a single large float trap handles all the condensa tion from an entire battery of Aerofin Units. This trap itself will probably be from 6 in. to 14 in. high with the inlet near the top of the trap--and this trap inlet should be 10 to 12 in. below the bottom of the lower Aerofin Unit. find the net face area, simply multiply the tube length by 2 ft. The single row units have 18 tubes wide, two-row units 35 tubes (18 and 17), A foundation 18 in. high will be sufficient in cases where an individual thermostatic trap is installed on each unit but these traps can be used only on units with tubes 4 feet long and less. A foundation 18 in. high is adequate where gravity return connections are taken out of these units and run down a con- ' siderable distance into a re ceiver. This will allow the- ` condensation to drop out of each unit at least 10 in. before passing through traps, check valves or horizontal gravity return drip pipes. It is very important to have about 10 in. drop out of the units for the condensation so as to free the units of water quickly. ^ Traps . and the three-row units 53 tubes (18, 17 We recommend the use of one heavy duty and 18). The two-row and three-row units have staggered rows of tubes. Specifications ' float trap for taking care of several AEROFIN Units in a battery. This arrangement is less subject to errors of installation. The use of an individual thermostatic return line trap for each ^ .When ordering Aerofin, specify number of units, number of rows of tubes in each unit, length of tubes, and assembly, i.e., whether units will be installed with tubes vertical or horizontal, or laid flat, number Aerofin Unit is satisfactory when the installa tion is made in accordance with our instructions and may be used on units with tubes 4 feet long and less. This arrangement, however, is not allowed on the larger sizes of Aerofin Units be cause. in many cases, a single unit might require of sections wide or high. Specify whether steam or water is to be used and what will be the initial pressure. Specify number of steel supporting legs desired. If you also specify C. F. M., temperature range and steam pressure or water temperature, we two thermostatic return line traps, and the piping connections would be too complicated and expen sive. Generally speaking, we would recommend, therefore, individual return line thermostatic traps for the small sizes of Aerofin Units and the heavy duty float traps for large sizes and batteries of Aerofin Units. will check your selection, which is double protection. . If Aerofin Units are to be laid flat or face down with tubes on a plane parallel with the floor, three-inch drip tappings are required and must not be bushed. This must be clearly specified. All units must Great care should be observed in selecting the proper sizes of -traps for. Aerofin Units. Sizes should be figured on the basis of the volume of air being handled, velocities through the Aerofin. entering air temperature and steam pressure. The rate of condensation in pounds per linear foot per hour can then be looked up in the tables in cata logue. and this figure multiplied by the number be installed with a pitch toward the drip header. i If Aerofin Units are to be used with water, all outlet tappings, in all sizes must be same size as inlet tappings, and this of linear feet in each unit gives the total pounds, of condensate which must be handled by the trap, and this amount, at the steam pressure being used, determines the trap size. Check Valves must be clearly specified. When one large trap is used to handle the Installation Features--Foundations condensation from two or more units, hori zontal swing check valves, with disks hanging It is very necessary with AEROFIN to have foundations sufficiently high to allow the water of condensation to run quickly out of the units and into drip lines or traps. AEROFIN founda tions should be from 18 to 24 in. high. not more than 15 deg. from the vertical, must be installed on the horizontal drip pipe taken out of the water leg, at least 10 in. below the bottom of the lower AEROFIN Unit. In cases where an individual trap can be installed on each unit, no check valves are necessary. 436 Aerofin Corporation Heating Surface Avoidance of Installation Errors , The Installation of AEROFIN with Vertical Tubes is recommended for the reason that this arrangement is less subject to errors of Installation and operation. The Horizontal Tube arrangement is entirely satisfactory, how ever. when installed in accordance with our instructions and diagrams. Either Vertical or Horizontal Tubes may be used with either Gravity Return System or Vacuum Return Line System. Aerofin Units set up with tubes vertical, are less subject to installation errors than units set with tubes horizontal, due to the fact that the con densate can remain longer in the bottom header chamber without causing trouble. Installations of Aerofin with horizontal tubes, with the units set upright, have given perfect satisfaction, but in this case the engineer and contractor must specify and install the units with at least level tubes and preferably with a slight pitch of the units toward the drip tapping. If such a pitch is used the supply end should be set up M in. higher than the return end for all units up to 6 ft. in length, and 1 in. higher for all units from 7 ft. to 12 ft. in length. Furthermore, all of the diagrams in the catalogue and on the printed slip pasted on the return end of each unit, indicate a positive recommendation that full 6ize drip nipple be taken out of each unit into a tee or eil and a full size water leg taken out of the bottom of this tee or ell. This is to allow the condensate to flow quickly out of the unit. The trap connection or gravity return connection (10 in. below bottom of lower AEROFIN Unit) should then be taken horizontally out of the side of this water leg. Installations have caused trouble where the drip tapping has been bushed or reduced and where traps have been installed on a direct Line out of the drip tapping from the unit, and such arrangements are absolute contrary to instructions contained in our catalogue. AEROFIN Used as a Tempering Coil Special attention is directed to AEROFIN used as a tempering coil. When an air washer Is not used and there is sufficient height for a by-pass underneath the units, the installa tion may be made according to Fig. 19, Page 34 of the catalogue where a louvre damper i9 in stalled covering the entire face of the Aerofin heater and connected up directly with the by-pass damper, both being operated by a single diaphragm motor controlled by a thermostat located in the discharge duct from the fan. In this case the steam supply valve to the Aerofin Heater is hand operated. . , For other installations, with or without an air washer, the outside battery of Aerofin should be a single-row unit receiving the freezing air, with hand control or else with control by a thermostat located in the fresh air chamber, and arranged to turn steam on this single-row battery at 35 to 40 deg. above zero and to keep steam on this out side single-row battery at all times when the outside temperature is colder than 35 or 40 deg. above zero. The additional coils required may be arranged as shown in Figs. 20 to 28 in the catalogue. SPECIAL WARNING is given against the installing of Aerofin with a 2-row or 3-row battery with duct-thermostat control, to receive freezing air. The off and on control in this case, regulated from the duct thermostat, would probably result in freezing the condensate within the Aerofin Units and this method of installation is obviously incorrect. Write for our pamphlet showing special arrangement of two-row AEROFIN Tempering Coils with relay steam control. If engineers and contractors will carefully ob serve instructions and diagrams contained and shown in our catalogue, the operation of Aerofin will be found eminently satisfactory in all cases. Write for catalogue, instruction leaflet and service details. Sales Aerofin is sold only by.Manufacturers of Nation ally Advertised Blower Heating Apparatus. For Diaphragm Valve Control see Chapter on Temperature Regulation in Aerofin Catalog Anchor and Support Steam Piping 1ndependent of Beaten pilch Thae Vnil, Tolmrd ^ Header y. Unil, up ffdf /' For Unit, over tf-tf Didance from Edge of Casing to Center of t* Return Tapping 8H' Center of 3* Return Tapping 3%' For Gravity System--Conned Thru Float Trap Into Main Return 437 Cleanout Support Return Piping From Floor Block for Support Independent of Heaters Heating Surface The Rome-Tumey Radiator Go. Rome, N. Y. Exclusive Manufacturers of HELICAL FIN High Efficiency Extended Surface Copper Radiation Radiators, Heaters, Condensers, Coolers, Etc. Products Standard Heater Units complete with steel casings for fan type heating and ventilating systems, ready for installation. Standard and Special Heater Cores without Casings for manufacturers of Heating and Ventilating Apparatus. a Standard Copper Radiators for concealed direct radiation. Condensers for Electric Refrigerators. HELICAL Finned Seamless Copper Tubes in all sizes from A" O.D. to 1 \i" O.D. for any type Heat Transfer Equipment. . ^ Cooling Systems and Radia tors for Diesel Electric Loco motives, Gasoline Engines, Heavy Duty Trucks and Aero planes. Construction HELICAL Fin Products are made of heavy gauge Seamless Copper Tubes which are en circled with a continuous flat copper radiating fin, free of corrugations, which is formed under power around the tubes so tightly that there is a copper to copper contact. This fin is attached to the tube by a thorough coating of solder. The tubes are joined to brass header plates by improved methods which insure an absolutely tight union. The headers or tanks are made of a special quality of brass suitable for this type of work. 438 The Rome-Turney Radiator Co. Heating Surface Small size Rome HELICAL Fin Copper Healer suitable for concealed radiation. This shows heater with headers or end tanks removed. Note that tubes are "rolled in" to the tube sheet. Radiators and heaters of this type are suitable for direct radiation. Advantages HELICAL Fin Heater Units and Radiators offer great advantages in high efficiency, light weight extended surface radiation. The cores consisting of tubes and headers, are made of copper and brass and are therefore not subject to corrosion. Data and further information furnished promptly upon request. Rome HELICAL Fin Copper Heater with headers attached for use either with fan or for direct radiation. Note the sturdy all copper construction. Rome HELICAL Fin Copper Radiation offers sturdy, compact, light weight, highly efficient equipment for any heating installation. ' For modern heating equipment in schools, factories, and home's Specify Rome HELICAL Fin Copper Radiation Specify ROME-TURNEY COPPER RADIATION No corrosion - - - - Good forever ' ROME-TURNEY ROME, N. Y. Radiator Specialists since 1905 439 Heating Systems D. & T. Manufacturing Company 3001 La Salle Street St. Louis, Mo. ORIGINAL TANK IN BASEMENT SYSTEM Placing the expansion tank in the basement on hot water installations is destined to become the one general method. WHY NOT GET INTO THE GAME? Eleven years' experience and up wards of 100,000 D. &T.Tank-in-theBasement Systems in successful opera- n. tion throughout the United States and Canada, should be sufficient proof of the success of this system to. the most skeptical heating engineer or contractor. The D. & T. System is efficient, simple and foolproof. Send for booklet entitled, " Pro gress in Hot Water Heating." . As a logical sequence to the development.of the tank-in-basement idea, came the growing demand for a specialization of this tested and proved idea--for a basement expansion tank to be used in buildings where extreme simplicity and economy are of paramount importance. To sup ply this need, we offer and guarantee the Simplex Air-Sealed Tank-in-Basement Equipment. The Simplex Air-Sealed Tank-in Basement Package Equipment con sists of: 1 Specially Constructed Airtight Expansion Tank 1 Relief Valve 1 Thermometer 1 Gauge 1 Vacuum Breaking Valve for automatically charging Tank with air. 440 Heating Systems The Mouat Vapor Heating Co. 1246 W. Fourth Street CLEVELAND, OHIO The Mouat System of heating is 2-pipe gravity vapor, operating at from 1 to 3 oz. pressure, resulting in positive and successful hand control of the supply of heat at the radiators. It has no pumps, return traps or mechanically operated parts. RADIATOR RETURN FITTINGS The Mouat Radiator Return Fitting is a specially designed water seal, with a by-pass for air. It also has provision for drainage to prevent freezing. Note--All of the Mouat Specialties have been designed to work in conjunction, with one another; therefore, these specialties are not sold separately, but only complete for each installation. Our organization is composed of a trained corps of specialists in Mouat Vapor Heat. They have had many years of practical experience and have designed and supervised thousands of instal lations. These specialists are at your service. PACKLESS FRACTIONAL RADIATOR SUPPLY VALVES Has Jenkins Disc and is substantially made. Easily adjusted, when installed, to suit the size or working conditions of the radiator to which it is connected. AIR RELIEF VALVES DAMPER REGULATORS The Mouat Air Relief Valve or Main Vent is provided with a properly pro portioned vent ing area. It has no thermostatic, mechanically operated or float parts. VAPOR PRESSURE GAUGES The Mouat Vapor Pressure Gauge indicates ounces of pres sure by water elevation in a glass tube. This regulator is con trolled by the pressure in the boiler and auto matically regulates the drafts. It will maintain a pressure of from one- to three ounces, and is sufficiently sensitive to operate at a variation of less than one ounce. The working parts are connected above the water line of the boiler and are not affected by a high or low water line or the variations of an un steady water line. No water can be forced out of the boiler through the regulator. , This regulator can also be used to reduce steam pressure to vapor pres sure on central station heating plants. Showing how the Heat can be Graduated or Controlled 441 Heating Systems E. 135th St. MUELLER CO. Decatur, 111. Walnut Ave., Bronx, New York BJftANCHES 1072-76 Howard St., San Francisco 2468 Hunter St., Los Angeles PRODUCTS Mueller Automatic System of Hot Water Heat Control Reducing and Regulating Valves for water. Reducing and Regulating Valves for steam. Relief Valves. Water Strainers. Complete line of High Grade Plumbing Brass Goods Mueller Automatic System of Hot Water Heat Control--This is a closed system operating automatically without an expansion tank. It can be quickly installed on either new or old jobs. The water in the system is always kept fresh. This promotes good circulation. Just enough water is admitted by the re ducing valve to supply the amount re leased by the relief valve. When air is released from a radiator it is not necessary to go to the basement to turn water into the system as is the case with other systems. The reducing valve takes care of this. A very considerable saving in fuel is effected due to the automatic control of dampers and rapid circulation. Perfectly safe as both reducing valve and relief valve are operated by the pressure of the water in the system. These valves are especially constructed and tested for use on this system. The reducing and relief valves are positive in action and durable, the working parts being made of bronze with phosphor bronze diaphragms. Boiling point of water raised to higher point than with open system. The damper regulator is a very important part of this system as it is not only a fuel saver but also is a safety feature, checking the fire when the desired temperature is reached. Reducing and Regulating Valves--For steam, water, air, gas, oil, etc., and relief valves that are absolutely dependable. They will not stick after long periods of disuse. Brass Goods--Everything in the line ofbrass faucets, stops, etc., for lavatory and bath room, and also complete line of laboratory faucets adopted and approved* by leading universities such as the Mas sachusetts Tech. Mueller Co. has been in business from 1857 and has an acknowledged reputation for quality goods. Specific information regarding any Mueller product will be cheerfully given upon re quest. Heating Systems and Relief Valoes Neptune Meter Company 50 East 42nd Street, NEW YORK Branch Offices Atlanta, Ga..... .......................... 525 Virginia Avenue Denver, Colo...........................1700 Fifteenth Street Boston, Mass.......................................141 Milk Street Los Angeles, Cal.................. 701 East Third Street Chicago, III.................... 130 North Jefferson Street San Francisco, Cal......................320 Market Street St. Louis, Mo... ................... ..............1912 Pine Street Portland, Ore................ .................474 Glisan Street . Neptune Meter Co., Limited, 345 Sorauren Avenue, Toronto, Ontario RED TOP PRESSURE SYSTEM OF HOT WATER HEATING This type of heating system is proving increasingly popular throughout the country. It is easily installed at a price which attracts the owner, builds good will for the architect and engineer while allowing a real profit for the contractor. Owners appreciate the high efficiency and the economy ef fected by the Red Top Pressure System. RED TOP RELIEF VALVE MODEL No. 2 This valve and an airtight expansion tank, to be located in the basement near the apparatus, are the only special pieces of equipment needed. Red Top Relief Valves act on the dead weight or gravity principle, and are the only valves of their kind to be approved by the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.. . In the Model No. 2 a special nickel weighted piston is forced off the seat when pressure reaches 30 pounds. Non-corrosive metal is used throughout, and there are no springs, levers or other complicated parts to get out of order. Made for either "open" or "closed" systems. They are inches high, 5% inches wide, with inlet threaded for standard 1 inch fitting and male outlet threaded for.l inch fitting. _ Sectional View, Red Top-Relief Valve Model No. e RED TOP MODEL No. 1 protects domes tic hot water supply, and prevents range boiler explosions and other ruptures. It is made with inlet threaded for standard y2 inch pipe fitting and outlet drilled and tapped for H inch connection. It jpay be adjusted to relieve automatically at 50, 75, 100 and 130 lbs. pressure. Its measurements are inches high and 4 inches wide. ' 443 Heating Systems Reading Heater & Supply Co. Incorporated GENERAL OFFICES Woodward and Church Streets' Reading, Pa. Manufacturers and Distributors of The Reading Tank-in-the-Basement Systems for Hot Water Heating and The Reading All-Metal Temperature Regulator for Hot Water Heaters, Domestic Heaters and Storage Tanks, Wholesale Dealers in Boilers, Radiators a nd Heating Specialties. The Reading Tank-in-theBasement Sys tem, for Hot Water Heating, is a long step in advance of the old method of placing the Ex pansion Tank above the high est radiator, in that it removes the tank to the basement, obviating many objectionable features and removing the liability of fracture by freezing of the expansion line or overflow. The Reading Tank is proportioned ac cording to the amount of radiating sur face on the job, and provides ample air space to allow for expansion. The gauge glass enables the operator to detect any air leakage and to maintain a sufficient air space. The Reading Relief Valve permits a slight pressure on the system, even when the water is cold. This means increased efficiency and prevents the accumulation of air in the upper radiators. The in creased pressure will not cause leaks as the air cushion prevents undue strains. We furnish complete instructions for in stallation. - Capacities and Prices (Subject to trade discount) No. 1. 300 to 500 ft. of Radiation $38 No. 2. 500 to 800 ft. of Radiation 40 No. 3. 800 to 1,000 ft. of Radiation 41 No. 4. 1,000 to 1.300 ft. of Radiation 45 No. 5. 1,300 to 1,800 ft. of Radiation 50 No. 6. 1,800 to 2,000 ft. of Radiation 56 In ordering Reading Tank-in-the-Basement Systems the following information is required: Amount of radiation on job, square feet; number of stories to be heated. The Reading All-Metal Regulator can be used to control water temperature in any system, regardless of pressure car ried. The Regulator is easily applied and the action is sensitive and reliable. We will be glad to send a catalog describ ing our complete line of Specialties, upon request. Our Engineering Department will welcome the opportunity to assist the trade in difficult problems pertaining to our line, and we invite such inquiries. We carry a large stock of boilers of all capacities, Round or Sectional, and can make prompt shipments. IrSTEPtat? V/*f ecAOma All. fCTAi. 444 Abxaatok Heating and Piping Systems Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Executive Offices PROVIDENCE, R. I. Albany, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga. (Plant and Foundry) Auburn, R. I. (Plant and Foundry) Baltimore, Md. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Charlotte, N. C. Chicago, III. (Plant) Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland. Ohio BRANCHES AND PLANTS Columbus, Ohio Dallas, Texas Denver, Colo. Des Moines, Iowa Detroit, Mich. Hartford, Conn. Indianapolis, Ind. Kansas City, Mo. Kearny. N. J. (Plant) Milwaukee, Wis. Minneapolis, Minn. (Plant) New Orleans, La. New York. N. Y. North Charlotte, N. C. (Plant) Orlando, Fla. Philadelphia. Penna. (Plant) Providence, R. I. (Plant and Foundry) Rochester. N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. Warren, Ohio (Plant and Foundry) GRINNELL COMPANY OF THE PACIFIC Los Angeles, Cal. (Plant) San Francisco, Cal. (Plant) Seattle. Wash. GRINNELL COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD. Montreal, Que. (Plant) Toronto, Ont. (Plant and Foundry) Vancouver, B. C. (Plant) Winnipeg, Man. Cooperative Engineering and Contracting Service on Heating Systems--Seventy years' experi ence in piping installation puts Grinnell Company, Inc., in an especially advantageous position to render service of the highest order to heating engineers and their clients. This not only includes a cooperative advisory service which is frequently used by engineers who desire authoritative practical infor mation when working on problems more or less out of the ordinary, but also a complete and expert contracting service as well. Close contact with power and industrial piping enables Grinnell Engineers to approach questions of heating with full realization of their relationship to other factors. In formation supplied by members of the Grinnell Staff regarding the utilization of waste heat through the agency of hot water systems, the utilization of exhaust steam, etc., has proved of invaluable assistance in working out ' more efficient heating. Grinnell Engineering or Con tracting Service is equally satis factory on the remodeling of old heating systems--a type of work with which the Company is thor oughly familiar. A Revolti tionary Developmen t in Forced Hot Water Heating-- One of the chief difficulties in the way of a broader use of forced hot water heating systems with their many important advantages has been the determination of pipe sizes by the complex and arduous method of calculating frictional re sistances. Failure to do this, plus easily possible installation mistakes has resulted in many unsatisfactory installations of this type of heating system. " This whole complication has now been simplified by the invention of the Grinnell Equiflo Valve. The Grinnell Equiflo Valve for forced hot water heating permits: 1. The calculation of pipe sizes for this system by simple tables, similar to those commonly used in connection with the design of vacuum steam systems. 2. Change in locations of radiators or . piping during installation to take care of local construction conditions without recalculation of pipe sizes. Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems The Grinnell Equiflo Valve for forced hot water heating accom plishes : 1. More perfect equalization of flow to every radiator than has ever been ' practical by even the most careful calculation of pipe sizes. Size or location makes no difference. 2. The introduction of sufficient fric tional resistance to completely over come that trouble so pronounced in most forced hot water heating sys tems which is due to the well-known war between pump head (a constant) and the gravity of temperature head (a variable). This insures absolutely equalized circulation at all tem peratures. . 3. Lower pumping costs. The Grinnell Equiflo Valve: 1. Serves as the regular shut-off valve for each radiator. It is of the pack less type. 2. It is so designed that after the instal lation is completed a multiple- orifice cartridge or tube, having a definite resistance pre-determined by Grinnell Co., is dropped into place in same. ` In order to obtain all the ad vantages of this new development, it is only necessary for the Con sulting Engineer to specify that each radiator shall be equipped with a Grinnell Equiflo Valve. This device is marketed through the regular heating trade, and proper results are guaranteed by the standing of Grinnell Company in the hot water heating field. Power and Industrial Piping --The advantages of placing con tracts for all necessary piping with one reputable company are ob vious. Responsibility is centralized and a saving in cost is often effected. Grinnell Company, Inc. is prepared to submit bids and render expert, personally super vised construction service on all types of Power Plant and Indus trial Piping including Automatic Sprinkler Systems, piping for Acids, Alkalis, etc., Compressed Air Cleaning Systems, Humidifying Systems, Drying Machinery. A contract placed with Grinnell Com pany is carried out to the satisfac tion of all concerned. Materials of the highest quality are used. Grin nell Adjustable Hangers and Grin nell Fittings, for instance, save work in installation and make for cleaner, more satisfactory finished jobs and lower maintenance costs. Pipe Bends, Welds, Etc.-- Grinnell facilities for making Pipe Bends, Welds and Lap Joints are second to none. Three plants-- Providence, R. I., Auburn, O., Atlanta, Ga.,--equipped with' special modern machinery and operated by the most skillful work men make possible unusually prompt and efficient service on this important work. Grinnell Fittings--After years of buying cast iron fittings on the open market Grinnell Company concluded that the best way to obtain clean accurate fittings of uniformly high quality was to. cast them in Grinnell Foundries. Grinnell Cast Iron Flat Band Fittings made to conform to the American standard adopted by the Manu facturers Committee on Standardi zation of Fittings and by the N. F. P. A. can now be obtained by other users. Impartial pur chasers agree that accuracy of threading, freedom from sand holes, and smoothness of core speed up installations and reduce replace ments wherever Grinnell Fittings are specified. GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power ! 'lant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, , Valves, Pipe Bending, Wei ling. Piping Supplies, Etc. Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Grinnell Adjustable Hangers ONE of the chief. advantages of Grinnell Adjustable Hangers is that they permit adjustment of pipe lines after installation, thus obviating the necessity of turn buckles or the removal of hangers. And their time and trouble-saving qualities during installation are equally exceptional. On this and the two following pages are shown a few Grinnell Hangers of particular interest to heating engineers. The Grinnell Hanger Blue Book, however, illustrates and describes the complete line and carries mechanical drawings and dimensional tables on practically every hanger shown. This feature alone makes the Grinnell Hanger Blue Book invaluable to Engineers, Architects and Draftsmen. As many copies as you require will be sent on request. Fig. No. 101 Adjustable Swivel Ring--Solid Ring Type (Patented October 4. 1921) THIS Malleable Iron Adjustable Swivel Ring can be used with Coach Screw Rod or Machine Threaded Rod in connection with practically any type of Ceiling Flange, Expansion Case, Insert, etc. The unusual feature of this ring is the Swivel Shank. An adjustment of at least 1H in. is secured by simply turning the nut on the shank. No temporary support of the pipe line is necessary while making adjustments. By means of a unique locking device the Swivel Shank automatically locks, preventing loosening due to vibration in the pipe line. 6 . Fig. No. 104 Adjustable Swivel Ring--Split Ring Type (Patented October 4. 1921) THE Split Ring Type of the Adjustable Swivel Ring was also designed for use with Coach Screw Rod or with Machine Threaded Rod. The Swivel Shank feature allows the same adjustment as in Fig. No. 101 and the off-center hinging of the ring, by providing sufficient seating to hold pipe securely, permits adjustments before the Ring is closed. The closing of the hinged section of this Ring securely locks the Swivel Shank. Fig. No. 225 Universal Side I-Beam Clamp (Patented April 6. 1915) ADAPTABLE to many uses, this Side I-Beam Clamp has ample strength for hanging % to 12 in. pipe from I-Beams. This Clamp in different sizes will fit all sizes of Standard and Bethlehem I-Beams, and most sizes of Bethlehem Girder Beams. Under conditions requiring vertical adjustment of the pipe line, this Side I-Beam Clamp is used with an Extension Piece or an Extension Eye Bolt. Fig. No. 226 Universal Channel Iron Clamp (Patented April 6, 1915) DUE to the adjustability of the Grinnell Channell Iron Clamp, three sizes of these clamps, with varying lengths of clamp rods, will meet most of the conditions encountered in practical installation work in connection--with channels. We know of nothing else on the market which will obviate the necessity for the making of specials for Channel Iron work. . 447 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Adjustable Wall and Column Radiator Brackets (Patents Pending) ___IIII ' I 'HE bracket on the right, Fig. 190, is designed to support a single tier of wall radiation. A similar bracket, No. 191, is designed to support a double tier, one in front of the other. The bracket on the left, Fig. 189, is designed to support the legless Ttype of column radiation. Only one bolt is necessary to securely fasten these brackets to the wall. This means low installation cost and it cuts drilling holes down to a minimum. Cost of installation can be further 'J.reduced by spacing these hangers farther apart than ordinary type of weaker construction, especially where Fig. No. 189 hook bolts are set in the wall. When hook bolt is used, it can be set without jVo.'* 0 extremely accurate measurements, due to the liberal range of vertical and horizontal adjustment, and as only three points of the bracket touch the wall, the difficulty so often experienced with rough brickwork is practically eliminated. Adjustable Wall Coil Hangers' (Patented May 20. 1913) THE Adjustable Wall Coil Hanger can be furnished with four separate brackets--two for single coils and two for double coils. The brackets locate the center of the coils 2\4 or 614 in. from back of bracket. Where double coils are used the second hangs 3}4 in. in front of the first. Besides the adjustable advantages of these hangers which permit the hanger plate to be raised or lowered to secure perfect pipe alignment, it is only necessary to fasten the individual bracket in place by two bolts. This saves labor. ' ' Fig. No. 160 Saddle Hangers-- Standard Type Fig. No. 169 GRINNELL Saddle Hangers are unique inasmuch as the hanger bar is of steel in stead of cast iron. This feature not only reduces the weight of the hanger but also re duces its cost. Hex-nuts at bottom of rods support the hanger and allow liberal adjust ment. These Saddle Hangers are excep tionally strong and will not sag. Labor cost of installation is considerably less than with Branch Rolls and Rods. The Saddle Hanger is used in connection with Yi in. rods and hex-nuts on 2 to 8 branch hangers --% in. rods and hex-nuts on 9 to 12 branch hangers--and with Expansion Cases, Grin nell Hanger Flanges, or with Side I-Beam Clamps to steel work, for supporting overhead coils. 448 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Fig. No. 174 Adjustable Swivel Pipe Roll (Patented October 4, 1921) nnHE Adjustable Swivel Pipe Roll supplies the need for any ad justable type of pipe roll hanger with single hanger rod. It is unique inasmuch as vertical adjustment can be made by use of the swivel shank at the top of the hanger. Branch Pipe Rolls GRINNELL Pipe Rolls are especially designed to take care of expansion and con traction. The rolls are made hollow so that only a small surface is in contact with the rod whereas the surface in contact with the pipe is made as large as possible. This allows the roll to take care of expan sion and contraction properly. Through a specially designed socket, vertical adjustment is allowed at the bottom of each vertical rod as well as at the Ceiling Flange. Furthermore, the nut at the bottom of the hanger rod fits into a recess of the socket preventing loosening or turning from vibra tion. Fig. No. 17g Adjustable Pipe Stand--Anchor Chair-- Pipe Seat--used with Welded Steel Bracket Fig. No. 196 WELDED Steel Bracket Fig. No. 199 is light in weight as compared with the usual cast iron brackets. It was designed primarily for use with the Grinnell Adjustable Pipe Stand Fig. No. 196, Anchor Chair Fig. No. 197 and Pipe Seat Fig. No. 198, here illustrated. Fig. No. 199 These combine the strongest type of brackets and pipe sup ports procurable. The Adjustable Pipe Stand as used with the Steel Bracket has excellent adjustment features, it being, possible to obtain vertical adjustment by simply ad justing bolts on the roll stand. A lateral adjustment or movement is possible with the Adjustable Pipe Stand and Pipe Seat by. sliding the Stand or Seat on the bracket. With the Anchor Chair, lateral adjustment is also possible if Chair is moved before the nuts on the anchor yoke are tightened. Fig. No. 197 449 Fig. No. 198 Instruments, Recording American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Brooklyn, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga. Cleveland, Ohio Los Angeles, Cal. Salt Lake Citt, Utah Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago, III. Deteoit, Mich. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. WruMViSH. Tulsa, Oela. Manufacturers of Indicating and Recording Gauges; Draft Gauges; Indicating and Recording Thermometers; Tachometers; Pressure and Temperature Con trollers; Pop Safety and Water Relief Valves; Gauge Testers; "U" Gauges; Steam Traps; Engine Indicators; Counters; Calorimeters; Locomotive and Engine Room Clocks; Barometers; Steam Whistles; Hydraulagraphs; Gauge Boards American Temperature Controller American (formerly Honeco) self-operated Temperature Con troller, type 2205, is exceptionally well adapted for maintain ing any desired tem perature of the water in hot water tanks. It has a wide range and close control at the setting point, giving a 50 per cent safety factor even at the . maximum point of range without damage. Adjust ing device t- locks the controller against unauthorized interference. No expensive pipe lines, compressed air or auxiliary force is required for operation. The motive power needed to open and close valve is supplied by the controller itself. ' The patented motor is unusually strong and durable and the instrument itself is extremely rugged throughout. The American Controller is guaranteed to accurately perform its function for the purpose sold Instructions are lithographed on the chart plate, so they can not be lost. Time punch shows when and how often readings are taken. Any slight inaccu racies due to rough handling can be .. quickly corrected by means of the adjusting device. The chart is held in place by a non-removable clamp, preventing loss of clamp. Automatic pen release lifts pen arm away from chart automatically when the door is opened, preventing arm from being strained. Fitted with an inverted Monel metal pen arm with tension adjusting device and non-corrosive glass pen. Has 10-in. chart with extra large recording area. Write for Catalogs E-59 and H-59. American Air Duct Thermometer Designed especially for both warm and cold air ducts. Fitted with polished brass or nickel plated "VM shaped case, glass front. Furnished with 9-in. or 12-in. scale gradu ated 0-160 deg. fahr. American Indicating Gauges A complete line of American pressure, vacu um and draft gauges for all purposes. Write for Catalog A-59. American Recording Gauges and Thermometers The recording systems of American (for merly Columbia) Recording Gauges and Thermometers are interchangeable. A separate recording system can be kept in stock at small cost and quickly inserted while the old one is being repaired, should repairs be necessary due to accident. Write for Catalog F-59. American Pop Safety and Water Relief Valves Complete line for all applications. Mod ern design. Finest construction. Each valve guaranteed to properly perform its function. Send for Catalogs U-59 and V-59. American Ideal Steam Trap Built on extremely rugged lines and guaranteed for all pressures. Valve dis charge orifice is much larger than in ordinary traps, which means larger capac ity. Valve seat can be renewed without disconnecting trap. The heavy float is made of seamless, .non-corroding copper. It resists pressures up to 600 lbs. per sq. in. and is guaranteed for life of trap. Valve seat is under continuous water seal, thus cannot leak live steam. Send for Catalog S-59. 450 Instruments. Combustion Draft Gages Gas Analyzers ^3he flays (orjto C02 and Draft Recorders Portable Test Sets Michigan City. Indiana Hays Combustion Instruments .Save Fuel Eliminate Smoke Simple, Practical, Accurate TYPE V 3 Scales HA KS INCLINED TUBE DRAFT GAGE--Rugged, Accurate, Inexpensive HA YS A UTOMA TIC COi 6* DRAFT RECORDER-- The simplified and Im proved Model " B" Draft Gages are undoubtedly the most important all- 'round useful in strument in combustion, heating aod ventilation. They indicate conditions of fuel bed, baffles, gas passages, ducts, flues and set tings and suggest the cause and remedy. No other one instrument covers so many uses, or is so indispensable. We offer a complete lino for every purpose. Hays Pointer Gages are available in two kinds of cases. Type " F" for one or two pointers and Type "V" for any number of scales grouped in a side-by-side arrangement. These gages arc new in principle and design and do not employ liquids, floats, tanks, gears or magnets. The simple operating mechanism consists of a slack leather dia phragm--a pliable, tough, gas-tight animal membrane--and a phosphor bronze cantilever spring. Any range can be supplied. Leveling is unnecesary. Calibration is permanent. Hays Inclined Tube Draft Gages with stamped steel case, machined brass oil well and straight glass tube can be supplied from stock in any range from Yi in. to 4 in. water. Bright red oil used. We also have U-gages or Manometers, Direct Reading Gages, Vernier Draft and Pressure Gages, and Portable Gages for test work. Hays Automatic CO2 and Draft Recorder shows "what", "why," and "when" about the way fuel is burned. Easy. to install and operate. Dependable, rugged and simple. Great dividend payers. Hays Portable Test Set--"The Combustion Compass"--This set com bines in a substantial and convenient carrying case all instruments necessary to make a complete combustion investigation: (1) Flue Gas Analyzer complete with rub ber tubing and aspirator bulb; (2) Flue Gas Thermometer, range 100 to 950" F. in metal armor; (3) Portable Draft Gage, either the Hays Portable Inclined Tube Draft Gage in pocket case, range 0-^ in. or the Hays Vernier Draft Gage, range 0-3 in. TYPE F-2 1 OR 2 POINTERS HAYS POINTER GAGES with illuminated scales and bright red pointers. Can be read from a distance of 100 to 160 ft. Portable Draft Gage--This inclined tube gage comes in a pocket case. Removable sup porting foot, permits setting the gage up on any flat surface. A knurled wall screw and rubber tubing are also furnished. Ideal for testing chimney draft, locating trouble, reducing service expense. Write for treatise on use of Draft Gage by Prof. A. P. Kratz, University of Illinois. ` 451 Instruments Taylor Instrument Companies ' ESTABLISHED 1851 Executive Offices and Factory, ROCHESTER, N. Y. Canadian Plant, Tycos Building, Toronto, Canada New York Boston SALES OFFICES Pittsburgh San Francisco Tulsa Chicago Los Angeles St. Louis Atlanta Philadelphia Cleveland Indianapolis Denvrb Cincinnati Detroit Minneapolis Indicating, Recording and Controlling Instruments in over 8000 types ana styles. For Steam, Power, Refriger ating and Cold Storage Plants. Air Duct, Oven, Kiln and other Industrial and Manufacturing Appli cations. `Tajrfbr Products Include Among the instruments of particular interest to Heating and Ventilating Engineers are: Thermometers. Pyrometers. Electrical Contact Temperature Controls. "Single-Duty" and "Double Duty" Temperature Regulators. "Thermo-Tyme" Regulators. Self-Acting Temperature Regu lators. Pressure Regulators. Draft and Vacuum Gages. Tycos Industrial Thermometers Designed for Air Ducts are extremely sensitive and are used extensively by heating and ventilating engineers. Tycos Recording Thermometers Used to record air duct temperatures. The self-contained type (not illus trated) is used to record room tem peratures--Clock furnished with 7 day charts. Tycos Wet and Dry Bulb Recorders A convenient method of obtaining relative humidity records. Equipped with blowers to keep air moving over bulbs at uniform velocities. Tycos Temperature Regulators Type P is supplied with flange connections for air ducts, air washers, and room condi tioners, etc. Double duty Regulators are used with wet bulb attachment_____ for humidity control. Tycos Anemometer 1 For registering velocity of air r" currents. Tycos Sling Psychrometer . A portable and accurate means of determining humidity--Pocket types available. m Tycos Thermometers l**TM** Tycos Temperature Regulator Tycos Type P Temperature Regulator Tycos Wet and Dry Bulb Recorder Tycos Anemometer i Write for Catalog 452 Insulating Materials Telephone Main 4995 The Ric-wiL Company Established 1910 UNDERGROUND CONDUIT SYSTEMS FOR HEATING PIPES Union Trust Building CLEVELAND, OHIO Agents in Principal Cities--Refer to Local Telephone Directory Products--Ric-wiL Interlocking Conduit, Inter locking Base Drain, Pipe Supports and Ric-wiL Underground Pipe Covering used in the "Ric-wiL Method" of Insulating Underground Steam, Hot Water and Fuel Oil Pipes. - Ric-wiL Interlocking Conduit--Ric-wiL Con duit is first quality, standard weight, vitrified salt glazed tile of the bell and spigot type. It is shipped on the job in full round sections and split into top , and bottom halves as used. When installed bell and special Loc-liP side joints are sealed with Portland cement. Loc-liP joint (see illustration below) is shaped so that cement locks top and bottom halves permanently together in all direc tions. giving conduit extraordinary rigidity and strength. Leakage is practically impossible. Top and bottom halves are interchangeable (foolproof) and numbered in pairs so that companion pieces may be kept together. . Sections all in 2-ft. lengths, sizes from 4 to 24 in. inside diameter. Every sixth section of conduit has an opening in the bottom half through which a pipe support of the roller type projects to carry the steam, hot water or oil pipes thus making the pipe supports independent of the conduit itself, a desirable feature for this class of work. Ric-wiL Interlocking Base Drain--Ric-wiL Base Drain is first quality vitrified salt glazed tile of such design that it is both a base for supporting and lining up the conduit, and drain for carrying away any water which might otherwise accumulate around the conduit. The base drain also provides two points of support for conduit, adding 35 per cent to the ground load which the conduit will carry safely as compared to the same conduit placed on flat ground or broken stone. The top of the base drain has a slot in it into which the bell of conduit fits making sections of conduit and base drain stagger with each other so that a strong inter locking construction results. No concrete founda tion is necessary in solid ground. Free drainage area of the base drain is large and ample for every practical condition. Three sizes are made: No. 1 for 4 and 6 in. conduits. No. 2 for 8 to 15 in. conduit, inclusive, and No. 3 for larger sizes. We will furnish ordinary drain tile instead of base drain if desired but the base drain will save more than its extra cost in labor and makes a far better job. Ric-wiL Pipe Supports--The pipe supports are planned to carry from one to five or more pipes and are ordinarily spaced 12 ft. apart. They are strong, made of cast iron, rust proofed, and interlocked with the base drain, imposing no load on the conduit itself. Once in place, no movement of the pipes can disturb them. Ric-wiL Conduit Systems for AH Uses-- Ric-wiL Conduit for underground pipe is of four types to meet varying service requirements. Type SPC System lor steam heating and power pipes and for superheated steam. The tile itself is not lined with insulation as in types DA and DF but the insulation is applied to pipes direct and consists of any standard make of sectional pipe covering, the kind and thickness depending upon the service to be rendered. Double drainage is provided in this type. Type F System for steam heating and power pipes. A lower priced type than the others, consisting of unlined Ric-wiL Conduit with filler packed around the pipes. Filler is the same as described in Type DF System. Type DA System for hot water, fuel oil, and con densation returns. Tile and insulation in one, the latter moulded inside the tile and keyed in. Consists of a diatomaceous earth (Sil-O-Cel) mixture. light in weight and of high insulating quality; will not deteriorate. This type insulates the pipes from surrounding ground but not from each other, mak ing it specially adapted to house oil and steam pipes together for fuel oil transmission. Excep tionally easy to install. Type DF System for steam heating and power pipes. This is type DA with the addition of Ric-wiL Conduit Filler to be packed around the pipes at a density specified by the manufacturer. The filler is a good non-conductor which will not corrode the pipes nor shrink. Cast Iron Ric-wiL Conduit---For extra heavy duty under railroads or other places where conduit is subject to very heavy load. Ric-wiL is made of cast iron similar in design to regular tile Ric-wiL. It has the Loc-liP Joint and the "interlox" with regular conduit. Special reinforced base drain is furnished. Engineering Service--Maintained for the con-' vemence of customers. Inquiries answered promptly. Catalogs and special information furnished on request. Ric-wiL Type F is an unlined conduit like this SPC, insulation being a loose filler packed around the pipes. 453 Ric-wiL Type DA is like this DF with insulation moulded to tile but without loose filler. Insulating Material The Celotex Company 545 N. MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO Mills: New Orleans Branches In Many Principal Cities Data for Computing Heating Requirements of Insulated Homes Compiled by H. J. BURT, Consulting Structural Engineer, Chicago HE most direct way for a house Tholder to cut down the cost of his winter's coal supply is to buy and to bum WALL SECTIONS Construction Non-. Insulated Con ductance Insulated Con ductance Per Cent Saving a smaller quantity of it. He can do this Wood siding, building without sustaining inconvenience, dis comfort or ill health. paper, wood sheathing 7/g-in.. lath and plaster.. 0.265 Wood siding, Celotex as sheathing, Celotex as The means of accomplishing' this result is by the use of insulation. plaster base, plaster.... Stucco, building paper. wood sheathing, lath 0.267 0.182 31 Stucco. Celotex as sheath- All materials permit the passage of heat, some a great amount and others very ing, Celotex as plaster Brick veneer 4-in., build- .0.183 31 little. Careful tests have been made of ing paper, wood sheatbing. lath and plaster... 0.24 the passage of heat through the materials Brick veneer 4-in., Celotex as sheathing. Celo- commonly used, so that their values are t^-e,1x-- .A.a--s plaster base. 0.17 29 known. The merit of Celotex insulating lumber Brick wall 8-in., furring. Brick wall 8-in., furring. 2 layers of Celotex 0.24 is shown by the following comparisons: serving as plaster base, plaster........................... 0.143 40 Celotex...... ....................... 0.33 Wood sheathing............. 1.25 Plaster............................... 1.50 Brickwork................ 4.00 Concrete........................... 6.00 All of the above values are for one inch thickness. Expressed in another way, one inch of Celotex is equal to 3^ inches of wood, 4^ inches of plaster, 12 inches of brick or 18 inches of concrete. The following table gives some typical values arranged to show the percentage of saving resulting from the use of insu lation : The amount of insulation desirable for a house depends on climatic conditions. For average conditions two layers of Celotex are desirable. The data on the opposite page are from a report by G. F. Gebhardt, mechanical engineer, Chicago, to H. J. Burt. . We submit herewith results of our estimate on the co-efficiency of heat transmission for walls and ceilings, details of which were submitted by you recently. We also submit tables of heat conductivity co efficients and surface factors for the various materials entering into the proposed construction. The co-efficients of heat transmission are expressed in B.t.u. trans mitted per square foot of surface per hour per degree Fahrenheit difference in tem perature between the inside and outside air. The Celotex Company Insulating Material Wall Sections Number Construction 1 Wood siding (clapboard or shiplap) on studs. No inside lining.................. la Celotex ^-in. thick on siding. No inside lining....................... 2 Wood siding. Building paper, wood sheathing J-in. No inside lining.... 2a Wood siding. Celotex sheathing. No inside lining....... ......... 3 Wood siding. Building paper. Wood sheathing in., lath and plaster- 3a Wood siding. Celotex sheathing. Lath and plaster............... 3b Wood siding. Celotex sheathing. Celotex plaster on Celotex...... .......... 4 Stucco, building paper, wood sheathing, lath and plaster.___ 4a Stucco. Celotex sheathing, lath and plaster.... ....... ......... 4b Stucco. Celotex sheathing, Celotex as plaster base, plaster.... ................ 5 Brick veneer 4-in., building paper, wood sheathing, lath and plaster 5a Brick veneer 4-in., Celotex sheathing, lath and plaster.......... 5b Brick veneer 4-in., Celotex sheathing, Celotex as plaster base, plaster____ 6 Brick wall 8-in., furring, lath and plaster............................. ............................... 6a Brick wall 8-in., furring, Celotex. plaster on Celotex base..."................' 7 Brick wall 12-in., furring, lath and plaster............. .............. 7a Brick wall 12-in., furring, Celotex. plaster on Celotex base..........!...!............. 8 Stucco, tile wall 8-in., furring, lath and plaster......... 8a Stucco, tile wall 8-in., furring, Celotex, plaster on Celotex base................... 9 Stucco, concrete wall 6-in., furring, lath and plaster 9a Stucco, concrete wall 6-in., furring, Celotex. plaster on Ceiotex base 10 Stucco, concrete wall 12-in., furring, lath and plaster...................................... 10a Stucco, concrete wall 12-in., furring, Celotex, plaster on Celotex base.-..... Coeff. of Heat Transmission B.t.u. per sq. ft. per hour 0.57 0.42 0.41 0.35 0.265 0.24 0.182 0.267 0.24 0.183 0.24 0.217 0.17 0.24 0.182 0.193 0.154 0.19 0.153 0.267 0.198 0.21 0.165 Roof Sections 1 Wood shingles on wood strips spaced 2-in. apart............ .................................... la Wood shingles on wood strips., Celotex sheathing............................................. 2 Wood shingles, wood sheathing J^-in........................ .... " 2a Same as No. la................................................ .................'....................... " '............. 2b- Wood shingles on wood strips, Celotex sheathing, Celotex lining under rafters. 3 Metal shingles on wood strips spaced 2-in. apart-............ ........ ............................ . 3a Metal shingles on wood strips, Celotex sheathing 3b Metal shingles on wood strips, Celotex sheathing. Celotex lining under rafters 4 Metal shingles, wood sheathing, J^-in..... ............... -n 4a Metal shingles, on wood strips. Celotex sheathing...................................................... 4b Metal shingles on wood strips, Celotex sheathing, Celotex lining under rafters. 5 Slate 1-in., roofing felt, wood sheathing, J-in._... ................................ ............... 5a Slate 1-in., wood strips. Celotex sheathing............ 5b Slate 1-in., wood strips, Celotex sheathing, Celotex lining under rafters _ 6 Clay tile H-in. Roofing felt, wood sheathing.___ 6a Clay tile M-in., wood strips. Celotex sheathing........ .............................. .................... 6b Clay tile ^-in., wood strips, Celotex sheathing, Celotex lining under rafters.... 7 Asphalt shingles, wood sheathing J^-in... ......... ......................... ... ' 7a Asphalt shingles. Celotex sheathing........................................................ ;............. 7b Asphalt shingles, Celotex sheathing. 2 layers................................................................ 8 Asbestos shingles, wood sheathing J^-in....................... ................................. ..... *..... 8a Asbestos shingles, wood strips. Celotex sheathing........................................... 9 Composition roof, wood deck 2-in................................ ........................................... 9a Composition roof, Celotex, wood deck 2-in........................................................... _ 9b Same as 9a, except two layers Celotex....................................................... "...... ........... 9c Same as 9a, except three layers Celotex...... .........................................................''........ 10 Composition roof, concrete deck 3-in....... ...............' ...................... 10a Composition roof. Celotex, 1 layer. Concrete deck 3-in' ''....'............ ...................... 10b Same as 10a, except two layers Celotex.......................................................................... 10c Same as 10a, except three layers Celotex.............................................................. . .. 0.667 .. 0.35 .. 0.455 .. 0.35 . 0.191 .. Practically no heat insulation . 0.54 0.236 0.833 0.54 . 0.236 0.444 0.372 . 0.197 .. 0.496 . 0.412 . 0.208 . 0.553 . 0.407 . 0.25 . 0.55 . 0.404 . 0.322 . 0.22 . 0.17 . 0.14 . 0.65 . 0.35 . 0.24 . 0.18 Wood siding__.............................. Celotex...... .................................... Wood sheathing............ ......... Wood deck, soft pine.--.......... Building paper, one thickness Wood lath and plaster_____ Plaster.............................. ......... Portland cement stucco....... Common brick......................... Conductivity Constants ............ 1.4 ............ 0.33 ............ 1.25 ............ 1.0 ............ 4.2 ............ 1.4 ............ 1.5 .......... 2.0 ............ 4.0 Hollow clay tile.................................. ....................... 3.2 Concrete........................................................................ 6.0 Wood shingles................................................. 1.0 Slate............................................................................... 2.5 Tarandfeltroofiing,5-ply (aslaid.notper inch) 5.0 Clay tile...................-............................ ..................... 3.5 Asphalt shingles (as laid, not per inch).............. 6.5 Asbestos shingles (as laid, not per inch)........... 6.0 Composition roof (as laid, not per inch)........... 6.5 Wood siding...................... Celotex...... ........................ Wood sheathing............ . Lath and Plaster........... Portland cement stucco. Common brick............... Clay tile...... -................... Surface Constants ............ 2.1 ............ 1.9 2.0 ........ . 2.3 ............ 2.3 ............ 2.3 2.3 Concrete............................. 2.3 Wood shingles......_............................. ....................... 2.0 Slate____ --..r-.......................................................... 2.3 Tar and felt roofing.................................... ............. 2.1 Asphalt shingles................ 2.2 Asbestos shingles........................................................ 2.2 455 Insulating Materials Johns-Manville Inc. Miners of Asbestos, Manufacturers of Asbestos and Allied Products EXECUTIVE OFFICES 292 Madison Avenue, at 41st Street - NEW YORK, N. Y. Branches in All Large Cities DIVISION SALES OFFICES Boston 9. Mass., 55-63 High Street Chicago, III., Michigan Avenue and 18th Street Cleveland, Ohio, 6300 Euclid Avenue New York, N. Y., 292 Madison Avenue at 41st Street (Executive Offices) Philadelphia, Pa., 1315-1317 Race Street St. Louis, Mo., 1014 Olive Street San Francisco, Cal., 159 New Montgomery St. Toronto, Ont., Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd., 19 Front Street, East Please Communicate with Nearest Division Sales Office INSULATION SPECIFICATIONS (Abbreviated Form) Superheated Steam Piping (Temperatures above 600 deg. fahr.)--All superheated steam piping shall be insulated with Johns-Manville Superex Combination Insulation of thicknesses shown below: Steam Condition Tempera ture Deg. Fahr. Thickness of Insulation Pipes Pipes Pipes Larger 2 in. to Smaller than 4 in. 4 in. than 2 in. Johns-Manville 85% Magnesia High Pressure and Intermediate Pressure Steam Lines--AH high pressure and intermediate pressure steam lines indoors, and high pressure drip piping, including connections to all engines, turbines, pumps, auxiliaries, water columns, safety valves, superheaters and soot blowers, shall be insulated with Johns-Manville 85 per cent Magnesia of the following thickness: High Superheat 600 to 700 High Superheat 700 to 800 w 4" y W 2** 2** Single layer Superex Insulation on lines 1M inch and smaller. Steam Pressure or Condition Tempera ture Deg. Fahr. Thickness of Insulation Pipes Pipes Pipes Larger 2 in. to Smaller than 4 in. 4 in. than2in. 25 to 100 U. 100 to 200 lbs. Low Superheat Superheat 267 to 358 338 to 388 388 to 500 500 to 600 w Std. 2" Wim Dbl.Std. 2" 3' Dbl.Std. Std. Std. BP Johns-Manville Improved Asbeslocel Insulation Low Pressure and Exhaust Steam and Feed Water Piping--All low pressure, exhaust steam and feed water piping shall be insulated with 4-ply Johns-Manville Improved Asbestocel Sectional Insulation. Johns-Manville Superex Combination Insulation Steam Heating Supply and Return Mains, Risers and Radiator Branches--All steam heat ing supply and return mains and branches, and all risers, shall be insulated with 4-ply JohnsManville Improved Asbestocel Insulation. All con cealed radiator branches shall be insulated with 3-ply Johns-Manville Improved Asbestocel Insulation. 456 Johns-Manoille Inc. Insulating Materials Where insulation is concealed the light canvas fur nished in manufacture is to be pasted down over the joints and the insulation additionally secured by means of brass lacquered bands applied at least two to a section. Johns-Manville Asbesto-Sponge Felted Insulation High Pressure Steam Lines in Manufacturing Buildings--All high pressure steam piping and high pressure drip piping used in connection with distribution of steam for manufacturing purposes shall be insulated with Asbesto-Sponge Felted Sectional Insulation of the following thicknesses: Steam Pressure 25 to 100 100 to-200 Tempera ture Deg. Fahr. Thickness of Insulation Pipes Pipes Pipes Larger 2 in. to SmaUer than 4 in. 4 in. than 2 in. 2S7 to 338 338 to 388 ivr 2" BP 1' 1' Fittings, Valves and Flanges--All pipe fittings, valves and flanges shall be insulated with .block and plastic insulation to the same thickness as the -adjacent pipe insulation. Block insulation shall be of the same material as the adjacent pipe insulation and plastic material used shall be hard finish Asbestos Cement. Block insulation may be omitted on pipe sizes smaUer than 4 in., or where total thickness of insulation is less than 1H in. and the entire thickness of insulation in such cases may be made up of hard finish Asbestos Cement. Johns-Manville Anti-Sweat Insulation Cold Water Piping--All cold service water piping, including risers and concealed fixture connections or exposed soil or waste lines, shall be insulated with Anti-Sweat Insulation 1 in. thick applied in two layers with all joints broken, fittings with Hair Felt and hard finish Asbestos Cement to the same thickness. Finish of Insulation--All insulation on pipes, fittings, valves and flanges which is exposed to view shall be enclosed in an extra jacket of 8-oz. canvas sewed , over rosin sized paper. Johns-Manville Asbestocel (In flexible Roll Form) Warm Air Ducts--All warm air ducts, flues, heater casings and fan housings in the ventilating system shall be insulated with 4-ply Improved Asbestocel sheet insulation finished with hard finish Asbestos Cement inch thick, applied over hexagonal wire reinforcement. The cement finish shall be troweled to a smooth and uniform-surface. Where this insulation is exposed to viewit shall be finished with a jacket of 8-oz. canvas, glued to the insulation and sewed in place. Painting--All insulation exposed to view and en closed in a jacket of 8-oz. canvas is to be painted with one coat of glue sizing and two coats of first quality lead and oil paint of a color selected by the architect. Underground Lines--All high and low pressure steam lines and hot water lines running under ground outside of buildings shall be installed in Johns-Manville System of Underground Insulation. This system shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. All of the above insulation is to be furnished and applied by the manufacturer of the materials used, or by his approved contractor, in accordance with the manufacturer's standard specifications. Johns-Manville is prepared to furnish detailed standard specifications on any of the above items, as well as on the following and many others: Boilers, Boiler Settings, . Tube Doors, Breechings and Smoke Flues, Stack Lining, Stack Insulation, Feed Water Heaters, - Pump Cylinders, ` Hot Water Piping, Ice -Water Piping, Refrigeration Piping, Pipes Exposed to Freezing. '457 Johns-Manoille Inc. Insulating Materials Space limitations do not permit the insertion of complete efficiency tables, pipe sizes, insulation thickJSS, etc. If you do not find the size you want, write to the nearest Johns-Manville Division sales omce. JOHNS-MANVILLE 85 PER CENT MAGNESIA INSULATION An efficient insulation for steam lines to 600 deg. fahr. EFFICIENCIES Pipe Size Inches Nominal Insulation Thickness Inches 1 2 3 4 6 8 Flat. Surface 0. Std. 2 3 0 Std. 2 3 0 Std. 2 3 0 Std. 2 . 3 0 Std. 2 3 0 Std. 2 3 0 1 2 3 Temperature Difference Between Pipe and Surrounding Air, Deg. bahr. 100* 200 300 400 500 Temperature of Pipe. Deg. Fahr. (Temperature of Surrounding Air. 75 Deg.) 175 275" 375 475. . f .575 Ifmes nr* linear foot of bare pipe per hour and Efficiencies of insulation Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... Efficiency %................ %.................. " %.................. Bare Pipe Loss. B.t-u... Efficiency %................. %.................. " %.................. Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u... Efficiency ............ * %.............. " %.................. Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... Efficiency %................. %.................. " %.................. Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... Efficiency %................. %.................. " %.................. Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u... Efficiency %................. %.................. " %.................. Efficiency %................. %.................. %.................. 74.0 . 68.7 78.4 81.4 133.9 76.7 83.3 86.2 197.3 78.8 85.2 88.2 253.5 81.7 86.4 89.3 371.9 82.7 87.8 90.4 485.7 83.7 .88.4 91.1 215.2 82.36 90.16 93.22 183.4 73.7 82.0 84.6 331.5 80.5 85.9 88.5 488.8 82.3 87.7 90.2 627.9 ' 84.5 88.7 91.1 923.7 85.4 89.8 92.1 1203.0 86.2 90.3 92.7 533.0 85.20 91.85 94.37 337.4 77.7 84.8 87.0 608.3 83.3 88.2 90.2 896.8 84.8 89.6 91.7 1152.1 86.9 90.5 92.4 1694.9 87.6 91.3 93.3 2207.3 88.4 91.8 93.7 978.0 87.60 93.12 95.25 555.2 81.1 87.3 89.1 1003.9 85.7 90.2 91.9 1480.0 87.1 91.4 93.0 1901.3 89.1 92.1 93.7 2797 1 89.7 92.8 94.4 3642.8 ` 90.2 93.1 94.8 1614.0 89.64 94.27 96.06 891.0 84.0 89.5 90.9 1611.0 86.2 91.7 93.3 2375.0 89.3 92.9 94.2 3051.0 . 90.8 93.4 94.8 4488.5 91.3 94.0 95.3 5845.6 91.9 94.3 95.6 2590.0 91.48 . . 95.31 96.75 JOHNS-MANVILLE ASBESTO-SPONGE FELTED INSULATION For insulating high pressure and superheated steam lines to 750 deg. fahr. EFFICIENCIES _______________________ Pipe Size Inches Nominal Insulation Thickness Inches Temperature Difference Between Pipe and Surrounding Air. Deg. Fahr. 100 200 300 400 . 500 Temperature of Pipe. Deg. Fahr. (Temperature of Surrounding Air. 75 Deg.) 175 275 375 475. . 575 Heat losses per linear foot of bare pipe per hour and Efficiencies of insulation'. 1 2 3 4 6 Flat . Surface 0 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t*u.. . 74.0 1 1 76.5 2 80.7 3 " %................. 83.5 O' Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... 133.9 1 80.4 2 . % ........ 85.1 3 %......... . 87.7 0 ' Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u... 197.3 1 82.2 2 % ............... 86.8 3 " '%................. 89.5 0 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u... 253.5 1 83.3 2 87.9 3 " %................. 90.5 0 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u... 371.9 1 84.2 2 %................. 89.1 3 . %................. 91.5 0 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u... 485.7 1 2 " %......... 84.8 89.6 3 41 .%........ 92.1 0 .215.2 1 84.17 1 2 "% ........ 3 %............. . 91 32 94.02 183.4 79.9 83.6 86.1 331.5 . 83.3 87.2 89.6 488.8 84.9 88.8 91.2 627.9 85.8 89.7 92.0 923.7 86.5 90.7 92.9 1203.0 87.0 91.2 93.4 533.0 86.50 92.61 94.90 337.4 82.6 85.8 88.0 608.3 85.5 89.0 91.0 896.8 86.8 90.3 92.3 1152.1 87.6 91.1 93.0 1694.9 88.3 91.9 93.8 2207.3 88.7 92.4 94.2 978.0 88.38 93.61 95.59 555.2 85.2 87.8 89.8 891.0 87.4 90.0 1003.9 87.6 90.6 92.4 1611.0 89.3 92.1 93.7 . 1480.0 88.8 93.5 2375.0 90.3 93.2 94.6 1901.3 89.5 92.4 94.1 3051.0 90.9 93.7 95.1 2797.1 90.1 93.1 94.8 4488.5 91.4 94.3 95.6 3642.8 90.4 93.4 95 1 5845.6 91.7 94.6 95.9 1614.0 2590.0 90.10 91.73 94.55 95/44 | 96.23 i 96.85 .458 Johns-Manoille Inc. _____________________. . Insulating Materials JOHNS-MANVILLE IMPROVED ASBESTOCEL INSULATION For insulating pipes conveying hot water or steam at. medium and low pressure. EFFICIENCIES Pipe Sizes Ply Inches Temperature 100 Difference Between 150 Pioe and 200 Surrounding Air 250" ' Deg. Fahr. 300 Temperature 175" of Eipe, Deg. 22?" Fahr . (Temperature 275 of Surrounding 325" Air, 75 Deg.) 375" Heat losses per linear foot of bare pipe per hour and efficiencies of insulation 1 Bare Pipe Loss. B.m..... 2-pjy Efficiency %..................... 3-ply " %..................... 4-ply " %..................... 74.0 57.8 62.9 66.4 . 123.8 59.8 64.8 68.1 163.4 61.6 66.6 69.7 63 2 71.2 64 6 72.6 2 Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u....... 2-ply Efficiency %..................... 3-ply 4-ply %..................... * %..................... 133.9 64.5 69.7 73.0 223.9 66.1 71.3 74:5 331.5 67.6 72.6 75.7 73 9 76.9 75 1 78.0 3 Bare Pipe Loss, B.tu.,..! 2-ply Efficiency %..................... 3-ply * %..................... i-ply " %..................... 197.3 67.2 72.6 75.9 330.1 68.7 74.0 77.2 488.8 70.0 75.3 78.3 79.4 77 4 80.3 4 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u....... 2-ply Efficiency %................... 3-ply %..................... 4-ply ` %..................... 253.5 68.6 74.0 77.4 424.2 70.0 75.3 78.5 627.9 71.3 76.5 79.6 80.6 78 6 81.5 6 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u....... 2-ply Efficiency %..................... 3-ply * %................. 4-ply . * %..................... 371.9 70.0 75.6 79.0 623.9 71.4 76.8 60.1 923.7 72.6 77.9 61.1 1278.1 82.0 1694.9 74 7 79 9 82.8 8 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u....... 485.7 2-ply Efficiency %............. . 70.9 3-ply 4-ply * %..................... %..................... 76.4 79.8 812.5 72.2 77.6 80.9 1203 0 73.3 78.6 81.8 82 7 75 3 83.5 JOHNS-MANVILLE STEAM TRAPS Type A (Cast Iron) The simplicity of the Johns-Manville Steam Trap practically eliminates all possibility of its getting out of order. It has and requires no adjustments, and consists of only three parts--the body, discharge bushing and rolling ball, the latter being the only part that moves. Trap Pipe Capacity Pounds Dimensions in Inches (See Diagram) ' No. Inches of Water per Hour. A B C D E Weight Lbs. 2-A 5/ 700 3-A 1 1000 4-A i1/. 1700 5-A Wr . 3500 6-A 2 6000 k a*2% 3>/. /. J'/z 4'/2. l4/4 23 10% 4% 5% 10'/. 47 12% MK 5% m 12% 85 H'/l 6% 8% 14'/, 126 Cast Iron Model JUNIOR MODEL (Bronze) For steam pressures to 50 lbs. in. outlet and inlet pipe connections. Bushings for pressures from 1 to 10 lbs. and 10 to 50 lbs. . ' Trap -.. Junior Pipe Size. Inches Pressure Range Capacity, Pounds Pounds ------- of water per Hour 'h 1--10 10-50 250 4Va inches long by 35/g inches high; weight. 2 pounds. 6 ozs. 459 Johns-Manville Inc. Insulating Materials RADIATOR TRAPS (Bronze and Nickel Finishes) For steam pressures to 10 lbs.--on open (atmospheric) or vacuum return line heating systems. For use on cast iron heating radiators only. WEIGHTS Style Pipe Connection Yl" %" Standard 2 lb.. 5oz. Straight way 2 lb., 3 oz. Corner 2 lb., 4 oz. 2 lb., 7 oz. 2 lb., 6 oz. Construction Details of the Johns-Manville Underground System of Insulation - Right--Cutaway View of Line Above--Straight Conduit Section Above--Three-Pipe Internal Support Above--Cross Section of Trench Above--Four-Pipe Roll Frame Above--Supporting Section Used With Four-Pipe Roll Frame JOHNS-MANVILLE UNDERGROUND SYSTEM OF INSULATION A specially salt glazed and highly vitrified tile conduit is used as a waterproof envelope to protect the insulation--Johns-Manville Asbesto-Sponge Conduit Filling, is packed around the piping to be insulated and .completely fills the conduit. . The cast iron roll frame used is installed in a mortar or concrete bed and is set at the proper elevation from an overhead batter-board line. This method prevents uneven alignment of the pipes by irregularity in the manufacture of the conduit, etc. The insulation used to surround the pipe is made of asbestos fibre and material of a sponge-like nature, which when properly mixed with the asbestos, forms the most efficient and durable insulation for underground work. The underdrain laid -with open joints carries away the water that rapidly filters away from the system through the.broken stone or gravel in which the lower half of the system and the underdrain itself is laid. . Shutters for sealing the ends of the system, manhole and anchor pits are incidental but necessary, and are placed according to conditions and requirements as recommended by our engineers. 460 Insulating Material UNIVERSAL GYPSUM & LIME CO. New York. N. Y. Atlanta. Ga. Offices Til LlllCagO) 111* Fort Dodge, Iowa Kansas City, Mo. MILLS--Akron, N. Y.,. Batavia. N. Y.,- Fort Dodge, Ia., Rotan, Texas CY*SUM INBULATIONR Reg. U. S. Patented Office Insulex is a gypsum insulating material for building construction and is used to prevent the. passage of heat, cold and sound. When mixed with water Insulexexpands and hardens into a cellular mass in partitions, floor and ceiling spaces. It is especially adapted for use in homes, apartment A Block of Insulex Showing Cellular Structure houses, schools, commercial and industrial buildings where the saving of heat is a vital necessity. The use of Insulex reduces the size of heating plants and amount of radiation installed so that in estimating the heating requiiements of a building using Insulex insulation special conductivity factors are required. Method of Providing Complete Insulation of House Complete A. I. A. Specifications, reports of tests and engineering data on Insulex will be furnished on application. Our staff of heating engineers will help solve your problems on reduced radiation. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION* SIDE WALL (FRAME) Clapboard. Stud. Lath and Plaster................................ Clapboard, Paper. Sheathing. Stud, Lath and Plaster... Bride Veneer. Paper. Sheathing. Lath and Plaster....... Cement Stucco. Paper. Sheathing. Lath and Plaster.,, _________ SIDE WALL (MASONRY) Bride Wall--Plastered Inside: ' 8-inch........................ .............................................. 12- " ................................................................................................. 16- " ................................................. Terra-Cotta Wall--Stucco Exterior--Plastered Inside: 8>inch....................................................................... 16- " .............................................12- " .................................................................................................. CEILING Ceiling Joists. Lath and Raster. UNINSULATED insulated . By Filling Stud Space With No. 12 INSULEX Lath and Cypsolite Plaster Plaster Board and Plaster .345 .082 .079 .263 .076 .073 .251 .075 .073 .255 .075 .073 By Using 2-Inch Furring Strips and Filling Space with No. 12 INSULEX No Furring With Furring Strips Strips .379 .272 .296 .228 .243 .196 Lath and Plaster .m .103 .096 Cypsolite Plaster Board and Plaster .105 .098 .091 .291 .224 .225 .183 .184 .155 .102 .093 .095 .096 .088 .081 Filling Space Between Joists 4-Inches With No. 12 INSULEX Lath and Cypsolite Plaster Plaster Board and Plaster .692 .082 .079 ____ _______ _____ ______ uoc iu uetermining nouse_neatmg radiation requirements when insulated with Insulex, according to Universal Gypsum * Lime Co.'s si ecifications. The Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago. Illinois, have prepared the above figures based on tests and years of experience showing the amount of heat lost through various kinds of construction. Prepared by Professor J. C. Peebles. ' The figures given are in B.t.u.'s per square foot per hour per degree temperature difference and show heat loss or conductivity. These figures can be used in figuring reduced size of heating plants and radiation required in an Insulexed home. ' 461 Metal Weather Strips Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Company Incorporated General OfficesDetroit, Mich. FACTORIES Detroit, Mich. Peru, Illinois Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore, Md. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago, III. Charlotte, N. C. Cincinnati, Ohio DISTRICT BRANCHES Cleveland, Ohio Denver, Colo. Detroit. Mich. Flint, Mich. Indianapolis. Ind. Jacksonville, Fla. Kansas City, Mo. Los Angeles. Calif. Louisville. Ky. Minneapolis, Minn. Nashville. Tenn. New York, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh. Pa. St. Louis. Mo. South Bend, Ind. Terre Haute, Ind. Washington, D. C. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Eighty Other Branches Throughout the United States In order to measure weather strip are given in the following tables. efficiency it is much more important Tests were made by putting an air for the Heating Engi collecting chamber on neer, the Architect, the inside of the win the Contractor and CHAMBERLIN dow opening and the Consumer to taking anemometer know what the result 1833-THE STANDARD"1*^! readings over a period of a weatherstrip in of thirty minutes. stallation will be. at the end of THIRTY or more years than to know the result obtainable immedi ately .after installation. What Chamberlin Weather Strip will do can be determined by a review of what Chamberlin has done for thirty-three years. Instal lations made in 1893 are still giving service and. satisfaction and the Constantly Improved Chamberlin has been the Standard weather strip since 1893. Thirtythree years have proven the basic principles of Chamberlin, but im provements in design and installa tion methods have been added whenever the Company's constant research developed a better way. same fundamental principles are Life of Building Service Policy incorporated in Chamberlin in There are only two parties to a stallations made at the present Chamberlin installation contract, time. the customer and the Chamberlin The Test of Time Company. Chamberlin manufac tures, sells, installs and services From time to time field tests are made of Chamberlin installations. The results obtained by engineers on some representative installations every installation by means of a complete organization of trained men. Results, not material alone,' are insured by the Company's Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co., Inc. Metal Weather Strips service guarantee which remains in effect for the "life of the building." That is why the purchase or recom mendation of Chamberlin becomes a specification of guaranteed service and not of material. Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip is the only building product sold and guar anteed in this way. No Heating Plant Can Do It All The best heating plant in the world can't heat the whole outdoors and that is just what is expected of every heating plant when installed in a building where windows and doors are not weatherstripped. Heating engineers should recognize the value of preventing heat loss rather than attempt to design a heating plant to take care of any loss no matter how great. There fore, Chamberlin cooperation and the completeness of Chamberlin service merits prime consideration in the computations of the careful engineer, architect and builder. CHAMBERLIN TESTS OF TIME Name of Building Location and Date of Chamberlin Installation E. A. De Wolfe Res. Equity Bldg. Majestic Bldg. Majestic Bldg. Union Trust Co. Bldg. Adolphus Busch Kes. Horace Mann School City Hall Michael Reese Heap. Congress Hotel Detroit Club Fleming Bldg. D'YouviUe College Owen bldg. Ford Bldg. Boston College Campau Bldz. . Hasp. Rockefeller Inst. Cleveland Ath. Club Copley Plaza Hotel Hubbell Bldg. Pharmacy Bldg. Dime Sav. Bk. Bldg. Board of Commerce Kresge Bldg. Kresge Bldg. David Whitney Bldg. Det Athletic Club Peter Smith Bldg. Fort Shelby Hotel t* teid Museum Planters Bldg. Park Ave. Bldg. Int 1. Shoe Co. Bldg. St. Louis. 1893 Detroit, 1894 Detroit, 1896 Detroit, 1896 Cincinnati, 1901 St. Louis, 1903 New York, 1903 Detroit, 1904 Chicago. 1906 Chicago, 1906 Detroit, 1906 Des Moines, 1906 Buffalo. 1907 Detroit, 1907 Detroit. 1908 Newton, Mass. ;.I9I0: Detroit,1 - 1910 New York. 1910 Cleveland 1911 Boston, 1912 Des Moines. 1912 U. of Mmn. 1912 Detroit, 1913 Detroit, 1913 Detroit. 1914 Detroit. 1914 Detroit, I9J5 Detroit, 1915 Detroit, 1916 Detroit, 1918 Chicago. 1919 St. Louis, 1919 Detroit, 1922 St. Louis, 1923 Date of Test" 3/ 7/25 12/17/24 12/11/24 12/12/24 3/20/25 3/ 7/25 4/11/25 12/ 3/24 2/15/25 2/11/25 12/ 2/24 2/17/25 4/ 3/25 12/ 6/24 11/27/24 4/10/25 12/ 3/24 4/ 9/25 4/ 2/25 4/10/25 2/16/25 2/23/25 11/28/24 12/10/24 12/ 9/24 12/ 9/24 11/25/24 12/13/24 12/11/24 12/ 5/24 2/26/25 3/ 7/25 12/10/24 3/ 6/25 Size of Window (Lin. FL of Crack) 18.80 23.85 34.00 34.00 26.00 18.25 20.67 30.67 32.00 25,33 26.50 25.33 27.00 28.00 26.50 20:67 23:50 19.50 31.50 20.33 26.00. 25.33 26.50 21.00 27.85 27.85 28.50 20.67 19.85 23.33 24.17 26.70 26.85 29.00 Wind Velocity. M. P. H. U. S. Weather Bureau Leakage Without W. S. Based on A.S.H.&V.E. Test Leakage on Date of Test Including Frame and Pulley Leak Per centage of Possible Leakage Kept Out 25 24 8 12 15 21 7.5 192 185 6 18 18 12 78.88 .53 96.04 5.05 46.25 1.79 68.38 4 22 72.30 7.00 66.79 2 51 28.23 1.87 6464..1306 7.31 10.65 63.70 4.00 35.28 4.19 23.30 2.50 83.15 4.98 87.00 4.42 53.30 5.01 99.3 93.70 95 91 93.86 90.32 96 20 93.38 83.52 83.90 93.70 88.41 89.30 94.00 94.92 90.60 1102.5 M. 20 12 7.5 8 22 12 28 24 19 14.5. 16 13 16.5 18 21 15 . 47.60 47.23 46.29 109.70 44.40 29.25 38.10 90.15 42.13 132.76 112.15 92.65 49.82 53.17 50.73 66.20 83.75 96.46 74.26 3.34 5.00 3.66 6.30 1.16 4.26 3.00 9.93 1.98 17.53 15.47 5.00 5.35 3.76 6.96 5.65 6.41 3.23 2.55. 92.40 89.44 92.10 94 16 97.34 85.00 92.13 87.60 95.28 86.80 86.21 94.60 89.26 92.93 86.28 91.48 92.30 96.80 96:60 463 Melal Weatherstrips The Higgin Manufacturing Go. NEWPORT, KY. Manufacturers of Metal Weather Stripping for Windows and Doors Representatives in Principal Cities The Higgin All-Metal Weather Strip Equipment effectually reduces to a minimum infiltration losses around windows and doors. Double Hung Windows: The Higgin Two^ Member Track and Insert Equipment for double hung windows consists of a rib track, zinc or copper, fitted to the window frame. The rib or raised portion is % in. high and extends into a groove cut into the edge of sash. The Insert, usually made of bronze, very thin gage is of spring temper and is fitted and concealed into the groove in the edge of sash. It is so formed that the spring sides or flanges contact with the tongue or rib of the track. These two contacting metals seal the aperture around the edge of the sash. The insert resting on the slightly raised portion at base of rib on track insures easy sliding. i. Sash Shrinkage: Air leakage can occur in around the tongue of a track strip working loosely in a groove in wood sash. The efficiency of the Higgin Two-member Track and Insert is not affected by shrinkage of the sash. If sash should draw away from frame, the Insert will snugly contact with the rib at any point of its projection. Air leakage through the pulley holes, is prevented by the Insert, dividing as it does into a separate chamber the cut out space for sash cord.Installation: Lower Sash--The rib track extends to top edge of meeting rail projecting slightly into the parting strip and also lapping under inside stop. Upper Sash--The rib track extends about one inch below meeting rail, projecting slightly into the outside stop bead. Slot is cut into track to clear pulleys. Head and Sill-- Track extends full width of opening. Insert concealed in sash groove, at sides, bottom and head, full length. The meeting rail is equipped with a flat zinc or copper strip . 464 The Higgin Manufacturing Co. Metal Weatherstrips attached to . top rail of lower sash which interlocks with a hook strip attached to the bottom rail of the upper sash. Casement Windows: The top and lock sides are equipped with a flat zinc or copper strip attached to sash which interlocks with a hook strip of same metal, secured into the rabbet. The hinged side, a rib track is applied, the raised tongue extending into a groove in the sash. The bottom of out-opening sash are usually equipped the same as for top and lock sides. In-opening sash are equipped with an interlocking trough of either brass or zinc. This equipment has proven very efficient in stopping air and water leakage. . Doors: In the rabbet at sides and head are attached a compression spring bronze strip which contacts with door as it closes. For the bottom an extruded brass threshold with an interlocking brass hook and spring bronze contact strip makes a thoroughly air and water-tight equipment and provides a handsome and permanent threshold. Catalogue upon request. We will contract to install Higgin All-Metal Weatherstrips in new or old buildings. Estimates gladly furnished. HIGGIN ALL-METAL ACCESS PANEL Higgin Flush Metal Access Panels are neat in appearance, easily installed and provide easy and inexpensive access to critical points in heating or plumbing systems, refrigerator pipes, valves or any place where immediate access and neat inconspicuous appearance is desired. The Higgin frame and panel is made as a unit of heavy gauge metal. Installation is easily and quickly accomplished. When access is desired there are no screws or locks to bother with. A screw driver or knife springs the panel out leaving the open ing clear with a maximum of working space. Panels may be papered or painted over so that they will be invisible. Higgin Metal Access Panels are made in three sizes, 7M"xllM", 18" x 24" and 714" x 18". The latter size has been especially designed for access to expansion joints in heating systems. The narrow width permits installation in limited space but still provides ample room for working. Write for descriptive folder and details. 465 Motors and Controllers The Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company EAST PITTSBURGH, PA. Abilene, Kan. Abilene, Tex. Albany, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga. Bakersfield. Calif. Baltimore. Md. Birmingham, Ala. Bluefield. W. Va. Boston, Mass. Bridgeport, Conn. Buffalo. N. Y. Burlington, Iowa Butte, Mont. Canton, Ohio Casper, Wyo. Cedar Rapids, Iowa Charleston, W. Va. Charlotte, N. C. Chattanooga, Tenn. Chicago. 111. Cincinnati. Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Columbus. Ohio Dallas, Tex. Davenport, Iowa Dayton, Ohio Denver, Colo. Des Moines. Iowa Detroit, Mich. WESTINGHOUSE SALES OFFICES Duluth, Minn. Elmira. N. Y. El Paso, Tex. Erie. Pa. Evansville, Ind. Fairmount, W. Va. Fort Wayne. Ind. Fresno, Calif. Grand Rapids, Mich. Hammond. Ind. Hartford, Conn. Houston. Tex. Huntington, W. Va. Indianapolis, Ind. Ishpeming, Mich. Jackson, Mich. Jackson, Miss. Jacksonville, Fla. Johnstown, Pa. Joplin. Mo. Kansas City. Mo. Knoxville, Tenn. Little Rock. Ark. Louisville, Ky. Los Angeles, Calif. Madison, Wis. Marshall, Tex. Medford, Ore. Memphis, Tenn. Miami, Fla. Middlesboro, Ky. Milwaukee, Wis. Minneapolis, Minn. Mobile, Ala. , Nashville, Tenn. ' Newark. N. J. New Haven. Conn. New Orleans, La. New York, N. Y. Niagara Falls, N. Y. Norfolk, Va. Oklahoma City, Okla. Omaha, Neb. Peoria, 111. Philadelphia, Pa. Phoenix, Aria. Pine Bluff, Ark. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Maine Portland, Ore. Poughkeepsie. N. Y. Providence. R. I. Pueblo, Colo. Raleigh, N. C. Richmond, Va. Rochester, N. Y. Rockford, III. Rutland, Vt. Saco, Maine Salt Lake City, Utah San Antonio, Tex. San Diego, Calif. San Francisco, Calif. .- Seattle, Wash. Shreveport, La. Sioux City, Iowa South Bend, Ind. Spokane. Wash. Springfield, III. Springfield, Mass. St. Louis, Mo. ' Syracuse, N. Y. Tacoma. Wash. Tampa, Fla. Terre Haute, Ind. Toledo, Ohio Tulsa, Okla. Utica. N. Y. Washington, D. C. Watertown, N. Y. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Worcester, Mass. Youngstown, O. _ The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd.. Honolulu, T. H.--Agent. _ Warehouse located in this-city. MOTORS AND CONTROL FOR HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Type CS, Squirrel-Cage Motor Type SK, Direct-Current Motor Pumps Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Buffalo, N. Y. BRANCH OFFICES New York, N. Y.. 39-41 Cortlandt St. Philadelphia, Pa., 1302 Land Title Bldg. Boston, Mass., 10 Milk St. Cleveland, O.. 368 Rockefeller Bldg. Pittsburgh, Pa., 927 Union Trust Bldg. Detroit, Mich., Coon-DeVisser Co. Chicago, III., 562 W. Washington Blvd. Washington, D.C., 418 Washington Loan & Trust Bldg. Atlanta, Ga.. Candler Bldg. Indianapolis. Ind., 725 Continental Bank Bldg. St. Louis, Mo., 515 Chemical Bldg. Cincinnati, O.. 604 Mercantile Library Bldg. Minneapolis, Minn.. 430 Oak Grove St. Los Angeles, Calif., 220 Black Bldg. Charlotte. N. C.. J. W. Fraser & Co. New Orleans, La., Woodward Wight & Co. San Francisco. Calif.. 307 Flatiron Bldg. Seattle, Wash., 905 Olympic Way Canadian Blower and Forge Co.. Kitchener, Ont. Products Centrifugal Pumps For AH Purposes--Single and Double Suction, Single and Multistage, Horizontal and Vertical. Steam Pumps--Duplex and Simplex, Inside Packed and Outside Packed; Vacuum Pumps and Condensers. Class S Double Suction Centrifugal Pump Horizontally divided casing. Exten sively used with air washers, and for circulating systems and booster service. Centrifugal Condensation Return Pump and Receiver Also built vertical with receiver pit. Especially adapted for low pressure boilers. Automatic in operation. Class 10700 Auto Starter Class 7S10-B Regulator Motors--Westinghouse motors and control can be supplied for practically all demands within the heating and ventilating engi neer's field of activity. Noiseless operation, close speed regulation, and dependability in service are their recognized character istics. Motor Control--Westinghouse Electric manufactures manual and magnetic1 starters and speed regulators to control motors in all applications. By specifying Westinghouse starters and regulators to operate Westinghouse motors, the responsi bility for the successful operation of the in stallation is placed upon one manufacturer. 466 Duplex Steam Pump and Receiver Automatic Sump Pump " Entirely automatic. Can be furnished Self contained. Ball bearing thrust with for high or low boiler pressure. automatic oil lubrication. Complete Catalogs Will Be Furnished Upon Request 467 Pumps Economy Pumping Machinery Co. 98-124 N. Curtis St., CHICAGO Works, JOLIET, ILL. New YorkJCity, N. Y.. 39 Cortland St. Grand Rapids, Mich., Shepard Bldg. W. Montreal, Quebec, Can., 246 Craig St. Kansas City, Mo.. 207 Davidson Bldg. Wichita. Kans., 421 Sedgwick Bldg. Salt Lake City, Utah, Dooly Bldg. Indianapolis, Ind., Board of Trade Bldg. Philadelphia, Pa.. 604 Arch St. Chattanooga, Tenn., 823 Chestnut St. New Orleans, La.. 415 Gravier St. Detroit, Mich., 517 E. Larned St. Baltimore, Md., 15 E. Fayette St. , Sales Offices Des Moines, Iowa, 512 Hubbell Bldg. San Francisco, Cal., Mondanock Bldg. Amsterdam, N. Y., 447 Guy Park Ave. Toledo, Ohio, 2940 Broadway Cincinnati, Ohio, 309 Main St. Pittsburgh, Pa., Fulton Bldg. Oklahoma City, Okla:, 710 N. Hudson St. Milwaukee, Wis., 616 Caswell Block Seattle, Wash., 309 Crown Bldg. Portland, Ore., Worcester Bldg. South Bend, Ind., 312 Lincoln Way St. Paul, Minn., 503 Hamm Bldg. Economy Centrifugal Return Line Vacuum Pump and Boiler Feeder Economy Pumps and Receivers Made in variety, of forms to meet every requirement. Type SS34 Economy vacuum pumps remove air and condensation from the heating system automatically discharging the water to boiler. Their flexibility imposes no limita tions on capacity or pressure. Reasonable delivery is made on pumps designed to discharge against 100 lb. boiler pressure. Units rated over 5000 sq. ft. capacity have bronze fitted horizontal split case, double suction pumps with perfectly balanced rotors. All standard units are supplied with bronze suction strainer scale' pocket and automatic control all firmly mounted on cast iron base. Wiring is in conduit to conform with Underwriter's rules. Each pump tested and ready for operation when delivered. Economy Centrifugal Vacuum Pump Unit No. Capacity in Sq. Ft. Direct C. I. Radiation Motor Horse Power Cubic Feet Air per Min. Size* Dis charge to . Boiler Size Re turn Inlet Ship ping Weight CV-I CV-2 2,500 5,000 y. 1 iy. 4 y 1 IV, 2 650 750 CV-3 8,000 IV, 6 1 i'h 900 CV-4 16.000 2 10 I'A 3 1,025 CV-5 20.000 3 15 I'A 3 1,150 CV-6 27,500 5 19 I'A 3'/, 1.300 CV-7 CV-8 40,000 65,000 5 24 7Vr 40 2l'/i 4 5 1,550 1,800 CV-9 100,000 10 60 l'/, 6 3.100 CV-10 150.000 15 90 2'A 6 Duplex units consisting of single tank, two pumps, motors and control apparatus will approximate 75 per cent addition to the weights above listed. Type C. S. S. C. S. S. type pumps and receivers are made for standard low boiler pressure work up tp 25 lbs. The pump is bronze fitted single side suction type with oil-less sleeve bearing at pump and ring oiling bearing. Also has ball thrust bearing and flexible coupling. Crank action, float mechanism operated by copper float insures positive operation for enclosed switch. Mounted on heavy cast iron base the units are fully assembled, ready for operation. _ We have a proper size pump for every iob. Cracked boiler sections eliminated when Economy Pumps are used. Receivers and pump capacities proportioned to prevent excessive low water conditions of boiler. H.2 CL e.e 1 No. of Uni Capacity in Sq. Ft. Din C. I. Rad tion Discharge Pressure, L per Sq. In. Motor H. Pump Capacity C. P. M. CReac teit ivleyr Gallons GaU.Cond sate per M at 0.25 Lbs Sq. Ft. H r 6 6Vi 7 7A 7B Jl/,x ih 8A 8 8B 8VA i 9A 9 9B 9'/?A Ji 10 I0A IOB 2,000 3,500 5.000 5,000 5,000 7,500 7,500 7,500 10,000 10,000 10.000 15.000 15,000 15.000 25,000 25,000 25.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 50.000 50,00050.000 10 10 10 (5 20 10 15 20 10 15 25 10 15 25 to 15 25 10 15 25 15 25 35 % i'h a 12 'A 15 % 15 1 15 'A 20 V, 20 1 20 A 25 25 I'A 25 Va 37 1 37 2 37 1 60 2 60 3 60 2IV, 80 60 3 80 2. 110 5 110 5 110 13 16 20 20 20 26 26 26 33 33 33 41 41 41 49 49 49 70 70 70 82 82 82 1 Wa 2'A 2'A 2'A, 3'A 3% 3% 5 5 5 m 18 12'/, i2'/; 12'A 17'/, I7>/ I7V5 25 25 25 468 Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Pumps Economy Pumps and Receivers C. S. M. Type ity for either 10 or 20 lbs. boiler pressure. Receiver is cast iron, stuffing box around pump shaft, thrust carried on ball bearing in cage above stuffing box. The lower bearing is of oil-less sleeve type. Economy Reciprocating Pomp--C. R. Type Pump and receiver for work up to 125 lbs. boiler pressure. The demand for an unusually high-grade pump and receiver has caused us to make available a complete line of sizes from 5,000^to 50,000 sq. ft. capacity, inclusive. These units include horizontal split double suction bronze fitted pumps with double ring oiling bearings; a heavy receiver, our special float mechanism, switch and a self-starter for the motor. These units are designed to discharge against boiler pres sures up to 55 lbs. They are made both single and duplex pump units. Type C. R.--Pump and Receiver These units are frequently used in old remodelled'jobs, comprising several types of heating systems. They will handle the condensate from all and sometimes are used to establish a vacuum in parts of the apparatus. `This feature is not automatic or capable of close adjustment. Silent chain drive is used. Pump is fully bronze fitted and made for capacities ranging from 1,250 to 25,000 sq. ft. radiation. Economy Boiler Feed and High Pressure Pomps These units are the same as C. S. M. except the pumps are multi-stage vertical split bronze fitted, double outboard ring oil bearings made in sufficient number of stages.to discharge against boiler pressures from 25 to 150 lbs. Type C. U. Economy Underground Pump and Receiver C. U. Intended for work where radi ation is placed on the floor with returns underground. They consist of a special pump and float switch mecha nism which" prevents binding and sticking of float rods. Made iri -sizes of 2,000 to 50,000 sq. ft. radiation capac Type E. M. F. This is a single suction multi-stage . horizontally split case centrifugal pump intended for heads up to 800 ft. or boiler pressures up to 350 lbs. It is hydrau lically balanced, fully bronze fitted, having a high operating efficiency and . low maintenance cost, made for any type drive, direct connected motor or turbine; belt or silent chain as desired. Impellers are cast bronze one-piece, accurately balanced, keyed and locked on alloy steel, ground shaft between threaded bronze .sleeves. Stuffing boxes are water sealed type, bearings are ring oiling, split sleeve type machined all*over; oil level gauges and spring hinged cover inspection ports are provided. .... .. 469 Pumps Branches Atlanta New York Boston Philadelphia Goulds Pumps, PUMP MAKERS SINCE 1848 Main Office and Works SENECA PALLS New York Inc. Chicago Tulsa Branches Pittsburgh Houston Goulds Pumps have been made for every service for more than three-quarters of a century and have an established reputation for reliable service, economy in operation, and conservative rating. Bulletins on power pumps give complete specifications of the standard types as follows: No. 100. Double-Acting, Single Cylinder Piston Pumps. No. 101. Single-Acting Triplex Plunger Pumps, Outside-Guided Type. No. 103. Single-Acting Triplex Plunger Pumps, Large Capacity and High Pressure Types. ' No. 104. Double-Acting Triplex Piston Pumps, Vertical Type. No. 10S. Single Stage, Single Side Suction Centrifugal Pumps. No. 106. Vacuum and Stuff Pumps. No. 107. Deep Well Triplex Pumps. No. 108. Deep Well Working Heads ' and Cylinders No. 110. Single Stage, Double Suc tion Centrifu gal Pumps. No. 111. Centrifugal Sump Pumps No. 112. Hanay Data on Power Pumping. No. 113. Power Rotary Pumps. No. 115. Double-Acting D u p I e x Goulds Double Suction and Triplex Plunger ffflgyy Centri/ugoi Pump Pumps, Horizontal Type ^ No. 116. Single-Acting Triplex Pressure Pumps. -, No. 118. Centrifugal Fire Pumps. No. 119. Single Stage, Single Suction Centrifugal Pumps, Enclosed Impeller GOULDS CENTRIFUGAL cavnurucM. nw oat* ctccrr PUMPS No. 120. Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pumps for General Service. No. 122. Centrifugal Pump Data. No. 124. Installation--Operation--Inspection, Goulds Centrifugal Pumps. No. 125. Single Stage, Double Suction Centrifugal Pumps. . Pump Data Several units of interest to heating engineers and architects are shown here accompanied by data on capac ity, speed, efficiency which will assist them in choosing the right Goulds pump for the service desired. Goulds Double Suction Centrifugal Pumps are the results of over 12 years of research and progressive development and are of exceptionally high efficiences. ' CASING.--Close grained iron, divided horizontally, the two castings bolted together. The lower half of the bearing housings are cast integral with the lower half of casing. Casing is provided with air cocks, and with openings for priming and draining. IMPELLER: Cast iron, accurately machined and balanced. BEARINGS: Ring oiling type with sphi cast iron shells lined with babbit, supported in horizontally divided housings securely locked against rotation or lateral motion Shells are removable Table of Canacities for Goulds Centrifugal PumDS without disturbing rotating element. THRUST BEARINGS: All pumps are provided with a self-align ing double-acting ball thrust bearing, running in an ou hath, which takes care of any unbalanced thrust due Figure Pump No. Pipe Sizes Discharge Suction In. - In. Approx. Capacity Gals, per Min. Standard Pulleys Mini Maxi Diameter Face mum mum In. In. t Approx Domestic Shipping Weight Lb. to uneven wear of sealing surfaces. SHAFT: Special alloy steel, heat treated, accurately machined to 3065 f5 6 8 5 6 . 400 800 8 8 1020 6 .8 600 1300 10 10 1325 8 10 1000 2700 12 12 2100 ^STUFFff/G BOX: Of ertra loiing design with brass water seal ring and water seal piping. 3075 GLANDS: The glands are split horizontally, permitting the gland to be removed and affording maximum space for repacking. They are ad justed by swing bolts. 3085 CASING WEARING RINGS: Casing is equipped with bronxe wear ing rings, wnicb can be renewed as re quired, thus keeping the clearances to a minimum. 3095 IMPELLER WEARING RINGS: - 10 5 6 8 2 3 14 )5 16 l8 2 J3 4 16 10 5 6 8 2 3 4 5 6 8 2 3 4 6 12 2000 4400 6 400 900 8 600 1500 10 1100 2900 3 50 325 4 150 350 5 250 750 6 400 1000 8 800 1700 10 1300 3000 3 50 250 4 200 450 5 400 800 8 500 2000 12 8 10 12 5 6 8 10 12 12 6 8 10 12 12 3300 8 1275 10 1605;.- 12 2525' 5 600 6 950 8 1270 10 1520 12 2400 15 3425 6 1020 8 1120 10 1585 12 2900 Wearing rings on bronze impellers fWeight includes either bedplate and coupling for direct connected drive, or bedplate, can be furnished as an extra. pulley, pulley shaft, coupling and two pedestal bearings for belt drive. 470 Goulds Pumps, Inc. Pumps FLEXIBLE COUPLING: A flexible coupling of the pin-and-buffer type is provided to connect the pump to prime mover or belt pulley shaft. BED PLA TE: Pump and prime mover are mounted on a rugged cast iron bedplate of neat design, with a drip canal around the four sides. Goulds "Pyramid" Double-Acting Piston Pump (Fig. 1678) is especially adapted for handling Condensation of Steam Heating Systems and for General Water Supply, Mine Service and Hot Water Pumping. Built in a single iron casting embodying the base, cylinder, bearings and one cylinder head, with the cylinder fitted with a renewable cast bronze lining and the piston fibrous packed, this pump is of strong and rigid construction. Goulds Pyramid Piston Pump Dimensions, Speeds, Displacements. Goulds "Pyramid" Pump Ratings Based on Pumping Cold Water. Weight Lb. 1 tN o. So. Ft. Heat ing Radiation Stroke Displ. per Rev, of Crank Shaft. Gal. Pulleys Tight and Loose In. Geared In. . 1 Discharge Horse Power at Catalog Rating Pistons | Q Usual Speed and Dis placement per Min. Rev. Gal. Horse Power for Vacuum Service Suction In. Size Pipe 1 , 2% 4 .130 39 5 .50 .50 700 tv. 1V4 5 to 1 8x2V7 170 IV, 5 .245 41 10 1.00 .50 1450 1'/2 1'/j 5 to 1 I5x2</2 295 W, 5 .465 39 18 1.50 1.00 2600 2 2 5 to 1 15x3 340 43/4 5 .741 38 28 3.00 1.00 4000 i'h 2Vi 5 to 1 16x4 525 sy. 6 1.316 38 50 5.00 1.50 7000 3 3 5 to f 20x4 680 fFigures based on the condensation of one-third of a pound of steam per square foot of radiating surface per hour, which is a good average condition. Goulds Double-Acting Piston Vacuum Pump (Fig. 1049) has a displacement of 10,200 gal. to 81,000 gal. per hr. The waterways are so con structed that the valves at both ends of the cylinder are always submerged. The frame is of cast iron in one piece bolted to the cylinder, supporting the bearings and crosshead guides. These pumps are designed for Suction Box on Paper Machines, Vacuum Pans, Surface Condensers, and Vacuum System of Steam Heating. Gallons Displaced ment per Min. Goulds Vacuum Pump--Dimensions and Displacements Pistons Diam. Stroke In. In. Displace ment 1 Rev. of Crank Shaft Vacuum Steam Heating Systems H. P. *Sq. Ft. of Required Radiation R. P.M. Sizes of Pipes Suction In. Dis charge In. 170 8 10 4.28 gal. 265 10 10 6.73 " 385 ' 12 10 9.72 " 525 14 10 >3.22 " 700 14 14 18.51 " 1000 16 16 27.62 ** >350 18 16 39.31 " 3 5 5 m 10 10 15 24500 36000 55000 75500 100000 144000 194500 40 40 40 40 38 37 35 55 55 55 66 66 88 10 10 Figures based on the corfdensation of one-third of a pound of steam per square foot of radiating surface per hour, which is a good average condition. The Goulds Sump Pump (Fig. 3029) is a standardized outfit built in one size. Ratings for this size are given below. When the sump is full the float rises and actuates the switch which in turn starts the motor. When sump is drained, the float falls and the motor is stopped. Electric current is used only when pump is running and the pump is always submerged ready to start work instantly. Ratings--Fig. 3029 Sump Pump l H.P.--1725 R.P.M. Motor Gals, per Min.. 10 15 20 25 30 15_.with % H.P.--1450 R.P.M. Motor 35 12 20 25 30 Head in Ft....... 24 22** - 20 18 16 13 15 14 13 11 8 471 Geared 4 to 1 4 to I 4 to 1 4 to 1 4 to 1 4 to 1 4 to 1 Single Pulley In. 30x4 30x5 30x5 30x5 36x6 36x6 42x8 Goulds Sump Pump Pumps Chicago Pump Company Office and Works 2330 Wolfram Street - - CHICAGO, ILL. Representatives in Principal Cities Quality Centrifugal Pumps-{g"n F& HORIZONTAL CONDENSATION PUMP AND RECEIVER . Horisontal condensation pumps and receivers are designed for capacities up to 150,000 sq. ft of direct radiation and boiler treasures to suit any job. All units are mounted on one base and are assembled at the factory. Simple construc tion. quiet operation, and low operating costs are a few of the outstanding features. VERTICAL CONDENSATION PUMP AND RECEIVER The vertical condensation pump and receiver is designed particularly to collect the return from heating coils, etc., that come back below the floor leveL No concrete pit is required, the unit being adaptable to ground installation, thus using a minimum of floor space. ASK for Bulletin 133. U nit No. Maximum Sq. Ft. Direct Radiation Lbs. Press. Pump IwillDisch. Against Horsepower Motor Furnished Capacity Pump in Gals, per Min. Dia. Receiver, In.; also Floor Space "Sure Return" Condensation Pump The "Sure Return" condensation pump and receiver is especially, designed for low and medium capacities and boiler pressures up to 10 lbs. All parts are standard and interchangeable. Delivery can be made on this unit in 24 hours. Bulletin 131. ' 1650 81651 3,000 10 * 17 'A y< 5 " 24 81652 " 22 i " 1654 81655 6,000 10 " 1/ Vi y. 10 " 24 8 81656 22 1 " 8 81658 10,000 10 1659 17 'A 15 " 24 " 1660 " 22 i 81662 15,000 14 % 21 24 1663 " 18 " 81665 25,000 12 y. 35 30 1666 " 16 1 " 1668 40.000 8 81669 " 10 14 >/. 55 1 30 8 8 81670 21 <Vi Vertical Condensation Pump RETURN LINE VACUUM HEATING PUMP AND RECEIVER The " Condo-Vac" return line vacuum pump and re ceiver for maintaining a vacuum on the return line of a heating system and collecting and returning the condensa tion to the boiler, is constructed with separate motors,pd individual automatic control. The entire outfit is mouq^d on one base. Units for capacities from 5000 to 6500 sq. ft of direct radiation, low and high boiler pressures. Bulletin 137: F. C. Condensation Pump The F. C. or Float Controlled type condensation pump and receiver is designed for low, medium and high boiler pressures and capacities up to 150,000 GPM. Bulletin 129. . Horizontal Condensation Pump Capacities, Horsepower and Floor Space Uiiit No. H. 650 H. 651 H. 652 H. 653 H. 654 H. 655 H. 656 H. 657 Max imum Sq. Ft. Direct Radia tion 3,000 6.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 35.000 50,000 Horse power Motor /. >/? Vi y y. 1 1 i'/i Approximate Floor Space Required Inches 43x28 43x30 55x30 57x32 59x32 59x32 61x34 65x36 Highest Water Level in Receiver from. Floor Line Inches 26 26 30 30. 30 35 39 41 Return Line Vacuum Pump ENGINEERING SERVICE The cooperation and advice of skilled engineers will be " gladly given to Engineers, Architects, and Contractors in tiie solution of their pump problems. Complete data are available in bulletins on all types of pumps. 472 Pumps The Nash Engineering Company South Norwalk, Conn., U. S. A. ATLANTA--618 Atlanta Trust Co. Bldg. MONTREAL--807 New Birks Bldg. BIRMINGHAM--1218 Age-Herald Bldg. NEW ORLEANS--344 Camp Street BOSTON--Nottingham Bldg.. Copley Square NEW YORK--350 Madison Avenue BUFFALO--317 Chamber of Commerce OMAHA--706 World-Herald Bldg. CHATTANOOGA--1226 James Bldg. PHILADELPHIA--254 South 15th Street CHICAGO--925-28 Monadnock Block PITTSBURGH--1430 Oliver Bldg. CLEVELAND--1629 Union Trust Co. Bldg. SALES PORTLAND--224 Pine Street DALLAS--1020*21 Mercantile Bank Bldg. RICHMOND--American Natl. Bank Bldg. DENVER--1226-28 California Street OFFICES SALT LAKE CITY--204 Dooly Bldg. DETROIT--Kerr Building SAN FRANCISCO--Sharon Bldg. INDIANAPOLIS--821 Hume-Mansur Bldg. SEATTLE--226 Railway Exchange KANSAS CITY--208 Mutual Bldg. ST. LOUIS--4200 Forest Park Blvd, MEMPHIS--1812 Exchange Bldg. TAMPA--5601 Miami Avenue MIAMI--845 N.E. First Street TORONTO--1123 Bay Street MINNEAPOLIS--800-6 La Salie Avenue VANCOUVER--315 Credit Fonder Bldg. WASHINGTON. D. C.--805-6 Hill Bldg. Motor-Driven Return Line Vacuum Pump Jennings Vacuum Pump for Return .Line Heating Systems This pump removes air and water from the heating system, discharges the air to the atmosphere without back pressure, and automatically returns the water under pressure to the boiler or hot-well. Air and water are handled independently, often resulting in a 50% saving in horsepower required for pump operation. Occupies one-third the space of other apparatus of equivalent capacity. Interior parts bronze. Moving parts revolve without metal-to-metal contact and are supported on radial ball bearings mounted outside casing. Furnished direct connected to standard electric motors, for belt drive, or for steam turbine drive. Motor-Driven Condensation Pump Jennings Condensation Pump and Receiver, Unit Type No piping between the pump and receiving tank is necessary. The only connections are main return, water discharge, and air vent. Companion flanges are furnished. The pump has an integral cast bronze impeller mounted on motor shaft sup ported by large motor bearings. Literature, Recommendations and Proposals on Request Bulletin 37--Return Line Vacuum Heating Pump. Bulletin 2.5--Return Line Vacuum Heating Pump Size M. . Bulletin 18--Return Line Vacuum Heating Pump, Turbine Driven. ' Bulletin 29--Condensation Pump. Bulletin 17--Air-Line Vacu'ura Heating Pump. Bulletin 10--Air and Gas Compressors. Bulletin 11--Air and Gas Vacuum Pumps. Bulletin 52--Centrifugal Pump. STANDARD SIZES AND CAPACITIES. JENNINGS VACUUM PUMPS - Size Square Feet direct equivalent radiation surface Air Capacity cubic feet per min. Water Capacity gals, per min. 10 lbs. pres. 180 F. Actual Horse Power R. P. M. Horse Power of Motor for 10 lbs. Discharge M 5,000 A 8,000 B 16,000 C 26,000 D 40,000 E 65,000 F 100,000 C 150,000 H 300,000 3 5 9 15 19 34 60 80 150 8 .6 II .9 22 1.4 35 2.0 60 . 2.8 90 3.9 140 7. 200 9.8 400 19. 1700 1600 1800 1800 1200 1200 1200 900 720 . |A 2 3 5 71/2 10 20 473 Pumps TRANE PUMPING EQUIPMENT (See Trane Heat Cabinets on pages 394 and 395. Also Trane Heating Specialties on pages 530 and 531.) The Trane Company Za Crosse; Wzs. BRANCH OFFICES New York, Chicago, Boston, Cincinnati, Newark, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Cleveland. Detroit, Seattle, Los Angeles, Albany, Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, Greensboro, N. C., Zanesville, Ohio, Tampa, Fla., Baltimore, Md., Dcs Moines, Iowa, New Haven, Conn., Sheboygan, Wis., Kansas City, Mo.; England: 22-23 Clerkenwell Close. London, E. C. 1. Canada: The Trane Co., 21-23 River St., Toronto, 2; Thomas Robertson & Co.; 134 Craig St., West. Montreal, F. S. Murdoch, 310 Breadalbane, Winnipeg; A. B. Madden, 43 Sparks St., Ottawa. Japan: Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo. China: C. J. Doughty & Co., 8-9-10 Brenan Road, Shanghai. ' The Trane Systems of Vapor and Vacuum Heating, Patented Heating Specialties, Trane Heat Cabinets, and Trane Automatic Electric Pumps, For All Purposes -~>- The Trane Company Pumps Fig. 1. (Center). Cast Iran Tank Style Condensation Pump Pig. t. (Right) Steel Tank Style Canientation Pump . Fig. S. (Left) Duplex Type Condensation Pump ' THE TRANE LINE Trane Vacuum Pumps Trane Vacuum Pumps are furnished in capacities ranging from 6000 sq. ft. to 100,000 sq. ft. There are at this time over three hundred and fifty (350) sizes, styles, and combinations of Trane Vacuum Pumps, divided into the following general classifications: The Two-Motor Trane Return Line Special. The Four-Motor Trane Duplex Special. The Trane Standard Return Line. The Trane Standard Duplex. The Trane Air Line Vacuum Pump. Trane Condensation Pumps (Boiler Feed) Trane Boiler Feed Pumps are furnished in capacities ranging from 4000 sq. ft. to 100,000 sq. ft. There are seventy-seven standard sizes, divided into two classi fications: Single Units. Duplex Units. Trane Sump Pumps (Bilge and Sewage) Trane Sump Pumps are furnished in capacities ranging from 5 . g.p.m. to 1000 g.p.m. Two classifications: Single Units. Duplex Units. Trane General Service Pumps Trane General Service Pumps are the standard Trane centrifugals used with or without receiving tanks. Capacities range between 5 g.p.m. to 5000 g.p.m. against pressures ranging from 0 to 200 pounds. There are many sizes, divided into two broad classifications: Circulating Pumps. Booster Pumps. Special Air and Gas Pumping Apparatus Trane Air and Gas pumps handle from 3 c.f.m. to 125 c.f.m. They are classed as Compressors Agitators Core-Suckers Exhausters Gas Pumps Priming Pumps 474 Fig. 8. Trane Vertical Split Shell Pump, Capacities available up to 1500 G. P. M. Fig. 9. Trane Horizontal Split Shell Pump, Capacities available between 100 and 5000 G P M Fig. 10. Intertor of Trane Horizontal Split Shell Pump. ` GUARANTEE pressure for which it is sold, in aaaiuon it is guaranteed against j for a period of one year. ueiecis 475 Pumps Skidmore Corporation 1535 Dayton Street General Offices and Factory x CHICAGO, U. S. A. The New Type "B" SKIDMORE HYDRO TURBINE VACUUM AND BOILER FEED PUMP Where a self-contained unit reliable and quiet in operation is desired the Skidmore will be found. '. Positive removal of air and water from the heating system and the return of water to the boiler. ... . A unit of pleasing design of large capacity and maintained efficiency, occupying less than half the floor space of pumps for simitar service, self-contained, all on one base with return connections close to floor with strainer arranged so that connections can be made to one or both sides as desired. Furnished with direct connected motors for 10 and 20 lb. pressure, or up to 60 lb. if desired. For continuous service or with automatic vacuum control or automatic float control or both. A strictly high grade product, bronze rotors and bronze fitted throughout, shaft carried on oversize ball bearings, no close clearances or rubbing parts. CAPACITIES FOR 10-in. Vacuum--10 and 20 lb. Pressure Size Capacity Cal. of Motor of Sq. Ft. of Water H. P. Pump Radiation per min. 10 lb. 0 5.000 8 3A 1 8,000 II i 2 16.000 22 l'/2 3 26,000 35 2 4 40,000 60 3 5 60,000 90 5 6 100.000 . 150 10 Motor H. P. 20 lb. . Size of Companion Flanges for Returns Size of Discharge to Boiler Approx. Floor Space Shipping Weight lb. 1 l'/2 2 rl'/2* 2" 3 iVi" 5 21Vi l'/i r 15 4" r i vr i 2l'"/2* 2" V/i I8'*34' 18**46* 18**48' I8'x48' I8'*52". 20'*54" 20'x60" 500 600 700 775 800 1200 1400 R. P. M. 1800 for all sizes. Above weights are for continuous service, add 100 lb. for automatic control. 476 Pumps WORTHINGTON PUMP AND MACHINERY CORPORATION 113 BROADWAY. NEW YORK CITY BRANCH OFFICES Atlanta----------------------- ------------- Wynn Claughton Bklg. Birmingham ........ ...... ....................1725-31 Fust Avenue Boston....... ................................. Boston Safe Deposit Bldg. Buffalo.............. ...................................... ....... .......Iroquois Bldg. Chicago^..... ............Old Colony Bldg. . Cincinnati--...............................First National Bank Bldg. Cleveland-. Rockefeller Bldg. Dallas.--.--..... ......... Magnolia Bldg. Denver.-.-- _ __ 437 Seventeenth Street Detroit---------------------------- Majestic Bldg. El Paso----------------------------------------------------- .Mills Bldg. Houston^.......... --............................................ Electric Bldg. Kansas City............. Los Angeles New Orleans........ Philadelphia___ __ Pittsburgh St. Louis_________ Sr. Paul. Salt Lake Citt__ _ San Francisco____ Seattle__ ____ ___ Tuiaa___ ________ Washington, D. C. --------------------- Scarritt Bldg. --2424-2426 Enterprise Street ______ 340-344 Camp Street ______North American Bldg. --......... --..... --Oliver Bldg. _________ Laclede Gas Bldg. -- ...... Commerce Bldg.' ________ Walker Bank Bldg. ______________ Sharon Bldg. .................L. C. Smith Bldg. ......424 North Boulder Street ............ Homer Bldg. Steam Pumps--Centrifugal Pumps--Power Pumps--Deep-well Pumps--Water Meters--Compressors--Feedwater Heaters--Automatic Feed Pumps and Receivers--Steam Heating Vacuum Pumps WORTHINGTON Manufacturing all types of pumps and Sump Pumps air compressors used in the building trade, Worthington engineers hold no Centrifugal and "Axiflo" types. brief for any particular kind. Let them assist you in specifying the correct machinery for the purpose. The Worthington Line includes: Water Meters Hot-water boiler-feed; cold-water meters of the disk, turbine and compound types, with a range of Steam Pumps Simplex and duplex types; simple, capacities from the smallest flow to the largest service; also oil meters. compound and triple expansion; condensing and non-condensing; in all sizes and designs to meet every service requirement. Compressors Air and ammonia; single-stage or two-stage, vertical and horizontal; bejt driven, direct-connected motor . Centrifugal Pumps or uniflow steam drive. Open or closed impeller,, volute and multi-stage pumps, in all sizes and capacities for all heads. Feedwater Heaters ' Open type, vertical and horizontal. Serves as feedwater heater, purifier, Power Pumps Single-cylinder, duplex and triplex; condensation receiver and feed water softener all in one. horizontal or vertical; single-acting or double-acting. * Automatic Feed Pumps and Receivers Deep-well Pumps Single-plunger, two-plunger and For returning condensate from heat ing coils. three-plunger' reciprocating types and "Axiflo" and " Coniflo" ro Steam Heating Vacuum Pumps tating types. Both steam and power driven. 7583-10 477 Pumps Iffotmcfr Pump Compamy Dunham Building--450 East Ohio Street, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS , Factory Michigan City, Indiana Agencies in All Principal Cities in U. S. Canadian Office and Factory C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd.. 1523-41 Davenport Road. Toronto, 4, Ontario THE YOUNG CENTRIFUGAL VACUUM AND BOILER FEED PUMP Patented December 10, 1918 The Young Pump is a reliable Vacuum System pump for handling both gases and liquids efficiently. The units are completely assembled (including electrical equipment) at the factory and tested before shipment. They are ready to run when the feed wiring is connected to the unit. The unit consists of a Centrifugal Pump, bronze fitted, of enclosed impeller and high efficiency type, an approved make of motor and electrical equipment, mounted with a heavy welded tank on a substantial cast iron base. . The motor used is of 40 rating, of more than ample power for the maximum load that will come on the unit. A safety factor insuring freedom from motor trouble. All Standard Units are built to discharge against a pressure of 20 pounds at the pump, except the Standard Unit VOA which is built to discharge against 18 pounds pressure at the pump. Special pumps can be furnished to discharge against 35 pounds pressure at the pump. . Both the standard and special units are furnished for either continuous or automatic control operation. TABLE OF CAPACITIES Size Sq. Ft. of Direct Radiation Horsepower of Motor Normal Power Load Water Capacity C. P. M. Air Capacity Cu. Ft. Size of Suction Size of Discharge "Approx. Shipping Weight, lbs. VOA 5.000 V* .6 8 4.5 i /. 750 VIA 8,000 1 .8 12 6.0 1'/2 l'/2 900 V2A 16,000 \'/l 1.3 25 9.8 m 2 950 V3A 26,000 2 1.8 40 16.0 2 2/2 1,100 V4A 40,000 3 2.7 70 20.0 T>h 3 1,200 V5A 65.000 5 4.1 100 32.0 3 3 1,250 V6A 100,000 m 6.8 160 50.0 5 3'/2 1,670 Crated F.O.B. Michigan City. Indiana. 478 Young Pump Company Pumps The capacity rating in square feet of equivalent direct radiation given in the table is for a properly laid out and equipped vacuum system that is tight. The air capacities are ample and standardized to produce under these conditions 10 inches of vacuum with reasonably tight vacuum traps, and temperature of returns not to exceed 180 deg. Fahr. The principle of the YOUNG ACCUMULATOR TANK vacuum producing element is the oldest and most efficient in practice--that of the ejector. Whenever the pump is in operation, water is supplied under pressure to the ejector noz zle, which causes the ejector to pull a strong suction on the return line of the heating system. This suc tion produced by the ejector is particularly positive. Where the returns come back at a low level an accu mulator tank is recom mended in preference to an ordinary lift connection, with all the returns gravita ting into it. The accumulator tank is equipped with a float switch control wired to the other control. Air and the water of condensation flow into the accumulator tank from which they are pumped by the pump unit. Should the YOUNG CONDENSATION PUMP AND RECEIVER accumulator tank fill with water, the float control will function whether or not there is vacuum on.the re turn line of system. The snap switch between the vacuum regulator and starter can be used thus operating the pump as a . condensation pump and re ceiver. This insures water being returned to the boiler at all times. ` This accumulator tank . equipment is particularly valuable where blast or other radiation is at a low level which must always be drained when vacuum is hot required on other parts of A Complete and Assembled Unit Ready for Piping and Wiring Connections the system. 479 . . Pumps Yeomans Brothers Company (established in 1898) 1440 Dayton Street - CHICAGO, ILL. Manufacturers of a Complete Line of Pumps Yeomans automatic elec- PRODUCTS The type HCS horizontal trie Condensation Return Pumps are designed for returning condensate from gravity heating systems to boilers where the re turn lines are too low to drain by gravity. They are built in horizontal type, suitable for return Shone Pneumatic Sewage Ejectors Yeomans Centrifugal Sewage Ejectors Sewage Pumping Plants for municipalities Bilge or Sump Pumps. Electric or Steam Driven. Single or Duplex Emergency Flood Pumps Condensation Return Pumps Centrifugal Pumps for all purposes . machine, though compact, durable and economical in operation, is of lighter con struction, being equipped with steel receiver, light type enclosed float switch and without knife switch. The type V vertical unit is lines above basement floor ' similar in construction to level, and vertical type for return lines close to or the Yeomans Electric Bilge Pump, being equipped below floor level. with cast iron receiver or basin, cast iron cover, vertical direct connected motor and enclosed auto The type HCC horizontal pump includes a heavy matic control. " cast iron receiver mounted on same cast iron base with pump and motor and equipped with carbon Special pumpa for larger capacities and higher preaaurea can be.furniahed on order. STANDARD SIZES--TYPE HCC . Pump No. Max. Sq. Ft. Direct Radia tion Cals. per Min. 1 1,000 5 2 3,000 10 3 6,000 15 4 10,000 20 5 15,000 30 6 30.000 60 Size of H. P. of Motor Approxi mate Shipping 10 Lbs. 20 lbs. Weight 20x30 vf 1 20x30 'A 1 20x30 V. ivi 20x40 20x40 y. 1 2i'/S 20x40 2 3 1,000 MOO 1,200 1,400 1,500 1.600 STANDARD SIZES--TYPE V Pump No. Max. Sq. Ft. Direct Radia tion Cals. Size per Min. ...... H. P. of Motor Approxi mate 10 lbs. 20 lbs. Weight HCC Condensation Pump and Cast Iron Receiver butt contact enclosed automatic float switch, enclosed knife switch and protective device, all built to meet the most exacting demands and for service where dependability is of vital importance. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Standard Sizes--Type H. C. S. 1,000 3,000 6.000 10.000 15,000 30.000 5 10 15 20 30 60 24x48 V? 1 24x48 'h 1 24x48 % 1/z 24x48 Vt Ivi 24x48 2 24x48 2 3 1,500 1.550 1.600 1.650 1,750 1.850 Pump No. Sq. Ft. Direct Radiation Size of H. P. Motor Receiver 10 lbs. 20 lbs. 2 1000/3000 18*x20* 'h y. 3 4000/6000 I8'x20* Vi y. 4 7000/10000 18"x24" 'h 1 5 11000/15000 WilV 'h 1 6 16000/30000 18"x24* v.; 1 Vi Type V 7 31000/45000 i I'/z 8 46000/60000 18'x3(r i'/i 2 Type H. C. S. 480 Publications, Trade Sine timore aut beneficio Published Monthly at 64 W. Randolph Street, CHICAGO DR. E. V. HILL, Editor HE policy of the AEROLOGIST is to foster and Tpromote a better understanding of the real funda mentals of ventilation and to broaden the demand for the same; to discourage the belief that ventilation is merely a matter of opening a window; to encourage careful consideration of the quality of the air as well as the quantity, with proper control over temperature, humidity, etc. Its interest includes and is circumscribed by more economical and more efficient methods, air cleansing devices, humidification; dehumidification, humidity con trol, temperature control, air moving machines, air heating or cooling--in lact any of the devices necessary for conditioning air either for physiological or industrial purposes. ' . SUBSCRIBERS INCLUDE: Engineers Architects Ventilation Contractors Heating Contractors School Officials Manufacturers Theatre Operators . No advertising plan can be complete ' without use of the AEROLOGIST t ' Rates ' One Insertion............................................................... $80.00 per page Tw.elve Insertions.................. ................. .................. 60.00 per page Subscription $1.00 per Year 481 Publications, Trade NEW YORK 1123 Broadway CHICAGO 105 So. Dearborn St. A Monthly Journal of Engineering Progress Heating and Ventilation is a special ized branch of engineering. It com prises consulting engineers who design the heating, ventilating, and air con ditioning systems for schools, hospitals, hotels, office buildings, department stores, apartment houses, institutions and industrial plants. They specify or buy the apparatus and material and supervise the installation--the most direct sales contact for manufacturers of such apparatus and material. Readers Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Board of Education Engineers. Superintendents of Central Station Heating Plants and the big Heating and Piping Contractors throughout the United States. Calibre and buying power are out standing characteristics of the readers of The Heating and Ventilating Magazine. Their services are required only where high grade material and workmanship are a larger consideration with the architect and owner than mere price. Reader Interest The reader interest is keen and genuine. It is maintained by a wellrounded editorial program devoted to progress in the heating and ventilat ing field; The program includes and provides for the publication of original articles by recognized engineers describ ing the latest ideas successfully applied in heating, ventilating and air con ditioning. Another important feature" is the monthly publication of four pages of standard Heating and Venti lating data for use by Engineers in the design and layout of heating and ventilating systems. Rates Single insertion.......... $130.00 per page Twelve consecutive insertions................. 103.00 per page Over 180 manufacturers of heating and ventilating apparatus and appli ances are using the advertising columns of The Heating and Ventilating Maga zine every month in the year. Member A. B. C. THE DIRECT ROUTE to the Specifier and Buyer of Heating and Ventilating Equipment Subscription Price $2.00 per year. 482 Member A. B. P. Publications, Technical JOURNAL of American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 29 West 39th Street NEW YORK, N. Y. THE JOURNAL of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers is the official organ of the Society, whose purpose is to promote the art of heating and ventilating, to act as a medium for the exchange of engineering experience, to standardize the industry by means of codes of design and testing, and to conduct research investigations for ascer taining the uncertain factors in the art. The Journal appearing monthly, is read by 3,000 consulting engineers, architects and contractors actively en gaged in heating and ventilating work. It gives them technical articles on important subjects, makes a permanent record of discoveries, experiments and other develop ments in the industry and thereby keeps them in constant touch with the best thought in the profession. The Society's meetings, news of the local Chapter events, and other happenings in the heating and ventilating field are also reported. An exclusive service to Journal readers is the presentation of the reports, made by the Society's Research Laboratory, reference data which is invaluable to the engineer, contractor and manufacturer in his daily work. The Journal offers manufacturers the opportunity of placing, their equipment before a large group of discriminating buyers at a minimum cost. The fact that it is devoted exclusively to heating and ventilating engineering in all its branches makes it a most desirable advertising medium and especially so because of its class circulation. In addition to its proven merit as an advertising medium, its use by manufacturers indicates their desire to co operate with the Society in advancing the interest of heating and ventilating. ADVERTISING RATES PER ISSUE Space Six One Year Insertion Contract Half-page.................... Quarter-page.............. $50.00 35.00 20.00 $60.00 45.00 25.00 Single Insertion $75.00 55.00 30.00 Rates for-colors, inserts, cover and other pre ferred positions on application. Subscription Rates. U. S. $3.00; Canada $3.25; Foreign $3.50 per year. 483 Radiators The Bridgeport Rolling Mills, Inc. Bridgeport, Conn. SAGE CABINET RADIATORS Copper Radiation for Direct Heating Reduces Boiler Capacity Required Saves in Fuel Cost Heats Very Quickly More Uniform Room Temperatures Ideal For Concealed Radiation Heats from Cannot Roomside Soil Wall or Only Decorations RADIATORS 18 Inches High The Sage Radiator is a revolutionary development in radiator construction in recognition of an insistant demand for improvement in direct radiation. Entirely of pure copper and brass construction, the Sage is of the small tube and fin type extended surface. The tubes used are seamless drawn -fa inches diameter of pure copper and as many as 210 are used per radiator. Fins are of high brass 2J4 inches long and % inches wide spaced three to I inch of element length forming channels of air passage. Headers are of cast bronze without baffles. Core plates are of high brass. Steam is in contact only with pure seamless copper tubes. The Sage will not become air bound. Finished in DULL MATT Brass. Heating Surface: More than 2 sq. ft. of heating surface to each square foot of rated capacity. Ratings; Based on condensation-- under-rated and not over-rated. Usual estimating rules can be applied. CABINETS 20 Inches High Sage Radiator Cabinets must be seen to fully appreciate the unusual high qual ity of the natural wood grained finishes. No greater care could be taken in the finishing of any piece of furniture. Sage Cabinets will enhance the appearance of any room no matter how well furnished. Optional finishes are American Walnut, Red or Brown Mahogany, French Ivory, White, or may be had unfinished with prime coat for finishing by interior decorator. First coats are baked enamel. Finishing coats are in highly polished lacquer. Graining is done by a new photo graphic process from wood selected for beauty of grain and faithful reproduction is assured. Built from best grade furniture steel. All joints electrically welded. Hinged cover fully insulated and front grill re movable. Cabinets are practically inde structible. 484 The Bridgeport Rolling Mills, Inc. 560 lbs. Radiators RADIATORS OF EQUAL CAPACITY Sage Radiators weigh only 1 pound per foot, very greatly reducing freight, trucking, storage and installation costs. Any ordinary size Sage Radi ator can. be easily handled and connected by one man. Size permits use of one Sage where two radiators of the conven tional types are necessary. Concealing Sage Radiation . is most practical and inexpen sive. Used covered or concealed as under window seats, etc., with out lossjof heating efficiency. The accompanying illustrations demonstrate how the Sage Radiator is designed to create and facilitate the essential air movements of radiation-- controlling and directing such air move- ments through the radiator, over all radiating surfaces in channels formed by fins and giving heated air proper direction of discharge-^-an angle of 60% into the room and from a height of not more than 18" which has been found to be the most effective for efficient heating. As steam enters the header of very small capacity it is immediately dis tributed to all parts of the radiator by the tubes, small enough to compel use of the entire tubular capacity, producing an effective pressure, evenly maintained and still ample in size for all volumes of steam or water in circulation. Entrance of cold air is from the bottom and back or wall side. Sage construction automatically creates such air currents. A thermometer within one inch of the radiator, in back at top. will register not more than 2 deg. higher than tempera ture at opposite side or center of room. Produces room temperatures that are remarkably uniform. SAGE Is the pioneer in copper radiation for Direct Heating. Many Sage Cabinet Radiators have given satisfaction in service for four years. Heretofore in small pro duction. Sage is now available in large quantities and very reasonably priced. MADE ENTIRELY OF COPPER AND BRASS AIL HEAT EMISSION ABSOLUTELY FROM ROOM SIDE ONLY--AND ALL HEAT "CONVECTED" HEAT OF LOW TEMPERATURE SAGE Booklet Upon Request 485 Radiators, Wall Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co. Originators of Wall Radiators Philadelphia, Pa. THIRTY YEARS SERVICE WALL RADIATORS EXCLUSIVELY A LL sizes are made in Vertical jL\. and Horizontal forms and all in plain pattern. Bay window wall radiators may be had to meet any angle or curve of radius of not less than 6 feet. Test pressure, water, regular--100 lb. Special up to 400 1b. . Made in Six Sizes 10 sq. ft. section--24 x 1334 x 354 inches; 9 sq. ft. section--24 x 13 x 334 inches. 7 sq. ft. section--24 x 1254 x 3 6 sq. ft. section--21 x 12J4 x 3 5 sq. ft. section--17 x 1234 x.3 inches. inches. inches. 334 sq. ft. section--17 x 934 x 3 inches. ' - How to Order First.--State number of Radiators and num ber of Sections in each. Second.--State size of Sections, whether 10 ft., 9 ft., 7 ft., 6 ft., 5 ft., or 354 ft- Third.--State whether vertical (B) or horizontal (A). (See illustrations.) Fourth.-- State how many Sections long and how many high. Fifth.--State whether for Steam or Water and if Steam whether one or two pipe. Indicate location of tappings by letter (see illus tration above). Sixth.--State style of Bracket or Support. RIGHT AND LEFT THREADED NIPPLE CONSTRUCTION 486 Radiator Covers and Shields Dixie Metal Products Co. Manufacturers of SHEET METAL SPECIALTIES Sales Offices in Principal Cities Main Office and Factory: BIRMINGHAM, ALA. Dixie Radiator Cabinets and Shields for steam and hot water radiators are designed to give the full heating efficiency of the radiator and supply an atmosphere, heated and humidified to the proper degree for comfort. TTieir artistic finish in twenty-one colors, their sturdy construction, high efficiency and utility completely meet the requirements of the architect engineer, physician and housewife. .' Dixie Radiator Cabinets are made of high grade furniture steel with heavy insulated top and back, solid ends and openings at bottom and front to produce the proper circulation of air. A solid copper humidifying attachment is placed directly beneath the hinged cover and supplies the desired degree ofmoisture and thereby makes the heating plant more effective. Dixie Cabinets pre vent injury to walls, furniture, fabrics, etc., enhance the appearance of any room and fit any sue or style of radiator. _ _ Dixie Radiator Shields are de signed primarily to prevent drafts from blowing upward. and injuring draperies, woodwork and walls. They are built in any size to fit all radiators and in a finish to harmonize with any decorative treatment either with full length back to floor or extending to wall. Dixie Shields are also made for wall-hung radiators. They fit snugly and when in place make a rigid seat with low radiators or a convenient shelf on high radiators. flTM. 1 > , ., egisteir* and ne for wall type registers. There is a Dixie Cabinet for use with warm air furnace installations. ___ . - They are made in two styles, one for Of furniture steel are provided with a copper vapor pan to humidify the air, protect the health of the occupants of a house and prolong the life and beauty of the furnishings. . - Dixie Radiator Cabinets and Shields are being used with great satisfaction in homes, schools, hospitals, apart ment houses, hotels, office buildings and other places where protection of health and decorations, economy of fuel and effective heating are desired. Dixie Cabinets are priced reasonably and have no maintenance cosh Dixie Radiator Shield HUMIDITY TEST ON DIXIE RADIATOR CABINETS Test No. 1 Pans Dry Time s: _n S3 C >s Il iJQ Ll. o| > M OQ Time _D "a d cgu. c& *CV+*-D~ iiii u3 LX 8.15 A.M. 67 55 8.30 a.m. 70 57 45 44 9.00 A.M. 71 56 37 9.40 a.m. 72 57 38 Pans Filled 10.35 a.m. 70 56 1 1.00 A.M. 69 56 II.30a.m. 69 56 12.00 u. 66 55 40 43 43 48 12.35 p.m. 62 53 54 1.10 P.M. 62 52 50 1.30 p.m. 63 53 50 6.15 p.m. 72 59 45 Test No. 2 Pans Dry 10.00 A.M. 70 62 II.OOa.u. 74 58 36 Pans Filled - 2.00 p.m. 3.00 p.m. 75 62 76 63 4487 |! 4.00 p.m. 5.00 p.m. 73 74 61 62 50 47 LIST PRICE ON DIXIE RADIATOR CABINETS AND SHIELDS Length of Unit 18' 19 25 31 36 42 48 54 61 68 76 84 and to to to to to to to to to to to less 24 30 35 41 47 53 60 67 75 83 92 8Cabinets 36* hieh and Iras $31 Cabinets 38* High and higher . 34 Shield Price with back to wall. Solid color $34 38 10 $38 42 12 $42 46 14 $46 50 16 $50 55 18 $55 60 20 $60 65 22 $65 71 24 $71 77 26 $77 83 28 *83 91 30 Prices on Cabinets includes all crating and boxing. F. O. B,, Birmingham. 93 105 119 to to to 104 118 134 $91 $101 $115 101 115 130 34 37 40 487 Radiator Covers Art Metal Radiator Cover Company General Offices and Factory 1732 N. Kolmar Avenue Chicago, 111. marrwouwmycuo*v*w*"i Eastern Division 1520 Broadway, New York New York Representatives in All Principal Cities Trico De Luxe Cane Type Grille. (Note exclusive round corner top and leg design.) PRODUCTS.--Exclusive manufacturer of Trico Humidifying Radiator Covers and Shields--also Grille Fronts for recessed radiators, and Tricolator Warm Air Heat Cabinets. Trico Humidifying Covers are installed to keep walls clean, transform unsightly radiators into attractive pieces of furniture, humidify the air, and save fuel. TYPES.--Standard and Grille. Grille in two designs, Rod and Cane. The top, humidifying water pan and back shields are the same on all types. ^ "STANDARD" TYPE COVERS.--Top is made of 14-gauge furniture steel with water filling door, finished with six coats of baked enamel, to match any sample sub mitted with order. Humidi- ____________ fying water pan and back shield is of 24-gauge. Front and ends of radiator exposed. Dji&Sxs&sswsisiT sBIB 'lHHflUMlilMilElli iTM | Left--Trico De Luxe Rod Type Grille unM | ^ MfetittlMiLiudktt b ib H Vi. . .' S' i .4 gJQUUmj^ :r W Rod Grille Right -- Tried DeLuxe Standard Cover 488 Standard Cover Art Metal Radiator Cover Company Radiator Covers Detail of Dimensions Required, Trico Humidifying Radiator Shield (Standard) A--length, B--width, and C--height. State dimensions in inches. In measuring length do not include nut (bushings) if any. Detail of Dimensions Required, Trico Humidifying Radiator Cover (Rod or Cane) D--length. width, and C--height. State dimensions in inches. Give control valves upper or lower, right or left. Indicate type of grille as follows: C--cane. R--square rod. "ROD GRILLE" TYPE COVERS.--Top is of 14-gauge and frame or border 16-gauge furniture steel with water filling door, finished with six coats of baked enamel to match sample furnished with order. Top, back shield and humidifying water pan same as "Standard" Type. Front and ends of radiator enclosed with Grille of quarter-inch channel rods, separated by quarter-inch ornaments. All joints carefully spot welded, not soldered. "CANE GRILLE" TYPE COVERS.--Top is 14-gauge and frame or border 16-gauge furniture steel with water filling door finished with six coats of baked enamel to match sample furnished with order. Top, back shield and humidifying water pan same as "Standard" Type. Front and ends of radiator enclosed with perforated steel imitation cane. SPECIAL INSTALLATIONS.--Regular Trico Covers rest 2^ inches above the top of the radiator, unless otherwise . specified. Special covers can be made where there is less than 2^ inch clearance. A ^-inch clearance behind the radiator is sufficient to make installation. For radiators partly recessed, an offset can be made in the back so as to throw the top forward. Curved and angle shaped radiators can be covered with either Standard or.Grille types^ Tricolator (Wall Type) SPECIFICATION DATA.--Write for Trico File Folder with engineering data for specifications. Our local representative will be glad to call and show models, metal finish samples, give estimates etc., at your request. TRICOLATOR FURNACE HEAT CABINETS.--Made in two types--Wall and Seat. Both types are finished in the following standard finishes: Walnut, Mahogany, Oak, Ivory, White and Prime Coat. "WALL" TYPE TRICOLATOR FURNACE HEAT CABINET.--Top is of 16-gauge furniture steel with water filling door. Grille front and ends of 20-gauge furniture steel in imitation cane pattern. Water pan is of 24 gauge galvanized iron. Adjustable damper for wall opening made to fit all sizes of'outlets. Convenient damper adjustment is arranged on side near top. "SEAT" TYPE TRICOLATOR FURNACE HEAT CABINET.-- Top is of 16-gauge furniture steel with water filling door. Grilled front and ends of 18-gauge furniture steel in both imitation cane and scroll design furnished to suit all sizes of warm air and cold air openings. Tricolator (Seat Type) Wall Type and Seat Type Tricolator Hfeat Cabinets are also built for return of cold air on pipeless systems, with a boot for warm or cold air furnace connections. 489 Radiator Hangers and Sleeves The Modem Manufacturing Company Manufacturers of Specialties . For the Steam and Hot Water Trade 4734 Hough Avenue CLEVELAND, OHIO No. 1 Wall Type Patented Supports 7' and 9' Vertical Wall Radiation No. 2 Wall Type Patented Supports 57' and 9' Hori zontal, and 5' Vertical Wall Radiation. Double Row Type Patented Same measurements as No. 1 and 2 Measurements: A---4" B--3ff ( Tie Bolt \ \ Adjustment/ C--8M" D--2" / Vertical \ \ Adjustment/ E--18M1 F-1M" ( Wall to Radiator \ / G--3J4" ( Wall to Center\ of Shoe / H--4" Measurements: A--4" R__ - ( Tie Bolt \ a " \ Adjustment/ C--5 X" n__ n,, ( Vertical \ \ Adjustment/ . E--13.fi"' PF--1^3//f (V Wall to Radiator \ ) n oi/- / Wall to Center\ V of Shoe / H--4" Modern All-steel Adjustable Radiator Brackets are strong, simple and economical. Brackets need not be disturbed after anchoring to the wall. Tie Bolt Adjustment is made by moving Tie Bolt along slot in top angle. Vertical Adjustment is made by turning Bolt Head at bottom of shoe. We also make similar Brackets-'-which hold radiation--2]A inches from wall. 490 The Modern Mfg. Co. Radiator Hangers > 1 CO & 1 |il HI rip / Lateral \ B~m" ^Adjustment/ D-2" / Vertical \ \Adj ustmentJ / Wall to \ ^ Radiator J sftB i m, 1 sIJHLL^/ i jP j! H Column Type Patented ' ' Only one Anchor Bolt required for ordinary installations. Lower Anchor Slot used on,ly fcor special installat,ions. Made for all types of Column Radiation. This type does not provide for Baseboard Adjustment. Similar Bracket is made that holds radiation 2^ inches from wall and provides for Baseboard Adjustment. Toggle Bolt Style No. I Made up'to * 6' Write for Catalogue showing our line of HEA TING A CCESSORIES 491 Radiator Hangers Healy-Ruff Company St. Paul, Minn. AGENTS IN THE FOLLOWING CITIES UNITED STATES .. Atlanta, Ga., Charlotte. N. C,, Richmond, Va.. Pittsburgh, Pa.. Indianapolis, Ind.. San Francisco, Calif.. Seattle. Wash., Spokane, Wash., New York City, Denver. Colo Des Moines. Iowa., Detroit. Mich., Amsterdam, N. Y.. Chicaco. III., Cincinnati, Ohio Toledo. Ohio. St. Louis, Mo., Birmingham. Ala.. Kansas City, Mo., Omaha, Neb., Wichita, Kan., Dallas, Texas, Milwaukee. Wis.. Buffalo, N. Y.. Davenport, Iowa, Philadelphia. Pa.. Boston. Mass.. Cleveland. Ohio. Columbus, Ohio. Los Angeles, Calif.. Baltimore. Md.. Washington, D. C,, Memphis, Tenn., Chattanooga. Tenn.. Ironwood. Mich., Nashville, Tenn., Butte. Mont. CANADA . .Toronto, Vancouver, Halifax, Montreal, Winnipeg, Ottawa. Calgary Manufacturers of E-Z Radiator Hangers Write 781 Hampden Avenue E-Z -Radiator Hangers are designed to hang all Wall and Column Radiation of any make. They have both vertical and horizontal adjustments, and are de signed to anticipate the use of tempera ture control valves. Only one bolt per hanger. No accu rate placing of anchor bolts required. Hanger absolutely invisible, including washer at top. Style "R",shown below, places radiator 1in. from wall, but is not adjustable for baseboard. Convertible, with parts No. S and No. 8, into Style "H", which places radiator `lYi in. from wall and provides for baseboard adjustment. TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Where Baseboards Are Used . All radiation, unless otherwise noted, shall be supported on. wall by means of E-Z Radiator Hangers, Style "H" as manufactured by the Healy-Ruff Co., St. Paul, Minn., or equal and approved in writing by the Architect arranged to support the radiator 2J in. from the wall and with baseboard adjustment. Where Baseboard Adjustment is Not Desired . All radiation, unless otherwise noted,, shall be supported on wall by means of E-Z Radiator Hangers, Style "R," as manu factured by the Healy-Ruff Co., St. Paul, Minn., or equal and approved in writing by the Architect, arranged to support the radiator 1 in. from the wall. . Style "R" Hanger, Without baseboard adjustment . Style "H" Hanger, with baseboard adjustment. * 492 Specialties, Heating Thames lJones . 5 Melrose Street, Boston, Mass. Modulating Vapor and Vacuum Steam Heating Apparatus--Modulation and Thermostatic Return Valves--Condensators, Blast Traps, and Vent Traps Barnes & Jones modulation sys tems, - either^ gressure or vacuum, are applicaHefj to every heating problem fiurrethe smallest house to the largest,-.office building. They have many.i.special advantages in construction and design which have been developed as a result of our 25 years of experience with steam heating problems. Barnes & Jones Modulation Valve Barnes & Jones modulation valve completely controls the heat of each radiator, allowing it to be heated wholly or partially, independently of every other radiator. It can be opened in less than a full revolution of the handle, and can be forcibly closed to the seat so as to be tight under any operating condition. It does not require repacking. Has renewable disc seat. ' Size* and Model*--Made in the angle type, in sizes from X to 1M in. Standard model has lever handle. Other models include: . Wheel Handle--With indicating dial. 'Extension Stem--With indicating dial, for use with enclosed or concealed radiators. Chain Operated Type--Modulation valves on radiators and coils located overhead on walls, ceilings, and in skylights can be equipped with chain extensions to permit operation from floor. Lock Shield Model--For corridors, toilets, etc. Barnes & Jones Thermostatic Radiator Trap The successful operation of open return line vapor systems and vacuum systems depends on the efficiency of the radiator traps. These must be sensitive, so as to close in the presence of steam and open as soon as air or water of condensation begins to accumulate. Their action must be independent of pressure conditions. Barnes & Jones radiator trap is of. the Ther mostatic diaphragm type, its moving power being obtained by the expansion and contraction of a volatile liquid enclosed in a hermetically sealed diaphragm. Its double diaphragm of tempered phosphor bronze allows wide range of travel with minimum strain. Each trap is factory adjusted and tested to rigid standards. Type* and Size*--This valve is made in X". 1" and 1M" sizes. The W and X" sizes are made in four types--angle, straightway, right hand corner and left hand corner patterns. The 1" and l.K" are made in the angle pattern only. The H" size, unless otherwise specified, is made with X" outlets, thus avoiding the use of all >$" pipe and reducing fittings. Construction Details Both valves made of best grade cast composition throughout. Cover and trimmings are highly polished. Tail piece and union nut extra heavy to prevent breakage; tail piece made long for easy connection. Lugs located under threads. r H*3 .--y 1 I [ 3/2B 1 VALVC. 3/4 /' /%' /%' Modulation Valve Thermostatic Radiator Trap Dimensions A 3 cD 3k /% 3 /% 3% /% Jit /$ 3% /% 3% /% 4%T - /% CAPACITIES 1Wco&iron Broet/otron Size LbxtadZr VAtVf Cl.Ood 60 I * too I 3/4' too J |r 30 00 200 400 125 320 800 1600 too 240 GOO 1200 DIMENSIONS Size VAUIt A 8 C D H' 3^ /% 3* * 2 P 3k 44' i% 3k % 3k /' it. % 2% sk 1 '%'\i* n 4k 493 Specialties, Heating The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. General Offices: 4901--4915 Hamilton Avenue, N.E., CLEVELAND, OHIO Amsterdam. N. Y______ F. E. Dwyer, 447 Guy Park Ave. Baltimore, Md.........Building Service Co., 404 St. Paul St.' Boston, Mass................... Tierney Wilson Co., Little Bldg. Chicago, III., The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. 112 W. Austin Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio, C. R, Lingo Eng. Sales Co., ' 320 Central Office Bldg. Denver, Colo.............-...The Daly Co., 1425 Sixteenth St. Detroit. Mica., Wolley Eng. Sales Co., 506 Donovan Bldg. Ltnchbijbg. Va---------------- Cleland Eng. Co., 208--5th St. Minneapolis, Minn., Continental Sales Co., 924 Metropolitan life Bldg. Nashville, Tenn____ Ryan Sales Co., 922 Stahlman Bldg. New York, N. Y., The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., 444 Lafayette St. Oklahoma Citt, Okla., Federal Steam Specialty Co., 120-2 E. Main St. Philadelphia, Pa., Alexander & McDevitt, 1725 Sanaom SL Richmond, Va............--.Virginia Equipment & Supply Co. San Francisco, Caltp., Walter S. Leland. 532 Natoma St. Spokane, Wash., R. L. Nelson, 507 Empire State Bldg. Heating Specialties--Temperature Control--Ventilating Equipment Bishop & Babcock manufactures a complete line of Heating and Ven tilating Equipment. Its products comprise all Special Modulation Valve devices and apparatus used in up-to-date vacuum and vapor Heat- B. b3 B. Multiflex Trap No. 0 mg Systems, Temperature Control arid Ventilating Systems. It is entirely practical for an engineer and architect to standardize with Bishop. & Babcock apparatus--every device for the entire system can be a B. & B. product. Bishop Jk. Babcock has been manufacturing heating, ventilating and temperature control apparatus for many years, its installations including many of the most prominent buildings in all parts of the country, Seamless one-piece Multiflex Metal Bellows are a fundamental part of Bishop & Babcock Heating Specialties and Temperature Regulation. In the manufacture of these vital parts for the construction of Ther mostatic Traps, Valves, and other devices Bishop & Babcock exercise the same care and rigid adherence to high standards that characterize all their products. Our Engineering Data Book, pocket edition, will be mailed upon request. Separate catalogues are issued on- Bishop & Babcock Temperature Control Systems and Massachusetts Fans, Blowers and Air Washers --copies of which will be furnished upon re- All Metal Thermostat quest. 494 Single Width Squirrel Cage Fan Specialties, Heating Combustion Specialties Corporation Walter S. Timmis, past president of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers has written an extensive report on COMBUSTO Draft System from which the following paragraphs are quoted. (Complete re port will gladly be for warded on request.) Manufacturers of 250 West 54th Street, New York For Heaitoc Plants Saves coal and labor, maintains even heat with less draft. ' For Power Plants Higher evaporation per pound of coal eliminates smoke Mr. Timmis states, "To secure the most eco nomical results in combustion for heating it is necessary to use the proper amount of air under the fuel bed for the distillation of the gases and the correct amount of air properly diffused, preferably heated and delivered over the fire bed in order to complete the combustion by burning the distilled gases--in brief--an efficient boiler is a gas producer having means for consuming gas produced.*' WHAT COMBUSTO IS To quote Mr. Timmis further. "Combusto is a system carefully studied, tested and developed for each individually different case and provides means for supplying the necessary diffused and heated air (oxygen) over the fire to properly com plete in the second stage the combustion begun in the fuel bed by distillation of gases." UNIQUE AND FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT FOUND IN COMBUSTO "Perhaps the most important feature of Com* busto is the resistance to the flow of air through the apparatus itself, which is made to equal, the resistance of the fuel bed. thus producing a balanced condition above and below and through the fuel bed--a fundamental requirement for correct and economical combustion which is ignored in regular furnace and boiler design. WHAT COMBUSTO DOES (See illustration of COMBUSTO equipped plant below.) "Combusto is of cast iron cellular structure, the air is heated on passing through this structure and is then discharged through a large number of small apertures over the fire bed. The amount of air thus admitted having been carefully computed for the required conditions, the result is practically perfect combustion, which to the user of Combusto results in-- Economy of fuel Fewer filings Complete combustion of fuel, hence-- A finer ash and reduction of clinker Elimination of coal gases Means for producing a steady even heat." COAL WASTED (Left) Without Combusto, a checked fire produces no dependable results. The gases that distill from fuel bed are a total loss. Heat can be produced only by speeding up stack draft. This is wasteful and re quires frequent attention. COAL SAVED (Right) With Combusto, all gases are burned completely with Bunsen blue flame with stack draft continu ously checked to minimum. Hence, amount of gas made can be regulated to amount of heat needed by simple adjustment of the ash pit damper. SPECIFICATION: The following clause adopted since 1916 by one of the largest railways in the United States is suitable as a standard specifica tion in connection with low pressure hot water orheating boilers or warm air plants.' "Equip all boilers (warm air furnaces) with Combusto of size recommended by Combustion Specialties Cor poration's engineers." STYLES: Combusto is manufactured in 28 basic styles--each style is capable of adjustment tb'ifieefc specified conditions. Suitable styles are manu factured for practically any type of heating;.plant and for all sizes and grades of fuel. '. _ '? ' . PRICES: Prices range from $25.00 on; small house-heating -plants to $200.00 on largest' low pressure heating boilers. Definite estiraatesipanipt once be submitted if manufacturer's natite and number of boiler is sent to us. together with size of grate and number of fire doors. 495 Specialties, Healing C. A. Dunham Co. Administrative and General Offices: 450 East Ohio Street, Chicago Factories at Marshalltown, Iowa, and Toronto, Ont., Canada BRANCH SALES OFFICES: . Birmingham, Bouton, Cheyenne, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Davenport, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit El Paso, Indianapolis Kansas City, Loo Angeles. Louisville, Milwaukee, Minneapolis. New Orleans, New lark. Omaha, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland (Ore.), Rochester, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Seattle. Spokane. Troy, Washington. C. A. DUNHAM CO., LTD., General Offices and Factory, Toronto, Ont. BRANCH SALES OFFICES: Calgary. Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, WBnipog, Vancouver, Halifax FOREIGN SALES OFFICES: London, England: St. John'si^CTfBimdland Distributors: Munsing & Co., Paris, France, 47 Rue Foiitaine-au-roi . Manufacturers of Specialties for The Dunham Systems of Heating ^HEATING SERVICE This Service is delivered through over 60 Branch and Local Sales Offices throughout the United States and Canada. These branch and local sales offices bring Dunham Heating Service as close to your office as your telephone. Consult your telephone directory for the address of our office in your city. Products Specialties for use in connection with ' The Dunham System of Heating, known according to its several adaptable forms as The Dunham Home Heating System; The Dunham Return System and The Dunham Vacuum System--all two-pipe systems, and The* Dunham Air Line System for use in connection with one-pipe steam systems. These specialties are Radiator Traps; Float and Thermostatic Traps; Air Line Valve; Return Traps; Medium Pressure Traps; Packless Radiator Valves; Pressure Reducing Valves; Vacuum Pumps; Vacu um Pump Governors; Air Eliminators; Air Check; Oil Separators; Suction Strainers; Air Vents; Damper Control; Gauges. Sectional View of No. I Trap Dunham Radiator Trap The Dunham Radiator Trap first put into service' in 1903 completely revolu tionized Steam Heating. The Dunham Thermostatic Trap con sists of two major parts, a body, and a cover. I n the cover the operating member, the Dunham Thermostatic Disc, is securely placed. It has an exceptionally large valve opening. There are no detached loose parts in the path of flow, no sliding contacts to gum up, and no guide or pin to obstruct the valve opening or cause the valve to wear unevenly. The position and design of the valve is such that it is self-cleaning, and the closing of the trap will be tight even where the water is high in incrustants which deposit oh the interior of the piping. The action of the disc is positive and the floating valve seats squarely, like a globe valve. The body is . standardized, also the cover and disc, giving the further advantage of inter changeable parts. The traps conform with the standard dimension of 3K in. from center of trap to end of'union nipple, as adopted by The Heating and Piping Contractors' National Association for one-half in. radiator traps. The working part of the Trap, the Ther mostatic Disc, is fully exposed to the- actual conditions within the. radiator and it, therefore, responds instantly to any change taking place therein, preventing waste of unused steam, backing up of water and air binding. . It is made in five sizes and for varying pressures not to exceed 10 lb. gage. These traps are used principally in steam heating work where they are attached to all forms and types of radiation, and to steam piping and risers for dripping pur poses. The Nos. 1 and 2 Traps are used almost exclusively on radiators. The No. 3 Trap is used for large radiators, for . medium size pipecoils, and is particularly adaptable for dripping risers and short runs of steam piping. The Nos. 4 and 5 Traps are used where traps of large capac ity are required on large pipe coils, for drip ping main steam risers, and steam mains. 496 C. A. Dunham Co. Specialties, Heating DUNHAM RETURN TRAP Used to separate the air and water discharged into the dry return piping by the Radiator Traps, to release the air, and to automatically return the water to the bbiler.. For use on installations where the boiler steam pressure does not exceed 10 Ib.gage. ` L. This em DUNHAM MEDIUM PRESSURE TRAP bodies the principle so successfully used in the Dunham Ra diator Trap, and is just as simple and satisfactory.^ Designed for steam pressures higher than those used in heating systems. It handles air and condensate. Adapted for process work, hospital sterilizers and distilling apparatus, steam tables and kitchen equipment where a steam pressure of from 0 to 60 lb. is used. Dunham Packless Radiator Valve This valve is really "packless." Neither packing of any kind nor any springs are used in its construction. It is built in two specific styles. The lever handle valve is furnished in angle pattern only and recommended for hot water type radiators with top inlet connection in keeping with the most approved modern steam heating practice. The low bonnet is one of the at tractive features of the valve. The wheel handle valve can be used on any steam system and is furnished as follows: Type 140-Wheel Handle angle pattern, straightway pattern, right Type 100-Lever Handle hand pattern and left hand pattern. Only the best of materials are used. Both types are neat in appearance, and are quick opening and closing valves. ` . The valve is made packless by means of the bellows construction, consisting of a series of corrugated phosphor bronze diaphragms which permit the free up and down move ment of the spindle and valve disc. This construction obviates the use of springs, packing or stuffing boxes of any kind and entirely prevents the leakage of steam, air or water. Made in following sizes: Lever 1, Type 100 made only in angle pattern. in. Wheel I, 1X, iyi, 2 in. Type 140 made in angle, straightway and corner patterns and can be supplied with wheel or lever handle. -- The valves can be supplied with lock and shield, and special extension stems for use on radiators behind grilles, seats, etc., or on ceiling of the room. . 497 C. A. Dunham Co. Specialties, Heating 1 Trap No. 1 2 Trap No. No. 1. All Patterns Tapping Capacity 100 sq. ft. Rad. No. 2. A11 Patterns , Tapping W', Capacity 350 sq. ft. Rad. No. 3. All Patterns Tapping ; Capacity 800 sq. ft. Rad. No. 4. Angle and Straightway Tapping Capacity 1500 sq: ft. Rad. No. 5. Angle and Straightway Tapping 1"; Capacity 3000 sq. ft. Rad. 4 Trap No. 4 3 Trap No. 3 DUNHAM FLOAT AND THERMO STATIC TRAP 5 Trap No. 6 These traps handle large volumes of water and sudden calls for maximum duty. . They open automatically for water and air and close for steam. They are suitable on either gravity or vacuum heating systems. The water . is handled by the float operated valve which is so constructed that the opening is always sealed with water with no opportunity for steam leakage. The air is handled by the thermostatic valve. They combine the Dunham Thermostatic Principle with the float. They automatically open for air and water and close for steam. This trap adjusts itself Jyprn slowly like a thermometer to the temperature con ditions present and permits a continuous flow, at a * Aiv/ars USE Supplv And RctuRnOn pppos.rc Cnos Of Stack rate within its capacity limits, to keep the heaters free . from air and water, without waste of steam. . They may be applied to any type or make of cast iron or pipe coil blast heater. They are unsurpassed for dripping low-pressure steam mains and risers, vento heaters, unit heaters, blast coils, domestic hot . water heaters, dry kilns, milk condensers, evaporators, paper machines and any industrial heater in which low-pressure steam (not exceeding 10 lbs. gauge) is ' Vento HfATCP used as a heating medium. . This type of trap not only drains the heater of its water of condensation' but automatically releases the air, thus obtaining as nearly 100 per cent heating efficiency as may be obtainable, which results in the {Xnham NQ l Ta*s> Omu The sc AndVcnT I'nc On Stacks Hav operation of the equipment at its maximum potential output. In many industrial processes, it is desirable to Lt 55.ing 'G Sections Or ^ operate on a vacuum, a condition that is fully met in this type of trap. /OCM-HM FlOATAl Thermostatic TSap Size Pipe Connection. Capacity. In. Direct Radiation, Sq. Ft. UtTuRN-- Typical connections using Thermostatic and Float Trap on a Vento Heater ' No. 22 No. 23 No. 16 No. 17 No. 18 No. 19 No. 20 3/4 1 3/4 .1 l Vi l'/2 2 3,000 4,000 6,000 7,000 9,000 11,000 16,000 498 C. A. Dunham Co. Specialties, Heating Dunham Pressure Reducing Valve Made only in standard weight fora pres sure range of 125 lb. down on high side, to 10 lb. and atmosphere on low side, in straight and expanded outlet patterns. Dunham Vacuum Pump Governor Used on steam driven vacuum pumps to control vacuum in vacuum return lines. Made in all sizes from ^ to 2 in., inclusive. Dunham Damper Control The Dunham Diaphragm Damper Regulator controls the steam pressure in ounces. It operates check and draft damper with chains. Dunham Air Eliminator Used in connection with the Dunham Home Heating System for venting the air from the system. Two types. Capacities respectively 2000 and 6000 sq. ft. radiation. Dunham Oil Separator Made in all sizes from 1J^ to 6 in. Flanged connections. Dunham Strainer Has a large brass screen basket for catching and holding the dirt; easily ac cessible for cleaning and at once commends itself for this purpose. Made in all sizes from % to 6 in. Dunham Air Line Valve The principle of operation is identical, and design similar, to the Dunham. .Radi ator Trap. Its efficiency is high, and^ser vice in connection with air line systems invaluable. Can be furnished with either or J4-in. radiator connection. Air piping is required in connection with its use. It must not be subjected to steam pressures exceeding 10 lb. gage. Dunham Air Line System This is a one-pipe steam system using a Dunham Air Line Valve on each radi ator, with a system of air line piping which may discharge the air by gravity, or be attached to an air. line Vacuum Pump. This system is particularly adapt able in making old one-pipe heating sys tems more efficient. It is easily and eco nomically installed, and insures the quick removal of air from the radiators. The Dunham Home Heating System This is specially for the home or small building. It uses steam at very low pres sure. Steam is admitted into the radiator by the Dunham Packless .Radiator Valve, where it is retained by the Dunham Radi ator Trap until it has given off its heat, when, as water, it passes through the trap together with the air, and back to the boiler through the return piping. The air is released by the Dunham Air Eliminator, and the water returns naturally to the boiler. The design is such that a partial vacuum can be obtained on receding fire, with water continuing boiling. Hot water pattern radiators with top inlet connec tions are required. The end of each steam main is vented through a Dunham Trap into the return piping, and is dripped through wet or dry drip pipe directly back to the boiler return header. The Dunham Return System This System differs from the Home Heating System in that it makes use of the Dunham Return Trap in place of the Dunham Air Eliminator, which introduces the added feature of a positive automatic return of water to the boiler when it is desired to raise the steam pressure. The feature of a positive return under varying steam pressures makes this Dun ham^ System particularly, adaptable to apartment houses, small hotels and me dium size commercial buildings, schoolsand churches. This System makes possible the modernizing of old one-pipe and two-pipe gravity systems, and eliminates the sput tering, leaking air valves which are such trouble makers in these old heating jobs. The Dunham Vacuum System Simplicity is the key note of Dunham design. There is the system of steam mains and piping to supply all radiation, and the return piping to carry away the air and water of condensation by means of a vacuum pump. Steam may be sup plied direct from boiler, or through a Dun ham Reducing; Valve, where boiler pres sure is too high for direct service. Or ex haust steam may be used, supplemented by live steam through a Reducing Valve. Bulletins Bulletins of standard architectural size with- detailed information covering each System; and ^1| products, including rough- ing:iri: dimensions, will be furnished on request. r,; Specialties, Heating The Fulton Company NEW YORK Hudson Terminal Bldg. Knoxville, Tennessee 50 Church Street SALES OFFICES: CHICAGO Wrigley Bldg. Michigan Boulevard PHILADELPHIA Drexel Bldg. 4th and Chestnut Streets DETROIT Book Bldg., Washington Boulevard Representatives in All Principal Cities BOSTON Federal Bldg. 136 Federal Street Patentees and manufacturers of Sylphon products. Sylphon Automatic Air and Vent Valves; Packless and Leakless Valves, Thermostats for regulating tem peratures of homes by warm air furnaces, steam, vapor or hot water boilers; Temperature and Pressure Regulators, Temperature Regulating Radiator Covers; and other Heating Specialties. Advantages No. 527 Quick Vent Valve All Sylphon devices em body the seamless, one-piece bellows of drawn metal shown at right. There is not a bit of solder throughout its length --no chance for leaks or breaks. It is a feature found exclusively in Sylphon Prod ucts. Sylphon diaphragms or bellows are made in sizes rang For venting mains, long runs of pipe, indirect stacks, drop risers, and all low-pressure steam jobs where a large amount of air must be expelled quickly. Vents entire piping system and thereby heating radiators quicker under less pressure. No adjust ment. Does not close against water. Venting port fy in. diameter. Valve connection in. pipe thread. Ask for Bulletin RAV-3. x ing from 1 }ri to 12 in. O. D. No. 304 Standard Pressure Packless Valve A special alloy Sylphon bellows surrounds the stem and turning parts, SPECIFICATION--The ends of long runs of pipe, risers or loops shall be vented with a No. 527 Sylphon Quick Vent Valve, as manufactured by The Fulton Company. Knoxville. Tenn. , _. Lu/ Open View forming an ever-tight bar rier to leakage of steam around the stem, no packing, hence no need of repacking. This valve is largely used for hazardous liquids and is approved by the Under writers' Laboratory (No. M. H. 988.) Made in valve sizes % in. to 2 in. inclusive. For pressures up to 150 lbs. Cut Open View SPECIFICATION--Install where shown on plans, a Sylphon Standard Pressure Packless Valve, as manufactured by The Fulton Company. Knox ville, Tenn., known as No. 304. Si2e (state size). No. 410 Sylphon Air Line Valve An automatic, non-adjustable air line valve that will silently expel air and condensation, but close against steam. Has as its basic principle the Sylphon thermostat, which will quickly and effectively distinguish between steam and air, freely allowing the air and con densation to pass, but pre venting the passage of steam. This means that every inch of radiating surface becomes 100 per cent efficient. Ask for Bulletin RAV-3. SPECIFICATION--All No. 510 Sylphon Vent Valves for Primary Heating Coils For venting air from large heating coils radiators to be equipped with Cut Open View Sylphon Air Line Valves known as (either No. 410 or No. 410-A). as manu factured by The Fulton Company, Knoxvil.e, Tenn. used in stacks and in indirect heating with fan blowers, where No. 22 Steam Damper Regulator low-pressure steam is used. Venting port -fo in. dia. Has a powerful Sylphon bellows as ther mostat which closes valve immediately steam reaches it. Does not close against water. Can be installed in any posi tion. Made entirely of cast brass; rug gedly constructed. AskforBuIletinRAV-3. SPECIFICATION--Heating Coils, where shown on plans, shall be vented with No. 510 Sylphon Vent Valves as manufactured by The Fulton Company. Knoxville. Tenn., and installed in accordance with instructions furnished by the manufacturer. Used to control the dampers on steam heating boilers. A simple, accurate regulator which will control the draught so as to maintain a con stant steam pres sure up to 5 lb. This regulator is sensitive, positive in action and will last a life time, due to the Sylphon one-piece, seam less, solderless, flexible metal bellows which it contains as diaphragm. Ask for Bulletin RD-3. . SPECIFICATION--The boiler shall be equipped with a No. 22 Sylphon Steam Damper Regulator, as manufactured by The Fulton Company. Knoxviller Tenn., and installed in accordance with instructions of the manufacturer. 500 The Fulton Company Specialties, Healing. No. 22 Junior Steam Damper Regulator This Regulator is identical in construction with No. 22 except that it contains a smaller Sylphon bellows as its diaphragm and is therefore suitable for small steam boilers or those having light dampers which do not require much power for their op eration. Will main tain a constant steam pressure up to 8 Ibe. gauge. Ask for Bulletin RD-3 SPECIFICATION--The boiler shall be equipped with a No. 22 Junior Sylphon Steam Damper Regulator, as manufactured by The Fulton Company, Knoxville. Tenn., and installed in accordance witn instructions of the manufacturer. No. 924 Steam Damper Regulator For tow pressure steam boilers where extra sensitiveness and greater power are required to op erate the damper. Is identical .in con struction with No. 22 except that it containsa larger Sylphon bellows as its dia phragm, and dis tance between rocker pivot and plunger pivot is greater. Will operate with pressures up to 3 lbs. gauge. Ask for Bulletin RD-3 SPECIFICATION--Boiler shall be equipped with a No. 924 Sylphon Steam Damper Regulator as manufac tured by The Fulton Company, Knoxville, Tenn., and installed in accordance with instructions of the manufacturer. No. 925 Vapor Damper Regulator Specially designed to control dampers on boilers used with vapor heating systems. Extremely powerful and sensitive. Has extra large flexible Sylphon bellows as dia phragm. One ounce change in vapor pressure produces a 6K lbs. force to open or close damp ers. Operates from 2 osa. to 1 lb. gauge, perfectly smoothly and will not "flutter" under any condition. Ask for Bulletin RD-3 SPECIFICATION--The boiler shall be equipped with a No. 925 Sylphon Vapor Damper Regulator, as manu factured by The Fulton Company, Knoxville, Tenn., and installed in accordance with instructions of the manufacturer. No. 45-A Hot-Water Damper Regulator Used to control the dampers on hot water heating boilers. Simple, accurate regulators which will control the draft so as to maintain a constant tem perature of the water at any point between 120 deg. and 220 deg. fahr. They prevent the temperature of the water from rising higher than necessary, insuring faucet water of even temperature every hour of the day. Installed on domestic hot- water heaters they prevent the generating of steam - in the system, thus eliminating, the disagreeable sputtering and blowing-off when the faucet is open. Ask for Bulletin RD-3. No. 45 Hot-Water Damper Regulator Same as No. 45-A exceptbulb is 4 in. instead of 2 in. long-and rocker does not have adjustment. The longer bulb permits the use of this regulator in a pipe fitting. . Ask for Bulletin RD-3 No. 46 Hot-Water Damper Regulator This regulator with bulb 1 in. long, is designed especially for small hotwater-heating boilers, or those having light dampers, also, domestic hotwater supply heaters. Construction same as No. 45 except that it contains a smaller Sylphon bellowB as its diaphragm, as it requires less power to operate the light dampers of such heaters. Also suitable for laundry heaters, garbage burners, garage heaters, etc. Ask for Bulletin RD-3. SPECIFICATION--(Boiler, heater, or tank heater) shall be equipped with a No. (45, 45-A, 45-B or 46) Sylphon Hot-Water Damper Regulator, as manufactured bv The Fulton Company, Knoxville. Tenn., the regulator to have a temperature range of (specify temperature range. No. 45 and 45-A have temperature range of 120 deg. to 220 deg. fahr.: No. 45-B has temperature range of 100 deg. to 200 deg. fahr. No. 46 has temperature range of 130 deg. to 200 deg. fahr.) and to be installed in accordance with instructions furnished by the manufacturer. Nos. 42, 43, 44, Hot Water Damper Regulators These regulators are used where conditions require side instead of direct connections. The hot water circulates around an inner bulb containing a volatile liquid, which in turn causes the Sylphon bellows to expand or contract as the temper ature of the water rises or falls, thus closing or opening the draft dampers. Ask for bulletin RD-3. SPECIFICATION--(Boiler heater or tank heater) shall beequipped with a No. (42, 43, or 44) Sylphon Hot Water Damper Regu lator, as manufactured by The Fulton Company, Knoxville, Tennessee, the regulator to have a temperature range of (specify--No. 42 controls from 120 to 180 F.; No. 43 from 160 to 220 F.; No. 44 from 190 to 240*F.) and to be installed in accordance with instructions furnished by manufacturer. 501 w The Fulton Company Specialties, Heating No. 930 and No. 931 Temperature' Regulators for Control of Liquids Used to automatically con trol temperatures of liquids heated by steam, and es pecially for hot-water supply tanks in apartments, hotels, clubs, etc., and regularly fur nished with a temperature range of 140* to 180 F. Special regulators can be fur nished with adjustment for 20 above or below the oper ating point for temperatures not lower than 10 nor higher than 315 F. No. 930 has lever and weight method of adjustment; No. 931 has spring type. The extreme' sensitiveness, posi tive action and simplicity of these regulators place them in ~ a class by themselves and make them applicable in many ways. No. 931 is made in valve sixes Hi in. to 2M in- inclusive, and No. 930 in sixes in. to 8 in. inclusive. Temperature Ranges Nos. 930, 931, 934, 935, 980, 981 No. Range 21.. 10 to 50 F, 22.. 20 to 60 F. 23.. 40 to 80" F. 24.. 60 to 100 F, 25.. 100 to 140 F. 26.. 140 to 180 F. 27 .. 160 to 200 F. No. Range 28.. 180 to 220 F. 29.. 190 to 230 F. 30.. 210 to 250 F. 31. .220 to 260 F. 32.. 230 to 270 F. 33 .245 to 285 F. 34 . .275 to 315 F. For service water heating. No. 831 Nos. 932 and 942 are 10 degrees higher. On special order at 82.50 net additional cost, regulators Nos. 930, 931, 932, 935, 942, 980 and 981 will be furnished with reversed valve interior for controlling cooling mediums. No. 980 and No. 981 Temperature Regulators for Control of Air Used to automatically control tem perature of air in dry rooms, etc., and regularly furnished with tem perature range of 140 to 180 F. Other ranges upon application. The thermostatic bulb, of our special "star-shaped design, gives greatest area of exposed surface to mass of any design known. It may be placed at any point in room, and is con nected with operating valve by a flexible tube of re quired length. Furnished in either lever and weight type (No. 980) or spring adjusting type (No. 981). No. 980 is made in valve sizes H in. to 5 in. inclusive and No. 981 in sizes H in. to 2H in. inclusive. Valve s--Double-seated, balanced type, bronze disc and seats. Bronze - bodies fitted into bronze unions, in sizes H in. to in. inclusive. Sizes 2 in. and above have iron bodies, bodies flanged and drilled standard. Com panion flanges furnished at extra cost. Flexible metal tubing 8 ft. long. Supplied longer on order. Upon application a chart will be furnished showing how to determine size of regulator needed for any given condition. Ask for chart and Bul letin RTR-110. SPECIFICATIO N--Install where shown on plans, a Sylphon Temperature Regulator (Nos. 930,931, No. 981 980 or 981) as manufactured by The Fulton Company, Knoxville, Term.; regulator to have a temperature range of (specify) degrees F. and valve of (specify) inches in size, ground for steam pressure of (specify) lbs. with tubing (specify) ft. long. Principal Dimensions, Prices, Etc., of No. 930, No. 931, No. 980 and No. 98i Sylphon Temperature Regulator Valve Sizes, Inches 1 Vi y. 1'/, l'/2 2 2% m St prices 930 $60 $65 $70 $75 $80 $ 90 1$ 95 $100 $110 $120 $175 $225 $275 st prices 931 st prices 980 $60 $70 $65 $75 *70 $80 *75 $85 $80 $90 $ 90 $100 $$19150 $125' $140 $150 $225' st prices 981 ilb thread IPS930 ilb thread IPS 931 $70 $75 $80 *05 $90 $100 $110 I" 1" 1" I" 1" I" I" .1" 1" 1" IV." w i%" i%" W IV." w W 21/2" w db length 930 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" 24"' 24" 24"' 24"' 24"' 24" ilb length 931 and 961 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" ilb length 980 sver bar length 930 16" 16" 24" ` 24" 16" 24" 16" 24" 16" 16" 24" 24" 16" 24" 16"' 16"' 16"' 16" 36" 36" 36" . 36" 36"' 36" * sver bar length 960 eight A+L 930 ' eight A+O 930 eight A+L 931 and 981 eight A+O 931 and 981 41"' M'/i" 18%" 41" 15'/," IW 41" I6%" IW 41" I7W 20%" 41" I7W 20%" 41" 41" 26%" 22%" 43" 23'// 43" 24Hn 43" 25HB 43" 27ii" 29Hn 3W eight A+L 980 eight A+O 980 ice to face 930 ice to face 931 and 981 ice to face 980 idth incL ) Q 980 verbar f R 980 IW IW IW IW 17V (E)5W<E)5'/" (E)6'/2n <E)7y," <EjW (N)7" <E)5y," (E)6V," (E)7V,"(E)W (N)7n (E)5W (E)6'/i" <E)7y," (e) 8y," (N)7n 26" 26" 26" 26" 26" 26" 14!/," I4%" I4W 14V," 14%" 14V," 20%" 23'// 24U" J 25H" 27tf" (N)7%" (N)8%" (N^TO^O'//KN) 12'// (N) 141// (N)18>// (N)7V/ (N^y/C!,N)8%' 27%" .. 27%' " (N) I01// 271// (N"27.)1/142"'// 14%" 15V/ I 15V/ 15V/ 15V/ 502 The Fulton Company Specialties, Healing No. 932 Sylphon Temperature Regulator Detachable Tube Type: This is the latest development in self-contained regulators, and on account of its flexibility of installation is very popular with the heating trade. This regulator is composed of three distinct and separable units: Assembled Unassembled Valves--Double seated balanced type, with bronze discs and seats. Bronze bodies fitted with bronze unions in sizes H to 1H in., inclusive. Sizes 2 in. and above have iron bodies, bodies flanged. Fitted with companion flanges on order at additional cost. Ask for Bulletin RTR-110. SPECIFICATION--Install in duct where shown on plans No. 942 Separable Transmission type Sylphon Tem perature Regulator as manufactured by. The Fulton Com pany, Knoxville, Tenn, Regulator to have a temperature range of (specify) degrees fahr. with valve of (specify) inches in size ground tor steam pressure of -- lbs., a transmission tubing of (specify) ft. long and extension stem of (specify) inches long. No. 934 Sylphon Temperature Regulator valve, bulb, tubing. Each unit may be separately installed, removed or replaced as the case may be. If the flexible tubing should become damaged or broken, the power trans mitting unit may readily be replaced by loosening two lock nuts, and the repair part slipped into place. Movement is transmitted by liquid pressure acting between two small Sylphon bellows and is frictionless. Liquid is non-freezing. These features are patented and possessed by no other regulator. One transmission unit fits all regulators having valve sizes H in. to in. inclusive; another unit for valves 1H in. to 4 in. inclusive. Ask for Bulletin RTR-110. SPECIFICATION--Install where shown on plans No. 932 Sylphon Temperature Regulator as manufactured by The Fulton Company, Knoxville, Tenn.; regulator to have a temperature range of (specify) degrees F., and valve of (specify) inches in size, ground for steam pressure of (specify) lbs. with tubing (specify) ft. long. No. 942 Sylphon Temperature Regulator Separable Transmission Type: For control of air tempera tures in ducts of fan and blower heating systems where valve must be at some distance from therm06tatic head. Easily installed, as valve, transmission unit and thermostatic head are separable parts. - ... Assembled Standard length of stem is 12 in., made longer on order at ad- ^ ditional cost. -- i Regulator | H | may be in stalled in any position -- either from top, bottom orside ofduct. Thermostatic head remov- I able from stem, so that hole cut thru auct wall need Unassembled be only large enough to pass a ZA inch pipe. Standard. length flexible tubing is 8 ft., longer on order at additional cost. Made in valve sizes 33 to 4 in., inclusive. For control of liquids. Made in valve sizes of % and in. only, and for steam pressures under 100 lb. For controlling temperature of steam tables, pasteurizing and sterilizing apparatus, size box on slashers, tempering tanks, percolators, glue kettles, and small tanks of all kinds where a minimum amount of steam, ac curacy of control, and compactness of instrument are required. Valves are all bronze, single seated, needle type with screw ends right-handed threads. Ask for Bulletin RTR-104. SPECIFICATION--Install where shown on plans for control of (specify) No. 934 Sylphon Temperature Regulator, as manufactured by The Fulton Company, Knoxville, Tenn. Regulator to have a temperature range of (specify) degrees fahr., with valve of (specify) inches in size, ground for steam pressure of (specify) lbe. and tubing (specify) ft. long. No. 934 No. 93S Sylphon Temperature Regulator For control of liquids or air. Made in valve sizes A to 133 in*, inclusive. (Sizes % and 33 in- are for steam pressures under 100 lb. only.) For controlling temperatures of open liquor vats, tanks, dryers, dry rooms, warming ovens, proofing rooms, etc. May be install3 in any position. Extension stem is regularly furnished 12 in. long, but can be made any length on special order. Valves are double seated balanced type with bronze discs and seats and fitted with unions, except 3 and 33. in. sizes, which are all-bronze single seated, needle type, with screw ends right-hana threads. Ask for Bulletin RTR-104. No. 935-Z for Control of Cold Storage Rooms and Boxes or Drinking Water No. 935 When used for control of calcium chloride brine, valves are 33 to 133 in., inch, balanced piston type made entirely of bronze and fitted with ________ __ 68WTtfT, bronze unions. Temperature ranges: 10 to 50; 20 to 60; 40 to 80 F. Ask for Bulletin TR-106. No. 943 as installed in Duet and on Rehealing and Tempering Coils SPECIFICATION --Install where shown on plans for control of (specify) No. 935 (or 935-Z) Sylphon Tem perature Regulator as manufactured by The Fulton Company, Knoxville, Tenn. Regulator to have a temperature range of (specify) degrees fahr. with valve of (specify) inches in size, ground for steam (or brine) pressure of (specify) - _ . lbs. and extension stem No. 935-Z--Sylphon Regulator' on of (specify) inches long. open type water cooler 503 The Fullon Company Specialties, Heating No. 11 Sylphon Liquid Transmission Regitherm The latest development in automatic control of air tem peratures for industrial uses. A'simple, self-contained, sturdy instrument without complicated mechanism to con tinually get out of order. Valve is mounted in steam line, Regitherm placed on wall or column 5 ft. above floor, power transmission unit is joined by means of T-elot connections. Transmission Unit . ... No. It Regitherm Assembled The power trans mission unit consists of two Sylphon bellows joined together by flex ible tubing of the desired length, completely filled with a non-freezing liquid. Tubing regularly furnished 25 ft in length, but can be made any length required. Made in valve sizes M to 2)4 in., incl. Regularly furnished to operate from 60 to 80 F. Other ranges on application. Valves--Double seated balanced type, bronze discs and seats. Bronze bodies fitted with bronze unions in sizes Yi to 1H in., inclusive. Sizes 2 and 2Yi in. have iron bodies; bodies flanged, and drilled standard. Companion flanges furnished at extra cost Ask for Bulletin RTR-5. No. 11-Z for Control of Cold Storage Rooms For control of calcium chloride brine furnished with fol lowing temperature ranges: 20 to 40; 35 to 55; 40 to 60; 45 to 65; 55 to 75 F. Ask for Bulletin RTR-106. SPECIFICATION--Install where shown on plans for control of (specify) No. 11 (or No. Il-Z) Sylphon Iaauid Transmission Regitherm as manufactured by The Fulton Company, Knoxville, Tenn. Regitherm to have a tempera- ' tore range of (specify) degrees fahr., a valve of (specify) inches in size, ground for steam (or brine) pressure of (specify) lbs. and transmission tubing of (specify) ft. Jong. No. 955 Sylphon Interlocking Valve A safety appliance designed to protect oil fired boilers or furnaces by automatically shutting off oil supply when atom izing pressure fails, or is reduced below required minimum. Valve is installed in fuel line and pressure of atomizing supply is ad mitted to Sylphon' bellows chamber through a jq in. pipe connection at top, so that under normal condition atomising pressure is on the bellows. Pressure acting upon bellows or diaphragm holds valve open. Should pressure drop to Dredetermined mini mum, the latch holding valve open will be immediately released, allowing weighted lever to close valve, thus shutting off fuel supply to burners. Regardless of return of atomising pressure the valve will remain closed until opened by hand. Made in valve sizes from.)4 to 2Yz in., incL Required by Laws and Ap proved by Insurance Companies--Some states required safety shut-off valves by law, and they are recom mended by all insurance companies. The Sylphon interlock ing valve has been submitted to test by the inspection Department of the Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, and has been approved. Adjustment for Different Pressures--Adjust ment is obtained by rotating spanner nut upward to increase and downward to lessen atomising pressure. Valves--Globe pattern, single seated, with bronze bodies and discs, screwed ends, with Briggs standard righthand pipe tapping in both ends. Valves from H to 1)4 in., inclusive, are suitable for 125-Ib. oil pressure. Valves 2 and 2)4 in. arefor 100-lb. oil pressure. Ask for Bulletin RTR-100. Type PRESSURE DATA Range of Adjust Maximum Allow ment of Tripping able Atomizing Pressure Pressure, Lb. No. 955-A No. 955-B No. 955-C No. 955-D No. 955-E 3 oz. to 5 lb. V/i lb. to 15 lb. 5 lb. to 25 lb. 10 lb. to 40 lb. 30 lb. to 100 lb. 25 50 50 50 125 SPECIFICATION--Install where shown on plans for control of fuel oil supply to (specify) No. 955 Sylphon Interlocking Valve Type (A, B, C, D, E). as manufactured by The Fulton Company, Knoxville, Tenn. Size of valve to be (specify) inches, ground for fuel oil pressure of (specify) lbs. at point where valve is to be installed. Connect atomizing (steam or air) to K in. connection at top of instru ment; atomizing pressure (steam or air) to be (specify) lbs. No. 952Sylphon Pressure Regulators For controlling the pressure of steam, air and other gases. Useful as a reducing valve or to insure delivery of uniform pressure on a line supplied from a source of variable pressure. This regulator is extremely sensitive and will reduce pressure to as low as 2-lb. Control pressure may be taken from any desired point. Made in valve sizes K to 4 in. Valves--Style H valve is double seated balanced type for pressures up to 100 lb.; H to 1)4 in., inclusive, bronze with screw ends; 2 in. and above have iron bodies. Style D valve is double seated balanced type for pressures up to 150-lb.; )4 to 1)4 in., No. 952 inclusive, bronze with bronze unions; 2 in. and above have iron bodies. Style S valve is single seated needle type for pressures up to 100 lb.; bronze with screw ends. Ask for Catalogue RTR-200. RANGE OF OPERATION OF NO. 952 Initial i N ot less than | for all sizes Style and No. of Regu lator Maximum Pressure Lbs. "O It *j CC-v Minimum Reduced Pressure in Fractions of Initial Pressure. Lb. Valve Size. In. V. Vi IV. 2 and V. 3 % 1 tyl 2Vi 4 952 AH 100 25 2 1/50 1/40 1/17 1/15 1/10 952 AD 150 25 2 1/50 1/40 1/17 1/15 1/10 952 AS 100 25 2 1/50 952 BH 100 40 3 i/k> 1/40 1/17 1/15 1/10 952 BD 150 40 3 1/50 1/40 1/17 1/15 1/10 952 BS 100 40 3 i/50 952 CH too 100 10 i/io 1/0 952 CD 150 100 10 1/10 I/O 952 CS 100 100 10 1/10 SPECIFICATION--Install where shown on plans No. 952 (AH, AD. AS, BH, BD, BS, CH, CD, CS) Sylphon Pressure Regulator as manufactured by The Fulton Com pany, Knoxville, Tenn. Valve to be (specify) inches in size for maximum initial (steam or air) pressure of ^specify) lbs. and reduced (steam or air) pressure of (specify) lbs. *The Ja-Nar Radiator Cover Made of fine furniture steel, lined with heat insulating material. Completely covers either high or low hot water and steam radiators. Can be installed in old homes as easily as in new. Furnished in light or dark oak, mahogany, walnut ami various tinted enamels, or to match wood work. Furnished in three types: 1st, Automatic Temperature Control; 2nd. Manually Operated Temperature Control; 3rd, Uncontrolled Type. The controlled type is equipped with a thermostatic device which automatically opens or closes the shutters to regulate the heat sent out into the room. Can be set to operate at temperature desired. Ask for Pamphlet on the Ja-Nar. SPECIFICATION--Install where shown on plans, a Ja-Nar Radiator Cover as manufactured by The Fulton Company, Knoxville, Tenn. The contractor will furnish to The Fulton Company information as to size of radiator and other measurements necessary to build the Ja-Nars. (Specify finish for each room. State whether to be of auto matic control type, hand control type or uncontrolled type.) 504 Specialties, Heating G. M. Davis Regulator Company 407 MILWAUKEE AVENUE CHICAGO, ILL. New York Office, 71 Fulton Street Manufacturers of Automatic Valve Specialties Fig. SSI--Back Pressure Valve Horizontal end Vertical Fig. 805--Pressure Regulator Piston Type EVERY problem in automatic pressure regulation finds a solu tion in Davis Valve Specialties. Engineers. and con tractors specify and use them because of their well earned reputation for unusually good and long reliable service. On the next job that you expect to get par ticularly good results from the pressure regu lating devices, let the Davis have a chance to prove their worth. Fig. 888--Slop and Check Valve Globe and A ngle * Fig. 811 --Pressure RegulatorDiaphragm Type 505 Fig. 898--Steam Trap. Continuous Flow Specialties, Heating Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Waterbury, Conn. GENERAL SALES'DEPARTMENT 25 West 45th Street NEW YORK, N. Y. Hoffman Valves and Controlled Heat Equipment HOFFMAN VENTING VALVES In the Hoffman line there is a specially designed venting valve for every type of steam heating system. The basic principle used in the design of all Hoffman venting valves is that of an all-metal thermostatic member, with one or more flexible diaphragms, containing a volatile or heat sensitive fluid which causes valve action upon slight tem perature changes. . Hoffman valves have a wide pressure range in which they operate with the same' degree of accuracy, for the internal fluid pressure in the thermostatic member maintains a constant relationship with the external steam pressures throughout the whole range of pressure for which each valve is intended. Hoffman valves are automatic, non-adjustable and guaranteed to properly function-- for a period of five years from date of installation when installed and operated under normal conditions for which designed. VENTING PORT. FLOAT VALVE PIN> AIR CHECK FLOAT (g> RIBS FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM (2 VACUUM DIAPHRAGM FLOAT DSUPPORT CHAMBER TO) PORT ip BASE chamber No. S Hoffman Siphon Air and Vacuum Valve HOW THE NEW HOFFMAN No. 2 VACUUM VALVE OPERATES Normally venting port (2) through which air escapes is wide open until steam comes in contact with the float (4). Then, the heat sensitive fluid in the float, the ther mostatic member, is changed to gaseous state expanding the flexible diaphragm (7), raising the float and closing vent port. . If the radiator is shut off or- for any reason steam contact ceases, the diaphragm contracts, and the float drops. . But no air can re-enter the valve because the air check (l) makes the port a one-way street-- air can go out but none can come back. So with the continuation of condensation of steam and preven tion of air return.a vacuum is formed in the system. Atmospheric pressure exerted through chamber port (10) causes diaphragm (8) to lift the float (4) and keep port closed. In other words, the air check acts as a vacuum starter, prevents return . of air for a short period until the vacuum formed in the valve permits atmospheric pressure, acting through port (10) to force dia phragm (8) upward, raising the float and doubly closing the vent port. 506 Hoffman Values Specialties, Heating HOW TO VACUUM-IZE A ONE-PIPE STEAM SYSTEM To enjoy the comfort and economy of this new heating system all that is neces sary is to equip the radiators all over the house with these new No. 2 Hoffman Air and Vacuum Valves, and if there are one or more air valves on the piping in the cellar, these must also be changed. The No. 6 Hoffman Vacuum Valve is best suited for this purpose as it allows those radiators furthest from the boiler to heat up just as quickly as the nearest one. The use of even a single No. 2 Hoffman Vacuum Valve on the worst radiator will enable that particular radiator to stay warm after steam pressure has diminished, but with air leaking in at other points complete heating comfort and economy will not be secured unless every valve is a No. 2 Hoffman. Heating contractors and engineers appreciate that while the big air leak in any steam heating system is through the air valves (this leak is stopped by the No. 2 Hoffman) there are liable to be other leaks which must be stopped if the system is to be fully efficient. Complete instructions as to what to do and how to do it are sent with the valves and should be carefully observed to get the best service. Write for Descriptive Circular--Locking the Door Against the Heat Thief 507 Hoffman Voices Specialties, Heating ALL METAL--NON-ADJUSTABLE--THERMOSTATIC The No. 1 Hoffman Siphon Air Valve is designed for systems of the one-pipe gravity type, to vent alt air from radiators without loss of steam. After contact of water with the valve the siphon drains all water from the valve and venting occurs without the slightest "spit" even if. the radiator is under pressure. Radiator connection, H in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. The No. 2 Siphon Air and Vacuum Valve is similar in con struction to the No. 1, but in addition, when the radiator is once freed from air, return of air through the vent port is prevented. Through its use an ordinary one-pipe steam system may be changed into a vacuum type. See page 506. Radiator connection. H in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, IQ lb. The No. 3 Hoffman Air Line Valve is specially designed for Air Line, or as they are frequently termed "Paul" Systems. It is sensitive in action and closes the instant steam fills the radiator. . Radiator connection, M in.; Air Line connection, in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure. 10 lb. The No. 4 is used in venting mains, risers, vento stacks, coils, etc. All air is freely vented through a % in. vent port without steam loss, but valve does not close against water. Standard connection. % in., can also be supplied with in. connection. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure. 10 lb. \ No.S No. 4 The No. 5 is particularly adapted for use in venting: Ends of stea m mains; Ends of dry return mains; I ndirect radiators; Blast or "Vento" stacks; Hot-water gen- ators; Dryers and drums, etc. The basic principle is the same as the No. 1 Valve, No. 6 having separate channels for air and water which are only found in Hoffman Valves. Pipe connection, H in.; vent port for less than 3 lb. is $6 in.; for 3 lb. and over is >6 in. Unless otherwise ordered, will be shipped with in. port. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure. 10 lb. The No. 6 is similar in design and application to the No. 5 with the additional feature of the Air Check or Vacuum starter above vent port and vacuum dia phragm in base. . ' Pipe connection. M in.; vent port for less than 3 lb. is 16 th-l for 3 lb. and over is ,`is in. Unless otherwise ordered, will be shipped with in. port. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. The No. 10 Hoffman Vapor Valve is used for vent ing the return mains in vapor systems or for other conditions where a large venting capacity is required. The vent port is % in. in diameter. Pipe connection, ii in. Maximum guaranteed operating pres sure, 15 lb. ' The No. 11 Hoffman' Vapor Vacuum Valve is similar in construction and application to the No. 10 valve with the addition of a vacuum check on the vent port which prevents the return of air to the system through the vjnt port. Pipe connecti*. % in. Maximum guaranteed operating pres No. 10 sure. 15 lb. Write for Descriptive Circular- -The Watchman of the Coal Pile 508 No. 6 Hoffman Voices Specialties, Heating The No. 17 Hoffman Radiator Valve Valve Body and Tail Piece-- Casting of First Quality Steam Metal. Bonnet--Hot Brass Forging. Stuffing Nut--Rod Brass. Stem--Drawn Brass Rod. Lever Handle--H a r d Black Fibre. Disc Holder---Drawn Brass Shell. , Disc--Genuine Jenkins Bros. 1 Packing--Special MetallicFibre. Finish--Rough Body, Nickel- Plated. Made in % in.sizeonly. Capacity 200 sq. ft. C. I. Radiation. The No. 17 Hoffman Radiator Valve No. 17 Hoffman Radiator Valve (Quick Opening Valve) This valve is made in in. size only, suitable for radiators up to 200 sq. ft. The valve may be turned from open to shut position or vice versa, with one turn of the lever handle. The valve action is very free, with little friction due to the novel construction of the disc holder and its extension or lead screw for raising and lowering the disc. - No. 18 Hoffman Return Line Radiator Trap The thermostat consists of one chamber made by two diaphragms separated by a space ring to which they are fastened. In the center of the bottom diaphragm, the valve pin is attached, the joint being expanded and made absolutely tight. The ther mostat is held in its cage by a pin expanded and attached to the top diaphragm, this pin extending through the cage and engaging with the boss on the cap. The thermostat contains a small quantity of thermostatic fluid, sealed under vacuum insuring extremely sensitive valve action. The fluid is such that its pressure maintains constant relationship with steam pressure and consistency of valve operation under varying pressure is thus obtained. Chief Features . The valve consistently operates under a pressure range from vacuum to 15 lbs. steam pressure. Water at a temperature of approximately 12 deg. less than the tem perature corresponding to the steam pressure causes full valve opening and free discharge of condensation. These valves are absolutely non-adjustable and thermostats can be changed from one body to another. :" The No. 18 Valve is made in ]/? in. size only in Angle, Straightway, Right and Left-hand and Offset Patterns. Normal capacity is 100 sq. ft. of direct cast iron radiation, port diameter in. in all sizes, operating pressure from vacuum to 15 lbs. . Write for Descriptive Circulars 509 Hoffman Valoes Specialties, Heating HOFFMAN "CONTROLLED HEAT" EQUIPMENT Hoffman Valoes Specialties, Heating For use in Vapor or Vapor Vacuum systems, is made in % in. size only, having a range of adjustment up to 200 sq. ft. of direct cast-iron radiation. After installation, whether the system is in operation or cold, the port of each valve is adjusted for the size of the radiator to which it is attached. Adjustment is simple; loosen a locknut; turn valve handle until proper number of graduations are visible on the dial plate; then tighten locknut. The valve handle may then be moved to admit sufficient steam to heat a quarter, half, three-quarter, or entire radiator. The valve stem stuffing box has a frictionless metallic fibre packing that will last indefinitely and require no attention, giving at the same time, a valve action so free that the pressure of only one finger is required to open the valve. The No. 7 valve is regularly supplied with lever handle. On special orders, it can be furnished with wood wheel, lock shield, closed top, extension stem and handle, or chain pull. POSITIONS OF TOP DIAL PLATE FOR VARIOUS SIZES OF RADIATORS Alt Graduations exposed too sq.ft. 15 Graduations exposed 150 sq.ft. 10 Graduations exposed 100 sq. ft. 5 Graduations exposed 50 sq.ft. CORRESPONDING POSITIONS OF ROTARY SLEEVE SHOWING PORT AREAS FOR ABOVE GRADUATIONS The visible adjustment enables the designing engineer and heating contractor to make a final accurate adjustment which compensates for slight irregularities in pipe sizes, failure to ream pipe, installation of extra fittings not forseeri in original layout, etc. The advantages of an adjustable port in forced hot water systems to secure proper balance makes the No. 7 Valve especially adaptable for such use. . Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heal 510 The Nos. 8 and 9 Hoffman Return Line Valves These valves are automatic, non-adjustable, thermostatic and relieve all air and condensation without the loss of steam from radiators, pipe coils, indirect radiation, steam mains and risers, steam kettles, sterilizers and other devices where it is desired to get full efficiency and economy without waste of steam. In service, they have established a reputation for efficiency and consistency of opera tion with the same degree of sensitiveness under either high or low pressure. The body of the valve is made of cast steam metal; cap and tail piece are hot brass forgings; the thermostat of a special Hoffman alloy. In continued operation the ther mostats will not break, stretch or lose their tension, giving long life and perfect operation. Chief Features The valve consistently operates under a pressure range from 13 in. of vacuum to 50 lbs. steam pressure. Water at a temperature of approximately 12 deg. less than the temperature corresponding to the steam pressure causes full valve opening and free discharge of condensation. The thermostatic member is removable and may be changed from one valve to another of the same size without adjustment. This feature is appreciated by engineers who require the removal of the thermostat from the valves, until the system is thoroughly cleaned, and likewise by contractors complying with this practice. The No. 8 Valve has 3^ in. pipe connections, ^ in. port and is furnished in Angle, Straightway, Right and Left-hand Offset Patterns. The normal capacity is 200 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. The No. 9 Valve with 34 in. connection is made in Angle and Straightway Patterns only, and is suitable for 600 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. For pressures up to 15 lbs. valve has % in. port, for higher pressures ^ in. port. STYLE DATA AND DIMENSIONS Size Inches Diameter Maximum Valve Port Capacity Inches Square Feet DIMENSIONS ABc No. 7 Angle................. No. 17 Angle................. No. 0 Angle................. No. 8 Straightway....... No. 8 Uttset................. No. 18 Angle.................. No. 18 Straightway....... No. 18 Offset................. No. 9 Angle.................. No. 9 Straightway......... y. y< Vi Vi Vi 'h Vi Vz y y. *No. 9 Valve furnished with 200 m iy 200 m I'A V* 200 m 1* 'A 200 2R H 'A 200 m 100 2V. l'/4 'A 100 2V. % 100 i`A 'A % 600 3A IR y* 600 3>/e % in. port for pressures above 15 lb. Itt iy iy. 1 Vi Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heat 511 Hoffman Voices Specialties, Heating The No. 12 Hoffman Blast Trap is especially well adapted for draining con densation from: Indirect Radiators Dryers and Drums Blast or "Vento" Stacks Hot-Water Generators Ends of Steam Mains and Risers Unit Heaters, etc. Where the operating pressure is not in excess of 30 lb. this valve will take care of large amounts of condensation. In functioning it distinguishes between steam, heated air and water of condensation giving free discharge of air and condensation. The Trap embodies the desirable feature of open No, It Hoffman Blast Trap bucket or float traps in that it relieves condensation immediately upon its arrival at the trap regardless of the water temperature. Coupled with the float is a thermostatic member which positively overcomes the chief difficulty with float traps by automatically relieving air as well as condensation from the system. The normal position of the valve is open and this is held until steam reaches it when closure takes place. If small quantities of condensation flow to the trap the thermostat functions and relieves the water but if larger amounts of condensation, beyond the capacity of the thermostat reach the trap, the float lifts the thermostat from its seat and maximum capacity is obtained. Table of Nominal Capacities No. 12 Hoffman Blast Trap Pressure. Ibs. per sq. in........................ Capacity lb*, per hr............................. Capacity in sq. ft. of radiation or ' the basis of '/ tb. of condensation per hr. per sq. ft............................. Vi 800 3,200 1,000 4,000 2 1,500 6,000 3 1,800 7,200 4 2,000 5 2,500 8,000 10,000 Maximum Operating Pressure. 30 lb. Capacities for over 5 lb. pressure, furnished on application. With Strainer; inlet connection. 1 in.; outlet 1 in. With Strainer; inlet connection, 1 yi in.; outlet, 1 in. The New Hoffman Ther-Kompo Gage is used on Hoffman Controlled Heat installations or One-Pipe Gravity Steam Heating Systems, equipped with Hoffman No. 2 Vacuum Valves. It accurately indicates the temperature of the vapor produced' in the boiler, whether operating under pressure or vacuum conditions, measuring pressures up to 30 lbs. and vacuum to 30 in. The Hoffman Ther-Kompo Gage is made in one style only--with pressed steel case, 5 in. diameter dial pressure and vacuum readings in black and temperature readings in red. Pipe connections are H in. When used with the Hoffman Damper Regulator, results in marked fuel economy through more efficient firing of the boiler. Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heat 512 Hoffman Voices Specialties, Heating Hoffman Damper Regulator One of the most important features of the Hoffman Damper Regulator is the accurate control that only sufficient pressure is maintained to insure circulation to all radiators. It is extremely sensitive in its action and accomplishes control so efficiently that when inlet valves are turned on or off, the fire is accelerated or retarded to meet the change in demand for vapor. A low constant pressure is therefore maintained so that vapor enters the radiator as soon as a valve is turned on. The compensating or balancing plate is like a pair of scales. It is practically frictionless, remarkably sensitive and operates on slight changes in pressure. It has an additional feature for the convenience of the installing fitter, in that the fulcrum on which the lever is suspended may be turned at different angles, permitting a straight chain connection with the dampers instead of at an angle, which might cause the dampers to bind. Fig. 1 shows Damper Regulator under no pressure. Compensating plate is in its uppermost position, the bottom of the plate being in line with bottom of inlet. The space above diaphragm is filled with water up to the inlet. Weights on lever are to be so placed that they will hold the diaphragm against the perforated plate. Drafts are held open until the predeter mined pressure is generated, when through diaphragm action which in turn is trans mitted to the lever, drafts are closed. rU. REGULATOR WITH WATCl BEFORE STARTING FIRE 'Adjustable saddle, Fig. "-position or lever under pressure Fig. 2 shows position of Damper Regulator when drafts are closed. Vapor pressure has overcome upward force exerted by the weights on lever arm and forced diaphragm downward. The water on the diaphragm lowers with it and like wise the compensating plate until top of the plate is level with the bottom of the inlet, thus preventing any addition to the water above the diaphragm. With a slight drop in vapor the weights force the diaphragm upward and drafts are opened. In making steam connection to boiler, locate Damper Regulator so that chain to "E" and "F" operate freely. Regulator should be set level. Remove plug on top of Regulator and fill with water. With no pressure on boiler and weight " B " in position on lever, connect chain between "D" and "E" so that draft "E" 'will be open as wide as required for suf ficient draft. Connect "G" over pulley to "F" leaving just enough slack to chain "G" so check draft "F" is closed. Set weight " B " so lever 1 ` D '1 tilts when steam is raised to pressure to be main tained.. If pressure increases, draft "E" will close and check fire. If fire is clean and pressure continues to increase, lever "D" moves downward, opening check draft "F," completely checking fire. As pressure decreases, "F" will gradually close and if pressure falls below the desired amount "E" will open. Connections should be made so that draft "E" opens slightly and check draft "F" opens wide. Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heat 513 Hoffman Voices Specialties, Heating Hoffman Differential Loop The Differential Loop is the safety device for maintaining a steady water line in vapor and vapor vacuum systems. It is entirely automatic, non-adjustabie and has no moving parts to stick at a critical moment. . Through its use water is permitted to rise in the return, main a certain predetermined amount when the loop functions, blowing over a small quantity of steam which closes the No. 10 or 11 Valve installed on the loop for venting the system and then compresses the air which is "bottled up" in the return main and builds up a pressure which prevents further rise of water in the vertical part of the return beyond the predetermined amount. As soon as this is accomplished, and the action is alnjost in stantaneous, the loop reseals and no more steam is blown over until the differential pressure is not maintained. It will be readily seen that, by the alternate blowing over and resealing of the loop, a constant differential pressure will be maintained between the steam main and return main and also that by the main tenance of this differential regardless of how high the boiler pressure goes circulation will take place in a radiator which is turned on with the return main vent closed through loop action. Differential Loops are made in four sizes, having a capacity up to 15,000 sq. ft. of radiation. For larger systems the No. 4 Loops can be installed in a battery or the return mains divided so as to have their load come within the capacity of stand ard loops. No. 1 and No. 2 Loops should not be used where the low point in the dry return is less than 24 in. above boiler water line; with the No. 3 and No. 4 Loops this distance must be at least 30 in. Loop No. DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITIES OF HOFFMAN DIFFERENTIAL LOOPS Capacity A B C D E F G j K L Sq.Ft. Rad. 1 % I'/.' 1%' w xh" I/.* 26' 30H' m' 3' 2000 2 %' w 1'/.' w y,* 18'/.' 26' 30M" 7X' 3' 3500 3 %' Wi' \'h' V 1' 23' 32' 37%' io' 3%' 7500 4 %' 2' . 1* 2" 1' 25' 32' 37%' 10* %' 15000 Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heat 514 Hoffman Valves * Specialties, Heating TYPICAL INSTALLATIONS HOFFMAN "CONTROLLED HEAT" EQUIPMENT OR* RETURN MAIN GRADING OOWN FROM BOILER ALLOWANCE FOR* GRADE OF MAIN LOOP CAMCirv S4Pi.no ATDKWJT LLSJ Than VPIPING CONWtCHON eooo 24' iy4* N* 3500 N3 7500 H?4 15000 24 30 30 l'/4 l'/t 2 $L0W OFF YALVC* Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heat 515 Specialties, Healing Illinois Engineering Company General Offices and Factory: CHICAGO Atlanta Baltimore Birmingham Boston Buffalo Canton Cedar Rapids Cincinnati Branches and Representatives Cleveland Houston Columbus ' , Indianapolis Dallas Kansas Crrr Denver Los Angeles Detroit Memphis Grand Rapids Milwaukee Harrisburg Minneapolis Montreal . N^w Orleans New York Crrr Omaha Peoria Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Providence Richmond (Kt.) Richmond (Va.) Rochester St. Louis St. Petersburg . San Francisco Scranton Seattle Shreveport Spokane Toledo Toronto Tulsa PRODUCTS--Illinois Heating Systems--Eclipse Steam Specialties Illinois Heating Systems Successfully installed in thousands of buildings--the result of over 25 years of special work in this line, and the ultimate in efficiency and economy. Illinois Thermo Trap The original vertical seat trap. Dirt does not lie on seat--self cleaning, non- adjustable, posi tive in opera tion ; durable, will stand 50 lb. steam pressure which shows the great strength of the diaphragm, which is the Thermo Trap reason for the . long life and durability of these Traps. Thousands in operation for over 15 years without diaphragm replacements. Illinois Modulating Supply Valve Quick Opening--only a half turn of handle from open to closed position. Packless, Bake lite handle, steam tight on 50 lbs. pressure. Large diameter of thread spool and machine cut threads make valve.easy of operation. Modulating Valve The improved . Bakelite handle insulates the hand from heat. The graduated dial shows the open or closed or any position of the valve. Furnished with Lock Shield and Key, or with Bakelite Wheel handle, upon order. Illinois Vapor Systems Illinois Vapor Systems are capable of operating automatically on any pressures possible in a low pressure heating system ;--from 10 lb. to 20 in. of vacuum. Our improved equipment actually insures oper- i ation under vapor--less than atmospheric I pressure--with only two or three firing periods per 24 hrs. The advantages are healthful, modulated heat, and a fuel sav ing of S5-S0 per cent over other systems of heating. This result is secured by the ILLINOIS HEAT RETAINOR--Browne Patent, a device which marks an epoch in the heating art. Illinois Heat Retainor This improved device not only vents air from the System on }/& oz. pressure, but it abso1u t ely-pre vents air pull ing back into the System, thus allowing the System to remain under vacuum for Illinois Heat Retainer hours a t a time. Nodirtorscalecan reach the valve of the Retainor, and even the air passing through same is washed, so this device will remain in operative condition over long periods. Our Bulletin No. 22, describes the opera tion in detail--Copy sent upon request. Illinois Retorn Trap or Altem.tiag Receiver This device automatically . puts the water back in the boiler against any boiler pressure possible in a low pressure heat ing system. The float trips the weights which in turn positively operate the valves. The operation is Illinois Return Trap forceful and posi tive and this mech anism cannot be caught on dead centre by water half filling the tank. No external parts to be adjusted or tampered with. No stuffing boxes--all working parts enclosed in the tank. Our Sales-Engineering Organization will be glad to give detailed technical infor mation regarding our products and to advise as to their proper installation. 516 Illinois Engineering Company Specialties, Heating ILLINOIS PRODUCTS--Eclipse Steam Specialties Eclipse Steam Specialties The old John Davis Co. Eclipse Steam Specialties have been on the market for over 40 years, and embody the improvements and refinements sug gested by this long period of service. These Specialties are quality products, having bronze and monel metal pistons, seat'rings and valve parts, the bodies are extra heavy, and every piece of apparatus is carefully steam tested--under working pressure where same is given--before shipment. Pressure Reducing Valves, for all pressures and services. ' Back Pressure, and Atmospheric Relief Valves. Separators. Oil and Steam, Cast Iron and Steel. Steam Traps, all pressures. Non-Return or Stop and Check Valves. Pump Governors, Balanced Valves. Float Valves, Expansion Joints, Pipe Strainers. Reducing Valve Reducing Valves. In general use on Vacuum or low pressure Heating Systems. Will reduce to 4 oz. pressure from even 150 lb. initial pressure. The large diaphragm insures sensitive opera tion. Made in both straight way and expanded outlet bodies. Sizes $ in..to 12 in. Eclipse Master Reducing Valve Eclipse Steam Trap (Patent Applied for) Something new in Steam trap design. The valve and stem are sepa rate from the bucket and only operated by the bucket at its extreme top and bottom travel --Result-- Valve is always either full open or tight closed. No wire draw ing or cutting of valve and seat, which are of Monel metal. Steam tight and long lasting. Bulletin No. 302 describes in detail. Horizontal Oil Separator A pilot type valve will reduce from any pressure up to 250 lb. down to 10 lb. and hold reduced pressure constant at alt times --even against a "dead end" pipe. Made of Bronze These Separators have a baffle removable with out disturbing the piping. Occasional cleaning is necessary for proper elimination of oil. The port areas are over 3 times the diameter of the pipe area, hence these separators are effective. with monel valves and trimmings. Sizes H in- to 6 in. Illinois Expansion Joints - Single and Double Traverse Eclipse Back Pressure and Combina tion Relief Valves Made in Vertical and Horizontal types, straight^ way or angle pat tern. for condensing and non-condensing engines. It is noiseless and works equally well on pressure or va cuum, air cushioned by back pressure in dashpot. Con structed entirely of metal with no Heavy duty joints, the liners are cast bronze-- TM BEHS 3S8B springs, wearing not brass tubing. Theboltsarethroughbolts.no ,O parts ot special stud bolts used. * bronze. _ . Tapped for service connections in anchor section size 4 in. to 36 in. if desired. 1 Catalog and Bulletins--Illinois Heating Systems--144 pages BULLETINS No. 12--Heating Specialties. No. 22--Vapor System Details. j>j0. 45 Non-Return Valves No. 102--Pressure Reducing Valves. No. 302--Steam Traps No. 202--Back Pressure, and Relief No. 502--Separate--Oil and team. Valves, Exhaust Heads. No. 703--Float and Balanced Valves. 517 Specialties, Heating Klipfel Manufacturing Go. 2641-59 West Harrison St. Chicago, 111. Manufacturers of Pressure Regulating Appliances--for the Automatic Control of Steam, Air, Water or Gas Nos. 1 AND 2 PRESSURE REGULATORS Piston Type . Automatically reduce any initial steam, air or water pressure to any desired reduced pressure down to 2 lbs. and maintain reduced pressure constantly regardless of fluctuations in the initial pressure, or changes in the demand for steam. When specified for control of air or water, piston is pro vided with special leather cup packing at no additional charge. Working parts removable while valve body remains in pipe line. Sizes, to 14 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1H in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be furnished unless otherwise specified; sizes 7 in. and above flanged ends only. No. 2 PRESSURE REGULATORS Piston Type-Expanded Outlet Similar to No; 1 except have an expanded outlet, allowing use of low pressure pipe of larger size than high pressure supply pipe. Nos. 3 AND 4 PRESSURE REGULATORS Diaphragm Type Automatically reduce any initial steam pressure to any desired reduced pressure, either below atmosphere or up to 5 lbs. above atmosphere, and constantly maintain re duced pressure regardless of initial pressure fluctuations or changes in the demand for steam. Includes no stuffing box, thus eliminating leakage and friction on valve stem. Diaphragm of ample area insures very close regulation of reduced pressure. Inner valves and seats are bronze, bevel seated, requiring minimum diaphragm movement. No. 2 Pressure Regulator-- Piston Type--Expanded Outlet Sizes, 1 x 2 to 12 r 24 in. in clusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1M x 2}> in. and under. Iron bodies with bronze inner valves and trimmings in sizes above. Unless otherwise specified. Nos. 2 and 4 will be shipped with inlet screwed and outlet flanged in sizes 1H x 3 to 4 x 6 in., in clusive, although they can be furnished with other style ends; sizes 4x8 in., and above, both ends flanged only. ' No. S Pressure Regulator, Diaphragm Type Made in same sizes and style of ends as No. 1 Pressure Regulator, Pis ton Type. No. 4 PRESSURE REGULATORS Diaphragm Type--Expanded Outlet Similar to No. 3 except have expanded outlet, allowing use of low pressure pipe of larger size than the high pressure supply pipe. Made in same sizes and style of ends as No. 2 Regulator. Our 80 page Catalog No. 26 with new sectional illustrations, roughing-in dimensions and valuable engineering data is ready for distribution. Write for your Copy--TODAY! 518 Klipfel Manufacturing Co. Specialties, Heating No. 28 NOISELESS BACK PRESSURE VALVES Automatically and noiselessly maintain any desired back pressure, so that exhaust steam may be used for heating, drying and other pur poses. For use with non-condensing engines. Because of patented con struction, inner valve is effectively stabilized, and cannot pulsate in unison with stroke of engine. . Can No. 28 Noiseless Back Pressure Valve be operated either horizontal or ver tical, but horizontal position is pre ferable. Iron bodies, bronze inner valves and trimmings. Sizes, 2 to 24 in., inclusive. All sizes made flanged ends; sizes 2 to 8 in., inclusive, also made screwed ends. Unless otherwise specified, sizes 0 in. and under will be shipped screwed ends, while sizes 8 in. and above will be shipped flanged ends. No. 25 IMPROVED PUMP GOVERNORS No. 2,5 Improved Pump Governor Automatically control any type of steam pump, and maintain dis charge at a constant pressure. Simple; compact; direct acting; Monel metal stems; bronze inner valves and seats, semi-balanced and taper seated. Made angle and globe patterns in all sizes. Sizes, H'to 12 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1% in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above. Sizes 2 to 6 in. inclusive, made screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be shipped, unless ordered flanged. Sizes 7 in. and above made flanged ends only. Made angle and globe patterns in all sizes, and for any steam or water pressure. Angle patterns will be shipped, unless ordered globe. No. 6 BALANCED FLOAT VALVES Automatically control the supply of hot or cold water to open tanks and maintain practically a constant water level. Made angle and globe patterns in sizes up to 14 in. inclusive; sizes 16 to 20 in., inclusive are made globe patterns only. The inner valve consists of two perfectly balanced straight side plunger discs and consequently is un affected by water pressure. The swivel yoke and float level on all sizes can be turned to any desired position. A rosette at the end of lever permits ample adjustment of the seamless copper float. Inner valves and seats are bronze and are fitted for cold water working pressures up to 200 lbs., unless specified for hot water. A special right angle bent lever is furnished when valve is specified for in stallation in a vertical pipe line. No. 7 SINGLE SEATED FLOAT VALVES No. 7 Single Seated Float Valve Sizes, to 8 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1H in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in. -inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be shipped unless specified otherwise; size 8 in., flanged ends only. All sizes are made angle or globe patterns, but angle pattern will be shipped unless specified globe;- Automatically maintain a constant level of hot or cold water in open tanks. Single seated, auxiliary operated. Seat area equal to pipe size. Will not leak. Swivel guide yoke allows float to be located in any position. Angle and globe patterns. All bronze working parts. For working pressure up to 200 lbs. 519 No. 6 Balanced Float Valve Sizes. ^ to 20 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above. Sizes 2 to 6 in. inclu sive, made screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be shipped unless specified other wise. Sizes 7 in. and above, made flanged ends only.All sizes up to 14 in. inclusive are made angle or globe patterns, but angle pattern will be shipped, unless ordered globe. Sizes 16 in. and above are made globe patterns only. Specialties, Heating Kieley & Mueller, Inc. 34 West 13th Street NEW YORK CITY Steam Specialties for Power and Heating The Kieley Special 98 Pressure Regulator The Kieley Special 98 Pressure Regulator.-- Adapted for reducing steam to vapor and vacuum for heating systems. Other types spring controlled. Damper Regulator.--Step Action Regu lators for high and low pressure. Designed to adjust the Damper position and control the Draft according to requirements. Stop Check Valve A[u t o m a t i c Cushioned Valves and positive clos ing. -- Constructed in Horizontal and Angle Patterns. Steam Trap Rapid Type Water Feeder Rapid Type Water Feeder. -- Constructed with valve on outside and with large water space. Made in sizes up to 2 inch. Steam Trap, Bucket and Ball Float Types.-- Constructed of cast iron or steel with Monel valves. A by-pass valve is fur nished integral with Trap. Represented in all Large Cities 520 Specialties, Healing The McAlear Mfg. Co. 1901-1907 So. Western Avenue CHICAGO Power and Heating Specialties for Controlling Pressures and Flow of Steam, Water, Air or Gas Pressure Reducing Valves--used in Low Pressure, Vacuum or Vapor heating systems or any other service where close regulation and absolute con trol isrequired. USE Fig. 155 for ini tial pressures up to 150 lb. and re ducing to service pressures 0-10 lb. Fig. 185 Single Seated Valves on dead end service where reduced pressure is below 10 lb. Fig. 235 Spring Weighted type for initial pressures up to 200 lb. and reducing to service pressures above 10 lb. Fig. 255 Single Seated Valves for dead end service such as cooking tables, kitchen utensils, laundry mangles, etc. Steam Traps--For draining water of condensation from any steam apparatus or steam mains. No. 785--Low Pressure, up to 15 lbs. Air Elimi nator and Return Traps-- De signed for automatical ly returning water of con densation from low pressure steam or vapor sys tems direct to boiler and to exhaust the air to at mosphere. CAPACITIES Size No. 1 2 3 Inlet In. i'/. l Vi 2 Outlet In. V/, i'/i 2 Steam In. 1 1 1 Vent. In. y. V* V, Capacity Sq. Ft. 6,000 12,000 24,000 McAlear Direct-to-Boiler Water Feeders For maintaining constant water line in steam boilers. McAlear Automatic Water Feeders prevent boiler Iractures from low water, decrease Inel consumption and reduce maintenance expense. C SPECIFY Fig. 685 for pressures up to 250 lb. Fig. 715 for special low pressures. D For oil burner installations--Feeders are equipped if desired, with LOW WATER ELECTRIC CUT-OUTS. The McAlear line of Power, Heating, Gas and Oil Specialties include: Thermo static Radiator Traps, Packless Radiator Valves, Air Vents, Grease Extractors, Dirt Strainers, Vacuum Pump Governors, Damper Regulators, Steam Separators, Back Pressure Valves, Water Regulating Valves, Tank Controllers, Gas Regulating Valves, Liquid Level Controllers and many other devices. General Catalogue No. 28 illustra ting our complete line, will be gladly furnished upon request. 521 Specialties, Heating Jas. P. Marsh & Company Established 1865 114-124 S. Clinton St. - CHICAGO, ILL. Sales Agencies In Most Principal Cities No. 7 Thermodisk Air Eliminator Free and unlimited vent of all air, hot or cold, cannot water-log, do not spit or leak water, and close instant ly for steam or vapor. Sizes and capacities for every requirement. No. 6 Thermodisk Rapid Vent No. 8 Thermodisk Air Line Valve Marsh Automatic Syphon Return Trap No. 1 Reflux Trap , Marsh Reflux Traps for instal lation on return of radiators of any two-pipe re turn steam heatingsystem. Also for pipe coils in Refining, Cook ing and Drying apparatus. . No. 8 Reflux Trap Marsh Blasts Traps for Direct or Indirect Coils and for any loca tion where large quantities of water are to be discharged. 522 No. 8 Reflux Trap Marsh Blast Trap ' Jas. P. Marsh & Company Marsh Indicating Gauge Marsh Gauge Board Specialties, Heating Marsh Recording Gauge Low Pressure Ounce Gauge Marsh Gauges for every requirement of indicating Pressure, Vacuum, Altitude, etc. . Marsh Recording Gauges where a high grade, accurate instru ment is required and where" it is desired to match other instru ments on Gauge Boards, etc. We specialize in Gauge Board outfits complete with all in struments. Compound Ounce Gauge Show exact pressure in ounces and pounds. A necessity for the intelli gent, economical and proper operation of "Vapor," "Vacu j um," "Semi-Vacuum," and "Atmospheric" Heating Sys tems and for any low pressure boiler. Marsh Altitude Gauge and Hot Water Thermometer Combined Alti tude Gauge and Hot Water Thermometer. The two indica tions, altitude and tempera ture, at a glance. The ideal and logical instru ment to specify foranyhotwater . Foiany hot water heat-. , . , ., ing boiler where the sepa- heating boiler, rate Altitude Gauge and Hot Water Thermometer are preferred. Architects and Heating Engineers will find illustrated and described a Marsh Gauge, Radiator or Steam Trap, Automatic Air Valve, Vent and Heating Specialty for each service requirement--in literature which we will be pleased to send upon request. 523 5 Specialties, Steam Mason Regulator Company Boston, Mass. San Francisco, Calif. Montreal, Canada Manufacturers of Pressure Regulators and Steam Specialites No. tt9. Spring Type Sices H"-tW No. tl. Lever Type Siut 2"-16" PRESSURE REDUCING VALVES FOR HEATING SYSTEMS Vacuum Regulating Valve Sices W-k" For regulating the amount of vacuum on separate branches of a main vacuum system. The new Mason Re ducing Valves for heating systems are rapidly at taining the same popu larity as the well known Mason high pressure reducing valves so widely used industrially. These valves are up to the Mason standard of quality but areexceedingly moderate in price. For economy as well as lasting satisfaction it' is very much to your advantage to specify Mason. ' Vacuum Pump Regulators Sices Vi'-V For regulating the supply of steam to the requirements of a steam driven vacuum pump and thereby automatic ally maintaining a uniform vacuum On the system. . *.' Household Water Pressure Regulator ; Sices Designed for domestic service where the city water pressure is too great for economical house use. Eliminates noise 'in bathroom fixtures, leaking faucets and splashing in bowls and tubs. Standard Reducing Valve Sices W-8" For High Pre38ure Service. Damper Regulator Made in various sizes for handling damper equipment on -both, high ana low pressure boilers, operating on forced, induced, or natural draft. CATALOG--Write for Pocket Catalog and Handbook No. 62. It contains complete information .- . about these and other Mason Regulators. 524 Specialties, Heating Monash-Youriker Co., Inc. ESTABLISHED 1900 CHICAGO NEW YORK MONASH THERMOSTATIC RETURN LINE TRAPS No. SS-A-H in. ' No. S5-B-H in. No. SB-B The distinctive feature of the MONASH Thermostatic Line of Traps, is the Dia phragm, a separate and independent unit, so constructed and so held in place that friction and strain on the Diaphragm is reduced to a minimum: overcoming the hazard of fracture and rupture of the Diaphragm. The No. 35-A has a vertical seat with the Diaphragm out of the Steam Chamber, while the No. 35-B is built with a horizontal seat and the Diaphragm in the Steam Chamber. These Traps are 56,in. pipe size, capacity 200 sq. ft., 65 lb. of water per hour. MONASH No. 36-B Traps--As illustrated, is built with a diaphragm in the steam chamber and in the following sizes: Guaranteed for 10 lbs. pressure. No. 36-B--H in. pipe size; capacity, 350 sq. ft.; 108 lb. water per hour, in angle only. No. 36-B--54 in. pipe size; capacity, 500 sq ft.; 160 lb. water per hour, in angle only. No. 36-BX--54 in. pipe size; capacity, 1000 sq. ft.; 350 lb. water per hour, in angle only. Monash Thermostatic Heavy Duty or Drip Traps for 25 lbs. Pressure MONASH thermostatic .special heavy duty or drip traps are made with dirt- pocket, clean-out and by-pass. Vertical seat and diaphragm outside the steam chamber. Especially suitable for blast colls, dry kiln coils,' main drips, dryers; laundry machinery and all points where large quantities of condensation is to be handled. No.............................. Size............................ Sq. Ft. of Radiation Water per Hour.... pounds Net Weight.............. pounds 40 & 108 3.25 42 Va 1500 475 5.00 44y 1: 5000 1560 7.50 Monash Guaranteed Automatic Air Valves MONASH No. 1, all metal, non-adjustable automatic air valve in which the base and nipple are in one casting-- no soldered or sweated joints to come apart. MONASH No. 6, fourway-drain, lock-shield, automatic air valve with all working parts above opening to radiator. .Self cleaning; no flooding' of floors and other damage. Specify Monash Valve holder with valve. Monash Quick Venting Valves For mains and risers the MONASH No. 27 thermostatic quick venting valve is desirable. Has heavy brass body and cover, phosphor bronze thermo static diaphragm. Operates.-automatically at all pressures up to 10 lb. Insures rapid steam circula tion. Closes against steam, but does not close against water. Connections are H in., 1 lb. Monash Thermostatic Air Line Valves for drip or air line systems; also for venting vento stacks and blast coils. Is rapid in action and positive in results, passing all air but closing tightly against steam. - Made of' brass. white plated; the No. 2 is in., the No. 3 is 3x$-$ in. 1 lb. net weight. No. 2  Specialties, Heating O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. 5-7-9 Keefe Ave., MILWAUKEE, WIS. (#a X*SBr Packless Graduated Valves, Ball-Check Return Elbows, Thermo-Nickel Return Traps, Air Exhausters, Vacuum Valves, Vacuum Pressure Gages, Differential Return Traps and Balanced Swing Check Valves. The operation of the "O-E" Perfect Vapor The "O-E" Improved Perfect Packless Gradu Vacuum-Pressure Sys tem is very simple: vapor generated at boiler passes up through main supply pipe and is admitted to radiator at top through the "O-E" Packless Grad ated Valve is absolutely packless and never requires packing. It is tested by air and water test before ship ment. It is quick opening, little more than one-half turn fully opens or closes it. Sand blasted and nickel uated Valve. Water of condensation is returned to boiler through a J^-in. "O-E" Elbow. In pass ing through the Elbow the water is first trapped by means of a wall or diaphragm cast in the plated. The handle being made of hard rubber, will not crack and is always cool and easy to operate. The graduated dial and pointer admit of partial opening so that just the amount of heat desired can be obtained. All valves are fitted with Elbow, outside of the radi ator, making a water seal which holds the vapor in radiator and prevents it from short circuit composition disc on a swivel seat without extra charge. Graduated Supply Disc will be attached when specified, at slight additional cost. ing into the return main. Should the Supply Valve of radiator be closed and condensation fprm a vacuum any water that might be in the return pipes is prevented from returning to radiator by the "O-E" Patent Elbow, which is equipped with a small brass ball operating on a smooth guide or track, and so arranged that when a vacuum takes place in radiator ball will immediately roll against port and close it. Elbow is noiseless in operation, as water seal is below ball, which is an important feature. As soon as Supply Valve is again opened ball rolls off of seat allowing condensation and. air to pass easily and freely into return mam. An air vent is tapped in the slot of the screw stop in the return elbow which not only allows air to es cape freely into return system when Supply Valve is open, but also equalizes the pressure on both sides of Water Seal, thus preventing it from syphoning out, which it might otherwise do. All air and condensation pass through main return pipe in basement to a point above boiler where air is separated from water by means of "O-E" Patent Air Exhauster and Vacuum Valve. The "OE" Perfect Ball-Check Water Seal Union El bow with Adjustable Air Vent is made in two sizes, ^*-in. Ca pacity 250 sq. ft. &-in. Capacity 500 sq. ft. The "O-E" Improved Air Exhauster and Vacuum Valve is simple and very sensitive, operating as follows: ' Being connected at a high point above where the return main enters boiler, all air in the system seeks outlet at the Air Exhauster, which is open when there is any air in the system, and as soon as all air is exhausted and heat comes in contact with the Expan- * sion Member in Exhauster, same expands and forces the Special Bronze Ball against the seat, closing the port. When closed system will cool slightly causing a vacuum which will hold ball on seat. As soon as vacuum is lost ball will roll away from seat and permit air to escape freely and quickly. The Improved cap locks the expansion post after it is properly adjusted and also holds post in a rigid hori zontal position. All Exhausters are set for ordinary use, but can be adjusted to suit any particular system to which they are attached. All Exhausters are threaded for 1-in. I. P. both inlet and outlet. . Made in one size only, 1 in. x 1 in. Capacity 2,000 sq. ft. We also announce the O-E Thermo-Nickel Return Trap, a combination thermostatic trap with a ball-check and many new features. Ask for descriptive bulletin and general catalog. 52^- 4:* aj Specialties, Heating Stickle Steam Specialties Go. Main Office and Works, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. New York Office 48 E. 41st St. Boston Office 52 Sudbury St. Manufacturer of the STICKLE Open Coil Feed Water Heaters and Purifiers, STICKLE Steam Traps high and low pressure and vacuum, Pressure Regulators, Damper Controls, Back Pressure Valves, Standard Balance Valves, Vacuum Heating Specialties, Blast Coil Heaters, Heating and Ventilating Equipment, Triplex Oil and Steam Separators. STICKLE THERMOSTATIC RADIATOR TRAP The special feature of the STICKLE Thermostatic Radiator Trap is the dia phragm; with box shape inverted heads, side walls reinforced with seamless drawn brass tubing, a solid disc protecting each head and so constructed that the diaphragm cannot get out of place. The diaphragm is so reinforced that there is no possible chance foi it to become distorted or ruptured. The flat leal bronze spring makes a positive opening action supplementing the spring action of the diaphragm. STICKLE THERMIC VACUUM TRAPS Designed for draining steam headers and risers on low pressure heating systems. A Thermostatic trap will close on hot water and for this reason they will not drain a steam header. This trap-*is mechanically operated with positive air release. No matter what the temperature of the water this trap will handle it. This is the ideal trap for Blast Coil Service, made in sizes up to 2 inch. Send for the descriptive matter. STICKLE VAPOR VACUUM HOT BLAST HEATER Primarily designed to operate with the condensation from the dryers of a paper machine, for heating air to ventilate the machine room. When connected to the return line of a vacuum heating system it will maintain from 10 to 15" of vacuum on the pump without the use of cooling water. Write us regarding this heater. It has no equal. Cold air is heated and used, instead of using cooling water which goes to the sewer, the heat being lost. 527 Specialties, Heating Sarco Co., Inc. Boston PACKLESS Buffalo INLET 183 Madison Ave., NEW YORK Philadelphia Cleveland Detroit RADIATOR, BLAST AND STEAM TRAPS, VALVES, TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND Chicago STRAINERS SARCO STEAM TRAP No. 9 For industrial purposes, hospitals, laundry and kitchen equipment. Sarco Steam Trap No. 9 consists of a heavy bronze body with a powerful motor element of helical seamless bronze tubing containing an expansion fluid. Is of the balanced pressure type, suitable for any steam pressure from 0 to 100 lbs. without readjustment. Has unusually great capacity, large valve area and quick, high lift when discharging. Closes instantaneously. No live steam can escape. Cannot air bind. Small in size and low in price. Write for Booklet No. 261. ' List Prices F. 0. B. Bethlehem. Pa. Dimensions Capacity <Z/i,' l' $ 8.50 U.50 14.50 P4* inlet to outlet inlet to outlet 2* inlet to outlet 500 lbs. of water per hour 600 lbs. of water per hour 800 tbs. of water per hour For Steam Pressure from 0 to 30 lbs. Type 9-1 can be used. It has the same capacities as Type 9-2 but is furnished with brass composition valve heads and seats at >*"-$7.50; K"-%10.50; 1"-$13.50 list. SARCO HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE BLAST TRAPS This Heavy-Service or Blast Trap is for draining steam coils of hot-water tanks, vento stacks and main drip lines; also where a large capacity trap is required such as for draining coils in dryers, vacuum pans, heating coils, cooking vessels, etc. Will handle great flows of condensation without loss of steam. Is entirely thermostatic, so removes the air as well as water. Operates on the same principle as the Sarco Steam Trap No. 9-2. No. 9-3. Pressures 0-30 Lbs. Brass Composition Valve Head and Seat No. 9-4. Pressures 0-100 Lbs. Monel Valve Head and Seat List Prices ` F. 0. B. Bethlehem. Pa. Capacities Lbs. per Hour . List Prices - F. 0. B. Bethlehem. Pa. Capacities Lbs. per Hour IV.' IV?" 2' $25.00 27.50 30.00 35.00 1,000 1,000 1,500 2,000 Can be furnished in offset patterns at same prices. 1' IV/ IV,' 2* $30.00 32.50 35.00 42.50 1,250 1,250 3,250 5,000 ------ ' Write for Blast Trap and Heavy Service Booklet. SARCO TEMPERATURE REGULATOR For hot-water service tanks, and cold storage plants; also for manufacturing purposes and dry room or kiln control. Write for Booklet No. 91. SARCO SELF-CLEANING STRAINER For Steam, water and oil lines. Write for Booklet No. 204 528 Specialties, Heating Sarco Co., Inc. Boston Buffalo 183 Madison Ave., NEW YORK Philadelphia Cleveland Detroit Chicago RADIATOR, BLAST AND STEAM TRAPS, PACKLESS INLET VALVES,' TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND STRAINERS SARCO RADIATOR TRAP For vacuum, vapor and low-pressure heating systems. The Sarco is of the thermostatic type, using Seamless Helical Bellows and a volatile liquid filling. Its positive action keeps radiators thoroughly drained, prevent ing water hammer and air binding. Helical Bellows is phosphor bronze. It has a high lift, insuring free dis charge, a maximum closing pressure and an unusually long life. Sectional View The motor element is not attached to the body and can be lifted out to wash out scale and dirt in new installations without affecting adjustment. Body is heavy brass, nickel plated. Is factory adjusted and can be used on all pressures up to 25 lbs. without adjusting. Write for Booklet No. 116. List Prices F. 0. B. Bethlehem, Pa. CAPACITY--DIRECT RADIATION Vapor System Vacuum System W $ 6.00 y/ 8.00 r I5.oo >>> B I'/;' BP/4' B 2' 200 Sq. Ft. 600 Sq. Ft. 1500 Sq. Ft. 250 Sq. Ft. 800 Sq. Ft. 1800 Sq. Ft. Angle, straightway and offset types are furnished at same prices. SARCO PACKLESS INLET VALVE For use on vapor and vacuum heating systems. This valve cannot leak as it is of the true Packless type. By the use of the Sarco Helical Tubing sity for packing any kind. Valve opens or closes with a three-quarter turn and the pressure is always even, smooth and regular. Easy to turn.. Dial is distinctly marked. : Has heavy brass, well-nickeled body. Fur nished with lever or round moulded handles. Write for Booklet No. 151. of Section of M* ond %m Valve List Prices F. 0. B. Bethlehem, Pa. Center Inlet to Outlet CAPACITIES Feet Direct Radiation W y/ r-- !// 45.50 6.09 7.50 9.50 3V.' 3V.' 3V.' A" - up to 40 sq. ft. 41 to 75 sq. ft. 76 to 125 sq.ft. 126 to 200 sq. ft. 529 Specialties, Heating . TRANE HEATING SPECIALTIES (See Trane Heat Cabinets on pages 394 and 395. Also Trane Pumps on pages 474 and 475.) The Trane Company Za Crosse, Wis. . BRANCH OFFICES New York Chicago Boston, Cincinnati, Newark, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Seattle, Los Angeles, Albany, Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, Greensboro, N. C., Zanesville, Ohio, Tampa, Fla., Baltimore, Md., Des Momes, Iowa, New Haven Conn Sheboygan, Wis., Kansas City, Mo.; England: 22-23 Clerkenwell Close, London, E, C. 1. Canada: The Trane Co 21-23 River St., Toronto, 2; Thomas Robertson & Co.; 134 Craig St., West. Montreal, F. S. Murdoch, 310 Breadalbane, Winnipeg; A. B. Madden. 48 Sparks St., Ottawa. Japan: Mitsubishi Shop Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo. China: C. J. Doughty & Co., 8-9-10 Brenan Road, Shanghai. . The Trane Systems of Vapor and Vacuum Heating, Patented Heating Specialties, Trane Heat Cabinets, and Trane Automatic Electric Pumps, For All Purposes The Trane Company Specialties, Heating 3 Trane Heavy Duty Float Vent * Valves have an enormous venting capacity. They are used on extra large wet mains and are designed to quickly eliminate air, but to seal tightly against water, steam, and vacuum. No. 4 Trane Bellows Packless Valves * are packless in every respect. Contain genuine Trane bellows. Brass body. Nickled, highly polished trimmings. Practically indestructible handle. Especi ally designed as companion product for use with Trane Bellows Traps (No. 7) in connection with Trane Vacuum Pumps. (See Trane Pumps in Pump section of this Guide). Valves furnished in )4 in., % in., 1 in. and 1 Vi in. sizes. 5No. Trane Vapor Regulators are " sensitive to ounces pressure instead of pounds. Two grades, Sensitive and Extra Sensitive, known as Size 1 and Size 2. No. 6 Trane Pressure-Vacuum " Gauges register to 30 lb. pres sure and 18 in. vacuum. Also furnished to register to 30 in. vacuum only over entire scale. 4)4-in. face. J-in. pipe connec' tion. No. 7 Trane Bellows-Type Radia* tor Traps have 14 corrugation bellows. These bellows are made without seams or joints of any kind. Trap bodies are made of. steam brass. Sizes and styles are as listed below. Guaranteed range is from 15 in. vacuum to 25 lb. pressure with out adjustment of any kind. These same traps are also available for high pressure service up to and including 125 lb. No. 8 Trane Quick Vent Valves do " the work of Float Vent Valves (see No. 1). except that they are designed to close against steam only. M-in. pipe connection. Contain Genuine Trane bellows. ' No. 9 Trane Heavy Duty Blast Traps " take the place of the bulky steam trap. They are used on blast coils and on large steam mains where a large amount of condensation is encountered. No. 10 Trane 1-in. . Bellows Trap " specified for Drip or Blast Trap service. Made with J4-in. bypass as illustrated. Capacity at 1 lb. pressure difference is 1700 sq. ft. equivalent direct radiation. At 25 pounds, 8500 sq. ft. For large capacities use Trane 1M in. or 1)4 in. Heavy Duty Blast Traps. TRANE HEATING SPECIALTIES No 1 Trane Float Vent Valve vents " air but closes tightly against steam and water. Capacity unlimited for practical purposes. Full M in. venting ports. % inch pipe connection only. Weight 4 lb. Contains genuine Trane bellows. fi^Q 2 Trane Direct Return Traps " and broken boilers are never found on the same vapor heating or straight steam job: Two sizes: 2,000 and 4,000 sq. ft. Multiples used for larger requirements. Style SIZES, CAPACITIES, ETC., OF TRANE RADIATOR TRAPS Inches Capacity in Sq. Ft. at Various . Pressure Differences 4 oz. 8 oz. 1 lb. 21b. A DIMENSIONS. INCHES ELH 1 K No. B2 Vi 125 175 245 344 i A 3!4 1* 5H 3>/4 i % No. B3 3/4 375 525 735 1030 3% Ilk 5 K 3% No. B4* 1 750 1050 1700 2200 3A 1 23 32 Made in angle pattern only. Write for information on Trane V/a' large capacity traps. Sizes conform to recommendations of Healing and Piping Contractors' National Association. 531 Specialties, Heating ESTABLISHED 1888 WARREN WEBSTER & COMPANY Pioneers of the Vacuum System of Steam Heating Camden, N. J. 50 Branch Offices Manufacturers of Webster Systems of Steam Heating and Webster System Equipment--More Than 37,000 Installations--Also Webster Feed Water.Heaters of Genuine Puddled Wrought Iron Webster Products Wbbsteb Vacuum and Modulation Systems or Steam Heating. Websteb Stbtem Apparatus: Including Sylphon Traps; Diaphragm (No. 7) Traps; Modulation Supply Valve9; Sylphon Quick-opening Packless Valves; Dirt Strainers; Heavy-duty Traps; Double Service Valves; Water Accu mulators; Expansion Joints; lift Fittings; Suction Strainers; Vacuum Governors; Hy-Lo Traps and Controllers; Damper Regulators; Vent Traps and Vent Valves; Boiler Return Traps; Air Separating Tank, Feed-Water Heaters, WebsterLea Heater-Meters, Steam and Oil Separators. Webster Service Is an integral part of every Webster System delivered through 50 branch offices. Webster Service places the accurate, comprehensive information resulting from the extensive experience of this organisation at the disposal of heating engineers, architects and heating contractors. Webcter Service in printed form includes STEAM HEATING, a useful manual of design; SERVICE DE TAILS, a loose-leaf service showing correct connections and saving a substantial amount of the designer's time; CATALOGUE BULLETINS describing Webster apparatus from the standpoint of the engineer. Webster Vacuum Systems Operate on exhaust or live steam at very low pressure. Used with direct radiation or in combination with blast coils or unit heaters. Particularly suited for large buildings or where process steam is used. Webster Type "R" Modulation Systems A low pressure steam heating system suitable for all types of buildings having little or no demand for process steam and a basement or other means for placing low pressure boiler below the lowest radiator. For installations from 500 to 32,000 sq. ft. of equivalent direct cast iron radiation. Can be operated safely and satisfactorily by unskilled labor. Operation:--Steam pressure is controlled by the sensitive Webster Damper Regulator. Steam is admitted to radiators thru Webster Modulation Valves or Webster Sylphon Valves. Condensation and air are freely discharged past Webster Return Traps which close on contact with steam, thus avoiding waste. Air and condensation are carried to the basement apparatus consisting of the Webster Boiler Return Trap and Vent Trap in combination. All air escapes thru the Webster Vent Valve. The Webster Boiler Return Trap provides positive equalization of pressure assuring return of water to boiler. Webster Sylphon Packless Quick opening Supply Valves Open with less than a turn of lever or wheel handle. Positively pack less, having flexible lami nated Sylphon bellows com pletely enclosing stem. Body of steam brass, com position disc, hard rubber handle. Made in M to lJ4"in. Ask for Fig.t. Webster Sylphon Pack- Bulletin 705-51. <" Quiet-Opening Volte Webster Modulation Supply Valves Fig. S. Webster Modulation Supply Volte Provide by means of the tapered modulating plug, close heat control of each radiator. Particularly well-suited for residence heating systems, as it per mits beating any desired portion of radiator. Sizes, H to \\i in. Ask for Bulletin 705-3. Webster Sylphon Traps , Effectively discharge all con densation and entrained air from radiators or coils without permitting passage of steam. Operation is by means of a sensi tive volatile liquid contained in a rugged Sylphon bellows. . Factory adjusted, and made in sizes from to IK in. Ask for Bulletin 701. Fig. 4- Webster Sylphon Trap Fig. 1. Webster Type "H" System Basement Equipment Webster High Pressure Traps Webster No. 78 series Thermostatic Traps provide an effective means for draining condensation and air under high pressure conditions. Made in two classes for service up to 100 lbs. per sq. in. The cooperation ' of the Webster Sales Engineering organization is extended to all those having high pressure Fig. 6. WAster High Pressure drainage problems. Trap, No. 78 Series 532 Stokers Buffalo CoKal Stoker Corporation 1010 Wrigley Building, CHICAGO, ILL. Combustion Engineers Kansas City Representatives in New York City Philadelphia and in all Principal Cities Pittsburgh St. Louis PRODUCTS CoKal Plain Hand Fired Stoker. CoKal Hopper Feed Stoker. CoKal Power Feed Stoker. CoKal CombustiKator for Low Pres sure Boilers. CoKal Pulverzone Also'CoKal Hang-over Arch for H. R. T. . Boilers; all standard types of Boiler Arches. The "Pulverzone" undoubtedly rep resents the ideal method of burning coal, for it burns the fines in suspension and spreads the larger particles of coal accord ing to their weight over the entire grate area. Smokeless at all loads, it meets the strictest smoke ordinances. The Pulverzone combines the three most approved methods of burning coal: 1-- PULVERIZED COAL BURNING Instantaneous ignition of the fine particles in suspension without danget of explosion. 2-- SPREAD METHOD (Light and Continuous) by automatically sep arating. grading and distributing of coal sizes by weight. 3-- COKING METHOD The Standard CoKal Stoker fuel bed provides the intense heat necessary for burning the fines and the spread coal. The outstanding features of the Pulver zone are--smokelessness; high efficiencies; quick response to load changes; large overloads; perfect combustion using stand ard screenings (wet or dry); no slagging; eliminates cleaning periods. A blast passes through the curtain of coal, The Pulverzone is suitable for all boilers carrying the fines into the furnace space from 100 to 2000 boiler horsepower. The where they ignite in suspension. Eight CombustiKator is ideal for boilers of the nozzles are arranged so that turbulence Kewanee firebox type. Ask for full before, at and after ignition causes particulars about the five types of CoKal intimate mixing of air and volatile with coal burning equipment. very high combustion efficiency and full utiliza tion of furnace volume in consequence. By dis tributing coal particles over fuel bed according to their weight, the coarser coal dropping down directly in the coking zone at front while the lighter pieces pass toward the rear, a porous fuel bed of low resistance to air supply is obtained while holes in fire are pre vented. Intensive combus tion rates with low draft become possible. Hand PULVERZONE showing "turbulence before, at and after ignition" cleaning is eliminated: and general arrangement of fuel bed 533 Stokers and Automatic Furnaces 'IfeMggp "FtXI^EY" Underfeed Stokers `^OJVS" Underfeed Stokers "HARRINGTON" Traveling Grate Stokers "MURPHY"Automatic Furnaces Pulverized Coal Installations 9 Neponset Street. WORCESTER. MASS.. U. S. A. BOSTON CINCINNATI NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST PAUL PITTSBURGH KANSAS CITY BUFFALO DENVER CLEVELAND CHARLOTTE DETROIT OALLAS Riley Engineering and Supply Co., Ltd., Toronto COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT FOR EVERY NEED Riley Stoker Corporation manufactures Riley Multiple-Retort Stokers, Jones Side Dump, Lateral Retort and Standard Stokers, Harrington Traveling Grate Stokers, Murphy Automatic Furnaces, and the Atrita Unit Pulverizer. These stokers are suitable for different types of boilers and can take care of large or small boilers burning anthracite coal, coke breeze, Eastern bituminous, Pittsburgh, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa coals and lignites. Write for catalogues covering each of these types for your reference files. Murphy Automatic Furnace MURPHY AUTOMATIC FURNACE The Murphy Automatic Furnace is of the overfeed, natural draft type and is particularly adapted for use in office buildings, hotels and schools. It saves 15 to 25 per cent over handfired methods, it saves labor, it is smokeless in operation, it does not emit gases to circulate up through the building. All ash and refuse are removed automatically. . This means a clean fire and high efficiency at all times. The Murphy Furnace does away with the necessity of opening fire doors and thereby eliminates the admission of cold air. The coal supply for the furnace is under absolute control and automatic regulation. It is a natural draft furnace and requires no fan or blower equip ment. JONES SIDE DUMP UNDERFEED STOKER The Jones Side Dump Stoker is of the forced draft, underfeed type and is very widely used for both heating and power loads in all types of buildings thruout the country. It is of the side cleaning type, ashes being dropped into a shallow ashpit, permitting easy removal. Only slight excavation is required for the two shallow ashpits, therefore the installation cost is low. The stoker gives high efficiency and responds very quickly to load demands. It has a fuel burning capacity of 1200 to 1800 lbs. of coal per hour. This stoker is made in steam driven type and also mechanically driven type. Where bigger boilers are used Riley Stokers, Harrington Traveling Grate Stokers. Atrita Unit Pulverizers and Lateral Retort Stokers can be used. - ' Jones "Side Dump" Underfeed Stoker THE DEPENDABILITY AND ECONOMICAL OPERATION OF RILEY STOKER CORPORATION EQUIPMENT PARTICULARLY ADAPTS IT TO HEATING REQUIREMENTS A few well-known Installations Neil House. Columbus. Ohio Blackstone Hotel. Chicago, 111. . Seventy-six Schools in Detroit. Mich.. Maxwell House, Nashville, Tenn. University of Chicago, 111. . Sixteen Schools in Buffalo. N. Y. Detroit Masonic Temple. Detroit. Mich. Union Central Life Bldg., Cincinnati. Ohio Statler Hotel, Detroit, Mich. New Willard Hotel, Washington, D. C. Gibson Hotel, Cincinnati. Ohio Phoenix Hotel, Lexington, Ky. Thirty-three Schools in Cleveland, Ohio Intersouthern Life Bldg.. Louisville. Syracuse Hotel, Syracuse, N. Y. Ohio Masonic Home, Springfield, Ohio Wade Park Manor, Cleveland, Ohio Hamm Bldg., St. Paul. Minn. Ky. Highland Hospital, Rochester, N. Y. Chicago & Northwestern Bldg.. Chicago.. 111. 534 Temperature Regulation Honeywell Heating Specialties Company Wabash, Indiana Manufacturers of Honeywell Temperature Regulators for Residential or other Heating Plants--Hot Water, Vapor, Steam, or Hot Air. The Honeywell Tem perature Regulator is an automatic device which opens and closes the dampers of the heater (any type) whenever the room temperature varies one degree from that for which the Regulator is set. The Honeywell Tem Fifteen-Day Jeweled perature Regulator has Balanced Clock but two parts, the ther Thermostat mostat and the motor. The thermostat is placed on an inside wall at some central location and elec trically controls the op eration of the motor, which is located near and connected to the heater. . The automatic regula Plain Pattern Thermostat tion so effected insures a constant temperature, day and night, minimum fuel consumption and maximum comfort and health. The cost of op eration, even with the electric motor models, is negligible. The exclusive Honey well Wall Plate is stand Wall Plate Used on ard with all Honeywell All Honeywell Thermostats Thermostats. Its use simplifies installation to such a point that the novice mechanic finds it easy. The Regulator is made in three types, Gravity Motor, Spring Motor, and Electric Motor; and nine models, three of each New Type Electric Regulator Motor type. The first model of each type is equipped with plain thermostat, requiring manual adjustment for day and night temperatures. The second model of each type is equipped with one-day clock pattern thermostat which auto matically brings the room temperature to the degree for which the Regulator is set, at any predetermined hour. The third model of each type is equipped with 15- day automatic clock thermostat which automatically regulates both the day and night temperatures, at any predetermined degree and hour, without manual adjust ment of any kind. LIST PRICES--(Subject to Discount) Type DR, Electric Motor--15-Day Jeweled Clock Thermostat............ $80.00 Type DS, Electric Motor--One- Day Clock Thermostat................... 77.00 Type DQ, Electric Motor--Plain Thermostat......................................... 70.00 Type SR, Spring Motor--15-Day Jeweled Clock Thermostat............. 65.00 Type SS, Spring Motor--One-Day Clock Thermostat.................. -........ 52.00 Type SQ, Spring Motor--Plain -. Thermostat.......... .............................. 45.00 Type GR, Gravity Motor--15-Day Jeweled Clock Thermostat........ 58.00 Type GS, Gravity Motor--One- . Day Clock Thermostat....................-45.00 Type GQ, Gravity Motor--Plain Ml Thermostat................--.................. -- 37.00 (Above prices include necessary installation materials). Oil Burner Manufacturers and Dealers have long felt the need of and will appreci ate such a device as the Honeywell Type A Masterstat. Designed for use with the intermittent type oil burner, it is a safe means against firing a dry boiler and in addition limits the jfressure or temperature of the heating plant to the desired point. The Masterstat is applicable to steam, vapor, vacuum, hot water or warm air systems. Details will be supplied upon request. 535 Temperature Control Equipment Johnson Service Company Milwaukee, Wis. BRANCHES ALBANY, N. Y.( 4 Ramsey Place KANSAS CITY. MO.. 411 East Tenth Street ATLANTA. GA.. 210 Bona Alien Building MILWAUKEE. WIS., 149 Michigan Street BOSTON, MASS., 31 Waltham Street LOS ANGELES. CAL., 607 Van Nuys Bldg. BUFFALO, N. Y,, 503 Franklin Street MINNEAPOLIS. MINN., 922 Second Ave., South DALLAS. TEXAS. 333 Fidelity Union Bldg. NEW YORK. N. Y.. 28 East Twenty-ninth Street- CHICAGO. ILL., 1355 W. Washington Blvd. PHILADELPHIA. PA., 258 S. Van Pelt Street CINCINNATI. OHIO. 1113 Race Street PITTSBURGH. PA., 10 E. North Diamond St., N. S CLEVELAND. OHIO. 2028 East 22nd Street PORTLAND. ORE.. 404 Failing Building DENVER, COLO.. 1230 California Street SALT LAKE CITY. UTAH. 610 McIntyre Bldg. DES MOINES. IOWA. 1118 Grand Avenue SAN FRANCISCO! CAL.. 417 Rialto Building DETROIT, MICH., 427 Brainard Street SEATTLE, WASH., 473 Colman Building .. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., 312 E. Ohio Street ST. LOUIS, MO.. 14 North Twelfth Street GREENSBORO. N. C., Daily News Building. P. O. Box No. 617 CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVE Johnson Temperature Regulating Company of Canada, Limited OFFICES CALGARY, ALTA, 605 Second Street. West TORONTO. ONT., 147 Church Street VANCOUVER. B. C., 550-6th Avenue. West WINNIPEG. MAN., 259 Stanley Street MONTREAL, 119 Youville Square . Products and Services Engineers and Contractors for the Control of Temperature or Humidity for any purpose and over every range used in manufacturing' purposes or buildings, furnishing and installing: Temperature Controlling Apparatus for any and all kinds of heating and ventilat ing systems. Temperature Controlling Apparatus for any industrial process requiring the medium of heat. Control of Humidity in industrial pro cesses requiring artificial humidity. Temperature Control of hot water tanks and all liquids. ' Control of Temperatures of refrigerating and cold storage plants. Thermostat Control of electric motors on automatic refrigerating machines. Manufacturers of Thermostats and Other Apparatus for the Control of Temperatures and Humidity, including: Pneumatic Room and Insertion Ther mostats and Humidostats. Electric Room and Insertion Thermo stats and Humidostats. . "Sylphon" Metal Diaphragm Valves. High Grade Dampers of all Shapes and sizes. ` Low Pressure, Limited Capacity, Elec tric Air Compressors. Low Pressure, Limited Capacity, Hy draulic Air Compressors. Air and Water Reducing Valves. Pneumatic Switches or Push Buttons. 536 Johnson Service Company Temperature Control Equipment Specific Applications of Temperature Control Bake ovens for enamels, japans, etc. Core drying ovens. Drying room for paint, varnish, patent leather, etc. Storage room for tobacco, rubber or similar goods. Cold storage rooms, fur vaults, etc. Canning machinery, cookers, exhaus ters, processors. Corn and oats drying apparatus. Fruit drying apparatus. Johnson All-Metal Thermostats Every Johnson Thermostat is ALL METAL throughout, having no soft or hard rubber parts to deteriorate and become inoperative. Every thermostat exquisitly made and thoroughly tested for accuracy, efficiency and durability. Johnson Positive Thermostat Has a snap action for closing and open ing valves quickly, positively and fully, thereby assuring their durable and satisfactory opera tion. Has an indica tor showing at a glance whether the heat is "ON" or "OFF." Has a con venient means for shutting off the heat when desired. Johnson Inter mediate Thermo stat Has all-metal Model Positive Metal movement, giving Diaphragm Thermostat true graduated motion to mixing dampers for "Blast Heating Systems", and, where desirable, can be used to operate steam valves on a "Vacuum Heating System." Johnson Compound Thermostat The Johnson All-Metal Compound Thermostat combines the feature of both the Positive and Intermediate and is applicable for control of valves or dampers where certain units are to be operated positively and others inter mediately at an interval of a few degrees in temperature. Johnson Dual or Two-Temperature Thermostat The Dual, or two-temperature Thermo stat provides for a daytime temperature (usually 70) and a night-time temperature (35 to 50), as desired, for all or some of the rooms in a building, simply by the manipulation of a single push button by the engineer or other person in authority. It is a factor for the greatest economy in school buildings, a number of rooms of which are occupied at night as well as day, and for any buildings in which some of the rooms are occupied only at certain times, such as churches, auditoriums, masonic temples and lodges. Thermostat Covers The covers which conceal the thermostat proper are small, incon spicuous and very neat in design and workmanship. There are two distinct styles: one called the R type and one called the P type. The R type is a die-casting, very beautifully de signed and used generally in resi dences and other handsomely dec orated buildings. Model R. /. Cover 4%"x2"xl}i" deep The P type is a pressed metal cover, very finely finished but not as orna- 537 Johnson Service Company Temperature Control Equipment mental and artistic as the R cover, change frequently the adjustment to op and used more generally in schools, office erate at different temperatures. It is buildings, hospitals and places where simple and neat design is desired rather than artistic and ornamental. operated by compressed air at 15 lb. per ' sq. in., and used to control temperatures of liquids and air by automatically open Johnson Pneumatic Insertion Thermostat Designed to control temperatures with in closed air chambers or ducts. The ing and closing a diaphragm valve or damper. Graduations made to meet re quirements, limited to a total range of 60 deg. body of thermostat is a dust-proof case containing the two working parts and extending outside the chamber. This thermostat is made either positive or graduated acting. Multiple Insertion Thermostat Similar to the insertion duct thermo stat, excepting that one multiple thermo stat takes the place of a number of sepa Applications Adaptable for use in bake ovens for enamels, japans, etc.; drying rooms for paints, varnishes, patent leather, etc.; storage rooms for tobacco, rubber or similar goods; ster ilizers or pasteur izers; cold storage rooms, fur vaults, etc.; refrigerator machine control; hu Pneumatic Insertion Thermostat midity control for air washers; flue gas temperature con trol; hot blast heating plants; combi nation tempered ventilation and hot blast, systems; greenhouses, turkish bath rooms, etc.; tempered, ventilation for buildings. rate duct thermostats set for dif ferent tem peratures. The 4-point multiple thermostat shown will operate four separate dia- phrag m valves at as many differ ent tempera- r tures. It has Multiple Insertion Thermostat become very popular with heating engi neers for the control of heating and tempering coils where it is desired to have these coils turn on at different temperatures. It is made to work with positive action when controlling valves; Johnson Calibrated Thermostat with graduated action when controlling dampers; or with both positive and This is an especially high grade insertion graduated action when controlling valves thermostat for use where it is desired to and dampers. 538 Johnson Service Company Temperature Control Equipment Tank Thermostat Humidity Control Designed for insertion through 1-in. tapped hole in tank and controlling, in the case of hot water tanks, a diaphragm valve on the supply pipe to the steam coils in the tank. It can be used to control the temperature of any liquid, either hot or cold. It is especially adaptable for con trolling the temperature of water in hot water heating plants by its control of the boiler draft doors. Humidostats and Humidifiers The humidostat automatically controls the supply of moisture delivered to the air by a humidifier and maintains a con stant percentage of relative humidity. It operates a diaphragm valve on the steam coils in the pan humidifier. The pan is provided with float box to maintain constant water level and is located in the ventilating air duct leading throughout the building. Steam jet and water spray types of humidifiers are also furnished. "Sylphon" Metal Diaphragm Valves This valve having an in destructible 1- piece metal diaphragm, is permanentand requires no repairs. Its value for the control of steam is ob vious and par ticularly so in connection with steam coils, radiators in wall boxes "Sylphon" Metal Diaphragm where exces- Valve s i v e heat would destroy rubber diaphragms. The supplying of moisture to the heated air in buildings and the automatic control of the percentage of moisture in this air are recognized by authorities to be as important as maintaining proper tem peratures. Pneumatic Switch Control Remote valve and damper control plays, by means of our pneumatic switches, a very important part in the economical operation of the modern heatingplant especially in schools. It saves the janitor'stime for other duties, and makes it possible to ac Pneumatic S-witch complish re sults in the operation of the heating plant which can not be obtained in any other way. It makes it easy to operate the fresh air, return air and vent dampers, with the corresponding assurance that these dampers will be economically op erated as intended by the heating engineer. The following types of pneumatic switches for different purposes and dif ferent conditions are made: . Lever Handle Switch, . Push Button Switch, Indicating Switch, to open and close dampers partially as desired. Electro Pneumatic Switch, to open and close dampers automatically--with the starting and stopping of fan motors. 539 Johnson Service Company Temperature Control Equipment How to Specify Furnish and install a complete system of automatic temperature regulation and humidity control, furnishing all neces sary thermostats, valves, dampers, hu midifiers, special devices, air compressors, piping and fittings, and labor of installing system, except setting valves and dampers in position--all in accordance with the following schedule and detailed speci fication : Schedule--State the rooms to be con trolled and number of thermostats in each; the manner in which the tempered air, if there is any, is to be controlled; the manner in which the drafts of the boiler are to be controlled; and specify the manner of the control of any fresh air, vent or return air dampers, stating the location and number of switches. Thermostats--Where the greatest economy of fuel and the most flexible handling of the heating system is desired specify the Johnson Dual or Two-Temper ature thermostat and that it shall operate at all times at one set pressure not less than 15 lbs. per square inch. If dual thermostats are not desired specify Johnson Metal Diaphragm Model Ther mostat, size, 4 x 2 x 1 in.; and state whether it is to have residence or school cover, indicating device, positive shut-off, and whether it is to be positive or inter mediate motion. Specify the number and kind of inserted thermostats. Valves--Specify Johnson Metal Dia phragm Valve having the "Sylphon" Metal Bellows for its diaphragm. State whether valves are to be plain or nickelplated with or without unions; add: Valves to be placed in position by heating contractor. Air Compressors--Specify kind of air compressor (steam, hydraulic, electric or power driven), requiring that the air com ' pressor shall be of sufficient size to operate the system, with a factor of safety not less than 3, and requiring that it be provided with all necessary governing devices, fit tings, gage, etc. Humidostats--Specify Johnson Humidostat and Humidifier, stating the kind of humidifier, whether perforated steam or copper evaporating pan. Dampers--Specify that dampers shall be made by the heat regulating contrac tor, but installed by the galvanized, iron contractor, and that dampers shall consist of wrought iron frames, sheet steel blades, strongly cleated, with brass bearings. Guarantee--Require that system be complete in every respect, and that all necessary material and special fittings shall be furnished whether specifically mentioned or not. Require that entire system be guaranteed free from all orig inal defects in material and workmanship, and that any parts proving defective or wearing out within 2 years from date of completion shall be replaced free of charge. Require that thermostats shall operate the valves or dampers to which they are at tached, at a variation of not to exceed 1 deg. above or below any given point. Contracting This company contracts to furnish and install in complete working order the Johnson System of Temperature Control, including thermostats, valves, piping, etc., and gives annual inspection and prompt service to all plants constantly. 540 } Temperature Control Equipment Minneapolis Heat Regulator Company Main Office--MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Service Branches in Principal Cities MANUFACTURERS OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL DEVICES The standard line of Minneapolis Heat Regulators is for use in dwellings and buildings of all kinds, using fuel and heating plants of every type except power oil burners, which require the use of Minneapolis Series Ten Controls. All Minneapolis controls operate on a one degree change of temperature. FOR DWELLINGS The standard equipment for use in dwellings is the Minneapolis thermostat, equipped with either a one-day clock, or the eight-day, seven-jewel clock; the motor for operating the draft and check; and the limit control, which' operates independently of the room thermostat and acts as a secondary control and safety device. FOR APARTMENTS AND LARGE BUILDINGS The same equipment as described for use in dwellings is used in larger buildings and gives thoroughly satisfactory service in buildings of from ten to twelve stories or more. CENTRAL PLANT STEAM .. Where buildings are heated with central plant steam, a Minneapolis thermostat, equipped with either the one-day clock or the eight-day, seven-jewel clock, is almost invariably used. It controls the operation of the motor, which opens and closes the steam valve. FOR OIL BURNERS For oil burners, there are special controls known as the Minneapolis Series Ten. They include the Series 10 thermostats, relay, Protectostat, and Protectorelay and provide complete and unfailing control for every type of burner. INDUSTRIAL USES To control hot water boilers in residences, hotels, or large buildings; enamelling bake ovens, dry kilns; glue, chocolate or paraffin vats; refrigerating systems, etc. DUAL CONTROL The Model No. 65 and the Model No. 70 Limit Controls are used in connection with the thermostat. They operate independently of the thermostat, thus giving two sources of control, one working on the temperature at the heating plant and the other on the room temperature. They prevent over heating of the plant and building. THERMOSTATS These are made in several types: The Model No. 40, plain thermostat, no-clock; The Model No. 47, with one-day clock; No. 77 with eight-day, seven-jewel clock, with automatic day and night temperature change mechanism. These instruments are finely constructed, operate on a temperature change of one degree from the point at which they are set. and will last indefinitely. There is nothing to get out of order. . LIMIT CONTROLS These controls are made in two types: The No. 65 is the temperature control for use on hot water heating plants, domestic hot water supply, industrial processes, steam or vacuum heating plants; standard scale is 100 to 240; standard extension of the tube 2"; on special order instruments can be furnished with ranges up to 490 and extensions up to 24". The Model No. 70 is the pressure control for use on steam and vapor plants. The standard range is 0 to 10 pounds, but can be furnished with scales ranging as high as 125 lbs. MOTORS ' Electric Motor: No. 24 A. C. requires no attention except occasional oiling; the transformer for supplying low voltage through the thermostat is built in. 6 volt D. C. motor is for use when 110 volt A. C. current is not available. It operates from four dry cells which will operate it for one full heating system. Spring Motor:. Made to operate approximately one week with a single winding with normal use on coal burning domestic heating plants, equipped with safety switch so that in event of the motor being allowed to run down, the draft will always be left closed on the last opera tion of the motor. Gravity Motor: For use with domestic heating plants, using coal or coke as fuel; must be wound daily. It is equipped with a safety switch similar to that used on the spring motor. Catalogs giving compute detailed information, including prices and trade discounts will be mailed free upon request. 541 Temperature Control Equipment The Powers Regulator Co. 36 years of specialization in temperature control GENERAL OFFICES AND FACTORY CHICAGO, ILL. 2719 GREENVIEW AVENUE GENERAL EASTERN OFFICES NEW YORK, N. Y. 126 EAST 44th STREET ATLANTA. GA. BALTIMORE, MD. BOSTON, MASS. BUFFALO. N. Y. BUTTE. MONT. CHARLOTTE, N. C. CHATTANOOGA, TENN. CINCINNATI. OHIO CLEVELAND, OHIO BRANCHES AND SERVICE STATIONS DENVER. COLO. DES MOINES, IOWA NASHVILLE. TENN. NEW ORLEANS, LA. DETROIT, MICH. PHILADELPHIA, PA. EL PASO. TEXAS PITTSBURGH. PA. HOUSTON, TEXAS PROVIDENCE. R. I INDIANAPOLIS, IND. KANSAS CITY. MO. ROCHESTER, N. Y. ST. LOUIS, MO. LOS ANGELES, CALIF. MILWAUKEE, WIS. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. SEATTLE. WASH. THE CANADIAN POWERS REGULATOR CO.. LTD., TORONTO. ONT. BRANCHES CALGARY, HALIFAX, MONTREAL. VANCOUVER. WINNIPEG (3306a) Products Automatic Temperature Controlling Systems, applying them, under the super vision of Powers engineers, to the heating plants, new or old, in residences, offices, factories, schools, institutions, and to any other conditions of artificial heating where uniform temperature is desired. Automatic Regulators for ACCU RATELY controlling temperature of Liquids, Gases and Air, Pressure Reducing Valves, High Pressure Steam Traps, Humidity Control Devices. Shower Mix ing Valves, Etc. and perfection of finish; in size, as small as is consistent with the reliability so neces sary in such instruments; in operation, sure, with gradual or positive action, as conditions require. Diaphragm radiator valves, diaphragm motors, mixing dampers and other equip ment are especially rugged in construction, dependable and durable; built regardless of expense, for efficiency and long service. Motive power used in these systems is compressed air. The company builds its Temperature Controlling Appliances Powers thermostats are accurate in their working and will maintain their adjust ment. They are. of the vapor disc type, exclusive with Powers regulators, and are not thrown out of adjustment by extremes of temperature or long disuse. For over 35 years the accurate control obtained by this method has been the standard of thermostatic control by which all other methods are measured. In design, Powers thermostats are second to none in beauty 542 Type D Thermostat The Powers All-Metal Radiator Valve The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control Equipment Application of Powers Control to Combination (Split) System of Heating--Direct radiation supplies the heat; fan supplies warm air for ventilation. Thermostats control valves on radiators to maintain proper room temperature. Ventilating coils are controlled by a thermostat placed in the fan discharge duct. own air compressors, operated by steam, or electricity, and characterized by their reliability, noiseless operation, perfect control and long life. Installations Installations of Powers systems are invariably made by the company. At each branch office is maintained a com petent engineering and erecting force, sparing no expense to maintain the highest efficiency. Powers special devices, how ever, are easily installed by any engineer or contractor. Prices Price for Powers regulation covers the system installed complete, and is only named after a careful study of the require ments. Our price is not lowest, but no other system will be found so efficient and economical. Customers are served with the sole aim of getting results for them; and experience shows that satisfactory service from a temperature control ling system is of much more impor tance than its first cost. Specifications Heating systems, and the requirements for temperature control, vary widely in detail. Much of the dissatisfaction ex perienced with some systems of tempera ture regulation is due to the attempt to force a ready-made inflexible* system or device to meet special requirements, taking no account of the conditions peculiar to the situation to be treated. For these reasons we believe special study should be given each case. We shall be glad to submit to any Architect or Engineer a detailed Specification, accom panied by a guaranteed price, to cover complete system of temperature control installed, the price to hold if specification is used. This guarantees full protection to the client against advantage being taken of a close specification. This com pany will gladly collaborate with Architect or Engineer in preliminary plans*. As specialists in temperature control, The Powers Regulator Company has unusual facilities for solving problems in this particular field. 543 The Powers. Regulator Co. Temperature Control Equipment Spring Adjustment The Powers No. It Tank Regulator Used on steam heated hot water service tanks in hotels, apartment buildings, offices, schools, shops, hospitals, factories, laun dries, etc. Because this regulator prevents overheated water, it saves fuel and pro longs the life of valves and packings. Self-operating; easily installed. Of great durability, guaranteed accurate and posi tive in action. Flexible connection tube is 6 ft. long for sizes 134-inch and smaller; 8 ft. for 2-inch to 4-inch, inclusive; and 10 ft. for larger sizes. Additional lengths of tubing will be furnished at 30 cents net per ft. A net charge of $2.00 is made for flexible tubing shorter than standard. Flanged valves will be drilled standard unless otherwise ordered. In ordering, always give size of tank, steam pipe size, steam pressure, and tem perature wanted. The spring type regulator is commonly used for this work, except in sizes larger than 4-inch, when the lever type is used. Smaller sizes will be furnished in lever type if preferred. ' The regulator will be furnished to operate at 160 deg. fahr., with adjust ability 20 deg. above and below that point, unless otherwise specified. Specification In connection with the (steam heated) hot water storage tank, furnish and install Powers No. 11 Tank Regulator with (_____ inch) standard valve with standard length of flexible tubing. Regulator shall maintain the temperature of the water at (......... deg.) with steam pressure at (......... lbs.-). Note--Where installation is to control steam coil and auxiliary coal burning heater, specify No. 12 Regulator with chains, pulleys, .etc., for the control of dampers on auxiliary heater (see Bulletin No. 129). . For coal burning heaters without steam coils, use Powers No. 13 Regulator (see Bulletin No. 136). For Dimensions, Prices, etc.. See Next Page 544 The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control Equipment THE POWERS No. 11 TANK REGULATOR--Prices and Principal Dimensions Valve Size.............................. .Inches 'h List Price (Standard Valve). List Price (Monel Valve)... Style of Body....................... Material of Body................. Dimension A........................ Inches B........................ C........................ D......................... ` *60 . *70 Union ' Brass 1 10 5A` 11 y. *65 *76 Union Brass 1 10 6 II* 1 $70 *82 Union Brass 1. 12 6% IIM 1'/. $75 $90 Union Brass 1 14 6H u% t'/i $80 $98 Union Brass 1 14 m I2K 2 $90 *113 Screwed . Iron 1 16 8 I4 *95 $122 Screwed Iron 1 16 9 15)* Valve Size............................. List Price (Standard Valve). List Price (Monel Valve)... Style of Body...................... Material of Body................. Dimension A......................... B......................... C......................... D........................ 3 $100 ' $130 Screwed Iron 1 18 9)* I5X 3'/2 $110 *145 h ianged Iron I 20 10!* 15H 45 $120 $160 ' Flanged Iron 1 20 I0K I5H *175 Hanged Iron i'/. 20 12 2IH 6 *225 Hanged Iron i'/. 20 13H 23 8 *275 1* Ianged Iron i'/. 24 I6H 24 A Self-Operating Regulator for Control of Compartment Temperatures Between 60 Deg. and 100 Deg. Fahr. The Powers No. 18 Regulator shown above is a self-contained unit, not as sensi tive in operation as the air pressure types but inexpensive and capable of good general control between the limits of 60 deg. and 100 deg. fahr., where such control can be obtained by the operation of a single valve regulating the heat supply. The control of this valve is gradual and an efficient return line vacuum system is essential. This regulator is used in shops, offices, warehouses, storage rooms, low tempera ture drying rooms, small ventilating units, greenhouses, etc. . It is easy to install and is very DUR- ABLE. Gives true gradual control. By changing the position of the adjusting weight, different temperatures over a 20 deg. fahr. range at the thermostat may be secured. The flexible connecting tube may be of any length up to 75 feet or with the smaller valves 100 feet, and is usually of lead closely armored with galvanized steel wire. Armored copper tube can be furnished where conditions of vibration require its use, as in the control of fan ventilating units. Standard flexible lead connecting tube of 50 feet will be sent unless otherwise speci fied; excess if any, can be coiled up near . 545 The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control Equipment -CONDENSATION RETURN HE*T SUPPIV Powers No. 18 Regulator applied to Direct Heating System valve or damper motor. Additional tube length will be furnished at 20 cents net per foot. For control of ventilating units or under other conditions of vibration, copper tube,, armored, must be used instead of lead-- . such armored copper tube will be fur nished at an extra net charge of 20 cents per foot for first 50 feet, and 30 cents per foot for excess. .* Always specify desired operating tem perature and steam pressure, and state whether latter is constant or fluctuating. Bulletin 145 gives complete infor mation. PRICE LIST AND SHIPPING WEIGHTS OF No. 18 REGULATOR AND VALVE COMPLETE Size Price--Low Pressure___ Price--High Pressure... Shipping Weight (Lbs.). Vi' $50 60 45 3/*' *55 65 48 1' i'/.' Vi' $60 *65 *70 70 75 80 50 55 60 2" I'/i" 3' y/i' V $90 $i25 $145 *175 $185 65 no 120 160 170 No. 15 Regulator, self-contained, for the con trol of. drying rooms, dry kilns, ovens, etc. Bul letin No. 138. Dial Thermometers for air ducts and hot .water tanks. Accurate, easy to read, reasonably priced. Bulletins No. 140 and No. 155. - High Pressure Steam Trap, % inch and H inch sizes only, for pressures from 5 lbs. to 125 lbs. Used on restaurant fixtures, hospital sterilizers, heating coils, cooking kettles, etc. Bigger capacity than any other trap its size. Acts quickly, closes tight. Gives years of dependable service without replacement of thermostatic element. Bulletin No. 115. Hospital Sterilizer Control Valve--Makes sterilizer noiseless and saves steam. Bulletin No. 122. Thermostatic Steam and Water Mixer-- Automatically heats cold water with high pressure steam and delivers warm water at any temperature up to 120 deg. fahr. Bulletins No. 137 and No. 137-A. Style D Steam and Water Mixer--Small, non-thermostatic mixer; supplies warm water for wash sinks, shower baths, and processes requiring a low cost warm water supply. Safe against scalding, easy to install, noiseless. Heats only the amount of water desired at the time. Capacity 10 gals, per min. with 40 lbs. pressure on supply lines. Bulletin No. 137-A. Pressure Reducing Valve for steam, air and water. Simple, durable, accurate. Bulletin No. 118. Complete set of bulletins describing the entire Powers line will be sent upon request. 546 . Valves The Dole Valve Company 1913-1933 Carroll Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL. Manufacturers of High Grade Radiator Valves and Brass Specialties WVENTING 5EAT- THE DOLE SYPHON AIR VALVE (7)VALVE CASING (non adjustable, automatic) For venting low pressure steam radia C2)5EATING PIN tors. Fully guaranteed for five years. It has the Venting Seat (1) of heavy con (3) FLOAT- struction, threaded and brazed into the valve casing. The Seating Pin (2) of finely machined hard metal is hydraulically DINNER CHAMBER pressed to a perfect radius, while the OF FLOAT Float (3) is of light but strong annealed brass, which rises when water enters the (5) DIAPHRAGM valve, positively preventing leakage. The Inner Chamber of Float (4) contains the fo) FLOAT proper amount of thermostatic liquid which forms a powerful gas when steam comes in contact with the float, thus the diaphragm is expanded and the valve closed against the escape of either steam or water. The Diaphragm (5) is made from special spring bronze, convex in shape and cor- rugated. The Float Rest (6) is one piece of finely drawn brass open on four sides to permit water to drain through the syphon, and the Valve Casing (7) of beautiful dodecagon design, fashioned from finely drawn heavy brass presents an attractive exterior and at the same time forms perfect air channels inside the valve. The Base (8)'of heavy drawn brass threaded on the interior to meet exterior threading on the casing is firmly brazed to insure great strength and d..u...r.a...b..i.l.ity. The Connecting,, Nip. p. le (9)--one piece of extra heavy drawn brass has in. standard iron pipe thread, which conforms to the requirements of all radiators. A Syphon Lock Collar (10) made from extra heavy brass firmly brazed to the syphon prevents either accidental or intentional removal of the syphon from the valve. (Note, the valve can be. removed from the radiator without the syphon becoming detached). The Syphon (11)--one piece of annealed brass tubing, is perfectly formed to fit inside the radiator column. Assembled into the vaive free from obstruction, thus preventing interference when the valve is attached to the radiator. Regarding the finish, the entire valve is finely nickel plated, of an artistic design and highly polished. A real "beauty" and it works. List Price........................... .................................... :.......$1,50 THE DOLE STRAIGHT SHANK QUICK VENT AIR VALVE For quick venting the ends of steam mains, specially useful for venting hot water generators and low pressure feed water heaters where a straight shank valve is required. Made from similar material, constructed in like manner and operates on the same principle as the Dole Syphon Air Valve. Made in two sizes--Y arid Y in. List Price................ ........................................................$2.00 547 Valoes Jenkins Bros. Manufacturers of Valves and Mechanical Rubber Goods 80 White Street NEW YORK. N. Y. PRINCIPAL STORES AND OFFICES 524 Atlantic Avenue 133 North 7th Street 646 Washington Boulevard BOSTON. MASS. , PHILADELPHIA. PA. CHICAGO. ILL. . Factories in ELIZABETH, N. J. and BRIDGEPORT. CONN. JENKINS BROS., LIMITED Canadian Works and Head Office: Montreal., Qub., 103 St. Remi Street London Office: 6 Great Queen Street, Kingsway, W. C. 2 The New Modulating Valve--with a vertical seat . A notable improvement over present day modulating valves lies in Pig. 700 Jenkins Modulating Valve which has a vertical instead of a horizontal seat, affording these particular advantages: (1) Foreign matter cannot lodge on seat and prevent tight closing of. Fig. 700% Jenkins Modulating Valve (2) vSatelvaem. enters at top and condensation drains out at the bottom .of the seat--an important feature when valve is used on a one-pipe system, because flow of steam is not retarded by the return of condensation. Gurgling, water-hammer and shock are avoided. (3) Vacuum is under disc holder, which is fitted with Jenkins Rubber ' Composition Disc, with a tendency to draw disc to the seat. Spring holds disc against seat. Seating and tightness do not depend on threaded spindle that needs to be turned down tight to prevent leakage. ' This valve cannot leak around spindle. Handle of red Bakelite does' noMt gaedtehootf, bwroillnnzeo,t cnricakceklopr lcahteipd., $ inch size, suitable for 100 square feet of radiation. The center to end dimensions conform to the recom mendations of Heating and Piping Contractors National Association and Manufacturers Standardization Society. Write for Bulletin 105 for complete details. .' PRODUCTS Jenkins Globe, Angle, Cross, Check, Hose, Blow-Off, Safety and Gate Valves: Radiator Supply Valves: Automatic Radiator Air Valves^ Also, Rapid Action Valves; Steam Traps; Gage Cocks; Marine Valves, Needle Valves--Valve Discs; -Jenkins '96 and Jenarco Sheet Packing, Gaskets, Pump Valves; Compressed Asbestos. Joisting; and Moncrieff Scotch Gauge Glasses. RADIATOR VALVES Regularly furnished with black composition wheels, or, if deLsiorecdk, wshitiehldbrovanlzvee,sw, itroe obreiroopnewrahteeedls.with key, designed to prevent tampering, can be supplied in all the different patterns. Corner valves are made in two patterns--regular and offset. Fig. 180. Bronze Offset Corner, Radiator with Union Regular styles of finish follow: Rough body, finished trimmings. No. 1 screwed, No. 6 with Finuinshioend. and polished all over. No. 2 screwed. No- 7 with uni^on. Rough body, nickel-plated trimmings. No. 3 screwed, No. 8 with Rouungiohnb. ody, nickel-plated all over. No. 4 screwed. No. 9 w_ith Finuinsihoend. and nickel-plated all over. No. S screwed, No. 10 with union. CATALOG A catalog of all the Jenkins valves, giving sizes, styles and list prices, mailed on request. Fig. 861, Bronze Radiator Gate, Screwed Fig. 168.. Radiator Angle, with Union . Fig. 170, ' Bronze Lock Shield Radiator Angle, with Union Fig. 148, Iron 'Body Globe, Flanged 548 Fig. 826, Iron Body Gate, Screwed Fig. 870. Bronze Gate, Screwed Valoes Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. ! 41 East 42nd Street NEW YORK CITY i . Factories Eastwood and Oswego. N. Y.; Huntingdon, Pa.; Zanesville, Ohio Branch Offices Baltimore. Md. Boston, Mass. Brooklyn. N. Y. Cleveland,[.Ohio . Detroit, Mich. Dover, N. J. . Jacksonville. Fla. Newark, N. J. Washington, D. C. New London. Conn. Providence, R. I. New York. N. Y. Roanoke, Va. Philadelphia. Pa. Savannah, Ga. Pittsburgh, Pa. Syracuse, N. Y. Worcester, Mass. Radiator Valves, High Pressure Valves, Hot Water Valves, Hot Water . Thermometers, Pressure and Altitude Gages 1 'i j Fig. 186. Angle Valve with Union (With Genuine Jenkins Bros. Disc) A Newly Designed PIERCE PACKLESS VALVE for Vapor, Water or Steam This new addition to the Pierce Packless used. The handle is of the mushroom ( line of Radiator Valves made by the type made of Bakelite, beautifully pol Pierce, Butler & Pierce Manufacturing ished, which is a perfect heat insulator, Corporation, is an especially compact and insuring against discomfort in manipulat pleasing pattern. It is generously pro ing the valve. Lever handle on modulating portioned and embodies the best attainable valve if desired. j; in point of material and workmanship. It is made in the angle type only, both plain and with modulating dial and but ton, in sizes J4.to 2 in., inclusive. . The body is sturdy in its proportions, and consequently is not likely to be injured or distorted in the process of installation. The nickel plating is un Genuine Jenkins Brothers discs are usually heavy and substantial. 549 Valois Marsh Valve Company Plant and General Offices: DUNKIRK, NEW YORK Exclusive Sales Distributors: APPLETON & LIPTROTT, INC., 1480 Broadway, New York City - Edward T. Hetherington, 1718 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, Pa. - United States Radiator Corporation, . General Offices, Detroit, Mich- Ail territory east of West lines of Michigan and Ohio and north of Virginia, except New York and Philadelphia John W. Mabbs. 431 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago. Ill, Jas. P. Marsh' & Company, 118 S. Clinton' Street, Chicago, III. ' All territory south of Ohio Riper and west of Michigan and -Ohio, except Cook County, Chicago, 111. We specialize on high-grade Radiator Valves and make the largest line of anTyhceorme-epnafnoryceidnptahceklewssofrelda.ture o.f our Packiess and Modulated lines both steam an.d water and the upper seat features of our Union Bonnet, Special and Gate lines are distinctive, scien tific, mechanical principles, used with these lines exclusively. MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKLESS RADIATOR VALVES . Oval Wheel or Lock Shield All sizes'and patterns Globes, Angles Corner and Back Offsets Flat-Disc . . , ' Fig. IS8 We call particular attentions the scientific mechanical construction of the. Re-enforced Cone. Metal Packless Feature of our Modulated and' Packless Valves. ' These are the only Packless Valves in which the Packless feature is re-enforced or in any way protected against leakage due to wear or cracks of so-called Packiess parts and are GUARANTEED against wear or defects of Packless construction and leakage through bonnets. . QUICK OPENING A three-fourths turn will fully open a three-quarter inch valve, and from this up to one and one-quarter turns for balance of line through two inches. These valves, account of low pitch of thread due to large diameter of cylinder, will seal and lock against any pressure. MARSH RE-ENFORCED MODULATED LEVER HANDLE RADIATOR VALVES These Valves may be hadwith Oval Wheel in place of Lever Handle same as Fig. 139 Flat-Disc The Modulation or Graduation is accomplished by a double cone disc nut, regulating volume of steam, according to pressure, until indicator registers valve about two-thirds open, when lower cone on disc nut is brought into use and the further turning of lever handle until indicator registers open, will give full valve capacity; a feature of material value in a valve in which.volume or capacity for modulating purposes is choked down, and to meet extreme weather conditions, full pipe capacity is required. 550 Marsh Vahe Company Valoes MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKLESS CONE DISC RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel or Lock Shield These Discs will not crack or leak through valve seat. No clogging or water hammer from return condensa tion Fig. 141 Marsh Cone Discs are without question the greatest improvement in radiator valve construction in the past fifty years or. since the composition disc replacing the old style metal-to-metal disc and seat. This Cone Disc construction combined with the Marsh Re-enforced Packiess Feature is the last word in completing radiator valve maximum efficiency at popular price, all of which will check 100 per cent true upon investigation. % in. Full Size Positive Seal The above views showing cone disc and beveled seat are to actual size of a % in. valve ancl are made to full size to show the following advantages of this construction over the old style flat disc and seat: First: Through design of disc and protection afforded from disc nut covering under surface they will not warp and crack as will a flat disc which overhangs valve seat. . . 551 Marsh Valve Company Valves Second: The compression is at right angles to face of seat, forcing disc com pound inward to center, making disc more compact and harder instead of scoring and extruding over seat, opening cracks or seams if any, as with a flat disc. Third: While the life of these cdne discs because of construction, as proven by tests, is three to five times the life of a flat disc, and a CRACKED DISC fS IMPOS SIBLE, the matter of exchange if desired is very simple, as to remove disc nut the disc will drop from disc-holder, while with a flat disc it must be dug out, often destroying disc-holder. Further, these cone discs are reversible and can be turned over or replaced with new at the same cost as for a flat disc. ' Fourth: The beveled seat is low in valve body, giving perfect drainage and will wash free from sand or scale in system, positively providing against leakage through scale or grit imbedding in disc AS IS COMMON with a raised flat seat and flat disc construction. Fifth: Through this low beveled seat, to return condensation through valve for a one-pipe system, the flow will hold to the outer wall leaving center of valve throat and pipe free rather than shoot out over a raised seat to the center of pipe as is common with a heavy flow over a flat seat, clogging flow of steam, causing hammer . or pounding of system. The foregoing are all, each and every one, practical points which will prove out in test and practice. Positively a better valve at a less cost than can be had from any other source. MARSH RE-ENFORCED MODULATED CONE DISC RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel, Lever Handle or Lock Shield Fig- H7 The Modulation feature of our Cone Disc Line is the same as with Our union bonnet flat disc Figure 131. Our Cone Disc Modulated valves unless otherwise ordered are fitted with Oval Wheel, the same as our Graduated Water valve, Figure 139. With our Oval Wheel Handle you have the same dial and indicator control as with Lever handle and a much stronger and more serviceable CONSTRUCTION than is possible with a Wood wheel as this composition won't break or split as will wood. Further, this wheel is removable and interchangeable with our Lever handle, effecting a material advantage to customer in matter of convenience of changing from one to the other on job if for any reason change is desired. 552 Marsh Valve Company Valves MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKLESS WATER RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel or Lock Shield A Genuine Pack less Water Valve Guaranteed to hold any pressure required for 'forced vcirculation Packless Fig. 137 Marsh re-enforced packless Hot Water Radiator Valves are not only a boon but the answer to hot water heating problems, permitting the same ease of operation and com plete temperature control as with steam. . These hot water valves are quick opening, can be operated--opened, and closed-- with perfect ease by a child and positively will not stick or leak. They will hold high pressure suitable for forced circulation up to any pressure radia tion will stand, and cost no more than the cheap competition valves. MARSH RE-ENFORCED GRADUATED WATER RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel, Lever Handle or Lock Shield Water Graduated '- SOMETHING ENTIRELY NEW IN WATER HEAT REGULATION We have made a special study of hot water heat regulation and control and are pioneers in the matter of individual radiator control, through a graduated valve, em ploying the same principle as with steam. If you can modulate, graduate, or regulate individual radiator vapor or vacuum steam heat through a valve (and you can), then why not by the same principle regulate water heat, and, for that matter more consistently than steam, as with water you have something to regulate, while with steam, to allow fire to drop below a given point, you have nothing. For sleeping rooms, heat regulation with the Marsh Graduated water valves may be controlled with the same ease of operation and certainty of results as is possible with a Modulated valve on a steam system, and at a much less cost than for a vapor or vacuum system installation. _ Further, water circulation for each radiator, graduating for same or balancing of system, can be increased from nothing to full pipe capacity and held or locked at any intermediate point, if desired, by simply turning dial so that stop on same will register against indicator or pointer and locking dial in this position, preventing further opening of valve or turning of wheel or lever handle to the left. These valves cost but little more than our regular water valves and much less than steam modulated valves. 553 Ventilators The John Call Company VENTILATING SPECIALISTS 128 North Franklin Streep PHILADELPHIA, PA. BRANCHES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES ROOF VENTILATORS AND WINDOW VENTILATORS tjberty^- Products The Liberty Ventilator. A roof ventilator for any type building or enclosure, such as Schools, Hospitals, Foun dries, Barns, Churches, Armories, Residences and similar structures. Also highly efficient for increasing draft in chimneys, flues, stacks, etc. Back drafts impossible, regardless of wind conditions. Rain or snow cannot penetrate. No moving parts to ra'ttle or require attention. Substantially and' staunchly built of any metal desired; Large stocks for prompt shipment. . The Pul-Air Impingement Ventilator The Pul-Air Ventilator A good practical roof ventilator of the mushroom type, consisting of a double cone top. Scientific storm band and im pingement band. Made in every size and of any metal. Strongly built. Large stocks carried. Will not back draft; maximum of free areas. THE LIBERTY VENTILATOR LIBERTY VENTILATOR Cood architectural lines and symmetry ANATOMY OF LIBERTY VENTILATOR-- showing, positive venturi action. White arrows^ indi- cate outside winds. Black arrows foul air being Pulled out Embraces all four principles of scientific ventilation:--1st, Impingement; 2nd, Positive and Negative sides of Ventilators; 3rd, Siphonage; 4th, Stack Action. A positive and complete venturi action. . The Liberty Ventilator combines the principles of siphonage and air impingement. This in conjunction with the positive and negative sides of the ventilator creates a vacuum to which the air is naturally sucked regardless of the direction of the wind. Stack action, also, is so accommodated as to accelerate this movement. The free areas of the Liberty ventilator create no resistant constant. Send for copy of tests conducted by Carnegie Institute of Technology, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mechanical and Engineering Data, Service Talks, Catalogues and Prices gladly sent on request. 554 Ventilators Royal Ventilator Company 415 Locust Street PHILADELPHIA, PA. Manufacturers of Ventilators and Exhaust Heads PRODUCTS: Royal Double Cone Ventilators of Galvanized Steel, Copper, Toncan Metal, Armco Iron, Etc., Glass Top Ventilators; Rectangular and Square Ventilators; Fire-retarding Ventilators; Smoke-jack and Combination Ventilators; Insect and Bird-proof Ventilators; Steam Exhaust Heads. The Royal Double Cone Ventilator is designed to produce maximum ventilating efficiency. The Royal will give effective ventilation during adverse weather conditions; at all times an upward draft is maintained. Schools, hospitals, theatres, also fac tories, power-houses and. foundries are among the types of buildings effectively ventilated with the Royal. The Royal is 100 per cent efficient. The principles that have made Royals superior: Patented Trade Mark Reg. U. S. Pat. Offi.ce 1. Double Tapered Outer Frus tums.--The wind pressure de flected over and under the edges of the frustums constitutes a strong up draft. .2 The Inverted Cone.--Placed di rectly in the center of ascending air, which on striking it is deflected directly upward and outward. 3. Radiating Ribs in the Cones.-- These prevent the air from swirl "ROYAL" Rectangular Ventilators, made to any desired size ing around, and also add to the Glass or Metal Top, for Schools, MMs, etc. firm construction. 4. Strenght and Rigidity.--Edgewise galvanized malleable iron braces, lapped seams, wired edges. 5. Graceful Design.---Efficient, Faultless, Storm-proof. Send for Catalogue. Dimensions and Technical Information Vent Size Inches 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 28 30 34 36 40 42 . 46 54 60 66 72 Cu. Ft. Exhaust _per Minute, Wind. 5 Miles per Hour Temperature Difference in Building and Outside 0 20 141 159 306 388 490 606 874 1186 1364 1765 1961 2424 2673 3489 5414 6665 7851 10682 186 417 426 512 832 9/1 1373 2080 2390 2987 3361 41 it 4680 5987 8304 9721 13346 16910 Height Inches 12 13 15 17 16 21 24 26 26 23 28 34 34 39 42 47 52 54 Outside Diameter Inches Area 16 78 19 113 22 164 26 . 201 29 255 31 314 39 453 45 615 45 707 50 908 56 J0I7 61 1257 68 1386 75 1809 84 -- 2390 94 2807 103 3504 108 4071 Cauge Iron Ounces of Copper 24 24 24 24 24 24 22 20 20 20 20 20 18 and 20 16 and 20 18 and 20 18 18 18 - 16 16 16 16 16 16 18 18 18 18 "18 20 20 20 20 24 24 24 555 Index to Technical Data Section (Pages 1-296) CROSS REFERENCE TO SUBJECTS IN CHAPTERS T-XXVI ALPHABETICALLY LISTED Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section A Page B Page Air 199 Back unit system, with return 65 amount of new 202 changes 23 changes, number of 202 circulation, effect of 49, cleaning of 255 conditioning and cooling 249 conditioning, definition of 249 conditioning, use of refrigeration in 251 cooling 217 distribution 199,204,211 Bacteria 211 Building, heat losses from 5 insulation of 187,195 insulation, resistances of 196 materials, conductivity co-efficients for 13 warming-up by recirculation 205 Burner control gas automatic oil automatic 184 184 183 drying, principal losses in 264 Boiler 59 duct, construction of for mechanical connections 59 draft 288 demand for heating up 49 ducts, design and construction of 239 heating 107 sizes of 241 rating 108 filters, rating of flow of in ventilators friction of in ducts handled by forced draft humidifying of leakage leakage, calculation of . measurement of flow method of taking 248 Boilers 107 292 code for testing low pressure steam 241 heating 115 287 cross connecting coal and gas 175 255 steam and hot water 107 24 steam method of testing 115 28 type of 107 244 213 C ozone and mixtures of percentage of recirculation pressures and velocities of dry processing recirculation of 269 Capacities of ventilators 206 240 Capacity of return risers- 261 Carbon dioxide 205 method of sampling 292 65 .211 214 required by mechanical draft fan 287 Ceiling coils 46 required for ventilation supply supply duct supply, hospitals and hotels supply per person 202 Central station heating control auto 199 matic 185 150 202 Chain grate stokers 287 202 Chart, use of friction 242 supply, schools and theatres 202 Chimneys, construction of 153 supply systems synthetic chart . temperature types of washers and filters 228 Chimney sizes 112 209 199 Coal boilers, cross connecting with gas 175 245 Coal, burning with mechanical draft 285 velocity at different pressures and Co-efficients conductivity for building temperatures 240 . materials 13 velocity, effects of on losses from surface for various building materials 12 insulated surface 192 velocity, effects of on surfacelosses 191 velocity in exhaust and selecting system 275 - velocity, standard in public buildings 239 washers and filters 255 washers, rating of 248 washers, steam requirements for 247 Coils cold wall and ceiling 251 . 251 46 Collecting hood, air handled by 278 Combustion chamber designed for oil fuel 164 Comfort chart 224 washers, temperature control in 179 examples of use 224 Analysis of flue gas 287 how to use the . 216 Apparatus 174 Comfort gas and coal burning orsat ratings of ventilation 174 conditions of maximum- 209 287 effective temperatures for maximum 210 201 how humidity and air motion affect 215 Appliances, gas heating--rating of Application of fans 173 227 how relation of temperature and . humidity affect 216 Atmosphere, vitiated 197 Compartment dryer 262 Automatic heat control in industry 185 Cgnductivities of insulating materials 190 558 Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section Conduits heating important installation in styles and construction . Page 192 192 192 193 Dust count, method of taking effect on ventilation removal Page 211 214 206 247 Connection method of for boilers ' . 59,175 E method for vacuum pump and feed water heater pump and receiver 132 grinding and pumping wheel 276 wood working machinery 276 storage tank 74 typical kitchen and hospital equip ment 74 typical for vapor and vacuum system 71 Economical thickness of insulation Elbows, frictional resistance of Equipment classifications of ventilating dryer, design of ozone, capacity of Exhaust and collecting systems design 191 280 201 201 263 270 277 274 Continuous dryer Control applications of automatic automatic type of double thermostatic temperature and humidity Coolers design of pipe conduits Cooling air conditioning and coil and spray 262 179 179 177 184 246 282 282 193 249 249 255 F Fans air delivered by 233 application of in heating and venti- , lating 227 mechanical draft 285 mechanical draft, air handled by 287 mechanical system of 227 selecting for exhaust system 279 Filters and air washers 245 Fittings lift 134 Flow of steam in pipe 60, 66 D Definition, warm air furnace Flue gas analysis 143 venting 287 287 234 Design, duct systems rules for 239 Dewpoint, definition of > 250 Direct-indirect radiators temperature control automatic 181 Distribution, air 211 Draft importance of mechanical oil burner installation 111 111 285 168 Drawings, standard symbols for 3 Drum dryer 262 Drying . air required for classes of high temperature methods of steam required for 1 261 263 261 261 261 264 Duct ' air supply design and construction of air forced draft heating and ventilating losses in system material for noises in recirculating rectangular sizes of ..... suction hints on 150 239 288 241 241 243 239 150 241 243 Forced draft 286 Friction head, curve for 80-81 Friction in round pipes 241 Frictional resistance of elbows straight conveyor pipes 280 280 280 Fuel 168 oil construction 168 oil for industrial and domestic heating 163 oils, data on 164 requirements for gas heating 174 sampling 117 F urnace 143 heating 143 performance 152 size of 151 standard code for regulating in stallation 157 G Gas 175 boilers cross connecting with coal 175 combustion of _ 169 consumption, average heating 174 flue, analysis . 287 heating 169 heat value and efficiency 170 heating appliances insulation of 173 heating appliances, types of 169 559 Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section H Page Head, pressure and friction 77 Health, effects of ventilation per fection 209 Heat 177 automatic control of 177 automatic control in industry 185 by single column radiators 35 control automatic in industry 185 emission of pipe coil 46 losses from building 5 losses from bare surfaces 187 losses from insulated surfaces 189 losses from surfaces exposed to air velocity 191 sources 29 transfer of, in air conditioning 251 transmission, calculation for losses 21 transmission co-efficients of 9 transmission, doors and partitions, wood 19 transmission, effect of humidity on 48 transmission, floors and ceilings 18 transmission from wall construction 16 transmission, rate of through in sulation 189 transmission, roof 19 transmission through windows 18 Heaters 173 rating gas 173 tempering, temperature regulation . of 179 Heating 1 appliances, types of gas 169 boilers, code for testing low pressure steam 115 by radiation 33 central plant, by gas 172 central station temperature control 185 conduits 192 ducts for and ventilating 241 forced circulation hot water 85 fuel requirements for gas 174 gas 169 green house system 89 hot water service automatic' tem perature control 183 insulating of gas appliances 173' oil fuel for 163 plant, chimney size for 112 pipe sizes, steam 55 warm air furnace 143 warm air, temperature control of 182 season 1 steam system 53 system, hot water 75 Height, capacity at various pitches 69 Hood construction required 277 Hot water 183 heating, temperature control 183 radiators, automatic temperature control 181 Page Humidity 215 air motion and effect on human comfort 215 control of temperature and 246 effect of on heat transmission 48 effect of high temperatures and 204 I Indirect 33 Induced drafts, types of 286 Industrial heating, oil for 163 Industrial plants, unit system of heating 236 Infiltration calculations for 22 28 Installation of air ducts 243 Insulated surfaces 192 effects of air velocity on losses from 192 heat losses from 189 Insulated tile conduits 193 Insulation 191 economical thickness of 191 for piping in buildings 187 importation installation 192 proper thickness for maximum saving 190 resistances of various buildings 196 value of 187 variation with pipe size of rates of heat transmission 189 L Leader pipe, capacity of Lights, heat given up by Losses in duct system 144 29, 30 241 M Material drying temperature of insulating conductivities of Measurement of air Mechanical stokers Mechanical draft value of Moisture, removal of 263 263 190 244 288 285 263 O. Odors 211 Oil burners, control automatic 183 Oil ' 168 combustion of 168 fuel data on 164 fuel for industrial and domestic heating 163 storage tanks for 166 One-pipe steam system 54 Ozone capacity of equipment chemical properties of composition of . 265 270 266 265 560 Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section concentration of deodorizing germicidal properties of physical properties of uses of use of in ventilation ventilating unit Page 269 267 267 265 272 265,270 271 R Radiating surface of pipes 189 Radiation calculating conversion factors direct for various room temperatures four column heat emission of--cast iron heat emitted by heating by hospital hot water pipe coil for steam andhot water selection of single column three columns two columns wall window 33 33 42 33 47 38 43 35 33 39 43 46 34 35 37 36 40 41 Radiator connections 65 for indirect .73 typical connection for steam system 71 Radiator warming the 49 49 Radiators 49 effect of enclosing 49 direct-indirect temperature control of 181 effect of painting 49 effect of position 51 hot water temperature control of 181 specifications for 52 Rating of air washers and filters 248 Rating gas heaters 173 Recirculation, arrangementsfor air for . percentage of air used in 205 202 206 Refrigeration, ammonia vapor re quired one ton 258 Register, warm air 149 Registers, recirculating 151 Relative humidity 199 Ratings gas appliances 172 Research, residence warm air 154 Resistance, factors in exhaust and collecting system 279 Resistance frictional of straight con veyor pipe 280 Resistance to air flow 244 Return main, capacity of 65 Page Return risers, capacities of 65 Risers, effect of reaming entrance to 68 Riser connection, expansion 70 Risers, water supply 99 Roof insulation 196 Room temperatures, control of 179 Room temperatures, radiation for 47 Rotary dryer 262 S School ventilation recirculation unit system for 207 207 235 Sectional conduits 193 Semi-direct radiators 33 Spray dryer -262 Sprays, cold 251 Stack sizes 113 Standard code for installation of warm air furnaces 157 Standard symbols for drawing 3 Steam 65 capacity of pipe for various veloci ties of 65 flow of in pipe 60, 66 pressure losses with low pressure 62 Steam heating, pipe sizes for 55 Steam heating system definition of for humidification required for drying requirements for air washers 53 53 247 264 247 Surface losses, effects of air velocity on 191 Surface of pipe, radiating 190 System 246 air supply 228 automatic regulation of tempera ture and humidity 246 blow through 227 capacity of pipe for two-pipe steam 64 design of furnace 144 draw through 228 efficiency of exhaust and collecting 279 exhaust and collecting 273 fan for heating and ventilating 227 gravity hot water 79 green house heating 89 hot water open and closed _ 76 indirect air required for 229 losses in ducts 241 of ventilation 227 pipe sizes for vacuum 65 piping for hot water heating 75 plan for heating and ventilating 227 steam heating 53 steam one-pipe and two-pipes 54 typical connection for hot water 78 unit 233 561 Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section Page unit ventilating temperature con trol of 181 vacuum and vapor 56 warm air furnace heating 144 water supply and piping 99 Synthetic air chart how to use typical example for use 209 209 212 T Tank installation of oil storage oil storage 166 166 ' 166 Temperature 177 and wind velocity 8 automatic regulation of 177 breathing line 6 drying 263 effect of high and humidity 204 heat and humidity control 246 how humidity and air motion . affect human comfort 215 inside 5 outside 6 water 90 Temperatures radiation for room 47 47 Temperature regulation, automatic applications of 179 Testing 115 code for low pressure steam heating 115 standard form for reporting boiler tests 118 Thermostats double control location of 177 184 180 Transmission co-efficients, computa tion of heat 10 heat 9 Transmission heat, effect of humidity on 48 48 Transmission losses, heat calculation for 21 Tunnel dryer 262 Two-pipe steam system 54 Types of gas heaters 171 U Unit heaters, location of types of 236 237 V Vacuum pump, motor driven Vacuum system Valves, results of tests on Vapor system 137 56 69 56 Velocity air, effects of on surfacelosses air for mechanical draft Page 191 191 287 Ventilating 227 fan system for heating and 227 ducts for heating and 241 temperature control automatic for unit system 181 Ventilation air circulation in air supply for . bacteria classifications of cooling in summer definition of effect of effect of dust on effectiveness of equipment, five classifications for measurements of natural old theories discarded operation of system important percentage of perfection presence of odors . present status of quality vs. quantity requirements, typical case of school auditorium school house ' summer conditions, effect of systems of unit system for heating and 197 205 202 211 201 205 197 198 211 200 201 209 289 198 208 200 211 199 198 203 207 203 204 227 233 Ventilators 289 Ventilator application of capacities of classification of design of location of regulation of air flow resistance to air flow 296 296 298, 292 289 290 294 295 291 W '. Wall coils 46 Wall construction, heat transmission from 16 Wall stack capacity of ^ 146 147 Warm air heating, automatic tem perature control of 182 Warm air registers . 149 Water flow 99 Water, gallons required for cooling 252 Water supply, formula 104 Water supply, hot 105 562 Index to Modem Equipment American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide 1926-27. AIR COCKS (S Cocks, Air) ASBESTOS AND INSULATING PRODUCTS New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. AIR CONDITIONING American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. . Bishop & Bab<x>ck Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Celotex Co. Hays Corp., The Johns-Manville, Inc. National Radiator Co. Ric-wil Co. Universal Gypsum & Lime Co. Sturtevant. B. F,, Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. BOILER -- Compounds (See Compounds, Boiler) Call. John, Co., The ASBESTOS--Sheet Carrier Air Conditioning Corp. of America Johns-Manville, Inc. Controllers (See Controllers) Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning AUTOMATIC FURNACES (See Furnaces, Automatic) Coverings (See Asbestos and Insulating Products) Corp. Cooling Tower Co. . Drying Systems, Inc. Grinnell Company, Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. BAKING EQUIPMENT Drying Systems. Inc. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. BLAST GATES (See Gales, Blast) Feeders Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller Midwest Air Filters, Inc. Modine Mfg. Co. BLOWERS--Centrifugal Feed Pumps (See Pumps) Herman Nelson Corp. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Headers (See Headers) . Liquid Reed Air Filter Co., Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. AIR COOLERS American Blower Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Nesbitt, John J., Inc. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pecco, Inc. Skinner Brothers Mfg. Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. . Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. No Rad Rust Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Vinco Co. "X" Laboratories . Protecting Devices Hoffman Specialty Co. McDonnell & Miller Marsh, Jas. P., & Co.. . Aerofin Corp. Cooling Tower Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Fan American Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Neptune Meter Co. Trane Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. AIR DIFFUSERS (See Diffusers, Air) Clarage Fan Co. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Scale Remover (See Scale Re mover, Boiler) AIR DRYING (See Drying Ap paratus) Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. BOILERS--Furnace Heat CoKal Co. . AIR ELIMINATORS (See Elimi nators, Air) ' Nesbitt, John J., Inc. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Heating (Automatic Heat) Newport Boiler Co. AIR FILTERS (See Filters. Air) Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Heating (Coal Fired) AIR PUMPS (See Pumps. Air) AIR TESTING INSTRUMENTS American Blower Co. Hays Corp., The Hill, E. Vernon, Co. . Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Forced Draft American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. . American Radiator Co. Ames Iron Works Ironton Bernhard Boiler Co. Bigelow Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Continental Heater Corp. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. General Boilers Co. Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. AIR VALVES (See Valves, Air) AIR WASHERS American Blower Co. , ' Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Buffalo Forge Co. Call, John, Co., The Pressure . American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Nash Engineering Co. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co.. Hart & Crouse Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Lebanon Boiler Works National Radiator Co. Newport Boiler Co. Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Petty. J. K., & Co., Inc. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. ' Turbine . Cooling and Air Conditioning American Blower Co. Corp. Wing, L. J., Mfg.- Co. Page, Win. H., Boiler Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Prox. Frank, Co. Reading Heater & Supply Co. Cooling Tower Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Ventilating Richmond Radiator Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. New York Blower Co.. Reed Air Filter Co.. Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. AMMONIA COILS (5 Coils, Ammonia) American Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co-, The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. _ Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Herman Nelson Corp. Smith, H. B., Co. __ Spencer Heater Co. ^ Thatcher Co., The . Titusville Iron Works U. S. Radiator Corp. Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Utica Heater Co. Weil-McLain Co. 563 Index to Modern Equipment Heating (Gas Fired) American Radiator Co. Ames Iron Works Ironton Bernhard Boiler Co. Bigelow Co., The Burnham Boiler Coro. Continental Heater Corp. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. General Boilers Co. Hart & Crouse Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Co National Radiator Co. Neptune Meter Co. ' Newport Boiler Co. Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Page, Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Prox, Frank, Co. Richmond Radiator Co. Spencer Heater Co. Titusville Iron Works U. S. Radiator Corp. Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Heating (Oil Fired) American Radiator Co. Ames Iron Works Ironton Bernhard Boiler Co. Bigelow Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Continental Heater Corp. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. General Boilers Co. Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Hart & Crouse Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Lebanon Boiler Works Newport Boiler Co. Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Petty, J. k., & Co., Inc. ' Pierce. Butler& Pierce Mfg. Corp. Prox, Frank, Co. Richmond Radiator Co. Smith, H. B.. Co. Spencer Heater Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Titusville Iron Works U. S. Radiator Corp. Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Utica Heater Co. Weil-McLain Co. Tubular Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Lebanon Boiler Works Oil City Boiler Works Petty, J. K., & Co., Inc. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Spencer Heater Co. Titusville Iron Works BRACKETS (See Hangers, Pipe and Radiator, and' Radiator Brackets) BREECHINGS Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. BURNERS--Oil (For Heating Boilers and Furnaces) American NoKol Co. Automatic Burner Corp. Ballard Oil Equipment Co. Johnson. S. T., Co. Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co. CABINETS--Furnace Art Metal Radiator Cover Co. Heat Bridgeport Rolling Mills, Inc. Herman Nelson Corp. Trane Co. CALORIMETERS--Steam Ellison, Lewis M. CEMENT--Asbestos (See Asbestos and Insulating Products) Fire Brick Johns-Manville, Inc. Pipe Joint Grinnell Company. Inc. Johns-Manville, Inc: Water Proof Johns-Manville. Inc. CENTRIFUGAL DRYERS (See Drying Apparatus) CLEANSER. BOILER AND HEATING SYSTEM No Rad Rust Corp. Vinco Co. "X" Laboratories COAL SAVER American Blower Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. Hays Corp., The Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. COCKS--Air Bishop.& Babcock Sales Co., The Mueller Co. Boiler Drain Mueller Co. Boiler Supply Mueller Co. Gage Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Jenkins Bros. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. COILS--Ammonia Badger. E. B.. & Sons Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Blast . Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Rome-Tumey Radiator Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Pipe American Blower Co. Badger. E. B.. & Sons Grinnell Co.. Inc. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Tank Badger, E. B., & Sons Kewanee Boiler Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. COLLECTORS, DUST (See Dust Collectors) COLUMNS--Water American Radiator Co. Oil City Boiler Works Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Titusville Iron Works COMPOUNDS--Boiler No Rad Rust Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Vinco Co. "X" Laboratories COMPRESSORS Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Nash Engineering Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Trane Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. CONDENSERS Alberger Heater Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Frank, O. E.. Heater & Engi neering Co.. Inc. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. CONDUIT--Underground Johns-Manville, Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Ric-wil Co. Control Equipment Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Johnson Service Co. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. CONTROL SWITCHES (See Switches, Control) CONTROLLERS--Boiler Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden berg Corp: * Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Hays Corp.. The Honeywell Heating SpecialtiesCo. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Electric Heat Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. ' American Radiator Co. Hays Corp., The Johnson Service Co. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Fan Engine American Blower Co. Clarage Fan Co. Kieley & Muller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. 564 Index to Modern Equipment Feed Water American Radiator Co. . American Schaeffer &-Buden- berg Corp. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Hays Corp., The Kieley & Mueller. Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Motor Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Economy Pumping Machinery * Co. Hays Corp.. The Mason Regulator Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Trane Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Pump Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Yeomans Brothers Co. Shower Bath - Mueller Co. Powers Regulator Co. Tank Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. . Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Hays Corp., The Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Temperature (See Regulators, Temperature) CONVEYING SYSTEMS (See Systems, Dust Collecting and Ex haust) COOLING EQUIPMENT-- Building American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Call. John. Co.. The Carrier Air Conditioning Corp. of America Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp. Cooling Tower Co. Drying Systems. Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. COOLING TOWERS Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling Tower Co. Spray Engineering Co. Cooling Ponds Spray Engineering Co. COUPLINGS Mogul Machine Co. COVERING--Boiler (See Asbes tos and Insulating Products) Magnesia Johns-Manville. Inc. Pipe and Tank Johns-Manville, Inc. Ric-wil Co. DAMPER--Quadrants York Heating & Ventilating Corp. DAMPER REGULATORS (See Regulators, Damper) DEHUMIDIFYING APPARA TUS American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Buffalo Forge Co. Call. John. Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Cooling Tower Co. * Drying Systems, Inc. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco. Inc. Reed Air Filter Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. DIFFUSERS--Air Carrier Engineering Corp. Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. DRAFT GAGES (SeeCages, Draft) DRYING APPARATUS American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Buffalo Forge Co. Call. John, Co.. The Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Drying Systems. Inc. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Lebanon Boiler Works Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Petty. J. K., & Co., Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co. Stickte Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. DUST COLLECTING SYSTEMS (See Systems, Dust Collecting) DUST COLLECTORS American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Call, John. Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling Tower Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. DUST COUNTERS Hill, E. Vernon, Co. . DUST FILTERS Cooling Tower Co. Drying Systems, Inc. Duro Air Filter Co. Midwest Air Filters. Inc. Reed Air Filters Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. ' DUST SEPARATORS (See Sep arators, Dust) ELBOWS--Radiator American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Fulton Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. ELECTRIC MOTORS (See Mo tors, Electric) ELIMINATORS--Air Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Call, John, Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co.. Inc. Mouat Vapor Heating Co. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pecco, Inc. Royal Ventilator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Skinner Bros.. Mfg. Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co. ENGINES--Fan American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Steam (Automatic, . High Speed, Throttling, Una-Flow, and Ver tical) American Blower Co. Ames Iron Works Clarage Fan Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Titusville Iron Works EXHAUST FANS (See Pans. Ex haust) EXHAUST HEADS Buffalo Forge Co. Call. John. Co., The- Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. - Patterson-Kelley Co. Pecco, Inc. Royal Ventilator Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. 565 Index to Modern Equipment EXHAUST SYSTEMS American Blower Co. ' Buffalo Forge Co. Call. John, Co.. The Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. EXPANSION JOINTS (See Joints. Expansion) FANS--Blower (See Blowers, Fan) Booster Furnace International Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Pipe Grinnell Company, Inc. International Heater Co. Westinghouse ^Electric & Mfg. Co. FOG ELIMINATORS American Blower Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co.' York Heating & Ventilating Corp. FOUNDATIONS Korfund Co., The Cork Foundation Co. Compound American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Trane Co. Pressure American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. . Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Hays Corp., The Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Mouat Vapor Heating Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Taylor Instrument Companies Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Steam American Blower Co. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Exhaust American Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Lar.genberg Mfg. Co. Herman Nelson Corp. New York Blower Co. Pecco. Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Col York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Ventilating American Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Call. John. Co., The Clarage Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pecco. Inc. , Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. FEEDERS (See Boiler Feeders) Boiler ` Kieley & Mueller. Inc. McDonnell & Miller Water Kieley & Mueller. Inc. McDonnell & Miller FURNACES--Automatic New York Blower Co. Sanford Riley Stoker Co. Boiler CoKal Co. Electric Westinghouse Electric & Mfg; Co. Pipeless Hart & Crouse Co. International Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Thatcher Co.. The Utica Heater Co. r Smokeless CoKal Co. Warm Air Hart & Crouse Co. International Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. . New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Thatcher Co., The Utica Heater Co. GAGE--Boards American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Hays Corp.. The ' Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Warren Webster & Co. Cocks (See Cocks, Gage) Glasses (See Glasses, Gage) American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Dunham, C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Taylor Instrument Companies Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Vacuum American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Water American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & . Buden- berg Corp. Marsh, Jas. P.% & Co. National Radiator Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co. Taylor Instrument Companies U. S. Radiator Corp. Furnaces (See Furnaces, Gas) Heaters--Room (See Heaters,Gas) Heating Systems (See Heating Systems, Gas) FILTERS--Air American Blower Co. Call. John, Co., The Cooling Tower Co. Drying Systems, Inc. Duro Air Filter Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. Herman Nelson Corp. Reed Air Filter Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co.. - FIRE BRICK CEMENT (See Ce ment, Fire Brick) FITTINGS--Flanged Grinnell Company, Inc. Valves (See Valves, Gage) GAGES--Air Pressure Hays Corp., The Draft American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Combustion Specialties Corp. Ellison, Lewis M. Hays Coro., The Higgin Mfg. Co. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. . Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Taylor Instrument Companies Warren Webster & Co. Water Heaters American Radiator Co. . Alberger Heater Co. Page, Win. H., Boiler Co. Smith, H. B., Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Thatcher Co.. The # Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. GASKETS--Asbestos Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville, Inc. Boiler Johns-Manville, Inc. 566 Index to Modern Equipment Metallic Johns-Manville, Inc. 1 Rubber Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville, Inc. ` . GATES--Blast American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. New York Blower Co. . Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. GENERATOR COOLING SYSTEMS American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling Tower Co. ' Drying Systems, Inc. Reed Air Filter Co. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. GENERATORS--Electric ' Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. ' Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. ' Heat (See Boilers, Furnaces and Heaters) Hot-Water American Radiator Co. Alberger Heater Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Excelso Specialty Works, Inc. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co., Inc.' \ HoneywellHeatingSpecialtiesCa Page. Wm. H., Boiler Co. Reading Heater & Supply Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Vacuum Illinois Engineering Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Trane Co. . GLASSES--Gage Jenkins Bros. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. GOVERNORS--Condensa tlon Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. . McAlear Mfg. Co. Trane Co., The - Warren Webster & Co. Pump (See Regulators, Pump) Vacuum (See Regulators, Vacuum) GRATES--Dumping Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Kewanee Boiler Co. ' Neemes Foundry. Inc. Oil City Boiler Works Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Rocking Kewanee Boiler Co. Neemes Foundry, Inc. . Oil City Boiler Works Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Shaking CoKal Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Neemes Foundry. Inc. Oil City Boiler Works Titusville Iron Works Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Stationary CoKal Co. GRILLES AND REGISTERS (See Registers and Grilles) HANGERS--Adjustable Pipe Fitzgibbons Boiler Co.. Inc. Grinnell Company, Inc. Healy-Ruff Co. Modern Mfg. Co. Smith, H. B., Co. Pipe Grinnell Company, Inc. Healy-Ruff Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. National Radiator Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Radiator American Radiator Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Healy-Ruff Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Modine Mfg. Co. National Radiator Co. Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co. Smith, H. B., Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. HEADERS Alberger Heater Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. HEAT EXCHANGERS American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corpl Drying Systems, Inc. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co.. Inc. Modine Mfg. Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. HEATERS--Air American Blower Co. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co., Inc. Modine Mfg. Co. Herman Nelson Corp. Nesbitt, John J., Inc. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Spencer Heater Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Warren Webster & Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. Automatic Hot Water American Radiator Co. Excelso Specialty Works, Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. ~`" Kewanee Boiler Co. Mueller Co. Neptune Meter Co. Blast Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. ' O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. ` Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Cabinet Bridgeport Rolling Mills, Inc. Herman Nelson Corp. Trane Co. ' Fan System Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Ug Electric Ventilating Co. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pecco, Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Feed Water . Alberger Heater Co. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co.. Inc. Patterson-Kelley Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Warren Webster & Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. Gas American Radiator Co. Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Hot Water Service Alberger Heater Co. American Radiator Co. Excelso Specialty Works, Inc. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co.. Inc. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Neptune Meter Co. Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Patterson-Kelley Co.. Prox, Frank, Co. ! Reading Heater & Supply Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Smith, H. B., Co. Spencer Heater Co. Thatcher Co., The . U. S. Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Indirect Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Excelso Specialty Works. Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Newport Boiler Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. ' . Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Smith. H. B., Co. . Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. 567 Index to Modern Equipment Industrial ' HEATING AND VENTILATING American Blower Co. APPARATUS Buffalo Forge Co. Drying Systems. Inc. Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. American Radiator Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Barnes & Jones Lebanon Boiler Works Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Modine Mfg. Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Pecco, Inc. Petty, J. K., & Co., Inc. Call. John, Co.. The Carrier Engineering Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Carrier Air Conditioning Corp. Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. of America Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Corp. Cooling Tower Co. Instantaneous Hot Water Alberger Heater Co. Frank. O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co.. Inc. Patterson-Kelley Co. Powers Regulator Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Duro Air Filter Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co.. Inc. Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co. Hart & Crouse Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. International Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Room Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. International Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Thatcher Co.. The Midwest Air Filters, Inc. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. Neptune Meter Co. Newport Boiler Co. New York Blower Co. Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co. Tank O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Page, W. H., Boiler Co. Alberger Heater Co. ` Pecco. Inc. American Radiator Co. Prox. Frank. Co. ' Burnham Boiler Corp. Reading Heater & Supply Co. Frank, O. E.. Heater & Engi Reed Air Filter Co. neering Co.. Inc. Richmond Radiator Co. International Heater Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Kewanee Boiler Co. National Radiator Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co. Smith, H. B., Co. Neotune Meter Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. , Spray Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Page. Wm. H-, Boiler Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Thatcher Co., The Prox. Frank, Co. , U. S. Radiator Corp. Reading Heater & Supply Co. ' Utica Heater Co. Smith. H. B.. Co. Warren Webster & Co. Spencer Heater Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. Thatcher Co.. The York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Weil-McLain Co. HEATING SPECIALTIES Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Unit American Schaeffer & Buden- Aerofin Corp. berg Corp. American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Barnes & Jones Bishoo & Babcock Sale9 Co.. The Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Combustion Specialties Corp. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Cork Foundation Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Herman Nelson Corp. Nesbitt. John J.. Inc. New York Blower Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A.,.Co. Fulton Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Hays Corn., The Pecco. Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F.t Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller Water (Incinerator) Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Mason Regulator Co. Alberger Heater Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Lebanon Boiler Works Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Mouat Vapor Heating Co. Nash Engineering Co. National Radiator'Co. Oil City Boiler Works Newport Boiler Co. _ Petty. J. K., & Co.. Inc. Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Powers Regulator Co. Reading Heater & Supply Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Young Pump Co. HEATING SYSTEMS--Gas American Blower Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, James P,, & Co. Mueller Co. Herman Nelson Corp. Neptune Meter Co. Newport Boiler Co. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Spencer Heater Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co. Warren Webster & Co. Hot Blast " Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pecco. Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Thatcher Co., The Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Hot Water Barnes & Jones Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Hart & Crouse Co. Honeywell HeatingSpecialtiesCo. International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Mueller Co. Modine Mfg. Co. National Radiator Co. Neptune Meter Co. Newport Boiler Co. . Page. Wm. H., Boiler Co. * Patterson-Kelley Co. Prox. Frank, Co. Reading Heater & Supply Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Richmond Radiator Co. ' Smith, H. B., Co. Spencer Heater Co. Thatcher Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Steam American Blower Co. Barnes & Jones Bishoo & Babcock Sales Co.. The Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Carrier Engineering Corp. Dunham, C. A., Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Hart & Crouse Co. Index to Modern Equipment Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. . Modine Mfg. Co. National Radiator Co. Newport Boiler Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Pecco. Inc. Richardson & Boynton Co. Richmond Radiator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Smith, H. B.. Co. Spencer Heater Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Thatcher Co., The Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Steam (Exhaust) American Blower Co. Barnes & Jones Bishoo & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. ' Carrier Engineering Corp. Dunham. C. A.. Co. Grinnell Company. Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Page, Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Smith, H. B., Co. . Stickle Steam Specialties Co. ' Trane Co. Warren Webster & Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Steam (Vacuum) American Blower Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Carrier Engineering Corp. Dunham. C. A., Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co. Mueller Co. Nash Engineering Co. Newport Boiler Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Page. Wm. H., Boiler Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Smith. H. B., Co. Spencer Heater Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. York Heating& Ventilating Corp. Steam (Vapor) Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Carrier Engineering Corp. Dunham, C. A,, Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Hart & Crouse Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. Monash-Younker Co. Mouat Vapor Heating Co. Herman Nelson Corp. Newport Boiler Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Smith, H. B., Co. Spencer Heater Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Warm-Air American Blower Co. Art Metal Radiator Cover Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Hart & Crouse Co. International Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco. Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Thatcher Co.. The HOT BLAST HEATING SYS TEMS (See Heating Systems, Hot Blast) HOT WATER CIRCULATING PUMPS (See Pumps, Circulating) HOT WATER HEATERS, AUTO MATIC (See Heaters, Automatic Hot Water) HUMIDITY CONTROL American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Cooling Tower Co. Drying Systems, Inc. Grinnell Company, Inc. Johnson Service Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. Modine Mfg. Co. . New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Taylor Instrument Companies INCINERATORS, Hot Water (See Heaters, Water, Incinerator) INSTRUMENTS--Air Testing (See Air Testing Instruments) Indicating American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Combustion Specialties Corp. Ellison. Lewis M. Hays Corp., The Hill. E. Vernon, Co. Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Recording HOT WATER HEATERS, IN STANTANEOUS (See Heaters, Instantaneous Hot Water) HOT WATER HEATERS, SERV ICE (See Heaters, Hot Water Service) American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Hays Corp., The Marsh. Jas. P.. & Co. Taylor Instrument Companies INSULATING LUMBER Celotex Co. HOT WATER HEATING SYS TEMS (See Heating Systems, Hot INSULATING MATERIALS (See Water) Asbestos and Insulating Products) HYGROMETERS Grinnell Company, Inc. HUMIDIFIERS American Blower Co. Art Metal Radiator Cover Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Bishoo & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Call, John, Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Cooling Tower Co. Drying Systems, Inc. Grinnell Company, Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Service Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Powers Regulator Co. -------Reed Air Filter Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Cold Celotex Co. Johns-Manville. Inc. Universal Gypsum & Lime Co. Heat Celotex Co. Johns-Manville, Inc. . Ric-wil Co. Universal Gypsum & Lime Co. Sound Deadening Cork Foundation Go. Korfund Co., The JOINTS--Expansion Alberger Heater Co. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Fulton Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Mogul Machine Co. Warren Webster & Co. Pipe Grinnell Company, Inc. 569 Index to Modern Equipment KILNS, DRY American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Drying Systems, Inc. New York Blower Co. . Sturtevant, B. F., Co. LIQUID, BOILER {Sec Boiler Liquid) MACHINES, REFRIGERATING . {See Refrigerating Machinery) MAGNESIA PRODUCTS {See As bestos and Insulating Products) MECHANICAL DRAFT APPARATUS American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. Hays Coro.. The Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Mason Regulator Co. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Wing, L. J.. Mfg. Co. METAL WEATHER STRIPS {See Weather Strips, Metal) METERS--Feed Water Johns-Manville, Iric. Flow Spray Engineering Co. Water Johns-Manville, Inc. Neptune Meter Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. . MICA Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. MOISTENERS, AIR {See Humidi fiers) . MOTOR CONTROLLERS {See Controllers, Motor) OIL BURNERS American NoKol Co. Automatic Burner Corp. Ballard Oil Equioment Co. Johnson, S.-T., Co. Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co. ORSATS Hays Corp., The PACKING--Asbestos Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville. Inc. New York Blower Co. Metallic Johns-Manville, Inc Rubber Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville, Inc. PIPE--Bending Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Cast Iron Grinnell Company, Inc. Coils {Sec Coils, Pipe) Covering {See Covering, Pipe and Tank; also. Conduits) Fittings Grinnell Company, Inc. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Hangers {See Hangers, Pipe) Joint Cement {See Cement, Pipe Joint) Plugs {See Plugs, Pipe) Wrought Iron and Steel . Grinnell Company, Inc. PIPELESS FURNACES {See Fur naces, Pipeless) PITOT TUBES AND GAGES Clarage Fan Co. Hays Coro., The Higgin Mfg. Co. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. PRESSURE GAGES {See Gages, Pressure) PROTECTORS--Radiator American Radiator Co. Art Metal Radiator Cover Co. Dixie Metal Products Co.,-Inc. Fulton Co. Modine Mfg. Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. PSYCHROMETERS Grinnell Company, Inc. Higgin Mfg. Co. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. Taylor Instrument Companies PUBLICATIONS American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Heating & Ventilating Magazine Hill, E. Vernon. Co. Warren Webster & Co. PUMPS--Air Bishoo & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Trane Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. Automatic Electric Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Gould Pumps, Inc. Nash Engineering Co. Trane Co. . Westinghouse Electric & Mfg`. Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. Yeomans Brothers Co. Young Pump Co. Boiler Feed MOTORS--Electric Honeywell Heating Specialties Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Service Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. NOZZLES--Brine Spray Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Cooling Tower Co. Spray Engineering Co. . Spray , American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Bayley Mfg. Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Co. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling Tower Co. New York Blower Co. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Warren Webster Co. PLATES--Floor American Radiator Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Modern Mfg. Co. National Radiator Co. PLUGS--Fusible Grinnell Company, Inc. Pipe Grinnell Company, Inc. POWER PLANT SUPPLIES American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Buffalo Forge Co. Cooling Tower Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham. C. A., Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Johns-Manville, Inc. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. Nash Engineering Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. Yeomans Brothers Co. Young Pump Co., Centrifugal Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps. Inc. Nash Engineering Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. Yeomans Brothers Co. Young Pump Co. 570 Index to Modern Equipment Circulating . Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. Nash Engineering Co- Trane Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. Yeomans Brothers Co. ' Condensation Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. Nash Engineering Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. Yeomans Brothers Co. Young Pump Co. Electric Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co, Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. Nash Engineering Co. Skidmore Corp. . Trane Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. Yeomans Brothers Co. Young Pump Co. Vacuum Buffalo Forge Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. Young Pump Co. RADIATOR --Air Valves {See Valves, Air) Brackets - American Radiator Co. Continental Heater Corp. Grinnell Company, Inc. Healy-Ruff Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Modern Mfg. Co. National Radiator Co. ' Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co. Smith, H. B.. Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Covers American Radiator Co. Art Metal Radiator Cover Co. Dixie Metal Products Co.. Inc. Reed Air Filter Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Rotary Buffalo Steam Pump Co. ' Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. Nash Engineering Co.. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. ELBOWS {See Elbows, Radiator) ENCLOSURES ~ Art Metal Radiator Cover Co. Dixie Metal Products Co., Inc. Hangers {See Hangers, Radiator) Humidifiers {See Humidifiers) Steam Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Nash Engineering Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. Return Line Valves {See Valves, Return Line) Shields {See Protectors, Radiator) Sump Buffalo Steam Pump. Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps. Inc. Nash Engineering Co. Trane Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Coin*. Yeomans Brothers Co. Triplex . Goulds Pumps, Inc. Turbine . Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps. Inc. Nash Engineering Co. Trane Co. . Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. Yeomans Brothers Co. Traps (See Traps, Radiator) Valves {See Valves, Radiator) RADIATORS--Fan System Aerofin Corp. ( American Blower Co.' American Radiator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Modine Mfg. Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Rome-Turney Radiator Co'. Smith, H. B., Co. ' Gas Grinnell Company, Inc. _ Hot Water Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Bridgeport Rolling Mill Co.__ Burnham Boiler Corp. Continental Heater Corp. Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Modine Mfg. Co. . - National Radiator Co. . Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co.' . Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richmond Radiator Co. Rome-Turney Radiator Co. Smith, H. B., Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Thatcher Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. . Utica Heater Co. Weil-McLain Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Steam Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Bridgeport Rolling Mill Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Continental Heater Corp. Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Modine Mfg. Co. . . National Radiator Co. Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richmond Radiator Co. Rome-Turney Radiator Co. Smith, H. B., Co. Thatcher Co., The . U. S. Radiator Corp. Utica Heater Co. Weil-McLain Co. ' Wall American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Continental Heater Corp. Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Modine Mfg. Co. . National Radiator Co. Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co. Page. Wm. H., Boiler Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richmond Radiator Co. Smith, H. B., Co. . U. S. Radiator Corp. Utica Heater Co. Weil-McLain Co. RECEIVERS--Air Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. . O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Titusville Iron Works Trane Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Ammonia - Titusville Iron Works Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. - Condensation ' Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Chicago Pump Co. Davis. G. M.t Regulator Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. Nash Engineering Co. Titusville Iron Works Trane Co. . 571 Index to Modern Equipment REFRIGERATING Dunham, C. A., Co. Vacuum ` MACHINERY Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling Tower Co. Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. REFRIGERATING SECTIONS American Radiator Co. REGISTERS AND GRILLES Art Metal Radiator Cover Co. Dixie Metal Products Co., Inc. Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. . Modine Mfg. Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. . REG ULATORS--Damper American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Fulton Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Johnson Service Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg.'Co. Mason Regulator Co. Mueller Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Pump American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Chicago Pump Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Honeywell HeatingSpecialties Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. Mueller Co. National Radiator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. ' Warren Webster & Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Co. Vapor Carrier Engineering Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Dunham. C. A., Co. Fulton Co. Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Mason Regulator Co. Minneaoolis Heat Regulator Co. Mouat Vapor Heating Co. Mueller Co. National Radiator Co. Herman Nelson Corp. .O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. ' Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The Steam Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Fulton Co.. The Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros.: Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. . McAlear Mfgl Co. Mueller Co. - Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. HoneywellHeatingSpecialtiesCo. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. Minneaoolis Heat Regulator Co. Mouat Vapor Heating Co. Herman Nelson Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Trane Co. . U. S. Radiator Corp. Water American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Fulton Co. Feed Water American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller Sarco Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Warren Webster & Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. Temperature Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . Mason Regulator Co. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Mueller Co. Powers Regulator Co. Reading Heater & Supply Co. Taylor Instrument Companies U. S. Radiator Corp. Water Level (See Controllers) Humidity Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. REHEATERS--Air American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Art Metal Radiator Cover Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Grinnell Company. Inc. Carrier Engineering Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Fulton Co. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Johnson Service Co. Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co- American Radiator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. New York Blower Co. Johnson Service Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Powers Regulator Co. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. - Taylor Instrument Companies National Radiator Co. Pressure Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Reading Heater & Supply Co. RELAY SWITCHES (See Switches, Control and Relay) American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer. & Budenberg Corp. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Companies ROOF VENTILATORS tilators, Roof) Ven Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. ROTARY DRYERS (See Drying Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. A PParatus) 572 Index to Modern Equipment ROTARY HACK SAW TOOLS STEAM SPECIALTIES Safety Excelso Specialty Works, Inc. SCALE REMOVER--Boiler No Rad Rust Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Vinco Co. "X" Laboratories , SCRUBBERS, AIR American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. SEPARATORS--Dust American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. ` Call. John, Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. YorkHeating & Ventilating Corp. Steam and Oil Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Warren Webster & Co. Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. , American Schaeffer & berg Corp. Buden- SYSTEMS--Domestic Hot Water Barnes & Jones ' Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Excelso Specialty Works. Inc. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Honeywell Heating SpecialtiesCo. Dunham, C. A., Co. International Heater Co. . Fulton Co. Smith. H. B.. Co. Hays Corp., The Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Spray Engineering Co. Spencer Heater Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Johns-Manville. Inc. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Dust Collecting Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Mason Regulator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Trane Co. Warren Webster & Co. American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Call, John. Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling Tower Co., Inc. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc., Reed Air Filter Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.,-Inc. Soray Engineering Co. STOKERS Riley Stoker Corp. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Sturtevant, B. F,, Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Exhaust (See Exhaust Systems) Pulverized Hot Blast SHEETS--Asbestos Johns-Manville. Inc. New York Blower Co. SHIELDS (See Protectors. Radi ator) SHOWER BATH CONTROLLERS (See Controllers. Shower Bath) SMOKE CONSUMER Combustion Specialties Corp. Hays Corp.. The Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. SOFTENERS, WATER (See Water Softeners) CoKal Co. Riley Stoker Corp. STRAINERS--Oil CoKal Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. Mueller Co. Sarco Co., Inc. ^ Steam Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. ' Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pecco. Inc. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Spray Cooling (See Spray Cooling Systems) SPECIALTIES, HEATING (See . Heating Specialties) SPECIALTIES--Sheet Metal Call, John. Co., The Sturtevant, B. F., Co. ` York Heating & Ventilating Corp* SPECIALTIES, STEAM (See Steam Specialties) SPRAY COOLING SYSTEMS American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling Tower Co. ' New York Blower Co. . Spray Engineering Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. Mueller Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Water Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. Mueller Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. SUPPLIES--Power Plant (See Power Plant Supplies) Temperature Control Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer- & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. . Fulton Co. HoneywellHeatingSpecialtiesCo. Illinois Engineering Co. Johnson Service Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. . Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. . Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Taylor Instrument Companies SPRAY NOZZLES (See Nozzles, Spray) STEAM CALORIMETERS (See Calorimeters. Steam) STEAM ENGINES (See Engines. Steam) STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS (See Heating Systems, Steam) SUPPORTS (See Hangers, Pipe and Radiator) SWITCHES--Control-Relay McDonnell & Miller Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. Trane Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Ventilating (See Ventilating Sys tems) TANK--Colls (See Coils. Tank) Covering (See Covering, Pipe and Tank) Heaters (See Heaters, Tank) 573 Index to Modern Equipment Regulators Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. - American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Fulton Co. Johnson Service Co. . Kieley & Mueller, Inc. . Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Mueller Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Companies TANKS--Blow-Off Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Lebanon Boiler Works Oil City Boiler Works . . Petty, J. K., & Co.. Inc. Titusville Iron Works Cast Iron Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Pressure Ames Iron Works American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Kewanee Boiler Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. . Lebanon Boiler Works Oil City Boiler Works Petty, J. K., & Co., Inc. Titusville Iron Works Storage Ames Iron Works Frank. O.' E., Heater & Engi neering Co. Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Kewanee Boiler Co. Lebanon Boiler Works National Radiator Co. Oil City Boiler Works Page, Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Patterson-Kelley`Co. ' Petty, J. K., & Co., Inc. Titusville Iron Works TEMPERATURE REGULA TORS (See Regulators, Tempera ture) THERMOMETERS American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Hays Corp.. The Hill, E. Vernon, Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. National Radiator Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Powers Regulator Co. Taylor Instrument Companies U. S. Radiator Corp. THERMOSTATS Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Fulton Co. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Johnson Service Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Taylor Instrument Companies Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. TRAPS--Air Blast Grinnell Company, Inc. Float Barnes & Jones Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A.. Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. . Sarco Co., Inc. Trane Co. Radiator Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Johns-Manville, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Mouat Vapor Heating Co. Mueller Co. National Radiator Co. ' O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Return American Blower Co. ' Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Johns-Manville, Inc. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Mouat Vapor. Heating Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Return (Siphon) , Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Steam American Blower Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Grinnell Company, Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Johns-Manville, Inc. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Monash-Younker Co.. Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Powers Regulator Co. v Reading Heater & Supply Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Thermostatic Dunham. C. A., Co. Vacuum American Blower Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Johns-Manville, Inc. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. ` McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. - Warren Webster & Co. TURBINES--Steam Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. TURBO-BLOWERS American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. UNDERGROUND PIPE CON DUIT (See Conduits, Underground Pipe) UNIT HEATERS--(See Healers, Unit) VACUUM--Cleaning Apparatus Buffalo Forge Co. Nash Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Dryers (See Drying Apparatus) Gages (See Cages, Vacuum) Heating Systems (See Heating Systems, Steam Vacuum) Pumps (See Pumps, Vacuum) Regulators (See Regulators, Vacuum) Specialties (See Heating Special ties) ; Traps (See Traps, Vacuum) - VALVES--Air American Radiator Co, American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The, Burnham Boiler Corp. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. . Fulton Co. . Healy-Ruff Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Jenkins Bros. ' Kieley & Mueller, Inc. . 574 Index to Modern Equipment Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Marsh Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Mouat Vapor Heating Co. Mueller Co. - National Radiator Co. National Radiator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Page, Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Powers Regulator Co. Smith. H. B.. Co. . Hot Water Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- Angle, Check and Globe American Radiator Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co., The Grinnell Company, Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Marsh Valve Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. National Radiator Co. . O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. berg Corp. ' Barnes & Jones Burnham Boiler Corp. Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co., The Jenkins Bros.. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Marsh Valve Co. National Radiator Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. U. S. Radiator Corp. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Magnetic Powers Regulator Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Back-Pressure Modulating Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. , Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. . Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Blow-Off Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Jenkins Bros. Mueller Co. , U. S. Radiator Corp. Float American Radiator Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Miieller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. - Trane Co. . Gage Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Grinnell Company, Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Gate American Radiator Co. Dole Valve Co., The Jenkins Bros. Marsh, Jas. P. & Co. . Marsh Valve Co. National Radiator-Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones - Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham. C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc.. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. ' Marsh Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Sarco Co.. Inc. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Packless American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones . Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Fulton Co. Illinois Engineering Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. - Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Marsh Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co.. Inc. Mouat Vapor Heating Co. National Radiator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. : Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Sarco Co., Inc. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Radiator Graduating American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham, C. A.. Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. . Jenkins Bros. ' McAlear Mfg. Co. American Radiator Co. Art Metal Radiator Cover Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co.. The Dunham, C. A., Co. Fulton Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. International Heater Co. . Jenkins Bros. .. McAlear Mfg. Co. ' Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. ,> Marsh Valve Co. f'' Monash-Younker-Co., Inc. i' Mouat Vapor Heating Co. ' ` National Radiator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Reducing American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Fulton Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. Mueller Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Regrindlng Jenkins Bros. . Relief American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- . berg Corp. " Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Neptune Meter Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Titusville Iron Works Return Line American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Fulton Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. . Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. Mouat Vapor Heating Co. National Radiator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Safety . American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. . Burnham Boiler Corp. Davis. G. M.. RegulatorCo. Jenkins Bros. Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. Mueller Co. National Radiator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. . Titusville Iron Works Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. 575 Index to Modern Equipment Steam Feed Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. . Thermostatic American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The ' Dole Valve Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Fulton Co. . Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. ' Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. ' Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Companies Trane Co. Vacuum American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Marsh Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. . Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Titusville Iron Works Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Vapor American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Marsh Valve Co. Monash-Younker, Co. Mouat Vapor Heating Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc.' . Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. . VAPOR HEATING SYSTEMS (See Healing Systems, Steam) (Vafior) VENTILATING--B1 o w e r s (See Blowers, Ventilating) ' Fans (See Fans, Ventilating) Systems Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling .and Air Conditioning Corp. Cooling Tower Co.. Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. Herman Nelson Corp. Nesbitt, John J., Co. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pecqo, Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. VENTILATORS--Mushroom American Blower Co. Call. John. Co.. The Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Roof Buffalo Forge Co. Cali. John, Co.. The Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johns-Manville, Inc. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Peceo. Inc. Royal Ventilator Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Window Call, John, Co.. The Sturtevant, B. F., Co. VENTS--Air American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Call. John, Co., The Dole Valve Co.. The Dunham, C. A., Co. Fulton Co., The Higgin Mfg. Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co. WARM-AIR FURNACES (See Furnaces, Warm A ir) WARM-AIR HEATING SYS TEMS (See Heating Systems, Warm Air) WATER COLUMNS (See Columns, Water) WATER GAGES (See Cages, Water) WATER FEEDERS (See Feeders, Water) WATER HEATERS (See Heaters, and Gas, Water Heaters) WATER METERS (See Meters, Water) . WATER-PROOF CEMENT (See Cement, Water Proof) WEATHER STRIPS--Metal Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co. Higgin Mfg, Co. 576 Index to Advertisers American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide 1926-27 Page Absolute Con-Tac-Tor Corp., Elkhart, Ind........................................................................ 397 Aerofin Corp., Newark, N. J.......................................................................................... 434r-437 Alberger Heater Co., 281 Chicago St.f Buffalo, N. Y................................................... . 427 American Blower Co., Detroit, Mich.................................................................................... 404 American Nokol Co., 215 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111--..................:.............. 388 American Radiator Co., 1807 Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y................................ 313-315 American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y............................................... 450 Ames Iron Works, Oswego, N. Y..................................... ............................................. 355-361 Art Metal Radiator Co., 1732 North Kolmar Ave., Chicago, 111.......................... 488-489 Automatic Burner Corp., 312 North May St., Chicago, 111--........................................ 389 E. B. Badger & Sons Co., 75 Pitts St., Boston, Mass...................................................... 402 Ballard Oil Equipment Co., 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y....................................... 390 Barnes & Jones, 5 Melrose St., Boston, Mass.................................................................... * 493 Bigelow Co., New Haven, Conn............................................................................................ 316 Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., Cleveland, Ohio................................................................... 494 Bridgeport Rolling Mills, Inc., Bridgeport, Conn..................................................... 484-485 Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y.................... ........................................ 405 Buffalo Steam Pump Co., Buffalo, N. Y.............................................................................. 467 Burnham Boiler Corp., Irvington, N. Y.............................................................................. 317 John Call Co., 122 N. Franklin St., Philadelphia, Pa--................................................ 554 Carrier Air Conditioning Co. of America, Buffalo, N. Y................................................. 405 Carrier Engineering Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J..................... 304-305 The Celotex Co., 645 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111--.................................. 454--455 Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co., I nc., 1644 Lafayette Blvd., Detroit, M ich 462--463 Chicago Pump Co., 2336 Wolfram St., Chicago, 111.......................................................... 472 Clarage Fan Co., Kalamazoo, Mich..................................................................................... 406* CoKal Stoker Corp., 1010 Wrigley Bldg., Chicago, III................................................... 533 Combustion Specialties Corp., 250 West 54th St., New York, N. Y............................ 495 Continental Heater Corp., Dunkirk, N. Y.................................................................. 318-319 Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp., 31 Union Sq. W., New York, N. Y.................. 306 Cooling Tower Co., Inc., 15 John St., New York, N. Y.................................................. 308 Cork Foundation Co., 315 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y.................................-............... 412 577 Index to Advertisers . - Page D. & T. Mfg. Co., 3001 La Salle St., St. Louis, Mo........ .................. ,........................... 440 Dixie Metal Products Co., Birmingham, Ala--......v............... ........... ............... ................ 487 G. M. Davis Regulator Co., 407 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, 111................... .-.......... . 505 Dole Valve Co., Chicago, 111.........,............... '.......... .............. ............. ............................. 547 Duro Air Filter Co., 3151 Shields Ave., Chicago, 111........................................................ 309 Drying-Systems, Inc., 1800 Foster Ave., Chicago, 111................ ............................ 400-401 G: A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., Chicago, 111.................................................... 496^99 Economy Pumping Machinery Co., 122 N. Curtis St., Chicago, 111................... 468-469 Lewis M. Ellison, 214 W. Kinzie St.* Chicago, 111_-............................................... 398-399 Excelso Specialty Works, 119 Clinton St:, Buffalo, N. V............................................... 428 Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., 570 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y................................ 320-322 Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co., 621 Bulletin Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa.............................. ...-. 486 O. E. Frank Heater & Eng. Co., Inc., 20 Milburn St., Buffalo, N. Y............. . 430-431 The Fulton Co., Knoxville, Tenn............................................................................... 500-504 General Boilers Co., Waukegan, 111............................................. ......... ....................... 324-325 Gould Pumps, Inc., Seneca Falls, N. Y.......................... -- ......................470--471 Grinnell Company, Inc., 275 W. Exchange St., Providence, R. 1........................ 445-449 Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp., 15 Park Row, New York, N. Y..................................... 323 Hart & Crouse Co., Utica, N. Y.................... ............................326-327 The Hays Corp., Michigan City, Ind..............................:.......... ........... :......................... . 451 Healy-Ruff Co., Minneapolis, Minn...... ............................:................ ..................... ........... 492 Heating & Ventilating Magazine, 1123 Broadway, New York, N. Y......................... 482 Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co., Joliet, 111.............................. ........... I............................... 328-330 Higgin Mfg. Co., Newport, Ky................................... :.............................................. 464-465 E. Vernon Hill Co., 64 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111.................................................... 481 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc., 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y.................... 506-515 Honeywell Heating Specialty Co., Wabash, Ind..............................,......... 535 Ilg Electric Ventilating Co., 2850 N. Crawford Ave., Chicago, 111..................... ........ 407 Illinois Engineering Co., 21st and Racine Aves., Chicago, 111.... .............. ............ 516-517' International Heater Co., 101 Park Ave., Utica, N. Y........................................... 331-335 Ironton Bernhard Boiler Mfg. Co., Ironton, Ohio............................ ............... ................ 336 Jenkins Bros., 80 White St., New York, N. Y.................................................................. 548 Johns-Manville, Inc., 234 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.......... ........................ 456-^460 Johnson Service Co., Milwaukee, Wis..................................................-....................... 536-540 S. T. Johnson Co., 940 Arlington Ave., Oakland, Calif....... ..................................... .. 391 Kewanee Boiler Co., Kewanee, III.......--............................... ...................................... 337-343 Kieley & Mueller, Inc., 34 West 13th St., New York, N. Y.......................................-- 520 Klipfel Mfg. Co., 2651 W. Harrison St., Chicago, 111............................................. 518-519 Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co., 202 Franklin St., New York, N. Y.............., 307 The Korfund Co., 231 East 42nd St., New York, N, Y................................................. 413 ` 578 . Index to Advertisers ' Page Langenberg Mfg. Co., 4549 North Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Mo............... ----......-........- 414 Lebanon Boiler Works, Lebanon, Pa.......................................................... ......................... 344 McAlear Mfg. Co., 1901 South Western Ave., Chicago, III...... -......-....... ................. 521 McDonnell & Miller, Wrigley Bldg., Chicago, 111............................................................. 383 Jas. P. Marsh & Co., 118 South Clinton St., Chicago, 111................-.................. - 522-523 Marsh Valve Co., Dunkirk, N. Y..................... --.....-........... -.................................. '550-553 Mason Regulator Co., 1190 Adams St., Boston, Mass.................................................... 524. Midwest Air Filters, Inc., Bradford, Pa...............................................................:......... -.....310 Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co., Minneapolis, Minn............................. -.......... -.......... 541 Modern Mfg. Co., 4734 Hough Ave., Cleveland, Ohio........... ----................. 490-491 Modine Mfg. Co., Racine, Wis....... .............. -........... -................................... - ...... ......... 418 Mogul Machine Co., Witherspoon Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa...*.---.... -........ .......---...... 403 Molby Boiler Co., Inc., 41 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y...:..............-----................. 345 Monash-Younker Co., Inc., 553 West Monroe St., Chicago, 111...............-................... 525 Mouat Vapor Heating Co., West Fourth St., Cleveland, Ohio.....:............................... 441 Mueller Co., Decatur, Iil......................................................................................................... 442 Nash Engineering Co., South Norwalk, Conn.......-- --~........ ..................................... 473 National Radiator Co., Johnstown, Pa--........--....... .......-................ -...................... 346-347 Neemes Foundry, Inc., Troy, N. Y.......-............................................................................. . 415 Herman Nelson Corp., Moline, 111.................. -.....................-................................... j - 396, 419 Neptune Meter Co., 50 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y................................... -........... 443 J. J. Nesbitt, Inc., State Rd. & Rhawn St., Holmesburg Jet., Philadelphia, Pa. 420-423 Newport Boiler Co., 529 South Franklin St., Chicago, 111................................... -......... 348 New York Blower Co., 2248 South Halsted St., Chicago, 111......................................... 408 Niagara Radiator and Boiier Co., North Tonawanda, N. Y....................... ................. : 349 No Rad Rust Corp., Lancaster, Pa..'............................................................................ 384r-385 O-E Specialty Mfg. Co., Milwaukee, Wis.._...............................-........................................ 526 Oil City Boiler Works, Oil City, Pa........................................... -......... -............. ......- 350-351 Wm. H. Page Boiler Co., 58 West 40th St., New York, N. Y...................................... 352 Patterson-Kelley Co., 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y............................. --............... - 429 Pecco Incorporated, 2951 North Market St., St. Louis, Mo............................. ............ 426 Pierce, Butler & Pierce Corp., 41 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y.... -........--354, 549 Powers Regulator Co., 2715 Greenview Ave., Chicago, 111...... .............................. 542-546 Frank Prox Co., Terre Haute, Ind.._................................................... -............................... 353 Reading Heater & Supply Co., Woodward and Church Sts., Reading, Pa...--......... 444 Reed Air Filter Co., 202 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky.......... ......................................... 311 Richardson & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y--....................... 362--363 Richmond Radiator Co., 1480 Broadway, New York, N. Y................................. 364r-365 The Ric-wil Co., Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio.........................................-......... - 453 Riley Stoker Corp., 9 Neponsit St., Worcester, Mass.-...... -..... -..... ---- ............ - 534 Rome-Tiirney Radiator Co., Rome, N. Y..............- --............................................... 438^439 Royal Ventilator Co., 415 Locust St., Philadelphia, Pa.................................................. 555 579 . Index to Advertisers Page Sarco Co., Inc., 183 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y............................................ 528-529 Skidmore Corp., 1535 Dayton St., Chicago, 111................................................................. 476 Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., .1400 South Vandeventer Ave., St. Louis, Mo.............. 416-417 H. B. Smith Co., .Westfield, Mass........................ ................................... ................... 366-369 Spray Engineering Co., 60 High St., Boston, Mass.................... ................................ . 312 Spencer Heater Co., Willamsport, Pa.......................................................................... 370-371 Stickle Steam Specialty Co., 502 South Penn St., Indianapolis, Ind........................... 527 B. F. Sturtevant Co., Damon St., Hyde Park, Bpston, Mass... ..................... .............. 409 Taylor Instrument Companies, Rochester, N. Y.............................................................. 452 The Thatcher Co., 39-41 St. Francis St., Newark, N. J.._.... ,........................................ 372 Titusville Iron Works, Titusville, Pa................................................................................... 373 The Trane Co., La Crosse, Wis.................................................... 394-395, 474-475, 530-531 Universal Gypsum & Lime Co-, 111 West Washington St., Chicago, 111.................... 461 Universal Smokeless Boiler Co., Ravenna, Ohio.... ................................................... 378-379 U. S. Radiator Co., 133 East Grand River Ave., Detroit, Mich.......................... 374-377 Utica Heater Co., Utica, N. Y............................................................ i.......................... 380-381 The Vinco Co., Inc., 75 Vesey St., New York, N. Y........................................................ 386 Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., Camden, N. J...................................... 532 Weil-McLain Co., 641 West Lake St., Chicago, III.......................................................... 382 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa................................................ 466 Whitlock Coil Pipe Co., Hartford, Conn.........................................................!.....!.... 432-433 L. J. Wing Mfg. Co., 663 Hudson St., New York, N. Y....................................... 410-411 Winslow Boiler & Engineering Col, 208 South La Salle St., Chicago, 111......... 392-393 Worthington Pump & Mch. Corp., 115 Broadway, New York, N. Y.._..................... 477 "X" Laboratories, 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y....... .......................................... 387 Yeomans Bros. Co., 1433 Dayton St., Chicago, 111................................... York Heating & Ventilating Corp., 1502 Locust St., Philadelphia, Pa. ...... 480 424--425 478-479 580 Roll of Membership American society of HEATING and VENTILATING ENGINEERS 1926-1927 Contains Lists of Members Arranged Alphabetically and Geographically also Lists of Officers and Committees, Past Officers and Local Chapter Officers Corrected to July 1926 Published at the Headquarters of the Society . 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y. Officers and Council American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1926 President....... :.......:.................................... .......... W. H. Driscoll, Long Island City, N. Y. First Vice-President................... .................... .............. _F. Paul Anderson, Lexington, Ky. Second Vice-President......1.............. ............................................. A. C. Willard, Urbana, 111. Treasurer................................................................ -............ W. E. Gillham, Kansas City, Mo. Secretary....................................... ................................................... ................ A. V. Hutchinson Council W. H. Driscoll, Chairman F. Paul Anderson, Vice-Chairman W. H. Carrier W. T. Jones J. A. Cutler S. E. Dibble W. E. Gillham C. V. Haynes E. B. Langenberc. Thornton Lewis J. F. McIntire A. C. Willard Committees of the Council . Executive: F. Paul Anderson, Chairman; J. A. Cutler, A. C. Willard. Finance: Thornton Lewis, Chairman; E. B. Langenberg, J. F. McIntire. Membership: W. E. Gillham, Chairman; C. V. Haynes, W. T. Jones. Publication: S. E. Dibble, Chairman; F. Paul Anderson, W. H. Carrier. Advisory Council S. E. Dibble, Chairman; Homer Addams, R. P. Bolton, H. P. Gant, John Gormley,. John F. Hale, H. M. Hart, E. Vernon Hill, J. D. Hoffman, S. A. Jellett, D. D. Kimball, J. H. Kinealy, S. R. Lewis, J. I. Lyle, J. R. McColl, D. M. Quay, C. L. Riley, C. B. J. Snyder, F. R. Still, W. S. Timmis: Research Department Committee on Research: H. P. Gant, Chairman; F. C. Houghten, Director; O. P. Hood, Ex-Officio Member. Homer Addams, E. Vernon Hill, Alfred Kellogg, J. R. McColl, F. R. Still (1 year); Wm. H. Driscoll, H. M. Hart, C. V. Haynes, J. I. Lyle, Perry West (2 years); W. H. Carrier, S. E. Dibble, C. F. Eveleth, H. P. Gant, E. B. ' Langenberg (3 years). . Technical Advisory Committees Committee on Subjects: S. R. Lewis, Chairman; David S. Boyden, J. A. Donnelly, N. W. Downes, W. G. Fraser, J. E. Gallaher, J. R. McColl, Ernest Szekely. Committees--1926 Committee on Infiltration: A. C. Willard, Chairman; D. Knickerbacker Boyd, L. A. Harding, A. P. Kratz, E. B. Langenberg, H. J. Meyer, W. S. Timmis. Committee on Radiation: R. V. Frost, Chairman; R. C. Bolsinger, C. W, Brabbee, R. B. Dickson, G. M. Getchow, E. H. Lockwood, J. F. McIntire, F. B. Rowley. Committee on Pipe Sizes: . J. A. Donnelly, Chairman; C. F. Eveleth, Vice-Chairman; T. M. Dugan, W. L. Durand, J. E. Emswiler, H. M. Hart, C. V. Haynes, J. H. Walker. Committee on Temperature, Humidity and Air Motion: W, H. Carrier, Chairman; F. P. Anderson, W. L. Fleisher, J. F. Hale, E.S. Hailett, BurtS. Harrison, E. V. Hill. Committee on Heat Transmission through Building Materials: L. A. Harding, Chairman; F. R. Ellis, E. W. Legier, E. F. Mueller, P. Nicholls, S. A. Pope, F. B. Rowley, A. E. Stacey, O. N. Walther, H. P. Wood. Nominating Committee: Homer Addams, E. S. Hailett, E. P. Heckel, Alfred Kellogg, F. D. Mensing. Guide Publication Committee: Perry West, Chairman; A. R. Acheson, J. E. Bolling, L. A. Harding, C. V. Haynes, E. V. Hill, S. R. Lewis, W. J. McConnell, C. L. Riley, A. C. Willard, C. P. Yaglou. Committee on Increase of Membership: C. V. Haynes, Chairman; W. E. Austin, W. J. Carroll, C. W. Farrar, C. P. Lichty, W. R. Mead, H. C. Murphy, E. A. Peterson, E. A. Stark, H. G. Thomas, R. N. Trane, E. H. Whittemore. . Committee to Cooperate with Rochester School Board: Perry West, Chairman; W. H. Carrier, Vice-Chairinan; A. R. Acheson, E. V. Hill, John Howatt, Alfred Kellogg, S. R. Lewis, C. L. Riley. Committee on Standards of Ventilation: W. H. Carrier, Chairman; F. R. Still, Vice Chairman; E. P. Bradley, F. R. Ellis, E. S. Hailett, E. V. Hill, F. C. Houghten, John Howatt, J. R. McColl, R. R. Sayers, Perry West, A. C. Willard. Committee on Code of Healing & Ventilating: L. A. Harding, Gen. Chairman. Sub-Corn. 1. Definition of Terms................-............................. F. Paul Anderson, Chm. Sub-Com. II. . Ventilation Requirements for Public Buildings..... ............ E. V. Hill, Chm. Sub-Com. III. Requirements for Heating Buildings........................... A. C. Willard, Chm. - Sub-Com. IV. Direct Steam or Hot-Water Radiation..............................R. V. Frost, Chm. Sub-Com. V. Indirect Steam or Hot-Water Radiation.:.................... -L. C. Soule, Chm. ' Sub-Com. VI. Heating Boiler Capacity------------------ --------- --- ----- J. p. McIntire, Chm. Sub-Com. VII. Warm Air Furnace Heating.......................................J- D. Hoffman, Chm. Sub-Com. VIII. Design of Chimneysand Flues.... ....I............................ J* R- McColl, Chm. Sub-Com. IX. Pipe Sizes for Steam Heating........ ......... ................ -J. A, Donnelly, Chm. Sub-Com. X Pipe Sizes for Hot-Water Heating.................................W..S. Timmis. Chm. Sub-Com. XI. Air Ducts for Ventilation.................................................C. A. Booth, Chm. Sub-Com. XII. Air Washers and Humidifiers....................... .............. W. H. Carrier. Chm. Sub-Com. XIII. Pumps for Heating Systems ......................................... Perry West, Chm. * Sub-Com. XIV. Standard Symbols for Drawings................................... J- H. Walker, Chm. 3 Officers of Local Chapters 1926-27 Cleveland Headquartgrs, Cleveland Meets: Second Friddy in'Month President, J. J. Kissick 1768 Wayside Road Secretary, W. C. Kammerbr 412 Finance Bldg. - Colorado Headquarters, Denver ` Meets: Second Monday in Month President, Oscar G. Ward .1230 California Street . Secretary, R. B. Gillespie ' American Radiator Co. ' 24th and Blake Streets Illinois Headquarters, Chicago Meets: Second Monday in Month President, Albert B. Martin 822 West Washington Blvd. Secretary, H. G. Thomas 549 W. Washington Blvd. Kansas City Headquarters, Kansas City, Mo. Meets: First Monday in Month President, Nate W. Downes 602 Finance Bldg. Secretary, R. B. Johnson 411 E. Tenth Street Massachussetts Headquarters. Boston Meets: First Monday in Month President, D. S. Boyden 39 Boylston Street Secretary, J. W. Brinton 10 High Street . . . Michigan Headquarters, Detroit Meets: First Monday after the 10th of the Month President, J. F. McIntire 133 East Grand River Ave. 'Secretary, W. G. Beales Webster Hall Minnesota Headquarters, Minneapolis Meets: Second Monday in Month President, A. M. Wagner 692 Prior Ave., N., St. Paul, Minn. Secretary, E. B. Gordon, Jr. 3215 Girard Ave., S. New York Headquarters, New York Meets: Third Monday in Month President, R. H. Carpenter 350 Madison Ave. Secretary, E. B. Johnson 154 Wardwell Ave., W. New Brighton, S. Western New York Headquarters, Buffalo Meets: First Monday in Month President, Roswell Farnham 490 Broadway ' Secretary, O. K. Dyer . 490 Broadway Ontario Headquarters, Toronto, Can. Meets: First Monday in Month President, A. J. Dickey 1523 Davenport Road Secretary, M. W. Shears 53 Sylvan Ave. Philadelphia . Headquarters, Philadelphia Meets: Second Thursday in Month President, Benjamin Adams 612 Otis Bldg. . Secretary, S. S. Whitby 1503 Sansom Street - Pittsburgh Headquarters, Pittsburgh Meets: First Monday in Month President, C. W. Wheeler 1104 May Bldg. Secretary, Margaret Ingels A. S. H. & V. E. Laboratory U. S. Bureau of Mines . - . St. Louis Headquarters, St. Louis Meets: First Wednesday in Month President, E. B. Langenbbrg 4519 N. Euclid Ave. Secretary, R. E. Graves 1014 Holland Bldg. . Wisconsin Headquarters, Milwaukee Meets: Third Monday in Month President, R. G. Olson 911 Majestic Bldg. . Secretary, F. R. Dannies 1801 St. Paul Ave. - 4 Roll of Membership American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1926-27 \ HONORARY MEMBERS BALDWIN, WM. J. (1915), New York, N. Y. (Deceased May 7, 1924.) BILLINGS, DR. J. S. (1896), New York, N. Y. (Deceased March 10, 1913.) GORMLY, JOHN (Charter Member), Norristown, Pa. NEWTON, C. W. (Charter Member), Baltimore, Md. (Deceased August 6, 1920.) LIST OF MEMBERS IN GOOD STANDING Arranged Alphabetically--All Grades (Asterisk indicates authorship of papers) (Junior 1916; Associate 1918; 1923) indicates. Elected Junior Member 1916; Elected Associate Member 1918; Elected Member 1923. (Pres. 1923) indicates, Elected President in 1923 and is now a Presidential Member. A ABBOUD, Alfred, (Junior 1924), Htg. and Vtg. ' Engr., J. Gallivan Co., 153 N. Washington St., and (for mail) 21 Milford St., Boston, Mass. ABRAMS, Abraham, (Junior 1924), Secy, and Treas., (for mail), Berman Rathe Corp., 155 East 128th St., and 640 West 153rd St.. New York. N. Y. ACHERSON, AlbertR., (1919). Prof. Mech. Engrg., Syracuse University, and (for mail) 601 Eckel Theatre Bldg.. Syracuse. N. Y. ADAMS, Benjamin, (1919), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), American Blower Co.. 612 Otis Bldg., Philadelphia, and 3006 W. Coulter St., Queen Lane Manor, Philadelphia. Pa. ADAMS, Charles W., (1920), Vice-Pres., (for* mail). The Daly Co., 1425 16th St., and Denver Athletic Club, Denver, Colo. ADAMS, Henry, (Charter Member; Presidential Member), (Pres. 1899; Board of Managers 1894; Council 1895; 1898; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1897), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 1263-1269 Calvert Bldg., and 609 West 40th St., Baltimore, Md. ADDAMS, Homer, (Charter Member; Presidential Member), (Council 1915-1925; Treas. 1915-1922; 1st Vice-Pres. 1923; Pres. 1924), Pres., (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., Inc.. 570 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y. and 405 High St., German- town, Pa. ADDY, Edward, (1923), Supervising Engr.. Board of Education, 155 College St., and 31 Deloraine St., Toronto. Ont., Can. ADDY, Robert, (1919), Plbg. and Htg. Con tractor, 7012 Fort St., W., Detroit, Mich. ADLER, Alphonse A.,* (1921), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 9 Murray St., New York, N. Y., and 35 Stewart Ave.. Arlington, N. J. ADRIANSE, Paul R., (1923), Sales Engr., Buffalo Forge Co., 368 Kirby Bldg., Cleveland, O. AHERN, Thos. L., (Junior 1923). Vice-Pres., (for mail), John F. Ahern Co., 80 S. Portland St., and 157 Sixth St., Fond du Lac, Wig. AHLFF, Albert A., (Associate 1918; 1923), Br. Mgr., Spencer Heater Co.. 433 Jackson Bldg., and (for mail), 621 Crescent Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. ALEXANDER. Alfred D., (1915), Consulting Engr., 19 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, and (for mail), 168 Marion St., Oak Park, 111. ALEXANDER, Charles H., (1926). Br. Mgr. and Mfgr's. Agent, 101 Campau Ave., N.W., and 532 Paris Ave., S.E., Grand Rapids. Mich. ALGER, Richard W., (1911), Vice-Pres. and Treas., (for mail). Marye, Alger & Alger, Inc., Archts., 801-6 Walton Bldg., and 15 Penn Ave., Atlanta, Ga. ALLAN, Chas. D., (1920), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 127 N. Dearborn St., and 4526 Dover St., Chicago. 111. ALLEN, Harry D., (1917). Htg. and Vtg. Con tracting.. (for mail), Harry D. Allen 2940 W. Lake St., and 1640 N. Tuna Ave., Chicago. 111. ALLEN, LeRoy E., (1921). Contracting Engr., (for mail). Grinnell Co., Inc., and 15 N. Elm St.. Warren. O. ALLEN, W. Harwell, (Junior 1910; 1911). Pres.. State Htg. & Power Co.. 272 Walnut St., and (for mail), 1346 Goodbar Place, P. O. Box* 331, Memphis. Tenn. ALLING, Harold W., (Junior 1917; Associate 1925). Accountant and. Engr., (for mail), Chimside. Roberts & Langston, 170 Broadway, New York, N. Y., and 529 River St., Hoboken, N. J. ALLISON. Orrie H., (1915), Jobstown, N. J. ALMIRALL, Juan A., (1897). Pres.. Almirall & Co.. Inc., 66 W. Broadway, New York, N. Y. ALT, Harold L.,* (1913), P. O. Box 1188. Shang hai. China. ALVORD, Arthur M., (1926), Pres., (for mail), Alvord & Swift, Grand Central Terminal, New York, and 240 Hamilton Ave., New Rochelle. N. Y. AMIRAL, J. H., (Associate 1925), (for mail). Rutzer Htg. Co., 404 East 49th St., New York, and 2713 Voorhees Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y..- AMMERMAN, Charles R., (1916), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 925 Continental Bk. Bldg., and 3908 Guilford Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. AMSTEIN, Albert W., (1924). Western Dist. Mgr., (for mail). Buckeye Blower Co., 608 S. Dearborn St., and 8314 S. Paulina St., Chicago, III. 5 Roll of Membership ANDEL, Frank J., (1922), Pres, and Mgr., Andel & Co., 5062 Pensacola Ave., Chicago, 111. ANDEREGG, R. H., (1920), Chief Engr. arid Mgr. Pump Dept., Trane Co., and (for mail), 625 S. Eighth St., La Crosse, Wis. ANDERSON, Claude A., (1916), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), llg Elec. Vtg. Co., 325 Commercial Tr. Bldg., Philadelphia, and 5025 Pulaski Ave., ' Germantown, Pa. ANDERSON, Edward L., (1921), Asst. Dist. Mgr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 526 Swetland Bldg., Cleveland, and Auraura St., Hudson, O. ANDERSON, F. Paul,* (1921), (2nd Vice-Pres. 1925; 1st Vice-Pres. 1926. Council 1924-26), ' Dean, College of Engr., and Prof. Mech. Engr., (for mail), Univ. of Kentucky, and 499 E. Main St., Lexington, Ky. ANDERSON, H. J., (1919), Whitlock Coil Pipe Co., 149 Broadway, New York, N. Y. ANDERSON, S. A.. Jr., (1909). (for mail), Anderson Bros., 303 Fir St., and P. O. Box 486, 908 North Ave., La Grande, Ore. ANDRESEN, A. W., (1926), Crane Co., 400 Third Ave., N., and (for mail), 5311 Penn Ave., . S., Minneapolis, Minn. ANGELL, Winfield T., (1922), District Engr., (for mail), Socony Burner Corp., 1130 Main St., Hartford, and Elmwood, Conn. ANGUS, Harry H., (1918), Consulting Engr., 2 Bloor St., W., and (for mail), 32 Sydney St., Kingston, Ont., Can. ANGUS, Robert A., (1920), Angus & Ashe, Con sulting Engrs., 345 Madison Ave., New York, and 19 Rich Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. ARCHER, Frank Sibley, (Junior 1926). Sales Engr., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 303 Crosby Rd., and 12 Amherst St., Rochester, N. Y. ' ARENBERG, Milton K., (Associate 1920), Sales Engr., (for mail), llg Elec. Vtg. Co., 324 W. Monroe St., and 1380 Hyde Park Blvd., Chicago, 111. ARKLEY, L. M.t* (1922), Prof. Mech. Engrg., (for mail). Queen's University, and 22 Kensington Ave., Kingston, Ont., Can. ARMAGNAC, Arthur S., (Associate 1907; 1914), Editor, Htg. and Vtg. Magazine, 1123 Broadway, New York, N. Y-, and 375 Upper Mountain Ave., Upper Montclair, N. J. ARMSPACH, Otto W.,* (1919), Mech. Engr., (for mail), E. Vernon Hill Co., 64 W. Randolph St., and Villa Park, Chicago, 111. ARNOLD, Robt. S., (Junior 1922; Associate 1926), Mgr. Philadelphia Dist., (for mail), York -Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1502 Locust St., and 1219 South 52nd St., Philadelphia. Pa. ARONWITS, Wilfred, (Junior 1924; Associate 1925; 1926), Mech. Engr., Leon Stern, Archt. 1017 Commerce Bldg., and (for mail), 1171 Park Ave., Rochester, N. Y. ARTHUR, Harry W., (Associate 1920). Htg. Engr., (for mail), Arthur Service Co., 407 Empire Bldg., and 1411 Federal St., N. W., Pittsburgh, Pa. . ARTHUR, John M., Jr., (1923), Industrial Engr., Kansas City Power & Light Co., Kansas City, Mo., and 3311 State Ave., Kansas City, Kan. ASHENHURST, Harold S., (Associate 1926),. Insulation Engr., Universal Gypsum & Lime Co., Conway Bldg., and 6519 Algonquin Ave., Chicago, 111. ASTON, James, (1919). Metallurgical Engr.,-(for mail), A. M. Byers Co., 235 Water St., Pitts- - burgh, and 50 Forest Ave., Ben Avon, Pa. ATKINSON, R. E., (Junior 1923), Engr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 230 E. Ohio St,, and 4508 N. Kilpatrick Ave., Chicago, 111. ATKINSON, Robert E., (1897), (Board of Gov ernors 1907), 6 Trafalgar Rd., Birkdale, South port, Eng. ATWATER, Lyman W., (1923), Htg. Engr.. Wm, H. Curtin Mfg. Co., 331 Adams St., and (for mail), 552 Rugby Rd., Brooklyn, N. Y. AUSTIN, Frank L., (1914), Archt., 240 College St., Burlington, Vt, AUSTIN, William E., (1909), Br. Mgr., (for mail), Natl. Radiator Co., 3032 Norfolk St., Cor. Summit, and 210 W. Graham Rd., Richmond, Va. AXEMAN, James E., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., Standard Heater Co., Williamsport, Pa., and (for mail), 25 Portsmouth Terrace, Rochester, N. Y. AYERS, Archie E., (1921), Member of Firm, (for mail), Rautman PIbg. & Htg. Co.. 109 Jackson St., and 3437 Belvedere Ave., Seattle, Wash. B BABBITT, Edward C., (1923), Engr., (for mail),. Snyder, Babbitt & Mathews. 16 E. Broad St., and 1157 E. Mound St., Columbus, O. - BABBITT, Edward F., (1923), Engr.. Snyder. Babbitt & Mathews, 16 E. Broad St., Columbus, O. BACHLER, Harry C., (Junior 1921), Htg. Engr., (for mail), C. F. Bachler & Sons, 139 N. Fourth St., and 836 Kenmore Rd., Philadelphia, Pa. BACHLER, Leonard J., (1918), Engr., (for mail), Molby Boiler Co., 41 East 42nd St., and 55 West 49th St., New York, N. Y. BACKUS, Theodore H. L,, (1916), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail). Schumacher & Backus, 308-12 S. Main St., and 1018 Vaughn St., Ann Arbor, - Mich. BAETZ, Henry, (1919), (for mail), Skinner Bros. . Mfg. Co., Inc., 1424 S. Vandeventer St., and 5854 Etzel Ave., St. Louis, Mo. BAGNALL, George A., (1926), Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail), Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Supply Co., 1635 17th St., arid 4601 East 26th Ave... Denver, Colo. BAHNSON, Frederic F.,* (1917), Chief Engr. and Partner, (for mail). The Bahnson Co., 1001 S. Marshall St., and 28 Cascade Ave., Winston- Salem, N. C. BAIER, Walter P., (Associate 1924), Pres., (for mail), Baier Bros., Inc., 4452 Cass Ave., and 1968 Gladstone Ave., Detroit, Mich. BAILEY, Edward P., Jr., (1925), Pres., (for mail). The Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co.. 17825 St. Clair Ave., and 10510 Park Lane, Cleveland, O. BAILEY, Jos. H.,` (Junior 1923),. Carrier Engrg. Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J. BAIN, James G., (1920), Pres., Ideal Specialty Co., P. O. Box 493, Helena, Mont. BAIRD, F. X., (Associate 1925), 26 Boyden Ave., S. Orange, N. J. BAKER, Edward V., (1923), Silent Partner, J. H. - Olson, 4012 State St., and (for mail), 3654 Wentworth Ave., Chicago, 111. BAKER, Emerit E., (1910), Pres., Kewanee Boiler Co., Kewanee, 111- . BAKER, H. W. H., (1918), Sanitary and. Htg. Engr., J. Twyford & .Co., 20 British .Bund, Tientsin, China. BAKER, Howard C., (1921), Pres., (for mail). The Howard C. Baker Co., 213 Michigan St,, . and 15 Columbia St., Toledo, O. BAKER, Irving C., (1921). Dist, Engr., American Blower Co., 614 Bona Allen Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. BAKER, Roland H., (Associate 1924), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), R. H. Baker Co., Inc., Kendall Sq. Bldg., Cambridge, and 50 Washington St., Newton, Mass. BALDWIN, William H., (1921), Sales Engr.. (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd., 229 College St.; and 600 Windermere Ave., Toronto, Ont.. Can. BAMPTON, C. Morton, (1919), Vice-Pres. and Secy., (for mail). Ideal Htg. Co., 915 Gates Ave., Brooklyn, and 8843 Parkview Ave., Hollis Park Gardens, L. T.. N. Y. BARKER, Arthur H.,*(1906), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 100 Victoria St.,Westminster, London, S. W. 1, and Oakhill House, Beckenham, Kent, Eng. BARNES, Arthur F., (1921), Mech. Engr. arid Owner, (for mail), Texas Engr. Co., 925 Elec. Bldg., and 2403 Madison St., Houston, Tex. 6 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 BARNES, Arthur R., (1924), W. E. Hulse & Co., and 24 E. Sixth St., Hutchinson, Kan. BARR, George W., (1905), Asst. General Sales Mgr., Hoffman Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., New York, and (for mail), 41 Janvrin Rd., Bronxville, N. Y. BARRE, Louis S., (1925), Htg. and Sanitary Engr., Garage Central, 67 Rue de France, Tientsin, China. . BARROWS, Charles E., (Associate 1921), Mgr., (for mail), City Sales Dept., Crane Co., 156 N. Jefferson St., Chicago, and Orrington Hotel, Evanston; 111. BARRY, Patrick I., (1920). Htg. Engr., M. Barry ' 5l Co., 4 Marlboro St., and 2 Clarence Terrace, St. Luke's, Cork, Ireland. BARTH, Herbert E., (1920), Dist. Mgr., (for . mail), American Blower Co., 2539 Woodward Ave., and 554 Webster Hall, Detroit, Mich. BARTLETT, Amos C., (1919), N. E. Dist. Mgr., (for mail), B. F. Sturtevant Co., 555 Massa chusetts Trust Bldg., Boston, and 10 Dunbarton Rd., Wollaston, Mass. BARTLETT, Clarence D., (1923), Purchasing Agent, Raisler Htg. Co.. 129 Amsterdam Ave., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 852 Broad St., Bloomfield, N.'J. BARTLETT, C. Edwin, (1922). Pres.. Bartlett & . Co., Inc., 1938 Market St., Philadelphia, and 209 Creswell St., Ridley Park. Pa. BARTLEY, John S., Jr., (1924) Archt., (for mail), 903 L. and J. Natl. Bk. Bldg., and 908 Elm St., Waterloo, la. BARTON, Royal Elton, (1922), Engr., (for mail). McLean & Cousens Co., 65 Chandler St., Boston, and Fernald Terrace, Dorchester, Mass.. . BARWICK, Thomas, (1920), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Buchman & Kabn, Archts., 49 West 45th St., New York, N. Y., and 408 Rutland Ave., W. Englewood, N. J. BASSLER, Edwin M., (1923). Gen. Mgr., (for mail), D. J. Murray Mfg. Co., 1002-1024 Third St., and 905 First St., Wausau, Wis. BASTEDO, Albert E,, (1919), Vice-Pres. and - Treas., (for mail), Burnham Boiler Corp-. Irvington, and 12 Wilson Place, Hastings-onHudson, N. Y. ' BATEMAN, William H., Jr.,(1921), Htg. Engr., (for mail), C. J. Doyle, 2056 Pine St., and 2519 South 19th St., Philadelphia, Pa. BAUM, Albert L., (1916), Member of Firm, Jaros & Baum, 116 West 39th St., and (for mail), 562 West 113th St., New York, N. Y. BAXTER, Robert`A., (1923), Sales Engr., (for mail), Utica Heater Co., P. O. Box 44, and 14 Cornelius Ave., Schenectady, N. Y. BAYSE, Harry V., (1923), Pres., American Fur nace Co., 2725 Morgan St., and 6959 Hancock Ave., St., Louis, Mo. BEAHM, Robert B., 2nd, (1919), Treas., Eagan & Beahm, Inc., 304-6 Stephen Girard Bldg., Philadelphia, and Haverford. Pa. BEATTY, David J., (1918), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. (for mail), Chas. Schneider Co., 492 East 163rd St., New York, and 1274 New York Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. BEAURRIENNE, Auguste,* (1912), Contracting and Consulting Engr., 25 Rue des Marguettes, Paris, 12th Arr., France. BEEBE, Frederick E. W., (Associate 1915), Sales Engr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 118 East 28th St., New York, N. Y., and 543 Chilton St., Elizabeth, N. J. BEGGS, Douglas T., (1922), Mgr., (for mail), Wm. Gordon Corp., 516 Bona Allen Bldg., Atlanta, and 612 W. College Ave., Decatur, Ga. BELING, Earl H., (Junior 1925), Htg. Engr., Warren Webster & Co., 549 W. Washington St., and (for mail), 5604 S. Carpenter St., Chicago, 111. BEMAN, Myron C., (1926), Consulting Engr., (for mail). Beman & Candee. 607 White Bldg., 55 Granger Place., Buffalo, N. Y. BENDER, Charles P.t (1923), Partner, (for mail), C. and J. Bender, 1734 Flatbush Ave., and 2045 East I9th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. BENEDICT, Everett R., (1926), Construction Engr., (for mail), American District Steam Co., N. Tonawanda, and 245 Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. BENNITT, George E,, (1918), Utilization Dept.. Consolidated Gas Co., 130 East 15th St., New York. N. Y. BENTZ,. Harry, (1915), Pres., (for mail), Bentz Engrg. Corp., 661 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and Montclair, N. J. BERCHTOLD, Edward Wm., (Associate 1925), Industrial Engr., Boston Consolidated Gas Co., 149 Tremont St., Boston, and (for mail), .266 Columbian St., S. Weymouth, Mass. BERG, A. Herman, (1919), Pres., (formail), Berg Htg. & Vtg. Co., 754 Laura Ave*., and 140 N. Stafford, Huntington Park. Calif. ' BERGER, Clyde D., (1922), Gen. Supt. and Mech. Engr., H. E. Crook Co., Inc., Contractors and Engrs., 28 Light St., and 2G04 Overland Ave., Baltimore. Md. , BERGHOEFER, Victor A., (Junior 192G), Sales Engr., Sterling Engrg. Co., 1640 Holton St., and 1104 Island Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. BERGNER, William'G., (Associate 1923), Mgr. and Secy., Natl. Trade- Exterision Bureau,Mercantile Bk. Bldg., and (for mail), 727 Washington Ave., Evansville, Ind. BERMAN, Louis K., (1908), Secy., (for mail), Raisler Htg. Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave., and 221 West 82nd St., New York. N. Y. BERRINGER, Sidney H,, (1926). Sales Engr.. Hoffman Specialty Co., 130 N. Wells St., and (for mail), 1657 Juneway Terrace, Chicago, 111. BEVERLEY, R. Carter, (1905), Pres, and Treas., R. C. Beverley Htg. Co., Inc., 308 E. Main St., and (for mail), 3812 Chamberlayne Ave., Richmond, Va. BEYER, Jack E., (Junior 1924), Htg/and Vtg. Engr., The Weiss Htg. & Plbg. Co., 5604 Cedar Ave., and (for mail), 1317 East 112th St., Cleveland, O. B1DWELL, Raymond E., (Associate 1924), Vice- Pres. and Local Mgr., (for mail). The KelloggMackay Co., 2030 Walnut St., and 7310 Madison, Kansas City, Mo. BINDER, Charles G., (1920). Mgr. Htg. Dept., Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., Camden, and (for mail), 115 Oak Terrace, Merchantville, N. J. BINDER, Irving, (Junior 1920; 1922), Estimator, Keasbey & Mattison, 131 Cedar St., and (for mail), 106 West 47th St., New York, N* Y. BIRCH, Herbert R:, (1922), Sales Engr.. U. S. Radiator Corp., 101 Park Ave., arid 875 West 181st St., New York, N. Y. ` BIRKHOLZ, Harold A., (Junior 1926), Chief Draftsman, L. H. Prentice Co., 1048-50 W. Van Buren St., and (for mail), 3731 N. Irving Ave., Chicago, 111. BIRKHOLZ, H. E., (Associate 1925), Natl. Air Filter Co., 9 S. Clinton St., Chicago. 111. BIRRELL, Allan Lloyd, (Associate 1925). Engr., (for mail), Chapman & Oxley, 506 Harbor Com mission Bldg., and 201 Pacific Ave>, 'Toronto, Orit.. Can. BISHOP, Charles R., (1901), (Council 1916), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Caloroil Burner Corp., ' 5 East 40th St., New York, and 413 Locust St., Lockport, N. Y. BISHOP, Frederick R., (1921), Salesman and Engr., Furnace Dept., Michigan Stove Co., 3306 E. Jefferson Ave., and (for mail), 3780 Carter Ave., Detroit, Mich. BLACK, Edgar Newbold, 3rd, (1922), Mgr.. Kewanee Boiler Go.. Inc., 510 Real Estate Trade Bldg.. Broad and Chestnut Sts., and (for mail), 1533 Locust St., Philadelphia, Pa. BLACK, Fred C., (1919), Pres., (for mail). F. C. Black Co.. 28 N. Desplaines St., and 4535 N. Ashland Ave., Chicago, 111. BLACK, George E., (1915). Factory Mgr.. H. H.. Robertson Co.. Ambridge. and .(for mail). 709 Broad St., Sewickley. Pa. - 7 Roll of Membership BLACK, Harry G., (1917), Htg. Contractor, (for BOLLING. J. E.,* (Junior 1918; 1921), Publicity . mail), P. Gormly Co., 155 N. Tenth St., and 927 Engr.. Box 46, East Orange, N. J. North 65th St., Philadelphia, Pa. BOLSINGER, Raymon C,, (1916), Secy., (for BLACK, John J. A., (Junior 1922; Associate mail), Fowler & Wolf Mfg. Co., 521 Bulletin 1925), Pres., (for mail). John Black & Son, Inc., Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa., and *238 E. Madison 134 Ptospect St., and 21 Prospect St., Trenton, N. J. ' BLACKHALL, Wllraot R., (1922). Sales Engr.. Gurney Foundry Co., Ltd., 500 King St., W,, Ave.. Collingswood, N. J. BOLTON, Reginald Pelham* (1897), (Presi dential Member), (Pres. 1911), (Board of Governors 1901; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1903; 1st Vice and (for mail), 332 Waverly Rd., Toronto, Ont., . Can. BLACKMAN, Alfred O., (1911). Supt. Power and Pres. 1905-1910; Board of Governors 1912-1913), Pres., (for mail). R. P. Bolton Co., 116 East 19th St., and 638 West 158th St., New York, N. Y. Plant, (for mail). The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., BONDY, Winfield S,, (Junior 1926), D. D. Kim 200 Henry St., and 48 Hillcrest Ave., Stamford, Conn. BLACKMORE, Frederick H., (1923). Plant Mgr., ball, 15 West 38th St., New York, and (for mail), 1154 52nd St., Brooklyn, N. Y. BOON, George, (1915), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., U. S. Radiator Corp., and (for mail), 526 E. (for mail), Boon & Sample. Inc., 3008 Ludlow St., Vandalia St.. Edwardsville. 111. `BLACKMORE, George C., (Charter Member), and 6428 Morris Park Rd.. Philadelphia, Pa. BOOTH, Charles A., (1917), Vice-Pres., (for 435 Maple Ave., Edgewood Park, Allegheny Co., Pa. BLACKMORE, J. J.* (Charter Member), Council 1896; Bd. of Gov. 1904; Secy. 1914-15), 32 West 40th St., New York, N. Y. BLADON, James B., (1909), Chief Engr., Darling Bros., Ltd;, 120 Prince St., Montreal, and (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co.. 490 Broadway, and 142 Summit Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. BOOTH, Harry N., (Associate 1917; 1924), Mgr., (for mail). New York Br., U. S. Radiator Corp., 101 Park Ave., New York, and 40 Manursing Ave., Rye. N. Y. BORNEMANN, Walter A., (Junior 1923; 1924), mail), 33 Holton Ave., Westmount, Que., Can. BLAIR, Wm. B., (Associate 1923), Taplin Furnace Sales Engr.. (for mail). Carrier Engr. Corp., 2021 Land Title Bldg., and 494 Baudinot St.. Co.. 3006 First Ave., S., Minneapolis. Minn. BLANDING, Geo. H., (1919), Sales Engr.. Philadelphia, Pa. BOSCHKE, F. G., (1925), 760 Kerckhoff Bldg., Johnson Service Co., 1355 W. Washington Blvd., and 1111 West 51st St., Los Angeles, Calif. Chicago, and (for mail), 729 Hayes Ave.. Oak Park. 111. BOSTAIN, James C., (1923), Sales and Service Engr., (for mail), Williamson Heater Co., 337 BLANEY, Charles A., (1914). Wheeler-Blaney W. Fifth St., Cincinnati, and 3910 Floral Ave., Co.. 223 N. Burdick St., Kalamazoo, Mich. BLANK1N, Merrill F., 0unior 1919; Associate Norwood, O. ` ' BOSTWICK, Clinton G., (1924), Supt., (for 1926), Vice-Pres., Haynes Selling Co., Inc., 2013 Sansom St., and (for mail), 3328 W. Penn St., mail), Braman Dow & Co., 239 Causeway St., Boston, and 20 Wedgemen Ave., Winchester. Philadelphia, Pa. BLEST, Frank S., (1923), Treas.. (for mail. Blest BOSWIN, George A./(1917). Secy., (for mail). & Emery Co., Inc., 784 Coney Island Ave., and R. B. Haywood Co., 1714 Sheffield Ave., and 902 226 Argyle Rd., Brooklyn, N. Y. Diversey Parkway, Chicago, 111. BLISS, Sherwood C., (Associate 1926), Asst, to BOWDEN, Frank, (Associate 1924), Chief Engr. Pres., Richmond Radiator Co., and (for mail), and Instructor., (for mail). Windsor & Walker- White Swan Hotel, Uniontown, Pa. ville Tech. School. Giles Blvd., and 1609 Dougall BLODGETT, Will H., (Junior 1923), Htg. Engr.. Ave., Windsor, Ont., Can. . (for mail). Timken-Detroit Co., 4461 Cass Ave., BOWERS, A. F., (Associate 1919), Pres. and and 691 Merrick, Detroit, Mich. Treas., (for mail). Industrial Htg. & Engrg. Co., BLOMFELDT. Allen A., (1914). Sales Mgr., (for 490 Broadway, and 697 Hachett Ave., Mil mail), llg Elec. Vtg. Co., 405 Union Central waukee, Wis. Bldg., Cincinnati, O.. and 100 Mayo Ave., BOWERS, J. Sylvan, (1921), J. Sylvan.Bowers Newport, Ky. Htg. Specialty Co., 2525a W. St. Louis Ave., St. BLOMQUIST. Edwin G.. (Junior 1920), Sales- Louis, Mo. man, U. S. Radiator Corp., 136 Federal St., BOWMAN, Howard A., (Associate 1926), Sales Boston, and (for mail). 48 Alpine St., Arlington, Engr., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 339 Mass. Second Ave., and 5599 Baum Blvd., Pittsburgh, BLOOM, Samuel C., (1915). Sole Owner,, (for Pa. mail). S. C. Bloom & Co., 53 W. Jackson St., and BOYD, D. Knickerbacker,* (1921), (for mail), 1953 East 72nd St., Chicago, 111. Otis Bldg.. 112 South 16th St., and Coronado BLOOM, William, (1924), Htg. Engr., (for mail). Apts., 22nd and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Bloom Htg. Systems. 153 Centre St., New York, BOYD, William R., (Junior 1924; Associate 1926), and 701 Ave., C., Brooklyn, N. Y. (for mail). Turner Supply Co., 8 W. Sixth St., BOALES, William G., (Associate 1923), Sales and 702 East 19th St., Chester, Pa. man, Hoffman Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., BOYDEN, Davis S.,* (1909). (Council 1917), New York, N. Y., and (for mail), Webster Hall, Supt. Steam Htg. Service Dept., (for mail). Detroit, Mich. Edison Elec. Illuminating Co., 39 Boylston St., BOARDMAN, Wallace E., (1923), Htg. and Vtg. Boston, and 72 Gardner St., Allston, Mass. Engr., (for mail). Stone & Webster, Inc., 147 BRABBEE, Chas. W.,* (1925). (for mail), Ameri Milk St., Boston, and 54 Pleasant St., Wakefield, can Radiator Co.. 675 Bronx River Rd., Yonkers, Mass. and DeWitt and Marguard Aves., Bronxville, BOEKER, Carl Herman, (1926), Vice-Pres. and N. Y. . Gen. Mgr., Central Supply Co., Inc., 838-856 BRADBURY, George L.t (1921), Co-partner and Main Ave., and (for mail). 39 High St., Passaic, N. J. Mgr., (for mail). Bradbury Bros. Htg. Co., 1219 Stout St., and 1254 Race St.. Denver, Colo. BOGARDUS, George W., (1925), Br. Mgr., (for BRADF1ELD, William W., (1926), Engr., 909 mail), Kewanee Boiler Co.. 707 Hubbell Bldg., Michigan Trust Bldg., Grand Rapids, Mich. and 215 Foster Drive. Des Moines. Iowa. . BRADLEY, Eugene P.,* (1906), Pres., (for mail), BOGATY, Hermann S., (1921), Chief Engr. (for Hester, Bradley Co., 4200 Forest Park Blvd., St. mail), Proctor & Schwartz, Inc., Seventh and Louis, and 6935 Pershing Ave., University City, Tabor Rd., and 5243 N. Tenth St., Philadelphia, Pa. Mo. BRADLEY, John T., (1908). (Bd. of Gov. 1911). BOISCLAIR, Hugh Cappes, (1926), Dist. Repr., Pres., (for mail), Bradley Htg. Co., 3834 Olive (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 342-3 Brown St., St. Louis, and 4 Yale Ave., University City, Marx Bldg., and 127 Pine St.. Birmingham, Ala. Mo. 8 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 BRADLEY, Royal H,, (1915), Pres., (for mail),. Kelsey Htg. Co., 277 James St., and 400 Oak St., Syracuse, N. Y. . BRADY, James L., (Associate 1925), (for mail). J. L. Brady Co., 551 15th Ave., and 1912 Third St., E. Moline, 111. BRAEMER, William G. R., (1915), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Universal Humidifying Co., 2013 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa., and 213 Warwick Rd., Haddonfield, N. J. BRANDELES, H. J., (1921). Pres, and Mgr., (for mail), H. J. Brandeles Corp., 435 Lafayette St., and 66 Prospect St., Utica, N. Y. BRASSINGTON, Arthur F., (Associate 1918), Htg. Engr.. 520-24 West 41st St., New York, and (for mail), 337 Richmond Ave,, Port Richmond, N. Y. .` BRAUER, Roy, (1926), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. The Schley & Nash Co., 709 Columbia Bk. Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. BRAUN, Louis T., (1921), Secy., Chicago Master Steam Fitters Assn., 1213 Chamber of Commerce, and (for mail), 1418 Jonquil Terrace, Chicago, 111. BRAY, Daniel S., (Associate 1920), Local Mgr., (for mail), Peerless Heater Co., 1235-45 St. Clair Ave., and 9925 Olivet- Ave., Cleveland, O. BRECKENRIDGE, L. P,, (1920), Prof. Mech. Engrg. (Emeritus), Sheffield Scientific School, Yale Uiuv., New Haven, Conn., and (for mail). "The Brackens," N. Ferrisburg, Vt. BREDESON, C. R., (Junior 1921; Associate 1925),, American Radiator Co, Prior Ave., and Min nehaha St., St. Paul, Minn. BREEN, Jos. W., (1916), Htg. Engr., Wyalusing Ave. and Fallon St., and (for mail), 957 Fallon St.. W. Philadelphia, Pa. BREITENBACH, Walter J., (Junior 1923; Associate 1925), Designer and Estimator, Langenberg Mfg. Co., 4519-33 N. Euclid Ave., and 5067 Arlington Ave., St. Louis. Mo. BRENDER, Peter E., (1920). Chief Engr.. Univ. of Mich. Hospital, and (for mail), 13272 Geddes Ave.. Ann Arbor, Mich. BRESNAHAN, James J., (1919), Pres and.Treas., James J. Bresnahan, Inc., 37-41 Pearl St., and 92 Linwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. BREWSTER, Donald R., (1926), Consulting Dry Kiln Engr., (for mail). 104 Baltimore Bldg., and 349 Hawthorne St., Memphis, Tenn. BRICKEY, Joel P., (Associate 1924), 665 S. Pearl St., Denver, Colo. . BRIDE, W. T,, (Junior 1925), Estimating Engr. and Draftsman, Bride, Grimes & Co., 526 Essex St., and 116 E. Haverhill St., Lawrence. Mass. BRIDGES, Frank G.f (1919). 433 Dundee Drive, Cleveland, O. BRINTON, Joseph W,, (1920). Mgr. Boston Office, (for mail), American Blower Co., 10 High ` St., Boston ,and 9 Summit Ave., Brookline, Mass. BRODERICK, Joseph F., (Junior 1914; 1918), Engr., Thompson-Starrett Co.. 245 Hunters Point Ave., Long Island City, N. Y., and (for mail), P. O. Box 388, Springdale, Conn. BROGAN, James J., (Associate 1917). Brogan & Co., (for mail). 810 Race St., Philadelphia, and 6142 Lebanon Ave;, Overbrook, Pa. BRONSON, Carlos E., (1919), Mech. Engr., (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., and 311 McKinley Ave., Kewanee, 111. BROOKS, Thomas C., (1923), Pres, and Treas., T. C. Brooks Co., 101 W. Dedham St., Boston, ; ` Mass. BROWN, Aubrey I., (1923). Ohio State. Umv., Columbus, O. BROWN, Edward R.. (1920). (for mail). The Brown Co., 1053 Baltimore Ave., W,, and 2290 LaMothe Ave., Detroit, Mich. BROWN, Foskett,* (1926), Pres., (for mail), Foskett Brown Mfg. Co., 1608 Harrison St., P. O. Box 722, and Vanderbilt Campus, Nash ville, Tenn. ' BROWN, John H., (1920). Mgr., (for mail), Keasbey & Mattison Co., 429 N. Washington Ave., and 3704 Blaisdell St., Minneapolis, Minn. BROWN, Robert H., (1926), Research Engr., (for mail), Parks-Cramer Co., 1102 Old South Bldg., Boston, and 75 Glen Rd., Jamaica Plain, Mass. BROWN, Stephen J., (Associate 1919), Pres., Globe Vtg. Co.. 205 River St., Troy. N. Y. BROWN, William H., (Associate 1923), Mgr. Plbg. and Htg. Dept., C. E. Armstrong & Sons, 238 Fifth Ave., and 710 Seventh. Ave., Clinton, Iowa. - BROWNE, Alfred L., (1923), Repr., (for mail), Illinois Engrg. Co., 3514 Grand Central Terminal, New York. N. Y., and 253 Highland Rd., S. Orange, N. J. BROWNELL, Chester D., (1923),. Mgr. and Engr., (for mail). Reliable Plbg. & Htg. Co., 109 W, University Ave., and 307 W. White St., Champaign, 111. BRUEGGEMAN, Arthur R., (1920), Pres., (for mail). The A. R. Brueggeman Co., Keith Bldg., Cleveland, and 17220 Aldersyde Drive, Shaker Heights. Cleveland, O. BRUNETT, Adrian L., (1923), Mech. Engr., P. O. Box 16. Rockville, Md. BRUNNER, Herbert, (1924), Consulting Engr. and Pres., (for mail), Brunner Engr. Co., Inc., 320 West 48th St., and 41 West 69th St., New York, N. Y. BRUNT, T. Bayard, (1917), Chief Engr. and Mgr., Mechanical Equipt. Co., 214 South 12th St., Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail), 405 Eighth St.. Riverton. N. J. BRUSMAN, Harry M., (1923), Htg. and Sanitary Engr., Natl. Cash Register Co., Dayton, O. BRYANT, Alice G.,* (1921). 502 Beacon St.. Boston. Mass. BRYANT, Percy J., (1915), Chief Engr.. (for mail), U. S. Military Academy, West Point, and 231 Carpenter Ave.. Newburgh, N. Y. BRYCE, Stephen D., (1921), Partner, (for mail). Bryce Htg. & Vtg. Co., 415 Spitzer Bldg., and 2907 Rockwood Place, Toledo, O. BUCKLEY, Roy B., (Associate 1924), (for mail). The American Cornice Works Co., 237-41 N. Water St.j and 161 S. Belmont Ave., Wichita, Kans. BUDER, Chas. G. * (1919). Western Sales Mgr., (for mail). Monarch Metal Products Co., 5020 Penrose St., and 1441 Hamilton Ave., St. Louis, Mo. BUEL, H. G., (Associate 1921), Vice-Pres., Tilghman Moyer Co., 141 N. Ninth St., and (for mail), 2135 Chew St., Allentown. Pa. BUENGER, Albert, (Junior 1917; 1920), Mech. Engr., C. H. Johnston, Arch., 715- Capital Bk. Bldg., and (for mail). 1666 Stanford Ave., St. Paul. Minn. BUENSOD, Alfred C., (1918), Mech. Sales Engr., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp-, 39 Cortlandt St., and 125 West 12th St., New York, N. Y. BULKELEY, Claude A.,* (1923), Supt. and Mech, Research Engr., (for mail), E. T. du Pont de Nemours & Co., du Pont Bldg., and 1313 W. Eighth St.. Wilmington. Del. BUMSTEAD, Francis Edwin, (1925). Owner, (for mail). Bumstead Htg. & Plbg. Co., 414 E. Dale St., and 803 N. Wohsatch Ave., Colorado Springs, Colo. BUNNELL, Ercell W., (Junior 1923; 1924), Sales Engr,, (for mail), Warren, Knight & Davis, Em pire Bldg., and 812 Cotton Ave., Birmingham, Ala. BURGER, John C., (1919), Estimator and Supt., (for mail). Geo. A. Henrich Co., 702 N. Wells St., and 7201 Chaplain Ave., Chicago, 111. BURKE, Fletcher H., (1925), Consulting Engr., (for mail). Fletcher H. Burke--John C. Wright, Associate. 681 Ellicott Sq., and 276 Sterling Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. BURKE, George B., (1926), Vice-Pres., Sarco Co.. Inc., 53 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, 111. BURNAP, Charles W., (1922), Herman Nelson Corp., 724 Commercial St., Emporia, Kans. . BURNETT, Earle S., (1920), Mech. Engr., (for mail). Bureau of Mines, U. S. Helium Prod. Plant. P. O. Box 602, and 4005 Oakland St., Ft. Worth, Tex. ` 9 Roll of Membership BURNS, Edward J., (1923). Htg. Engr.. (for mail). H. Kelly & Co.. 925 Plymouth Bldg., and. 4716 Aldrich Ave., S., Minneapolis. Minn. BURNS. Willard A., (1924). Collins & Burns Co., 1728 Farwell Ave.. Chicago. 111. BURR, Ralph J., (Associate 1919), Htg. Contract* ing, Standish, Mich. BURRITT, Charles G., (Associate 1916), Mgr.', (for mail), Johnson Service Co.. 922 Second Ave., and 1425 LaSalle Ave., Minneapolis. Minn. BURT, Henry Jackson, (Associate 1926), Con sulting Engr., (for mail). 645 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, and 416 Ellis Ave., Wheaton. 111. BURT, John E., (1924), J. E. Burt & Son, 2442 South 16th St., Philadelphia, Pa. BURTON, Clarence A., (1919), Mgr., (for mail). Kewanee Boiler Co.. 2020 Wyandotte St., and 3534 Virginia Ave., Kansas City, Mo. * BUSHNELL, Carl D., (Associate 1921). Pres., (for mail). Bushnell Mchy. Co.. Century Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 94 Pilgrim Rd., Rosslyn Farms, Carnegie, Pa. ' BUTLER, Peter D., (1922), Salesman, U. S. Radiator Corp., 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 1131 Summit Ave., Jersey City, N. J. BUTLER, Thomas F., (Associate 1919), Htg. Vtg. and PIbg., (for mail), 545 Broadway, and W. Erie and Madison Aves., Lorain, O. BYRNES, Thomas F., (Junior 1924; Associate 1925), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., 53 Grove St., and (for mail), 58 Adelaide St., Hartford, Conn. BYSOM, Leslie L., (1915), Public Works Dept., Puget Sound Navy Yard, and (for mail), 618 Boston St., Bremerton, Welsh. . C CADMUS, Raymond, (1922), Engr. and Estima tor, Johnston Heat Co., 131 East 26th St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 11 Park Ave., Maplewood, N. J. CADWELL, William H., (1916), Pres., (for mail), The Beaton & Cadwell Mfg. Co.. P. O. Box 1012, ' and 130 W. Main St., New Britain, Conn. CADZOW, William S., (1925). Mgr., V. N. Welamb Co., 2313 Walnut St., and (for mail), 1812 W. Tiogo St., Philadelphia, Pa. CALAHAN, John J., (1915), Supervising Engr., (for mail), Board of Education, Administration Bldg., 2 Harrison Ave., and 78 Bartholdi Ave., Jersey City, N. J. CALEB, David,* (1923), Engr., Kansas City ' Power & Light Co., (for mail), 1330 Grand Ave., and 141 Spruce St., Kansas City, Mo. CALLAHAN, Michael J., (1914), Pres, and Treas., Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Skillman Ave.. and Hulst St.. Long Island City, N. Y. CALLAHAN, Thomas H., (Junior 1924), Pres., (for mail), Callahan Engrg.. Co., Inc., 20 Grove St., and 248 S. Lexington Ave., White Plains, N. Y. CALVERT, Norman W. * (1921), Engr. of Steam Distribution, (for mail). The Detroit Edison Co.. 2000 Second Ave., and 3297 Clements, Detroit, Mich. . CAMPBELL, Everett K.,* (1920). Pres, and Treas., (for mail), E. K. Campbell Htg. Co., 2445- Charlotte St., and 3717 Harrison Blvd., Kansas City, Mo. . CANTWELL, William T,, (1920), Plbg. and Htg. Contracting, (for mail), 306 Bleecker St., and 1302 Brinckerhoff Ave., Utica, N. Y. CARDER, William W.t (Associate 1923). Br. Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co.. 210 Bona Allen Bldg., and 249 Peoples St., Atlanta, Ga. CARLE, William E., (1926), Pres., (for mail). Carle-Boehiing Co.,' 1641 W. Broad St., and 2220 Floyd Ave., Richmond, Va. CARNAHAN, Glen C., (1924), Mgr., (for mail), Htg. Section, Peoples Gas. Light & Coke Co., 122 S. Michigan Ave., and 5428 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, 111. CARPENTER, Randolph H., (1921). Mgr., New York Office, (for mail), Nash Engr. Co., 350 Madison Ave., New York, and 10 Jefferson Ave., White Plains. N. Y. CARR, Clifford H., (Associate 1924), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail), C. H. Carr Mchy. Co.. 411 Mutual Bldg., and 5108 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. . CARRIER, Willis H. * (1913), (Council 1923-26), Pres., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and (for mail), Rensselaer Rd., Essex Fells, N. J. CARROLL, W. J., (Associate 1925), Br. Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., 402^ Mich. Trust Bldg., and (for mail), 339 Burton St., S.E., Grand Rapids, Mich. CARSTEN, W. H., (1923). Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). Majestic Furnace & Mfg. Co., Inc., 1723 Westlake Ave., N., and 102 W. Canal `St., Seattle ^Vash CARSTENS, Emil, (Junior 1922; Associate 1925), B. B. Smith Co., 49th and Grays Ave., and 4615 N. Rosehill St.. Philadelphia. Pa. CARTLAND, Silas, (Junior 1923), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Juno Heater Corp., 30 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, and P. O. Box 84, Pentwater, Mich. CARTY, Thomas, (1924), Pres., Carty Htg. Corp.. 29 Audubon Ave., and 635 West 174th St., New York. N. Y. CARY, Albert A.,* (Charter Member), (Bd. of Mgrs. 1894-1899; Council 1896), Consulting Engr., 95 Liberty St.. New York, N. Y. . CASE, Edward W., (Associate 1916), Cbrm. of Bd., W. A. Case & Son Mfg. Co., 220 Delaware Ave.. Buffalo. N. Y. CASEY, Byron L., (1921), Sales Engr., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co.. 324 W. Monroe St., Chicago, and 501 Clifton Ave., Park Ridge, 111. . CASH, Tidie T., (Associate 1925), Pres., (for mail). Cash Co., 240-Seventh Ave., S,, and 20 Groveland St., Minneapolis. Minn. ' CASSELL, John D.,* (1913), Supt. of Bldgs., (for mail). Board of Public Education. Keystone School Bldg., 19th and Chestnut Sts., Phila delphia. and'740 Garfield Ave., Palmyra, N. J. CASSERLY, T. D,, (Associate 1923), (for mail). Weil-McLain Co., 641 Lake St., W., and 5339 Winthrop Ave., Chicago, 111. CAVILEER, James V., (Associate 1921), Sales Engr., (for mail). Lewis, Robinson & Gant, 1302 Land Title Bldg., and 2938 North 27th St.. , Philadelphia, Pa. CHADEAYNE, George D., (Junior 1924; As sociate 1926). Engr., Gorton & Lidgerwood Co., 96 Liberty St., New York, and (for mail), 187 Sixth Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. - CHADWICK, John Beaghen, (1926), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Calico Printers Assn., Ltd., Bldg., Dept. P. O. Box 52, St. James Bldg., Oxford St., and (for mail). 11 Orville Drive. Burnage Hall Rd., Burnage. Manchester. England. CHAISSON, Clarence H., (Junior 1926), Drafts man, C. S. Cox Engrg. Co., 625 Putnam Ave., Cambridge, Mass. CHALLMAN, Samuel A., (1919), Director of School Bldgs., State Dept, of Education, State Capitol, St. Paul, and (for mail), 1107 Seventh St., S.E., Minneapolis, Minn. CHAMBERS, William E., (Associate 1923), Htg. Contractor, 1025 Franklin St., Williams port, Pa. CHAPMAN, D. Witt, (1914). Consulting Engr., (for mail). 207 Franklin St., and 2803 Eserilh St., Tampa. Fla. CHAPMAN, Frank T., (1909), (Board of Gov ernors 1913; Council 1914-1916;_2nd Vice-Pres. 1915; 1st Vice-Pres. 1916), Mgr. of Sales, 30 The Crescent, Montclair, N. J. CHAPPELL, Temple Archer, (1926), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., (for mail). Weldon Sheet Metal Works, Inc., and P. O. Box 143, Weldon, N. C.' CHASE, John M., (Associate 1916), Vice-Pres. and Eastern Repr., (for mail), W. A. Case & Son Mfg. Co., 50 East 42nd St., and 468 Riverside Drive, New York. N. Y. 10 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 CHENOWETH, William H., (1911), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co.. 549 W. Washington St., Chicago, and 256 Keystone Ave., River Forest, 111. CHERRY, Lester A., (1921), Industrial Planning Corp., (for mail), 1102 Waibridge Bldg., and 155 Euclid Ave., Hertel Sta., Buffalo, N. Y. CHERVEN, Victor W., (Associate 1920), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Holland Furnace Co., and 326 Maple Ave., Holland, Mich. CHESTER, Thomas,* (1917), Consulting Engr., 718 B. Copeland St., Pittsburgh, Pa. CHEYNEY, Charles C., (Junior 1913; Associate 1925), (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 562 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, and Glencoe, III. CHILDRESS, Worthie Lee, (1925), Partner, E. G. Harris & Co., 3312 W. Cary St., and 609 West 27th St. Richmond, Va. CHITTENDEN, F. J., (Associate 1925). Mgr., (for mail), Walworth Co., Inc.. 43 Carolina St., Buffalo, and 151 Pierce Ave., Hamburg, N. Y. CHOFFIN, C. C., (1919), Secy, and Treas., W. J. Scholl & Co., Mahoning Ave. and Hogue St., Youngstown, O. CHRISTIAN, Charles W., (1913), Htg. and Vtg. Engr. and Contractor., (for mail), Johnston Bldg., P. O. Box 292, and Myers Park, Charlotte, N. C. CHUBB, John E., (Associate 1917), Gen. Mgr., Kelvinator Chicago. Inc., 209 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, and (for mail), 806 Colfax St.. Evans ton, III. CHURCH, Herbert John, (1922), Mgr., (for mail), Darling Eros.. Ltd., 77 York St.. Toronto, and 358 Main St., Weston, Ont., Can. CLAFFEY, Edward J,, (1913). Pres., (for mail). E. J. Claffey Co., 10 W. Illinois St., and 439 Melrose St., Chicago, 111. CLARK, E. H., (1922), Br. Mgr., J. D. Swartwout . Co., 482 Penobscot Bldg., and (for mail). Apt. 26, 132 Pingree St., Detroit, Mich. CLARK. Fred C., (1923), Pres., F. C. Clark Htg. Co., 5941 Baum Bldv., and 505 N. Sheridan Ave., Pittsburgh. Pa. ' CLARK, Homer J., (1919), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Bayley Mfg. Co., 523 Penton Bldg., and 1372 Phelps Ave., Cleveland, O. CLARK, W. Chas. M., (1915), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 130 Engrs. Bldg., and 2165 Cottage Grove Drive, Cleveland, O. ' CLARK, William D:, (1908). Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. Richardson & Boyton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York, and (for mail/, 8613 110th St., Richmond Hill, N. Y. CLARK, ,W. H., (1921), Htg. Engr., Anchor . Sanitary Co., 123 Third Ave., and 1018 Wood- bourne Ave.. Pittsburgh, Pa. ' CLARKE, Howard W., (Associate 1923), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Jas. Spear Stove & Htg. Co., 1823 Market St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 512 Yale Ave., Swarthmore, Pa. CLARKE, Samuel S., (1909), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Imperial Radiator Co., and Canadian Sirocco Co., 605 Second St., W., Calgary, Alberta. Can. CLARKSON, Robert C., Jr., (1921), Asst. Engr.. Turner Construction Co., 1713 Sansom St., and 821 South 49th St. Philadelphia, Pa. CLARKSON, WUHam B., (1919), Director of Research, King Vtg. Co., 251 Broadway, Owaton- na, Minn. , CLEGG, Carl, (1922), Mgr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 310 Mutual Bldg., and 3433 Homes , St.. Kansas City, Mo. CLELAND, James E., (1925), Owner, (for mail), Cleland Engrg. Co., 208-19 Fifth St., and 73 N. Princeton Circle. Lynchburg, Va. CLEMENT, E. R., (Associate 1924), Hoffman Specialty Co., 2450 Main St., Bridgeport, Conn. CLIFTON, Wm. F., (1923), 313 Brook Ave.. Toronto, Ont., Can. CLOUD, Oscar E., (Associate 1924), Mgr., (for mail). Western Sheet Metal Works, 450 N. Main St., and 529 Madison Ave., Wichita, Kans. CLOUGH, Leslie, (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. 75 Pierce Rd., Weymouth, Mass. CLOW, Milton T., (1926), Research Engr., (for mail), James B. Clow & Sons, 201 N. Talman Ave., Chicago, and 930 Columbian Ave., Oak Park. 111. COE, Ivan B., (1918), Pres., (for mail), Blower Systems Corp., 362 Plymouth Ave., S., and 122 Penhurst Ave., Rochester, N. Y. COE, Ralph T., (1917), Senior Partner, (for mail), The R. T. Coe Companies, 522 Cutler Bldg., and 235 Chili Ave., Rochester, N. Y. COHAGEN, Chandler C,, (1919). Archt., (for mail), Mclver--E. Cohagen, P. O. Box 1305, Heddin Bldg., and 127 Wyoming Ave., Billings, Mont. COLBY, Clyde W., (1915), Pres., C. W. Colby & Co., 207 Phoenix Bldg., Superior Ave., and East 17th St., Cleveland, and 1755 Northfield Ave., E. Cleveland, O. COLE, Grant E., (Associate 1925), Mgr., (for mail), The Trane Co., 21-23 River St., and 75 Galley Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. COLEMAN, John B., (1920). Chief Engr., (for mail), Grinnell Co., Inc.. 260 W. Exchange St., and 237 Cole Ave., Providence, R. I. COLLAMORE, Ralph, (1904), (Bd.of Gov. 1913), Secy.. Smith, Hinchman & Grylls. 800 Mar quette Bldg., and (for mail). 679 Pingree Ave., Detroit, Mich. COLLIER, William I., (1921), Consulting Engr., (for mail), W. I. Collier & Co.. 15 E. Fayette St., Baltimore, and Ellicott City, Md. COMSTOCK, Glen Moore, (Associate 1926), Engr., (for mail). Rush Mchy. Co., 932 Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 154 College Ave., Beaver, Pa. CONES, Benjamin, (1911), Secy, and Treas., Natl. Engrg. Co., (for mail), 2607 E. Washington St., and 420 N. Keystone Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. CONNELL, Richard F., (1916). Mgr., (for mail), Capitol Testing Lab., U. S. Radiator Corp., 127 Campbell Ave., and 2970 Burlingame, Detroit, Mich. CONNOLLY, Charles I., (Associate 1925), Sales Repr., Hoffman Specialty Co., Waterbury, Conn., and (for mail), 1716 Floyd Ave., Rich mond. Va. COOGAN, Jesse, (1915), Chief Engr., (for mail), Jesse Coogan Engrg. Co., 404-408 Boston Bldg., . and Commercial Club, Salt Lake City. Utah. COOK, Benjamin F., (1920), Member of Firm, Cook & White, 308 Mutual Bldg., Kansas City, and (for mail), Route 6, P. O. Box 452, Indepen dence, Mo. COOK, Chester D., (1921), Co-partner, (for mail), D. F. Edwards Htg. Co., 2340 Pine St., and 4264 Botanical Ave., St. Louis. Mo. COOK, Harris R., (Associate 1924), Dist. Mgr., (foe mail), American Foundry & Furn&ce Co.. 805 36th St., and 1121 44th St., Milwaukee. Wis. COOLEY, Maxwell S.,* (1911), Bureau of Yards and Docks. Navy Dept.. Washington, D. C.. and (for mail), 5 E. Irving St., Chevy Chase, Md. COON, Thurlow E., (1916), Pres., The Coon- DeVisser Co., 2051 W. Lafayette, and (for mail) 826 Edison Ave., Detroit, Mich. COOPER, Albert W., (Associate 1925), Mgr., Salt Lake Office, (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 610 McIntyre Bldg., and 2543 Highland Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah. COOPER, Frank Irving, (1911), (Council 1914 1916), Pres., (for mail), Frank Irving Cooper Corp.. 172 Tremont St., Boston, and Concord Rd.. Wayland, Mass. COOPER, Harry, (Associate 1924), Pres., (for mail), Harry Cooper Supply Co., 223 Water St., and 590 E. Walnut St., Springfield, Mo. COOPER, John W., (Junior 1921; Associate 1925), Repr., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 515 Chemical Bldg., and 4305 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis. Mo. COOPER, Thos. R., (1923), Shanghai Water Works Co., Shanghai, China. COOPER, Thomas W., (Associate 1922), Mgr.; (for mail). Utica Heater Co.', 629 Chestnut St., and 5117 N. Mervine St., Philadelphia, Pa. 11 Roll of Membership CORNELL, Harold, (Associate 1925), Salesman, Davies Supply Co.. 6601 Grand Ave.. Chicago. 111. CORNWALL, George T., (1919), Mgr., Boiler * Dept., (for mail). Hitchings & Co., Spring and Louisa Sts., and 633 Madison Ave., Elizabeth, N. J. . CORNWELL, F. E., (Associate 1923), Salesman, (for mail), Natl. Htg. & Vtg. Co., Wausau, and' 1463 Murray Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. COSGROVE, Wallace M., (1923), Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, N. Y.t and 240 Ridgewood `Rd- S. Orange, N. J. COUGHLIN, R. J., (1925), Dist. Mgr., B. F. Sturtevant Co., 2086 Railway Exch., and (for mail). 4943 Spalding Ave., St. Louis, Mo. COUSENS, Walter S,, (1924), Treas.. McLean & Cousens Co.. 65 Chandler St., Boston, and (for mail), 70 Elm St., W. Newton, Mass. COWARD, Herbert. (1921), Wash. Rep., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 418 Washington Loan & Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C.. and E. Falls Church, Va. COWLES, Benjamin E., (1919), Htg. Engr., (for mail), Kellogg-Mackay Co., 824 S. Fourth St., Minneapolis, and 3711 Colfax Ave., N.t N. Minneapolis, Minn. COX, Christopher J., (1919), (for mail), C. J. Cox Engrg. Co., 625 Putnam Ave., Cambridge, and 1412 Commercial Ave., Allston, Mass. COX, W. F., (1924), Specialty Engr., (for mail). Crane Co., 1532 Grand Ave., and 5212 Rockhill Rd., Kansas City, Mo. COX, William W., (1923), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co.. 326 Columbia St., and 5416 Kirkwood Place, Seattle, Wash. CRANNELL, Chas. A., (1922), Secy., (for mail). Inland Engrg. Corp., 365 State St., and 1011 Park Place. Hammond, Ind. CRAWFORD. William B., (1921). Mgr..Spedalty Dept., (for mail), J. P. Marsh & Co., 114-124 S. Clinton St., and 1516 N. Mayfield Ave., Chicago, 111. CRIOUI, Albert A.,* (1919), Chief Engr.. Htg. and Vtg. Dept., Buffalo Forge Co.. 490 Broad way, and (for mail), 250 Blaine Ave., Buffalo,' N. Y. CROFT, Terrell, (1924), Directing Engr., Terrell Croft Engrg. Co., and Hotel Colon, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. CRONE, Charles E., Jr., (1922), Secy, and Treas., (for mail). Wendt & Crone Co.. 1131 N. Wells SL, and 5432 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, 111. CRONE, Thomas E., (1920), Dist. Sales Mgr., W. A. Russell- & Co., 5037 Grand Central Terminal Bldg., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 50 Washington Terrace, E. Orange, N. J. CROSBY, C. F., (1924), 27 William St., W. Sometville. Mass. CRUTCHLEY, Edward, Jr., (1920), Htg. Con tractor*. (for mail). Edward Crutchley, Jr., 477 8Srd St., and 78 89th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. CULBERT, Warren G., (Associate 1911), Phila. Mgr., Hart & Crouse Co., 3118 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, and 38 Chester Pike, Ridley CULLEN, Harry J., (1923), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Warren & Wetmore, 16 West 47th St., New York, and (for mail), 15 Scott Place, Jamaica, N. Y. - CULLYFORD, Francis S., (1915), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail), Cullyford Plbg. & Htg. Co.,' 1210 California St., and 517 Josephine St., Denver, Colo. CUMMINGS. Carl K., (Junior 1926), Mgr., Industrial Appliance Co. of N. E., 126 High St., Boston. Mass. 4 CUMMINGS, G. J., (1923), Supt., Scott Co.. H3 Tenth St., and 201 Orange St., Oakland, Calif. CUMMINS, George H., (1919), Sales Engr., (for mail), Morgan-Gerrish. Co., 800-806 LaSalle Ave., and 4944 Logan Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. CURRIER, Charles H., (1919), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Drying Systems, Inc., 50 Church St., and 322 West 72nd St., New York, N. Y. CUTHBERT, Ivan Norman, (1925), (for mail). Cuthbert & Cuthbert, 327 E. Huron St., and Rural Route Number 6. Ann Arbor, Mich. CUTLER, Joseph A., (1916), (Council 1917 1926), Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co1355 Washington and Belden-Stratford Hotel, Chicago, 111. CUTTER, Edward H., (Associate 1923), Special Distributor, Hoffman Steam Specialties, (for mail), 179 W. Washington St., Chicago, and Elgin, 111. CUYLER, David H., (1917). Chicago Mgr.. Natl. Radiator Co., 1038-1106 S. Kolmar Ave., Chicago, and 536 Hinman Ave., Evanston, 111. D DAILEY, Jas .A., (Associate- 1920), Htg. Con tractor, 50 Jane St., New York, N. Y. DAILEY. James F., (1924). Vice-Pres.. Typhoon Fan Co., 345 West 39th St., New York, and 25 Wilson Drive, New Rochelle. N. Y. DALY, John H., (-1915), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail), Daly Co., 1425 16th St., and Denver Athletic Club, Denver, Colo. - DAMBLY, A. Ernest, (Junior 1921; 1924), Asst., (for mail), H. B. Hackett, 505 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. DANE, Irving S., (1925), Mgr., Boston Office, . The Trane Co., 15 School St., Boston, and (for mail). 9 Mason St., Medford. Mass. DANFORTH, Newman Loring, (1919), Pres., John W. Danforth Co., 72 Ellicott St., Buffalo, N. Y. DANNIES. F. R., (Associate 1925). Salesman. American Radiator Co., 1801 St. Paul Ave., and 465 Fourth Ave., Wauwatosa, Wis. DARTON, Arthur W., (Associate 1925). Htg. Contractor, 314 Fulton St.,- Union Hill, and (for mail). 331 Brown St., Union Hill. Union City, N. J. DARTS, John A., (1919), Sales Mgr., (for mail). Kewanee Boiler Co.. Inc.. 570 Seventh Ave., and 272 Manhattan Ave., New York, N. Y. DAUBACH. Charles T., (Associate 1925), -Denver Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 24th and Blake Sts., and 237 Logan St., Denver. Colo. DAUCH, Emil O., (1921), Detroit Repr., Con-, tinental Heater Corp., 400 Penobscott Bldg., Bldrs. and Traders Exch., and (for mail), 81 Montana Ave., W., Detroit, Mich. DAUGHERTY, Fred M., (1919). Contracting Engr., Grinnell Co., Inc., 407 Society for Savings Bldg., Cleveland, O. DAVENPORT. Edwin A., (1916), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., American Wanning & Vtg. Co., 317-319 Pennsylvania Ave., Elmira, N. Y. DAVIDSON, H. MacD., (Junior 1924; Associate 1926). Br. Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 1820 St. Marys Ave., and 2118 Locust St., Omaha. Nebr. DAVIDSON, Philip L., (1921; 1924). Sales Engr.. Carrier Engrg. Corp., 176 Federal St., Boston, DAVIES, George W., (1918). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., G. W. Davies & Co., 79 McLaggan St., Dunedin, New Zealand. DAVIS, Arthur C., (1920), Mech. Engr., 73 Preston St., Ridgefield Park, N. J. DAVIS, Benjamin H., (1923). 30 W. Lynwood Ave., Glenside; Pa. DAVIS, Bert C., (1904), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), American Warming & Vtg. Co., 317 Pennsylvania Ave., and 603 W. Church St., Elmira, N. Y. DAVIS, Jas. H., (Charter Member ). (Board of Governors 1911), 816 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago. 111. DAVIS, Joseph, (Associate 1926). Htg. Engr., W. E. Shaddock. 2950 Oak St., and (for mail), 414 Northumberland Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. DAVIS, Leo J., (1917), Vice-Pres.. (for mail), John J. Davis & Sons, Inc.. 2728' Baker St., Detroit, and Philbrick Ave., Reford. Mich. 12 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 HOBEN, Robert J., (1919), Plbg. and Htg. Contractor, (for mail), 258-60 S. Van Pelt St., and 5112 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. HOCHULI, Henry W., (1925), Sales Engr., National Radiator Co., 47 West 42nd St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail). 113 Chester Ave., Bloomfield, N. J. HODGDON, Harry A., (1919). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Stone-Underhill Htg. & Vtg. Co., 171 Harrison Ave.. Boston, and (for mail). 153 Norfolk St., Wollaston, Mass. HOERSTING, Frank J., (1921). Hoersting & Holtmann, 1133 W. Third St., Dayton, O. HOFFMAN, Charles F., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., (for mail). International Heater Co.. 1114 Dime Savings Bk. Bldg., and 80 W. Euclid Ave., Detroit. Mich. HOFFMAN, Charles S., (1924), Vice-Pres.. (for mail), 576 Greenwich St., New York, N. Y., and ; 19 Belvidere Place. Montclair, N. J. HOFFMAN, George D.,* (1906), Hoffman Specialty Co., 512 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. HOFFMAN, James D.,* (1903), (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1910; 1st Vice-Pres. 1908; Board of Governors 1911, 1912), Prof, of-Practi cal Mechanics, Head of Dept., Director of Practical Mech. Lab., (for mail). Purdue Univer sity, and 323 University St- W. Lafayette. Ind. HOFT. Paul J., (Associate 1924; 1925). Prop.. Plbg. and Htg. Contractor, (for mail), 245 S. Eighth St., and 1119 Wyoming Ave., Phila delphia, Pa. HOGAN, Edward L., (1911). Consulting Engr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 6004 Russell St., and 2970 W. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich. HOGUE, Carl T., (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., San Angelo. Tex. HOIER, William V., (1917). Mgr., (for mail), Wm. V. Hoier Co., 701 N. Wells St., and 5960 Kenmore Ave., Chicago, 111. HOISINGTON, Ned P., (Associate 1923), 102 Summit Ave., Bywood Heights, Upper Darby P. O.. Pa. HOLBROOK, Frank M., (1923), Armstrong ' Cork Co.. Linoleum Div- Lancaster, Pa. HOLLOWAY, Robert B., (Junior 1923; Associate 1926), Gurney Heater & Mfg. Co., (for mail), 108 North 17th St.. Philadelphia, and 26 W. Rockland St., Germantown. Pa. HOLMBERG, John A., (1924), 122 E. Lincoln, Lindsborg, Kans. HOLMES, Joseph, (1921), Htg. Engr., 1902 Freeman St., Toledo, O. HOMANN, Frederick A.,. (1918), Sales Repr., The Herman Nelson Corp., 1233 Marlyn Rd., Philadelphia, Pa. HONIBALL, Charles R.,* (1911), Pres.. Charles R. Honiball Co.. 156 Boundary St., Liverpool, Eng. HOOK, C. Howard, (1915). Pres., Peerless Heater Co.. 5602 Baum Blvd., Pittsburgh, Pa. HOOK, Maurice G., (1919), Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co.. 101 Park Ave., New York, and 11 Henry St.. Tuckahoe, N. Y. HOOVER, H. Earl, (Associate 1922). Vice-Pres., The Hoover Co.. 1407 Railway Exch., Chicago, and 1801 Green Bay Rd., Glencoe, 111. HOPKIN. William E., (1919), Pres, and Treas.. (for mail), Chas. E. Hopkin Co., 107 Bethlehem Pike, and 514 Wyndmoor Ave.. Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. Pa. HOPSON. William T., (1915), Hopson & Chapin Mfg. Co.. New London, Conn. HORNUNG, John.C., (1914), Engr., (for mail). 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, and 854 Bluff St., Glencoe, 111. * HORTON, Homer F., (1925), Sales Repr., (for mail). National Regulator Co., 2301 Knox Ave., Chicago, and 343 Green Bay Rd., Glencoe, 111. HOSTERMAN, Charles O., (1924), Supt., The McMurrer Co.. 303 Congress St., Boston, and (for mail), 25 Bales Rd., Dorchester. Mass. HOUGHTEN, Ferry C.,* (1921). (Secy. 1924; 1925). Director of Research Lab., (for mail), A. S. H. & V. E., U. S. Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes St., and 1136 Murray Hill Ave., Pitts burgh. Pa. HOUPT, George A.. (1916), Engr., S. Faith Co., Inc., Evans Ave. and Old York Rd., Willow Grove, Pa. . HOWATT, John * (1915), Chief Engr., (for mail). Board of Education, 650 S. Clark St., and 7006 Bennett Ave., Chicago, 111. HOWELL, Frank B., (1920), Institution of Thermal Research, (for mail), American Radiator Co., 1807 Elmwood Ave., and Westbrook Apts., N. at Delaware, Buffalo, N. Y. HOWELL, Lloyd, (1915), Chief Engr., (for mail). American Foundry & Furnace Co., 915 E. Washington St., and 1203 E. Jefferson St., Bloomington. 111. HOYT, William B,, (1919), Sales Mgr. and Secy., (for mail). National Pipe Bending Co.. River and Lloyd Sts., New Haven, and 39 Clifford St., Whitneyville, Conn. HUBBARD, Allen, (1919), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Hollis French & Allen Hubbard, 210 South St.. Boston, and 51 Montvale Rd., Newton Center, Mass. HUBBARD, Allen M., (1922). Prop., Htg. and Vtg. Contractor, 311 Temple St., and (for mail), 232 N. Vendome St., Los Angeles, Calif. HUBBARD, G. W., (1911), Mech. Engr., (for mail), Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, 1417 Railway Exch., Chicago, and 331 Bonnie Brae, River Forest, 111. HUBBARD, Nelson B,, (1919). Consulting Engr.. (for mail), Rm. 1005, 1346 Broadway, and 2985 Blaine Ave., Detroit, Mich. HUBERT, Jack W., (1924), Vice-Pres,; Barron Hubert Co., 126 West 64th St., New York, N. Y. HUCH, Aloyslus J., (1919), Gen. Mgr. of Sales, (for mail). Central Supply Co., 312 S. Third St., and 4037 Harriet Ave.. Minneapolis, Minn. HUCKEL, Frank, Jr., (1920), Mgr. Htg. Dept., Keystone Supply & Mfg. Co., 907 N. Ninth St., Philadelphia, and (for mail). 5335 Wingohocking Terrace, Germantown, Pa. HUCKER, Joseph H., (1921), Sales Engr., (for mail), Haynes Selling Co., Inc.. 1711 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and 715 Stanbridge St., Norris town. Pa. ' HUETHER, Charles G. L., (Junior 1923; 1924). Htg., Vtg., Air Conditioning. Power and Mech. Equipment. Atlantic Engrg. Co., 109 E. Pleasant St., and 3814 Kate Ave., Forest Park, Baltimore, Md. HUGHES. Willard C.. (1921), (for mail). Wicks* Hughes & Co.. 224 Genesee St., and 16 Cottage Place, Utica, N. Y. ' HULL, Bret R., (1910), Engr. and Contractor, 406 Poyntz Ave., Manhattan, Kans. HUMPHREY, Dwight E., (1921), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron and 121 Harrison Ave., Cuyahoga Falls. O. HUMPHREYS, Aurelius E., (1911), Mgr., (for mail).'0'Mara Heating Co., 504 Victoria Bldg., and 4121 Flora Blvd., St. Louis. Mo. HUNT, Phil M., (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Crane Co., 336 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago. IU.. and (for mail), Pennsylvania Hotel. Chestnut and 39th Sts., Philadelphia. Pa. HUNT, Richard B., (1912). Sales Engr.. American Radiator Co., 414 S. Fourth Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. ` HUNTER, H. R., (Associate 1925). Bldg. Supt.. (for mail). Jewelers Building Corp.. 36-42 West 47th St.. New York. N. Y.. and 101-34 133rd St., Richmond Hill, L. 1. HUNTER, Wallace S., (Associate 1924), Vice- Pres., (for mail), United Plumbers Supply Co., Inc., 441 Exterior St., and 254 East 202nd St., New York. N. Y. HURLEY, Joseph C., (1915). Pres- (for mail). Petroleum Fuel Engine Co., 4028-32 Filbert`St and 21 South 61st St- Philadelphia, Pa. HUSBAND. Edward Woods, (1922). Htg. Engr., Geo. Frederic Hall, Archt., 807 Union Trust Co Bldg- and (for mail), 114 Corinth St- Provi dence. R. I. - HUTCHINSON, J. Edward, (1921). Engr- (for mail). Isaac Hathaway Francis. 1520 Locust St and 5129 Newhall St- Philadelphia, Pa. . 21 Roll of Membership HUTTON, William, (1919), Pres., (for mail), JARDINE, Douglas Connell, (Associate 1926), Hutton Bros. Co.. 9 Union St., and 28 Spring St., Winsted, Conn. Plbg. and Htg. Contr- Jardine & Knight Plbg. & Htg. Co- 312 N. Custer, and 509 N. Nevada, HUTZEL. A. F., (1916), (for mail), Hutzel & Co- Colorado Springs, Colo. 119 E. Washington St., and 722 W. Washington St., Ann Arbor, Mich. HUTZEL, Hugo F., (1918), (for mail), American Radiator Co., 1807 Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, and JARVIS, George E., (1923), Secy.. Htg. and Vtg. Engr- A. E. Holmes & Bros. Co- (for mail), 911 Banks Ave- and 1626 Baxter Ave- Superior, Wis. 64 N. Long St.. Williamsville, N. Y. JAYNES, Eubertis L,, (1918), (for mail), 525 HUTZEL, Max H., (1923), Vice-Pres. and Secy-, S. Seventh St- and 4849 Girard Ave- S. Min- (for mail), Hutzel & Co.. Hutzel Bldg., and 731 neapolis. Minn. N. Elm St., Muntie, Ind. ` JELLETT, Stewart A.,* (Charter Member; HUTZEL, Victor C., (1923), Treas., (for mail), Presidential Member), (Pres. 1895; Board of Hutzel & Co., Hutzel Bldg., and 715 N. Elm Stl, Managers 1896-1897; Secy. 1898; Board of Muncie, Ind. HUZZARD, Edward C., (Associate 1924), Asst. Managers 1899), Pres- Stewart A. Jellett Co1200 Locust St,, Philadelphia, and 6701 Lincoln Treas., Fleck Marshall Co., Hazel & Water Sts., Drive, Mount Airy. Philadelphia, Pa. ' and (for mail), 517 S. Lime St., Lancaster, Pa. JENKINS, Harry E., (Associate 1923), Sales HYMAN, Wallace M., (1920), Vice-Pres., (for Mgr., Radiator Div- (for mail), U. S. Cartridge mail), Reis & O'Donovan, Inc., 253 West 28th Co., and 343 High St- Lowell, Mass. St., and 210 West 70th St.. New York, N. Y. JENNINGS, Irving C., (1924). Pres- (for mail), HYNES, Lee P.,* (1919), Pres., Hynes & Cox Nash Engrg. Co- and 138 Flax Hill Rd- S. Elec. Corp., 406 N. Pearl St., and 50 S. Mansing Norwalk, Conn. Blvd., Albany, N. Y. ' JENNINS, Henry H., (1901), Managing Director, E. Oldroyd & Co- Ltd- and (for mail), 15 I Grange View, Leeds, Eng. JENSON, Jean S,, (1912), 431 S. Dearborn St- ICKERINGILL, John, (1923), Sales Engr., Chicago, 111. Standard Heater Co., Otis Bldg., Philadelphia, JOHN, Benjamin F., (1920), Pres- (for mail), and 235 Rector St., Roxborough, Pa. Benjamin F. John Co., 1003 Race St- and 881 1DDLES, Alfred, (1921), Chief Power Engr., (for North 24th St- Philadelphia, Pa. mail). Day & Zimmermann, Inc., 1600 Walnut JOHNSON, Carl W,, (1912), Pres- (for mail). St., Philadelphia, and 304 Conestoga RdWayne. Pa. IMPEY, Paul F., (Junior 1921; Associate 1925), C. W. Johnson, Inc- 211 N. Desplaines St- and 1809 Morse Ave- Chicago. 111. JOHNSON, Edgar Engman, (1926), Sales Engr- Htg. Engr., John C. Moninger Co., 900 Black- (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co- 490 Broadway, and hawk St., and (for'mail), 3842 N. Mozart St., 200 Loring Ave- Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago. 111. JOHNSON, Edward B,, (1919). Sales Engr., INGALLS, F. D. B,, (1906), Br. Mgr., Htg. and Staten Island Supply Co- 1390 Richmond Sales Engr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 136 Terrace, and (for mail), 154 Wardwell Ave- W. Federal St., Boston, and 1 Hopkins St., Reading, New Brighton, N. Y. Mass. JOHNSON, Fred W,, (1916), Vice-Pres- (for INGELS, Margaret M.,* (Junior 1918; 1923), mail). Johnson, Larsen & Co- 693-703 Monroe Research Engr.; (for mail), U. S. Bureau of Ave- Detroit, and R. F. D. No. 4, Birmingham, Mines, and 238 N. Dithridge St., Pittsburgh, Pa. Mich. ' INNIS, Helen R.t (Junior 1918; 1921), Donnelly Systems Co., (for mail), 9 Murray St., New York, and 34 McDonough St., Brooklyn, N. Y. IRELAND, Thomas Hilton, (1923), Sales Engr., Crane Co., 23 West 44th St,, New York, and (for mail), 69 Cedar Ave., Rockville Center, L. I., N. Y. . IRWIN, Clarence W,, (1924), 412 Clark Bldg., Jacksonville, and Jacksonville Beach, Fla. ISSERTELL, Henry G,, (Associate 1912; 1913), Supervising Engr., General Elec. Co., (for mail), 120 Broadway, and 825 West 180th St,, New York, N. Y. J JOHNSON, Paul H., (Associate 1924). Engr.,E. H. Sheldon Co., and (for mail), 205 Washing ton Ave- Muskegon, Mich. JOHNSON, Ralph B,, (1922), Sales Engr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co- 411 E. Tenth St and 2117 East 68th St- Kansas City. Mo. JOHNSON, Tracy R,, (1924), Mgr- Engr. Dept-. The Trane Co., and 315 Y. M. C. A- LaCrosse, Wis. JOHNSTON, James Ambler, (1912), Member of Firm, Carneal & Johnston, Architects and Engrs- 806 Electric Bldg- and 1411 Grove AveRichmond, Va. JOHNSTON, R. E,, (Associate 1926), Htg. Engr., JACKSON, Charles H,, (1923), Sales Engr., Taylor Forbes Co- 1070 Homer St- Vancouver, Bayley Mfg. Co., 732 Greenbush St., and 614 Farwell Ave., Milwaukee. Wis. . ' . JOHNSTON, William B,, (Associate 1916; 1921), JACKSON, Charles J., (Associate 1912), Local Vice-Pres- (for mail). Ideal Furnace Co- 2995 Mgr., (for mail), Jenkins Bros., 646 W. Washing ,E. Grand Bldg- and 1667 Atkinson Ave., ton Blvd., Chicago, and 323 Hazel Ave- Glencoe, Detroit, Mich. III. JOHNSTON, William H,, (1924), Pres- (for JACKSON, Marshall S., (1919), Htg. and Power mail), Johnston Htg. Co- 332 East 47th St- Plant Equipt- (for mail), `232 Delaware Ave- New York, and 19 Magnolia Ave., Larchmont, and 108 Larchmont Rd- Buffalo, N. Y. N. Y. JACKSON, Tandy L., (Junior 1926), Pres, and JONES, A. MarshaU, (1922), Mgr- (for mail), Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Tandy L. Jackson Co Machinery Mfgs. Sec- Westinghouse Elec. & Mutual Bldg- and 3524 Campbell St- Kansas City. Mo. -JACOBUS, Davis 5L, (1916), Advisory Engr., Babcock & WilcoxvCo- 85 Liberty St., New York, N. Y. . JALIEN, John J,, (1922), Staff Engr., (for mail), Mfg. Co- E. Pittsburgh, and 209 Biddle AveWilkinsburg, Pa. JONES, David J., (1919), Mech. Asst- (for mail), Illinois Central Railroad Co- Rra. 700, Dowie Bldg- and 425 89th Place, Chicago. 111. 552 Seventh Ave- and 365 West 118th St- New JONES, Dwight C- (Associate 1924), (for mail), York. N. Y. Hoffman Specialty Co- 200 Builders Exchange, JANES, Arthur, (1919), Pres- Arthur Janes Co- . and 4508 29th Ave- S- Minneapolis, Minn. 990 Post Rd- Scarsdale, N. Y. JONES, Earnest F. (1923), Mgr., Htg. Dept- (for JANET, Harry L., (1920), Engr., (for mail). mail), Kellogg-Mackay Co- 1351 West 37th Carrier Engrg. Corp- 750 Frelinghuysen Ave- Place, and 3350 Gladys Ave- Chicago, 111. Newark, N. J- and 688 Decatur St- Brooklyn, JONES, Edwin, (Junior 1924), Watt Plbg- Htg. N. Y. & Supply Co- Box 582, Tulsa, Okta. 22 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 JONES,. Edwin A., (1919), Contracting Engr- L. J. Mueller Furnace Co- 197 Reed St- Mil waukee, wis. - JONES, Edwin F,, (1923), Consulting Engr- 301 Zenith Bldg- St. Paul. Minn. JONES, Ernest, (Associate 1925), 423 Dwight Bldg- Kansas City, Mo. JONES, Harold L,, (1920), Asst. Supt- The W. W. Farrier Co- (for mail). 44 Montgomery St- Jersey City, and 11 Cambridge Rd- Glen Ridge. N. J. JONES, Ivor R,, (Junior 1923). (for mail), Isaac H. Francis, 1520 Locust St- Philadelphia, and 344 Taylor Terrace, Chester, Pa. JONES, Louis T,, (1921), Salesman. 3700 High land Ave- Drexel Hill, Delaware Co., Pa. JONES, Raymond E., (1919). Pres-, (for mail), Haynes Selling Co- Inc- 2013 Sansom St- Philadelphia, Pa., and 39 W. End Ave- Haddon- field. N. J. JONES, William T., (1915), (Council 1925-1926). Partner, Barnes & Jones, 5 Melrose St- Boston, and (for mail), 11 Rossmere St., Newtonville, Mass. JOYCE, Walter P-, (Associate 1924). Htg. Engr., 2039 Hardesty Ave., Kansas City. Mo. JUNG, John S,, (Associate 1923), Htg. Con tractor, 554 Layton Blvd- Milwaukee. Wis. JUNKERS, Prof. Hugo, (1925), Pres- (for mail), Junkers Corp. of America, 2142 Madison Ave- New York, N. Y- and Dessau. Germany. JUTTNER, Otto J., (1915), Pres- (for mail). Juttner Heating Co- 43 Jefferson St- Milwaukee, and 496 Newton Ave- Shorewood, Wis. K KAHN, Henry P., (1919). Salesman, Hoffman Specialty Co- 512 Fifth Ave- and (for mail), 456 West 148th St- New York, N. Y. KAISER, Harry S,, (Junior 1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr- Hanley & Co- 6 N. Clark St- and (for mail), 3608 Wilson Ave., Chicago, 111. KAMMAN, Arnold R., (Junior 1921; Associate '' 1925), Engr., John W. Danforth Co., 72 Ellicott St., and (for mail), 441 .Massachusetts Ave- Buffalo, N. Y. KAMMERER, William C,, (1923), Mech. Engr,, . Hadlow, Hick & Co.. 412 Finance Bldg- Cleve land, and (for mail), 14915 Clofton Blvd- Lakewood, O. KAPPEL, George W. A., (1921), Pres, and Treas.; (for mail), Camden Heating Co- 8 Market St., Camden, and 347 King's Highway W,, Haddon- field, N. J. KARLSON, Alfred F., (1918). Chief Engr.. (for mail), Parks-Cramer Co- 970 Main St- Fitch burg, and 186 Prospect St- N. Leominster, Mass. KARR, Theo., Jr., (1921). Karr Supply Co- (for mail), and 325 S. High St- Belleville, III. KASTELLO, August, (1923), Mgr- (for mail). C. A. Dunham Co- Ltd- 904 New Birks Bldg- and 112 Rutland Ave- Town of Mt. Royal, Montreal. Que- Can. KATSUMOTO, Eljiro, (1926), Pres- (for mail), Katsumoto & Co- Engrs. and Contractors, 29, Awajicho, and 3 Kirishimacho, Darien, S. Manchuria. China. KAUFFMAN, Rufus, (1921). Htg. Engr. and Contractor, (for mail), 4308 N, Broad St- and 326 W. Seymour St., Philadelphia. Pa. KAUFFMANN, Frederick F., (1922), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 13 North 13th St- Philadelphia, , Pa- and 909 Pine St- Camden, N. J. KAYSING, Harry C., (1926), Designer and Engr- Hester-Bradley Co- 4200 Forest Park Blvd- St- Louis, Mo. , KEASBEY, Aertsen Parry, (1922), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Robert A..Keasbey Co- 445 West St., New York, N. Y- and 298 Park St- Montclair. N. J. KEENAN, P. Frank, (Associate 1921), pres- (for mail), Leo Flush Valve Co- 331 Madison Ave., New York, and 283 Burns St- Forest Hills, L. I. KEENEY, Frank P., (Associate 1915), Editor, Domestic Engineering, 1900 Prairie Ave- and 70th St- and The Lake, Chicago, 111. KEHM, August, (1901), (Board of Governors 1908; 1911; 1st Vice-Pres. 1909); Pres- Kehm Bros. Co- 51 E. Grand Ave- Chicago, 111. KEISER, Walter, (Associate 1920), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Keiser Equipment & Engrg. Co- 580 Arcade Bldg- and Wydom Blvd. and Bolland Drive, St. Louis, Mo. - KELLEY, James J., (Associate 1924), Vice-Pres- (for mail). Ballard Oil Co- 535 Commonwealth Ave- Boston, and 142 Governors Ave., Medford, Mass. KELLOGG, Alfred,* (1916), (Council 1920-1921; 1923-1924), (for mail), 89 Franklin St- Boston, . and 6 Hawthorne St- Waverly, Mass. KELLOGG, Clarence V., (Associate 1900), Pres- (for mail), Kellogg-Mackay Co., 1357 West 37th Place, and 1338 Fargo Ave- Chicago. 111. KELLOGG, Hosford D., (Associate 1916). Mgr., (for mail), H. B. Smith Co., 17th and Arch Sts- Philadelphia, and Haverford, Pa. - KELLOGG, Thomas M., (Associate 1923), Salesman, (for mail). The Bishop & Bibcock Co . 444 Lafayette St- New York, and 23 Roxbury Rd- Scaredale, N. Y. KELLY, John G., (Associate 1919), Plbg. and Htg. Specialties, 210 East 45th St- New York, and (for mail), 55 Cornell Ave- Yonkers, N. Y. KENT, Laurence F., (Junior 1924), Vice-Pres. and Engr- Moncrief Furnace Co- P. O. Box 1673 Atlanta, and R. F. D. No. 2, Smyrna, Ga. KERNEY, Thomas F., (Junior 1925), Engr., (for mail), H. B. Hackett, Consulting Engr., Public Ledger Bldg- and 2115 W. Ontario St- Phila delphia. Pa. KERSHAW, Melville G- (Junior 1921; Associate 1926), Designing Engr- du Pont Engrg. Co- Wilmington, Del- and 3957 N. Percy St- PHiladelphia. Pa. KERSJES. William, (1922). Pres, and Gen. Supt- Wheeler Blaney Co- 249 N. Burdick St and (for mail), 728 Clinton St- Kalamazoo, Mich. KEYES, Robert E.t (1913), Construction Engr- (for mail). Drying Systems,' Inc- 11 S. Desplaines St- Chicago, 111- and 2497 Grand Ave- New York, N. Y. K1EB, August A., (1924), Engr- F. P. Merkel, 131 South 12th St., and (for mall), 112 S. Tenth St- Newark. N. J. . KIEFER, Carl J., (1922), Consulting Engr- 901 . Schmidt Bldg- Cincinnati, O. KIEWITZ, Arthur A., (1912). Htg. Engr., 23-80 Chauncey St- Astoria, L. I- N. Y. KIEWITZ, Conway, (1907), Engr.. N. Y. Board of Education, Flatbush Ave. and Concord St- Brooktyn, and 70 King St., Floral Park, L. I- ,N. Y. ' KILBY, Roger E., (1926), Supt- Northwestern Htg. & Plbg, Co- 1465 Sherman Ave- Evanston, III. KILLIAN, Maurice A., (1922). Pres- Glanz & Killian Co- 1761 Forest Ave., W- and 4400 Leslie Ave- Detroit, Mich. KIMBALL. Charles W., (1915), Richard D. Kimball Co- 6 Beacon St- Boston, Mass. KIMBALL, Dwight D.,* (1908), (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1915; Board of Governors 1912; 1913; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1914; Council 1914-1916), 15 West 38th St- New York, and 230 23rd St., Jackson Heights, L. I- New York. KINEALY, John H.,* (Charter Member; Presi dential Member), (Pres. 1901; 1st Vice-Pres. 1898; Board of Governors 1902), Consulting Engr- 503 Granite Bldg- St. Louis. Mo. KING, Thomson, (1923), Sales Mgr- (for mail). Gas Boiler Dept- Peerless Heater Co- 5602 Baum Blvd- and 209 N. Lang Ave- Pittsburgh, Pa. KINGSBURY, James W., (1924). B. B. Shine. . 224 E. Walnut St- Green Bay, Wis. KINGSLEY, E. A., (1926), Pres- E. A. Kingsley & Co- Inc., 14 Gansevoort Ave- New York, N. Y. KINNER, J- E., (1924), Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co- 952 East 72nd St- and 1453 East U6th St- Cleveland, O. 23 Roll of Membership KIPE, J. Morgan, (1919), Philadelphia Mgr., (for mail). Standard Heater Co., 609 Otis Bldg., and Homestead and Beck Aves., Beechwood Park, Philadelphia, Pa. KIRBY, W. C., (1918), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Grinnell Co., Inc., 276 Marrietta St., At lanta, and 306 Ponce de Leon Place, Decatur. Ga. KIRK, Charles D., (1909), Mgr., Chas. D. Kirk Co., Sargent and Colleen Sts., and 774 McMillan Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Can. - KIRK, George H., (1906). Engr. and Contractor, 6711 Wentworth Ave., Chicago, 111. KIRK, Leonard G., (1923), Pres., L. G. Kirk Co.. Inc., 441 West 50th St., New York. N. Y.. and 859 Boulevard El, Weehawken, N. J. KIRMES, Edwin W., (1923), Secy, and Chief Engr., (for mail), Walworth-English-Flett Co., 81 Commercial Wharf, Boston, and 29 Oakland St., Melrose, Mass. - KISSICK, J. J.. (1918), Supt. of Operations. Board of Education, Sixth and Rockwell Ave., and (for.mail), 1768 Wayside Rd., Cleveland, O. KITAURA, Shlgeyukl, (1918), Mech. Engr.. Monopoly Bureau, Dept, of Finance, Tokyo, Japan. KITCH, Stanley B.,'(Junior 1925), Sales Engr., The Trane Co., 844 Rush St., Chicago, and (for mail). 3330 Wesley Ave., Berwyn, 111. ` KITCHELL, Herbert N., (Associate 1926). Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail), Crane Co.. 824 Broadway, and 4528 Circle Ave., Cincinnati, O. KITCHEN, Francis A., (Junior 1923), John H. Kitchen Co., 1012 Pioneer Trust Bldg., Kansas City. Mo. KITCHEN, John H., (1906), Htg. and Vtg; Engr., (for mall), John H. Kitchen & Co., Pioneer Trust Bldg., 1016 Baltimore Ave.. and 5015 Westwand Terrace. Kansas City, Mo. KITTLE, F. Carlton, (1923), Htg. Draftsman, (for mail). Lord & Burnham Co., and 42 Main St.. Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. KLAUS, Louis J., (Junior 1921), Asst. Htg. Engr., Socony Burner Corp., 26 Broadway, New York, and (for mail), Farmingdale, L. I., N. Y. KLEIN, Albert R., (1920), Mgr*. Carrier Luft- technische Gesellschaft, Langestrasse 61, and (for mail). Panoramastrasse 23, Stuttgart, Germany. KLEIN, Edward W., (1917). S. E. Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 618 Atlantic Trust Bldg., and 227 Myrtle St., Atlanta, Ga. KLEIN, Walter A., (1919), Pres., (for mail), Klein Htg. Co., 4209 Olive St., and 4061a Shaw Ave.. St. Louis. Mo. KLIE, Walter, (1915). Pres., (for mail). The Smith & Oby Co.. 6107 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland, and 18411 S. Woodland Rd., Shaker Heights, Cleveland, O. KLINE, George W., Jr., (1921), Proprietor, Kline & Co., 311 North 13th St., and (for mail), 634 North 17th St., Philadelphia, Pa. KLINE, Walter J., (1912), Sales Engr.. (for mail), American Dist. Steam Co.. N. Tonawanda, and 186 Pine St.. Lockport, N. Y. KLONOWER, Arthur A., (1920), Mgr., J. S. Cassedy Co., 133 Austin St., and 244 Brattle St.. Cambridge. Mass. KNAPP, A. F., (1923), Sales Engr., 419 Post Ave.. Lyndhurst. N. J. KNIGHT, Alvin B., (Associate 1916). (for mail), Warren Webster & Co.. 2123 Dime Bk. Bldg., and 8818 Dexter Blvd., Detroit. Mich. KNOWLES, Arthur F., (Associate 1914), Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co., (for mail), 202 Frank- . lin St., New York, N. Y., and 135 Haddon Place, Upper Montclair, N. J. KOCH, Harry O., (1916), Vice-Pres., American Htg. & Vtg. Co., 804 Times Dispatch Bldg., Richmond- Va. KOEHLER, George T., (1923), Br. Mgr., Rich mond Radiator Co., 1480 Broadway, New York, N. Y., and (for mail, 1111' Market St., Harris burg, Pa. KOHLBRY. Edward G., (1920), Pres., (for mail), Kohlbry-Howlett Co., 63 W. Ontario St., Chicago, and 1144 Chestnut Ave., Wilmette, 111. KOITHAN, William S., (1913), Sales Engr., (for mail), Koithan & Pryor, 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y., and 46 Linden Place, Summit, N. J. KORN, Charles B., (1922), Member of Firm. Htg., Vtg., Roofing and Sheet Metal Con tractors, 817 Cumberland St., and 1022 S. Eighth St., Allentown, Pa. KOTTCAMP, Horace A;, (1915), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., Cbambersburg Construction Co., 139 N. Second St., and (for mail), Philadelphia Ave., and Kenwood Rd., Chambersburg, Pa. KRATZ, Alonzo- P.,* (1925), Research Prof.. Dept, of Mech. Engrg., (for mail). University of Illinois, and 1003 Douglas Ave., Urbana, 111. KREISSL, Hans George, (1925), Engr., (for mail), American Radiator Co.. 816 S. Michigan Ave., and 630K Cornelia Ave., Chicago. IU. KREITNER, William, (Junior 1926), Htg. Estimator, Alvord & Swift, Grand Central Terminal, New York, and (for mail), 108 Linden St., Brooklyn, N. Y. . KRESSLY, Maurice E., (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Bureau of School Bldgs.. Dept, of Public Instruction and (for mail), 1941 Lenox St.. Harrisburg, Pa. -' KR1EBEL, Arthur E., (1920), Service Engr., (for mail), Haynes Selling Co., 2013 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and Berwyn, Chester Co.. Pa. KRIES, Henry A.,: (1901), Pre9., (for mail), Henry A. Knee & Sons Co., 6 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, and.Catonsviile, Md. KROEGER, Alvin, (Associate 1923), Chicago Mgr., (for mail), Richmond Radiator Co.. 568 Wrigiey Bldg., and 4056 N. Harding Ave., Chicago, III. KRUEGER, James I., (1921), Mech. Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Illinois Engrg. Co.. 417 Market St., Suite 320, and 1770 Pacific Ave., San Francisco, Calif. . KRUEGER, William E., (Associate 1924), Mgr. Htg. Dept., Passaic Plumbing Co., Passaic, and (for mail), 453 Devon St.. Arlington, N. J. L' LaFOLLETTE, Byron E., (1916), Vice-Pres. and Treas., The Tarpenning-LaFoHette Co., (for mail), 1030 Canal St., and 3415 Guilford Ave., Indianapolis. Ind. LAGODZINSKI, Harry J., (Junior 1920). Sales Engr.. Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., (for mail), 324 W. Monroe St., and 3628 N. Tripp Ave., Chicago. 111. LAIDLAW, Ernest J., (Associate 1923), (for mail). Crane Co.. Ltd.. 306 Front St., and 629 Lonsdale Rd., Toronto. Ont., Can. LAMB. Foster W., (1906). Pres., F. W. Lamb Co.. 24 E. Kinzie St., Chicago, and Oak Park Arms Hotel. Oak Park, III. LAMSON, F. S., (1924), Mgr. Htg. and Pumping Dept., Central Supply Co.. 312 S. Third St., and (for mail), 2319 Dupont Ave., S.. Minneapolis, Minn. LANCE, Joseph, (1923), Harrigan & Reid, 1705 First St.. Detroit, Mich. LANDERS, John J., (Junior 1924), Htg. Engr.. (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 133 E. Grand River, and 17004 Log Cabin Ave., Detroit, Mich. LANE, Alfred M., (1916), Pres., (for mail). Monarch Metal Products Co., 5020 Penrose St., and 4238 Lafayette Ave., St. Louis, Mo. LANE, Edward K.t (1916), Owner, (for mail). Lane-Bowen Co., 201 Seventh St., and 333 Fourth St., Lorain, O. LANG, Lawrence P., (Junior 1925), Htg. Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co.. 549 W.. Washington St., and 1508 Larrabee St., Chicago. III. LANGDON, J. D., (1920), 2030 Fifth Ave.. Pittsburgh, Pa. LANGENBERG, Everett B., (1914), (Council 1926), Vice-Pres., Langenberg Mfg. Co., 4519 N. Euclid Ave., St. Louis. Mo., and 7214 Pershing Ave., University City, Mo. LARIMER, G. B., (1915), Pres.. Larimer & Lauer, (for mail), 1824 S. Hope St., and 6666 Selma Ave., Hollywood Sta., Los Angeles, Calif. / 24 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 LARIMER, Win. McCoy, (1922), Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail). Crane O'Fallon Co., 1621 15th ' St., and 159 W. Second Ave., Denver, Colo. LARSON, Gustus L., (1923), Prof. Steam and Gas Engrg., (for mail), Univ. of Wisconsin, and Route 7, Madison, Wis. LARSON, J. M., (1924), (for mail). National Regulator Co.. 2301 Knox Ave., and 3541 Wnghtwood Ave., Chicago. IU. LARSON, W. C., (1925), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Narowitx Htg. &'Vtg. Co., 1711 Park Ave., and (for mail), 4224 N. Winchester Ave., Chicago.IU. LATHAM, George, (1924), Engr. and Supt. of Plant, Edmonton Public School Board, 504 Civic Block, and 11317 9lst St., Edmonton, Alberta, Can. ,, LAU, Anton S., (1926), Mech. Engr.. Cross & Cross, Archts., 385 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y., and 35 Woodland Rd., Bloomfield, N. J. LAUTENSCHLAGER, Fred, (1915), Mgr. Green house Dept., (for mail), Brunswick-Kroeschell Co.. 4221 Diversey Ave., and 3846 Alta Vista Terrace, Chicago, IU. LAVAN, P. J., (1921), Htg. Contractor, (for mail), 1319 Eighth Ave., and 4232 Bagley Ave., Seattle, Wash. LAWRENCE, Charles E., (1922), N. Y. Sales Mgr., (for mail), Massachusetts Blower Co., 444 Lafayette St., New York, and 52 Waldorf Circuit, Brooklyn. N. Y. * * LeBEAU, John F., (1924), Cascade Automatic Sprinkler Corp., Grand Central Terminal, New York, and (for mail), 97-23 Whittier Ave., Jamaica, N. Y. LeCOMPTE, William G., (Associate 1914). Sales Mgr., (for mail), Jenkins Bros., 80 White St., and 112 East 81st St.. New York. N. Y. LEEK, Walter, (1903). Leek & Co.. 1090 Homer St., Vancouver, B. C. LEES, Herbert K., (Junior. 1912: 1924). Esti mator, William Lees, 648 W. Washington Blvd., and 4946 Christiana Ave., Chicago. 111. LEGEMAN, Ralph E., (Junior 1926), Engr.. (for mail), Fowler & Karges, 707 Furniture Bldg., and . 900 Powell Ave., EvansviUe, Ind. LEGIER, Edward W., (1924). Monarch Metal Products Co.. 5020 Penrose St.. St. Lotiis, Mo. LEILICH, Roger L., (1922). Vice-Pres. and Mgr.,- (for mail), Baltimore Heating Corp., 425 St. Paul Place, and 2810 Elsinor Ave., Baltimore, Md. LEITCH, Arthur S., (1908). Pres, and Mgr., The Arthur S. Leitch Co., Ltd., (for mail), 1123 Bay St., and 421 Russell Hill Rd., Toronto, Can. LELAND, William E:, (1915), Consulting Engr., 58 Sutter St.. San Francisco, Calif. LENONE, Jose M., (1919). Engr., Armour & Co.. General Office, U. S. Yards, and (for mail), 4808 Dorchester Ave., Chicago, IU. LEONHARD, Frederick, (1921). Sales Engr. and Mgr.. Jas. P. Marsh & Co., 536 East 123rd St,, Cleveland, O. LEUSCH, Victor William, (Associate 1926). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., W. W. Sibley. 416 S. Fellows St., and (for mail), 1615 Medora St., South Bend, Ind. . LEVIN, Joseph, (Associate 1923), Power Equip ment Co., 1015 Chestnut St.. Philadelphia.'Pa. LEWIS, Edward B,, (1924). Natl. Htg. and Vtg. Co., (for mail), 619 Washington Ave., S., Min neapolis. and 2283 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul. Minn. LEWIS, George C., (1919), Sales Engr., American Htg. & Vtg. Co.. 1505 Race St.. Philadelphia, Pa. LEWIS, J. Clifford, (1913), Mech. Engr., (for mail), Lewis & Warren , 1001-3 Realty Bldg., and R. R. No. 1, Upper River Rd., Louisville, Ky. LEWIS, John G., (1926). Mgr. and Partner, Lewis & Davis, 412 East 31st St., Kansas City, Mo. LEWIS, John W., (1926), Htg. Contr.. 7127 Grays Ave., and (for mail), 7038 Grays Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. LEWIS, L. Logan, (1918), Secy., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp.. 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and 724 Carlton Ave., Plainfield. N. J. LEWIS, Samuel R.,*- (1905), (Presidential Member). (Pres. 1914; Board of Governors 1909, 1912; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1910; Council 1915), Con sulting Engr., (for mail). 407 S. Dearborn St., and 4737 Kimbark Ave., Chicago, 111. LEWIS, Thornton,* (1919), (Council 1923-1926), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1502 Locust St., Philadelphia, and 346 Calvert Rd., Merion, Pa. LIBBY, Lawrence R., (1900). Pres, and Treas., (for mail), Libby & BUnn, Inc.. 135 Sheldon St., and 629 New Britain Ave., Hartford. Conn. LICHTY, Arthur J., (Junior 1923). Sales Engr., (for mail). C. A. Dunahm Co., 507 North 22nd St., and 1011 Tuscaloosa Ave., Birmingham, Ala LICHTY, Charles P., (1920), Engr., C. P. Lichty. 507-509 North 22nd St., and 1011 Tuscaloosa Ave., Birmingham, Ala. LINDEMAN, Henry, (Junior 1923). Estimator, Baker, Smith & Co.. 572 Greenwich St.. New York, and (for mail), 157 Foxall St., Ridgewood, L. I.. N. Y. LINDEMUTH, Nelson Rhoads, (Associate 1924). Supt. and Mgr., (for mail), Lindemuth Engrg. Co., Inc.. 155 N. George St., and 324 W. Jackson St., York. Pa. ,, LINER, John J., (Associate 1916), Pres., (for mail), Philadelphia Asbestos Co., Roberts. Ave.. W. of Wayne Ave., Wayne Jet., Philadelphia, Pa. and Haddon Ave., W. Berlin, N. J. LINHARD, Howard V., (Associate 1921). Sales Mgr., Anchor Pipe & Supply Co., 14430 Dexter Blvd., and (for mail). 7238 Webb Ave.. Detroit. Mich. LINN, Homer R., (1914), Engr., American Radiator Co.. 816 S. Michigan Ave.. Chicago, and 321 S. Ashland Ave., LaGrange, IU. LIPPE, Ernest V., (1922), Consulting Mech. Engr.. Rm. 840. 332 S. La Salle St.. Chicago, and (for mail), 5340 S. Kimbark Ave.. Chicago. 111. LIPPMAN, Orville S., (Associate 1920). Sales Repr., (for mail). The Ketlogg-Mackay Co., 1351 West 37th Place, and 7251 Princeton Ave., Chicago, 111. , ... LITTLE, C. W., (1921). Dept. Mgr., (for mail). Grinnell Co.. Inc., 413 Capitol Theatre Bldg., and 489 Eastlawn Ave., Detroit, Mich.LITTLE, Edwin R., (1916), Consulting Engr., (for mail), E. R. Little Co.. Inc., 1618-1920 Ford Bldg., and 1463 Lawrence Ave.. Detroit, Mich. LOCKE, Hiram W,, (1920), Htg. Engr. and Sheet Metal Worker, 1942 North 20th SL, Philadelphia, Pa. LOCKER, Charles W,, (1916), Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., Rm. 101. 2845 Grand River Ave.. Detroit, and R. F. D,, Farmington. Mich. LOCKWOOD, Edwin H.,* (1915). Asst. Prof. Mech. Engrg., Sheffield Scientific School. Yale University, and (for mail), 51 Sheldon Terrace, New Haven, Conn. . ... LOEFFLER, Frank X., (1914). Pres., (for mail), Frank Loeffler Supply Co., 710 N. Hudson St., and 320 West 26th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. LONDON, Irving, (Junior 1924), Engr. and Estimator, (for mail), Raisler Heating Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave., New York, and 1660 Union St., Brooklyn. N. Y. LONGENECKER, Howard J., (1917), Pres, and Gen, Mgr., (for mail). York Htg. & ,,Vtg. Co., Bridgeport, Montgomery Co., and 1009 DeKalb St., Norristown. Pa. LONGWELL, Henry E., (1919), Vice-Pres., Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 41 East 42nd St.. New York, and (for mail), Brewster Rd.. Hartsdale, N. Y. LORD, Frank Russell, (1922), Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail), Walworth Mfg. Co., 245 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa., and Delanco, N. J. LOVE, Clarence H., (1919), Mfgr. Agent, (for mail), Nash Engineering Co.. 840 Ellicott Sq., and 289 Norwalk Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. LOVELACE, James A.. (1920). Vice-Pres. and Gen, Supt., R. L. Spitzley Heating Co., 246 Lamed St., W., Detroit, Mich. 25 Roll of Membership LOWNSBERY, Benjamin F,, (1920), Htg. Engr.. Benjamin F. Shaw Co., Second and Lombard Sts., and (for mail), 21 S. Sycamore St., Wil mington, Del. LUCE, G. D., Jr., (1919), Mech. Engr., D. H. Burnham Co., Archts., 1900 Burnham Bldg., and (for mail). 3633 N. Harding Ave., Chicago, 111. LUCK, Alexander W. * (1919), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., Reading Heater & Supply Co., Church and Woodward Sts., Reading, Pa. LUCRE, C. E., (1924). Prof. Mech. Engrg.. Executive Htg. Dept., Columbia University, and 260 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. LUMSDEN, Edward R., (1923). Pres., (for mail), E. R. Lumsden Co., 728 Philadelphia St., and 737 Water St., Indiana, Pa. LYLE, Ernest T., (1919), Engr., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y., and The Braemore, 466 .Com monwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. LYLE, J. Irvine, (1911), (Pres. 1917), (Council 1918), Treas. and Gen. Mgr., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., Newark, and 1200 W. Seventh St., Plainfield. N. J. LYMAN, Samuel E., (Associate 1924), Erecting Supt., Air Conditioning. 2021 Land Title Bldg., and (for mail), 132 North 49th St., Philadelphia,Pa. LYMAN, William Ira, (Associate 1925), Engr., Grinnell Co., and (for mail), 225H Scott St., Warren, O. . Me McCAFFREY, H. Grattan, (1922), Chief Engr.. (for mail), Sheldons, Ltd., W. Main St., S., and 23 Rich Ave., Galt, Ont., Can. . McCANN, Frank G.,'(I003), (Council 1914-1915), Chief of Htg. and Vtg. Div., (for mail), Rm. 614, 131 Livingston St., and 1616 E. Tenth St., Brooklyn, N. Y. McCarthy, Bernard J,, (1925), Mgr. Htg. Dept., The P. & H. Supply Co., 225 Columbus St., and 2306 Fairfield Ave., Ft. Wayne, Ind. McCARTHY, Charles J., (1919), Contractor, (for mail), Chas. J. McCarthy, 808 Otis Bldg., and 533 South 55th St., Philadelphia, Pa. McCarthy. T., (1921). Htg.- Contractor, (for mail), McCarthy & Crandall PIbg. & Htg. Co., 529 S. Cascade Ave., and 444 W. Yampa St., Colorado Springs, Colo. McCAULEY, James H., (1921), Contractor, 565 W. Washington Blvd., and (for mail), 3831 Lexington St., Chicago, 111. McCLELLAN, James E., (1922), Sales Engr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 140 S; Dearborn St., and 833 Galt Ave., Chicago, III. McCLINTOCK, Alexander, Sr., (1917), Pres., (for mail). A. McClintock &* Son. 1937 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, and 121 Rochelle Ave., Wissahickon, Philadelphia, Pa. McCLINTOCK, Alexander, Jr., (Junior 1920), Htg. Engr., (for mail), 1937 Ridge Ave., Phila delphia, and 121 Rochelle Ave., Wissahickon, Philadelphia. Pa. McCLINTOCK, John L., (1917), Member of . Firm, (for mail), A. McClintock & Son, 1937 Ridge Ave., and 933 E. Rittenhouse St., Phila delphia, Pa. ' McCLOSKEY, John, (1923); 458 48th St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. McCOLL, Jay R.,* (1916), (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1922 ; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1920; 1st Vice-Pres. 1921; Council 1923), Dean of Engrg., Univ. of Detroit. Consulting Engr., (for mail), McColl, Snyder & McLean, 2348 Penobscot Bldg., and 825 Chicago Bivd.. Detroit, Mich. McCORMICK, Edward T., (Associate 1923), Br. Mgr., Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 600 Second Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. McCOY, Thomas F,, (1924), Mgr., (for mail). The Powers Regulator Co., 263 Summer St., Boston, and Glen Rd., Wellesley Farms,. Mass. McCREA, Lester W., (1920), (for mail). Jas. McCrea & Son, 19 N. Carrollton Ave., and 564 University Parkway, Baltimore, Md. McCREERY, Hugh J., (1922), Mgr., (for mail) Combustion Engrg. Corp., Ltd., Bank Bldg, and 1355 12th Ave., W., Vancouver, B. C. McCULLEY, David E., (Associate 1917), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), D. E. McCulley Co., 1820 St. Mary's Ave., and 5104 Cuming St,, Omaha, Nebr. McDONALD, John C., (1920), Br. Mgr., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 1412 West 12th St., Kansas City, Mo. McDONNELL, Everett N., (1923), Partner, (for mail). McDonnell & Miller, Wrigley Bldg., 400 N. Michigan Bivd., and 627 Arlington Place, Chicago, 111. McELLROY, George Sheffler, (1925), Engr., R. T. Withers Sons Co., Ill N. Shenango St., and (for mail), 407 Clenmore Bivd., New Castle, Pa. McEVOY, William J., (1917). Mech. Engr.. McFarland & Kitzelman Co., 520 West 36th St., Chicago, and (for mail). 1326 Columbia Ave , Rogers Park. Chicago, III. McFARLAND, William P.f (Associate 1923), Salesman, Powers Regulator Co., 2720 Green- view Ave., and (for mail), 1106 Columbia Ave., Chicago, 111. McGINNESS, J. E., (1903), Pres., (for mail), McGinness, Smith & McGinness Co., 527 First Ave., and 142 Bellefield Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. .- McGLENN, G. Raymond, (1915), Secy., Ameri can Wanning & Vtg. Co., 317-19 Pennsylvania Ave., and (for mail), .259 Lormore St.. Elmira,' N. Y. - . McGOWAN, Thomas F,, (1921). Htg. and Con tracting Engr., 2832 Girard Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. McCREGOR, George H., (1920). Mgr., (for mail), Western Htg. Co.`, 5051 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago, and 902 S. Cresent Ave., Park Ridge, 111. McGUIGAN, L. A., (Associate 1919), Salesman, Natl. Radiator Co., 215 Wood St., and (for mail), 724 Hastings St., Pittsburgh, Pa. McHENRY, Robert W. M,, (1921), Asst. Engr., M. F. Thomas, 229 College St., and (for mail), 236 Eglinton Ave., E., Toronto, Ont., Can. McINTIRE, James F.t (Associate 1914; 1915), (Council 1926), Vice-Pres., (for.-mail), U. S. Radiator Corp.. 133 E. Grand River Ave., and 2061 Taylor Ave., Detroit, Mich. . McINTOSH, Fabian C., (Junior 1917; 1921), Br. Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co.. 10 E. North Diamond St., N.S., and 3335 Portole St., Pittsburgh, Pa. . McINTYRE, William N., (1917), Supt., A. Haltman Heating Co., 700 East 18th St., and (for mail), 6027 Cherry St., Kansas City, Mo. McKENNA, William N., (1912), Treas., (for mail), Wm. N. McKenna Co.. 79 Chestnut St., and 21 W. Cedar St., Boston, Mass. McKENZIE, Paul C., (Associate 1925), Sales Engr., (for mail), Herr-Harris Co., 910 Fulton Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 2724 Connecticut Ave., Dormont, Pa. McKIEVER, Wm. H.* (Junior 1896; 1897). , Consulting and Contracting Engr., (for mail), / Wm, H. McKiever, Inc., 247 West 13th St., New York, and 479 Eighth St., Brooklyn, N. Y. McLAIN, Roland D., (1921), Htg. Engr., E. Keeler Co., 238 West St., and (for mail), 716 Vernon Ave., Williamsport, Pa. McLEAN, Dermid, (1917), (for mail), McColl, Snyder & McLean, Consulting Engrs.; 2348 Penobscot Bldg., and 5140 Ridgewood Ave., Detroit, Mich. McLEAN, Ivory D., (1924), Pres., (for mail), McLean & Cousens Co.. 65 Chandler St,, Boston, and 156 Coolidge St., Brookline. Mass. McLELLAND, H. Burton, (Associate 1912), Salesman, Jenkins Bros., 640 Washington Bivd., and 129 N. Menard Ave., Chicago. 111. McMAHON, W. W., (Associate 1923). Mgr., (for mail), Natl. Regulator Co.. 166 Lexington Ave., and 2950 Bainbridge Ave., New York, N. Y. 26 American Society of Heating arid Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 McMICHAEL, Peter, (Associate 1925), Pres, and Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., Ltd., 66 Richmond , St., E., and (for mail), 41 Spadina Rd., Apt. No. 7. Toronto, Ont., Can. McMILLAN, Luther B.,* (1918), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Jobns-ManviUe. Inc., 292 Madison Ave., New York, and Larchmont, N. Y. McMORRAN, Francis J., (1917). Chief Engr., - Pecco, Inc., 2951 N. Market St., St. Louis, and (for mail), 230 E. Argonne Drive, Kirkwood, Mo. McMURRAY, John, (1920), Pres., Iron City Htg. Co., 843 Jackson St., N.S., Pittsburgh, Pa. McMURRER, Louis J., (Junior 1924), Drafts man, The McMurrer Co., 303 Congress St., Boston, and (for mail), 37 Walnut St., Everett, Mass. ' - McNAIR, Edward E., (1915), (Council 1921; 1922 ; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1923), Vice-Pres., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 133 E. Grand River Ave., Detroit, and Birmingham, Mich. McVEHIL, Earl W., (1923), Mgr., McVehil Plbg. Co., 40 E. Wheeling St., Washington, Pa. M MacDADE, Ambrose H., (1923), Haynes Selling Co., Inc.. 1711 Sansora St.. Philadelphia, Pa. MacDOUGALL, Burgess W., (1923), Mech. Supt., State of New Jersey, State Office Bldg., Trenton, and (for mail). 219 Netherwood Ave., Plainfield, N. J. . MACFARLANE, J. Grant, (Associate 1925), P. O. Box 147. Cumberland, Md. MACKENSEN, Wm. H,, (1923). Estimator and Designer, (for mail). The Huffman-Wolfe Co., 669 N. High St., and 84 Brevoort Rd., Columbus, O. MacKENZIE, Burt, (1924), Htg. and Vtg. Con tractor, 349 N. Elm St., and P. O. Box 353, Greensboro, N. C. MacKENZIE, John J., (1925), McNaughton & MacKenzie. 1029 Shaw St., and (for mail), 664 Shaw St., Toronto, Ont., Can. MACKIE, James, (1917), Mgr., James Mackie Plbg. .& Htg. Co., 357 Langside St., and 254 Montrose St., Winnipeg, Man. MACON, William W.,* (1908), (Secy. 19JL1; 1912; Board of Governors 1913; Council 1914), Editor, (for mail). Iron Age, 239 West 39th St., New York, and 711 Ave. J., Brooklyn. N. Y. MADISON, Richard D., (1926), Research Engr., (for mail). Buffalo Forge Co.. 490 Broadway, .and 133 Lisbon Ave.. Buffalo. N. Y. MAGINN, Peter F., (1908). P. F. Maginn & Co., 207 Fulton Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. MAHONEY, David John, (Associate 1926), Br. Mgr., (for mail), Johnson- Service Co., 503 Franklin St., and 546 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. MAIER, George M., (1921). Engr., Planning and Research Dept., (for mail), American Radiator . Co.. 40 ,West 40th St., New York, and Apt. 54, Peldean Court, Pelham, N. Y. . MAIER, Herman F., (1926), Designing Engr., New York Blower Co., 2246 S. Halsted St., and (for mail). 1044 West 70th St., Chicago, III. MALLIS, William, (1914), Architect and Engr., (for mail), 326 Lyon Bldg., and North Gate Apts.. First Ave., Seattle. Wash. MALONE, Dayle G., (Associate 1925). Htg. Engr., Hardin-Lavin Co., 121-139 W. Pershing ` Rd., and (for mail), 5439 Kimbark Ave., Chicago, 111. MANAHAN, James E., (Junior 1926), Vice-Pres., Manahan Engrg. & Equipt. Co., 6732 Oakland Ave.. St.' Louis, Mo. MANDEVILLE, Edgar W,, (1914), E. W. Man- deville, Inc.. 623 Parkstde Ave., and (for mail), 1171 East 37th St.. Brooklyn. N. Y. MANN, Carl P., (1924), Construction Engr., Beverly, N. J. MANSELL, P. C., (1921), (for mail), Purdy- Mansell, Ltd., 63 Albert St., and 26 Grassmere Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can. MANSFIELD, F. A., (Associate 1920), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), The Louis Allis Co.. 1213 Bessemer Bldg., and 600 Shady Ave.. Pittsburgh, Pa. MAPPETT, Alfred S., (Charter Member), Treas., Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co;, 621 Bulletin Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. MARCH. Ralph C., (1919), Htg. Engr., (for mail). Public Service Co. of North Illinois, 114 S. Oak Park Ave., Oak Park, and 376 Grove St., Lombard, 111. MARKEL, Frank E., (1923). Mech. Engr.. (for mail). The Markel Co.. Engrs.. 1001-3 WynnsClaughton Bldg., and 937 E. North Ave., Atlanta. Ga. MARSHALL, H. Hall, (1923). Consulting Engr., (for mail), 37 West 43rd St., New York, and 63 Pine St., Garden City, N. Y. MARTENIS, John V., (1918), Associate Prof, of Mech. Engrg., Mech. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Minnesota, and (for mail), 131 Orlin Ave., S.E., Minneapolis, Minn. MARTIN, Albert B., (1917), Dist. Sales Mgr., (for mail). Kewanee Boiler Co., 822 W. Washington Bivd.. Chicago, and 997 Vine St., Winnetka. 111. MARTIN, George W., (1911). Pres., (for mail). New York Service Co.. 141 East 29th St., New York. N. Y., and 314 Prospect St., Ridgewood, N. J. MARTIN, Jeremiah F., (1926), Estimator and . Supt. of Construction, H. L. Graham, 66 Ex change St., and (for mail), 166 Glenwood Ave., Pawtucket, R. I. MARTIN, .O. Waldemar, (1925), Chicago Mgr., (for mail), Flax-li-num Insulating Co., 133 W. Washington St., Chicago, and 1044 Asbury Ave., Evanston. 111. MASON, Orion Augustus, (Associate 1922), Vice-Pres. and Sales Mgr., Homer & Perkins Co., Oliver St., Boston, and (for mail), 30 Vista Ave.. Auburndale, Mass. MASON, Ray B., (1925). Engr.. (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., 2014 Wyandotte St., and 2940 Forest Ave., Kansas City, Mo. MATCHETT, James C., (1923), Vice-Pres. and Mgr., (for mail), Illinois Engrg. Co., Racine Ave., at 21st St., and 9936 W. Winchester Ave., Chicago, III. MATHEY, Nicholas J., (1915), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Mathey Plbg. Co., 31 Third Ave., N.E., LeMars, Iowa. MATHIS, Eugene, (1922), Pres., (for mail), A. Mathis & Sons, Inc., 3155 Shields Ave., and 9151 S. Hoyne Ave., Chicago, 111. ` MATHIS, Henry, (1921). New York Blower Co.. 2248 S. Halsted St., and (for mail), 143 West 71st St., Chicago, 111. MATHIS, Jullen W., (Associate 1921), Pres., New York Blower Co., 2248 S. Halsted St., and (for mail). 7003 S. Peoria St., Chicago, 111. MATHY, Joseph, Jr., (1925), Chief Engr. and Gen. Supt., (for mail), R. B. Hayward Co.. 1714 Sheffield Ave., and 3415 West 61st Place, Chicago. 111. MATSON, Taylor, (Associate 1925), Mech. Engr., Taylor Matson Co., 6141 Girard Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. MATTHEWS, Charles Russell, (1924). Htg. Engr., (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 220 Devonshire St., Boston, and 48 Dana St., Cam bridge. Mass. ' MATTHIESSEN, H. G. F., (1923), Sales Engr., Hoffman Specialty Co.,. 512 Fifth Ave., New York. N. Y., and (for mail), 179 Renner Ave., Newark, N. J. ., MATTHEWS, John K., (1923), Morgan Htg. & Plbg. Co., Box 843, Charleston, W. Va. MATZEN, Harry B.t (1919). Mgr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 923 Union Trust Bldg., and 2642 N. More land Bivd.. Cleveland, O. MAUER, William J.. (1919), Sales Engr., Dwyer Equipment Co., 4534 W. North Ave., Chicago, and (for mail), 2624 Central St., Evanston, 111. MAUPAI, Ralph G., (Associate 1925), Pres., R. G. Maupai Co.. 73 South St., Jersey City, and (for mail), 219 Eighth St.. West New York, N. J. MAURER, Edward D., (1921), Secy, and Treas., Maurer Bros. Co.. 8600 Detroit Ave., Cleveland, and (for mail), 1527 Mars Ave., Lakewood, O. 27 Roll of Membership MAY, Edwin A., (1906), 171 N: Kenilworth Ave., Oak Park, III. MAYER, Robert S., (1911), Br. Sales Mgr., (for mail). Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co., 2026 East 22nd St., and 9327 Amesbury Ave., Cleveland, O. MEAD, Edward A., (1926), Sales Dept., Nash Engrg. Co., South Norwalk, Conn. MEAD, Walter R., (1924), Sales Repr., Hoffman Specialty Co.. Waterbury, Conn., and (for mail), 711 Highland Ave., San Mateo, Calif. MEADOWS, Frank H., (1923). The Meadows Heating Co., 94 Second St., Milwaukee, Wis. MEARA, John J., (junior 1925), Estimator and Engr., Hunt Heating Co., 1515 Olive St., and 2733 Gamble St., St. Louis, Mo. MEDWAY, Fred J,, (Associate 1919), Mgr., (for mail), Johns-Manville, Inc., Madison Ave. and 41st St., New York, N. Y., and 803 Boulevard. E.. Weehawken, N. J. MEHAFFEY, William Chambers, (1922). Engr., Chambersburg Construction Co., Cham- bersburg, Pa. MEHRING, George, (Charter Member), Pres., Mehring & Hhnson, 162-166 N. Clinton St., Chicago, III. MEIER, Konrad,* (1916), Consulting Engr.. Rychenbergstrasse 57. Winterthur. Switzerland. MELLON, James T. J,, (1911), (Council 1915). Owner, Mellon Co., (for mail), 4419 Ludlow St., ami 431 North 63rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. MENK, Rudolph W., (1919), Gen. Mgr., Htg. Systems & Supply Co., 169 N. May St.. Chicago, and (for mail), 814 Clement St., Joliet, 111. MENSING, Frederick D., (1920), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Mensing & Co., 928 Presser Bldg., and 2845 Frankford Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. MENZIES, Frederick Robert, (Junior 1926), New Haven Mgr., (for mail). The Trane Co., 410 . Temple St., New Haven, and Long Hill, Wood- bridge. Conn. MERKEL, Fred P., (1924), Prop., (for mail), 131 South 12th St., Newark, and 2 Garfield Place, E. Orange, N. j. MERRILL, Carle J., (1919), Treas., (for mail), C. J. Merrill, Inc., 54 St. John St., and 15 Long fellow St., Portland, Me. MERRITT, C. J., (1925), Andersen Meyer & Co., Ltd.. Shanghai, China. MERTZ, Walter A., (1919), Secy., (for mail). Kehm Bros. Co.. 51 E. Grand Ave., and 3753 N. Keeler Ave., Chicago, 111. . MERVTNE, Thomas R., (1922), Partner, Mervine Bros.. 208 S. Seventh St., and (for mail), 5852 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa. MERWIN, Gile E., (Junior 1923; 1924), Htg. Engr., (for mail), Rockford Brass Works, and 1225 N. Church St., Rockford, 111. MESSMER, George E,, (Junior 1g25), Htg. Engr.. (for mail); Bridge & Beach Mfg. Co., 4204 N. Union Blvd., and 3020 Walton Place, St. Louis, Mo. ' MESTON, A. B., (Associate 1925), 201 W. Second St., Des Moines, la. MEWSHAW, James P., (1923). C. A. Dunham Co.. 605-6 Hill Bldg., 17th and Eye St.. N.W.. and 2700 35th Place, N.W., Washington. D. C. MEYER, Hans J., (1919), (Council 1922), Pres., (for mail), Chas. L. Pillsbury Co., 1200 Second Ave., S., and 2736 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, . Minn. `MEYER, Henry C., Jr., (1898), (Council 1915; 1916), Consulting Engr., 101 Park Ave., New York. N. Y. MEYER, John W., Jr., (1921), Mgr. Order and Credit Depts., (for mail). American Blower Co., 6004 Russell St., and Webster Hall, Detroit, Mich. MEYER, Richard C., (1926), Sales Engr.. Walter H. Eagan & Co., 315 Stephen Grand Bldg., and (for mail). 1705 Porter St., Philadelphia, Pa. MEYERS. John, (Junior 1925), 258 S. Van Pelt St., Philadelphia, Pa. MEYERS, Samuel H., (Associate 1924). Meyers Bros.. 219 Hale St., and 1502 Virginia St., Charleston, W. Va. MEYERING, Archer S., (1922). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail). Br. Mgr., C. A. Dunham Co.. 1721H Carey Ave., and 1211 West 31st St.. Cheyenne, Wyo. MICHAEL, L. A., (1921), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. 414 W. Colfax Ave., Denver. Colo. MILLAR, Rowland J., (1925), Vice-Pres. and Mgr., (for mail), Pease Foundry Co., Ltd., 118 King St., E., and 53 Oakmount Rd., Toronto, Out., Can. MILLER, Alan A., (Associate 1926), Htg. Engr., Bridgman Co., 120 South 30th St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 731 Cornell Ave., Drexel Hill, Pa. MILLER, Charles A., (Associate 1917), Salesman, (for mail). The H. B. Smith Co.. 10 East 39th St., and 2178 University Ave., New York, N. Y. MILLER, Charles W., (Junior 1908; 1919), Pres., (for mail), Rado Co.. 192 Reed St., Mil waukee, and R 1, Box 62, Menomonee Falls, Wis. MILLER, Edwin A., (Associate 1925), Coheen Corp., (for mail), 331 Madison Ave.. and Emer son Hotel, 75th St., Amsterdam Ave., New York, N. Y. MILLER, Floyd A., (1911), Inspection Engr., U. S. Treasury Dept., 477 Federal Bldg., Chicago, III. MILLER, Harry M., (1920). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., 6089-91 Plankinton Bldg., Milwaukee, and 1290 Stowell Ave., Shorewood, Wis. * MILLER, Harvey N., (1921), Sales Engr., Illinois Engrg. Co., 21st St. and Racine Ave., Chicago, 111., and (for mail), 744 Lafayette Ave., S.E., Grand Rapids, Mich. MILLER, James E., (Junior 1912; 1914),.Vice- Pres., (for mail), C. W. Johnson. Inc., 211 N. Desplaines St., Chicago, and 2210 Coifax St., Evanston, 111. . MILLER, John F. G., (1916). Vice-Pres. and Treas., American Blower Co., 6004 Russell St., Detroit, Mich. MILLER, Leo B., (1926). Partner, (for mail). McDonnell & Miller, Wrigley Bldg., and Allerton Club, Chicago, 111. MILLER, Max Paul, (1911), (for mail), W. D. Cashin & Co.. 35 Hartford St., Boston, and 12 ByfieliJ Rd., Waban, Mass. MILLER, Peter, (1926), Htg. Engr. and Estima tor, Davidson & Miller. Htg. and PIbg. Con tractors, 119 Broadway. Saranac Lake. N. Y. MILLER, Robert B., (1922), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). Miller & Brady, Inc., 210 East 38th St., New York, and Woodhaven, L. I., N. Y. MILLET, Tolbert G., (Junior 1921), Piping Engr., Pennsylvania R. R-, Harrisburg, and (for mail), Wormleysburg, Pa. MILLER, William C., (1918). Pres., (for mail), Htg. Specialties Co., 10 South 18th St., Phila delphia, and Collegeville, Pa. MILLIKEN, James H., (1923). Chicago Mgr., (for mail). Reed Air Filter Co., 140 S. Dearborn St.. Chicago.and 618 Hinman Ave., Evanston, 111. MILLIS, Linn W.,* (1918), Secy, and Treas., Security Stove & Mfg. Co., 17th and Oakland Sts., and (for mail), 3534 Wabash Ave., Kansas City. Mo. M1LWARD, Robert K., (Associate 1920), Br. Mgr., (for mail). U. S. Radiator Corp., 4004 Duncan Ave.,. St. Louis, and 434 Lee Ave., Webster Grove, Mo. MINNICH. Harry S., (1921). Philadelphia Mgr., Richmond Radiator Co., 2241 N. American St., and (for mail). 4526 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. MITCHELL, Charles H., (1924), Engr., Barber Co.. 26 Warrenton St., Boston, and (for mail). 179 Thatcher St., Mattapan, Mass. MODIANO, Rene, (1925), Continental Sales Engr., Carrier Engrg. Co., Ltd., Elysee Bldg., Rue du Faubourg, St. Honore. and (for mail).' 10. Rue Gustave Dore, Paris (17 eme), France. MOFFETT, William S., (1907), Consulting and Construction Engr., Staunton. Va. MOLER, William H., (Junior 1923). Pacific Coast Br. Mgr., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 911 Mateo St., Fresno. Calif. 28 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 MOLO, Harold E., (1922). Mgr., (for mail), Linehan & Molo, 135 W. Fifth St., and 1018 W. Fifth St., Dubuque. Ia. MOLTZ, George N. (Associate 1925), Sales Engr.. Standard Heater Co.. 315 Pearl St., Hartford, Conn. MONAGHAN, Thomas H., (1914), Pres., (for mail), Robert Gordon, Inc., 22 W. Austin Ave., and 623 Demine Place, Chicago. III. MONDAY, Charles E., (1920), (for mail), Chas. E. Monday Co., 1320 Olive St., Philadelphia, Pa., and 15 N. Chelsea Ave., Atlantic. City, N. J. MONIN, E. H., (1923). E. H. Monin, Inc., 70 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. MONROE, Lewis O., (Junior 1917; Associate 1925), Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Clarage Fan Co.. - and 2415 S. Westnedge St., Kalamazoo, Mich. MONTAGNA, C. J., (1924). Owner, (for mail), 2913 Colonial Ave., and 1215 DeBree Ave., Norfolk, Va. MONTGOMERY, W. Ray, (Associate 1923). Co*Partner, Montgomery Bros.. 500 N. Dearborn St.. Chicago, 'III. MOODY, Lawrence E., (1919), Engr., (for mail), Isaac H. Francis, 1520 Locust St., Bonbrigbt Bldg.. Philadelphia, Pa., and 237 jefferson Ave.. Haddonfield. N. J. ' MOON, L. Walter, (1915), Engr., (for mail). Bradley Htg. Co., 3834 Olive St., and 6069 Cates Ave.. St. Louis, Mo. MOORE, Donald S., (1923). Treas.. (for mail). Flexlume Sales Co.. 122 W. Forsythe St., and 34 W. Ninth St.. Jacksonville. Fla. MOORE, H. Lee, (1919), Pittsburgh Mgr., Buffalo Forge Co., Union Trust Bldg.. Pittsburgh, and 7065 Flaccus Rd.. Ben Avon, Pa. MOORE, Herbert S., (Associate 1923). Sales Mgr., The Atlas Engrg. & Mach. Co., Ltd., 23 River St., and 107 Clendenan Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. MOORE, Josiah C., (1921), Consulting Equip* ment Engr., (for mail). Aero Alarm Co.. 508 Thompson Bldg., and 2409 E. Prospect St., Seattle, Wash. ` - MOORE, Raymond Francis, (Associate 1926), Architect. Cedar Rapids. Ia. MORAN, Frank E., (1922), Pres., (for mail). Ben Rigby, Inc., 2652 Elston Ave., Chicago, and 3034 S. Maple Ave., Berwyn, 111. MORAN, F. N,, (1916), 128 W. Main St.. Staun ton, Va. MORAN, Roger J., (1926), Prop., 1300 Jefferson Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. MORGAN, C. Stanley, (Associate 1919), (for mail). 445 W. Lamed St., and 14595 Harbord Rd., Detroit, Mich. MORGAN, Francis H., (1912), Pres, and Treas., (for mail). J. F. Morgan & Son, Inc., 67 Blake St., and 194 Maple St., Lynn, Mass. MORGAN. Glenn C., (1911), Vice-Pres. and Secy., (for mail). Morgan-Gerrish Co.. 808 LaSalle Ave., and 134 West 49th St., Minnea polis. Minn. MORGAN, J. Scott, (Associate 1922), Mgr., (for . mail). Morgan Bros., 7227 Tioga St., and 7031 . Hamilton Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. MORGAN, Robert C., (1915), Chief Engr., (for mail), Stewart A. Jellett Co.. Engrs.. 1200 Locust St., and 314 W. Seymour St., Philadelphia, Pa. MORRIS, C. Raymond, (1921). (for mail), 55 Lexington Ave., Passaic, and 381 20th Ave., Paterson, N. J. . MORROW, Charles F., (Associate 1919), Mgr., (for mail), National Radiator Co., 1509 Arrett Bldg., Wood and Fourth Ave., Pittsburgh, and Wampum. Pa. MORSE, C. T., (1921), Sales Mgr., American Blower Co.. 6004 Russell St., Detroit, Mich. MOSHER, Clarence H., (Associate 1919), Dist. Sales Agent. American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp., 338 Berry St., Brooklyn, and (for mail), 423 Ashland Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. MOSS, Edward, (1920), Supervisor, Plbg. and Htg., (for mail). New York Rapid Transit Corp.. 1130 Atlantic Ave., Brooklyn, and 9053 204th St.. Hollis, L. I., N. Y. MOTEJL, J. A., (1917), Secy., (for mail). Board of Education, 705 First Ave., and 220 16th Ave., Cedar Rapids, Ia. MOTT, Abram C., Jr., (1921), Pres., (for mail), Abram Cox Co., American and Dauphin Sts., Philadelphia, and "The Woods," Lansdale. Pa. MOUAT, Thomas G., (1914), Pres., (for mail). The Mouat Vapor Htg. Co., 1246 W. Fourth St., and 360 East 105th St., Cleveland. O. MOULDER, Albert W., (1917), Chief Engr.. (for mail), Grinnell Co., Inc., Dana and Paige Ave., and 74 Roosevelt-Ave., Warren, O. MOULTON, David, (1926), Mech. Engr.. (for mail). Monks & Johnson, 99 Chauncy St., and 30 Meridian St., Malden, Mass. MOWER, William P., (1924), Htg. Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 220 Devonshire St., Boston, and 48 Middlesex Ave., Swamp- scott. Mass. , MOYNIHAN, John C., (Junior 1925; Associate 1926), 136 Myrtle St.. Indian Orchard. Mass. MUELLER, Paul E., (1919), Pres., (for mail). The Paul E. Mueller Co., 320 Park St., and 924 Summit Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. MUIR, George A., (1917), Engr., Muir & Brooks. 136 W. Lake St., Chicago, and (for mail), 234 S. ScoviUe Ave.. Oak Park, 111. MUNDER, J. F., Jr., (Junior 1924). Sales Engr., American Blower Co., 50 Church St., and 1738 University Ave., New York, N. Y. MUNIER,Leon L., (Junior 1915; 1919). Secy.and Treas.. (for mail), Wolff & Munier, Inc., 222 East 41st St., New York; and 610 Lafayette Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. MUNRO, Edward A., (1920), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), 506*7 Metropolitan Bk. Bldg., Washington, and 3837 Livingston St.. Chevy Chase. Washington, D. C. MUNROE, Edward K., (1904), Engr. Salesman. Republic Boiler & Radiator Co., Union St., and 5924 Bellona Ave.. Baltimore. Md. MUNSON, Morris G., (1925). _ Sales Repr.. Herman Nelson Corp., (for mail), 501 Essex Bldg., and 2811 Dean Blvd., Minneapolis. Minn. MURCH, Greenwood E.. (1923), Richardson Boynton Co., 3639 S. Ashland Ave.. and (for mail), Chicago Athletic Assoc.. Box 120, Chicago, III. MURPHY, Edward T. * (1915), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Sales Mgr., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 2021 Land Title Bldg., and 4621 Osage Ave.. Philadelphia, Pa. MURPHY, Howard C.. (1923), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Reed Air Filter Co.. Inc., 215 Central Ave., and 2114 Edgehill Rd., Louisville, Ky. MURPHY, J.. (Associate 1924). 304 Main St., Cambridge. Mass. MURPHY, Joseph Richard, (Associate 1925), Asst, to Pres., Thermal Appliance Co., Inc., 342 Madison Ave., New York, and (for mail), Kew Beverly B-2, Kew Gardens. L. I., N. Y. MURPHY, William A., (1926), Sales Engr., (for mail). Hoffman Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y., and 23 South 17th St.. Harris burg. Pa. ,, ._ MURPHY, William R., (1911), Pres, and Treas.. American Htg. & Vtg. Co., 804 .Times Dispatch Bldg., Richmond. Va., Vice-Pres. and Treas., American Htg. & Vtg. Co., 1505 Race St., Philadelohia.and 226 Valley Rd.. Merion Sta., Pa. MURRAY, Thomas F., (1923), Engr.. State Architect, and 300 Washington Ave., Albany, N. Y. MUSAUS, John, Jr., (1923), Steam Htg. Con tractor, (for mail), John Musaus Sons, 5912 New Utrecht Ave., and 1108 85th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. MUTH, Herbert, (1912), Pres, and Treas., (for mail). Muth Htg. & Engrg. Co.. 4338 N. Western Ave.. and 4117 Greenview Ave.. Chicago, 111. MYERS, David R.t (1923). Mgr., (for mail). Ill Old Lancaster Rd., Bala. Pa., and 5629 32nd St., N.W.. Washington. D. C. . MYERS. George W. F., (Junior 1923), Asst. Sales Mgr.; (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1502 Locust St., and 2233 South 15th St.. Philadelphia, Pa. 29 Roll of Membership MYRICK, James W. H., (1909), Vtg. Engr., Owner, (for mail), New England Air Condition ing Co., 53 Devonshire St., Boston, and 398 Columbia Rd., Dorchester, Mass. N. NACEY, Harry M., (1908). Pres, and Gen . Mgr'., (for mail), 927 S. State St., and 229 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 111. NADEN, Lester James, (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., 22 Beverly Ave., Albany, N. Y. NAROWETZ, Louis L., Jr., (Associate 1912), Contracting, Secy., (for mail). Narowetz Htg. & Vtg. Co., 1711-1717 Maypole Ave., Chicago, and Park Ridge. III. ' NATKIN, Benjamin, (Junior 1907; 1909), Pres., (for mail), Natkin Engrg. Co,, 208 Mutual Bldg., and 3725 Tracy Ave., Kansas City, Mo. NAYLOR, Ben C., (Associate 1922), Vice-Pres. and Sales Mgr., (for mail), Standard Asbestos Mfg. & Insulation Co., and 3204 Windsor Ave., Kansas City. Mo. * NEILER, Samuel G., (1898),. Sr.' Member, (for mail). Neiler, Rich & Co.. Consulting & Design ing Engineering, 431 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, and 737 N. Oak Park Ave., Oak Park, 111. NEITZEL; Carl W,, (1921), Mgr., The C. W. Neitzel Co.. 1327 East 105th St., Cleveland, and Belvoir Bldg., S. Euclid. O. NELSON, Prank, Jr., (1923), Partner, (for mail), Frank Nelson & Son. 1826 Cherry St., and 6349 Greenway Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. NELSON, George O., (1923), Carstens Bros., Ackley. la. NELSON, Harold A., (1926), Supervising Engr., Nelson & Wylie, Sixth and Olive Sts., and (for mail), 1009 S. Plymouth Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. NELSON, Herman W., (1909), Pres., (for mail). Herman Nelson Corp.. 1824 Third Ave., and 2500 11th St.. Moline, 111. NELSON, Ralph L-, (Junior 1913; 1917). Engr. ' and Sales Repr., Ralph L. Nelson, 506 Empire State Bldg., and 218 W. Buckeye, Spokane, Wash. NESBIT, David M.,* (1895), (Board of Governors 1900), Chairman, Ashwelt & Nesbit, Ltd., Ashwell Lodge, Barkby Lane, Leicester, Eng. NESBITT, Albert J.,* (1921), Secy, and Treas., (for mail), John J. Nesbitt, Inc., 213 N. Vermont Ave., and 212 S. Victoria Ave., Atlantic City, N. J. .. NESBITT, John J., (1923), Pres., (for mail), J. J. Nesbitt, Inc., 213 N. Vermont Ave., Atlantic City, N. J., and Rockfield Farm, Ambler. Pa. NESDAHL, Ellert, (1915), Sales Engr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 1032 Burnham Bldg., Chicago. 111. NEWCOMB, Raymond, (Junior 1924), New England Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., Inc.. 1140 ' Little Bldg., Boston, and (for mail), 15 Walnut St., Newtonville. Mass NEWPORT, Charles F.,* (1906), Sales Engr., Weil, McLein Co., Michigan City, Ind., and (for mail), 10001 Longwood Drive, Chicago, 111. NICELY, John Eyster, (Associate 1925). Sales Mgr., Corbit Bros. Plbg. & Htg. Co., 147-151 N. Fifth St., and (for mail), 406 Green Terrace, Reading, Pa. NICHOLLS, Percy* (1920). Fuel Engr.. (for mail). U. S. Bureau of Mines, and 273 N. Craig St.. Pittsburgh, Pa. NICHOLS, George B., (1915). (Council 1919 1920), c/o Hagerman-Harris, Boston, Mass. ' NICOL, Norman C., (1923), Field Engr., National Tube Co.. 71 Broadway, New York, N. Y. NIESTRATH, W. H., (Associate 1921). Jas. P. Marsh & Co., 3324 S. Jefferson Ave., St. Louis, Mo. NILSON, Andrew, (1917), Pres., Eureka Smoke less Furnace Co., 3222 N. Halsted St., and (for .mail), 5407 Wayne Ave., Chicago. 111. NILSON, Karl A., (Junior 1926), Engr. and ' Salesman. Nilson Bros., 3222 N.' Halsted St., and (for mail). 5547 Magnolia Ave., Chicago, 111. NOBBS, Walter W., (1919), 50 Fairhazel Gardens, London, N.W., 6, Eng. NOBIS, Harry M., (1914), Htg. Engr.. 2010 East 102nd St., Cleveland, and (for mail), 1827 Stanwood Rd.. E. Cleveland, O. NOBLE, Milner, (Junior 1924), (for mail). Aerofin Corp.. 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., and 80 Broad St., Newark,.N. J. NOLAND, Lloyd U., (1915), Pres., (for mail), Virginia Engrg. Co.. 322-330 28th St., and 319 54th St., Newport News, Va.. NOLAND, Ralph W., (1914), Consulting and Mech. Engr., 824 Lafayette Life Bldg.. Lafayette, and 1001 Roberts St., Lafayette, Ind. . NOLL, William F., (1924), The Paul E. Mueller Co., 320 Park St., and (for mail), 1188 48th St., Milwaukee. Wis. NORDINE, Louis F., (1914). Sales Engr.. Herman Nelson Corp., and (for mail), 1170 25th St.. Moline, 111. NORMAN. Mehrold A., (1926). Htg. Engr.. Warren Webster & Co., Rm. 506, 549 W. Wash ington St., Chicago, 111. NORRIS. Edward, (1909). Utica Heater Co., Utica. N. Y. NORRIS, James K., (1920), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Utica Heater Co., and 1 Jewett Place, Utica. N. Y. ' . NORTON, Frederick W., (Junior 1922; Associate 1925), Engr., Gillis & Geoghegan, 537 W. Broad way, New York, and 47 Rokeby Place, Livings ton, S. I., N. Y. NULSEN, Car! A., (1919), Engr.. (for mail). Hanley & Co.. 6 N. Clark St., and 931 Ainslie St.. Chicago. 111. ' NUNAN, John F., (Junior 1921; Associate 1925), Foreman, (for mail), Jas. Spear Stove & Heater Co.. 1823 Market St., and 238 W. Highland Ave., . Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. NUSBAUM, Lee,* (1915), Engr., (for mail), Pennsylvania Engrg. Co., 1119 N. Howard St., and 315 Carpenter Lane, Philadelphia. Pa. , OAKS, Orion O., (1917), Chief Engr.. N. Y. Div., (for mail). American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, N. Y., and 13 Russell Place, Summit, N. J. OBERT, Casin W., (1916), (Secy. 1916-19237? Secy, to A. S. M. E. Boiler Code Committee, 29 West 39th St., New York, and (fpr mail), 122 N. Columbus Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. . O'BRIEN, J. H., (1923), Chicago Dist. Mgr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 140 S. Dearborn St., and 6525 Glenwood Ave., Chicago. 111. O'CONNELL, Edward D., (Associate 1925), Htg. Engr., Robt. Scott, Inc., 1512 Vine St., and (for mail), 1432 North 53rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. O'CONNELL, Presly M., (1916), Repr.. Hoffman Specialty. Co., and (for mail), 5749 31st Ave., N.E., Seattle, Wash. ' O'CONNOR, Joseph M,, (1923). C. A. Dunham Co.. 302 Orpheum Bldg., and (for mail), 421 Sedgwick Bldg., Wichita. Kans. O'DONNELL, Thomas J., (1920). Secy, and Treas., (for mail), William H. McKiever. Inc., 247 West 13th St,, and 31 Park Terrace West, New York, N. Y. . . OFFNER, Alfred J., (1922), Consulting Engr., (fon mail). 1182 Broadway, New York, and Beechhurst, L. I., N. Y. , OGELSBY, William P., (1923). Sales Mgr., Oil City Boiler Works, 1043 Real Estate Trust Bldg.. Philadelphia, Pa. . OHMES, Arthur K.,* (1913), (Council 1915; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1916; 1st Vice-Pres. 1917). Consulting Engr., 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. OLSEN, A. J., (Junior 1924). C. J. Olsen. 109-11 Center St., and 452 Center St., Winona, Minn. OLSEN, Carlton F., (Junior 1920; Associate 1925). Combustion Engr., Kewanee Boiler Co.. 822 W. Washington, and (for mail). 6238 Evans Ave., Chicago, 111. 30 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 OLSON, Arvid E., (1925), Engr., Board of PARKHILL, David, (1915). Supt.. (for mail). Education, 1009 Milton St., and (for mail). 3133 N. Keating Ave., Chicago, III. OLSON, Robert G., (1923), Milwaukee Mgr., (for mail), American Blower Co.. 911 Majestic Bldg., and 245 Prospect Ave.. Milwaukee. Wis. OLVANY, William J., (1912), Engr. and Con tractor, 100 Charles St., New York. N. Y. O'NEILL, James Walter, (Junior 1925). Chief Engr.. The Trane Co., 21-23 River St., and (for mail), 207 McRobert Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. O'NEILL, Peter, (1920). Treas. and Mgr., Bartley-O'Neill Co.. 224 Third Ave.. Pittsburgh. The Graff Furnace Co., 116 Wooster'St., New York, and 197 Rutland Rd.. Brooklyn, N. Y. PARKS, Vernon H., (1918), Mgr., Meyer Furnace & Supply Co., 1051 St. Louis, and (for mail), 4321 Charlotte St.. Kansas City. Mo. PARROTT, Lyle G., (1922), Consulting Engr., McColl, Snyder & McLean. 2348 Penobscot .Bldg., and (for mail), 3788 Gladstone Ave., Detroit. Mich. PARTER, Samuel C., (Junior 1907; 1909). Secy., James H. Merritt & Co.. Inc., 207 Water St., and (for mail), 642 West 172nd St., New York, Pa. N. Y. ORR, Fred B., (1924), Asst, to Vice-Pres.. (for PARTLAN, James W., (1916), (for mail). 13900 mail). Illinois Maintenance Co., 72 W. Adams Goddard Ave., and 478 Algonquin Ave., Detroit, St., and 700 Irving Park Blvd., Chicago. 111. Mich. ORR, Merrill J., (1917), Pres, and Mgr.. Orr Co.. PASK, Raymond J., (Junior 1924), Consulting (for mail), 513 Jackson St., and 1815 Jackson Engr., Crytser & Pask, Tribune Tower, and (for St., Sioux City. Ia. mail), 14 S. Homan Ave., Chicago. III. ORTH, John W., (1919), Pres., Orth Plbg. PATERSON, G. E., (1926). Owner. Paterson Co.. 509 Columbia St., Lafayette, Ind. Htg. Co., 28 Waugoo St.. Oshkosh. Wis. OSBORNE, Gurdon H., (1922), Gen. Mgr., (for PATERSON, James S., (1922), Htg. Engr.. (for mail). The Vtg. & Blow Pipe Co.. Ltd., 144 mail), Board of Education 155 College St., and .Inspector St., and 275 Addington St., Apt. No.' 23 Norton Ave., Toronto. Ont., Can. 7. Montreal. Que., Can. . PATERSON, Wm. B., (Junior 1920; Associate OSBORNE, Maurice M., (1925), Advertising 1921). Asst.. H. H. Angus. Consulting Engr.. 2 Counsel for. Technical Products, Osborne & Co.. . Bloor St., W.. and (for mail), 198 St. Germain 755 Boylston St., and (for mail), 367 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. OSMON, Thomas R., (1916), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Spohn Htg. & Vtg. Co.. 1775 East 45th St., and (for mail). 851 Paxton Rd., Cleveland. O. OSTRANDER, Lewis F., (1923), Vice-Pres. and Htg. Engr., O-E Specialty Mfg. Co.. 8-12 Keefe Ave.. and (for mail), 411 Newberry Blvd., Milwaukee. Wis. OSWALD, Walter L., (1919). Sales Engr.. Crane Co.. 23 West 44th St., New York, and (for mail). 562 Hutchinson Blvd., Mt. Vernon. N. Y. OTIS, Gerald E., (1922), Vice-Pres.. (for mail). Ave.. Toronto. Ont., Can. PATORNO, Sullivan A. S., (1923). Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. (for mail), Meyer. Strong & Jones, Inc., 101 Park Ave., and 150 East 50th St., New York. N. Y. PATTERSON. D. Finley. (Junior 1925), Engr., Vapor Htg. Co., (for mail), 215 South 17th St., and 6428 N. Woodstock St., Philadelphia. Pa. PAULDING, Lewis Grant, (1926). Partner, (for mail), Frank Paulding & Son, 405 Lexington Ave., and 8733 117th St., New York. N. Y. PEACOCK, James K., (1921). New York Mgr., . (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co.. 512 Fifth' . Ave., New York, and 440 Fowler Ave.. Pelham' The Herman Nelson Corp., and 1921 23rd Ave., Manor. N. Y. _ Moline. 111. . PEARCE. C.E., (1911), Chief Engr., Guilbert OTT, Oran W., (1925), Consulting Mech. Engr., . & Betelle,. Architects, Chamber of Commerce (for mail), 13004 Washington Bldg., and 123 S. Bldg., Newark, and (for mail), 1255 Clinton Virgil Ave.. Los Angeles. Calif. Place. Elizabeth, N. J. ;. OTTO, Robert W., (1912), Chief Engr.. Andrews PEARSON. Fred L., (1925). Consulting Engr., - Heating Co.. 2529 University Ave., S.E.. Min (for mail). 6 N. Michigan Ave., and 7702 East- neapolis. and (for mail), 2147 Carroll Ave., St. lake Terrace, Chicago, 111. Paul, Minn. PEARSON, Harry D., (1917). Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). Michigan Warming & Vtg. Co., 363 P . Houseman Bldg., and 700 College St., S:E., PADGINTON, George, (1919). Supt. of Htg. and Plbg., Board of Education, 906 Genessee Bldg., and (for mail). 73 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. '` PAETZ, Herbert E.t (1922), Sales Engr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 2539 Woodward Ave., and 2506 Cadillac Ave., Detroit. Mich. PAGE, Harry W., (1923). Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., - Bayley `Mfg. Co., 732 Greenbush ' St., Milwaukee, and 119 Warren Ave.. Wauwatosa, Wis. PAGE, Sidney H.t (1923), Mech. and Elec. Grand Rapids, Mich. . PEASE, Harrison H., (Associate 1922), Com mercial Trust Bldg., and (for mail). 8409 Shawnee St.. Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. PEASE, John G., (1917), Owner. John G. Pease Co.. 310 Minor Bldg., and 1718 East 59th St., Kansas City, Mo. PECKHAM, Randolph R., (1919). Supt., (for mail). 650 W. Baltimore Ave., and 3018 Hograth Ave., Detroit, Mich. PEEBLES. John K., (Junior 1924; Associate 1925), Peebles & Ferguson, 733 Law Bldg., Engr.. Charles Foster. 612 Sellwood Bldg., and Norfolk, Va. -' (for mail), 5407 London Rd., Duluth, Minn. PENHALLEGON, R. L., (1925). Burnham Boiler PAGET, B. K., (Junior 1924), L. J. Wing Mfg. Corp. of Calif., 1385 Harrison St., San Francisco, . Co.. 352 West 13th St., New York, N. Y., and Calif. (for mail), 20 E. Park St., Newark, N. J. PAINE, Kenneth A., (Junior 1925). Mgr., Paine Heating Co.. 217 S. State St., and (for mail), P. O. Box, 13, Jackson, Miss. PAINE, Leonard G., (1920). Philadelphia Mgr., (for mail), Dunham Vacuum Heating System, 112 South 16th St., and 5915 Carpenter St., Philadelphia, Pa. PAINTER, David H., (Associate 1924). Salesman. Hoffman Specialty Co., and (for mail), 3124 Forest Ave., Sioux Apts., Kansas City, Mo. PALMER, Geo. J., (1923). (for mail). 14-16 W. Market St., and 419 Walnut St., W. Chester, Pa. PARKER, Philip, (1915). Engrg. Dept., Braman Dow & Co., 239 Causeway St.. Boston, and (for PENNELL, S. Howard, (1925), Member of Firm, (for mail). William Macy Stanton. Archt., S.W. Cor. Broad and Chestnut.Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. PENSINGER, Luther C., (Associate 1925), Partner, Burdick Pensinger Co.,. 3409 East 18th St., and 19 West 42nd St., Kansas City. Mo. PERHAM, Stanley H., (1920). Associate Engr., ' (for mail). Charles R. Ammennan. Consulting Engr., 925 Continental Bk. Bldg., and 4507 Carrollton Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. PERKINS, Fred C., (Associate 1923). PerkinsLeNoir Co.. 1068 Drexel Bldg.. Philadelphia. Pa. PETERKIN, Stuart MacC., (1922), Engr.. C. A. Dunham Co., 229 College St., and (for mail), mail), 8 Middle St., Woburn, Mass. 71 Deloraine Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. 31 Roll of Membership PETERMAN, Robert M., (1917). Engr.. School Dist.. of Philadelphia, 19th St., above Chestnut St., Philadelphia, and (for mail). 205 Lauriston St.. Wissahickon. Pa. ' PETERS, Harry G., (Associate 1924), Prop., (for mail}, Peters Htg. Co., P. O. Box 763. and 638 N. Congress St., Jackson, Miss. , PETERSEN, Gustave, (Associate 1916), Treas. and Gen. Mgr., (for mail). Htg. and Vtg. Maga zine, 1123 Broadway, New York, N. Y., and 216 11th St., Hoboken, N. J. PETERSON, Evan A., (1923), Sales Engr., Crane. Ltd., 386 Beaver Hall Sq., and 122 Kenaston Rd., Town of Mt. Royal, Montreal, Que., Can. PETERSON, H. K,, (1920), Htg. Engr., Nelson Co., 2604 Fourth Ave., and (for mail). 14572 Coyle Ave., Detroit, Mich. PETHERICK, David H., (Associate 1916), Salesman, U. S. Radiator Corp., 517 Dime Bk. Bldg., Detroit, and (for mail), 9 Kenberton . Drive, Pleasant Ridge, Mich. ' PFEIFFER, Benjamin J., (Junior 1925), Htg. Contractor, 435 West 41st St., and (for mail), 30 West 112th St., New York. N. Y. PFEIFFER, John Frederick, (Junior 1925). ' Mech, and Htg. Engr., (for mail), Standard Heater Co., and 346 Louisa St., Williamsport, Pa. PFEIFFER, Jos. F., (1921), Owner, (for mail), 1140 California St., and 717 Vine St., Denver, Colo. PFLUGRADT, Allen G,, (Junior 1926). Partner, (for mail). Pflugradt Heating Co., 979 Grant St,, and 1588 Murray Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. PFUHLER, John L., (Junior 1923; Associate 1925), Plbg. and Htg., 600 Manor Rd., S.I., N. Y. PHEGLEY, Frank G., (1913), (Council 1918 1919), Research Engr.. Hart-Crouse Co., 301 Turner St.. Utica, N. Y. PHELPS, Glen H., (Associate 1925), 238 South 11th St., Lincoln, Nebr. PHILLIPS, Frank T., (1919), Sales Engr., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 25th and Reed Sts.. Philadelphia. Pa., and 827 Belmont Ave., Collingswood, N. J. PHILLIPS, Frederic W.. Jr., (1921), Engr.. (for mail), E. W. Mandeville, Inc., 623 Parkside Ave., and 825 East 38th St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. PHILLIPS, Lee, (1920), Htg. Engr., 308 Ferguson Bldg., 319 Third Ave., Pittsburgh, and Terrace Ave.. Carnegie. Pa. PICKER, Frederick C., (Associate 1926). Pres., The Air Conditioning & Engrg. Co., 2914 S. Jefferson Ave., and 4568 Tower Grove Place, St. Louis, Mo. ' PICKETT, Clinton A., (Associate 1923). Sales Repr., (for mail). Herman Nelson Corp., 510 Rialto Bldg., and 8003 Canton Ave.. Vivita Park. St. Louis. Mo. PIERCE, Edward F., Jr., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., Hoffman Specialty Co., 72 Lynn Fells Parkway, Melrosei Mass. PIERON, Anton, (1921), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Warren & Wetmore. 16 East 47th St., New York, and (for mail). Sterling Place, St. Albans, N. Y. PINDER, Percy H., (1919). Merchant, (for mail), Standard Steam Specialty Co., 366 Third Ave., New York, N. Y., and 12 Forest Rd., Ridgewood, N. J. . PINES, Sidney, (1920), Asst. Mgr., (for mail), Natkin Engineering Co., 208 Mutual Bldg., and 5012 Forest Ave., Kansas City, Mo. PIPER, Albert, (1920). Plbg. and Htg. Contract ing, (for mail). Piper Bros., 340-346 N. Broad St., Trenton, N. J. PISEL, Joseph W., (Junior 1921; Associate 1926), Engr.. I. H. Francis. Consulting Engr., 1520 Locust St.. Philadelphia, and (for mail), 53 Brookline Blvd- Upper Darby P. O- Pa. PITCHER, Lester J., (Junior 1924), Chief Draftsman. Illinois Engrg. Co.. 21st and Racine Ave., and (for mail), 7214 E. End Ave., Chicago, 111. PITTELKOW, Arthur G., (1907), Pres., Pit- telkow Htg. & Engrg. Co., (for mail), 2340 W. Lafayette Blvd., and 355 Chalmers Ave., Detroit, Mich. PIZIE, Stuart G., (Associate 1926), Partner, B. J. Pizie & Son, Millbrook, N. Y. PLACE, Clyde R., (1924), Consulting Engr., (for mail). Grand Central Terminal, and 53 East 66th St., New York, N. Y. PLACE, Herman.R., (1924), Vice-Pres., Sprague, Bates, Place Co., 28 Union St., Boston, and (for mail), 835 Watertown St., W. Newton, Mass. PLAYFAIR, George A., (Associate 1924), Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Temperature Regulating Co.. 147 Church St., and Stop 33, Kingston Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can. PLEWES, Stanley E.. (1917). Philadelphia Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 258 S. Van Pelt St., Philadelphia, and Evergreen Rd., Jenkin- town. Pa. PLUNKETT, John H,, (1925), Chief of Inspec tions. Dept, of Public Safety, Bldg, and Boiler Inspection, Rm. 24, State House, Boston, and (for mail), 81 Woodrow Ave., Dorchester, Mass. POOL, Sterling H., (1913), Pres., (for mail). Howard F. Pool Co.. 22 Market St.. Lynn, and 60 Pinckney St., Boston, Mass. . . POOLE, Ernest F., (1921), Engr., (for mail), F. P. Sheldon & Son, 1009 Hospital Trust Bldg., and 74 Farragut Ave., Providence. R. I. POPE, S. Austin, (1917), Contracting Engr., (for mail), 26 N. Jefferson St., Chicago, and 410 Ashland Ave., River Forest, 111. POPE, William A,, (1906). Contracting Engr., 26 N. Jefferson St., Chicago, and 293 Keystone Ave., River Forest, 111. * PORTRUDE, William M,, (Junior 1926). Plbg. and Htg. Salesman. Andersen. Meyer & Co., and 115 Pere Robert, Shanghai, China. . POSEY, James, (1919), Consulting Engr.. (for mail), 1309 Lexington Bldg., and 4005 Liberty Heights Ave., Baltimore, Md. POTTINGER, C. T., (1917), Dist. Mgr.,American Blower Co., 614-615 Bona Allen Bldg., Atlanta, . Ga. POWERS, Fred I., (1920), Salesman. P. O. Box 324, Bozeman, Mont.. ' POWERS, Fred W., (1911), (Council 1918-1919), Treas. and Gen. Mgr., (for mail). The Powers Regulator Co., 2720 Greenview Ave., and 900 Castlewood Terrace, Chicago, 111. PRATT, Edwin D,, (1922). Asst, to Gen. Mgr., Childs Restaurants, 200 Fifth Ave., New York, and (for mail), 283 Glen Ave., Port Chester, N. Y. PREBLE, J. Jarvis, (1919), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Spray Engrg. Co., 60 High St.. Boston, and 38 Bowdoin St., Newton Highlands. Mass. PRESDEE, Cliff W., (Associate 1926). Western Mgr., (for mail), Htg. & Vtg. Magazine.105 S. Dearborn St., and 7909 Eberhard Ave., Chicago. PRICfe-, Frank E., (Associate 1922), Mgr. Htg. Dept., Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co.. 1720 Blake St., and (for mail), 1544 Jasmine St., Denver, Coio. PROBST, Alfred H., (1919), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Morgan-Gerrish Co., 808 LaSalle Ave., and 2902 James Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. PROX, Robert F., (Junior 1922; 1923), Vice-Pres.. (for mail). Frank Prox Co., P. O. Box 61, and 1608 S. Fourth. St., Terre Haute, Ind. PRYOR, Frederick L., (1913), Advisory, (for mail). National Silk Dyeing Co., 5 Colt St., Paterson, and Towaco, Morns Co., N. J. PRYOR, Robert W., Jr.* (1913), (Council 1919-1920), Mech. Engr., (for mail). Koithan & Pryor, 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y., and 199 Roseville Ave., Newark, N. J. PURCELL, Arthur J., (1914). Htg.. Plbg. and Steam Specialty Engr., 631 New Britain Ave., Hartford, Conn. PURCELL, Frederick C., (1926), Sales Engr.. (for mail), F. C. Purcell & Co., 2847 Grand River Ave., and 1501 Virginia Park, Detroit, Mich. 32 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 PURCELL, Robert E., (1918). Htg.. Vtg. and Plbg. Contractor, 1735 Willis Ave., W., and (for mail), 128 Avery Ave., Detroit, Mich. PURDY, Alexander K., (1922), Pre9., (for mail). Purdy. Mansell, Ltd., 63 Albert St., and 30 Glenrose Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. PURINTON, Dexter J., (Associate 1923), Head of Mech, Dept., (for mail), McKenzie, Voorhees & Gauline, 342 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y., and 23 Sachem Rd., Greenwich, Conn. PURSELL, H. E,, (1919), Br. Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., 1226-28 California St.. Denver; and (for mail), 212 S. Tremont St., Kewanee, 111. PYLE, John W., (1919), Supt., (for mail). Peru Htg. Co.. 30 W. Canal St., and 371 W. Third St., Peru, Ind. O QUALTROUGH, Ben F., (Associate 1926). 928 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, Mo. QUAY, D. M.,* (Charter Member), (Pres. 1909; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1895; 1st Vice-Pres. 1896. 1899). D. M. Quay Co., Builders Exch., and 1352 East 84th St., Cleveland, O. QUENTIN. Edward H.. (Associate 1919), Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Heat Regulating Co., 14 North 12th St., and 3259 Geyer Ave., St. Louis, Mo. - QUESNEL. N. W., (1925), C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd., 14 Struchen Ave., and (for mail), 23 Carey Rd., Toronto. Can. QUIGLEY, WllUam J., (1920). Salesman, (for mail). Gurney Heater Mfg. Co., P. O. Box 184, Buffalo, and 27 Knowlton Ave.. Kenmore, N. Y. QUIRK, Clinton H., (Junior 1915; 1916), Sales Engr., Vtg. Div., (for mail), American Radiator Co.. 40 West 40th St., New York, and 36 Kilburn Rd., Garden City, N. Y. R RAE, Thos. W., (1924), Salesman, (for mail). American Radiator Co., P. O. Box 882, and . James Hotel , Oklahoma City, Okla. RAINE, John J., (1912). G. S. Blodgett Co- Burlington, Vt. RAINGER, Wallace F- (Junior 1924). Chief , Draftsman, Jaros & Baum, Consulting Engrs- J 116 West 39th St- New York, and (for mail). 68 Livingston Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. ' RAISLER, Louis, (1925). Raisler Htg. Co- 129 Amsterdam Ave., New York, N. Y. RAISLER. Samuel. (1921). Pres., Raisler Htg. - & Sprinkler Co- 129 Amsterdam Ave- and (for mail), 202 Riverside Drive, New York. N. Y. RALSTON, Louis T.-M., (1926), Consulting Engr- (for mail), Ralston & Hattenhof, Inc- 52 Vanderbilt Ave- and 875 W. End Ave- New York. N. Y. RANDOLPH, Charles H., (Junior 1926); Sales Engr., American Foundry & Furnace Co- 805 36th St- and 705 Bartlett Ave- Milwaukee. Wis. RASMUSSEN, Elnar, (Junior 1925; Associate 1926), Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg.Co- E. Pitts burgh, and (for mail), 414 Whitney Ave- Wilkinsburg, Pa. RATHER, Max F., (1919). Cleveland Mgr- Johnson Service Co- 2028 East 22nd St.. Cleve land, and 3098 Huntington Rd- Shaker Heights, O. . REARDON, J. Albert, (1921), Pres- (for mail). Reardon Bros. Co- 341 Union St- Lynn, and 18 Marion Rd- Clifton, Mass. RECK, Anders B.,* (1899), Pres., (for mail). Reck Htg. Co- Ltd- 15, Esromgade, Cope- hagen, and 16, Christiansvej, Hellerup, Denmark. REDERER, Benedicts., (1922), Mgr., (for mail), B. S. Rederer & Co- 513 Arrott Bldg- and 1515 Rockland Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. . REED, John F., (Associate 1923). Vice-Pres.. (for mail), Reed Air Filter Go- 50 Church St- New York. N. Y.. and 63 Watchung Ave- Montclair. N. J. REEDER, Charles L., (1911). Consulting Engr- (for mail). 916 N. Charles St- Baltimore, and 222 Longwood Rd- Roland Park. Md. * REEDER, Frank C., (Associate 1919). Factory Repr- The Fulton Co- and (for mail). 204 E. Oklahoma Ave- Knoxville. Tenn. REESE, Henry L.. (1923). Pres, and Gen. Mgr- (for mail). Keystone Plumbing & Htg. Co- 229 N. Sixth St- and 835 Pear St.. Reading, Pa. REEVES, Charles G., (1916), 257 W. Clapier St- Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. REICHWALD, Charles W- (1923). Htg. Engr., (for mail), C. W. Reichwald, Inc- 763 Paterson Ave., Jersey City, and 22 Adelina Place, North Bergen. N. J. ` ,,. _ REINHARD, Edward L., (1919), Buffalo Br. Mgr- (for mail), American Radiator Co- 1807 Elmwood Ave., and 99 N. Lincoln Blvd- Buffalo, N. Y. REPP, Harry L., (1922), Br. Mgr., U. S. Radiator Corp- 908 N. Senate Ave- and 525 S. Central Circuit, Indianapolis, Ind. REUSS, Edward H., Jr., (Associate 1919; 1921), Htg. Contractor, (for mail), Edward H. Reuss, Jr.. 30th and Race Sts- and Bryn Mawr and Woodbine Ave- Philadelphia, Pa. REUTER, Albert G- (1922). Sales Engr.. The Daly Co- 1425 16th St- and (for mail), 702 S. Corona St- Denver, Colo. REYNOLDS, Harry A., (1925), Engr- S. J. Reynolds Co- Inc- 2223 Ogden Ave., and 721 N. Lotus Ave- Chicago, III. REYNOLDS, Henry M., (1915). Vice-Pres.,' General Boilers Co- Waukegan, 111. REYNOLDS, Thurlow W- (1922), Engr- Clyde R. Place, Consulting Engr., Grand Central Terminal. New York, N. Y- and Portland Rd- Htghlands. N. J. RHODES. Solomon V., (1921). Supt. of Htg- (for mail), Farrell Htg. & Plumbing Co- 25 Houston St., and 45 E. Cain St- Atlanta. Ga. RIBLET, William H- (Associate 1921). Eastern Div. Mgr., (for mail). C. A. Dunham Co- 101 Park. Ave- and 32 West 40th St- New York, N. Y. ,, RICE, Clarence J- (Associate 1923). Pres- for mail). Sterling Engrg. Co- 1640 Holton St- Milwaukee. and 2425 Thompson Ave- Whitefish Bay. Wis. RICE. William W., (1915), Contracting Engr., Melton Co- 4417-19 Ludlow St- Philadelphia, and (for mail), 830 Morgan Ave- Upper Darby, Del. Co- Pa. _ RICHARDS, Frank A- (1920), Sales Engr- Richard & Wolfe, Sales Reprs- The Herman Nelson Corp- and (for mail), 832 Atlas Bldg- Columbus. O. RICHARDS, Samuel F- (1915). Eastern Sales Repr.. H. A. Thrush & Co- Peru, Ind- and (for mait). 335 W. Riverview Ave- Bellevue Br., Pittsburgh. Pa. . __ RICHARDSON, A. Howard, (Associate 1922), 2nd Vice-Pres- (for mail); Richardson & Boynton Co- 3639 S. Ashland Ave- and 1302 Ritchie Court, Chicago, 111. RICHARDSON, D. Ralt,* (1915). Pres- (for mail). Richardson & Boynton Co- 260 Fifth Ave- and 299 Park Ave- New York, N. Y. RICKER, John J- (1925). Pres- (for mail). Ricker & Kneblin, Inc- 528-530 Jefferson St- 40 18th St- W. New York, N. J. R1DLER, Harry C- (1919), Plbg- Htg. and Vtg. Engr. and Mgr- (for mail), 310 West 33rd St and 3248 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. RIETZ, Elmer W- (1923), Asst. Sales Mgr., (for mail). Powers Regulator Co., 2720 Greenview Ave- and 5246 Glenwood Ave- Chicago, 111. RILEY, Champlain L-* (1906). (Presidential Member). (Pres. 1921; Council 1918-1922; 1st Vice-Pres. 1920). (for mail), Clark MacMuJlen & Riley. 101 Park Ave- New York, N. Y- and Plainfield. N. J. , RILEY, DeWitt H., (1921). Engr., Research Dept- American Radiator Co., 1807 Elmwood Ave-and (for mail), 815 Tonawanda St.. Buffalo, N. Y. 33 Roll of .Membership RINKENBERGER, George, (1924). Sales and Htg. Engr., (for mail), Paul Plumbing & Htg. Co., 811 Railroad St., and 831 Franklin St., Johnstown, Pa. RITCHIE, Edmund J., (1923), Gen. Sales Mgr., (for mail), 183 Madison Ave., New York, and 19 Grace St., Brooklyn, N. Y. , RITCHIE, William, (1909), 17 Van Reipen Ave.. Jersey City. N. J. RITTER, Arthur, (1911), N. Y. Mgr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 50 Church St., New York, and 589 Fourth St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. RIVARD, Melvin M., (Junior 1926), Sales Engr., American Radiator Co., and (for mail), 5829 Woodland Ave., Kansas City, Mo. ROBB, John M.,* (1913), Htg. Engr., 1513 Columbia Terrace, Peoria, 111. ROBBINS, Loring G., (1907), Robbins, Gamwell & Co., 68 West St.. Pittsfield, Mass. ROBERTS, Henry L., (1916), Engr. and Con tractor, 228 North 16th St., Philadelphia, Pa. ROBERTS, J. H., (1926), c/o Mrs. E. C. Fell, Upper Lake St.. (Carrier No. 19), Elmira, N. Y. ROBERTS, Wm. L., (1923), 183 Harrison Ave., Boston, and (for mail), 85 Baker St., W. Roxbury. Mass. ROBERTSON, George A., (1902), Supervising Inspector Htg. and vtg.. Div., (for mail), Board of Education. Bureau of Plant Operation, 131 Livingston St., and 1081 East 39th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. ROBERTSON, John M., (Junior. 1926), Sales Engr., E. K. Campbell Htg. Co.. 2445 Charlotte St., Kansas City, and (for mail), 7123 Clayton Rd., St. Louis. Mo. ROBINSON, Albert G., (1924), (for mail). 4 Thomson Block, and 18 Harrison Ave., Glen Falls, N. Y. ROBINSON, S. Whitmore, (Associate 1902; 1910), Consulting Engr., 10 Kilburn Priory, London, N.W., Eng. ROCKART, Edward R., (1921). Mech. Engr., Minneapolis Board of Education,- 245 Ninth Ave.. N., Minneapolis, and (for mail), 1173 Arkright St., St. Paul, Minn. RODMAN, Robert W.; (1922), Supt. of Plant. Operation, (for mail). Dept, of Education, 500 Park Ave., and 2102 Broadway, New York, N. Y. ROEBUCK, WUllam, Jr., (1917), Sales Engr., (formail). The R. T. Coe Cos.. 522 Cutler Bldg., and 1625 East Ave., Rochester, N.'Y. ROGERS, A. Carle, (1921), Consulting Engr., 752 Euclid Ave., Toledo, O. ROGERS, C. W., (1921), Chief Engr.. (for mail). The New York Blower Co.. 2246 S. Hafsted St., and 3156 Cambridge St., Chicago, 111. ROGERS, George Howell, (1920). Salesman and Htg. Engr., International Heater Co., Linthicum . Heights. Md. ROLLINS, Fred D., (1919), 4107 Washington Blvd.. Chicago, 111. . ROLLINS, Lewis M., (1916), Morris & Co., Union Stock Yards, and (for mail), 218 N. Milton St., St. Paul, Minn. RONEY, Thomas G., (1916), (for mail). T. G. Roney Htg. Co.. 3461 Fort St.. W., and 748 25th St., Detroit, Mich. ROONEY, Martin A. * (Associate 1917; 1918), . Sales Engr., (for .mail), American Radiator Co., 1807 Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, and Eggertsville, N. Y. ROSEBROUGH, Robert M,, (1920), Br. Mgr., (for mail), L. J. Mueller Furnace Co., 1409 Olive St., and 5502 Maple Ave., St. Louis. Mo. ROSENBACH. Rudolph G,, (1920), Sales Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 549 W. Washington St., Chicago, and 343 N. York St., Elmhurst, 111. ROSS, John O., (1920). Pres., (for mail), J. O. Ross Engrg. Corp., 30 East 42nd St., and 875 W. End Ave., New York, N. Y. ROSSMAN, Vincent D., (1919), Secy., (for mail). Modern Htg. Co., 3935 Olive St., and 2365 Klemm St., St. Louis, Mo. ROTHROCK, John T., (1920). Supt. Mech. Engr., Thompson-Starrett Co., Packard Bldg., ' Philadelphia. Pa. - ROTZ, John M., (1918), Member gf firm, (for mail), Snider & Rotz, Consulting Engrs., 703 Merchants Bk. Bldg., and 3930 Broadway, Indianapolis, Ind. ROW, Oliver M., (1912), Director. Royles. Ltd., Irlam, near Manchester, Eng. ROWE, WUllam A., (1921), Chief Engr., Ameri can Blower Co., 6004 Russell St., and 7477 Churchill Ave., Detroit. Mich. ROWLEY, Frank Benj.,* (1918). Prof, of Mech. Engrg. and Dir. of Experimental Engrg. Labora tories, University of Minnesota, and (for mail), 63 Barton Ave., S.E., Minneapolis, Minn. ' RUCKEL, John B., (Associate 1919), Pres., (for mail), J. H. Ruckel & Son, 81-83 Main St., and 183 Cleveland Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. RUDDELL, Wm. H., (1921), Mgr., (for mail)'. West Coast Htg. Co.. Inc., 1627 Fourth Ave., and 319 Garfield St., Seattle, Wash. RUDIO, H. M., (1921), Carrier Engrg. Corp., 923 ' Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, O., and 142 Winspear Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. RUFF, DeWitt C., (1922). Co-Partner, (for mail), Healy-Ruff Co., 765 Hampden Ave., and 2211 St. Clair St., St. Paul, Minn. RUGART, Karl F. K., (Associate 1924). Sales Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., . Camden, N. J., and 5830 Willows Ave., W. Philadelphia, Pa. . . RUPPERT, E. H., (Associate 1923), (for mail), Excelso Specialty Works, 85 Eastern Parkway. Brooklyn, and 210 East 45th St., New York, N. Y. RUSSEL, Donald Peters, (1925), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Thomas Haverty Co-, 316 E. Eighth St., Los Angeles, and 451 Edwards Ave., Wilmar, Calif. RUSSELL, Hugh C., (1911), Inspector. Mech. and Elec. Engr., Supervising Arch. Office, (for mail), U. S. Treasury Dept., Post Office Bldg., and 909 E. Tenth St., Chattanooga, Terin. RUSSELL, Joseph N,, (1899). Mgr.. Rosser & Russell. Ltd., 37 Duke St.. Oxford St.. London, W. 1.. Eng. RUSSELL, W. A., (1921), Asst. Gen. Sales Mgr., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 500 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111., and 2484 Pingree, Detroit, Mich. ' RUSSELL, Willard E., (1921), Mgr., C. A. Dun ham Co., 219 E. Hanover St., Trenton, N. J. RUSSELL, William Arthur, (Charter Member). Pres., W. A. Russell & Co., Grand Central Terminal Bldg., 70 East 45th St.. New York, and 563 Palisade Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. . RUSSELL, William L. A., (Associate 1925), St. Louis Sales Mgr., (for mail). Skinner Bros. Mfg.' Co., 1474 S. Vandeventer St., and 5605 Etzel Ave., St. Louis, Mo. RYAN, Harry J., (1922), Consulting Engr., 91 Elm St.. Albany, N. Y. RYAN, Henry B., (1920), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Barry, Byrne & Ryan Co., 104 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, and 170 Fuller Lane, Winnetka, 111. S SABIN, Edward R., (1919). Pres., (for mail), Edward R. Sabin Co.. Htg. Contractors.. 4710-12 Market St., Philadelphia, and Lansdowne. Pa. SACHLEBEN, Edward H., (Associate 1921), (for mail), E. H. Sachleben & Co.. 2829 Locust St., and 5814 Maple Ave., St. Louis, Mo. SAKOUTA, Mathieu L., (1924), Consulting Engr. Expert, Gavan, Simanskaia 4, Leningrad, Russia. SAMUELS, Sidney, (Junior 1925), Secy., (for mail). Wholesale Htg. Supplies, 262 West 145th St., and 1673 University Ave., New York, N. Y. SANBERN, E. Nute, (1923), Engr., (for mail). Mensing & Co., 928 Presser Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa., and 119 Haviland Ave., Audubon, N. J. 34 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 SANBORN, Stephen H., (Associate 1924), S. H. Sanborn Engrg. Co., 123 E. Main St., P. O. Box 289, Middletown, N. Y. SANFORD, Arthur L., (1915), Mech. Engr., (for mail). Board of Education. 245 Ninth Ave., N., and 301 East 48th St.. Minneapolis, Minn. SANVILLE, Charles P., (1922). Sales Engr., Schade Valve Mfg. Co.. 2527 N. Bodine St., and 1456 Sparks St., Philadelphia, Pa. - SARGENT, Leonard F., (1919). Mgr., National Htg. & Vtg. Co.. P. O. Box 103, Wausau. Wis. SAULSON, Saul, (1916), Mech. Engr., Albert Kahn, Inc., 1000 Marquette Bldg., and 2491 W. Euclid. Detroit, Mich. SAVILLE, Thos. H., (1924), (for mail), Interna tional Correspondence Vtg. Schools, and 1121 Lafayette St.. Scranton, Pa. ' SAWADE, Carl A., (Associate 1920). Mgr. Boiler Sales, (for mail), Continental Heater Corp., Dunkirk, and 35 Curtis Place. Fredonia, N. Y. SAWDON, Will M., (1920), Prof. Exper. Engrg., (for mail). Cornell Univ., and 1018 E. State St., Ithaca, N. Y. . SCANLON, John J., (Associate 1924), Ames Iron Works, 1035 Commercial Trust Bldg., and 30 South 54th St., Philadelphia, Pa. SCHANK, George B.t (Associate 1926), 155 16th St., Buffalo. N. Y, SCHANZE, A. G., (Associate 1925). Service-and Sales Engr.. (for mail), Hanson V. Parker, 50 Congress St., Boston, and 232 Warren St., Allston, Mass. SCHEER, Frederick W., (1922), Htg. Con tractor. (for mail), 131 Hartwell Rd., and 221 Commonwealth Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. ' SCHEIBEL, Albert H., (1919), Asst. Engr., Stone & Webster, 147 Milk St., Boston, and (for mail). 92 Milton Ave., Hyde Park, Mass. SCHEIDECKER, Daniel B., (Associate 1919), Salesman, (for mail). Bayley Mfg. Co., Rm. 1156, 38 S. Dearborn St., and 4626 N. Kilbourn Ave., Chicago. 111. SCHELLHAMMER, Alfred L., (1919), Scheli- hammer & Co., Warren, 111. SCHILDMILLER, George H., (1922), Asst. Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 400 Barium Bldg., Detroit, and 908 Yorkshire Rd., Birmingham, Mich. SCHLEY, Arthur A., (1920), Mgr.. Htg. Dept., Schley & Nash Co., 709 Columbia Bk. Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. SCHLOSS, Newton L., (1913), Imperial Brass Mfg. Co., 51 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y. SCHMIDT, George G., (Junior 1912; 1914), Gen. Eastern Repr., McCann-Harrison Corp., 39 Cortlandt St., New York, and 67 Burns St., Forest Hills, L. I., N. Y. . SCHNEIDER, Charles, (1923), C. Schneider Co., 492 East 163rd St., New York, N. Y. SCHNEIDER, Paul W., (1919), Pres., P. W. Schneider, Inc., 307 Lafayette St., and 2039 Genesee St... Utica, N. Y. SCHOENIJAHN, Robert P., (1919), Consulting Engr., (for mail). Industrial Trust Bldg., Tenth and Shipley Sts., and 7 Crawford Circle, Wil mington, Del. . SCHOEPFLIN, Paul H., (1920). Pres., (for mail), Niagara Blower Co., 673 Ontario (Ontario at N. Y. C. Tracks), and 155 Fordham Drive, Buffalo, N. Y. SCHOPP, Walter J., (1922), Partner, (for mail). General Engrg. & Construction Co., 419 Perry Bldg., and 1704 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, Pa. SCHRADER, C. C.,* (Junior 1923; Associate 1925), Research Engr., (for mail), Armstrong Cork Co., Argo Laboratory, Gloucester, N..J., and 4842 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa. SCHROTH, August H., (1911), Gen. Sales Mgr., Richmond Radiator Co.. 1480 Broadway, New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 90 Oraton Parkway, E. Orange. N. J. SCHULZ, Howard I., (Associate 1915), Local Mgr., Crane Co., 1217 W. Broad St.. Richmond, Va. SCHULZE,. Ben. H., (1921), Sales Engr;. (for mail). Hester-Bradley Co., 4200 Forest Park Blvd., and 1914 Forest Ave., St. Louis, Mo. SCHWAB, Henry E., (1923), Vice-Pres.. (for mail). R. J. Schwab & Sons Co., 283 Clinton St., and 266 Juneau Ave., Apt. 210, Milwaukee, Wis. SCIPIO, Lynn A.* (1921), Dean School of Engrg., Robert College, Constantinople, Turkey. SCOLLAY, Ulysses G., (Charter Member), (Council 1894; Board of Managers 1895; Treas. 1904; 1911), Pres.. J. A. Scollay, Inc., 76 Myrtle Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. SCOTT, A. P., (1924), Dennison Mfg. Co.. 300 Howard St., Framingham, Mass. SCOTT, Charles E., (1907), Pres, and Treas., (for mail). Vapor Engineering Co., 489 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y., and West Ave., Darien, Conn. SCOTT, Edwin A., (1912). Pres, and Treas., (for mail), Edwin A. Scott Publishing Co., 45 West 45th St., and 3224 Grand Concourse, New York, N. Y. SCOTT, George M., (1915), Child & Scott Co., 108 Wooster St., New York, N. Y. SEELIG, Alfred E., (1926), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., L. J. Wing Mfg. Co., 352 West 13th St., and (for mail), 310 Convent Ave,, New York. N. Y; SEELIG, Lester, (1925), MechJ Engr., Drying Systems, Inc., 1800 Foster Ave., and (for mail), 2630 N.-Spaulding Ave., Chicago, 111. SEIDERS, John T., (1926), Mfgr's. Repr. and Engr., 5 W. State St., Columbus, O. SEKIDO, Kunlsuke, (1903), Nakano, Tokio Suburb. Japan. - SELIG, Ernest T.', (1926), Member of Firm, (for mall), SeJig & Wilson 707 Telegraph Bldg., and 920 North 16th St.. Harrisburg, Pa. . SELLARS, Fred J., (1917), Pres., (for mail), Sell- Orr Heating Co., 311 N. Penn Ave., and 619 N. Ninth St., Independence, Kans. SELLMAN, Niles T., (1922), Engr. of Utilization, (for mail). Consolidated Gas Co., 130 East 15th St., and 135 West 183rd St., New York. N. Y. SELTZER, A. P.v (1921), Show Rm. Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 820 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago,and Evanshire Hotel, Evanston, 111. SENIOR, Richard L., (1925), Engr. and Supt., J. Gescheidt & Co., Inc., 142 East 43rd St., New York, and (for mail), 73 Coligni Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y. SETZER, Walter C., (Junior 1922; Associate 1926). H. B. Smith Co.. 17th and Arch Sts., Philadelphia, and (for mail), N.W. Cor. Gillham St. and Hasbrook Ave., Lawndale, Philadelphia, Pa. SEWARD, Perclval :H.,* (Charter Member), Vice-Pres., Richmond Radiator Co., 1480 Broad- way. New'York, and (for mail), 369 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. . SEWELL, John M., (1919), Consulting <Engr., (for mail), 1822 Ludlow St., Philadelphia; and Warren Ave., Berwyn, Pa. . . . . SHANKLIN, John R., (1899), Pres, and Gem Mgr., (for mail). West Virginia Htg. & Plumbing Co., 233 Hale St., and 1507 Quarrier St., Charles ton. W. Va. SHAW, Clinton E., (1921), Instr.. (for mail). Northeast High School, Eighth and Lehigh Ave., and 6412 North 11th St., Philadelphia. Pa. . SHAW, Edgar, (1923), Pres., Lynch & Woodward, Inc., 202 Harrison Ave., Boston, and 51 Royal St.. Wollaston. Mass. ; SHAW, N. J. H., (Junior 1925), Sales' Engr., Barnes & Jones, 5 Melrose St., Boston, and (for mail), 99 Melrose St., Arlington, Mass. , SHAW, Raymond E., (1921), Sales Mgr., (for ' mail), B. F. Sturtevant Co., Hyde Park, and Boston Athletic Assn., Boston, Mass. SHAY, Russell A., (1924), Htg. Engr., 108 Linwood St., Brooklyn, N. Y. SHEA, John R., (1925), Asst. Supt. of Develop ment, (for mail). Western Elec. Co.. Inc., Haw - thome Sta., Chicago, and 319 N. Forest Ave., River Forest, 111. SHEA, M. B., (1921). Mgr., (for mail). American Radiator Co., 417 S. Tenth St., and 3616 Lincoln Blvd., Omaha. Nebr. SHEARS, Matthew W., (1922), Htg. Engr.. C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd., 1523 Davenport Rd.. and (for mail), 53 Sylvan Ave., Toronto, Ont,,. Can. ' 35 Roll of Membership SHEFFIELD, Edward B.t (1921). Sales Engr., (for mail), Armstrong Cork Co.. 11 Brant St., Toronto, and Lambton Mills, Ontario, Can. SHEFFLER, Morris, (1821),-Member of -Firm, (for mail). Sheffler-Gross Co.. 205-211 Drexel Bldg., and 5451 Lebanon Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. SHEPPARD, Frank A., (1918), Kansas City Mgr.* (for mail). Johnson Service Co.. 411 E. Tenth St., and 4550 Mill Creek Blvd., Kansas City, Mo. SHEPPARD, William G., (1922), Partner, (for mail). Sheppard Sc Abbott, 119 Harbord St., and 479 Dovercourt Rd., Toronto, Ont., SHERET, Andrew, (Associate 1925), Pres., (for mail). Andrew Sheret, Ltd., 1114 Blanchard St., and 1030 St. Charles St., Victoria, B. C. SHERIFFS, Walter A., (1918). Mehring 8c Hanson Co., 162 N. Clinton St.. Chicago. III. SHINOHARA, Shlro, (1924), Takata & Co.. Marunouchi, and (for mail), 51 Iga Machi, Yotsuyaku, Tokio, Japan. SHIPP, C. C., (1923). Owner, (for mail), C. C. Shipp & Co.. 230 E. Ohio St., and 3405 Guilford Ave.. Indianapolis, Ind. SHODRON, John G., (1921), Research Engr., James Mfg. Co., 411 E. Milwaukee Ave., Ft. Atkinson. Wis. SHORE, WUI A., (1909), Treas.. Field & Shorb Co.. 133 W. William St., and (for mail), 3 Lincoln Place. Decatur, 111. SHOZO, Salto, (1923), Htg. and Vtg. Engr. and Contractor, (for mail]). Marunouchi Bldg., and 171 Kitakamata, Tokio, Japan. SHREINER, Dewey C., (Junior 1923; Associate 1926), Partner, Harry E. Shriner 8c Son, 116 W. High St., and 1240 Southern Blvd., Elkhart, Ind. SHROCK, John H., (1924). Vice-Pres.. (for mail). New York Blower Co., and Bellevue Apts., LaPorte, Ind. SHUELL, Frank W., (Associate 1921), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Ever Hot Heater Co., 5241 Wesson Ave., and 360 E. Boston Blvd., Detroit, Mich. SHULTZ, Earie, (Associate 1919). Vice-Pres., (for mail), Illinois Maintenance Co.. Rm. 1136, Edison Bldg., and 1310 Birchwood Ave., Chicago, IU. SIEGEL, John F., (Associate 1915), Mgr., (for mail). Fuel Oil Burner Engrg. Co., 101 Park Ave., New York, and 220 Sheridan Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. SIEGEL, Leo, (Junior 1924; Associate 1925),. Mech. Engr.. Board of Education, Htg. and Vtg. Division, Flatbush and Concord Sts., and (for mail). 1507 Avenue U, Brooklyn, N. Y. SIMONSEN, Lawrence A., (1920), Estimator and Engr., E. J. Claffey Co., 10 W. Illinois St., and (for mail). 6419 Vernon Ave., Chicago. 111. SIMPSON, William A., (1925), Mech. Engr., Johnson 8c Morris. 538 West 23rd St., and (for mail). 600 West 169th St.. New York, N. Y. SIMPSON, William K., (1919), Secy., (for mail). Hoffman Specialty Co., 193 Grand St., and 61 Fiske St.. Waterbury, Conn. SKAGERBERG, R., (Junior 1921; 1924). Dept. Mgr., Drying Systems, Inc., 1800 Foster Ave., Chicago, III. SKELLY, John F.. (1921), Htg. Contractor, J. F. Skelly, 303 Catherine St., Ogdensburg, N. Y. SKINNER, Henry W., (1920). Mech. Engr., (for mail). W. C. Hedrick, Archt., 1005 First Natl. Bk. Bldg., Ft. Worth, Tex. SLADE, Arthur J., (Associate 1925), Director of Sales, (for mail). American District Steajn Co., and Louise St., N. Tonawanda, N. Y. " SLIGHT, Irvin, (Junior 1925; Associate 1926), Slight Bros., Willow Grove, Pa. SMALL, John D., (1910), Consulting Engr., (for mail). 127 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, and 411 Maple Ave.. Wilmette. 111. SMALLMAN, Edwin W., (1920). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Monks 8c Johnson, 99 Chauncy St., and (for mail), 87 Essex St., Melrose, Mass. SMALLMAN, William T., (1911), Treas.. (for mail). Isaac Coffin Co., 52 Sudbury St.. Boston, and 127 Rockland Ave., Malden, Mass. SMITH, Leslie L., (1919), Mech. Engr., (for mail). Smith, Hinchman 8c Gryils, 800 Mar quette Bldg., and 1931 Delaware Ave.. Detroit, Mich. ' SMITH, Milton S., (1919). Production Mgr., Carrier Engrg. Corp.. 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and (for mail), 13 North Terrace. Maplewood, N. J. SMITH, Patrick J., (1923), W. J. McGuire. Ltd., 91 Jarvis St., and (for mail), 98 Woodfrey St., Toronto. Ont., Can. SMITH, Sidney S., (1926), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Andes Range 8c Furnace Corp., and 517 Castle St., Geneva, N. Y. SMITH, Virgil A., (Junior 1923), Sales Engr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 1434 Franklin Ave., Tampa. Fla. SMITH, Woodworth M., (Associate 1924), Pres., The Koppen-Smith Co., 2629 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. SNELL, Ernest, (1920), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., 3914 LeMay Ave., Detroit, Mich. SNYDER, Jay W., (1917), Member of Firm, ((or mail). McColl. Snyder 8c McLean, 2348 Penob scot Bldg., and 8987 Martindale Ave., Detroit, Mich. SNYDER, Joseph S., (Associate 1925), Sales Engr., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 1807 Elmwood Ave., and 39 Granger Place, Buffalo. N. Y. SODEMANN, Paul W., (Junior 1920; Associate 1925; 1926), Sales Engr., Fischer Htg. Co., 367-369 Adams St., and (for mail), 1307 Worths ington Place, Memphis. Tenn. SODEMANN, William C,, (1919), Vice-Pres.. Sodemann Htg. 8c Power Co., 2300 Morgan St., and 3510 University St., St. Louis. Mo. SODERBERG, Charles H., (1919). Consulting Engr.. (for mail), 608 Donovan Bldg., Detroit, and 220 Puritan Rd., Birmingham, Mich. SOMMER, Louis J., Jr., (1922), Sole Owner. - Louis J. Sommer & Son, 2436 Brown St,, and 4809 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. SOPER, Horace A., (1916), Vice-Pres.. (for mail), - American Foundry 8c Furnace Co., and 1122 E. Monroe St., Bloomington, 111. SOPER, Ira N., (1919), Sales Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster 8c Co.. 549 W. Washington St., and 6915 Harper Ave., Chicago, 111. SOULE, Lawrence C., (1908), Secy.. Aerofin Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and 26 Wootton Rd., Essex Fells. N. J. SOWERS, Paul E., (1922), Br. Mgr., Vapor Heating Co., 201 N. George St., and (for mail), P. O. Box 295. York, Pa. SPECKMAN, Charles H., (1918). Rm. 572, Bourse Bldg., Philadelphia. Pa. SPELLER, Frank N.,* (1908). Metallurgical Engr., (for mail), National Tube Co., 1810 Frick Bldg., and 6411 Darlington Rd.,' Pitts burgh, Pa. ' SPERZEL, Henry J., (Associate 1918; 1919), N. W. Br. Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co.k 708 Builders Exch.. and 4644 Bryant Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. SPIELMAN, Gordon P., (Junior 1923), Treas., Harrison-Spielmann Co., Heating Contractors, 480 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, and (for mail), 515 N. Prospect Ave., Park Ridge, 111. SPITZLEY, Ray L., (1920), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., (for mail), R. L. Spitzley Heating Co., 246 W. Larned St., and 1050 Yorkshire Rd., Grosse Pt., Detroit, Mich. SPOFFORD, Harry H. R.. (1923), Copper and Brass Research Assn., 25 Broadway, New York, N. Y. SPOONER, Harold R., (1921), Engr. and Esti mator, Atlas Heating Co., Inc., Jamacia, and (for mail), 33 Woodhull Ave.. Hollis, L. I., N. Y. SPRAGUE, Frank H., (1923). Sales Mgr., (for mail). Skidmore Corp., 1535 Dayton St., Chicago, and 1522 Forest Ave.. Wilmette, 111. SPROULL, Howard E., (1920), District Mgr.. American Blower Co.. 1109 Keith Bldg., Cincin nati, O. . 36 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 SPURGEON, Joseph H,, (1924), 2403 First -Natl. Bk. Bldg., Detroit, Mich. - STACEY. Alfred E., Jr.,* (1914). Research Engr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and (for mail), Wootton Rd., Essex Fells, N.J. STACK, Murle F., (Associate 1925), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Sunkel Appliance Corp., 4511 Delmar Blvd., and 308 N. Newstead, St., Louis Mo. STACKHOUSE, Raymond M., (Associate 1908; 1919). Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Corp.. 509 Hannah Bldg., and Parkside Dwel lings. Cleveland, O. STAMMER, Edward L. * (1919). Supt., Htg. and Vtg. Repairs, St. Louis Board of Education, Ninth and Locust Sts., and 4430 Tennessee Ave., St. Louis. Mo. STANFORD, Leland E., (1921), Mgr.. Forbs- Stanford Co.. 756 Upson St., and (for mail), 120 E. Cuyahoga Falls Ave., Akron, O. STANGER, Ralph B., (1920). Sales Engr., Robinson 8t Stanger, 917 Empire Bldg., Pitts burgh, Pa. _ STANCLAND, B. F., (Charter Member), (Board of Managers 1895; 1899, Council 1896; 1897; Board of Governors 1905; 1906; 1909; 2nd Vice- Pres. 1908), Morton, N. Y. STANNARD, James M.,* (1906). (Board of Governors 1913; Council 1914. 1917). Pres, and Treas., (for mail), Stannard Power Equipment Co., 926 Monadnock Block, Chicago, and 1402 Elinor Place, Evanston. 111. STANWOOD, J. B., (1924), Vice-Pres. and Con sulting Engr., The Stanwood Corp., and (for mail), 2415 Maplewood Ave., Cincinnati, O. STAPLES, William H., (Associate 1924), GiUis & Geoghegan, 537 W. Broadway, and 137 West 96th St., New York. N. Y. STARK, Edward A., (Associate 1914 1916), Br. Mgr., (for mail). U. S. Radiator Corp*. 1248 First Ave., S., and 2338 Broadway, N., Seattle, Wash. ,, ., STARKS, Verne E., (1922), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 1314 Schofield Bldg., and 13502 Fourth Ave., Cleveland, O. STEARNS, William F., (Associate 1925), (for mail), Stearns 8c Eaton, 100 Boylston St., STEVENS, Harry L., (Junior 1924), Member of Firm, (for mail), M. M. Stevens Co., 108 W. Sherman St., and 111 West 16th St., Hutchinson, Kans. STEWART, C. W., (Associate 1918; 1919), 644 Riverside Drive, Apt. 2F, New York, N. Y. STEWART, Earl A.; (1922), Associate Prof. Agriculture Physics, Univ. of Minnesota, Uni versity Farm, St. Paul, Minn. STILL, Fred R.,* (1904). (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1918; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1917; Council 1916 1919), Vice-Pres. and Secy., (for mail). American Blower Co., 50 Church St., New York, N. Y. STITT, Eugene W., (1917), Sales Repr.. Hoffman Specialty Co., 1535 Park Blvd., Dormont, and P. O. Box 45, S. Hills Branch. Pittsburgh, Pa. STITT, Howard B., (Associate 1922). Htg. Engr., 506 West 29th St., Indianapolis. Ind. STOCK, Edward L., (Associate 1918), Sales Mgr., (for mail), Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co., 11-17 Investment Bldg., Washington, D. C., and Bradley Hills, Bethesda, Md. STOCKENBERG, Ruben, (1922), Sales Engr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 1355 W. Wash .ington Blvd., and 1314 Columbia Ave., Chicago, 111 STOCKLY, Harold A., (1925). 240 S. El Molins St., Alhambra, Calif. STOCKWELL, William R., (Junior 1001; 1903), Gen. Mgr., Weil-McLain Co., Michigan City, Ind. .. ,, STOKES, Ralph E., (1920), Residence Mgr., Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co.. 1024 Bessemer Blag., Pittsburgh, and 843 River Rd., Avalon Borough, Pa. STOLTENBERG, Thomas R., (1922) .Sales Repr., Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), P. O. Box 1168, and Kenmark Hotel, Denver, Colo. STONE, Eugene R,, (1913). Pres., Stone-Under hill Htg. & Vtg. Co., 171 Harrison Ave., Boston, and 86 Sea Ave.. Quincy, Mass. STONE, George F., (1918), Engr.'and Estimator, Wm. H. Walters & Sons, 1314 N. Carlisle St., and 4520 N. Carlisle St, Philadelphia, Pa. STOREY, Thomas G., (Associate 1925). Sales Engr., The Toledo Edison Co.. Jefferson and Superior, and (for mail), 1170 W. Woodruff Ave., Boston, and 2 Salisbury Rd., Winchester, Mass. Toledo. O. STEDMAN, Charles N., (1921), Dist. Sales Mgr., STORM, Edwin S., (1916), Vice-Pres.. (for mail), (for mail). C. N. Stedman Co., 610 Wrigley Hoffman Specialty Co., 130 N. Wells St., and Bldg., and 6917 Crandon Ave., Apt. 2D, Chicago. 5220 Cornell Ave., Chicago, ill. STRANDWITZ, William J., (1919), Secy, and 5TEIM, Charles J., Jr., (1923), Mgr. Htg. Dept., Treas., (for mail), Strandwitz & Scott, Inc., (for mail). Samuel Sloan & Co., 67 Exchange St., 537-49 S. Second St.. Camden, and Hawthorne and 94 Elm St., Rochester, N. Y. Ave., Haddonfield, N. J. STEINER, John G., (Associate 1922). (for mail), STRONG, Ralph C., (1919), Salesman. Pierce. Utica Heater Co.. 235 15th St., and 1368 Eliza Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 31st and Oxford beth St.. Denver, Colo. . STEINHORST, Theodore F., (1919), Engr. and Estimator, (for mail). Emil Steinhorst & Sons. 1158 Mohawk St., and West Shore R. R.. and 1664 Brinckerhoff Ave., Utica, N. Y. STEINKE, Bernard H., (Associate 1925), 17 Westewelt Place, W.. Englewood. N. J. STEINKE, G. B., (1924), Pres., (for mail). 103 Sts., and (for mail), 4515 Larchwood Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. STROUSE, Sidney B., (1921), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 429 Guarantee Trust Bldg., and 22 S. Illinois Ave., Atlantic City. N. J. SUITS, George A., (1923), Mgr., Hoffman Park Ave.. New York, and 2730 Decatur Ave.. Specialty Co., 26 Stanley Ave., Medford, Mass. Brooklyn, N. Y. SULLIVAN, Daniel A.. (1923). Miller 8t Brady, STEINMULLER, J. M., (1925), 245 Hunters Inc.. 210 East 38th St., and 3178 Rochambeau Point Ave., Long Island City, N. Y. Ave., New York, N. Y. STEPHENSON, Lewis A., (1917), Mgr., (for SUTCLIFFE, Arthur G., (Associate 1918; 1922), mail). Powers Regulator Co., 409 East* 13th St., Engr.. Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co,. 2850 N. Crawford Ave., and 801 West 57th St., Kansas City, Mo. STERN, H. Richard, (1923), (for mail), Johnson 8c Morris, 538 West 23rd St., and 225 West 86th and (for mail), 4146 N. St. Louis Ave., Chicago, 111. SUTER, George, (1921), Htg. Contractor, (for St., New York, N. Y. . mail), 210 E. Second St., and 1842 Barrett Ave., STERNBERG, I. C., (1926), Htg. and Vtg. Sedalia, Mo. Engr., Sprague 8c Slocum. 12 East 42nd St., and SUTTERLEY, W. W., (1919), 503 North 52nd (for mail). 1271 Morris Ave., New York, N. Y.. St.. Philadelphia, Pa. ' STETSON, Lawrence R., (1913). (for mail). SWAIN, WUbur A., (Associate 1926), Repr. and McMurrer Co.. 303 Congress St., Boston, and Engr., (for mail), Jenkins Bros., 80 White St., 35 Bradfield Ave., Roslindale, Mass. New York, N. Y.f and 441 Elmora Ave., Eliza STEVENS, Frank H,, (Associate 1924), Sales . beth. N. J. Engr.. (for mail), Heggie Simplex Boiler Co., 622 SWAN, Thomas J., (Junior 1925). Sales Engr., First St.. Detroit, Mich., and 4618 Kenraore Hoffman Specialty Co., and 23 Athelwold St., Ave., Chicago, 111. Dorchester, Mass. 37 Roll of Membership SWANEY, Carroll R., (Junior 1921), Salesman, (for mail), Gilbert, Howe, Gleason, 25 Hunting* ton Ave,, Boston, and 24 Southgate Park, W. Newton, Mass. SWARTWOUT, Jay D.f (1917), Secy, and Treas., J. D. Swartwout Co., 349 S. Weadock Ave., and 349 S. Weadock Ave., Saginaw, Mich. . SWEENEY, Sylvester H., (1915), Engr. and Contractor, S. H. Sweeney, Inc., 208 East 45th St., and 1916 Loring Place, New York, N, Y. SZEKELY, Ernest, (1920), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 500 B. & R. T. Bldg., and 12537 Arliss Drive, Cleveland, O. T TAGGART, Ralph C., (1912), Chief Engr., Dept, of Architect, 14 Lyon Ave., Menands, Albany, TAIT, George M., (1909), Htg.. Vtg. and Sanitary Engr., 34 W. First St., Mansfield, O. TALIAFERRO, Robert R., (1919), Carrier Engrg. Corp., (for mail), 1402 Land Title Bldg., and Beechwood Park, Philadelphia, Pa. TALLMADGE, Webster, (1924), 50 Church St., New York, N. Y. TANGEMAN, Bruno W., (Associate 1919), Mgr., (for mail), A. Y. McDonald Mfg. Co., 822 Third St., S., and 2716 Aldrich Ave., S., Min neapolis, Minn. TANNEHILL, Louis W.t (1925), 1420 S. Flower St., Los Angeles, Calif. TATE, Sidney, (Associate 1926), Own Business, The Tate-Habelman Co., Htg. Contractors, 14113 Orinoco Ave., E. Cleveland, O. TAVERNA, Frederick F,, (Junior 1924). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Raisler Heating Co., 129 Amster dam Ave., New York, N. Y., and 406 12th St., Union City. N. J. TAYLOR, Milton A., (Associate 1925), Asst, to Pres., (for mail), Taylor-Forbes Co., Ltd., and 178 Queen St., Guelph, Ont., Gan. TAYLOR, R, Frederick, (1915), Consulting Engr., R. F. Taylor, 1020 Western Indemnity Bldg., and 5742 Richmond Ave., Dallas, Tex. TAYLOR, Thomas S., (1921), Chief Research Physicist, Bakelite Corp., (for mail), 230 Grove St., Bloomfield, and 96 Westville Ave., Caldwell, N. J. TEMPLIN, Charles L., (1921), Chief Engr., American Htg. '& Vtg. Co., P. O. Box 876, and (for mail). 2223 Circle Drive, Raleigh, N. C. TENKONOHY, Rudolph J., (1923), Sates Engr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 2136 Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa., and 37 Stevens Ave., Highland PaTk, Mich. TERRELL, Herbert A., (1915), Carrier Engrg. Corp.. 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 210 Manor Place, Cranford, N. J. TERRY, Frank W., (Associate 1923), Sales Engr., Richmond Radiator Co., 1480 Broadway, New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 109 S. Grove St.. E. Orange, N. J. THATCHER, George S., (1919). Pres., (for mail). Thatcher Heating Co., 455 E. Exchange St., . and 140 Momingside Drive, Arkon, O. THEISEN, Edwin F., (1922), Pres, and Htg. Engr., Industrial Plumbing & Htg. Co., 606 Second St., and (for mail), 1835 Des Moines St., Ft. Madison, la. ' THEORELL, Hugo G. T,, (1902), Consulting Engr., 4 Skoldungatan, Stockholm, Sweden. THINN, Christian A., (1921). Asst. Sales Mgr. and Engr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., and 1907 Nebraska Ave., Chicago, in THOMAS, Bernard A., (Junior 1923), Sales _ Engr., Crane Co., Jacksonville, and (for mail), 109 W. Elm St.. Winter Haven, Fla. THOMAS, Herbert G., (1917). Sales -Engr., Warren Webster & Co., 549 W. Washington St., Chicago, and (for mail), 2312 Ridge Ave., Evanston, HI. THOMAS, Melvem F., (1909), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 229 College St., and 24 Ralph Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. 1 THOMAS, R. H., (1920). Pres., (for' mail). Economy Pumping Machine Co., 122-124 N. Curtis St., Chicago, and 426 Forest Ave., Oak Park, 111. THOMPSON, Hugh, (Associate 1925), Div. Mgr., Holland Furnace Co.. 913 W. Eighth St., and 3415 Michigan Ave.. Kansas City. Mo. THOMPSON, James, (1920). Pres., (for mail). Philadelphia Boiler Works. 1737 Filbert St., Philadelphia, and 158 Stoneway Lane, Bala. Pa. THOMPSON, Nelson S.,* (Junior 1897; 1917), Chief Mech. and .Elec. Engr., Office of Super vising Engr.. U. S. Treasury Dept., and (for mail), 1615 Hobart St., N.W., Washington, D. C. THOMPSON, William P., Jr., (1915), (for mail). Thompson Bros., 520 Buttonwood St., and 1349 Colwvn St., Philadelphia, Pa. THOMSEN. William T., (1919). Secy, and Treas.. (for mail). International Engrg. & Supply Co., . Suite 609, Tower Bldg., and 3408 Magnolia Ave., St. Louis, Mo. THORNTON, Roger T., (1919), Sales Engr., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 46 Burbank Terrace, Buffalo, N. Y. THRUSH, Homer A., (1918), Pres., (for mail). H. A. Thrush & Co.. 21-23 E. River St., and 271 S. Broadway, Peru, Ind. .THUEM, Adolph E., (Junior 1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Board of Education, Bureau of Construction and Maintenance, Htg. . and Vtg. Div., Flatbush Ave., Extension- and Concord St., Brooklyn, and 444 East 87th St., New York, N. Y. TIBBETS, John C., (1920). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., B. & O. R. R. Co.. 1303 B. & O. Central Bldg., Baltimore, and (for mail), Ellicott City, Howard Co., Md. T1LDEN, Elwyn E-, (1924), (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 220 Devonshire St., Boston, and Holbrook. Mass. TIMMERMAN, Manford M., (Junior 1921; 1925), Works Engrg. Dept., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.. E. Pittsburgh, and (for mail), 859 E. Hutchinson Ave., Swissvale, Pa. TIMMIS, Pierce, (1920), Service Equipment Engr., (for mail), Dwight P. Robinson & Co., Inc.. 125 East 46th St., New York, and Little Neck Rd., Douglaston, L. I., N. Y. TIMMIS, Walter S.,* (1911), (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1919; Council 1916; 1917; 1920; 1st Vice-Pres. 1918). Consulting Engr., (for mail), 315 Fifth Ave., New York; and Hill side and Homer Lee Aves., Jamaica, N. Y. TIMMIS, William W.t (Associate 1925), Sales Engr., Hoffman Specialty Co;, 512 Fifth Ave., New York, and (for mail), 8828 181st St., Jamaica, L. I. TINKER, William E., (Associate 1922), (for mail). Natl. Radiator Co., 121 N. Broad St., and 600 South 48th St., Philadelphia, Pa. TISNOWER, William, (1923). Htg. Engr.. 131 Livingston St., Brooklyn, N. Y. TITZELL, J. Edgar, (1923), Vice-Pres.. (for mail), Pacific Boiler Co.. Inc., 101 Park Ave., and 27 West 95th St.. New York. N. Y. TJERSLAND, Alf. (Junior 1906; 1916), E. Sunde & Co., Christiania, Norway. TOBIN. George J., (1905), Sanitary,' Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), 187 North Ave., and 510 Grant Ave., Plainfield, N. J. TODD, James, (1922), Pres., (for mail). Sterling Varnish Co., 528 Fulton.Bldg., Pittsburgh, and Sewickley, Pa. TOENNIGES, George C., (1915), Sales Engr., 3417 N. Lincoln St., Chicago. 111. TOMLINSON, Malcolm C. W., (1924). Mech. Engr., Development Br., Western Elec. Co., Kearny, and (for mail). 191 Bellevue Ave., Upper Montclair, N. J. TOOKER, Charles C., (1918), Htg, Engr.. 113 North 27th St., and (for mail), 208 Terry Ave., Billings, Mont. TRANE, Reuben N., (1915), Pres., (for mail), . The Trane Co., Htg. Specialty Mfgrs., and 1514 King St., LcCrosse. Wis. . 38 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 TRIPP, Louis H., (1915), Chief Engr.. U. S. Veterens Bureau. Arlington Bldg., and (for mail). 3721 Fulton St., N.W., Washington, D. C. TRUITT, Joseph E., (Associate 1911; 1920), Pres., Autovent Fan & Blower Co., 736 W. Monroe St., Chicago, III. TUCKER, Frank N., (1926), Field Engr., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co.. Rm. 1108, 13 Park Row, and 9 West 28th St., New York, N. Y. TURNO, Walter G. W., (Associate 1912; 1917), Engr. and Estimator, 71 Lafayette Ave., E. Orange, N. J. TUSCH, Walter, (1917), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. Tenny & Qhmes, 101 Park Ave., New York, and (for mail). 881 Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. TUTTLE, J. Frank, (1913), Mgr., (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 220 Devonshire St., Boston, and Winchester, Mass. TWEED, Carieton F., (1916), Chief -Engr., Arlington Engrg. Corp.. Rm. 812. Ill W. Jackson Blvd., and 338 N. Latrobe Ave., Chicago. 111. TWIST, Charles F., (1921). Secy, and Treas., (for mail), Ashwell, Twist & Cook, Inc., 305 Bell St., and 2310 Tenth Ave.. N., Seattle, Wash. TYLER, Frank T., (1922), Mgr., (for mail). Estimating Dept., Herman Nelson Corp., and 1615 Eighth Ave., Moline. 111. U UHL, Edwin J., (1925), Sales Engr., Uhl Co.. 132 S. Tenth St., Minneapolis, Minn. UHL, Willard F., (1918), Sales Engr., (for mail), Uhl Co., 132 S. Tenth St., and 4716 Lyndale Ave.. S., Minneapolis. Minn. UHLHORN, W. J-, (1920), Sales Engr., Drying Sustems, Inc., 11 S. Desplaines St., Chicago, and (for mail), 733 S. Highland Ave., Oak Park, 111. ULRICH, Kay Flemming, (Junior 1926). Mech. Engr., L. Ulrich, Smedegade, Slagelse, Denmark. UNDERHILL, William W., (1913). Treas., (for mail), Stone-Underhill Htg. & Vtg. Co., 171 Harrison Ave., Boston, and 15 Kinwood St., Brookline, Mass. UPINGTON, George P-. (1917). Sales EngT., Clarage Fan Co., 149 Broadway, New York, and 770 Greene Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. VALENTINE, Howard D.,* (1924), Direct Sales Engrs., The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., (for mail), 122 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, and 245 Washington Blvd., Oak Park, 111. VAN ALEN, Walter T., (1924). Sales Engr.. Htg. Dept., Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, and (for mail), 1300 Darlington Rd., R. F. D. No. 1, Beacon Falls, Pa. VANCE, Louis G., (1919). Owner. Vance & Vance, 1207 Garrett .Bldg., and (for mail), 3601 Garrison Ave., Baltimore, Md. - VAN INWAGEN, Frank, (1916). Pres.. Central Brake Shoe & Foundry Co., Railway Exch. Bldg., Chicago, and (for mail), 151 County Lene Rd., Hinsdale. 111. VAN NORDEN, Ernest M., (1923), The New York Edison Co., 130 East 15th St., New York, N. Y.. . VAN SICKLE, William B., (1915). Pres., (for mail), The W. B. Van Sickle Co., 707 Frankfort Ave., Cleveland, and 1530 Grace Ave., Lakewood, O. VANZANDT, John H.. (1914), Mfgrs. Agent, 1903 Santa Fe Bldg., and 4416 Bryan St., Dallas, Tex. ' VAUX, Frederick J., (1919). yice-Pres. and Gen. * Mgr., Monitor Bi-Loop Radiator Co., and (for ^mail), 202 E. King St.., Lancaster, Pa. VAUX, Noble, (Associate 1923), Htg. Engr., R. T. Vaux & Son. 12 Fawcett St., and (for mail). 11 Holmelands Park S., Sunderland, Eng. VER HALEN, Edward T., (Associate 1925), Edw. T. Ver Halen, Inc., 610 Milwaukee St., Mil waukee. Wis. VERNER, William F. * (1913). Mech. Engr.. (for mail), Vemer, Wilhelm & Molby, 824 Book Bldg., Detroit, and 908 Lincoln Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich. VERNON, J. Rexford, (Associate 1926), Sales Engr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 1355 Washington Blvd., and 1563 Birchwood Ave., Chicago, 111. VIVARTTAS, Eugene A.t (1910); Consulting Engr., 84 Fenimore St., Brooklyn, N. Y. VOGEL, Andrew, (1926), Plant Engr., (for mail), General Electric Co., and 611 Lenox Rd., Schenectady, N. Y. VOGELBACH, Oscar, (1923), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Guilbert & Betelle, Archts., Brandford Place, Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Newark, and 195 Devon St., Kearney, N. J. VOGT, J. H., (Associate 1925), (for mail), 124 East 28th St., New York, and 87 Grant Ave., Brooklyn. N. Y. VOIGT, Charles O., (1921), Sales Engr., The Stearns Roger Mfg. Co., 1720 California.St., and 60 Albion St., Denver, Colo. . VOLK, Joseph H., (1923), Thos. E. Hoye Htg. Co-. 1910 St. Paul Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. VOORHEES, Guy A,, (1922), Engr., Century Htg. Service Co., 32-36 W. Tenth St., and (for mail), 3451 Broadway. Indianapolis, Ind.. VOSE, Richard H.t. (1923), Johnson & Morris. 538 West 23rd St., New York, and (for mail), 18 Leland Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y. W WACHTER, John A., (1914), Pres., 723-25 W. Pratt St., Baltimore, and 112 Ailsa Ave., Hamil ton, Baltimore, Md. WADDINGTON, Bertram C., (1922), Engr., 805 World Herald Bldg., Omaha, Nebr. . WADDINGTON, Earle C., (1917), Sales Engr., W. B. Irwin, 911 Bankers Mortgage Bldg., Houston. Tex., and 3230 Tracy Ave., Kansas City. Mo. . WADLEY, Calvin Page, (1919). Pres., (for mail), Excelso Specialty Works, Inc., 65 Clyde Ave., and 60 Agassiz Place, Buffalo; N, Y. WAGNER, A. M., (Associate 1921), Mgr., American Radiator Co., 692 Prior Ave., N., St. Paul, and 1626 West 25th St., Minneapolis, Ind. WAGNER, John P., (Associate 1921), Concrete Products Mfg. Co., 705 Ralston Bldg., Miami, Fla. WALDON, Charles W., (Associate 1924), (for mail). American Larson Vtg. Co., 204 Keystone Bk. Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa., and 1006 Ninth St., Portsmouth, O. WALKER, Alex., (Associate 1925), Br. Mgr., (for mail). C. A. Dunham and Powers Regulator Co., 311 Dominion Bk. Bidg., Calgary, Alta, Can. WALKER, George Francis, (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., (for mail), Standard Heater Co;, 433 Jackson Bldg., and 184 St. James Place, Buffalo. N. Y. WALKER, James B.t (1919), Treas., (for mail), Pittsburgh Htg. Co., 715 Magee Bldg., and 202 Iroquois Apt., Oakland, Pittsburgh, Pa. WALKER, James H.,* (1916), Supt., Central Heating, (for mail), Detroit Edison Co., 2000 Second Ave., and 1520 Virginia Park, Detroit, Mich. . WALKER. William K.t (Junior 1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., McKenzie, Voorhees & Gmelin, 342 Madison Ave., Rm. 2022, New York, and 191-02 Central Ave., St. Albans. L. I., N. Y. WALLACE, Albert, (1921), Htg. Engr., A. Wallace & Co., 402 Jacobson Bldg., and (for mail). 2971 Irving St., Denver, Colo. WALLACE, George J., (1923), Principal Engr. and Contracting. 206 East 57th St., New York, . and 27-36 Ericsson St., E. Elmhurst. L. I.. N. Y. WALLACE, John F., (1921). Secy, and Treas., Wallace Plumbing Co., 1238 California St., and 1320 S. Josephine Sf.. Denver, Colo. WALLICH, A.'CM (1919), (for mail). Wallich Ice Machine Co.. 517 E. Lamed St., and 1211 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich. 39 Roll of Membership WALSH, Arthur F., (Associate 1923). Htg. and Vtg. Contractor, A. F. Walsh, 7445 Exchange . Ave., and 7536 S. Shore Drive. Chicago, 111. WALSH, Malcolm, (1924), Secy., (for mail), Walsh & Wertheim, 55 W. Houston St., New York, and 25' Sherman Ave., St. George. S. I., N. Y. WALTERS, Arthur L., (Junior 1924; Associate 1925; 1926), Mgr. Furnace Dept., (for mail). The Buck's Stove & Range Co., 3550 N. Second St., St. Louis, and 7284 Richmond Place, Maple wood, Mo. WALTERS, Victor, (Junior 1924), Inspector 111. Central R. R. Co.. Rm. 700. 109 East 12th St., .* and (for mail), 7049 St. Lawrence Ave., Chicago, 111 WALTERS, William T,, (1917), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. Illinois Engrg. Co., 21st and Racine Ave., and 1422 East 69th St., Chicago, 111. WALTHER, Harry J., (1919), Harry B. Pancoast Co., 946-62 N. Front 5t.. Philadelphia, Pa. WALTHER, Owen N., (1919), Vice-Pres. and Chief Engr., (for mail). York Htg.'& Vtg. Corp., 1502 Locust St., and 222 W. Rjttenhouse Sq., Philadelphia, Pa. WALTHER, Vernon H., (Junior 1925), Asst, in Mech. Dept., C. W. & Geo. L. Rapp, 190 N. State St,, Rm. 1200, and (for mail), 6821 Osceola Ave.. Edeon Park, Chicago, 111. WALTHERTHUM, John J., (Associate 1922), J. J. Waltherthum, 173 East 62nd St., New . York, N. Y.. and 834 Grand St., Jersey City, N. J. WALTON, Hiram L,, (1916), Mech. Engr., (for mail). Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Marquette Bldg., Detroit, and 218 Monterey Ave., Highland Park, Mich. WANDLESS, F. W,, (1925), Chief Engr.. (for mail). Haynes Selling Co., 2013 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and Berwyn, Pa. WARD, George C., (1925), Inspector Bureau Industrial Hygiene, N. Y. State Dept. Labor, 124 East 28th St., New York, and 86-87th St., Brooklyn. N. Y. . WARD, Oscar G,, (1919), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co.. .1230 California St., and 1515 E. Ninth Ave., Denver, Colo. WARNKE, Fred E., (Associate 1921). Sales Engr., (for mail). 5005 Euclid Ave., Cleveland Heights, - and 2641 Taylor Rd.. Cleveland Heights, O. WARREN, Clarence N., (1919), Vice-Pres. and Engr.. Hayes Bros., Inc.. 236 W. Vermont St.,, and (for mail), 419 East 48th St., Indianapolis, Ind. WASH, William Percy, (1923), Sales Engr., (for mail). Richmond Radiator Co... P. O. Box 381, and 131 Wellington Ave., Roanoke. Va. - WASNER, W. M., (Associate 1924). Wasner & Reddig, 206 N. Sixth St., Reading, Pa. WATKINS, James A., (1919), Sales Engr.. American Blower Co.. 140 S. Dearborn St., and (for mail), 7526 Kingston Ave., Chicago. 111. WATSON, John Howard, (1925), Chief Drafts man. Drying Systems, Inc., 1800 Foster Ave., and (for mail), 1909 Argyle St., Chicago. 111. ' WATSON, Raymond E., (1925), Designer, Muir & Brooke. Consulting Engrs., 163 W. Washington St., and (for mail), 5721 Magnolia Ave., Chicago, III. . WATTERS, Peter J,, (1921), Mgr., John Watters. 55 Church St., and (for mail), 52 Ann St., Port Richmond, S. I,, N. Y. WEAGER, T. A., (1920), Cleveland Mgr., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, and 3124 Berkshire Rd., Cleveland Heights, O. WEBB, John S,, (1920), Pres., (for mail). Willey & Calhoun Co., 46 Market St., and 45 Lincoln St., Woodfords, Portland, Me. WEBER, Erwin L., (1921), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 723 Seaboard Bldg., and 3046 18th Ave., S.. Seattle, Wash. . WEBER, G. A,, (1922), Htg. Engr., McGinness, Smith, McGinness Co., 527 First Ave., Pitts burgh, and 618 Chautauqua St., Bellevue. Pa. WEBSTER, E. Kessler, (1915). Secy, and Asst. Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., Camden, and 320 Wash ington Ave., Haddonfield, N. J. . WEBSTER, Warren, (Associate 1899; 1906), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., and 626 Cooper St., Camden, N. J. WEGMANN, Albert, (1918), Blower and Vtg. Engr., A. and W. Wegmann. 2813 Fletcher St., and (for mail), 2842 N. Bonsall St., Philadelphia, Pa. WEI BERT, Charles J., (1921), (for mail), Weibert & Zibold Corp., 331 Vanderbilt Ave., and 89 Lewis Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. WE1DER, Frederick J., (1919). Vice-Pres. and Treas., (for mail), Barr & Creelman Co., 74 Exchange St., and 40 Kenwood Ave., Rochester, N. Y. WEIL, Martin, (Associate 1925), Secy., (for mail), Weil-McLain Co., 641 W. Lake St., and 4259 Hazel Ave., Chicago, 111. WEIMER, Fred G., (Associate 1919), Milwaukee Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., 440 Barclay St., and (for mail), 1308 Stowell Ave., Milwaukee. Wis. WEINSHANK, H. T,, (Junior 1924). Sales Engr., (for mail). The New York Blower Co., 2246 S. Halsted St., and 2638 N. Spaulding St., Chicago, WEINSHANK, Theodore,* (1906). Board of Governors 1913), 3301 Schubert Ave., Chicago, 111. WEISS, Carl A., (Associate 1924), Partner, Supt., (for mail), Kornbrodt Komice Ko., 1811-13-15 Troost Ave., and 4920 Walrond, Kansas City Mo. WELAMB, Victor N., (1918), Contractor,-(for mail), V. N. Welamb Co., 2313 Walnut St., and 1741 North 33rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. WELSH, Harry S., (1906). Pres., The Boiler & Radiator Corp.. 999 E. Main St., and 37 Flower City Park, Rochester, N. Y. WELTER, Michael A., (Associate 1925). M. A. Welter & Co., (for mail), 2118 Lyndale Ave., S., and 4306 GarBeld Ave.. S., Minneapolis, Minn. WENDT, Edgar F.t (1918), Vice-Pres. and Treas., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 731 Lafayette Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. WENDT, Henry W,, (1917), Pres., (for mail). Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 120 Lincoln Parkway, Buffalo. N. Y. ` WESCHLER, George A., (1923), Consulting Engr., and Prof, of Mech. Engrg., Catholic University of America, Transportation Bldg., and 2803 13th St., N.E.. Washington, D. C. WEST, Perry,* (1911), (CouncU 1920-1925; Treas. 1924-1925), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 13 Central Ave., and 322 Park Ave., Newark, N. J. WHEELER, Charles W,, (1916). Br. Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 1104 May Bldg., Pittsburgh, and R. R. No. 1, Allison Park, Pa. WHEELER, Otto J., (1923). Mgr. and Secy., The Samuel A. Esswein Htg. & Plumbing Co., 548 OW.. Broad St., and 504 Linwood Ave., Columbus, WHEELOCK, Harry C., (1919), 118 College St., Burlington. Vt. WHELAN, William J,, (1923), Harrigan Reid. 1705 First St., Detroit, Mich. WHELLER, Harry S., (1916), Vice-Pres.. L. J. Wing Mfg. Co., 352 West 13th St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 230 Stiles St., Elizabeth. N. J. . WHITAKER, Ernest C., (1925), Chief Engr., Buerkel & Co., Inc., 24.Union Park St., Boston, and (for mail), 35 Sherborn St., Arlington, Mass. WHITBY, Stephen S., (Associate 1922), Treas., Culbert & Whitby Co., Inc., 2019 Rjttenhouse St., Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail), 208 Yale Rd.. Audubon, N. J. WHITE, Elwood S., (1921), Pres., Thermal Appliance Co., 342 Madison Ave., and 21 Washington Sq., New York, N. Y. WHITT, Everett A., (1921), Head of Engrg. Dept., Crane Co., 30 South 16th St., and 4611 Delor St., St. Louis, Mo. ' 40 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 WHITE, Harold A., (Associate 1923), Mulley & White, 245 Greenpoint St., New York, and (for mail), 852 Knickerbocker Ave., Brooklyn. N. Y. WHITE, M. G., Jr., (1925). 41 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y. WHITE, Walker G,, (Associate 1925), Westing- house Elec. & Mfg. Co., 150 Broadway, New York. N. Y. WHITLEY, James, (1919), Consulting Engr.. Whiteley & Sanders, 3000 Grand River Ave., and 520 Navahoe Ave., Detroit, Mich. WHITTEN, II. E., (1924), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), H. E. Whitten Co., 9 Federal Circuit, Boston, and 56 Highland Rd., W. Somerville, Mass. WHITTEN, Herbert W.,* (Associate 1908; 1909). Htg. and Mech. Engr., Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co., 1644 Lafayette Blvd., W,, Detroit, Mich. WHITTEMORE, Edward H. * (1920). Engr., (for mail), Stone & Webster, Inc., 147 Milk St., Boston, and 96 Church St., W. Roxbury, Mass. WHOMES, Harry, (1926), Works Mgr., (for mail). Bayley Mfg. Co., 732 Greenbush St., Milwaukee, and 529 11th Ave., Wauwatosa, Wis. WHY, H. Berkeley, (1919). Constructing Engr., 312 Earlham Terrace. Germantown, Phila delphia, Pa. WIDDICOMBE, R. A., (1903), 1120 Lake Shore Drive. Chicago, III. WIEGNER. Henry B., (1919), Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 31 Waltham St., Boston, and 77 Chester Rd., Belmont. Mass. WIGGS, Gordon L., (Junior 1924), Mechanical Supply Co., Ltd., (for mail), 80-90 St. Paul St., and 189 Grande Allee, Quebec, P. Q.. Can. WIGLE, Bruce M,, (Associate 1926). Owner, Bruce Wigle Plumbing & Htg. Co., 9117 Hamil ton Ave., and 855 Clairmont Ave., Detroit, Mich. WILCOX, Oscar H., (Associate 1917), Salesman, Ideal Furnace Co.. 530 Jefferson Ave., and (for mail), 2545 Canton Ave.. Detroit, Mich. WILCOX, William. (1916), Dist. Engr.. (for mail). Whitlock Coil Pipe Co.. 6 Beacon St., Rm. 511, Boston, and 7.Biltmore St., Jamaica Place, Mass. * WILD, Walter H.t (Associate 1921), Mfgrs. Agent, (for mail), 1212 Land Title Bldg., Phila delphia, and 122 Cynwyd Rd., Bala. Pa. WILDE, Ray S. M., (1916), Consulting Engr.. (for mail), 305 Huron Bldg., Detroit, and 194 Con necticut Ave., Higlhaiid Park, Mich. WILDER, Edward L., (1915), Mgr. Industrial Sales Dept., (for mail), Rochester Gas & Electric Corp.. 89 East Ave., and 16 Ericsson St., Roches ter, N. Y. WILEY, Charles S., (1921), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Eastman Kodak Co., Kodak Park, and 239 Mulberry St., Rochester, N. Y. WILEY, Edgar C., (1909), Consulting Engr., Wiley & Wilson, Lynchburg, Va. WILLARD, Arthur C., (1914). (2nd Vice-Pres. 1926; Council 1925-1926), Prof. Htg. and Vtg., and Head of Dept, of Mech, Engrg., (for mail). University of Illinois, and 1208 W. California St., Urbana, 111. WILLIAMS, Allen W., (Associate 1915), SecyNational Warm Air Htg. & Vtg. Assn., 52 W. Gay St., and 51 Meadow Park Ave., R. R. No. 5, Columbus. O. WILLIAMS, Jesse M., (Associate 1925), Pres., (for mail), Williams Radiator Co.. 1864 W. Washington St., and 861 Harcourt Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. WILLIAMS, J. Walter, (1915). Pres, and Treas.. Forest City Plumbing Co., 332 E. State St., Ithaca. N. Y. WILLIAMS, Oliver L., (Associate 1925), Br. Mgr., (for mail), Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co., 1305 E. End Trust Bldg., and 814 N. Negley Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. . WILLIAMS, Robert Eubank, (1926), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 308 Home Insurance Bldg., and 2427 Broadway, Little Rock. Ark. WILLIAMSON, Arthur H., (Associate 1915), Sales Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Co. of Michigan, Broadway and Grand River Ave., Barium Bldg., and 2272 Glynn Court, Detroit, Mich. WILLIAMSON, Fred W.t (1914), Consulting Engr.. 324 New York Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. WILLIAMSON, George R., (1920), Sales Engr., The Mouat Vapor Heating Co.. 1246 W. Fourth St., and 11016 St. Clair Ave., Cleveland, O. WILLIS, Frederick H.. (1921), Chief Engr.. (for mail), W. N. Bowman Co., 612 Insurance Bldg., and 1110 Jackson St., Denver, Colo. WILLIS, Ralph P., (1923), Sales Engr., (for mail). Peerless Unit Ventilation Co.. Inc., 301 House Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa., and 227 Audubon Ave., New York, N. Y. WILMOT, Chas. S., (1919), Phoenixville, Pa. WILSON, Benjamin W., (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail). The Ballinger Co., S.E. Cor. 12th and Chestnut Sts., and 5935 Windsor Ave., W. Philadelphia, Pa. WILSON, Charles H., (1920), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Fuller & Warren Co., 468 Pawling Ave., Troy. N. Y. WILSON, Ernest J. F., (1923), Partner, Wiley & Wilson, Consulting Engrs., 801 Main St., and Oakwood Place, Lynchburg, Va. WILSON, Eugene K-, (1919), Wilson & Co., (for mail). 1017 Duke St., and 12 Lafayette Blvd., Norfolk, Va. WILSON. F. A., (1910), 20945-110 Ave., Bellair, L. I.. N. Y. WILSON. George T., (1925), Gurney Foundry Co., Ltd., 500 King St.. Toronto, and (for mail). Tyre Ave., Islington, Ont., Can. WILSON, Harry A., (1903), Box 1903, Washing ton. R. I. WILSON, Howard M., (Associate 1925), Br. Mgr., (for mail), Standard Heater Co., 136 Federal St., Boston, and 15 Chestnut St., Wellesley Hill, Mass. WILSON, J. J., (Charter Member), Consulting Engr., Most Supply Co., Fourth and Girard Ave., and (for mail), 5514 Paschall Ave., Phila delphia, Pa. WILSON, William H.f (Associate 1923), Wis. Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 149-159 Michigan St., and 431 Olive St., Milwaukee. Wis. WILSON, William S., (Associate 1924), Mgr. Lands Dept., The Lake Superior Corp.. and 210 McGregor Ave., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Can. WINCH, Franklin R., (1925). Mech. Engr., (for mail). Walker & Eisen, Architect and Engr., 746 S. Spring St., and 5462 Carlm St., Los Angeles, Calif. WINTERBOTTOM, John W., (1915), VicePres. and Engr., Lock Box 2045, Sta. A., Water loo. Ia. WINTERBOTTOM, Ralph F., (Associate 1923), Mgr., Faultless Heater Mfg. Co., and (for mail). P. O. Box 2217, Sta. A, Waterloo. Ia. WINTERER, Frank C., (1920). Htg. Dept., (for mail), Cochran-Sargent Co., Fifth and Sibley Sts., and 836 Juno St., St. Paul, Minn. WINTERER, Raymond J., (1919), Mgr. Htg. Dept., Crane & Ordway Co., Fifth and Rosabel Sts., and (for mail), 197 S. Fairview St., St. Paul, Minn. WISE, Frank W., (Associate 1918), Sales Engr.. (for mail). General Boilers Co., 207 Davidson Bldg., and 2751 Charlotte St.,-Kansas City, Mo. WISE, Mason W., (1923), Prop., (for mail). M. W. Wise Co., 215 Glenn Bldg., and R. F. D. No. 2, Atlanta, Ga. WITTLEDER, Edward A., (Junior 1926), Mech. Draftsman. Narowetz Htg. & Vtg. Co., 1711-17 Maypole Ave., and (for mail),' 3429 Medill Ave., Chicago, 111. WOHLMAN, Anton C., (Associate 1923). Pres., (for mail),' Metal Equipment Co.. 2033 West 106th St., and 1257 Beach Ave.. Cleveland, O. WOLF, J. C., (1923), Bayley Mfg. Co.. 732 Greenbush St., Milwaukee, Wis. 41 Roll of Membership WOLFF. Richard A.. (Junior 1915;1919). Pres., (for mail), Wolff & Munier, Inc., 222 East 41st St.. New York, and Hewlett. L. I.. N. Y. WOLFSFELD. Charles F., (1923), Chief Drafts man, Board of Education, Flatbush Ave~ and Concord St., Brooklyn, and (for mail). Vista Ave., Bayside, L. I., N. Y. WOOD, James Sydney, (1926), Estimator, (for' mail). The Bennett & Wright Co., Ltd., 72 Queen St., E., and 25 McMaster Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. ' WOODLING, Miner D., (1926), Prop., (for mail). Miner D. Woodling Htg. & Vtg. Co., 428-30 Dwight Bldg., and 301 West 51st Terrace, Kansas City, Mo. WOODRUFF, G. G., (Associate 1925). 3121 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. ' WOOLLEY, Thos. R,, (1916), Sales Engr., Woolley Engineering Co., 2457 Woodward Ave., and (for mail). 920 Seward Ave.. Detroit. Mich. WOOLSTON, Alfred H., (1919), Member of Firm, (for mail). Bowers Bros. & Co., 2015 Sansom St., and 4815 North 12th St., Phila delphia, Pa. WOOLSTON, C. Elmer, (1924), Bowers Bros. & Co.. 2015 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa. WORM, Amdi, (Associate 1924), Factory Repr.. Flaxlinum Insulating Co., 1425 Grand Ave., and (for mail), 2424 East 68th St., Kansas City, Mo. WORTHING, E., (1923), Bayley Mfg. Co., 732 Greenbush St., and 56 Prospect St., Milwaukee, Wis. WORTHINGTON, Thomas, (1922), Htg. Engr.. Kewanee Boiler Co., 141 Albany Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. WRIGHT, Charles Leslie, (1925), Mgr., Htg. and Vtg. Dept.; (for mail). Geo. E. Gibson Co., Inc., 441 Lexington Ave., and 54 West 94th.St., New York, N. Y. WRIGHT, Harris H., (1917), Mgr.; C. A. Dun ham Co., Pacific Steel Boiler Co., 207 Davidson Bldg., and 1214 E. Gillham Rd., Kansas City, Mo. WRIGHT, John C., (1926), Associate, Fletcher H. Burke--John C. Wright--Associate, 392 Franklin St., Buffalo, N: Y. WRIGHT, K., (1921), Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 1113 Race St., and Westminster Apts., Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, O. . WUNDERLICH, Milton S., (1925). Mech. Engr., Flaxlinum. Insulating Co., Hampden and Wabash, (for mail), 1598 Laurel Ave., St. Paul, Minn. ` WYLIE, Howard McW., (1917; 1925), Vice-Pres., In charge of Sales, (for mail), The Nash Engrg. Co., and 51 Elmwood Ave., South Norwalk, Conn. .Y YAGER, John J., (1921), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., Goergen-Mackwirth Co., Inc., 817 Sycamore St., and (for mail), 272 Carlton St., Buffalo. N. Y. YAGLOU, Constantin P.,* (1923), Instructor in Vtg. and Illumination,- (for mail). Harvard School of Public Health, 55 Van Dyke St., Boston 17, Mass., and 213 Aspinwall Ave., . Brookline, Mass. YAMASAKI, Kanjiro, (Associate 1923), Htg. Engr., 927 Kashiwagi, Yodohash; Tokyo Suburb. Japan. YARDLEY, Ralph W.f (1920). Asst. Supt. of Construction, 111. Penitentiary. Comm., 717 Heggie Bldg., Joliet, and (for mail), 817 N. . Dearborn St., Chicago, 111.. YATES, Walter, (1902), Managing Dir., Mat thews & Yates. Ltd., Swinton, Manchester, Eng. YOUNG, Robert L., (1915), Mech. Engr., (for . mail), Johns-Manville, Inc.. 210 N. Broad St., and 522 North 55th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Z ZECK, Alex., (1904), Pres., Alex Zeck & Son Co- Morgantown, W. Va. ZIEL, Herbert E,, (1924), Albert Kahn. 1000 Marquette Bldg., Detroit, Mich. ' ZIRHUT, George A., (Associate 1922), Onarga Plumbing & Htg. Co., P. O. Box 33, Onarga, IU. ZOKELT, C. G., (W21), (for mail). Northwest Engrg. Co., 414 Central .Bldg., and 2355 16th Ave., S., Seattle, Wash. . ZOPATA, Edward L., (Associate 1924), Chief Mech. Draftsman. University of Michigan, 1310 Granger A^e., Ann Arbor, Mich.' ZUEHLKE, Rudolph, (1923), (for mail). Zuehlke- Stoehr Htg. Co., 1701 Clybourn St., Milwaukee, and 579 15th Ave., Wauwatosa, Wis. 42 Summary of Membership (Corrected to July 1, 1926) . Alabama.......... --............... Arkansas............................. California................ -........ Colorado............................. Connecticut....... .............. Delaware_________ ______ District of Columbia.__ Florida................................ Georgia......... ..................... Illinois................................. Indiana............................... Iowa............ ........................ Kansas.:.................. ........... Kentucky................... . Maine.... ............................. Maryland.......................... , Massachusetts.--............ . Michigan........................... Minnesota......................... Mississippi........... ........... Missouri.................... ........ UNITED STATES ____ 5 Montana.................................................- 4 _____ 1 Nebraska............ 8 ____ 25 New Jersey.--........................................ 75 ____ 30 New York................................................ 381 ..... . 22 North Carolina....... ............................. 6 ____ 5 Ohio............. .........-................................. 88 ____ 11 Oklahoma.-...................................... -..... 4 ........ 6 Oregon_________ --................... -........... 1 ____ 15 Pennsylvania......................................... 286 ....... 249 Rhode Island.......... ..................... 8 ____ 30 Tennessee........... .................... -8 ........ 14 Texas......................... -.............................. 10 ..... 11 Utah................... ............ :................ -........... - 2 ........ 3 Vermont...--.................................. 4 ........ 4 Virginia.......... ......................................... 19 ........ 20 Washington.............. 20 ........ Ill West Virginia........ ....... 5 ........ 109 Wisconsin.............................. --. 48 ........ 50 Wyoming................................................. 1 FOREIGN COUNTRIES Canada.................. :................................. 70 China...............................--1.............. : 9 Denmark..... ........................................... . 2 England........ ........................................... 18 France........... .......................................... 3 Germany--............................................. 1 Ireland-........................... 1 Japan....................... 5 Mexico................... 1 New Zealand...... ............ Norway............................... Russia....................... ........ Sweden...... ....................... Switzerland....... ............. Turkey--........... Total Membership.- 1 1 1 1 1 1 116 1927 SUMMARY OF MEMBERSHIP BY GRADES Honorary Members____ :..................... -.............. -............ 1 Presidential Members................ .................. .......... -........ 19 Members............................................. ........:........... .........-- 1454 Associate Members................................. ................ -........... 342 Junior Members..... .................................. ............................ Ill 1927 43 LIST OF MEMBERS Arranged Geographically UNITED STATES ALABAMA Birmingham-- Boisclair, H. C. Bunnell, E. W. Festorazzi, A. O. Lichty, A. J. Lichty, C. P. ARKANSAS Little Rock-- Williams, R. E. CALIFORNIA Alhambra-- StockJy, H. A. Huntington Park-- Berg, A. H, Berkeley-- Duncan, G. W., Jr. Glendale-- Dougherty, P. J. Fresno-- Moler, W. H. Los Angeles-- Boschke. F. G. Davis, W. A. Hanes, J. W. E. Heibel, W. E. Hubbard, A. M. Larimer, G. B. Nelson, H. A. Ott. O. W. Russel, D. P. Tannehill, L. W. Williams, J. M. Winch. F. R. Oakland-- Cummings, G. J. Pasadena-- Gifford, R. L. San Francisco-- Haley. H. S. Krueger, J. I. Leland, W. E. Penhallegon, R. O. San Mateo-- Mead, W. R. COLORADO Boulder-- Erwin, J. P. Denver-- Adams, C. W. Bagnall, G. A. Bradbury, G. L. Brickey. J. P. Cullyford, F. S. Daly, J. H. Daubach, C. T. Deranleau, R. L. Elderman, B. E. Fielding. H. H. Foley, W. J. Fuller, R. K. Gillespie, R. B. Herman, H. H. Larimer, W. M. Michael, L. A. Pfeiffer, J. F. Price, F. E. Reuter, A. G. Steiner, J. G. Stoltenberg, T. R. Voigt. C. O. Wallace, A. Wallace, J. F. Ward. O. G. Willis. F. H. Colorado Springs-- Bumstead, F. E. Jardine, D. C. McCarthy, T. CONNECTICUT Bridgeport-- Clement, E. R. Hartford-- Angel!. W. T. Byrnes, T. F. Moltz, G. N. Libby. L. R. Purcell. A. J. ` , New Britain-- Cadwell. W. H: New Haven-- Dibble. A. B. Hoyt. W. B. Lockwood, E. H. Menzies. F. R. New London-- Forsberg, W. Hopson, W. T. S. Norwalk-- Harvey. A. D. Jennings. I. C. Wylie, H. M. W. Springdale-- Broderick. J. F. Stamford-- Blackman, A. O. Waterbury-- Simpson, W. K. Wlnsted-- Griffin, P. C. Hutton, W. DELAWARE Wilmington-- Bulkeley, C. A. Gawthrop, F. H. Kershaw. M. G. Lownsbery, B. F. Schoenijahn, R. P. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Washington-- Coward, H. Gardner, S. F. Goldstein, A. M. Hills. A. H. Munro, E. A. Myers, D. R. Newshew, J. P. Stock. E. L. Thompson. N. S. Wescbler, G. A. FLORIDA Jacksonville-- Irwin, C. W. Moore, D. S. Tampa-- Chapman, D. W. Smith, V. A. Winter Haven-- Thomas, B. A. GEORGIA Atlanta-- Alger, R. W. Baker,' I. C. Beggs, D. T. Carder, W. W. Guest. P. L. Kent. L. F. Kirby, W. C. Klein. E. W. Markel, F. E. Pottinger, C. T. Rhodes. S. V. Wise. M. W. 44 Columbus-- Denson, W. Dexter, MacD. Hartpence, C. C. ILLINOIS Berwyn-- Kitch. S. B. Bloomington-- Howell. L. Soper. H. A. Belleville-- Karr, T., Jr. Champaign-- Brownell, C. D. Chicago-- Allan, C. D. Allen, H. D. Amstein, A. W. Andel, F. J. Arenberg, M. K. Armspach. O. W. Atkinson, R. E. Baker. E. V. Barrows, C. E. Beling, E. HBerringer, S. H. Birkholz, H. A. Birkholz, H. E. Black, F. C. Bloom. S. C. Bolling, J. E. Boswin, G. A. Braun, L. T. Burger. J. C. Burns,. W. A. Burt. H. J. Carnahan, G. C. Cartland, S. Casey, B; L. Casserly, T. Chenoweth, Cheyney. C. Claffey. E. J Cornell, H. Crawford, W. B. Crone, C. E. Cutler, J. A. Cutter, E. H. Davis. J. H. Deland, C. W. Dewar, J. G. Doherty, J. Douglass, T. C. Dunham, C. A. Ebin, L. Ellis, W. C. Eramert, L. D. Finan, J. J., Sr. Fleming. J. P. Funck, E. H. Gallaher, J. E. Gardner, W., Jr. ' p-sp American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Gaylord, F. H. Gemeny, W. J. Getschow, G. M. Getschow, R. M. Gilmore, R. E. Good. M. S. Gordon, E. G. Gossett, E. J. Graves, C. C. Graves. W. B. Grebe. H. W. Gross, R. A. . . Gustafson, T. E. . Haas, S. L. Haines, J. J. Hale. J. F. Halliday. L. Hansen. J. Harbula, M. G. Hart, H. M. Hartman, F. E. Hayes, J. J. Hayward, R. B. .Heck, G. L,, Jr. . Heckel, E. P. Henrich, G. A. Herbaczck, E. Herlihy. G. F. Herlihy, J. J. Hill, E. V. Hoier. W. V. Hoover, H. E. Hornung, J. C. Horton, H. F. Howatt, J. Hubbard, G. W. ' Impey, P. F. Jackson, C. J. Jenson, J. S. Johnson, C. W. Jones, D. J. Jones, E. F. Kaiser, H. S. Keeney, F. P. Kehm, A. Kellogg. C. V. Keyes. R. E. Kirk, G. H. Kohlbry. E. G. Kreissl, H. G. Kroeger, A. Lagodzinski, H. J. Lamb, F. W. Lang, L. P. ' Larson, J. M. Larson, W. C. Lautenschlager, F. Lees. H. K. Lenone. J. M. Lewis, S. R. Lippe, E. V. Lippman, O. S. . Luce, G. D., Jr. McCauley, J. H., Jr. McClellan. J. E. McDonnell, E. N. McEvoy, W. J. McFarland, W. P. McGregor, G. H. McLelland. H. B. Maier, H. F. Malone, D. G. Martin, A. B. Martin, O. W. Matchett. J. C. Mathis, E. Mathis, H. Mathis, J. W. Mathy, J.. Jr. Mehring, G. Mertz, W. A. Miller, F. A. Miller. J. E. Miller, Leo B. Milliken, J. H. Monaghan, T. H. Montgomery, W. R. Moran, F. E. Murch, G. E. Muth. H. Nacey, H. M. Narowetz, L. L., Jr. Neiler, S. G. Nesdahl, E. Newport, C. F. Nilson, A. Nilson, K. A. Nulsen, C. A. O'Brien, J. H. Olsen. C. F. Olson, A. E. Orr. F. B. Pask, R. J. Pearson, F. L. . Pitcher, L. J. Pope, S. A. Pope, W. A. Powers, F. W. Presdee, C. W. Reynolds. H. A. Richardson. A. H. Rietz, E. W. Rogers. C. W. RoUins, F. D. Rosenbach. R- G. Ryan, H. B. Scheidecker, D. B. Seelig. L. Seltzer, A. P. Shea. J. R. Sheriffs, W. A. Shultz, E. Sixnonsen, L. A. Skagerberg. R. Small, J. D. Soper, I. N. . Spielman, G. P. Sprague, F. H. Stannard, J. M. Stedman, C. N. . Stevens, F. H. _ Stockenberg, Rl Storm. E. S. Sutcliffe, A. G. Thinn, C. A. Thomas, R. H. Toenniges. G. C. Truitt, J. E. Tweed, C. F. Valentine, H. D. Vernon, J. R. Wagner, J. P. Walsh, A. F. Walters, V. Walters, W. T. Walther, V. H. Watkins, J. A. Watson, J. H. Watson, R. E. Weil. M. Weinshank.- H. T. Weinshank, T. Widdicombe, R. A. Wittleder, E. A.. r Yardley, R. W. Decatur-- Shorb. W. A. Edwardsville-- Blackmore. F. H. Evanston-- Chubb. J. E. Cuyler, D. H. Mauer, W. J. Thomas, H. G. Hinsdale-- Van Inwagen, F. Hubbard Woods-- Frank,'J. M. Joliet-- Menk, R. W. Kewanee-- Baker, E. E. Bronson, C. E. Dickson. R- B. Pursell, H. E. LaGrange-- Eaton, B. K. Linn, H. R. Moline-- Bradly, J. L: Nelson, H. W. Nordine, L. F. Otis, G. E. Tyler, F. T. Oak Park-- Alexander, A. D. Blanding. G. H. March, R. C. May, E. A. Muir. G. A. Uhlhorn. W. J. OIney-- French. B. P. Onarga-- Zirhut, G. A. Peoria-- Robb. J. M. Rockford-- Merwin, G. E. Urbaoa-- Day. V. S. Kratz. A. P. Willard. A. C. Waukegan-- Reynolds. H. M. Winnetka-- Ellis. E. E. INDIANA Elkhart-- Shreiner. D. C. Evansville-- Bergner, W. G. Legeman, R. E. Fort Wayne-- McCarthy, B. J. Hammond--: Crannell. C. A. -Indianapolis-- Ammerman, C. R. Cones, Benj. Dresen, William D. Fenstermaker, S. E. Hagedon, C. H. Hayes, J. G. LaFollette. B. F. 45 Perham, S. H. Repp, H. L. ' Rotz, J. M. Shipp, C. C. Stitt, H. B. Voorhees, G. A. Warren, C. N. Lafayette-- Hoffman. J. D. Noland. R. W. Orth. J. W. La Porte-- Shrock, J. H. Michigan City-- Stockwell, W. R. M uncle-- Hutzel, M. H. Hutzel. V. C. Peru-- Pyle. J. W. Thrush, H. A. South Bend-- Leusch, V. W. Terre Haute-- Prox, R.' F. IOWA Ackley-- Nelson, G. 0. Cedar Rapids-- Moore. R. F. . Motejl, J. A. Clinton-- Brown, W. H. Des Moines-- Bogardus, G. W. Gunton, W. Dubuque-- Meston, A. B. Molo, H. E. Fort Madison-- Theisen, E. F. Le Mars-- Mathey, N. J. . Sioux City-- Orr. M. J. Waterloo-- Bartley, J. S., Jr. Winterbottom, J. W. Winterbbttom, R. F. KANSAS Emporia-- Burnap, C. W. Hill. C. H. Hutchinson-- Barnes, A. R. Hertz, H. P. Stevens, H. L; Roll of Membership Independence-- Sellers, F. J. Lindsborg-- Holmberg, J. A. Manhatten-- Hull. B. R. Wichita-- Buckley, R. B. Cloud, O. E. O'Connor, J. M. KENTUCKY Louisville-- . Lewis, J. C. Murphy, H. C. MAINE Portland-- Fels, A. B. Merrill, C. J. Webb, J. S. Woodfords-- Haskell, B. E. MARYLAND Baltimore-- Adams, H. Berger, C. D. ColUer, W. I. Dorsey, F. C. Eisert, H. Groscup, W. F. Huether, C. G. L. . Kries, H. A. Leilich, R. L. McCrea, L. W. Munroe, E. K. Posey, J. Reeder, C. L. Vance, L. G. Wachter, J. A. Chevy Chase-- Cooley, M. S. Cumberland-- Macfarlane, J. Howard County-- . Tibbets, J. C. Linthlcum Heights-- Roger, G. H. Rockville-- Brunett, A. L. MASSACHUSETTS Arlington-- Whitaker, E. C. Auburndale-- Mason, O. A. Belmont-- Newcomb. R. Boston-- Abboud, A. Bartlett, A. C. Barton, R. E. Berchtold, E. W. Boardman, W. E. Bfomquist, Edwin G'. Bostwick, C. G. - Boyden, D. S. Brinton, J. W. Brooks, T. C, Brown, R. H. Bryant, Dr. A. G. Cooper, F. I. Davidson, P. L. Densmore, E. D. Doody, C. A. Drinker, P. Duquet. A. M. Dusossoit, E. A. Eaton, R. Ellis, F. R. Ehrenzeller, A. Foulds, P. A. L. Franklin, R. S. Gleason, G. H. Gilmore, F. P. Goodrich, C. F. Herrick, D. A. Hostermah, C. C. Hubbard, A. Ingalls. F. D. B. Kelley. J. J. Kellogg, A. Kimball, C. W. Kirraes, E. W. McCoy, T. F. McKenna, Wm. N. McLean, I. D. Matthews, C. R. Miller, M. P. Mower, W. P. Myrick, J. W. H. Nichols, G. B. Osborne, M. M. Preble, J. J. Schanze, A. G. Shaw, E. . Shaw. N. J. H. Shaw, R- E. Sraallman, W. T. Stearns, W. F. . Stetson, L. R. Stone, E. R. Swaney, C. R. Tilden, E. E. Tuttle, J. F. Underhill, W. W. Whittemore, E. H. Wiegner, H. B. Whitten. H. E. Wilcox, Wm. Wilson, H. M. Yaglou, C. P. Cambridge-- Baker, R. H. r mu, Vy. a . Haddock, I. T. Heath, F. R. Klonower, A. A. Murphy, J. Dorchester-- Plunkett, J. H. Shaw, N. J. H. Swan, T. J. Everett-- McMurrer, L. J. Fitchburg-- Karlson, A. F. Framingham-- Fitch, W. S. Scott, A. P. Hyde Park-- _ Scheibel, A. H. ' Lawrence-- Bride. W. T. Indian Orchard-- Moynihan. J. C. Lowell-- Foisy, G. A. Jenkins, H. E. Lynn--> Feehan, J. B. Morgan, F. H. Pool. S. H. Reardon, J. A. Malden-- Moulton, D. Mattapan-- Mitchell, C. H. Medford-- ' Dane, I. S. Suits, G. A. ` Medford Hillside-- Granfield, J. J. Melrose-- Smallman, E. W. Newtonville-- Jones, W. T. Pittsfield-- Robbins, L. G. Reading-- ' Florence, W. E., Jr. Wellesley Hill-- Gilling, W. F., Jr. West Newton-- Cousens, W. S. Place. H. R. West Roxbury-- Roberts, W. L. West Somerville-- Crosby, C. F. 'West Medford-- Higgins, J. M. . Weymouth-- Clough, L. Woburn-- Parker, P. Wollaston-- Hodgdon. H. A. Worcester-- Dix, H. M. Hawes, H. R. 46 MICHIGAN Ann Arbor-- Backus, T. H. L. . Brender, P. E. Cuthbert, I. N. Emswiler, Prof. J. E. Hutzel, A. F. - Zopata, E. L. Detroit-- Addy, R. Baier, W. P. Barth, H. E. Bishop, F. R. Blodgett. W. H. Boales, W. G. Brown, E. R. Calvert, N. W. Clark, E. H. Collamore, R. Connell, R. F. Coon, T. E. Dauch, E. O, Davis. L. J. Decker, E. M. Degan, J. E. Donahue. E. S. Dubry, E. Dwyer, J. V. Emerick, S. H. Fuller, J. L. Giguere, Geo. H. Goss, M. H. Graeff, R. J. - Hamlin, H. A. Harms, W. T. Harrigan, E. M. Harris, E. E. Heydon, C. G. Hill, N. J. Hillman. R. W. Hoffman. C. F, Hogan, E. L. Hubbard, N. B. Johnson, F. W. . Johnston, W. B.' Killian, M. A. Knight, A. B. Lance, J. " Landers, J. J. Linhard. H. V. . Little, C. W. Little, E. R. Locker, C. W. Lovelace, J. A. McCoIl, J. R. Mclntire. J. F. McLean, D. McNair, E. E. . Meyer, J. W., Jr. Miller, J. F. G. Morgan, C. S. Morse, C. T. Paetz, H. E. . Parrott. L. G. Partlan, J. W. Peckham, R. R. Peterson, H. K. Pittelkow, A. G. Purcell. F. C. Purcell, R. E. Roney, T. G. Rowe, W. A. Russell, W, A. Saulson. S. Schildmiller, G. H. Shuell, F. W. Smith, L. L. Snell, E. Snyder, J. W. Soderberg. C, H. Spitzley. R- L. Spurgeon, J. H. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Vaile. R. Vemer, W. F. Walker, J. H. Wallich, A. C. Walton, H. L. Whelan, W. J. Whiteley, J. Whitten, H. W. Wilcox, O. H. Wilde, R. S. M. Wigle, B. M. Williamson, A. H. Wooley, T. R. Ziel, H. E. Dowaglac-- Firestone, J. F. Grand Rapids-- Alexander, C. H. Bradfield, W. W. Carroll, W. J. Hepburn, G. V. Miller, H. N. Pearson, H. D. Highland Park-- Foster, W. M. Holland-- Cberven, V. W. Kalamazoo-- Blaney, C. A. Kersjes, W. Monroe, L. O. Lansing-- Distel, F., Jr. Muskegon-- Johnson, P. H. Pleasant Ridge-- Petherick,. D. H. Saginaw-- Swartwout, J. D. Standish-- Burr, R. J. MINNESOTA Duluth-- Foster, C. . Page, S. H. Minneapolis-- Andresen, A. W. Blair, W. B. Brown, J. H. Burns, E. J. Burritt, C. G. Cash, T. T. Challman, S. A. Cowles, B. E. Cummins, G. H. Elliott. A. D. Forfar, D. M. Geirish, H. E. Gordon, E. B., Jr. Harris, J. B. Huch, A. J. Jaynes, E. L. Jones, D. C. Lamson, F. S. Lewis, E. B. Martenis. J. V. Meyer, H. J. Morgan, G. C. Munson, M. G. Probst, A. H. Ridler, H. C. Rowley, F. B. Sanford, A. L. Sperzel, H. J. Tangeman, B. W. Uhl, E. J. Uhl, W. F. Welter, M. A. Owatonna-- Clarkson. W. B. St. Paul-- Bredeson, C. R. Buenger, A. Gausman, C. E. Heagler. J. M. Jones, E. F. Otto, R. W. Rockart, E. R. Rollins. L. M. Ruff, D. C. Stewart, E, A. Wagner, A. M. Winterer, F. C. Winterer, R. J. Wunderlich, M. S. Winona-- Olsen, A. J. MISSISSIPPI Jackson-- Paine, K. A. Peters, H. G. MISSOURI Independence-- Cook, B. F. . Kansas City-- Arthur. J. M., Jr. Bidwell, R. E. Burton, C. A. Caleb, D. Campbell, E. K. Carr, C. H. v.oa, w. r. Dodds, F. F. Downes, N. W. Dunlap, R. L. Ellis. J. E. Fehlig, J. B. Fiske, T. D. ' Gillham. W. E. Gorton, G. H. Griffin, F. A., Jr. Henrici, H. C. Hitchcock, F. P. Jackson. T. L. Johnson, R. B. Jones, E. Joyce, W. P. Kitchen, F. A. Kitchen, J. H. Lewis, J. G. McDonald, J. C. McIntyre, w. N. Mason, R. B. Millis, L. W. ' Natkin, B. Naylor, B. C. Painter, D. H. Parks, V. H. Pease. J. G. Pensihger, L. C. Pines, S. ' Sheppard, F. A. Stephenson, L. A. Thompson, H. Waddington, E. C. Weiss, C. A. Wise, F. W. Woodling, M-. D. Woodruff, G. G. Worm, A. Wright, H. H. Kirkwood-- McMorran, F. J. Liberty-- Dudfield. A. Springfield-- Cooper, H. . St. Louis-- Baetz, H. Bayse, H. V. Bowers, J. S. Bradley, E. P. Bradley. J. T. Breitenbach, W. J. Buder, C. G. Cook, C. D. . Cooper. J. W. Coughlin, R. J. De Nellie, J. L. Edwards, D. F. Eichler, A. ' Falvey, J. D. Ferguson, R. R. Forgan. D. M. Foster, J. M. - Gale, T. J. C. Gallaher. A. J. Graves, R. E. Gunn, J. F. Hallett. E. S. Halley. W. H. Harris, H. W, Hester. T. J. Humphreys, A. E. Kaysing. H. C. Keiser, W. Kinealy, J. H. Klein, W. A. Lane, A. M. Langenberg. E. B. Legier, E. W. . Meara, J. J. Messmer, G. E. Milward; R. K. Moon, L. W. . Niestrath, W. H. Pickett, C. A. Quentin, E. H. Robertson, J. M. Rosebrough, R. M. Rossman, V. D. Russell. W. L. A. Sachleben. E. H. Schulze, B. H. ` Smith, W. M. Soderaann, W. C. . Stack, M. F. * Stammer, E. L. Thomsen, W. T. Walters. A. L. White. E. A. Sedalia-- Suter, G. MONTANA Billings-- Cohagen, C. C. Tooker, C. C. Bozeman-- Powers. F. I. Helena-- . Bain, J. G. 47 NEBRASKA Hastings-- Gedney, K. H. Lincoln-- Phelps, G. H. Omaha-- Davidson, H. MacD. Hayes, P. M. McCulley, D. E. ` Shea, M. B. Waddington, B. C. Scottsbluff-- Davis, O. E. NEW JERSEY Arlington-- Krueger, W. E. Atlantic City-- Nesbitt, A. J. Nesbitt, J. J. Strouse, S. B. Audubon-- Whitby. S. S. Beverly-- Mann, C. P. Bloomfield-- Bartlett, C. D. Hochuli. H. W. Taylor, T- S. Bogota-- Heebner, W. M. Camden-- - Eveleth, C. F Kappel, G. W. A. Strandwitz, W. J. Webster, E. K. Webster, W. Cranford-- Terrell. H. A. East Orange-- Crone, T. E. Merkel, F. P.' Schroth, A. H. Terry, F. W. Turno, W. G. W. Elizabeth-- Cornwall. G. T. Pearce, C. E. Wheller, H. S. Englewood-- Steinke, B. H. Essex Fells-- Stacey, A. E,, Jr. Gloucester-- . Schrader, C. C. Haddonfield-- Dobbs, C. E. Roll of Membership Hasbrouck Heights-- Goodwin, S. L. NEW YORK Hilton-- Heiles. F. C. Jersey City-- Butler, P. D. Calahan, J. J. Jones, H. L. Reichwald, C. W. Ritchie, W. Albany-- Hynes, L. P. Murray, T. F. Naden, L. J. Ryan, H. J. Taggart, R. G. Bronxville-- Barr, G. W. Jobstown-- Allinson, O. H. Kearney-- Vogelbach, O. Lyndhnrst-- Ehrlich, M. W. Knapp, A. F. Maplewood-- Cadmus, R. Smith, M. S. Merchantville-- Binder, C. G. Montclair-- Chapman, F. T. Newark-- Bailey, J. H. . Bentz, H. Carrier, W. H. Janet, H. L. Kieb. A. A. Lewis, L. L. Lindeman, H. Lyle. J. I. Noble. M. Paget, B. K,, Soule. L. C. West. P. Passaic-- Boeker, C. H. Hanldn, R. Morris, C. R. ' Paterson-- Pryor, F. L. Plainfield-- MacDougall, B. W. Tobin, G. J. . Ridgefield-- Davis, A. C. Riverton-- Brunt, T. B. Short Hills-- . Fouilhoux, J. A. South Orange-- Baird. F. X. Trenton-- Black. J. J. A; Piper, A. Piper, E. R. W. Russell. W. E. Union City-- Darton. A. W. Taverna, F. F. Upper Montclair-- Tomlinson, M. C. M.' West New York-- Maupai, R. G. Ricker. J. J. Brooklyn-- Atwater, L. W. Bampton, C. M. Bender, C. p. Blest. F. S. Bondy, W. S. Chadeayne, Geo. D. Crutchley, E., Jr. Dwyer, T. F. ' EelIs, H. B. Ely. F. E. Emery, W. D. Gardner, B. F. Gomston, M. H. Grotz, A. B. Hanley, J. H,, Jr, Hinchman, E. G. Kiewitz, C. Kreitner. W. McCann, F. G. McCJoskey, J. Mandeville, E. W. Moss, E. Musaus, J., Jr. Phillips, F. W.. Jr. Robertson, G. A. Ruppert. E. H. Scollay, U. G. Seward. P. H. Shay. R. A. Siegel, L. Thuem, A. E. Tisnower, W. Tusch, W. Upington, G. P. Vivarttas, E. A. ' Weibert, C. J. White. H. AWilliamson, F. W Buffalo-- Ahlff, A. L. Beman, M. C. Booth, C. A. Bresnahan, J. J. Burke, F. H. Case, E. W. Cherry, L. A. Chittenden. F. J. Criqui, A. A. Danforth, N. L. Davis. J. Dempsey, H. P. Dillman. E. J. . Drake, G. H. Dyer, O. K. Eggleston, L. W. Evans, C. A. Farnham, R. Farrar, C. W. Flink, C. H. Frank, G. W. Frank, O. E. Frankel. G. Fraser, W. G. Gauvin. L. G. Gibbs. H. E. Harding, L. A. Hedley, P. S. r Howell, F. B. ` Hutzel. H. F. Jackson, M. S. : Kamman, A. R. Kingsley, E. A. Love, C. H. Madison, R. D. Monin, E. H. Moran, R. J. Mosher, C. H. Padginton, G. Quigley, W. J. Reinhard, E. L. Riley, D. H. Rooney, M. A. Ruckel, J, B. Scheer, F. W. Schoepflin, P. H. Snyder, J. S. Thornton, R. T. Wadley, C. P. Walker. G. F. Wendt, E. F. Wendt, H. W. Yager, J. J. Dunkirk-- Sawade. C. A. Elmira-- Davenport, E. A. Davis. B. C. Frutchy, A. E. McGlenn, G. R. Roberts, J. H. Freeport-- Ellison, J. H. Geneva-- Herendeen, F. W. Smith, S. S. Glens Falls-- Robinson, A. G. Hartsdale-- Longwell, H..E. Hempstead-- Hinkle. E. C. . Herkimer-- Ertman, B. R. Irvington-on-Hudson-- Bastedo, A. E. jKittle, F. C. Ithaca-- Sawdon, W. M. Williams, J. W. Larchmont-- Gaylor, W. S. Middletown-- Sanborn. Si H. MiUbrook-- Pizie, S. G. . Morton-- . Stangland, B. F. Mt. Vernon-- . Donnelly, W. C. Hunt, R. B. Obert, C. W. . '. New Rochelle-- Vose. R. H. . ; New York City-- Abrams, A. Addams, H. Adler, A. A. Ailing, H. W. Almirall, J. A. Amiral, J. H. Anderson, H. J. Angus. R. A. Annagnac, A. S. Bachler, L. J. Barwick. T. Baum, A. L. Beatty, D. J. Beebe. F. E. W. Bennitt, G. E. Berman, L. K. Binder, I. Birch, H. A. Bishop, C. R. . Blackmore. J. J. Bloom, W. Bolton, R. P. Booth, H. N. Brassington, A. F. Browne, A. L. Brunner, H. Buensod, A. C. ` Callahan, M. J. (L. I. City) Carpenter, R. H. Carty, T. Cary, A. A. Chase. J. M. Clark. W. D. (Richmond Hill, L. I.) Cosgrove, W. M. . Cullen. H. J. (Jamaica, L. I.) Currier, C. H. Dailey, J. A. Dailey, J. F. Darts, J. A. Davis, P. L. (Jamaica, L. I.) Dill, H. O. . Dillon. H. R. Doherty, J. A. Donnelly. J. A. Donnelly, R. Donoghue, J. J. Dornheim, G. A. (L. I. City) Driscoll. W. H. (L. I. City) Duff, K. Durand, W. L. Eadie. J. G. . Easterbrooks, C. C. Edelston, S. H. Emerson, R. R. Engle, A. Engle. H. J. Evans, W. A. Faulkner. D. H. . Fay. F. C. Febrey, E. J. Feldman, A. M. Fiedler, H. W. Fleisher, W. L. Fletcher. S. W. .Forgee, F. A. Friedman. A. Glore, E. F. , Goldberg, H. M. Goldschmidt, O. E. Gombers, H. B. Good now. W. F. Grill, G. E. . Hanson, H. A. Heap. W. E. (W. New Brighton) Heatherton, J. M. Hedges. H. B. . Hoffman,-C. S. . 4S American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 Hoffman, G. D. Rodman, R. W. Weider, F. J. Hook, M. G. Hubert, J. W. Ross, J. O. Russell. W. A. Welsh. H. S, Wilder, E. L. Hunter, H. R. Samuels, S. Wiley. C. S. Hunter, W. S. Hyman, W. M. Schloss. N. L. Schmidt, G. G. Saranac Lake-- Innis, H. R. Ireland. T. H. . Schneider, C. Scott, C. E. Miller, P. (Rockville Center.L.I.) Issertell, H. G. ' Jacobus, Dr. D. S. Scott, E. A. Scott. G. M. Seelig, A. E. Scarsdale-- Janes, A. Jalien, J. J. Johnson. E. B. . (W. New Brighton, S. I.) Johnston. W. H. Sellman, N. T. Senior, R. L. Siegel, J. F. Simpson, W. A. , Spofford, H. H. R. Schenectady-- Baxter. R. A. Harbison. E. J. Vogel, A. Junkers. H. Kahn. H. P. . Spooner, H. R. (Hollis. L. I.) Syracuse-- Keasbey, A. P. Keenan, P. F. Kellogg. T. M. Kiewitz, A. A. Staples. W. H. Steinke, G. B. . Steinmuller, J. H. ' (Long Island City) Acheson, A. R. Bradley, R. H. Dennis, C. K. (L.T. City) Kimball! D. D. Kirk, L. G. Klauss, L. J. Stern, H. R. Sternberg. I. E. Stewart, C. W. Still, F. R. Troy-- Brown, S. J. Wilson. C. H. (Farmingdale, L. I.) Sullivan, D. A. Knowles, A. F. Swain, W. A. Utica-- Koithan, W. S. Sweeney, S. H. Brandeles. H. J. Lawrence, C. E. - Taltmadge, W. Cantwell, W. T. LeBeau, J. F. LeCompte, W. G. Tazelaar, P. Timmis, P. DeRosa. A. Hamjy, P. W. London. I. Lucke, C. E. Timmis, W. S. Timmis, W. W. Hughes, W. C. Norris, E. Lyle. E. T. (Jamaica. L. I.) Norris, J. K. McKiever, W. H. McMahon, W. W. Titzell. J. E. ` Van Norden, E. M. Phegley, F. G. , Schneider. P. W. McMillan, L. B. Vogt. J. H. Steinhorst, T. F. Macon, W. W. Walker, W. K. Maier, G. M. Marshall, H. H. Martin, G. W. Wallace, G. J. Walsh, M. Waltherthum, J. J. West Point-- Bryant, P. J. Matthiessea, H. G. F. Medway. F. J. Meyer, H. C., Jr. Ward, G. E. White Plains-- Watters, P. J. (Port Richmond, S. I.) Callahan. T. H. Miller, C. A. Miller, E. A. Miller, R. B. Munder, J. F., Jr. Munier, L. L. White, E. S. White. M. G. White. W. G. Wilson. F. A. (Bellair. L. I.) Yonkers-- Brabbee. Dr. C. Greason, D. R. Kelly. J. G. Murphy, J. R. Murphy, W. A. Wolff, R. A. Wolfsfeld, C. F. Rainger, W. F. Nicol. N, C, Norton, F. W. (Bayside, L. I.) Wright. C. L. NORTH CAROLINA Oaks. O. O. O'Donnell, T. J. Offner, A. J. N. Tonawanda-- Charlotte-- Ohmes, A. K. Benedict, E. R. Christian, C. W. Olvany, W. J. Kline. W. J. Hackney. H. Oswald, W. L. Slade. A. J. Parkhill, D. Greensboro-- Parter, S. C. Patomo, S. A. S. Paulding, L. G. Peacock, J. K. Petersen, G. Ogdensburg-- SkeUy. J. F. Port Chester-- MacKenzie. B. Raleigh-- Templin, C. L. Pfeiffer, B. J. Pfuhler, J. L. (W. New Brighton. Donovan, J. E. Pratt, E. D. Weldon-- . Chappell, T. A, S. I.) Pieron, A. Poughkeepsie--- Winston-Salem-- Pinder. P. H. Place. C. R. Pryor, R. W., Jr. Doherty, J. J. Hawley, E. F. Bahnson, F. F. Purinton, D. J. Quirk, C. H. - Raisler, L. Raisler, S. ' Ralston. L. T. M. Reed, J. F. Reynolds, T. W. Riblet, W. H. Richardson, D. R. Riley. C. L. Ritchie, E. J. Rochester-- Archer, F. S. Aronwits, W. Axeman. J. E. Coe, I. B. Coe, R. T. Devendorf, W. F. DeWolf. R. D. 'Dobson, G. G. Roebuck, W., Jr. Steiin, C. J., Jr. OHIO Akron-- Humphrey, D. E. Stanford, L. E. Thatcher, G. S. Cincinnati-- Allen, L. E. Blomfeldt, A. A. Bostain, J. C. Doyle, W. J. Green, W. C. Grier. W. Kiefer. C. J. Kitchell. H. N. Sprouil, H. E. Stanwood, J. B. Wright, K. Cleveland-- Adrianse, P. R. Anderson, E. L. Bailey, E. P. Beyer, J. E. Bray. D. S. Bridges. F. G. Brueggeman, A. R. Clark, H. J. Clark. W. C. M. Colby. C. W. Daugherty. F. M. Davis; R. G. . Deex, C. J. Empkey, G. J. Farley, J. W. Gottwald, C. Graham. W. D. Greene, W. C. Harrison, B. S. Harrison, J. M. Hautz, E. H. Kinner, J. E. Kissick, J. J. Klie, W. Leonhard. F. Matzen, H. B. Mayer, R. S. Mouat, T. G. Nobis, H. M. Osmon, T. R. Quay, D. M. Rather, M. F. Rudio. H. N. Stackhouse. R. M. Starks, V, E. Szekely, E. Tate. S. Van Sickle. W. B. Wamke, F. E. Weager, T. A. Cleveland Heights-- Heinle, E. L. Neitzel, C. W. Columbus-- Babbitt, E. C. Babbitt, E. F. Brown. A. I. Fleming, R. A. Mackensen, W. H. Richards, F. A. Wheeler, O. J. Williams, A. W. Dayton-- Brusman, H. M. Gibbons. M. J., Jr. Haas. W. . Hoer8ting, F. J. Lakewood-- ' Kammerer, W. Q. Maurer, E. D. Lorain-- Butler. T. F. Lane, E. K. 49 Roll of Membership Mansfield-- . Tait, G. M. ' PalnesvUle-- Hobbs, J. C. Pataskala-- Erickson, H. A. Ravenna-- Franzheim, G. W. Toledo-- Baker, H. C. Bryce, S. D. Gibbs. F. C. Holmes, J. Rogers, A. C. Storey, T. G. Warren-- Alien, L. E. 1 Lyman, W. I. Moulder, A. W. . Youngstown-- Chofluii C. C. OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City-- Dolan, R. G. Loeffler, F. X. Rae, T. W. Tulsa-- Jones, E. . OREGON La Grande-- Anderson, S. A., Jr. PENNSYLVANIA Alleghany County-- Blackmore. G. C. Allentown-- Buel, H. G. Edwards, J. E. Hersh, E. E. Hersh, G. W. Korn, C. B. Ardmore--- Haynes, C. V. ' Beacon Falls-- Van Alen. W. T. Bradford-- Goodloe, A. M. Green, C. E. Bridgeport-- Longenecker, H. J. Chambersburg-- . Kottcamp, H. A. Mehaffey. W. C. Chester-- Boyd, W. R. Cannonsburg-- Edwards, C. H. Drexel Hill--Del. Co. Jones, L. T. Miller, A. A. Erie-- Gannon, J. E. . Germantown-- Huckel, F., Jr. Reeves, C. G. Glenside-- Davis, B. H. ' Harrisburg-- Eicher, H. C. Fllson, F. E. Geiger, L H. Koehler, G. T. Kressly, M. E. Selig, E. T. Indiana-- Lumsden, E. R. Duemler, F. C. Dunlap, W. G. . Eagan, G. A. Eagan, W. H. Eastwood, H. F. Eckardt, C. A. T. Edgar, A. C. Eggly, H. J., Jr. Feige, H. W. Feltwell, R. H. Fest. L. T. . Fitz. J. C. . Fleming, T. C. Francis, I. H. Francis, W. C. Galligan, A. B. Galligan, J. H. Gant, H. P. Gibson, J. H. Gilbert, M. F. Giles, E. H. Gillett, M. C. Glassey. J. W. Gomersall, W. H. Gretzinger, F. Grumbein, I. F. Hackett, C. P. Hackett, H. B. Hellerman, H. H. Johnstown-- . . Rinkenberger, G. Lancaster-- Grossman, H. M. Holbrook, F. M. . Huzzard, E. C. Vaux, F. J. McKeesport--- Eckles. R. A.. Dugan, T. M. . New Castle-- McEUroy, G. S. Norristown-- Frost, R. V. Gormly, J. Gormly, P. Oil City-- Heagerty, W. H. Philadelphia-- Adams, B. Anderson, C. A. Arnold, R. S. Bachler, H. C. Bateman, W. H., Jr. Beahm, R B., 2nd Black, E. N. Black. H. G. Bogaty, H. S. Bolsinger, R. C. Boon, G. Bornemann, W. A. Boyd, D. K. Braemer, W. G. R. Breen, J. W. Brogan. J. J. Burt, J. E. . Cadzow, W. S. Carstens, E. Cassell, J. D. . Cavileer, J. V. . Clarkson, R. C., Jr. Cooper, T. W. Culbert, W. G. Dambly, A.' E. Dome, W. R. Doud, M. P. Driggs, L. L: Hetherington, E. T, Hibbs, F. C. Hoben. R. J. Hoft, P. J. Holloway, R. B. Homann, F. A. Hopkin, W. E. Hucker, J. H. Hunt. Phil M. Hurley. J. C. Hutchison, J. E. Ickeringill, J. Iddles, A. Jellett, S. A. John, B. F. Jones, I. R. Jones, R. E. Kauffman, R. . Kauffmann, F. F. Kellogg, H. D. Kerney, T. F. Kipe, J. M. Kline, G. W., Jr. Kriebel, A. E. Levin, J. Lewis, G. C. Lewis, T. Liner, J. J. Locke, H. W. . Lord, F. R. Lyman. S. E. McCarthy, C. J. McClintock, A.; Sr. McClintock, A., Jr. McClintock, J. L. McGowan, T. F. MacDade, A. H. Mappett, A. S. Matson, T. Mellon, J. T. J. Mensing, F. D. Mervine, T. R. Meyer, R. C. Miller, W. C. Meyers, J. Minnich, H. S. Monday, C. E. Moody, L. E. Morgan, R. C. Mott. A. C.. Jr. Murphy, E. T. Murphy, W. R. Myers, G. W. F. Nelson, F., Jr. Nunan, J. F.' Nusbaura, L. 50 O'Connell, E. D. Ogelsby, W. P. Paine, L. G. Patterson, D. F. Pease, H. H. Pennell, S. H. Perkins, F. C. Phillips, F. T. Plewes, S. E. Reuss, E. H., Jr. Rice. W. W. Roberts, H. L. Rothrock, J. T.Rugart, K. Sabin, . R. Sanbern, E. N. Sanville, C. P. Scanlon, J. J. Schopp, W. J. . Setzer, W. C. Sewell. J. M. Shaw, C. E. ' . Sheffler, M. Sommer, L. J., Jr. Speckman, C. H. Stone, G. F. Strong, R. C. . Sutterley, W. W. Taliaferro, R. R, Thompson, J. Thompson, W. P. Tinker, W. E. Walther, H. J. Walther, O. N. .Wandless, F. W. Wegmann, A. Welamb, V. N. Why, H. B. Wild. W. H. Wilson, B. W. Wilson, J. J. Woolston. A. H. Woolston, C. E. Young, R. L. Phoenixville-- Wilmot, C. S. Pittsburgh-- . Anderson, F. P. Arthur, H. W. Aston, J. Bowman, H. A. Brauer, R. Bushhell, C. D. Chester, T. Clark, F. C. Clark, W. H. Dibble. S. E. Digby, H. E. Downes, H..H. Easter, T. J. Edwards, P. A. English, A. T. Evans, E. Cv Firsching, F. J. Gunther. F. A. Hanson, E. W. Heilman, R. H. Hitner, F. M. Hook, C. H. ' Houghten, F. C. Ingels, M. Jones, A. M. King. T. Langdon, J. D. McCormick, E. T. McGinness, J. E. McGuigan, L. A. McKenzie, P. C. . McIntosh, F. C. McMurray, J. Maginn, P. F.. Mansfield, F. A. Moore, H. L. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, .1926-27 Morgan, J. S. Morrow, C. F. Nicholls, P. O'Neill, P. * Phillips, L. Rederer, B. S. Richards, S. F. * Schley, A. A. Speller, F. N. Stanger, R. B. Stitt. E. W. Stokes, R. E. Tenkonoby, R* J* Todd, J. Waldron, C. W. Walker, J. B. Weber, G; A. Wheeler, C. W. Williams, O. E. Willis, R. P. Reading-- Luck, A. W. Nidey, J- E. Reese. H. L. Wasner, W. M. Ridley Park-- Bartlett, C. E. Roxborough-- Blankin, M. F. Scranton-- Gilboy, J- PSaville, T. H. Sewickley-- . Black, G. E. Shamokln-- Gortner, J. W. Swarthmore-- Clarke, H. W. Swissvale-- Timmerman, M. M. Wormleysburg-- Miller, T. G. York-- Lindemuth, N. R Sowers, P. E. RHODE ISLAND Providence-- ' Coleman, J. B. Dunlevy. T. R. Gibbs. E. W. Hartwell, J. C. Husband. E: W. Poole, E. F. Pawtucket-- Martin, J. F. Washington-- Wilson, H. A. TENNESSEE Chattanooga-- Russell, H. C. Knoxville-- Reeder. F. C. Memphis-- Allen, W. H. Brewster, D. R Gray, W. E. Gray, W. E. Sodemann, P. Nashville-- Brown, F. ' Hailey, S. H. TEXAS Taznaqua-- Hadesty, A. L., Jr. Upper Darby, P. O.-- Hoisington, N. P. Pisel, J. W. Warren-- Schellhammer, A. L. Washington-- McVehil, E. W. West Chester-- Palmer, G._ J. Wllklnsburg-- Rasmussen, E. Williamsport-- Chambers, W. E. Gaulin, R. P. McLain, R. D. Pfeiffer, J. F. ` Austin-- Giesecke, F. E. Dallas-- Taylor, R. F. Van Zandt, J. H. Fort Worth-- Burnett, E. S. Skinner, H. W. Galveston-- Helphingstein, O. Houston-- . Barnes, A. F. - San Angelo-- Hogue, C. T. San Antonio-- Diver, M. L. Ebert, W. A. . Willow Grove-- Houpt, G. A. Slight. I. Wlssablckon-- Peterman, R. M. UTAH Salt Lake City-- " Coogan, J. Cooper, A. W. VERMONT WISCONSIN Burlington-- Austin, F.'L. Raine, J. J. Wheelock, H. C. N. Ferrlsburg-- Breckenridge, L. P. VIRGINIA Eau Claire-- Grosvold, F. E. Fond Du Lao-- Ahern, T. L. Fort Akinson-- Shodron, J. G. Lynchburg-- Cleland, James E. Doering. F. L. Wiley, E. C. Wilson, E. J. F. Newport News-- Noland, L. U. Green Bay-- Kingsbury, J. W. La Crosse-- Anderegg. R H. Johnson, T. R. Trane, R. N. Norfolk-- Montagna, C. j. Peebles, J. K. Wilson, E. K. Richmond-- Austin, W. E. ' Beverley, R. C. Childress, W. L. Connolly. Chas. I. Johnston, J. A. Koch. H. O. Schulz. H. I. Roanoke^ Wash, W. P. . Staunton-- Moffett, W. S. Moran, F. N. . ' WASHINGTON Bremerton-- Bysom, L. L. Seattle-- . ' Ayers. A. E. Carsten, W. H. Cox. W. W. DeLong, F. B. Dudley, W. L. Eastwood. Prof. E. O. Eckart, C. H. Godfrey, F. H. Lavan, P. J. Mallis, W. Moore, J. C. O'Connell. P. M. Ruddell, W. H. Stark, E. A. Twist, C. F. Weber, E. G. L. Zokelt, C. G. Spokane-- DeLong. H. B. Nelson, R. L. Madison-- Larson, G. L. Milwaukee-- Berghoefer, V. A. . Bowers, A. F. Cook, H. R. Downey, F. E. Downey, P. C. Ellis. H. W. Goethel. A. C. Grassier, E. Jackson, C. H. Jones. E. A. Jung, J. S. Juttner, O. J. Meadows, F. H. Miller, C. W. Miller, H. M. Mueller, P. E. Noll. W. F. Olson, R G. Ostrander, L. F. Page. H. W. Pflugradt, A. G. Randolph, C. H. Rice, C. J. Schwab, H. E. Ver Halen, E. T. Volk, J. H. Weimer, F. G. Whomes, H. Wilson, W. H. Wolf, J. C. Superior-- Jarvis, G. E. .Wausau-- Bassler, E. M. Cornwell, F. E. Sargent, L. F. Wauwatosa-- Dannies, F. R. WEST VIRGINIA Charleston-- Matthews, J. K. Meyers, S. H. Shanklin, J. R. Morgentown-- Zeck, A. Wheeling-- Hare, E. S. West Allis-- Erickson, M. E. Wisconsin RapidsEron, L. J. WYOMING Cheyenne-- Meyring, A. S. 51 Roll of Membership CANADA Calgary,- Alberta-- Clarke, S. S. Latham, G. Walker, A. Victoria, B. C.-- Sheret, A. Galt, Ont.-- Evans, J. McCaffrey, H. G. Guelpl-- Taylor, M. A. Halifax, N. S.-- Eagar, R. F. Gray, G. A. Harrington, C. Islington, Ont.-- Wilson, G. T. Kingston, Ont.-- Arkley, L. M. Druce, J. J. Montreal, Que.-- Fry. J. D. Friedman, F. J. Grahame, D. F. ' Hamlet, F. A. Hamlet, T. F. Higgins. T. J. Kastello, A. Osborne, G. H. Peterson, E. A. Wiggs, G. L. Quebec-- Dube, W. Sault Ste.-- Wilson, W. S. Toronto, Ont.-- Addy, E. Angus, H. H. Baldwin, W. H. Birreli, A. L. Blackball, W. R. Church, H. J. Clifton. W. F. Cole, G. E. Dickey, A. J. Doughty, C. J. Duncan, J. M. Flett, H. R. Gaby, F. A. Henion, H. D. FOREIGN COUNTRIES Laidlaw, E. J. Leitch, A. S. . McHenry, R. W. M. McMichael, P. MacKenzie, J. J. f Mansell, P. C. . Millar, R. J. Moore, H. S. O'Neill, J. W. Paterson, J. S. Paterson, W. B. . Peterkin, S. M. Playfair, G. A. Purely, A. K. Quesnel. N.-W. Shears. M. W. Sheffield. E. B. Sheppard, W. G. Smith, P. J. Thomas, M. F. Wood, J. S. Worthington, T. Vancouver, B. C.-- Givin, A. W. Johnston, R. E. Leek, W. McCreery, H. J. ENGLAND Hull-- Hill. E. G. T. Leeds-- Jennins, H. H. Leicester-- Nesbit, D. M. Liverpool--' Honiball, C. R. London-- Barker, A. H. Craig, F. B. Groom, S. L. Herring, E. Nobbs. W. W. Robinson, S. W. Russell. J. N. Westmount-- Bladon, J. B. Windsor, Ont.-- . Bowden, F. Manchester-- Chadwick. J. B. Row, O. M. Yates, W. Winnipeg-- Fulton. W. J. Kirk. C. D. Mackie, J. CHINA South Manchuria-- Katsumoto, E. Southport-- , Atkinson, R. E. Sunderland-- Vatix, N. Trowbridge-- Haden, G. N. Haden, W. N. Shanghai-- Alt, H. L. Cooper, T. R. Doughty, C. J. Hauss, C. F. Merritt, C. J. Tientsin-- Baker. H. W. H. Barre, L. S. DENMARK York-- Fryer, F. G. FRANCE Paris-- Beaurrienne, A. Downe, H. S. Modiano, R- Copenhagen-- Reck, A. B. GERMANY Smedegade, Slagelse-- Stuttgart-- Ulrich, K. F. Klein, A. R. IRELAND Cork-- Barry. P. I. JAPAN Tokyo-- Kitaura, S. Sekido, K. Shinohara. S. Shozo, S. Yamasaki, K. MEXICO Yucatan--- Croft. T. NEW ZEALAND Dunedin-- Davies, G. W. NORWAY Christiania-- Tjersland, A. RUSSIA Petrograd-- Sakouta, M. L. SWEDEN Stockholm-- TheoreU. H. G. T. SWITZERLAND Winterthur-- Meier, K. TURKEY Constantinople-- Scipio, L. A. 52 PAST OFFICERS American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1894 * President........... ................................... Edward P. Bates 1st Vice-President-............... ........... .Wm. M. Mackay 2nd Vice-President___ _____________Wiltsie F. Wolfe Srd Vice-President-................. ,,.Chas. S. Onderdonk Treasurer _______________ ____Judson A. Goodrich Secretary...... ..................................... ....... --....L. H. Hart Board of Managers Chairman, Fred P. Smith Henry Adams ` A. A. Cary Hugh J. Barron ' Tames A. Harding Edward P. Bates, Pres. L. H. Hart. Secy. Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Albert A. Cryer Chas. W. Newton F. W. Foster Ulysses G. Scollay, Secy. 1897 President--___ ______ :.................. _.Wm. M. Mackay 1st Vice-President----------- ---- -----------------H. D. Crane 2nd Vice-President...................................Henry Adams Srd Vice-President................................. _A. E Kenrick Treasurer.'................... ....................Judson A. Goodrich Secretary....................... ........................_H. M. Swetland Board of Managers Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Edward P. Bates Stewart A. Jellett W. S. Hadaway, Jr. Wiltsie F. Wolfe Wm. M. Mackay, Pres. H. M. Swetland. Secy. Council Chairman, Albert A. Cryer John A. Fish James Mackay Wm. McMannis B. F. Stangland 1895 President...... .......................................Stewart A. Jellett 1st Vice-President..-........................ .Wm. M. Mackay 2nd Vice-President........ ....... ....... Chas. S. Onderdonk . Srd Vice-President___ ________ ___ M. Quay Treasurer_______________ ______ Judson A. Goodrich Secretary...... .................. ...... .........................X. H. Hart Board of Managers Chairman. James A. Harding Geo. B. Cobb Ulysses G. Scollay Wm. McMannis ' B. F. Stangland . Stewart A. Jellett, Pres. L. H. Hart; Secy. . Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Henry Adams T. J. Waters Edwatd P. Bates Albert A. Cryer, Secy. . 1898 . President........................... .................... Wiltsie F. Wolfe 1st Vice-President___________________ _J. H. Kinealy 2nd Vice-President------- ------ --------------- A. E, Kenrick Srd Vice-President.____________________John A. Fish Treasurer_____________ _____ ___ Judson A. Goodrich Secretary.--........ ............................... ..Stewart A. Jellett Board of Managers Chairman, Wm. M. Mackay Thomas Barwick A. C. Mott John A. Connolly Francis A. Williams Wiltsie F. Wolfe, Pres. Stewart A. Jellett, Secy. Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Henry Adams W. S. Hadaway, Jr. Albert A. Cryer Wm. McMannis Wiltsie F. Wolfe. Pres. Stewart A. Jellett. Secy. - 1896 President............... .................................R. C. Carpenter 1st Vice-President.... ....................... ...... _D. M. Quay 2nd Vice-President............................. Edward P. Bates Srd Vice-President............ ......... ................F. W. Foster Treasurer...... ............................... ..Judson A. Goodrich Secretary..... 1................ ........................ ...........L. H. Hart Board of Managers Chairman, Wm. M. Mackay Hugh J. Barron Stewart A. Jellett W. S. Hadaway, Jr. Wiltsie F. Wolfe R. C. Carpenter, Pres. L. H. Hart, Secy. ( Council . Chairman, A. A. Cary Albert A. Cryer -B. F. Stangland Wm. McMannis J. J. Blackmore, Secy. 1899 President ...............................................Henry Adams 1st Vice-President.--................................... D. M. Quay 2nd Vice-President...... .......................... -A. E. Kenrick Srd Vice-President........................ Francis A. Williams Treasurer....................... ................. Judson A. Goodrich Secretary____________ __ _________ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Managers Chairman, Stewart A. Jellett B. H; Carpenter Wm. Kent A. A. Cary Wiltsie F. Wolfe Henry Adams, Pres. Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. Council . Chairman, R. C. Carpenter John Gormly Wm. McMannis W. S. Hadaway, Jr. B. F. Stangland Henry Adams, Pres. Wm. M. Mackay, Secy- 53 Roll of Membership 1900 President_____ _________ _D. M. Quay 1st Vice-President____________________ A. E. Kenrick 2nd Vice-President________ _____ Francis A. Williams Treasurer.Judson A. Goodrich Secretary_________ __________ ;__ ,.Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, D. M. Quay Wm. Kent, Vice-Chm. C. B. J. Snyder R. C. Carpenter D. M. Nesbit John Gormly Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1905 President____ Wm. Kent 1st Vice-President________ _________ ,,R. P. Bolton 2nd Vice-President________ __ _____ C. B. J. Snyder Treasurer_______________________ Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary-- --...................................Wm. M. Mackay ' Board of Governors ' Chairman. Wm. Kent . R, P. Bolton James Mackay ' C. B. J. Snyder B. F. Stanglahd B. H. Carpenter J. C. F. Trachsel . m A. B. Franklin . Wm. M. Mackay. Secy. 1901 President------------------------------------------ J. H. Kinealy 1st Vice-President___________________ A. E. Kenrick 2nd Vice-President _________ ______ Andrew Harvey TreasurerJudson A. Goodrich Secretary._________________ _______.Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors , Chairman, J. H. Kinealy Wm. Kent, Vice-Chm. John Gormly R. C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder R. P. Bolton ' Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1906 President_____________________________ John Gormly 1st Vice-President.:_________________ C. B. J. Snyder 2nd Vice-President.____________________ T. J. Waters Treasurer ___ _________________ Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary___________________ ____ .Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, John Gormly C. B. J.Sny&zr, Vice-Chm. A. B. Franklin T. J. Waters James Mackay R. C. Carpenter B. F. Stangland Frank K. Chew Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1902 - President'.A. E. Kenrick 1st Vice-President._________.Andrew Harvey 2nd Vice-PresidentRobert C. Clarkson Treasurer.................................. ......Judson A. Goodrich Secretary._________________ Wm. M. Mackay ' Board of Governors Chairman, A. E. Kenrick - John Gormly, Vice-Chm. J. H. Kinealy R. C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder Wm. Kent ' Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1907 PresidentC. B. J. Snyder 1st Vice-President...___ ________ __ ,,James Mackay 2nd Vice-Presidentu._________________ Wm. G. Snow Treasurer_______________________ Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary_________________________ Wm. M. Mackay . Board of Governors ' Chairman, C. B. J. Snyder - James Mackay,Vice-Chm. Edmund F. Capron Wm. G. Snow R. E. Atkinson Frank K. Chew A. B. Franklin R. C. Carpenter Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1903 PresidentH. D. Crane 1st Vice-President...........................................Wm. Kent 2nd Vice-President ______________ R. P. Bolton Treasurer .___........... ......... Judson A. Goodrich Secretary.Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, H. D. Crane C. B.J. Snyder,Vice-Chm. A. E. Kenrick R. C. Carpenter Geo. Mehring John Gormly Wm. M. Mackay Secy. 1908 PresidentJames Mackay 1st Vice-President________;_______ Jas. D. Hoffman 2nd Vice-President_________________ B. F. Stangland Treasurer________________ _____ _Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary.Wm. M. Mackay. Board of Governors Chairman, James Mackay Jas. D. Hoffman, Vice-Chm. John F. Hale B. F. Stangland August Kehm R. C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder Frank K. Chew Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1904 . PresidentAndrew Harvey 1st Vice-President______ ______ -John Gormly 2nd Vice-PresidentRobert C. Clarkson Treasurer______ _________________ Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary.Wm. M. Mackay - Board of Governors Chairman, Andrew Harvey John Gormly H. D. Crane Robert C. Clarkson A. E. Kenrick J. J. Blackmore C. B. J. Snyder R. C. Carpenter Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. . 1909 * President______........... ............. .............Wm. G. Snow. 1st Vice-President.................... ................ August Kehm 2nd Vice-PresidentB. S. Harrison Treasurer________________ _______ Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary________________ ________ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, Wm. G. Snow August Kehm, Vice-Chm. Samuel R. Lewis B. S. Harrison James Mackay John R. Allen B. F. Stangland R. C. Carpenter Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 54 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1926-27 1910 President --------- ------- ---- -___ ___Jas. D. Hoffman 1st Vice-President.............. .........................R. P. Bolton 2nd Vice-President......... .................... Samuel R- Lewis Treasurer ______________________ Ulysses G. Scollay Secretory ________________ _____ ___ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors - Chairman, Jas. D. Hoffman R. P. Bolton, Vice-Chm. Judson A. Goodrich Ssunuel R. Lewis John F. Hale Geo. W. Barr James Mackay R. C. Carpenter Wm. M. Mackay,- Secy. 1911 President_______________ .____ - 1st Vice-President___________ 2nd Vice-President Treasurer___________________ Secretary____________________ ____ R. P. Bolton ____ John R; Allen ...... .A. B. Franklin Ulysses G. Scollay __Wm. W. Macon - Board of Governors Chairman, R. P. Bolton John R. Allen, Vice-Chm. James H. Davis A. B. Franklin Jas. D. Hoffman John T. Bradley / August Kehm R. C. Carpenter / Wm. W. Macon, Secy. 1915 PresidentDwight D. Kimball 1st Vice-PresidentHarry M. Hart 2nd Vice-Presidents._____ _____ Frank T. Chapman Treasurer.______ ___,,____,,_______ ...Homer'Addams Secretary---------- :----------...,,J. J. Blackmore . Council Chairman, Dwight D. Kimball Harry M. Hart,Vice-Chm. Samuel R. Lewis Frank T. Chapman Frank G. McCann Homer Addams J. T. J. Mellon Frank I. Cooper Henry C. Meyer, Jr. E. Vernon Hill Arthur K. Ohmes Wm. M. Kingsbury J. J. Blackmore, Secy. 1916 ' President __________________________ Harry M. Hart 1st Vice-PresidentFrank T. Chapman 2nd'Vice-PresidentArthur K. Ohmes Treasurer__________________ ________Homer Addams Secretary___ ________________ _____ _Casin W. Obert Council Chairman, Harry M. Hart 1912 President^'._____ _________________ ...... John R- Allen 1st Vice-President....___-.1_____________ John F. Hale 2nd Vice-President____________ Edmund F. Capron F.T. Chapman, Vice-Chm. E. Vernon Hill Arthur K. Ohmes Dwight D. Kimball ' Homer Addams Henry C. Meyer, Jr. Charles R. Bishop Fred R. Still \ Treasurer__________________ James A. DonnellFyrank I. Cooper Walter S. Timmis Secretary__________________ ,,._.Wm. W. MaconMilton W. Franklin Casin W. Obert, Secy. Board of Governors . . Chairman, John R. Allen John F. Hale. Vice-Chm. Dwight D. Kimball Edmund F. Capron . Samuel R. Lewis R. P. Bolton Wm. M. Mackay Jas. D. Hoffman Wm. W. Macon, Secy. 1917 President__________________ J. Irvine Lyle 1st Vice-President!Arthur K. Ohmes 2nd Vice-President.______ ___ ___ ___ ...Fred R. Still Treasurer.______________________ ____Homer Addams Secretary____ ____.......Casin W. Obert President___________ 1st Vice-President__ 2nd Vice-President Treasurer________ __ Secretary_______ ____ _______ John F. Hale ______ A. B. Franklin ..Edmund F. Capron ...James A. Donnelly _____ Edwin A. Scott Board of Governors Chairman, John F. Hale . A. B. Franklin,Ficc-CAm. James A. Donnelly John R. Allen Dwight D. Kimball Edmund F. Capron Wm. W. Macon R. P. Bolton James M. Stannard . Frank T. Chapman Theodore Weinshank Ralph Collamore Edwin A. Scott, Secy. 1914 . President__________ :-- ________ ___ Samuel R. Lewis 1st Vice-President___ . _________ Edmund F. Capron 2nd Vice-President___ ______ ___ .Dwight D. Kimball Treasurer____________ ............. ..... James A. Donnelly . Secretary___ _______ .......................... J. J. Blackmore Council Chairman, Samuel R. Lewis E. F. Capron, Vice-Chm. John F. Hale Dwight D. Kimball Harry M. Hart John R. Allen Frank G. McCann Frank T. Chapman .. Wm. W. Macon Frank I. Cooper James M. Stannard . James A. Donnelly. J. J. Blackmore, Secy. Council Chairman, `J. Irvine Lyle A. K. Ohmes, Vice-Chm. Charles A. Fuller Fred R. Still Harry M. Hart Homer Addams E. Vernon Hill Davis S. Boyden James M. Stannard Bert C. Davis ` Walter S. Timmis Milton W. Franklin Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1918 President________________ !Fred R. Still ^ 1st Vice-PresidentWalter S. Timmis 2nd Vice-President_____________ _____ E. Vernon Hill Treasurer___ ______ ____________ ____Homer Addams - ` Secretary___________________________ Casin W. Obert Council Chairman, Fred R. Still W. S. Timmis. Vice-Chm. J. Irvine Lyle Homer Addams. E. Vernon Hill William H. Driscoll Frank G. Phegley Howard H. Fielding Fred. W. Powers H. P. Gant Champlain L. Riley C. W. Kimball Casin W. Obert, Secy. 55 Roll of Membership 1919 President___ :Walter S. Timmis 1st Vice-President.1................................. E. Vernon Hill Snd Vice-President-iMilton W. Franklin Treasurer..;...............................................Homer Addams Secretary.................... J_______________ Casin W. Obert 1923 President:___________ ..H. P. Gant 1st Vice-President......... ........................Homer Addams Snd Vice-Presidents............... ,,.*._____ E. E. McNair Treasurer__________________________ Wm. H. Driscoll Secretary__________ ..................................... C. W. Obert Council - Chairman, Walter S. Timmis E. Vernon Hill, Vice-Chm. Frank G. Phegley Homer Addams Fred. W. Powers Howard H. Fielding Robt. W. Pryor, Jr. Milton W. Franklin Champlain L. Riley Harry E. Gerrish Fred R. Still George B. Nichols Casin .W. Obert, Secy. Council Chairman, H. P. Gant Homer Addams, Vice-Chm. E. S. HaHett W. H. Carrier Alfred Kellogg J. A. Cutler Thornton Lems S. E. Dibble J. R. McNair Wm, H. Driscoll Perry-West Casin W. Obert, Secy. i ' 1920 PresidentE. Vernon Hill 1st Vice-President-............. ......... Champlain L. Riley Snd Vice-President,_____________ ____Jay R. McColl Treasurer__________________________ Homer Addams Secretary..... .......... .................................. Casin W. Obert 1924 Presidents____Homer Addams 1st Vice-President.... .............................. --S. E. Dibble Snd Vice-President........... .............William H. Driscoll Treasurer..................................................... -..Perry West Secretary__.............................................. F. C. Houghten Council Chairman, E, Vernon Hill C. L. Riley, Vice-Chm. Jay R. McColl Homer Addams George B. Nichols Jos. A. Cutler Robt. W. Pryor, Jr. -Wm. H. Driscoll W. S. Timmis A. C. Edgar ' Perry West Alfred Kellogg Casin W. Obert, Secy. Council Chairman, Homer Addams S. E. Dibble. Vice-Chm. W. E. Gillham F. Paul Anderson L. A. Harding, W. H. Carrier Alfred Kellogg J. A. Cutler Thornton Lewis William H. Driscoll Perry West H. P. Gant F. C. Houghten, Secy. 1921 _______________ jay R* McColl H P. Gant Secretary_________ _ .. 1925 5v F.. Dihhle .......Wm. H. Driscoll Secretary....................................... Council - Chairman, Champlain L. Riley Jay R. McColl,Vice-Chm. E. S. Hallett Homer Addams E. Vernon Hill Jos. A. Cutler Alfred Kellogg Samuel E. Dibble E. E. McNair Wm. H. Driscoll Perry West H. P. Gant Casin W. Obert, Secy. Council ' Chairman, S. E. Dibble Wm. H. Driscoll, Vice-Chm. W. T. Jones Homer Addams % Thornton Lewis F. Paul Anderson :J.H. Walker W. H. Carrier Perry West J. A. Cutler A. C. Willard W. E. Gillham F. C. HougHten, Secy. 1922 President____________________________ Jay R. McColl 1st Vice-President...... .................... .............. H. P. Gant Snd Vice-President1...........................Samuel E. Dibble Treasurer................................................. Homer Addams Secretary........................................... ...... Casin W. Obert 1926 President................................ ........ ...........W. H. Driscoll 1st Vice-President.............................. F. Paul Anderson Snd Vice-President ...............................A. C. Willard Treasurer...... ....... :....................................W. E. Gillham Secretary...........I...................................A. V.' Hutchinson Council Chairman, Jay R. McColl H. P. Gant, Vice-Chm. L. A. Harding Homer Addams E. E. .M....c..N...a.. ir Jos. A. Cutler H. J. Meyer Samuel E. Dibble C. L. Riley Wm. H. Driscoll Perry West E. S. Hallett Casin W. Obert, Secy. Council Chairman, W. H. Driscoll F. Paul Anderson, Vice-Chm. C. V. Haynes* , W. H. Carrier ' W. T. Jones ' J. A. Cutler . E. B. Langenberg S. E. Dibble Thornton Lewis W. E. Gillham J. F. Mclntire A. C. Willard 56 J - i j f S. ' ' i !