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FILE NAME State of the Art Literature SAL DATE 1940 DOC SAL031 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Excerpt from Encyclopedia Britannica - Industrial Welfare and Medicine )ENCYCLOP^ DIA -|a BRITANNICA . - ; re em ase : A New Survey of Universal Knowledge jig aes | : FOURTEENTH EDITION sea ; atx a yx Volume 12 use,aw HYDROZOA to JEREMY EPISTLE OF ma peve eo 7 bet . SG PMG en _ 3 London THE ENCYCLOP^ DIABRITANNICA COMPANY LTD Chicago ENCYCLOP^ DIABRITANNICA INC Toronto ENCYCLOP^ DIABRITANNICA OF CANADA LTD a ose cee arty SaSR oi any) at egg tl Eta RtRe . 4 : WSs itn Lreatt r) ; aoe Alan eg Ne FelaLAS ere OY, oe e: Ae >, ce ws; rT!PY weeSoe hadfo . 4 * oaree Sty Fw7 abso: 34 a(Aar ay San oetee NEir, 5 beak fg Suanwe4 a fr a Tere Ae: h: soyry,es%*a .G . twa ns yk t - on nr COPYRIGHT + - IN ALL COUNTRIES SUBSCRIBING TO THE BERNE CONVENTION BY THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY LTD COPYRIGHT IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . , 1929 1929 1939 1939 1913932 2 19316936 1937 1939 19319838 1939 1949 BY ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA INC . RC a) 7 4 hatl vipat . OFFICE OFFICE ae sree Cityolepidia BritannicBraitanniBca ritanniOcTaFS Aaa Les BAA ak AA ee Cityolepidia Cityolepidia Cityolepidia Cityolepidia INDUSTRIAL Britannica Vol 12-15 12-15 12-15 40 . - INDUSTRIAL WELFWELFAREARE AND MEMED DICINE ICINE . 307 ent an Industrial Transference Board for the | the transfer of workers and in particular portunities of employment in their own House re no longer available purpose of of miners district or ers and colliery owners are represented fifths of the contri- butions coming from each field must be spent within that field the remaining fifth of the fund is devoted to welfare House of Commons Official Report Dec. matters of mutual interest to the whole industry such as the pro- 7 1927. J. H. a ! INDUSTRIAL WELFARE AND MEDICINE term motion of research into safety and health and the provision of higher education for miners and their families Expenditure from in Great Britain to embrace not only the activities of indus- j medical the fund is now year by year keeping pace with contributions | services but the control of environment and working | tions the study of the effects of poisons and other occupa- The Act of 1920 was due to expire in 1925 but the success achieved by the activities thus instigated led prolongation 1 health hazards and the investigation of the mortality and of the life of the levy to the fund for further to ;| a years idity experience of occupational groups In the United States The total credits of the fund Dec. period of five | ork is called industrial hygiene The subject is treated here 7,883,105 on 31 1923 amounted to o sections A. Great Britain and B. The United States of pithead baths has been by part III The provision insured GREAT BRITAIN of the MiMniinnigng Industry IndustryAcAt ct 19219626 whwhiicch h plpalacceed d a lleveyvy onon . | The dustrial Welfare movement which was only embry- royalties the royalties welfare levy The sum so raised is made over to the central Welfare committee to be devoted to the pro- | before the World War received great impetus in Great vision of pithead baths in from the recommendations of the Health of Munition The central ers Committee The work includes needs within and outside committee consults with district committees con- | ictory Within the factory it covers the selection of workers cerning the amount and purposes of grants in each district The activities of the fund with the one exception of allocations for j ngagement supervision of general behaviour of progress pithead baths deal with needs outside | apprenticeship of transfer and disposal of workers of progress in factory welfare made working hours while al cleanliness ventilation and temperature of canteens | ing with regard to needs under statutory orders is extend- nbulances rooms and first of rooms sani- within working hours The contrast is sharp conveniences and of overalls Outside the factory it covers In the case of factories ng | accommodation transit facilities sick visiting recreation ducation The keeping and studying of personal records of voluntary effort is forwarding outside welfare schemes but in the mines mines no similar efforts are taking place with | ags sickness and accidents is required Welfare committees regard to such needed inside welfare as the provision of | osed of workers are found invaluable to the drinking water improved lighting or pithead kitchens The re superintendents activities of procedure followed in these two lines of advance is also obtained | e Home Office obtained powers under the Police Factories in contrast Factory welfare proceeds through statutory orders compliance with which can be | Act 1916 enabling the Secretary of State by order to consists of enforced while mining welfare poccupiers of factories to make reasonable activities originated and pursued by the mining com- angements | for provisions re- munity but financed through a statutory levy G | G preparing or heating and taking meals angements drinking water the supply of protective clothing Industrial Fatigue maintenance of health especially that of women and young persons has always been a driving force | and first arrangements the supply and use of in workrooms facilities for in the code of legislation controlling factories and mines but its | ng arrangements for washing accommodation for close study is practically a new science known technically as the supervision of workers Under these | is more than 14 orders had been made by the beginning of study of industrial fatigue In Great Britain the study is pursued on general principles by the Industrial Fatigue Research board concerned with the special needs of different industries At || une time a series of valuable pamphlets have been issued to an integral part of the Medical Research council This board came into existence in 1918 owing to appreciation of rth how the requirements of the orders can be complied with | for intensive investigation to which attention a national need | on these lines continues but already some matters have | de of general application thus drinking water must now be the War by the activities of the Health of wMausnidtiiroecnteWdordukreirnsg Committee Problems of | led in all factories while the provision of first has be- interest to particular establishments are tackled by the National Institute of Industrial Psychology Psychology see generally compulsory under the Workmen's Compensation | 923 INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY Much practical knowledge as to human der activities which may be called activity embodied in some so reports issued by the board and | voluntary welfare a de housing efforts recreation grounds institutes educational in the Journal of the Institute has been placed on scientific basis Certain points may be succinctly stated work is ses nurses and sick visiting canteens and dental clinics at | ries all provide examples of extension of factory welfare health and health is needed for efficient necessary to is better than work even steady work j ut legal compulsion spasmodic efforts an optimum temperature which | 18 the Metalliferous Mines Regulation Act called for ac- should vary about a mean exists for each process and is associated with best output least sickness and fewest | todation for persons employed in metalliferous mines to dry lation is to be read in the accidents venti- mienny and change their clothes In 1910 the Mines Acci- | rather than in change of stimulating air effect of air movement Rescue and Aid Act gave power to make orders relating work particularly if rest periods during long spells of is }| 21 The supply and maintenance of appliances for use in res- lessen posture changed may increase output and | york and the formation and training of rescue brigades b sapply and maintenance of ambulance appliances and the monotony monotony in repetitive work in temperature in ventilation in long spells of activity without in food pauses and even | ng of men in ambulance work supply is disadvantageous good factory canteens im- Coal Mines Act of improve health and output change of personnel ie labour turn- | e providing for 1911 contained too an important over reduces production and increases lost time due | accommodation and facilities for taking and accident suitable overalls time to sickness | and drying clothes where the majority of workmen employed create pride in work and in vocational training adds joy to person esire such Unfortunately this clause was a dead letter gagement increases work vocational vocational selection on en- me dozen collieries But under the Mining In- welfare work for miners received output and reduces labour turnover certain workers exhibit a predisposition to sustain sustain accidents and should | . po a great impetus be employed where accident is t ovideas fund derived from a levy of 1d a ton on the to sustain accidents is at a minimum the tendency | of each mine every year to be applied for purposes con- d with social being recreation and conditions of associated with a tendency tendency to fall sick Industrial Medicine deals with the prevention of sick- | orkers and with mining education and research living ness and the restoration to health of the disabled Modern research has enabled important e fund amounts to about 1,000,000 year its allocation is tablished the protective measures to be adopted and es- | ted by an independent central tremendous importance of personal as contrasted committee on which both min- | with mechanical factors they account for 30 of industrial acci- ERTIES ho on aN ib 4 i; ae, iS My | he Rar Rou ' : aS ee wet Ree pital Li ae - he oe pct 5 tess: wer BROS tee 3 ar | ay tS i bie Sap a coe i ie tr Peed Coe nade Ses eas : ae 4 MRE eat < ot, h oF wate . ma ve a iLoA e mabe . " eNaE] ann: . ( ee t C \ 308 INDUSTRIAL . _., WELFARE MEDICINE dents Further just as in the case of sickness the screts 1 and those who are not quite well are disposed to newly employed Action sitould therefore aim at interesting worskuesrtasininacaccicdiednentts prevention through the safety movement see SAFETY FIRST at reducing labour turnover at maintaining health and at elimi- shaf nating the susceptible Under the heading of accidents are here in- cluded sudden gassings e.g. from carbon monoxide nitrous fumes and arseniuretted hydrogen as well as caisson disease certai Information as to the occurrence of certain occupational dis- sensitis eases e.g. anthrax toxic jaundice chrome and epitheliomatous ulcerations and poisoning from lead mercury and arsenic is ob- products tained from notification sent by practitioners to the chief inspec- tor of factories Compensation claims for diseases named in the schedule to the they Workmen's Compensation Act 1906 give information bee the occurrence of other diseases of which certain troubcloenscewrhniicnhg particularly concern miners are the most important i.e. nystagmus and miners beat knee beat hand and beat elbow Here recent investigation into causation is ahead of prevention thus the distressing trouble nystagmus is associated with work case for long periods in imperfectly lighted galleries of mines Owing however to the danger of explosions from gases the at problem of improving the lighting underground is not a simple one see Coal AND COAL MINING In contrast stands another compensatible eye trouble cataract administere which occurs among glass blowers and furnacemen exposed to glowing heat Here means for prevention are known they consist in wearing spectacles the glass of which has been specially devised for cutting off heat rays but difficulty arises in getting the workers to use them sweeps have long been noted for their bigh death from cancer which originates from exposure to soot a distillation prod uct of coal Quite recently an equally high mortality from scrotal cancer has been revealed among spinners in the cotton tra due to contact with lubricating oils possibly obtained from Cancer of the lips and buccal cavity is nearly confined to mues who by smoking expose these parts to the distillation products of tobacco The evidence here summarized suggests that products obtained by distilling vegetable substances can the skin to cancer ot i Evidence from the dye industry suggests that the i question may possibly be benzene compounds Workers in th industry exposed to certain benzene compounds partit larly benzidine and naphthylamine compounds which when gain access to the body are excreted by the kidneys have found to develop malignant tumours of the bladder : Treatment during the early stages of illness and injuries s tained in occupation is not peculiar to industrial medicine ev though recent advances in orthopaedic surgery have been d great benefit to those manually employed But in a few treatment is special to the disease e.g. the onset of caisson at ease can be met by immediately resubmitting the victim to high pressure atmosphere from which he has just too rapid emerged or again persons overcome by carbon monoxide administere can be best brought round by the new method of a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide through artificial respir tion while burns caused by acids or alkalis which must be specially neutralized before ordinary treatment is applied = be added to the list : Further knowledge is drawn from occupational mortality rec ords They reveal any undue prevalence among a group or of workers of some particular cause of death phthisis is thegrmoouspts notable example see TUBERCULOSIS Recent statistical investi- gation has shown that when this cause of death a is the only one in excess its undue prevalence is due to the spread of infection among persons whose daily work brings them close e.g. in tailoring printing and making boots and shoetsogb etheirs associated with excessive death from other lung diseases and occurs later in life than usual as happens among sandstone ma- sons miners miners grinders of metal some pottery workers and others its excessive prevalence is due to inhaling fine dust of silica which sets up a condition in the lungs known as silicosis a condition which takes some years to develop and pre- disposes its victims to tuberculous infection and c is associated with excessive death from all other causes of death and occurs rather earlier in life than usual as happens among publi- cans and servants its undue prevalence is caused by excessive indulgence in alcohol excessive Knowledge of causation in each case points the way to preven- tion a Commodious well ventilated and lighted premises as- sociated with medical examination to eliminate the tuberculous will rid tailoring printing and making from the of phthisis b Reduction to a minimum of risk from scourge dust must abolish silicosis the problem now belonbgrseattohithneg stielcihc-a nical engineer and is being solved in certain industries The financial burden of compensation is promoting active attention to dust prevention and control c Limitation of alcohol tion such as has been taking place in this consumpin and could be extended has already reactedconuonttroynly ruepcoenntthyeeaorcs- currence of phthisis in industry but also of ill health from other causes including accidents Another disease to which mortality records have directed attention is occupational cancer see CANCER Workers who handle pitch a distillation product of gas and others who mix pitch with dust in the manufacture of briquettes suffer from warts which appear on the exposed parts of the skin and also on the The convalescent stage on the contrary may be profoundly & pedited by occupation particularly where recovery is slow an tedious The industrial convalescent tends either to return t work too soon before he is ready for full employment when t may quickly break down again or by saving himself develop bad habits or to particularly if he is receiving compensation until he has lost skill developed some permanent stiffness or be- come neurasthenic He needs at an early stage amusement te divert his thoughts next occupational therapy in which worki worki performed for wages during limited hours in order to occup his mind and assist in restoring lost or weakened function ei a hand stiff after a wound or lastly vocational training for ne work when he cannot return to his previous occupation : At each stage industry can play its part but with regard fi occupational therapy and training it is the only available agency After in workshops and special settlements for those which charged from tuberculosis sanatoria is pointing the way which b equally valuable for orthopaedic mental and other cases Occ pational therapy and vocational training are rapidly coming a the front both in Great Britain and America * BIBLIOGRAPHY Workers -Reports of Health of Munit E Committee 1915-18 Cd 9065 1918 Annual Reports Chief Inspector of Fuctories A. M. Anderson Welfare in Factories and Workshops Jour Indus Hyg vol 1 1920 A Reports of Miners Wellare Fund Industrial Welfare Welfare Jour 2 Inde trial Fatigue Coldmark Fatigue and Efficiency 1912 Industr Efficiency and Fatigue Health of Munition Workers Committer Industr terim Report Cd 8511 1917 E. L. Collis and M. Greenwood [i Health of the Industrial Worker 1921 H. M. Vernon Industr Fatigue and Efficiency 1911 P. S. Florence Economics of Futur and Unrest 1924 Reports of Industrial Fatigue Research Bourk Medicine Jour Nat Inst Indust Psychology 3 Industrial - I Arlidge Diseases and Mortality of Occupations 1892 T. C Diseases of Occupation 1908 E. L. Collis Industrial Pneumome consoses 1919 H. E. Mock Industrial Medicine and Surgery 1919 E. W. Hope W. Hanna and C. O. Stallybrass Industrial Hygiene Medicine 1923 G. M. Kober and E. R. Hayhurst Industrial Hea 1934 E. L. Collis Phthisis and Industrialism 1925 E. L. Kenne way Anatomical Distribution of Occupational Cancers /ee C Indust Hyg vol 7 1925 E. L. scrotum These warts show a special tendency to become epitheli- THE UNITED STATES + 1 omatous with the formation of pitch cancer Shale workers coming in contact with crude paraffin a product obtained by distillation similarly suffer from warts and paraffin cancer but workers manipulating refined paraffin do not suffer Chimney Though the specific occupational diseases are numerous a efi sud tively small part of the sickness of working persons is due ailments Apart from such disabilities as those due to to fou posture and inadequate or defective illumination most of fou INDUSTRIAL WELFARE MEDICINE 4 . AND 309 309 sable.ul effects of work and working environment obviously zs be exerted upon the body or through entrance to the hundred The most important are lead and its derivatives the important way of the skin nose or mouth body volatile solvents of which benzol is one of the most important Lust Fumes and Gases little doubt the and carbon monoxide There are others scarcely less jt single occupational health hazard is most impor- such as mercury arsenic and hydrogen sulphide q touc or irritant dusts fumes and atmospheric pollution Skin Affections form a very large and important group of gases Most of the industrial xions are air borne and through inhalation reach the lungs while occupational diseases involving a multitude of industries and processes A list of skin irritants would be almost xions ones are in part swallowed and thus exert their effects the as long as that of 4 ugh the intestinal tract Most dusts are made industrial poisons Prominent however among the industrial of s up of of a wide range of sizes from fragments readily discernible dermatoses are the superficial cancers produced by coal tar soot "S@ TRADES unaided eye to microscopic particles measured in and a number of petroleum products see DANGEROUS the S441 micron Probably half of the dust inhaled is fractions chrome sores a great variety of burns by powerful acids and exhaled a 4 portion of the remainder is caught by the moist alkalies the dermatitis of candy workers and chocolate dippers Aa anes of the upper respiratory tract the mucous and that of masons and plasterers and the folliculitis or infection of = Tre is trapped on the walls of the nose throat the hair follicles of the arms common among machinists The BY larger tubes leading to the and much of this is driven back causes of the many industrial skin diseases are so diverse the T. _nated with mucose secretion toward the throat and is conditions differ so greatly and so many simulate dermatoses of Only the very small dust ate trades those approximately 5 microns 1 m 23.svg in or industrial origin that most cases call for the investigation and care of a dermatologist A form of bladder cancer occurs PAVERS coasS in diameter can penetrate far into the lungs Dusts made up | workers in the aniline dyes This type of cancer is among difficult erreat the particles may not be readily visible They can be present cure and methods of very to damp atmosphere prevention have not yet been perfected ee esa a Ventilation Not all dust is notably harmful nor all harmful dusts equally poisons of increased apart from risks of atmospheric gerous Certain dusts such as lead and or diminished atmospheric pressure and of manganese are inju- tint gerous because they are definitely poisonous Others extremes of temperature and humidity good working conditions disease vy cause a entail proper ventilation The criteria of good ventilation are The lungs known as pneumoconiosis Generally speaking in- rere) le ic dusts as those of metals or minerals do more damage that air should be ( pure rather than polluted by dust or other foreign matter 2 cool rather than warm 3 moist rather than Node animal organic dusts as vegetable or matter Not inire dry and 4 moving rather than still ' character inorganic dust ely dusts are of mixed being min- A temperature of ed with organic or are mixed inorganic musts one of which approximately 68 F is sutficiently high for may Exective harmful and the others relatively harmless or even slightly Recent research suggests that a mixture of % alumi- persons engaged in sedentary or very light work and too high for those engaged in more active exertion At 68 F the relative Exective dust in a silica dust atmosphere inhibits action of humidity for sedentary work should be about 45 the on the lung There are two known the Light great part of the work men and women perform action * dioxide and asbestos Other harmfduustls silica under modern conditions must be done in buildings dependent inorganic dusts are rela- for light upon sources other than the sun The "y harmless Silica is a major constituent of sand quartz and aspects of indus- trial lighting which warrant particular consideration 100=e. It produces a form of pneumoconiosis known as are its char- accom- by a growth of fibrous tissue in the acter, its adequacy and the location of the source in relation to the ancterized lungs accom- ed by gradual loss of normal lung function usupulmonary auslualllyy eyes of the worker Apart from the question of general or focal illumination of work a discussion of light involves consideration ately pulmonary is associated with the development of tu- of the hazard of such light rays as the violet See MINERS PHTHISIS Asbestosis is a rays and of the osis generalized osis +E! Sbrosis of the lungs which causes and kindred rays known as Roentgen rays or rays and those ema- ather than silicosis symptoms disability nating from radium violet rays given off in arc welding in Poisons cause perhaps the most clearly defined of arc flashes on electric switchboards and from various other group al diseases The rapid progress of industrial occu- has sources may produce a very distressing dermatitis or ophthalmia r9 o chemistry the latter a congestive reaction of the conjunctivae or lining mem + to the introductiaorne of many substances known to be toxic branes about the eye Workers with rays and radium or with quently new processes constantly being developed bringing not te; new hazards the certain other active substances may develop a severe derma- quently in exposure of workmen to poison- titis or even cancer of the skin Lead substances in Y is used in paints in floor coverings in Industrial Medical Service mutual interest of 2 Lead most paints in coverings in many sorts ployer and employed in the maintenance of the health em- solder installa- brass 2% : ass commonly in and in in plumbing has led to the establishment in the United States of of workers s |cr in the storage batteries which furnish power or light for haps thousands of industrial and mercantile hundreds per- #96 or cars railroads and aeroplanes in the rubber of tires and ing greatly in in health services vary 4% uch of that used for other purposes in modern high com- purpose of professional degree of elaboration and in standards in $Y 500 gasoline the type and plates from which books and toward the service but all contributing in some measure 28 papers are printed and in scores of other articles of furthering of the physical well being of the working common pd Inevitably the men and women who produce use or market a. may cy of the articles containing lead be affected by this very men and women who utilize them Many of the industrial medical activities found their origin in an effort to meet the need for furnishing the and @ At BEC substance Reports of deaths attributed to lead have de- prompt adequate medical care demanded of ot: relatively in but such do employers by the operation of workmen's compensation acts ts acrteucaelntinyfelauernsce reports the Lay redect of lead not accu- which most of the several State legislatures passed between and 1913 poisoning There ne maenvtidence that lead reaching the lungs is more is readily 1920. Many of the industrial clinics dispensaries or plant hospitals continue Li than that ingested Some individuals are extraordinarily to limit their activities largely to emergency There is poble to poisoning and when exposed for even a few surgery however rapidly spreading a realization of the fact that sickness days siderable quantities of lead may be seriously affected This is more important as a cause of incapacity than are working | * schal personal idiosyncrasy appears in groups of workers ex- from work accidents that from 10 to 15 days are lost an to any industrial Acute is on account of illness for one lost from injunes and poison f hed poisoning very rare js of the cases of chronic type recognized have been that economic interest if not humanity cails for intelligent exposed me ad over a period of months or years Death may be due di- consideration of the ill health of workers and of means for its prevention or remedy ot Y to severe poisoning but in most cases is in part attributable The most simple effort to se. causes with zxr lead as a disease workers lies in the meet the medical needs of industrial of secondary factor The ad- ER of prevention and control It is quite impracticable to list Eo rd the recognized industrial poisons which number several industrial elemental provision of the first kits found in most establishments throughout the country From this installation plant medical services range far in com- 4 me e merae ee (pe oe ares ne a ee me en Sme ane ay, me e we rte me wae ee ey, Perva ER 310 310 = INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD physician works under the direction the of full working working day who under direction of a time or time physician Few time physicians are engaged in plants employing less than a thousand but many such plants employ time physi- cians In larger establishments a reasonable ratio for adequate health protection is one physician to every 2.000 employees and one nurse to every 1,000 Where plant medical departments serve a large organization the variety of activities may include certain or all of the following Physical examination of labour applicants and the subsequent periodic examination of employees examination of individuals transferred from one department to another emergency treatment of minor injuries and illnesses diagnostic aid in involved and obscure clinical conditions with guidance in the seeking of further medical counsel and care and a trained and competent visiting nurse service In addition there may be an eye clinic for the treatment of eye injuries and diseases as well as for refraction dental clinics for the examination of the teeth of labour appli- cants and for the supervision of the dental hygiene of employees psychiatric clinics for the study and guidance of cases of mental abnormality and therapy units with facilities for the care of such cases as old fractures burns bruises sprains and arthritis by baking massage or diathermy A few establishments maintain sanatorium facilities for tuber- culous employces either through a private institution or through the support of beds or cottages in public sanatoria A few railroads or isolated groups operate excellent private hospitals More frequently industrial organizations maintain in local hos- pitals beds or wards for the care of injured employees In most instances these various services are conducted at the cost of man- agement in others the cost is shared by employees perhaps through a mutual benefit association The problem of adequate medical service is largely confined to small manufacturing establishments Nearly 62 of the industrial wage earners are em- ployed in such plants The prime purpose of these varied industrial medical activities is not to replace or supplant the personal physicians of employees but rather to meet emergency needs without loss of working time production and wages to stimulate an intelligent interest in the maintenance of health and to offer guidance in the efforts of sick or defective individuals seeking competent medical care at prices they can afford to pay Through the study of the clinical records of the all too small portion of plant medical departments which keep trustworthy and accurate records there is coming to light knowledge of the nature and extent of sickness among the great portion of the population engaged in industries Such important organizations as the National Association of Manufacturers and the National Industrial Conference Board are interesting themselves in the establishment the cost and the accomplishments of industrial medical services throughout the country The Governmental Control of industrial and mercantile work ing conditions is not uniform throughout the States In most of the larger industrial States departments of labour or industrial commissions maintain inspection forces and issue regulations for the sup pression of unhealthful conditions and the encouragement of safe practices in operation Subsidiary or separate boards administer the workmen's compensation acts Forty States have some form of workmen's compensation act and 22 States provide compensation for one or more occupational diseases There are 23 States and four municipal departments of health that provide industrial services giving advice and making examinations of occupational hazards where they may exist The U. S. Public Health Service through its office of in- dustrial hygiene has for years made many notable contributions to the subject BIBLIOGRAPHY of Industrial Hygiene 1919 seq The Journal of Industrial Medicine 1932 seq J. C. Aub and others Lead Poisoning Medicine Monographs vol 7 1926 Y. Henderson and H. W. Haggard Noxious Gases 1927 R. P. White The Der- matergoses 1934 A. Hamilton Industrial Toxicology 1934 W. I. Clark and P. Drinker Industrial Medicine 1935 Symposmum The environment and its efect upon man published by Harvard School of Public Health 1937 Medical Research Council No. So Toxicity of Industrial Solvents 1938 C. K. Drinker Carbon Monoxide Asphyxia 1938 A. J. Lanza and others Silirosis and Asbestosis 1938 - W. WR W. C. INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD THE commonly known as the I.W.W. a revolutionary labour uni organization which played in the early 20th century a consider ble part in American and world labour history It was founded in July 1905 at Chicago Ill as a result of a conference of Social- ists and trade union leaders of whom the most outstanding were E. V. Debs g.v. William D. Haywood Daniel DeLeon W. E Trautmann Vincent St. John and the Rev. T. J. Hagerty whe provided the first organizational plan of the union known by Samuel Gompers derisive nickname of Father Hagerty's whe of fortune All workers of every trade were to be accepted by the union which was and is subdivided into industrial section- 29 in number in 1928 craft unions not being allowed The basis of the organization was explained in its known preambie The working class and the employing class have nothing i go common Between these two classes a struggle must of until the workers of the world organize as a class take possession of the earth and the machinery of production and abolish the wage system This phrasing was adopted in 1908 a previous reference to political action being deleted as a result of previous struggle in which the syndicalist element thrust out the follower of DeLeon The organization was bitterly opposed to the Amer can Federation of Labor q.v. on the ground of its alleged supite ness in defending its members its toleration of union cra quarrels and the revolutionary attitude of its president Samuel Gompers q.v. , Its chief strength originally lay in the Western Federation I.W.W Miners which withdrew 1907 on the unseating by the I.W.W of President Sherman its nominee Since that time its strengt has varied very greatly the figures of paid membership = 1906 were 60,000 and in 1919 35.000 but these figures give reliable indication of its strength Since the defection of thi miners the I.W.W. membership has become more and more pre dominant among the nomadic workers partly foreign born suct as lumber shoremen and hoboes for whom American Federation of Labor made no provision This class worker rarely pays dues except on the occasion of first taking of an I.W.W. ticket Of the innumerable strikes directed by th L.W.W. the Lawrence Mass strike of 1912 was the most famos and first brought the organization into prominence Some 30.00 textile operatives were involved and for the first time la bodies of speaking workers were led together w ultimate victory their spirits being kept up partly by the D of the I.W.W. red book songs of a coarse but vigorous cha acter which have since travelled across the world In additiss many free speech fights were undertaken e.g. in 1909 at M soula Mont Spokane Wash Newcastle Pa and later m important struggles at Paterson N.J. Aberdeen S.D. Old For Pa San Pedro Calif etc. These were mostly cases in which For municipalities objected to I.W.W. propaganda and arrested th wobbly the slang name for L.W.W. speakers the IWW replying by providing a continuous stream of speakers until IWW jails burst Over 5.000 wobblies have been in prison Els where especially in the western States the history of the IW has been violent and sanguinary The facts which led for examp to the shooting of the organizer and poet Joe Hill in Utah & greatly disputed the murder of organizer Frank Little in Bur Mont has been dealt with in a Federal enquiry See the Sy St Annual Report of the Secretary of Labor In some of the attempts were made to drive the I.W.W. out of existence After the World War the general attack on red organi tions together with a quarrel with the Communist Internatio q.m. gravely weakened the I.W.W. A large number of St have passed criminal syndicalism laws mostly held consu tional on appeal to the Supreme Court with the object of s pressing the I.W.W. I.W.W. altogether A mass trial of over prominent I.W.W. members at Chicago in Aug. 1913 resulted + a number of heavy sentences The less important position o I.W.W. after the war may have been due to the inimigration las which cut off the influx of unskilled labor its most fruitiul sout of recruits But whatever the cause its influence dwindled dwindled by 1930 it had ceased to be of social consequence