Document GzGeX6qkxne4eY3LKnYxME60x

PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT f E-53 t INSULATION DIRECTORY / MAY/JUNE 1966 ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOLS CONSTANTS EQUIVALENTS CONVERSION w _ TABLES I GLOSSARY FORMULAS ASSOCIATIONS CONCEPTS APPLICATIONS MATERIALS WIRE & CABLE CIRCUITS'- PARTS COMPONENTS TEST INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT . MANUFACTURERS DISTRIBUTORS TRADE NAMES STANDARDS & SPECIFICATIONS . ' * . . . . NUMBER 6 SC-ELEC-04199 ^ 3_f*O0tC7 INFOkUATION 'ection 3-4: Treated and Untreated Papers and Boards fei' Developments -"ftomex" papei and board in coatforms offers a number of insula- ^tion possibilities. One type is a paper sjwjth a high temperature, heat-sealr'-jjie polvimide coating. The coating i-y in a "B-staged" (partially cured) ^condition and can be heat-sealed or ^formed into parts by the application ~of mild heat and pressure. Fabricated -^&rts should be cured in an oven to 'develop maximum properties. Uses |: include turn, layer, and tube or bar rier insulation in high temperature, dry type transformers where self bonding sheet insulation is desirable; slot, phase, and wedge insulation in rotating equipment requiring bond ing or stiffening of parts after form ing; tapes and coil wrappers which heat seal, thus eliminating a varnish application; bobbins and tubes which require bonding during fabrication; and other specialty insulation uses. Also available is an acrylic resin coated product for layer insulation in edgewound coils as well as for other purposes. It offers improved moisture absorption and less shrinkage. The coating is dried but not cured so that it will become adhesive when wetted with acetone. The coating will adhere to other materials when subjected to 135C and will react as a thermoset ting resin when cured at 135 to 155C for three to six hours. Various other coatings and impregnants can be supplied including polyesters, epoxies, and polyamideimides. int. Ijkaihor Credits 5 This section was staff-written. umtoDuenofi Paper is a term applied to all kinds of matted or felted sheets of fiber formed on a fine wire screen from a water suspension. This definition aerves to distinguish paper from nonwoven fabrics made from air-blown or carded fibers. Paperboard is basi cally the same as paper, but is gener ally thicker, more dense, and less flexible. The distinction between the two is not sharp. At this point it should be explained that paper-like materials are also made from flakes as well as fibers-- although these flake products do not meet the strict definition above, they generally are considered to be papers. For example, mica can be made into * material known as mica paper-- this product is not covered in this section but is thoroughly discussed in the mica section (3-15). Another type of product which does not meet the preceding defini tion is particle board which is not made by a water suspension process. Also, although some wood fiber hard- boards are made by a water suspen sion process, there are other hardboards which are air formed and do not use water in their forming process. However, these latter hardboards and particle board are often considered in the same light as a heavy paperboard and they are cellulosic in nature-- thus, they are discussed in this sec tion. However, they could be defined as rigid plastic laminates. Papers and boards are used very extensively as electrical insulation in comparison to most other solids. This is because they aie relatively cheap, unusually efficient, and extraordi narily versatile. They are low in cost heeause paper making is a continu ous, high speed, low manpower proc ess. Their efficiency is the Tesuh of a fine matrix structure that yields high mechanical and electrical strengths simultaneously, as well as providing ease of forming qualities and a smooth finish. Their versatility arises from the enormous variety of substances from which they can be prepared, and the great selection of thicknesses and sizes which are avail able. They may be composed of flakes or fibers, natural or synthetic in origin, and inorganic or organic in character. Paper and/or board may be produced in specific gravities as low as 0.2 to as high as 1.4, and in porosities differing by a factor of 10, 000. Paper, furthermore, is produced for insulation in thicknesses as low as 0.00017", wffiile board may be as thick as the designer requires. By impregnating paper and board with resins, varnishes, etc., a host of mate rials ranging from tough, flexible, flame-retardant tapes to rigid, rein forced panel boards may be produced. By combining paper or board with plastic films or fabrics, tough com posite insulations may be prepared. Finally, by further mechanical and chemical treatment of some papers, hard and strong vulcanized fibre and fishpaper (see section 3-5) may be formed. The chief problem associated with dielectric papers is that of non-uni formity, involving not only such gross failings as holes, clots, or impurities, but also subtle variations in strains, crystallite regions, and sorption sites. These are followed in importance by variations in dielectric constant, di electric loss factor, dielectric strength, and conductivity. A second serious limitation affects Section o-4: Papers and Board1 85 J-V. chips under action of high pressure steam which results in fine lignocellulose fibers. This treatment does not destroy the lignin, woods' natural binder, but drives off volatile matter. After a washing operation, the fibers are felted and compressed into dried sheets that are subsequently pressed under beat and pressure to reunite the fibers and lignin into a uniform, strong panel of planned density. Such board may he obtained as a standard or untreated type of hardboard, hut a treated or tempered variety is pro duced by impregnation of standard board and a subsequent baking operation to completely polymerize and oxidize the tempering oils. The material f pssesses high structural strength, good dimensional stability, moisture resistance, durability, ease of fabrication, resistance to abrasion, and smooth surfaces. It is hard enough to be machined and can be fabricated in a variety of ways. Sup plied in thicknesses from 3/16" to 2", it is useful for flat and structural in sulating parts. CbeinicaHy Reconti+ut*d Ugno-Collulesa Beard This is another product which is not made by a water suspension proc ess. It reportedly differs from both conventional hardboard and particle board. It is made of kiln-dried wood particles (ligno-ceilulose) which are chemically reconstituted, dimension ally stabilized, and plasticized by beat and pressure. Low moisture absorp tion, uniformity, and the dimensional stability are important features cited. It may be machined and fabricated. It is a high pressure thermosetting laminate product available with phe nolic or melamine impregnated faces of kraft paper, canvas, woven or mat glass, or other fabric, as well as thin metal. Thicknesses range from 3/16" to 2". Parfic/* Board Produced from wood particles bonded together with a synthetic resin or other added binder. INORGANIC PARERS AND SYNTHETIC FIBER PAPERS Asbestos Most asbestos papers are composed of ehrysotile asbestos fibers. The sheets have sufficient porosity to ab sorb saturants and are also quite flex ible, incombustible, and may main tain their dielectric strength up to 300C (572F). Above this temper ature, asbestos begins losing its water of crystallization and decomposes. In addition, the paper possesses a relatively high thermal conductivity and will not corrode, rust, or support fungus growth. Unfortunately, some types are low in mechanical strength, absorb moisture rapidly, and have rather high dielectric losses since both power factor and dielectric constant are relatively high. Although asbestos paper may be used just as it comes off the paper machine, it is generally impregnated with resins or fabri cated as part of composite insulations. Asbestos Papers and Boards A commercial grade of asbestos paper is made from asbestos fibers which are mixed with starch to per mit felting the material into continu ous roll form. The mixture is proc essed on papermaking machinery and calendered to a smooth finish. Resist ance to heat, fire, and chemicals is excellent but physical strength is poor. Thicknesses are 0.015" to 0.0625". A board of a similar grade is made in thicknesses to 0.125". It will resist temperatures to 177C (350F). An other rigid hoard, which uses a bond ing agent, is available in heavier thicknesses. Purified Asbestos Papers and Boards These products are specially puri fied materials made in such a way as to remove conducting particles, for eign matter, and other impurities .. . and achieve a high degree of uniform ity in the finished sheet. A number of forms are available including a sheet consisting only of the purified com pletely inorganic asbestos fiber--this form would normally be treated in some manner to meet handling and property requirements. Other forms contain specified amounts of glass fibers and are treated with different resins and impregnants including sili cone, epoxy, asphalt, polyvinyl ace tate, and others. Obviously, the heat resistance of the various purified as bestos paper and board products is in fluenced by the organic materials which may be used with them. Thid nesses range from 0.0025" to 0.025' for the paper and 0.031" to 0.25" fiv the hoard. j[ Asbestos-Cement Board ? Asbestos fibers which are botidec with cement or other inorganic bond tng agents into boards are available ir thicknesses from *4" to 2". To achievr special properties, the board may als< he impregnated with other materials Asbestos-cement board is used for air barriers, deflectors, ducts, partitions cable trays, etc. ' Mica - See section 3-15 for information or mica papers. Acrylic Acrylic fiber papers have been pro duced both with and without resinom binders. They are characterized by negligible moisture pick-up; and bet ter dimensional stability, ultraviolet resistance, thermal aging properties, and solvent resistance than the natural cellulose papers. They are also com patible with many resins, have good resistance to hydrolytic degradation, and reportedly can be used in class 130 and hermetic applications. As with many synthetics, their mechan ical properties are lacking to a certain degree and their cost is considerably greater. Polyamide I High Temperature! Paper of "Nomex" nylon (see sec tion 3-3) and boardlike forms made from the paper perform acceptably for continuous service at tempera tures up to 220C (428F). The paper is a combination of two forms of a long chain synthetic polymer-- fibrous binder particles (fibrids) and short length fibers. Sheets are formed on conventional paper-making equip ment; the fibrids and short length fibers are then permanently bonded to each other by hot calendering. Sheet structures are available in thicknesses from 2-mil to 30-mil and rigid boardlike structures of any de sired thickness can be produced by flat pressing multiple layers of the paper together at high temperature and pressure (540F and 2,000 psi). The material is self bonding, permit ting the construction of rigid struc- 96 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, May/June, 1966 PAPER HANDLING AND STOJUGE The following suggestions outline good handling and storage techniques which are especially applicable to cel lulose papers: Do's 1. Keep the moisture resistant wrap ping on rolls of paper until they are ready to use. Avoid damage to wrap ping- _ ... 2. Use paper in the order in which it is received to minimize the possibility of changes in moisture content over extended periods of time. 3. Store paper in 55 -- 5% relative humidity both in the warehouse and on the production line. 4. If it is not practical to store under these conditions, normal warehousing can be employed if special care is taken to avoid extreme conditions. Don'is 1. Store paper in hot areas around steam pipes and unit beaters, or in exposed areas such as loading docks. 2. Unwrap paper until it is needed. 3. Allow cut coils or fabricated parts to remain for prolonged periods of time in non-humidified areas. 4. Turn off the humidification system in the assembly area over the weekend or overnight if insulated work is still on the floor or on conveyors. 5. Wind rolls of paper in the opposite direction to that marked on the wrap per, as this will tend to loosen the roll and may damage the paper. applications of INSULATING PAPERS Paper and hoard are used exten sively as insulation in equipment capable of generating, transmitting, or utilizing low frequency electric power. One of the reasons that it has not been used successfully as insula tion at high frequencies is because its dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor are frequency dependent as shown in figure 1. Generators, transformers, cables, reactors, capacitors, and motors are large users of paper and board for a variety of reasons: sometimes purely as mechanical spacers, sometimes as solid dielectrics, and sometimes for both reasons. For example, it is con ventional to wrap the armature of a liquid or wax filled capacitor in a thick wrapper to give the structure mechanical rigidity. Again, paper is frequently used in combination with mica flakes to give the discrete in organic crystals a continuous substrate in slot armour for generators and traction motors. Moreover, coil spac ers TrTpower transformers serve effi ciently because of the mechanical properties of the board. The tabulating card used exten sively in automatic business machines is a spacer in a dynamic system. Such cards are used extensively as "punched cards" where the infor mation is deposited as a series of holes. They in turn are read by wire brushes which make contact with a drum. A second method of character reading information on tabulating cards is called "mark sensing" and involves determining the presence of a carbon mark on a card by measur ing continuously its electrical surface conductivity. In such applications, the design engineer is very conscious of the tensile, tear, and burst strengths and other mechanical properties of the paper and board. It is only after a prospective item passes these tests, that he inquires into its electrical characteristics. The dielectric properties of paper become paramount when used in highvoltage capacitors. Because of the stringent requirements placed on the chemical and electrical properties of such paper, few mills produce it. 'r uc or rucHfcftfT ch Figure I, the variation of the dielec tric constant and dielectric loss factor of a cellulose paper with frequency. Mechanical tests are run as an inde' of uniformity, but they are not con sidered to play a qualifying role i: the operation of the unit. This is wtr papers having physical propertiequite different from those of krattissue have been suggested fOT use ir capacitor units. The paper used as turn insulatio: in transformers and as the dielectri. in high voltage cables not only mu?' have excellent mechanical propert iebut must possess good electrical prop erties as well. In transformers, pape: and board have a twofold purpose: they confer mechanical rigidity oi the structure and at the same tirm (when suitably impregnated! sustaii high electric stresses. The papers an. boards used in such an applicatior must have tow a--c losses or the Iran? former will become hot in use. Th. paper is wrapped onto the conductorat relatively high speeds; papers mu>: possess high tensile strengths an. very high tear strengths, otherwist the tape will snap on being served, causing costly delays. The paper musi also have a customized coefficient oi friction since it must be bent when formed into a coiled structure to en compass the leg of the transformer. Lilt of Typical Applications For Paptrs and Board* Coil layer insulation Electronic component can lining Punched and fabricated insulators Formed insulation parts Motor slot insulators Switch bo* liners Coil forms Tubing Cupped washers Motor end laminations Spacers and fillers Phase insulation Armature collars Barriers Capacitor insulation Coil wraps Insulating brackets Separators . Panel boards Housings Spreaders Structural insulation parts Cable and wire wraps Transformer insulation Field coll pole insulation Tabulating cards Pressure-sensitive tapes Insulation composites l 98 Insulation Diredory/Eneychpedia Issue. Mar/June. 1966 needs. Until the synthetic fiber indus try recognizes thi$ requirement, me chanically strong, totally synthetic fiber papers cannot be expected; until then, their strength will come from resins, impregnants, and sizings. A second misunderstanding has also tended to limit the quality of the syn thetic fiber papers; the fibers which have been exploited so far are invari ably chemically inert, and unswollen by water. When it is recalled that cellulose has neither of these two prop erties per se, it suggests that synthetic fiber papers made from less impreg nable constituents might yield valu able products. Paper-making physics is a facet of the science which is in its infancy. It is distinguished from papermaking chemistry (the popular academic study) and papermaking engineering (the popular practical study). As the term papermaking physics implies, it is concerned with the nature and source of the physical properties of paper. Instead of relating the ob served properties to the lignin, cellu lose, pentosan, and ash content of fibers, it looks for relationships in their morphology and mechanical be havior. Taking a leaf from the book of polymer physicists, it attempts to relate the macroscopic properties of paper to the behavior of individual fibers and to such variables as tem perature and plasticizer content. This approach will be recognized as an adaptation of the present relaxation theory of high molecular polymers. The analogy between the prepara tion of a plastic film from a casting solution of polymer and the produc tion of paper suggests some of the opportunities for exploitation inherent in this approach. It is known that the temperature and the rate of solvent removable from a casting solution affect appreciably the mechanical properties of the dried film. It is ex plained that this is because the mole cules on passing from the swollen dispersed state consonant with poly mer solution to that of the dried plastic may very well become trapped in a strained or unrelaxed state. The properties of the dried film depend significantly on the "state of relaxa tion" of the molecules. Paper-making fibers undergo similar time dependent relaxations and the mechanical prop erties of the paper arise from their state. It is interesting to think that the reason why papers differ in elonga tion and hygroexpansivity arises from this cause. Based on this interpreta tion it has been suggested that the well-known "humidity cycling" data which have been interpreted as equi libration processes are actually the hygroexpansivity plots of new paper created by testing procedure. In its idealized form, it envisions the same paper as possessing an unlimited number of hygroexpansivities depend ing on the state of relaxation of the fibers; when the fibers are taut, the amount of expansion S of course least, when relaxed, most. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The editors are indebted to J. T. Cot trell. Jr., Cottrell Paper Co.. Inc., Fall River. Mass.; Fred J. Emig, . I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Lincolnwood, 111.; CL. Kraning, Paper Products Div., 3M Co.. St. Paul, Minn.: K. H. Alverson. Spaulding Fibre Co.. Inc., Tonawanda, N.Y.i and J, A. Bettes, Jr,, Asbestos Textile Div., Raybestos-Manhattan. Inc.. Manheim, Pa., ior suggestions for improving this section. SUPPLIER DIRECTORY LISTING IMPORTANT: For fabricated or converted paper products. ih oth*f Jtcrtonj, especially *error? 3*22. NOTE: Number* in parentheses following each product covered in this section correspond with the numbers shown in front of each supplier of products listed here {thus indicating which firms supply the product concerned), Only company names are fisted here--see Part *, section 4*1, tor addresses of suppliers, Sold face type indicates advertisers--see advertisers' listing at back of boot for page numbers of advertisements. Products Covered in This Section Acetyiated paper (3?) Acrylic fiber paper {3?. 40) Asoertos board, inorganic binoers and cements trt. Asbestoi paper and board organic binder (14 19 24. 34. 44) '' Asbeito* paper, organic varnish treated (9 H |<? 34) ` Asbestos peper, silicone varnish treated (T9, 34 41. 44) ' 34) 'Purified asbestos paper and board, untreated f19 Purified Otbes+os paper and board, epoxy resin treated <19, 34. 44) Purified asbestos paper and board, polyvinyl ace tate resin treated (19, 34} Purified asbestos paper and board silicone resin treated (19, 34, 44) Purified asbestos paper and board partial organic content, organic bond (T9. 341 Bond paper, varttisbed (14. 4! 47} Ceramic fiber paper (4. 24, 37 39. 40} Creoed paper tape and sheeting (! ? \7 17 19 22. 24, 2fc) ''' Fibre board, high density, sized and unsized (3 5. 6, 18, 39 40. 451 ' Glass flak peper (29, 43) Gss mcro>-6oef paper (i? 24 30, 4G\ Giass micro-fioer ape*. posvterratjuoroetnv treated (15, 30. 39) Giastme paper (cnemicai wooa Pino} (25 Maraooerd (wooo pulp), lignin resin bonoeo >. 23] Kratt cable paper (5 17. 22 2a, 37. 43, 4e Krart capaotor tissue (5. 2C *f. 46) Kratt caoacitor tissue, varrus^eo (2$. 41 47'' Krart. cvenoethvioted. paper ana poero (S. 9. 22. 37. 39. 45) Krart Paper ana board (3, 5 9 13, 17. 22, 2s- 37 39, 43. 45. 4a! Kra't paper ano boarc. resin impregnates inf coarea, or vermsheo |2. 3. 14. i7, 28, 35, 3e 39 4i 46 47) ' Krart paper and board, thermally stapiiizea -'3 9, 17. 22. 26. 37. 39 43. 45) Krart paper and b&aro, wa* coatea (13. \7, 39 Krai* paoer. aohesive ccoiea (9, 13, 45) PerCAmer; {3 j; Partrae ooara (3) Poiyamide fibe* oaoe* ana laminated board K- resistant type rraoenamec "Names '} ^2 c. !8 2? 381 ' Poivamioe t:ber oaoe* ("hiomex"1 coated : 7 *4. 27. 35 42) Poive5Ter fiber paoer til. 32, 38 39) 100% tag pacer (9, 21. K 39. 40; 109% rag paper, vamunea or resin (2. 7, 39, 4i 47) impregne 75% rag paper and board '5 7!. 24. J9. 40'$0% rag paper ano boaro IS 2t. 24. J?. 40) 65% rag paper, water gum acnesive one s:pe Roee paper (17. 2i 22. 37. 36 43) Rope paper, vernisneb (28. 38. 47! Rope/wooa pu/o oaoer* (J7. 21. 22. 37, 43) Silica paper (16. 24) Soft fibre board {wood pulp, not vufcanizeo' 39. A3. 4Si Suppliers of the Preceding Products 1--THE BORDEN CHEMICAL CO MYST TAPE DIV. ' 2--THE 8UDD CO.. POLYCHSM DIV. j--*Caraoco. ir?c.. Dyref Div, 4--The Carborundum ^Co.. Refractories &' r trpnics Oiv. s--Case brothers, jnc. 6-- Case S Risiey Press Paper Inc. 7-- ^hase*Foster Inc. 8-- COTTRELL PAPER CO.. INC. 9-- DENNISON MFC. CO., INDUSTRIAL PRC. UCTS DIV. 10-- E. I. DU PONT D| NEMOURS k CO, (INC 11-- The Eatpn-Oikeman Co. 12-- Eagewater Paper Co. 13-- E+hyl Corp. !4--General Electric Co., Insulating Mater Dept. 15*--General Plastics Corp. 16-- Haveg Industries, Inc., Sil-Temp Materials C 17-- Hollingsworth 4 Vose Co. IS--The Iten Fibre Co 19--JOHNS-MANVILLE 2^K:mberly-Clari: Corp.. Peter J. Schweitzer C 21-- Krafelt Co. 22-- Jor>n A. Manning Paper Co 23-- MASONITE CORP. 24-- The Mead Corp., Hurlbut Papers. Techn ^ Papers Div. 25--3M CO. 2a--Motinee Paper Mills Co, 27--NVF CO. 26--NATVAR CORP 29-- Owens-Coming Fibergles Corp., Fiberglss dustrial Materials Div ' 30-- Pallfle* Products Corp. 31-- Paterson Parchment Paper Co. 3?--Pellon Corp.. Industrie! Div, 33-- Port Hyron Paper Co. 34-- RAY8ESTOS-MANHATTAN, INC. ASBESTO TEXTILE DIV. 35-- Reichhoid Chemicals. Inc. 36--Reiss Associates Inc37-- RIEGEL PAPER CORP. 36--Rieqel Pape* Corp.. Industrial Films Div 37-- ROGERS CORP. A)--SPAULDING FIBRE CO.. INC 41-- SUN CHEMICAL CORP., ELECTRO-TECHN CAL PRODUCTS DlV. 42-- TRW ELECTRO INSULATION TRW INC 43-- UNION MILLS PAPER MEG. CO. ' M--U. S, Polymeric Inc. ^S--WEST VIRGINIA PULP & PAPER CO BOA* PRODUCTS SALES DIV. ' 4^--Weyerhaeuser Co. Paoer- q;v 4?--ALLIED PRODUCTS CORP.,' ACME CHEM ICALS 6 INSULATION CO,. DIV. 100 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, May/June, 1966