Document GnQQ581zVMqowrG0Xg82Ok5Y

Kn <X! HW8B-0007877 HWBB-000/879 (A) Iw< Items GOOD HOUSEKEEPING A D 8AJETY IN FOUNDRIES AND INDUSTRIAL CODES AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE LEGISLATION. Reprint No. 37-30,jAmerioan Foundrymen's Aetoo*. Ino., Chicago, (1937)# 61 pp. price $1*50 -- V i\/ , , r^ This booklet consists of papers presented at the lest meeting of the association. Among the subjeots treated are eye and respiratory protection in the foundry, silicosis, good housekeeping in the foundry, industrial oodes and their applica tions, and occupational disease legislation. Abstracts of these papers will ap pear In a future bulletin. COVERED HOPFER CAR FOR GRAVITY UNLOADING. The following note was sent to us with the statement that it night be of interest to the members of the Foundation. #The dust problem in loading end unloading raw ssterials shipped by rail in bulk has long been knom as a serious hasard. In most instances fine granular products have bean pulled out of a box ear by means of a power shovel operated by one or nore men within the dust filled ear. Not only is the oar itself loaded with dust, but pulling the commodity into a chute at the edge of the box car allows s good pereentage of the material to be blown into other near parts of the plant. #BU| problem has become so aeute in industries using silica sand, powdered ar- seai^ burned lime and other haeardous commodities that the General American Transports tion Corporation, 136 South LaSalle Street, Chicago, have developed. Milt aid leased to shippers or consignees, a oovered hopper car that will unload 4&r granular products by gravity. An inexpensive track hopper is uauclly used in efcftttotlon with the oar and a boot between the hopper and the ear makes the un loading operation both dust proof and economical.* (B) fcpers on Dust, Dust Dlseasos and General Industrial Hygiene. 3 DUST HAZARD AMONG FOUNDRYMEN. L. H. Osmond. Am. J. Roentgenol, and Rad. Therapy 3_8, 122-8 (July, 1937). (See note on final page.) The author reports roentgenologioal and clinical surveys of the foundry employees of a large plant in Pittsburgh. All workers undergo an annual physieal examina tion, end careful histories are taken showing the location of each man's work since he entered the company's service. Dust oounts are available for each loca tion. They range from 13.1 million particles per cubuc foot in the molding room to 44*9 million in the coremaking department, but e count of 240 million was ob tained during the night shakeout. Chemical analysis of the dust showed 52# free silica and 10*3# caloium and magnesium silicates. The incidence of simple silt cosis in the entire group, including many who had worked loss than 5 years was 5.5#. In those with over 20 years' experience, silicotio fibrosis was found in 44#, including 32# without infection and 12# with infection, The disability oC those without infection was practically nil, while it was frequent in those who had oomplioatir.g infection. Little correlation between ineidenoe and dust concentration was observed. The death rate among all these workers was 517 per 03117794 HUBB-0007880 References to Recent Literature - 2 100,000, as compared with 89 per 100,000 for all Bibles in Allegheny County over 30 years of age* The men now wetr respirators, but tests mode at the level of crane runners showed 42*6 million particles per cubic foot in the free air, 39.3 million beneath the respirator with an old cartridge and 12.2 million with o new cartridge. 4 SILICOSIS IN MODERN FOUNDRIES - STUDY OF THE.INCIDENCE. J.F,Kelly and R.C.Hall. N.Y. State J. Med. 37, 478-81 (1937). Three foundries in TTtica were surveyed} two were modern plants, fitted with latest means of dust protection and employing 150-20C men each, while the other, employ ing about 50, used no special precautions. Of the 4C3 cases examined, 4 cases of first degree silicosis, 1 of silicosis with tuberculosis, and 30 of "dusty lung" were found. The term "dusty lung" was applied where an exaggerated pulmonary pattern or increased perilymphatic fibrosis was shown. Two of the cases of sili cosis were found in the small factory* Three of the cases occurred among molders ar.d one among the "shakers-out." The authors conclude that their investigation showed a very low incidence. 5 REPORT ON TEE SIGNIFICANCE OF SANDBLASTERS' SILICOSIS IN THE FOUNDRIES OF OBERHE3SE AND HESSE-NASSAU. H.R.Suettner. Ve-rh. Deut. ges. f. Inn. Med. 48, 1*9-82 (1936). Pneumoconiosis was diagnosed in 20-^ of 147 sandblasters examined, and 2 cases were classified as severe. Seven out of 53 who had worked for 1 year had definite pneumoconiosis and 5 had primrry pulmonary tuberculosis, while 9 cases were found in those with occupational exposure of 5 to 24 years. The x-ray films in 18 of 28 cases of pneumoconiosis resembled those of definite miliary tuberoulosis. In two large glass works investigated, 10 and 44^ of the sandblasters, respectively, had pne\moconiosis; imperfect protection was afforded in the latter works. 6 FILTRATION OF RESPIRED AIR AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN PNEUM0C0NI6SIS. G. Lehmann, Ergeb. d. Hyg., u. Bact. 1, 1-87 (1937), (German). Thi paper is a summary and amplification of the author's work on filtering ability of the nose, some of which has beer, reported in these abstracts. An ap paratus for testing nasal filtration is described. The nasal mechanism for ar resting dust is described fully. Experiments on the relation between nasal fil tration and pneumoconiosis are reported; good dust filtration is found to be a < -. protection against the early development of severe pneumoconiosis. An investiga tion of wearability and efficiency of dust protective measures is also included. The experiments have been carried out very thoroughly and are of great interest. 7 THE EXCRETION OF SILICA IN URIKE AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF SILICA AND SILICATE DUSTS A?D THE SOLUBILITY OF SILIC,. AND SILICATE DUSTS IN ACID AND ALKALINE SOLU TIONS AT 37oc A.G.R.Whitehousc, British Colliery Owners' Research Association, Royal School of Mines London, England. J. Hyg. & Toxicol. 19, 590-7 (December 1937), Reprints obtainable from author. It is known thrt-silica dust taken into the stomach of a dog causes a definite in crease in urinsry output of silica, and the author made a similar human investi gation, using himself as subject, swallowing various quantities of quarts, flint, precipitated silica, and whinstor.c, a mixture of silicates containing no free silica. Various precautions were found necessary for accurate results; the input of liquids had to be kept constant, water low in silica had to be used, and beer was avoided. The daily excretion of silica, wr s definitely increased with very fi.no flint dust, the silicate dust and precipitated silica; in the case of silicic acid the increase was much greater. In the second part of the investigation, the solubility of silica and silicate dusts ir. solutions of lcicwn acidity and alkalinity wes determined at the body temperature, 37C. This procedure was neccss'ry because the results of the feed ing experiments did net reveal whether the dusts dissolved in the gastric juice 03117795 References to Recent Literature - 3 HW8B-0007881 or in the alkaline body fluids. The amount of silico dissolved by 0*1 normal so dium hydroxide wr.s greatest with flint, lower values being obtained from quarts, coel-meesure sandstones, granite and whinstone, while a sample of stone dust (about 5% free silica) gave much the lowest figure. With 0.1 normal hydrochloric acid, as solvent, the dusts arranged in order of solubility were whinstone, granite, sandstone, quarts and flint. The amount of silica dissolved ty 0.2 nor mal sodium carbonate was much greater than by 0.1 n. sodium hydroxide, whil<- the reverse of this was the case with granite. The influence on the rate of solution of such factors as particle site and ratio d" dust to solvent are shown. In view of the facts determined, great care should be exercised in attempting to corre late urinary excretion of silica with silicosis. 8 ETIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PROTECTION AGAINST LUNG INFLAMMATION OF WORKERS IN THOMAS SLAG MILLS. H. Gundel and H. Fischer. Ztschr. f, Hyg. u. Infection. (German) 120, 66-87 (1937). Statistical data on incidence and fatal cases of pneumonia in Thomas slag workers are presented, both for early days and recent years, during which there were sev eral epidemic-like outbreaks. The authors agree with others in believing that the dust weakens resistance of lung tissue to bacteria and paves the way for inflam matory diseases of the lungs. Pneumonia of types II and III wr.s found abundantly in workers in Thomas slag plants Therefore the case is one of real infectious disease, the frequent occurrence cf which is determined by a special hazard. The authors recommend elimination of all workers with catarrh of the upper rc-spiratory tract. They have also begun active immunisation of personnel of one industry against pneumonia of types I, II, and III. Animal experiments on the effect of magnesium in Thomas slag Qre being con ducted. 9 MINERALOGIC AND PHYSICAL PROKRTIES OF MINERALS AND THEIR DUSTS WITH REGARD TO THE DUST HAZARD IN STONE QUARRYING, DRESSING AND MANUFACTURING. G. Hass, Zntrlbl. f. Gewerbehyg, u. Unfall. 24, 193-201 (1937). A comprehensive description of silicates and minerals under the heading of "free silica" and other minerals is given. The author's view is noteworthy in that he believes sericite may possibly be formed from feldspars by "disintegration .< = processes* in the lungs. The author suggests, as others have previously, that the composition of a dust under certain conditions may be different from that of its parent substance. Quartz mixtures in fluorspar, barite and roofing slate are described and the role they play in dust form&tiai is discussed. The chemical and physical properties, occurrence, importance and technioal uses of various kinds of stone are presented in a table. 10 THE EFFECTS OF COAL SMOKE OF KNOWN COMPOSITION ON THE LUNGS OF ANIMALS. Lucy Schr.urer and S. R. Haythorn. Am. J. ftithol. 13, 799-808 (Sept. 1937). Reprints are obtainable from Dr. Haythorn, Singer Memorial Lab., Allegheny Genercl Hos pital, Pittsburgh, ft, Ar. experimental method is described by which finely divided carbon particles in an almost pure state may be successfully introduced into the alveoli of the lungs. Immediately after exposure to the smoke inhalations the lung lesions were those cf non-occupoticnal anthracosis. The animals kept under animal house conditions for several months to a year after exposure to smoke developed fibrous reactions about the- cerbor. deposits with the formation cf collagen strands. The resulting lung changes were analogous to these of a milder grade of bituminous as seen in soft coal miners. The method provides a way cf experimental study of the actual relation ;f carbon depcsits tc the common respiratory infections - Author's summary. 03117796 References to Recent Literature - 4 K8B-0007882 11 FNEUMOCOK IC SE S OF THE WORKER. K. Wider. Ztschr. f. Gewerbehyg. u. Unfali, 44, 131-5 (1937), Silicosis became compensable in Austria on April 1, 1935. Since then, 2C6 cases have been reported in the Worlcnen's Compensation Office* of these, 171 are miners, some from lignite mines* In the metal industry, most cases are among sandstone grinders and 'sandblasters. 12 HJLMONARY AS5EST0SIS. IV. THE ASBESTOS BODY AND SIMILAR OBJECTS IN THE LUNG. Kenneth M. Lynch, M.D., Dept, cf Fhthology, Medical College of the State cf South Carolina, Charleston, S, Carolina. J.A.M.A. 109, 674-8 (Dec. 11, 1937), Re prints probably obtainable from author. The typicaj. asbestos body (also called asbestosis body) is an object 10 to over 100 microns^and 1 to 12 microns thick aid is composed of a central translucent fiber or needle crystal of asbestos with an enveloping shiny golden or brownish gelantinous substance constructing various architectural figure*. Sometimes it is beaded or clubbed and sometimes spherical. A Prussian blue reaction for iron is given. These bodies ny be found at various places in the lung, especially in the bronchioles, the alveoli and in the tissues along the lymphatic route; usual ly shorter at a distance from the alveoli, but often surprisingly long, consider $> ing the distance they have traveled. They sometimes oause fibrosis around them, but not necessarily. They are also found in the sputum of those exposed to as bestos dust, but their presence or absenoe in the sputum does not indicate the presence or absence of asbestosis; their presenee only shows that exposure to the dust has occurred. Similar bodies have been found in persons exposed to coal dust, and in others who have died of heart failure, rheumatism and arteriosclero sis, without known heavy dust exposure. Exposure to asbestos dust does not al ways produce asbestos bodies; bare fibers have been found in the lungs of animals, fhe author has seen silica particles similarly enveloped, in cases of silieosis, not always so highly colored. It is suggested that other fibrous or crystalline dust* not yet studied may form similar bodies* 13 BLOOD EXAMINATIONS IN PULMONARY FIBROSIS OF HEMATITE IRON ORE MINERS, J. Craw. Tubercle, 19, 8-18 (October 1937). In radiographic examinations of hematite miners in West Cumberland (England), the henatite accumulations show a definite and dense shadow, apart from any accompany ing fibrosis, and there is a tendency to diagnose silicosis when a miner complains of 'unfitness and his pulmonary symptoms and the x-ray of the test show generalized nodulation. The silica oontent of inhaled dust, however, is low, and in spite of 20 to 30 years' work and general nodulation in all lung fields, the miners are perfectly fit for work and arc not short of breath. For these reasons hematolog ical work was instituted as an essential in diagnosis. Routine procedure includ ed the following determinations! (1) sedimentation rate of the red cells; (2) total white oell count; (3) differential white cell count, and (4) the polymor phonuclear* count of von Bonsdorff. The findings in 6 cases are given, with case histories* Of the 50 hematite miners studied, 20 normal miners had no complaint of breathlessness and no x-ray or physical signs of pulmonary fibrosis, while 30 complained of pulmonary disability in varying degrees, with positive x-ray find ings. Many miners develop a pure pulmonary siderosis without accompanying fibro sis, and their blood picture is normal. Sidero-silicosis of uncomplicated type shews a definite increase in percentage of lymphocytes, and the ratio of poly morphonuclear oells to lymphocytes becomes 1 or less. The sedimentation rate and nuclear count are normal. When infection is present, the sedimentation rate in creases, the nuclear count increases and there is a leucooytosis which may ap proach a septic count. Although the results are preliminary, the method is recom mended for aiding the differential diagnosis of siderosis without fibrosis and of sidero-siliccsie, and for detecting tuberculosis or other infective agents at an early stage. 03117797 /I 2< References to Reoent Literature - 5 14 RANGE OF ELECTROTOR METER DEMONSTRATED 3Y DARK-FIELD COUNT. S.C. Blacktin. J. Ind. Hyg. 4 Toxicol* 19, 679-89 (December 1337)* The eleetrotor meter, invented by the author, is ar. instrument for dust determin ation on the same general principle as the Owens jet counter, but the dust-is de posited on a circular disk of celluloid or ebonite which rotates .as the plunger is pushed and is electrified at the same time by friction* Six orifices are pro vided, on at the center of the disk and the others at varying distances from the center, and any one or any combination of orifiees can be used for the same air sample. The dust, then, is deposited at the oenter or in one or more- of a series of ooncentric rings, or both at the center ar.d one or more rings, each of which is 1 mm. in width. Ir. light dust concentrations, the center alone may be used; in very dusty air, several rings may be used simultaneously. Since equal quan tities of dust are deposited in the various rings and the area of the total de posit varies with the distance from the center, the number of particles per unit area decreases correspondingly, and at least one ring will be found whero the dis persion is ne-ither too light nor too heavy to count. This oonstruetion enrbles the instrument to be applicable to dust concentrations varying from 6 to 1.5 million particles per cc. (14C,C00 particles to 42 billion particles per cubic foot), which is a much wider range than is attainable by any other instrument. The figures given apply to darkfield under a magnification of 450. Rough es timates of dustiness may also be made by inspection of the record. (A modifica tion by which dust deposits car. be both counted and weighed has been described in our abstract no* 536. As yet no reply has beer, received to our inquiry for earlier reprints and other' information.) 15 DUST CONTROL IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FRO!' REFRACTORY MATERIALS. F.Prockat, Staub. no. 4, 16-37 (January 1937) (German.) The use of water during crushing of quartz is not always sufficient It prevent dust, as some dust arises when the stamp or hammer is actually crushing the quartz The dust hazard can be remedied by a suitable exhaust system. Molding of re fractories can often be oarried on in open air* Rospirators should be used only when no other remedy is available. A German law of April 1, 1937 requires em ployers to pay special attention to silicosis prevention. ,IST OF RESPIRATORY HIOTECTIVE DEVICES APPROVED BY THE U.S. BUREAU OF JTNES. k. E. Schrenck. U. S. Bur. Mines, Information Circular no. 6952 (August 1937). .btainable from the- Division cf Information, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington,DC. The list of approved respiratory devices is brought up to date in this issue. ^hc present list inoludes all devices approved up to April 10, 1937, a total of jout 40, with names and addresses of manufacturers. 17^S6CEDURE FOR TESTING SUPFLIED-AIR RESPIRATORS FOR ERMEAEILITY. U.S.Bur. Mines Schedule 19A. (Aug. 5, 1937). Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, Washington, D.C., for 5 cents, cash. This schedule describes the present methods used by the 3uroau of Mines for test ing supplied-air respirators, the standards used, and the method of approval. (A similar schedule for filter-type respirators was issued as no. 21 in 1934.) 15 INDUSTRIAL EXHAUST VENTILATION. R.k7E OF AIR FLOW THROUGH HOODS. John L. Alden. Heating and 34, 47-52 (December 1937). No reprints are available at present, but r.ay be when the series is completed. This paper is the fourth ir. the series or. the subject. (S6e abstracts 548, 597 r.d 59S) Th. air volume to be drawn through a hood car. be oomputed only after the general shape and location cf the hood are established. The minimum basis for the necessary assunptic-: is a freehand sketch reasonably drawn to scale. 03117798 HiiBB-0007883 HiiBB-0BB788li References to Recent Literature - 6 -C\ The preparation of this sketch oust take into account most of the factors treated in the former papers, which are simarized, including elimination of unnecessary air contamination, control of duet-dispersing ourrents by baffles or shields, and by ourrents of greater intensity, making the exhaust velooity greater than the velocity of esoape at all points, and locating the hood so that high-speed par ticles will be thrown into it No general statement an be made as to the ve locities required to prevent the escape of dust and dusty air, and the engineer must lay his own foundation for hood design, A simple exploratory hood is de scribed and illustrated. Its volvane rate of flow con be measured and plotted against the static suction. It can be moved until the most satisfactory location is found, Suoh equipment will pay for itself in lessened first cost of the ex haust system* Avorage faee velocities of 500 to 1000 feet per minute are usually sufficient for hoods partially or wholly enclosing the dust source. Host woodworking and grind ing hoods fall in this catogory. Figures are given for several examples* Ex periments with a mixture of stones and coffee beans showed that relatively low velocities will pick up fairly heavy particles. The ooffee beans alone were picked up at 1650 f,p*m* Satisfactory pipe sizes and suction for a variety of manufacturing machinery are given in a table. Formulas are given for calculating neoessary air volume entering the hood. The eooffioient of entry is discussed, with experimental results on different types of orificos. Of these types, the well-rounded nozzle and the thin plate orifioe, are extensively used and have been investigated thoroughly, but ooof- fioients of seme of the others are not so well established. The loss in percent velocity head is plotted against coefficient of entry, and the method of calcu lation is given. 19 S1IWTY IN THE ENAMEL RANT. E. Eckels. Coram. Fonaa4, 4 (Deo*, 1937), A genoral poper reporting safety precautions in use a the Brio plant of the Ooneral Bloctric Co*, including mechanical safeguards and prevention of exoess preseuro in spray barrels. The use of rospirators in spraying operations and in struction of operators regarding lead and silicosis hazards is urged. 8pray booths have been improved and good respirators and other protective equipment are now available, and silicosis has lost its first place as a hazard in the enamel plant* The present evils in the enamel plant, as elsewhere, are the small things not attended to or properly supervised. 20 SOME NOTES ON THE JttOHRTIES OF CHILLED METALLIC SHOT AND GRIT USED IN SAND BLASTING. J.E*Hurst and J.H.D.Bradshaw. Foundry Trade J* 57, 447-6, 474-6, (Dec. 9 and 16, 1937). Metallic shot and grit are used extensively in Great Britain instead of sand for abrasive blasting. The term "shot" denotes more or less spherical particles, and "grit" those with sharp edges. They arc used in a wide range of sizes, from 100 mesh and coarser, for various types of work. This paper is a discussion of chemical composition, performance data, nozzle wear, life of the shot and grit, strength properties, microstructure and grading, with results of v%rious tests. No general conclusion is reached, because the necessary properties vary widely with the exact nature of the work. Additional investigation is reoommended. 03117799 21 A NEW ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR. G.W.Penney. Elec. Eng. 56, 159-71 (1937). Reprints arc -btr.inr.ble from the author, address Researoh laboratory, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co*, East Pittsburgh, The author describes a new type of plate to plate precipitator with pre-ionizing wires, and states that os a result high air cleaning efficiencies arc now pos sible without the production cf objectionable concentrations of ozone or oxides of nitrogen* The precipitators have been found to give excellent results in re moving smoko, soot, pollen causing hay fever and asthma, and hazardous dusts such as silica. Tests with the impinger showed a dust collecting offioienoy of 996jC. Rcfwrcr.ccs t" Recent Literature - 7 22 IE CONDITIONING FOR INDUSTRIAL `WORKERS. ChrrKs L. Hubbard. Fewer Plant Eng. ^ 41, 81-2 (November 1937). ao The use -fair c'nditi'nir.g in industry is growing, net ->nly f r.r protect! u; ^ against injury, but else for comfort :nd greater efficiency. The present briof g paper deals exclusively with the latter aspect* Physical comfort depends large- i ly upen bodily temperature, and this in turn upon the relation between the rates of heat pr :ducti-n rnd dissipation; the t is, heat r.ust be removed fr*m the body * at the same rate at which it is produced. The principal factors affecting this .-t condition are temperature, humidity, and air r.-tion, and between certain limits various c^r.binati'ns of these will give practically the same- result. The "ef fective temperature" is any ccr.binati r. of the 3 factors that give the same re sult as saturatod still air at 70'F. Tables, abridged from mere olaberate 'nes published by the a.S.H.V.E. arc presented, shewing such combinations fer summer and winter c.nditi ns, for still air and f~r a velocity of 200 feet per minute. It is printed rut that t'o great a c-.r.trnst between indoor and outside air must net be introduced. In general it should not exceed 10CF., but in special eases mcdificati .r.s arc necessary. Hi |Ill'll 23 AIR CONDITIONING IK FACTORIES. CAY.Price. Proc. Royal See. Med. 30, 1544-7 (Oct her 1937.) The author believes that c'-r.diti ns ir. different industries arc too varied to all-w adoption of complete air-conditioning methe-ds. In Great Britain the prob lem is mainly one of vontilati-n and adequate heating, supplemented with air cleaning where necessary. 24 aIR PURIFICATION AND ALLERGIC CONDITIONS. E.X.Fraenkcl. Free. Royal See. Med. 3C, 1547-50 (Oct ber 1937). TCe authcr has devised a mask containing fine granular silica gel and active char coal. The mask is said t` retain particles drvci t..- 0.01 r.icrrn and to be impermocble to pjrridinc, caprrr.ic acid, scatrl, tobacco smoke, ammonia, chlorine, phosgene, and sulfur dioxide. It is recommended for protection against allergens and poisonous war gases. 25 FORD I&TGR COMPANY SITS HIGH AIR CONDITIONING STANDARDS. J.J.Floreth. Heating, Fiping 4 Air Cvr.d. 9_, -729-32 (December 1937). the paper is a general description of air c-aditioning in the plants of the Ford Motor Co., the largest single user of modern air conditioning. The pregram started many years age with controlling of air required in several basic process es of manufacture, and varied types of air conditioning are now used for special purposes; f:r instance, a temperature *f 30-F. and air current of 70 miles per hour, t test automobiles under severe c^r.diti-ns. However, the rapid extension of the program to the strictly human comfort field is mem, significant. Air c^nditi nir.g is now used in a large section cf the mair plant, offices, laboratories and a number f branch assembly plants. Returns cannot be measured directly, but must be evaluated fr-m. increased efficiency, mere accurate wrrk, better health, and especially increased gr-od will. Spocificati-ns range from 80F and 46$ humidity in the hottest days to 70rF and 30$ humidity, in severe winter weather. Experiments or. various methods of dis tribution, temperature ar.d air filtr-ti-r. arc undertaken by the company, c.r.d bidders are given full instructors or. all requirements before deciding on equip ment and installation. 26 S01X OBSERVATIONS ON THE HEALTH ASPECTS OF AIR CONDITIONING. W.J.McConnell, H.K.rcll-.ws, N.G.Fell.v.-s and I.I.G.Stephens. Bulletin issued by Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York (1937) ar.d -btsir.able fr^n the Craapeny. Ar. investigation -f a gr^up -f 5,000 clerical employees working in completely air-c'r.ditiar.ed offices, and ar. equal groups ir. offices that were net air c^nditi ned but otherwise- properly heated and ventilated, sh-wed no measurable differences in the incidence or length cf absences caused by upper respiratory Hh6B<0307886 References c Recent Literature - 8 diseases or from non-respirat-ry ilir.css. When c-nf'-rt is considered, h-wever, quite satisfactory results, particulorly ir. het weather, were obtained from air* conditioning apparatus. 27 GOOD AIR IK WORKH-iCES. W. 7/ictfcldt. Zontrlbl. f. Gewerbehyg. u. Unfall. Z4, 225-33 (October 193?) (German). Natural ventilation sh*uld be used tc th: greatest possible extent for economical reasons. Where it is inadequate, local -r central supplementary mechanical ver.tilati-n should be installed. Local ventilation is cheaper, but central systems have a wider range of application. Such installation should be entrusted tc ex perts, s improperly made installati:ns may be expensive and useless. Twelve fundamental principles outlined by the German .Ministry of Labor are listed. 28 REPORT OF THE CONKECTICUI ST-uTE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, BUREAU OF OCCUPATIONS DISEASES. Dr. .x. S*_Gray, Director, pp. 155-221 (1936). Obtainable from above Buronu, Hartford, CcnnT ' "" This report departs fr-m. the conventional type >f state document in being a scries of technical papers describing investigations actually mde* Among those report- cd are dust hazards, their estimati n and control, as in foundries, rock drilling as a source of dust, prevention cf ccntaninati-n by organic solvents and chlor inated naphthalenes, oarber. monoxide surveys and various dust problems. 29 MINES DEPARTMENT* FIFTEENTH ANNUAL DEPORT OF TEE SAFETY OF MINES RESEARCH BOARD, 1937. H.M.Stationery Office, London (1937), Obtainable frem British Library of Informrtion, 270 Madison Ave., New York, ^ice not given. Most cf the report is devoted to nine safety, including the development of an electrically driven firedamp recorder, improvement of lighting, factors relating to falls of ground, and haulage accidents, reduction of noise, protective cloth ing, and effect of radiation from walls on comfort in hot mines# Work on dust suppression and prevention continues. The Hay mist projector is of value where the temperature is not above 65F, and the addition of moisture tc the atmos phere has but a negligible effect on comfort. Where tho temperature is much higher other equipment is desirable. A series of'bag filters of 400 sq. ft. filtering area with a suction fan cf 1200 cu. ft. per min* capacity has been found highly efficient. The study of the use of wetting agents in dust sup pression is being continued. 30 SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IEDUSTRI.X HEALTH RESEARCH BO**RD TO JUNE 30, 1937. H.I!.Stationery Office, London, 1937. Obtainable from the British Library cf Information, 270 Ibdison Ave., Ncv; Y^rk. Price act given. Fuller abstract in Jourr.c.l cf Industrial Hygiene, December 1937. This is the latest annual summary cf the work of th6 above Board. The subjects studied include fatigue, illumination, environmental conditions, a summary of literature on toxic solvents, scale cf equivalent warmth, medical examinations f'.r Post Office service applicants, accident pror.eness, vocational guidance and sickness among transport workers. The effects of exposure to alumina dust have beer, studied (see our abstract 434 in the September Bulletin.) In an investiga tion of silicosis ir. sandblasters it was not possible to conclude that sericitc is ar. important causative factor. Silicosis has beer, defined for compensation purposes ir. aoorrdar.ee with well-recognized signs of disease and states of dis ability, but there arc cases that do not present the recognised well-marked features, and are classed as "non-certifiable Bilioosia". A large scale In vestigation of such oases is planned. 03117801 s ecr.t Literature 9 HhBB-0007887 32 TSC PL..CE OF THE STATE IK SAFETY. August Sigurdscr.. Safety Er..-* 74, 13-20 (Dee. 1937). " " The author presents a brief account cf progress made by the Industrial Comr.issi-r. of Wisconsin* particularly in securing cooperation by employers and er.pl.yees. The policy of selling the safety idea, rather than compulsion and prosecution, has been kept uppermost. It is often more difficult to enlist the cc*poration of employees than that ^vf or.plcycrs, but it has been accomplished by persistent effort or. the part -f safety v/erkers. 33 SICKNESS AMONG I.1A1E INDUSTRIAL EITLOYEES DURING THE SEC' IN) QUARTER AND FIRST HALF OF 1937. D.H.Brundage. V.S.Pub* Health Repts. 52, 1523-6 (Oct. 29, 1337). Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, Washington, D.C., for 10 cents cash. Based on reports covering 184,000 males, the rate of sickness and r.cn-industrial accidents for the first half of the year vas about 15$ higher than that far the sane period in 1936 and 22$ above the 5-year period, 1932-1936* The rate for respiratcry disease in the first half of 1937 was 56*9 cases por 1000, which is 36$ above that for 1936 and 49$ above the 5-yec.r average. Raeumonia has in creased in the last 2 years, and the 1937 influenza rate was about 70$ above the 1936 figure. Tuberculosis showed a decrease, and appendicitis increased. There was little variation in ether diseases. 34 INDUSTRIAL DISEASES IN 1936 ACCORDING TO TEE ANNUAL REPORT OF TEE INDUSTRIAL TRADE ASSOCIATIONS. ARBEITSSCHUTZ (German) 10, 244-51 (1937). In 1936, 5926 cases of industrial diseases were reported in Germany and 532 were compensated. Figures are also river, for each year since 1929. A report fellows giving the occurrence cf industrial diseases according to groups cf industries and the measures adopted for prevention. In the stone and mining industry, x-ray and medical examinations wore made by experts, but many abuses are still present. In the metallurgical and rolling mill groups there are relatively large numb', r ? of poisoning by lead and carbon nor.cxido and injury from Thomas slag dust. c :.scv of lead poisoning still rur. high among painters and iron construction indust'-i s, as do also pneumoconiosis cases among pclishors. Introduction of silica-frce grinding wheels and substitution rf stocl shot for quartz sand in sandblasting have progressed, and the medical inspection of sandblasters has improved. Benzene poisoning is frequent in the rubber casing industry and a fatal case occurred in a factory making printing dyes, but it is now possible to produce colors that contain little or nc aromatic hydrocarbons. Attention is called to the use of bichromates in photoengraving. 35 TEE EXPANDING ACTIVITIES OF STATE LA30R DBRaRT!ENTS. E.N.Stewart. U.S.Monthly Labor Rev. 45, 529-40 (Sept. 1937). administrative agencies have beer, created in several States and materially strengthened ir. others, in order tc build up adequate machinery for administra tion and enforcement of the many recently enacted labor laws* State departments have beer, established in most >f the Southern Sta tes, and existing agencies .r. beer, strengthened by ur.ifioo.tion in others, notably Arkansas, Indiana and RhodeIsland. Ir. Pennsylvania ar.d other States long established labor departments have beer, reorganized and expanded in order to deal with a broadened program of labor legislate r.. ^ 36 h \ RECENT ADVANCES IN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AID I2DICINE. T.K.Ling. Published by P.Blakistor.'s Sons A Co*, Ir.c*, Philadelphia, 1937. 212 pages, price $3*50. The reviewer recomends this text as useful to newcomers in the field of indus trial medicine who need the major problems presented simply. The first chapters deal with medical and supervision, industrial accidents and neuroses. Dust and its effects are discussed simply and clearly, and a chapter is devoted to lead poisoning. The treatment of gases ar.d solvents is very brief* 03117802 0007888 References to Recent Literature - 10 37 ABSOLUTE COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION IK CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY. H.Reiser (German) Angew. Chem* 50, 632 (1937). The following method for determination of the silica content of lungs is presented the sample is ashed below 500C, the ash is converted with freshly prepared soda solution# which is then diluted# filtered and neutralized with hydrochloric acid, and node up to 100 cc. Thirty cc. of the solution is dyed .according to Urbach's method, employing aolybdic oxide, hydroquinone and carbonate-sulfite solution. After dostruotion of the phosphorus-mclybden-acid complex, the sample is measured photometrically and the silica content is calculated* (C) Itepers on Industrial poisons, Cancer, Dermatitis, etc. 38 PROBLEMS OK THE TOXICOLOGY AND CLINICAL ASKCTS OF ACUTE POISONING FROM SOLVENTS. F. Luce. Gesmaske (German) , 89-90 (1937). Solvents used in industry are usually impure substances or mixtures, and the ef fect of each component must be considered. The effects of the constituents may be additive in mixtures, but that is not always true. The total vapor pressure of mixed solvents is necessarily higher than that of the pure substances. In the treatment of prolonged loss of consciousness, especially if epileptic seizures occur, generous rectal or subcutaneous doses of physiological dextrose or Ringer >> solution are recommended. The search for detoxifying antidotes must be continued. The nature of the "second attack" occurring after apparent recovery, especially after carbon tetrachloride poisoning, must be studied. 39 INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY OF TODAY. D. Hunter. Riarra. J. 137_, 514-5, 539 (1936). The British legal aspects, symptoms and clinical treatment ir. cases of industrial poisoning by various inorganic and organic substances, chlorine compounds ar.-J. toxic gases are described* 40 FRECAUTIONARY NOTES FOR USERS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC SOLVENTS. Home Offico, Frcc^ry Department, Form 297 (London), June, 1937. Obtainable from British Library oi. Information, 270 Madison Ave., Now York. fo.rt of the danger ir. the use of organic solvents is due to their being branded with trade names that conceal their composition. Any product of this kind should bo assumed to be injurious by inhalation or by skin contact unless it has ocen proved safe under all conditions. Some compounds which are not toxic nay caus_ soreness of the eyes and throat. Simple precautions car. be taken with little trouble and at comparatively low cost. They include total enclosure of the proc ess if possible, otherwise general ventilation, prevention of escape of the va pors, protective clothing, immediate washing when solvents come in contact with the skin, prohibition of smoking and open flames (whether the- solvents are inflc.r2r.abie or not), prohibition of eating where solvents arc present, and general care, cf health of the workers. 41 BENZENE NOTICE SHEET. Arbeitsschutz (German) 10, 236 (1937). a "benzene notice sheet" has beer, prepared by the German Health Office for dis tribution to workers and foremen. It is probably similar to the pamphlets issoed by the U.3. Division of Labor Standards, mentioned in our earlier Bulletins. 42 HEALTH INJURY IN PHOTOENGRAVING. J. Brachnam. Arch. f. Eyg., 118, 328-52 (1337) (German). This paper deals with the use of bcr.zene-xylcne mixtures and their toxicity. The employees of 4 plants were examined. In the beginning of work with these mixtures headache, fatigue, irritability and ether, symptoms are common,, but ttiey usually disappear later. The color index of the blood is frequently over 1, and some times there is a notable decrease of leucocytes. The lymphocyte percentage is 03117803 References to Recent literature - 13 HiiBB-0007889 ical and toxioological studies of this substance have been in connection with its use as a hygroscopic agent in cigarettes but no conclusion has been reaohed on that point, and the effects of prolonged Inhalation are unknown* Triethylene gly col has been little used in industry, and little is Imown about its effects. The studies on ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, blown commercially as "oellosolve", have indicated that it has a similar toxicity to that of ethylene glycol. The same is true of the glycol ethers and ester-ethers, biown under the trade names of butyl cellosolve, methyl oarbitol, carbitol, butyl earbitol, methyl oellosolve., oellosolve acetate, and carbitol acetate. Such of those as have been investigated show toxic effeots on animals in high concentrations, but the effeot of low con centrations over long periods is unknown. All these substances should be used with caution until more information has been accumulated. ,__ i 54 TOXICITY OF ORGANIC SILICON COMPOUNDS. I. TETRAXTHYL-ORTHO-SILICATE. Joseph A. Kasper, Carey F. McCord and William 0. Frederick. Ind. Med. 6, 660-4 (Dec. 1937). Reprints or multigraphed copies may be obtained from Dr. McCoFd, Dept, of Health, Detroit, Mich. Tetraethyl-ortho-silicate, generally biown as ethyl silicate, is used industrially as a stone preservative and solvent. In experiments with 228 small animals (rab bits, guinea pigs and rats) the substance was administered intravenously, intra- peritoneally, subcutaneously, intratracheally, orally, and to a limited extent through inhalation, alone and with suitable control substances, in different amounts and at various intervals. The minimum lethal dose, when injected intra venously into rabbits, is approximately 0.2 ml. per kilo of body weight: death usually occurs within one hour. The minimum lethal dose for rats, when admin istered intraperitoneally, is approximately 006 ml. per 100 grams of body weight: death usually takes place within 4 days. Whatever method of introduction is used, the first action is mainly on the lungs, and oonsists of rupture of terminal capillaries, accompanied by pulmonary hem orrhage. This rupture may be noted within 10 minutes after peritoneal injection. In quickly fatal cases the heart was found greatly dilated, without material changes in the microscopic structure. In animals surviving the effects of the primary action of ethyl silicate, a definite acute nephritis may be demonstrated: hemolysis, hematuria and necroses of the tubular epithelium were also found. "Although ethyl silicate possesses no proved physiologic properties of a type characteristic of the slow action of silica in producing silicosis, this organic substance, through animal experiments, displays a high degree of toxicity, acute in nature, and possibly related to the slow action of silica." 55 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON WORKERS WITH CARBON DISULFIDE. J.A.N.A. (Queries and minor notes) 109, 1472 (Oct. 30, 1937). An inquiry was made regarding intolerance to oloohol among all workers in a chem ical plant making rubber accelerators, where there is exposure to carbon disul fide. Even after a glass of beer, the men have rapid pulses, flushing of the face ar.d hands, and fall in blood pressure. No other results of the exposure ere noted. Skin tests and feeding experiments on mice were negative. The reply refers to the literature on oarbon disulfide poisoning and suggests that "the alcohol may be regarded as a provocative agent demonstrating the actuality of carbon disulfide poisoning, minor in degree but possibly constituting much more of a threat in the well exposed workers then is implied in the query." 56 MEMORANDUM OF HSCAUTIONS IN THE HANDLING, STORAGE AND USE OF LIQUID CHLORINE. Factory Department, Home Office, Form 1868, H.M.Stationery Office, London (April 1937). Obtainable from British Library of Information, 270 Madison Ave. New York. This memorandum describes precautions to be used in handling cylinders of liquid ohlorine and first aid treatment for cases of gassing. Liquid chlorine should be handled only by experienced persons. Cylinders and drums should be stored where 03117804 HK8B-0007890 ,0 x - References to Recent Literature - 14 they are protected from heat and danger of explosion, tut where they are access ible In case of fire. Damage to valves, pipes and couplings should be avoided* When leakage oocurs* the point of leakage should be turned upward to avoid leak age of liquid* Mechanical devices for handling cylinders are given. Suitable respirators and oxygen breathing apparatus should be at hand. First-aid measures include stimulating expeotorant mixture, hot poultices, venesection, tincture of o^ium, and pituitary extract, each to be used as the symptoms indicate* 67 STUDIES RELATING TO TOXICITY OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. C.A.Kempf, D.A.Greenwood and V.E.Neleon. J* Lab. & Clin. Med. 22, 1133-7 (August 1937), sodium The authors found no effeot from oral administration to dogs of/fluoride in quan tities up to 4*52 mg. of fluorine per kg. of body weight, Alpha-fluoronaphthalene produoed mottled enamel of the teeth, but several other organo-f1 uorir.e com pounds did not. The removal of fluorine from water by the use of aluminum sul fate is discussed, 58 INSTRUMENTAL 1BTH0DS OF AIR ANALYSIS DEVELOPED FOR INDUSTRY. Samuel Moskowitz, Ph. D,, Division of Industrial Hygiene, N.Y.State Department of Labor, 80 Centre St,, New York. Ind.Bull. 1, 502 (November 1937), Reprints obtainable at that address. Several instruments for air examination, developed during the last few years, are described. They include a portable carbon monoxide indicator, a combustible gas indicator and a interferometer for comparing the refractive indices of two spec imens of gas or liquid. Small, inexpensive devices for the estimation of other impurities in air are also available. They include hydrogen sulfide indicator, and one for oarbon monoxide, smaller but less sensitive than the one first de scribed. 59 MIKE GASES AND THEIR EFFECTS. J.AK.A. (Queries and minor notes) 109, 975 (September 18, 1937). Sates ooeuring in mines are divided into natural ones and those caused by dyna miting and fires. Thoir effects are disoussed briefly. 60 COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN AIR. K.A.Smirnov. Zavodskaya Lab, (Russian) 6, 240 (1937), A method involving the use of sodium nitroprussido and arsenious sulfide is de scribed, (An abstract in Chem. Abs. and in J. Ind. Hyg. gives details which may be sufficient for practical use.) 61 FATaL POISONING Cl WELDING WITH ACETYLENE (PISSOUS GAS) Mawich. Arboitsschutz 10, 239-42 (1937). (German). 3ne death and one case of illness occurred in workers who had been welding in a boiler. Technical experts blamed carbon monoxide, but the medical authority pronounced the death due to a lung irritating gas. Cases from the literature arc cited, with decisions and discussion of other possibilities, especially that of a combined poisoning. 62 l.ETALLIZING. Ztschr. f Gewerbchyg. u. Unfall. 44, 141-2 (1937). (German). a worker using acetylene in a zinc metallizing tank became very ill, with signs of liver injury and changes in the electrocardiogram. The gas was found to con tain 0,17 mg. phosphine and 0,25 mg. hydrogen sulfide per liter. The livor changes are evidently caused by the phosphine. 03117805 HtfBB-0007891 References to R.eont Literature - 15 63 ACUTE CaRBON MONOXIDE ASPHYXIA. F.F.Davis. Virginia lied* Month* $4, 337-9 (September 1937). There are 50,000 eases of asphyxia annually, and half of then are estimated to be caused by carbon monoxide. The author feels that such cases should be treated by a physician and not left to safety squads of gas and electric companies. The reconmonded treatment consists of artificial respiration and administration of mixtures of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Injections and blood transfusions are prob ably useless. The value of methylene blue is questionable. Psychic disturbances sometimes result from earbor* monoxide poisoning, but they are believed to be sel dom permanent. <r?\ 64 VALUE OF METHTtENE BLUE IK THE THERAPY OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND HYDROCYANIC ACID POISONING. Ztschr. f. Gewerbehyg. u. Unfall* 44, 102-8 (1937). A review of the literature leads the author to doubt that methylene blue is cr. antidote for carbon monoxide poisoning; however, it has a favorable effect in cases of poisoning by hydrocyanic acid and cyanic compounds. 65 CYANIDE POISONING. Alfred P* Ingegno and Saverio Franco. Ind. Med. 6, 573-6 (November 1937). " Two oases of cyanide poisoning art reported and described, one from inhalation of hydrocyanic acid, the other following the ingestion of potassium cyanide. In both cases, intravenous injection of sodium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate after preliminary injection of coramine and caffein in one case and ammonia and caffein in the other, iod to canpletc recovery. This method has been found successful in animal experiments. Occupational sources of oyanide poisoning, mode of action of cyanides, symptoms, identification of cyanide, details of treatment and refer ences arc included. 66 TOXIC EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE. Ralph tt. Waters. New Orleans Med. ic Surg. J., October 1937; Ind. Med. 6, 676-81 (Dec, 1937), Carbon dioxide is not normally regarded as a poison, but a fow persons are hyper sensitive to it, and two cases arc described as typical, in which carbon dioxide toxemia occurred in hospitals. In one case a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxy gen was being administered; in the other the presence of carbon dioxide resulted fran failure of absorption apparatus durir.p an operation. 67 POISONING BY OXIDES OF NITROGEN. AN INVESTIGATION OF CASES AT THE RJUKAN SALT PETRE FACTORIES. O.J.Broch* Norsk. Mag. f* Lacgevidenskapen (Norwegian) 96, 370-97 (1937), The gases studied were mainly nitric oxide and its oxidation product, nitrogen peroxide. Cases of p:isor.ing occur only ir. the "solution department", where a small number of workers conduct the operation. They arc highly paid, and their desire to continue at the high vrage increases the possibility of ill effects. There were 19 workers examined, mostly with long experience, and 10 had been seriously gassed at least once. Permanent symptoms included dizziness, headache, vomiting, shortness of breath, decrease of endurance, and bad teeth; blood-stained expectoration occurred at intervals. Individual susceptibility differsf corpulent and heavily built workers suffering most. The author believes that masks would be little used if they were provided, on account of their weight, but is sure that available preventive measures would make cases of gassing very rare. 68 EFFECT OF AMMOKIa ON '.'AN, AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES. H. Mueschonborn. Ztschr. f. Gewerbehyg. u. Ur.fall. 44, 122-5 (1937). (German). The effects of ammonia are discussed, with reports of 2 accidents. The wearing of gas rasks with a special filter is recommended in repair work where ammonia is likely to esoape. 03117806 HW86-00H7892 References tc Recent Literature - 16 69 DETERMIN..TION OF HAD. D.K.Eubbard. J. Ind. Eng. Chen. Anal. Ed. 9, 493-5 (1937). The paper describes a photometric "nixed color" dithizonc method for the detemir/-tion of lead in certain biological materials. Three extractions are made, the first for the removal of extraneous salts, the second for the elimination of bis muth and the third-for the final estimation of the lead, which is present in a state of high purity* Other metals usually found ir. biologic:.! material do not affect the results. The method is rapid, permitting complete analysis in a single day. 70 DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BIOLOGICAL IL.TERIAL. J. ChoUk. D.I .Hubbard, R.R.lSeNary and R.7.Story. J. Ind. Eng. Cher.* Anal. Ed. 438-90 (1937). The spoctrographic, dithizone and chemical separatory (carbazide) methods for es timation of lead in biological materials were compared experimentally. The spec- trographic and dithizor.e methods were found equally good where the quantity of lead exceeds 1 r.icrogram, but the spectrographic method was found superior for c?\ smaller quantities. The chemical method is chiefly useful for large samples, in which a loss of approximately 0.07 mg., inherent in the method, is insignificant in either a chemical or physiological sense. 71 DITHIZONE, AN EXCELLENT REAGENT FOR LEAD. C.F.Killer. Chemist Analyst 26, 66 (1937). The preparation of tho dithizonc reagent from phenylhydrazine is described, as is also the method of conducting the test for lead by means of a 0.01$ solution of the reagent in carbon tetrachloride. 72 I.TKODS OF PROTECTION IN TEE MAKING OF BEARINGS OF ERONZE-IEAD ALLOY IN THE PRINCE HOHENZGLLERN FACTORY, LAUCHERTHAL. Glaser. Zntrlbl. f. Gtwerbehyg. u. Unfall. 24, 24 (1937). (German). The paper describes the methods of protection from lead fumes in a factory pro ducing an alloy of copper and lead for bearings. Strong exhaust ventilation is provided over the furnaces and places *here the alloy is poured out for casting, and those locations can be shut off from other rooms. The exposed men wear oolloid masks, which are very efficient when proper attention is giver, them. Each mask is tested after putting on, by exposure to irritating gases; the re sistance to respiration is regularly measured, and particular attention is paid to the cutlet valve. Individual supervision and instruction of the workers form a part of the program. 73 BRASS POISONING. J.A.NI.... (Queries and minor notes) 109, 972 (Sept. 18, 1937). "Brass poisoning" is an anomalous term, because any chronic disease arising in trass manufacture is probably either lead or arsenic poisoning. Copper is com paratively harmless, but zinc may cause metal fume fever at the temperature at which it is generally mixed with copper. Proper protection involves ventilation ar.d use of respirators. Exposure to zinc sulfate may give rise to a different ar.d scricus type cf industrial poisoning. 74 TREATIES! 0? ACUTE POISONING FROM IERCURY SALTS BY ITEAKS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE (STRZYZCWSKI ANTIDOTE). L. Nischaud. Schweiz, ned. Wehschr. 67, 818-20 (1937) (German.) A case of sublimate poiscr.ir.g was successfully treated by the use of this reagent. A severe nephritis which followed was quickly cured by the accompanying treat ment of ingestion cf alkalies, intravenous glucose ingestion and diathermy. 03117807 References tc Recent Literature - IS HwBB~0007893 79 MaNGANESE. Industrial Data Sheet D. Chen. 26. National Safety Council. Nat. Safety News 36, 60. (Dec. 1937). Supplied to nerr.bers of the Notional Safety Council at 5 cents, fror. its headquarters. The hazards, symptoms, treatment ~nd prevention of manganese poisoning are dis cussed briefly. The hazard arises from inhalation or swallowing of the dust. Manganese has its largest use as an alloy for steel and nickel, but is used also' in dry battery manufacture, in coloring glass, enamels and cements, in the pro duction of aniline dyes, and as a drier for varnishes and oils. Acute cases of manganese poisoning have never beer, reported, end all cases of chronic poisoning have been contracted through inhalation of dust or fumes containing oxides of man ganese. Symptoms develop after 3 months and vary with the individual. They in clude languor, sleepiness, stolid appearance of the face,a low monotonous voice, muscular twitching, and cramps. There is no degeneration of tissue as in lead poisoning. Thu metal usually attacks a non-vital portion of the nerves and muscles but leaves the victim well otherwise. The best treatment in oarly stages is trans fer to dust-free atmosphere} little can be dene ir. advanced oases. Preventive measures include cleanliness, change of clothing, not eating in workrooms, regular examinations, and the use of respirators where the dust cannot be removed suffi ciently. 80 TOXICITY 0? SELENIUM. IV. EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO HYDROGEN SELENIEE. H.C.Dudley and J.W.Miller. U.S.Pub. Ecalth Repts. 5, 1217-3C. (Sept. 3, 1937) Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, Washington, D.C., for 5 cents, cash. Guinea pigs were exposed to hydrogen selenide in concentrations ranging from 0.57t 0.002 mg. per liter of air for single exposures of 10, 30 and 60 minutes. Ten minutes' exposure to the highest quantity was fatal to all animals in 5 days, and 40 minutes' exposure to the lowest was fatal in 25 days. The pathologic changes were fundamentally an early fatty metamorphosis of the liver end a later hyper trophy of the spleen. The apparatus is described in detail. 81 TOXICITY AND PATHOLOGY OF SELENIUi:. K.I.Smith, E.F.Stohlmnn and R.D.Lillie. J. Jtoarm, Exp. Therap. 60, 449-71 (August 1937). The acute and chronic effects of selenium poisoning was studied in animal exper iments. About 505$ of rats die when exposed to 3 mg. per kg. body weight, whether selenite or sclenate is administered. Corresponding results were obtained with rabbits. Eowcver, the selenite is the more toxic when injected intravenously in rabbits. ELIMINATION OF SELENIUM -.ND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE TIS&^ES. ?I. I. Smith, B.B. Westfall and E.F.Stohlman* U.S.Pub. Health Repts. 52, 1171-7 (August 27, 1937). Obtainable from Supt* cf Documents, Washington, D.C., for 5 cents r cash. Scdiur. seler.itc fed to cats was excreted in the urine' to the- extent of 50 to 80$, ar.d up to 16.1 ir. the feces. The selenium is also widely distributed in the tis sues, mostly in the liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, heart and lungs. --^ r --' 7FN v" S3 DESIGN OF PAINT SFRAYING ..ND S.MIDBLASTING NOZZLES. Frcudenthal. Zntrlbl. f. Ocwerbchyg. u. Unfall. 24, 203-6 (1937) (German). Ss-- The author shows hr." dust prevention can be secured by proper arrangement of the spraying nozzle, including widening, flattening, beveling and admission of air. The design is illustrated. 54 REPORT ON THE ACTIVITY CF THE TECHNICAL INSPECTION OFFICE IN 1936. Chemical In- Dus try Association. Chcm. Inc, (German) 60, supplement issued with <ug. 14 number, 1-56 (193?). This is ar. extern:, vc report or. many cases cf accidents and several industrial*'dis eases. Among the latter wore 2 fatal cases of dinitrocrosol poisoning, 2 cases of hydrogen sulfide poisoning, several of carbon monoxide poisoning and 2 fatal cases of Weil's disease in workers who took care of rats in a biochemistry lab oratory. 03117808 i .n 53 .< - References to Roccnt Literature - 19 55 ELECTRIC ARC WELDING. (Queries end minor notes) 109, 975 (Sept. 18, 1937). Two hundred feot fron a welding piece is considered as a safe distance for specta tors and other workers not wearing goggles. 96 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES .JsD INJURIES OF THE EYES AND WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION. Gardner. Med. J. Australia 2 732-3 (October 23, 1937). The author discusses the 666 cases of occupational diseases rnd injury of the eyes, which he has observed in 5 years (in Australia). There were 324 cases of corr.oal lesions, including 230 caused by foreign bodies, and nany from burns. A rough method for estimating percentage loss cf vision is presented. In the discussion a simple tabic of suggested percentage incapacity ratings for different visual acuities of the affected eye is listed, in place of the present (Australian) sys tem of compensation of eye injuries. 87 S.iLT TABLETS FOR HEAT - POSSIBLE OVERDOSE. J a.a.A. (Queries and minor notes) 109, 972 (Sept. 18, 1937). The question is raised as to whether there is danger of overdosage of salt tablets in eases of arteriosclerosis or nephritis with potential edema. The reply is that the use of 5 to 10 tablets daily does not exceed the replacement basis in hot in dustries cr during hot weather, and should cause no ill effects. 38 LOSS OF MINERALS THROUGH THE SHIN OF NORDAL HUNANS WEEN SWEATING IS AVOIDED. R.H. Frcybcrg and R.L.GRant. J. Clin. Invest. 16., 729-31 (Sept. 1937). The 1oss of certain inorganic elements through the skin of two healthy men was in vestigated, with precautions to prevent sweating. No calcium or phosphorus was found. The 24' hour eliminations of sodium, calcium, chloride and sulfate sulfur were found to be large enough to be of importance in the accurate determination of the exchange of thc-sc elements as commonly done in mineral "balance" studies, and corrections should be made in those studies for losses through the skin. 89 AFTER-CARE .JfD RE-EMROEEMT OF THE TUBERCULOUS PATIENT. E.L.Sandiland. J. Roy. Inst. Pub. Health and Hyg. 1, 46-56 (Oct., 1937). Attonpts to find employment for men disabled by tuberculosis in Great Britain have been made in three directions: (l) the establishment of workshops in the outside world under After-Care Committees or Local Authorities* (2) employment of expatients on the staffs of sanatoria, and (3) the esto.blishr.ent of village settle ments, with industries attached. The first plan has not been very successful, mainly on account of lack of financial help. The author concludes that settle ments constitute one of the most economical methods of dealing with certain types of the tuberculous population. 90 INDUSTRIAL C.iNCER WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS PREVENTION ..ND ACCIDENT LEGISLA TION. 0. Teuschlacndcr. Med. Welt (German) 11_, 1267-72 (1937). The paper is a critical review and general discussion of industrial cancer, in cluding the industries concerned, the active agents and the localisations ob served. In most cases it is impossible to render the injury harmless or neutral ize its carcinogenicity; all th: t remains is to diminish the exposure. Cleanli ness, medical supervision and change of work are suggested; compensation problems arc discussed. 91 SHIN IRRITATION AND CANCER IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY. S. Poller and C.S.Stephen son. An. J. Med. Sci. 194, 326 (Sept. 1937). The prolonged exposure to the sun's rays, open air and salt water, to which Navy men are subjected, is associated with a frequency of cancer of the lip and skin 8 times the normal and a greatly diminished morbidity and mortality from nil other cancers. In about four-tenths cf the men who would be expected to die from an inner malignant manifestation there developed instead a curable tumor of the lip and skin. The mortality from cancer of the skin and lip is about 3 03117809 , HHEB-B007894 lx ! 1uj)V /(; HWB6-8007895 References to Recent Literature - 20 times higher in the Navy than in the average population of the same age group. Apparently a tumor in the inner organs develops later ir, only a snail part of the patients ir. whom cancer of the lip and skin has beer, curod. This problem must be studied on a large scale, as this situation suggests a possible preventive treat ment. Statistics of inoidencc cf the forms of cancer considered are included. 92 CHEMOTHERAPY OF BLADDER CARCINOIDS VfITH A.UIN0 BODIES. Her.schen. ^rch. f. klin. Chir. 189, 19-20 (1937). (German). Bladder cancer has been produced in rabbits by the inhalation of naphthylar.ir.e vapor. Experiments by Schaer on resorption and excretion by the bladder in cn aniline worker showed that there are several ways in which naphthylamine can cone in contact with bladder tissue, from the general circulation and through the bladder vessels. R*ecancerous and warning stages are local hyperemias, ystitis cystica, and subepithelial hemorrhages* The possibility of ar.ticancerous action of seme arcn-tic amido compounds, administered orally, is being studied. 93 TURPENTINE ECZEMA IN SWEDISH PAINTERS. AN OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE INVESTIGATION. G- Rundborg. Hygiea (Swedish) 99^, 209-49 (1937). a paper on the chemical aspects of this subject was abstracted in our last bulle tin (Abst. no. 690). This paper deals with results of occupational e^osure. The author conductod inquiries among 450 painters in Stockholm and carried out skin sensitisation tests with French turpentine, Swedish sulfate turpentine, Swedish charcoal turpentine and a petroleum derivative sold as dilutin. It was found that 110 of the painters suffered from eczema, and 55 others showed changes that may in some cases be p*elimir.ary symptoms of eczomr. Various general symp toms were found in many cases. Both the clinical examine cic-c -nd vhe skin tests suggested that the Swedish preparations were more to biam.w *v'*..\n th-; French. The producers of Swedish turpentine have undertaken tc revise their chemical process es so as to eliminate or reduce the impurities. 94 EFFECTIVENESS OF SOLE PROTEC^vE AGENTS AGAINST ECZETIA. I. LUPOCID AND BOROLAN. K. FirJcenrath. Zntrlbl* f. Geworbehyg. u. Unfall. (German? 24, 205-8 (1937). Lupocid salve and borolan (apparently proprietary remit'. c tout are- ~n the German market at least) were found to fall short of the claims made by their makers. The former has an irritating effect on the skin and the latter does not prevent an occurrence of eczema. 95 LEaF OF ALOE VERA IN TREATMENT OF ROENTGEN RAY ULCERS. REPORT OF TWO ADDITIONAL CASES. .i.B.Lovcnan. Arch. Dermatol. 3s Syphil. 36, 336-43 (Oct* 1937). The author reports success in the treatment of roentgen ray ulcers with leaves of aloe vora, but only after a long period, definite signs of improvement appearing after 5 weeks* Re attributes the slow healing to the fact that only cortain parts of the ulcer are capable of regenerating the epithelium. The whole leaf was fourc tc be much more efficaceous than the ointment. 96 DERMATITIS AC Ti: 1CA DUE TC ROENTGEN RAY TREATED WITH THE LEAF OF ALOE VERA. H. Fcx. Arch. Dermatol. & Syphil. (Society transactions) 36, 891-2 (Oct. 1937). The author ar.d several others obtained no success with the aloe vera treatment. In the author's case it was discontinued after 2 weeks on account of the pein. In view cf the results in the preceding abstract, it is possible that the treat ment was r.ot continued long enough. 03117810 HM6B-0807896 References to Recent Literature - 21 37 PROTECTION OP THE SKIN AGAINST LI12. G. C. Pother. Brit. Med. J. , 792-3 (October 9, 1937). Exposure to burnt line injures the skin end eyes. Respirators for the noso and goggles for the eyes are worn by workers in line kilns, but the question of skin protection remains. Some men, but not all, acquire a tolerance to the dust. The skin becomes dry and hardened, and severe ulcers nay follow. Washing gives no protection, but talc dust shaken over the skin, lessens sweating and forms a protective film. It is also cf value as a dressing for ulcers. Strips of lint worn under the collar protect the skin of the neck from abrasion. Wo received the following information on reprints too late to insert it in the headings t No. 5. (DUST HAZARD IN FOUNDRY! EN) is obtainable from the author. Dr. Leslie K, Osmond, St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh, lb. ABSTRACT #53 was ommitted in its regular turn, and is given below? 0 53 TOXICITY OF MATERIALS USED IN LINING BEER CANS. J.A.M.A. (Queries and minor notes) 109, 891 (Sept. 11, 1937). The toxicity of chemicals used in lining beer cans is discussed, in reply to the report of a case of secondary anemia in a nan engaged in that work. The solvents are methyl-ethyl-ketone, known as ``MEK" and LAC X21B, probably a vinyloid syn thetic re6in. References are given, and no defnim; cir.elusion is stated, ex cept that the substances mentioned are not generally considered very toxic. 03117811 HW86-0007897 References tc Recent Literature - 17 75 A STUDY OF CHRONIC MERCURIALISK IN THE HATTERS' FUR CUTTING INDUSTRY. P.A.Neal, R.R.Jones, J.J.Bloomfield, J.M.DallaVclle and T*I.Edwards. U.S.Pub. Health Bull, ?*) no. 234 (?fey, 1937), Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, Washington, D.C. 15 cents, cash. A survey bs rede of all fur cutting factories operating between February and May 1935, 36 in number, including physical examinations of 529 men and women, constitut ing 26*4$ of the fur cutters in the United States. The plants are larger than in the average industry but the provision of medical care is more limited. Estima tions of mercury vapor in the air and dust counts in 5 factories showed from a trace to 1.04 ng* mercury as vapor and dust per cubio meter of air. The workers most exposed are shippers, followed by pilers, blowers, cutters and sorters. /T?\ Carrotters who apply the mercuric nitrate to the pelts are not exposed to mercury vapors. The amount of dust is not high enough to be injurious. Forty-three of the workers were found to be suffering from chronic nerculialism, but there may have been subclinical cases not included. Psychotic and neurotic symptoms end those of digestive disturbance increase with increasing quantities of mercury ir. the air. Psychic disturbances and fine intention tremor present in 34 out of 43 cutters, are much higher in incidence than in other industries in fV vestigated by the Public Health Service. The picture of chronic nereurialism corresponds to the classical one in all im portant respects. Slight salivation was found in only 10, all of whom had worted in high concentrations (0.25 mg* per cu. m.) of air. The incidence of other dis eases is not high. Practical suggestions include the use of loccl exhausts and segregation of occupations not involving exposure to mercury* 76 DETECTION OF SIALL QUANTITIES OF J.ERCURY IN AIR. K. Grosskopf. Drcegcrhcft. No. 19, 3689-91 (1937)* (German). A sampling tube for mercury has been developed by the Dracgcr fim in connection with its apparatus for determining traces of gas. Gold chloride is fixed on pure silica gel, which is then dried in vaptuo at high temperatures, activated and put into the test tube. On drawing air through the tube after preliminary washing, a sharply defined ring of colloidal geld with definite color variations is seen in the tube. With increasing amounts of mercury.the color of the ring deepens, then the zone of reduction widens, and an approximate quantitative estimation may be made with the aid of comparison tubes. A concentration of 0*001 mg, per liter of air may be detected. ---------------------------------- - TEE TOXICITY OF ORALLY INGESTED ARSENIC, SELENIUK, TELLURIUM, VANADIUM AND IIOLYBD2NU;';. K.W.Frar.ke and A.L. Moxon. J, Pham. Exp* Thcrap. 61, 89-102 (Sept. 1P3")^ Salts of the acids of these elements were fed albino rots at levels of 25 and 57 p*p*m* of the elements in their diets. Toxicity was determined by effect on growth, food consumption, mortality and hematopoietic system of the- animals, and the results arc presented in charts and tables. The relative toxicitic? ir. in creasing order are as followst arsenic, molybdenum, tellurium, vanadium, cV. selenium. At the 50 p*pm. level selenium was very toxic, tellurium and vanadium moderately so, and the other two slightly toxic. Selenium was the only ore the.-; caused u distinct disturbance of the hematopoietic system. Tellurium caused loss of hair. 78 TOXICITY OF GREEN ROUGE OR CER0I.2 GREEN. J.A.N.A. (Queries and minor notes) 109, 813 (Sept. 4, 1937). The inquiry concerns the toxicity of the above substances which arc used in polish ing ar.d coloring electrical fixtures. Greer, rouge is chronic oxide, quite widely used as an abrasive. Its use may lead to "chrome holes." Chromic acids, its salts and chromium oxides attack unbroken skin, and nasal perforation or inflammation may be caused by inhalation of the dust of the oxide. 03117812 HMBB-0007898 References tc Recent Literature - 11 usually increased* The number of granulocytes was usually found below normal. 5\ An industrial disease is undoubtedly present when the neutrophylic granulocytic > count is below 2000 and the total leucocytic count is below 4000, ever, with fair general condition* However, there is great variation in the ratio of blood'find ings and symptomsj if the sjpiptor.s are severe with no narkfed blood changes, in dustrial disease mist be considered present. In plants where ben2ir.e is used instead of benzene and xylene, the v/orkers' health was much better than in the others, and the use of benzine should be encouraged. Ventilation and local ex haust systems should be provided. *(end slight subjective symptoms). 43 ^KETENE AS A NOXIOUS GAS. G.R.Camoron and A.Neuberger. J. Path* Bact. 45, 653-60 - \f (November 1937). / \\ The toxicity of ketene has been suspected, but not previously fully investigated. '' In concentrations of less than IOC parts per million, ketene was proved fatal to mice. It roscmbles phosgene in its mode of action, which is mainly in tho al veolar and capillary tissues. Gas masks with canisters containing soda lime give efficient protection. 44 EXPOSURE TO TRICHLORETHYLENE,. Ir.d. Bull. 16, 437-8 (i*ov. 1937). Obtainable from. Division of Industrial Hygiene, N.Y. State"Dept. of Labor, 80 Centre 3t., Nov; York. N.Y. The Division of Industrial Hygiene is undertaking an extensive investigation of possible toxic effects of exposure to triohlorethylene, and this paper is a pre liminary review of the present status of the subject. The work of von Oettingen (our abstract no. 563) and the earlier work of Stuber are reviewed briefly. An assiduous search of American literature has failed to reveal a single case of in dustrial poisoning due to trichlorethylene; whether this is due to unreported cases or to actual absence of cases, wc do not know. It is suggested that the discrepancy between this lack of cases and the number reported in Europe is due to the greater stability of the American product, which point is being investi gated. Throe cases of workers under exposure to trichlorothylene are being studied. A list of their symptoms is presented* but the symptoms do not as yet offer a definite conclusion as to whether they arc the result of exposure. A full report of these cases and other findings will appear v/hen the investigations ore completed. *v LASSIFIC.rt.TION OF TRICHLORETHYIENS. K. Trillat. Ann. d. Hyg, pub. 15, 434-41 1937). (French). c author states that the belief that trichlorothylene is dangerous is unground ed so far as the present product is concerned. .No case of acute poisoning has appeared sinoe 1930, and earlier cases were due to the impure product. Quoting ror. the Cor.seil d* Hygiene, he says: "The-listing cf trichlorethylene with azardous substances thus is unjustified." (The abstractor objects to this con clusion on the ground that the chronic effect is disregarded and that there are many recent reported cases of acute poisoning, a fair estimate of the toxicity of trichlorethylene can be obtained from the preceding abstract, also no. 652 in December Bulletin and the original paper of no. 563, in the November Bulletin.) 46 //W ^EEaLTH HAZaRDS IN THE USE OF CaRBON TETRACHLORIDE. G.'-V.Dauber.speck. 111. Med. J. 72, 274-5 (Sept. 1937). t ihe industrial uses of ca rber. tetrachloride are listed and symptoms of acute poisoning are giver.. Fcr constant exposure, 100 parts per million is considered the maximum, safe concentration. Its decomposition products (phosgene, and hy drogen chloride ospe daily) are very toxic and contact with an open flame in a closed room should be avoided. Carbon tetrachloride should be handled only in closed systems or under forced draft, and special precautions must be taken when other substances like chlorinated waxes, aloohol, etc., are also used. 03117813  _*-___ V --_ References to decent Literature - 12 47 TOXICITY OF EALOWAX AND CHLORINATED NAPTKALENES. J.A.M.A. (Queries and minor notes) 109, 1386 (Oct. 23, 1937). The inquirer reports that all workers exposed to hr.lowax in - plant have developed an acne, in spite of protective measures. The face and arms, are chiefly attackedThe reply refers to Special Bulletin No. 43 of the ftjnnsylvnnia Department of Labor and Industry (obtainable on application to that Department), but deals es pecially with the systemic effects. 48 GLYCERIN, ETHYLENE GLYCOL, PROPYLERS GLYCOL AND DIETHYLENE GLYCOL. H.G.O.Hoick J.A.109, 1517-20 (Nov. 6, 1937). On account of the substitution of diethylene glycol for glyeerin as a hygroscopic agent, the toxicity of the 2 substances was studied in feeding experiments on rats. High concentrations of glycerin appear harmless, but 5JC of diethvlene glycol was found distinctly injurious, judgi*g by mortality, stunted growth and impaired reproductive capacity. When administered in water it was even more toxic 0.25# in water seemed to hinder growth. 49 RENAL LESIONS DUE TO DIETHYLENE GLYCOL. H.D.Kesten, M.G.Mulinos and L. Pomerant2 J.A.i'.A, 109, 1509-11 (Nov. 6, 1937). Diethylene glycol administered orally to rats and intravenously to rabbits caused extensive injury to the epithelium of the renal convoluted tubules, leading to urinary obstruction and uremia. The liver and adrenals were less regularly in volved. Three per cent dicthylenc glycol in the drinking water killed about half of the rats in 2 months Other details are given. 50 Propylene glycol: rate of metabolism, absorption and excretion, with method for s \ 1 L,c-fo ESTIMATION IN BODY FLUIDS. A.J.Lohman and H.W.Newman. J. Pharmaool. 4 Exp. Therap. 60, 312-22 (July 1937). An experimental study of the effects of injected and ingested propylene glycol on animals showed that in intravenous injection, the acute toxicity was less than half that of ethyl alcohol, and the narcotic action about one-third as great. It is estimated in body fluids by oxidation with sodium neriodate after pre cipitation of glucose by barium hydroxide in alcoholic solution. 51 THE GLYCOLS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. L.J.Goldwater, Div. of Industrial Hygiene, N.Y.State Dept, of Labor, 80 Center St., New York. Ind. Bull. 16, 308-9 (Aug. 1937). Reprints obtainable at above address. The Division of Industrial Hygiene is making a study of some of the glycols and their derivatives, which are becoming more widely used in industry. In a brief review of the literature, the author states that no cases of industrial poison ing from ethylene glycol have been reported, but urges reasonable precaution in handling glycol until further observations have freed the substance from any sus picion of toxicity under industrial conditions. 52 THE GLYCOLS aND THEIR DERIVATIVES. II and III. Leonard J. Goldwater. Ind. Bull, 16, 438-9 (Nov. 1937) and 504-5 (Dec. 1937). Reprints obtainable as per precoding abstract. The review of the literature on glycols .nd derivatives is extended to consideration cf propel*;, glycol, diothlynne glycol, trie-thlyene glycol, "cellosolve" and ether ethers, and glycol esters. Industrial poisoning due to propylene gly col has net :.s yet beer, reported. The animal experiments that have been made (including abstract 50) indicate a relatively low toxioity, but the results so far obtained cannot be interpreted ir. terms of industrial exposure. Diethylene glycol has been given publicity as a result of fatalities resulting from its use as a solvent, and such an occurrence should warn all who contemplate using newly developed substances for any purpose whatsoever. Nearly all of the phormocolog- 03117814 HWBB-0007899