Document GmNGr3by1NZRZZd3DNzp4vEa4

& ASBESTOS INFORMATION ASSOCIATION NORTH AMERICA 1660 L Street. N.W. / Washington, O.C. 20036 ! (202) 223-4885 RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES MANUFACTURE AND FABRICATION OF PRODUCTS USING ASBESTOS FILLED RESINOUS MOLDING COMPOUNDS' UCC 010900 DRAFT 1/3/75 INDEX INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ Page 2 SUMMARY OF OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD. . . . Pages 4-5 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................... Pages 6-7 SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................... Page 8 OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a). . . . Appendix A DRAWING ................................................................................... Appendix B UCC 010901 INTRODUCTION The work practices on the following pages have been prepared by the Standards and Technical Committee of the Asbestos Information Association/North America. They are intended as general guidance for safe and clean workplace conditions in keeping with the spirit and intent of the Occupatio'nal Safety and Health Administration's Standard for Occupational Exposure to Asbestos Fiber. ** The practices have been developed through careful study and consultation and are recommended as good procedure. It is recognized that manufacturing conditions vary. Implementation of the practices contained herein cannot be considered as a guarantee of OSHA compliance. Thorough understanding of the OSHA standard is important to management of any company utilizing asbestos in its manufacturing or processing operations. The standard was originally published on June 7, 1972 and was republished in the Federal Register on June 27, 1974. The standard. Part 1910, Section 1910.93a, of the Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, is reproduced in Appendix A. The OSHA asbestos standard is under continuing review. Revisions or amendments to the standard which may occur will be published as a matter of course in the Federal Register. Manufacturers are urged to consult with OSHA personnel where there is any question of compliance with the standard. UCC 010902 -3- RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES MANUFACTURE AND FABRICATION OF PRODUCTS USING . ASBESTOS FILLED RESINOUS MOLDING COMPOUNDS Types of asbestos filled resinous molding compounds covered by these work practice recommendations are: Pelletized Granular Nodular Shredded Chopped Dry mixed. Operations to which these work practices might apply are Handling and warehousing. Bag opening and introduction of materials into process equipment. Mold filling. General housekeeping. Clean-up of spilled materials. UCC 010903 -4- SUMMARY OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a) General The Asbestos Standard applies to any manufacturing, fabricating or handling process or operation utilizing asbestos fiber or materials containing asbestos fiber. Exposure Levels [1910.93a (b)] . - It is the employer's responsibility to maintain "permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers" below the levels prescribed. Methods of Compliance [1910.93a (c)] Exposure levels may be controlled by isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation and dust collection. Other methods that achieve the fiber exposure level objective may be used. Particular Tools [1910.93a (c)] All hand operated and power operated tools which may produce airborne asbestos fibers in excess of permissible exposure levels shall be provided with local exhaust systems. Wet Methods [1910.93a (c)] When practicable, asbestos products shall be handled in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of dust to the atmosphere. This procedure is not required where the usefulness of the product might be diminished by wetting. Application of wet methods is limited and engineering controls are normally preferable. Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing [1910.93a (d)] Under certain conditions specified in this paragraph of the standard, respirators may be used to protect employees exposed to airborne fiber levels above permissible. Only respirators of the type prescribed for the various exposure levels should be used. Under prescribed conditions where the airborne asbestos fiber level exceeds permissible, the employer is required to provide: Protective clothing change rooms clothes lockers. UCC 010904 -5- Monitoring [1910.93a (e)3 The standard requires that within six months of its effective date, all workplaces where asbestos fibers are released shall be monitored to determine exposure levels. Monitoring must be repeated at six month intervals if the fiber concentrations are above permissible levels. Monitoring shall be repeated at reasonable intervals at the employer's discretion if the fiber concentrations are below permissible levels. Caution Signs and Labels [1910.93a (g)] Caution signs shall be displayed at each location where asbestos fiber concentrations exceed permissible exposure levels. Caution labels shall be applied to all materials and products which during any reasonably foreseeable use might release concentrations of asbestos fibers' in excess of permissible exposure levels. Housekeeping [1910.93a (h)] All external surfaces, machinery and equipment shall be maintained free of asbestos fiber accumulations that might, if dispersed, create asbestos fiber concentrations above permissible exposure levels. Vacuum cleaning is the preferred method for removal. It is recommended that the vacuum cleaners be equipped with a disposable collection bag and an efficient internal filtration system. Other methods may be used if they don't create fiber concentrations in excess of permissible levels. All asbestos containing waste material, such as dust and scrap,which might in the disposal process create fiber concentrations in excess of permissible levels, shall be disposed of in sealed bags or containers. These bags and containers shall carry the prescribed caution label. Medical Examinations [1910.93a (j)] Every employer shall provide or make available at his cost the prescribed medical examination to all his employees exposed to airborne asbestos fiber. UCC 010905 -6- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS Exhaust and Dust Collection Systems The OSHA Asbestos Standard requires that exhaust and dust collection systems be designed and maintained in accordance with American National Standard,* "Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems",, ANSI Z9.2-1971. However, other reference volumes such as Industrial Ventilation - A Manual of Recommended Practices, prepared by the Committee on Industrial Ventilation of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, and , Design of industrial Exhaust Systems by Alden and Kane, published by the Industrial Press, Inc. are recognized as authoritative. For small and intermittent production and fabrication operations major dust collection systems of the high volume, low velocity type design described in the design references in the paragraph above may not be necessary. Instead, systems of the low volume, high velocity type utilizing as their exhaust air source a high efficiency vacuum cleaner could be suitable. For design information on these systems refer to the work practices on fabrication of asbestos-containing sheet products. . All exhaust and dust collection systems should be inspected periodically for proper functioning and broken bags. For continuous operations it is recommended that the system operation and the interior of the baghouse be checked daily. A scheduled maintenance program that includes bag replacement should be prepared and followed. Wherever possible, operations involving asbestos containing materials should be isolated from other work areas by partitions, curtains or other means. If central exhaust systems are utilized, the areas should be maintained under a slight negative pressure. American National Standards Institute, Inc. 1430 Broadway New York, N-yucC(?l0o986 Personal Protection Persons exposed to airborne asbestos fiber should develop good personal hygiene practices. Included should be: Don't smoke. . Wash thoroughly before eating. Shower after work. Change to work clothes upon arrival at work and change from work clothes at the conclusion of the work day. Wear proper protective clothing and respirators as provided by your employer when the situation warrants. Be certain that the respirator fits properly.. Contaminated work clothing taken home for laundering should be carefully washed, by themselves -- do not wash with other clothing.. UCC 010907 -8- RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES MANUFACTURE AND FABRICATION OF PRODUCTS USING ASBESTOS FILLED RESINOUS MOLDING COMPOUNDS . SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS When feasible and available, molding compounds that have been specially prepared to reduce dust generation should be used. Prior to unloading bags of molding compound from any vehicle a visual inspection of the cargo shall be made to determine if bag damage has occurred and if any loose material is present. Damaged bags shall be repaired by taping or insertion into a slip bag. Loose material shall be removed by vacuum cleaning or other suitable method that does not generate significant concentrations of airborne fiber. Compound should be removed from containers with care to avoid unnecessary generation of airborne dust. Where possible, charging stations with effective dust collection hoods connected to a local exhaust system should be employed. For design of a typical station with provisions for controlled bag disposal, refer to Drawing No. 26065-1 in Appendix B. Surface dust and spilled material should be removed from equipment and building surfaces regularly, preferably by vacuum methods. Refer to paragraph "Housekeeping" on Page 4. UCC 010908 federal reg&ter 23543 - 23545 RULES AND REGULATIONS 1910.93a Asbestos. .i (a) Definitions. For the purpose of this section, (1) "Asbestos" Includes chrysotile, amosite, croddollte, tremo- | llte, anthopbyfilte, and actinolite. j (2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos fibers longer than 5 micrometers. (b) Permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers--(1) Standard effective July 7, 1972. The ' 8-hour time-weighted average airborne j concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed five fibers, longer than . 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of ,,-air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (2) standard effective July 1, 1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed j shall not exceed two fibers, longer than j 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of i air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. <33 Ceiling concentration. No em ployee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers In excess of 10 fibers; longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of j air, as determined by -the''`method pre- j scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. | (c) Methods of compliance--(1) En- ; gineering methods. (I) Engineering con trols. Engineering controls, such as, but not limited to, isolation, enclosure, ex haust ventilation, and dust collection, shall be used to meet the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph <b) of this section. (II) Local exhaust ventilation. (a) Local exhaust ventilation and dust col lection systems shafi .be designed, con structed, Installed, and maintained in accordance with the American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems. ANSI Z9.2-1971, which is in. corporated by reference herein. j (b) See 5 1910.6 concerning the avail- ; ability of ANSI Z9.2-1971, and the ; maintenance of a historic file in connec- . tion therewith. The address of the Amer- i lean National Standards Institute is given In S 1910.100. i (III) Particular tools. All hand-op- j erated and power-operated tools which j may produce or release asbestos fibers j in excess of the exposure limits pre- j scribed in paragraph (b) of this section such as, but not limited to, saws, scorers abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be pro vided with local exhaust ventilation sys- terns in accordance with subdivision (il) i of this subparagraph. I (2) Work practices--(i) Wet methods Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, scored, or otherwise worked In a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of airborne fibers in excess of the ex posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, unless the usefulness of the product would be diminished thereby. (11) Particular products and opera tions. No asbestos cement, mortar, coat ing, grout, plaster, or similar material containing asbestos shall be removed from bags, cartons, or other containers in which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated so as to prevent effectively the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section. (iii) Spraying, demolition, or removal. Employees engaged In the spraying of asbestos, the removal, or demolition of pipes, structures, or equipment covered or insulated with asbestos, and in the removal or demolition of asbestos in sulation or coverings shall be provided with respiratory equipment In accord ance with paragraph (d) (2) Oil) of this section and with special clothing in ac cordance with paragraph (d) (3) of this section. .- (d) Personal protective equipment-- (1) Compliance with the exposure limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this sec tion may not be achieved by the use of respirators or Shift rotation of em ployees, except: j I (1) During the time period necessary to install the engineering controls and to Institute the work practices required by paragraph (c) of this section; Ul) In work situations la which the i methods prescribed In paragraph (c) of this section are either technically not feasible or feasible to an extent lnsuffi- dent to reduce the airborne concentra- > tlons of asbestos fibers below the limits ! prescribed by paragraph (b) of this { section; or ` .i (Ul) In emergencies. | (lv) Where both respirators and per- soanel rotation are allowed by subdivi sions (i), (11), or (ill) of this subpara graph, and both are practicable, person nel rotation shall be preferred and used. (2) Where a respirator Is permitted by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph. It shall be selected from among those ap proved by the Bureau of Mines. Depart ment of the Interior, or the National In stitute for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Health, Educa tion, and Welfare, under the provisions of 30 CFH Part 11 (37 FJR. 6244, Mar. 25, 1972), and shall be used in accordance with subdivisions (1), (il), (iii). and <lv) of this subparagraph. (i) Air purifying respirators, A reusa ble or single use air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (ii) or (ill) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed in' paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time-weighted aver- . age airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed no more than 16 times those limits. . <ii) Powered air purifying respirators. A full facepiece powered air purifying respirator, or a powered air purifying : respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (Hi) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentra- : tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time- weighted . average concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times, ; those limits. '4 (ill) Type "C" supplied-air respirators, continuous flow or pressure-demand class. A type "C" continuous flow or pres sure-demand, supplied-alr respirator : shall be used to reduce the concentra- tlons of airborne asbestos fibers In the ' respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph <b> of this section, ; when the celling or the 8-hour time- 1 weighted average airborne concentra- ' tions of asbestos fibers are reasonably : expected to exceed 100 times those Umtts . (iv) Establishment of a respirator pro gram, (a) The employer bati --*ahni ; a respirator program in accordance with the requirements of the American Na- ' tlonal standards Practices for Resplra- : tory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-1969, which is incorporated by reference herein. 1 (b) See 3 1910.6 concerning the avail- | ability of ANSI Z88.2-1969 and the main tenance of an historic file in connection ! therewith. The address of the American ' National Standards Institute Is given in ; 31910.100. - i! (c) No employee shall be assigned to tasks requiring the use of respirators if, based upon his most recent examination, an examining physician determines that the employee wifi be unable to function normally wearing a respirator, or that the safety or health of the employee or other employees wUl be impaired by use of a respirator. Such employee shall be rotated to another job or given the opportunity to transfer to a different po sition whoso duties he is able to perform with the same employer, in the same geo graphical area and with the same senior ity, status, and rate of pay he had lust prior to such transfer, if such a different position is available. KDHM REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 125--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010909 RULES AND REGULATIONS 23543 v-v. 23545 (3) Special clothing: - The employer shall provide, and require the use of, spe cial clothing, such as coveralls or similar whole body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and foot coverings for any em ployee exposed to airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers, which exceed the ceiling level prescribed in paragraph (b> of this section. (4) Change rooms: (i) At any fixed j place of employment exposed to airborne j concentrations of asbestos fibers in ex-} cess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, the em ployer shall provide change rooms for employees working regularly at the place. (ii) Clothes lockers: The employer shall provide two separate lockers or con tainers for each employee, so separated or isolated as to prevent contamination of the employee's street clothes from his work clothes. 1 fiii' Laundering: (a) Laundering of! asbestos contaminated clothing shall be done so as to prevent the release of air borne asbestos fibers in excess of the ex posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (b) Any employer who gives asbestos- contaminated clothing to another person for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement in (a) of this subdi vision to effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in para graph (b) of this section. Cc) Contaminated clothing shalL be transported in sealed Impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers, and labeled In accordance with para graph <g) of this section. * (e) Method, of measurement. All de terminations of airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at 400-450 X (magnification) (4 millimeter objective) with phase contrast illumination. 1 (f) Monitoring--(I) Initial determi nations* Within 6 months of the publi cation of this section, every employer shall cause every place of employment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored in such a way as to determine whether every employee's exposure to asbestos fibers is below the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of thi3 sec tion. If the limits are exceeded, the em ployer shall immediately undertake a compliance program in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. (2) Personal monitoring--(i) Sam ples shall be collected from within the breathing zone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer po rosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions and of the ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of em ployees, In no case shall the sampling be done at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section. (3) Environmental monitoring--U) ) samples shall be collected from areas of ; a work environment which are represent- j atlve of the airborne concentrations of ; asbestos fibers which may reach the j breathing zone of employees. Samples ' shall be collected on a membrane filter j of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations and of the ceiling con centrations of asbestos fibers. Hi) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (l) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of the employees. In no case shall sampling be at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposures to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the exposure limits prescribed in para graph (b) of this section. (4) Employee observation of monitor ing. Affected employees, or their rep resentatives, shall be given a reasonable opportunity to observe any monitoring required by this paragraph and shall have access to the records thereof. (g) Caution signs and labels. (1) Cau tion signs. (1) Posting. Caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each location where airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers may be in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. Signs shall be posted at such a distance from such a location so that an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective steps be fore entering the area marked by the signs. Signs shall be posted at all ap proaches to areas containing excessive concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers. ' (ii) Sign specifications. The warning signs required by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall conform to the re quirements of 20" x 14" vertical format signs specified in i 1910.145(d)(4), and to this subdivision. The signs shall dis- j play the following legend in the lower < panel, with letter sizes and styles of a j visibility at least equal to that specified in this subdivision. legend Notation j Asbestos___---------------- 1" 6sns Bertf, t Gothic or 1 .. Block. | Bust Hazard____________ Sana BerlJ, | Gothic or j Block. Avoid Breathing Dust Gothic. Wear Assigned Protective $4" Gothic. ! Equipment. .j Do Not Remain In Area %" Gothic. I Unless Tour Work Be- j quires It. | Breathing Asbestos Dust 14 point Gothic, j May Be Hazardous To . .j Tour Health. j Spacing between lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of any two lines. (2) Caution labels--0) Labeling. Cau tion labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to their containers, except that no label is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers In excess of the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section will be released. 01) Label specifications. The caution labels required by subdivision (1) of this subparagraph shall be printed in letters of sufficient size and contrast as to be readily visible and legible. The label shall state: ' Caution . Contains Asbestos Fibers - Avoid Cheating Dust Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Serious Bodily Harm (h) Housekeeping--(1) Cleaning. All external surfaces in any place of employ ment shall be maintained free of accu mulations of asbestos fibers if, with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration. (2) Waste disposal. Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equip ment, and asbestos-contaminated cloth ing, consigned for disposal, which may produce in any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, processing, dis posal, or transportation airborne concen trations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph <b) of this section shall be collected and disposed of in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed. Impermeable containers. (i) Recordkeeping--(1) Exposure rec ords. Every employer shall maintain rec ords of any personal or environmental monitoring required by this section. Rec ords shall be maintained for a period of at least 3 years and shall be made avail able upon request to the Assistant Secre tary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and to authorized representa tives of either. (2) Employee access. Every employee" and fanner employee shall have reason able access to any record required to be maintained by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, which indicates the em ployee's own exposure to asbestos fibers. (3) Employee notification. Any em ployee found to have been exposed at any Urns to airborne concentrations of asbes tos fibers in excess of the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be notified in writing of the expo sure as soon as practicable but not later than 5 days of the finding. The employee shall also be timely notified of the cor rective action being taken. (J) Medical examinations--Q) Gen eral. The employer shall provide or make available at hl3 cost, medical examina tions relative to exposure to asbestos re quired by this paragraph. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 3V, NO. 125--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010910 ROLES AND REGULATIONS J 23543 - 23545 (2) Preplacement. The employer shall j provide or make available to each of his i employees, -within 30 calendar days fol lowing his first employment in an i occupation exposed to airborne con- I centratlons o1 asbestos fibers, a eompre- j hensive medical examination, which shall j indude, as a minimum, a chest roent- j genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptom- : atology of respiratory disease, andI pulmonary function tests to include ; forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced ; . expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi,.). j (3) Annual examinations. On or be- I fore January 31. 1973, and at least an- i nually thereafter, every employer shall! provide, or make available, oomprehen- slve medical examinations to each of his | employees engaged In occupations ex-j posed to airborne concentrations of as- j bestos fibers. Such annual examination j shall include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi..). (4) Termination of employment. The i employer shall provide, or make avail- j Able, within 30 calendar days before or after the termination of employment of any employee engaged In an occupation exposed to airborne concentrations of; asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical [ examination which shall Include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (pos- [ terior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history | to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease', and pulmonary function tests! to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) j and forced expiratory volume at 1 second i (FEVi..). 1 (5) Recent examinations. No medical examination Is required of any em- ployee. If adequate records show that! the employee has been examined fo. ac-1 cordance with this paragraph within the j past 1-year period. I (6) Medical records--(1) Mainte- ! nance. Employers of employees examined j pursuant to this paragraph shall cause : to be maintained complete and accurate j records of all such medical examine- : tlons. Records shall be retained by j employers for at least 20 years. ! (11) Access. The contents of the rec- \ ords of the medical examinations i required by this paragraph shall be made i available, for inspection and copying, : to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational. Safety and Health, the Director of NIOSH, to authorized physlclans and medical consultants of either of them, and, upon the request of an em ployee or former employee, to his physl- ; clan. Any physician who conducts a medical examination required by this paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee all the Infor- , matlon specifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical In formation related to occupational ex- poaure to asbestos fibers. . . . _ . i 23505 1910.19 iaketto) dost. ' i Section 1910.93a shall apply to the ex-' posure of every employee to asbestos dust In every employment and place of employment covered by i 1910.12, 11910.13,11910.14,11910,15, or 11910.10, In lieu of any different standard on ex posure to asbestos dust which would i otherwise be applicable by virtue of any of those sections. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 39, NO. 125--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010911 ASBESTOS INFORMATION ASSOCIATION NORTH AMERICA 1660 L Street. N.W. / Washington. D.C. 20036 / (202) 223-4885 RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES FABRICATION AND USE OF ASBESTOS FRICTION MATERIALS UCC 010912 DRAFT T/-3/75 INDEX INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... Page 2 SUMMARY OF OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD .... Pages 4-5 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................ Pages 6-7 SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS . . . ............................Page 8 OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a). . . . . Appendix A UCC 010913 -2- INTRODUCTION The work practices on the following pages have been prepared by the Standards and Technical Committee of the Asbestos Information Association/North America. They are intended as general guidance for safe and clean workplace conditions in keeping with the spirit and intent of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Standard for Occupational Exposure to Asbestos Fiber. The practices have been developed through careful study and consultation and are recommended as good procedure. It is recognized that manufacturing conditions vary. Implementation of the practices contained herein cannot be considered as a guarantee of OSHA compliance. Thorough understanding of the OSHA standard is important to management of any company utilizing asbestos in its manufacturing or processing operations. The standard was originally published on June 7, 1972 and was republished in the Federal Register on June 27, 1974. The standard, Part 1910, Section 1910.93a, of the Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, is reproduced in Appendix A. The OSHA asbestos standard is under continuing review. Revisions or amendments to the standard which may occur will be published as a matter of course in the Federal Register. Manufacturers are urged to consult with OSHA personnel where there is any question of compliance with the standard. UCC 010914 -3RECOMMENDEP WORK PRACTICES FABRICATION AND USE OF ASBESTOS FRICTION MATERIALS The types of asbestos friction material products covered by these work practice recommendations are: Clutch facings Brake lining segments Brake blocks Disc brake pads Brake band materials Automotive transmission discs. Operations to which these work practices might apply are: Clutch assembly and rebuilding operations Brake assembly or relining operations Automatic transmission assembly and rebuilding operations. UCC 010915 -4- SUMMARY OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a)________________________________ _________________ General The Asbestos Standard applies to any manufacturing, fabricating or handling process or operation utilizing asbestos fiber or materials containing asbestos fiber. Exposure Levels [1910.93a (b)] . It is the employer's responsibility to maintain "permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers" below the levels prescribed. Methods of Compliance [1910,93a.(c)] Exposure levels may be controlled by isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation and dust collection. Other methods that achieve the fiber exposure level objective may be used. Particular Tools [1910.93a (c)] All hand operated and power operated tools which may produce airborne asbestos fibers in excess of permissible exposure levels shall be provided with local exhaust systems. Wet Methods [1910.93a (c)] ' When practicable, asbestos products shall be handled in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of dust to the atmosphere. This procedure is not required where the usefulness of the product might be diminished by wetting. Application of wet methods is limited and engineering controls are normally preferable. . Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing [1910.93a (d)] Under certain conditions specified in this paragraph of the standard, respirators may be used to protect employees exposed to airborne fiber levels above permissible. Only respirators of the type prescribed for the various exposure levels should be used. Under prescribed conditions where the airborne asbestos fiber level exceeds permissible, the employer is required to provide: Protective clothing . change rooms clothes lockers. UCC 010916 Monitoring [1910.93a (e)] The standard requires that within six months of its effective date, all workplaces where asbestos fibers are released shall be monitored to determine exposure levels. Monitoring must be repeated at six month intervals if the fiber concentrations are above permissible levels. Monitoring shall be repeated at reasonable intervals at the employer's discretion if the fiber concentrations are below permissible levels. . Caution Signs and Labels [1910.93a (g)] Caution signs shall be displayed at each location where asbestos fiber concentrations exceed permissible exposure levels. `Caution labels shall be applied to all materials and products which during any reasonably foreseeable use might release concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of permissible exposure levels. Housekeeping [1910.93a (h) ] All external surfaces, machinery and equipment shall be maintained free of asbestos fiber accumulations that might, if dispersed, create asbestos fiber concentrations above permissible exposure levels. Vacuum cleaning is the preferred method for removal. It is recommended that the vacuum cleaners be equipped with a disposable collection bag and an efficient internal filtration system. Other methods may be used if they don't create fiber concentrations in excess of permissible levels. . _ All asbestos containing waste material, such as dust and scrap, which might in the disposal process create fiber concentrations in excess' of permissible1 levels, shall be disposed of in sealed bags or containers. These bags and containers shall carry the prescribed caution label. Medical Examinations [1910.93a (j)] ' Every employer shall provide or make available at his cost the prescribed medical examination to all his employees exposed to airborne asbestos fiber. UCC 010917- -6- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS Exhaust and Dust Collection Systems The OSHA Asbestos Standard requires that exhaust and dust collection systems be designed and maintained in accordance with American National Standard,* "Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local-Exhaust Systems", ANSI Z9.2-1971. However, other reference volumes such as Industrial Ventilation - A Manual of Recommended Practices, prepared by the Committee on Industrial Ventilation of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, ' ' * and Design of Industrial Exhaust Systems by Alden and Kane, published by the Industrial Press, Inc. . are recognized as authoritative. For small and intermittent production and fabrication operations major dust collection systems of the high volume, low velocity type design described in the design references in the paragraph above may not be necessary. Instead, systems of the low volume, high velocity type utilizing as their exhaust air source a high efficiency vacuum cleaner could be suitable. For design information on these systems refer to the work practices on fabrication of asbestos-containing sheet products. All exhaust and dust collection systems should be inspected periodically for proper functioning and broken bags. For continuous operations it is recommended that the system operation and the interior of the baghouse be checked daily. A scheduled maintenance program that includes bag replacement should be prepared and followed. Wherever possible, operations involving asbestos containing materials should be isolated from other work areas by partitions, curtains or other means. If central exhaust systems are utilized, the areas should be maintained under a slight negative pressure. American National Standards Institute, Inc. 1430 Broadway * New York, N.Y. 10018 UCC 010918 Personal Protection Persons exposed to airborne asbestos fiber should develop good personal hygiene practices. Included should be: Don't smoke. Wash thoroughly before eating. Shower after work. . Change to work clothes upon arrival at work and change from work clothes at the conclusion of the work day. Wear proper protective clothing and respirators as provided by your employer when the situation warrants. Be certain that the respirator fits properly. Contaminated work clothing taken home for laundering should be carefully washed, by themselves -- do not wash with other clothing.. UCC 010919 -8- RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES FABRICATION AND USE OF ASBESTOS FRICTION MATERIALS SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS To avoid additional fabricating operations, where possible, friction materials should be obtained from the manufacturer in finished form; cut, machined and/or drilled to suit the final requirements. Fabricating equipment such as grinders, lathes, drill presses working on large capacity operations should be equipped with high volume, low velocity exhaust and dust collection systems designed in accordance with the recommendations on Page 6. Intermittent, short duration machining operations might be equipped with high velocity, low volume exhaust and dust collection systems also described on Page 6. If dust control by means of exhaust ventilation is not feasible or practicable, then wet machining utilizing fluid cutting lubricants might be a suitable alternate. Dust and chips generated by the machining operations must be removed regularly and disposed of in accordance with the paragraph "Housekeeping" on Page 5. Dust present on the surface of the in-process or finished products must be removed by wiping with a damp cloth or other suitable means between fabricating steps and before shipment. UCC 010920 federal register 23543 - 23545 RULES AND REGULATIONS 1910.93a Asbestos. i (a) Definitions. For the purpose oi ' this section, U) "Asbestos" includes chrysotile. amosite, crocidolite, tremo- . Lite, anthophyllite, and actlnollte. (2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos i fibers longer than 5 micrometers. (b) Permissible exposure to airborne J * concentrations of asbestos fibers--<1) Standard effective July 7, 1972. The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne i concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed five fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of : , air, as determined by the method pre- scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (2) Standard effective July 1, 1976. ; The 3-hour time-weighted average air- j borne concentrations of asbestos fibers 1 to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed two fibers, longer than . 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. j <3) Ceiling concentration. No em- : ployee shall be exposed at any time to i airborne cencentratlons of asbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air. as determined by the method pre - 1 scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. ' (c) Methods of compliance--(1) En gineering methods. (1) Engineering con trols. Engineering controls, such as, but not limited to, isolation, enclosure, ex- I haust ventilation, and dust collection, 1 shall be used to meet the exposure limits I prescribed in paragraph (b) of this i section. i (il) Local exhaust ventilation, (a) i Local exhaust ventilation and dust col- ' lection systems shall be designed, con structed, Installed, and maintained in accordance with the American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, ANSI Z9.2-1971, which is in corporated by reference herein. (b) See 1910.6 concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z9.2-1971, and the maintenance of a historic rile in connec tion therewith. The address of the Amer ican National Standards Institute U Siren in 3 1910.100. (ill) Particular tools. All hand-op- ; crated and power-operated tools which ; may produce or release asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section such as, but not limited to, saw's, scorers, abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be pro vided with local exhaust ventilation sys tems in accordance with subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph. (21 Work practices--(11 Wet methods j Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be ! handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, scored, or otherwise worked in a wef state sufficient to prevent the emission i of airborne fibers in excess of the ex- ! posure limits prescribed in paragraph j (bl of this section, unless the usefulness I of the product would be diminished ; thereby. ! (ill Particular products and opera- \ tions. No asbestos cement, mortar, coat- J Ing, grout, piaster, or similar material ! containing asbestos shall be removed : from bags, cartons, or other containers < in which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated : so as to prevent effectively the release of , airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of i this section. j (iii) Spraying, demolition, or removal. - Employees engaged In the spraying of ! asbestos, the removal, or demolition of j pipes, structures, or equipment covered i or insulated with asbestos, and in the ! removal or demolition of asbestos in- j sulatlon or coverings shall be provided with respiratory equipment in accord- j ance with paragraph (d) (2) (iii) of this , section and with special clothing in ac- ; cordance with paragraph (d) (3) of this I section. .- (d) Personal protective equipment--- (1) Compliance with the exposure limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this sec tion may not be achieved by the use of i respirators or shift rotation of em- , ployees, except: i (i> During the time period necessary | to Install the engineering controls and to institute the work practices required < by paragraph (c) of this section; (ii) In work situations in which the I methods prescribed In paragraph (o) of this section are either technically not ! feasible or feasible to an extent insulfi- j cleat to reduce the airborne concentra- ; tions of asbestos fibers below the limits prescribed by paragraph (to) of this section; or (ill) In emergencies. ! (iv) Where both respirators and per sonnel rotation are allowed by subdivi sions (1), (ii), or (iii) of this subpara graph. and both are practicable, person nel rotation shall be preferred and used. (2) Where a respirator is permitted by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, it shall be selected from among those ap proved by the Bureau of Mines, Depart ment of the Interior, or the National In- i sticute for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Health, Educa tion, and Welfare, under the provisions of 30 CFR Part 11 (37 F.R. 6244, Mar. 25, 1972), and shall be used in accordance with subdivisions (1), (11), (iii), and (iv) of this .subparagraph. (1) Air purifying respirators. A reusa ble or single use air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (ii> or (ill) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time-weighted aver age airborne concentrations of asbestos fibeis are reasonably expected to exceed no more than 10 times those limits. (il) Powered air purifying respirators. A full facepiece powered air purifying respirator, or a powered air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (Hi) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentra tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time- weighted average concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times, those limits. (iii) Type "C" supplied-air respirators, continuous flow or pressure-demand class. A type "C" continuous flow or pres sure-demand, supplied-air respirator shall be used to reduce the concentra tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the celling or the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 100 times those limits. (iv) Establishment of a respirator pro gram. (a) The employer shall establish a respirator program in accordance with the requirements of the American Na tional Standards Practices for Respira tory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-19S9, which is incorporated by reference herein. (&) See 1910.8 concerning the avail ability or ANSI Z83.2-1G69 and the main tenance of an historic file In connection therewith. The address of the American National Standards Institute is given in S 1910.100. (c) No employee shall be assigned to tasks requiring the use of respirators if, based upon his most recent examination, an examining physician determines that the employee will be unable to function normally wearing a respirator, or that1 the safety or health of the employee or i other employees will be impaired by his-: use of a respirator. Such employee shall , be rotated to another job or given the opportunity to transfer to a different po- j sition whose duties he is able to perform | with the same employer, in the same geo- j grapliical area and with the same senior ity, status, and rate of pay he had just prior to such transfer, if such a different position is available. i FEDERAL REGISTER, VOt. 39, NO. 125--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010921 RULES AND REGULATIONS ii 23543 - 23545 <3> Special clothing: The employer: shall provide, and require the use of, spe- ' cial clothing, such as coveralls or similar whole body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and foot coverings for any cmployee exposed to airborne concentra- i tions of asbestos fibers, which exceed the ceiling level prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (4) Change rooms: (i) At any fixed place of employment exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in ex cess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of tills section, the em- j ployer shall provide change rooms for employees working regularly at the place. (ii) Clothes lockers: The employer shall provide two separate lockers or con- ; tainers for each employee, so separated! or isolated as to prevent contamination; of the employee's street clothes from his ! work clothes. j (iii) Laundering: (a) Laundering of asbestos contaminated clothing shall be [ done so as to prevent the release of air- ; borne asbestos fibers in excess of the ex- j posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) I of this section. j (b) Any employer who gives asbestoscontaminated clothing to another person J for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement in (<j) of this subdi vision to effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in para graph (b) of this section. (c) Contaminated clothing shall be transported in sealed Impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers, and labeled in accordance with para graph (g) of this section. ' (e) Method of measurement. All de terminations of airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at 400-450 X (magnification) (4 millimeter objective) with phase contrast illumination, (f) Monitoring--(l) Initial determi nations^ Within 6 months of the publi cation of this section, every employer shall cause every place of employment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored in such a way as to determine whether every employee's exposure to asbestos fibers is below the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion. If the limits are exceeded, the em ployer shall immediately undertake a compliance program in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. (2) Personal monitoring--(i) Sam ples shall be collected from within the breathing zone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer po rosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the ; determination, of the 8-hour time- j weighted average airborne concentralions and of the ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required , by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, j samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of em ployees. In no case shall the sampling be done at intervals greater than 8 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section. (3) Environmental monitoring--(i) samples shall be collected from areas of a work environment which are represent ative of the airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers which may reach the breathing zone of employees. Samples shall be collected on a membrane filter of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in : an open-face filter holder. Samples shall : be taken for the determination of the 8- ; hour time-weighted average airborne ( concentrations and of the ceiling con- | centratlons of asbestos fibers. 1 (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. : After the initial determinations required j by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, j samples shall be of such frequency and I pattern as to represent with reasonable ; accuracy the levels of exposure of the ; employees. In no case shall sampling be ; at intervals greater than 6 months for ! employees whose exposures to asbestos j may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the exposure limits prescribed in para- ! graph (b) of this section. ! (4) Employee observation of monitor- j ing. Affected employees, or their rep- j resentatives, shall be given a reasonable ! opportunity to observe any monitoring j required by this paragraph and shall have : access to the records thereof. (g) Caution signs and labels. (1) Cau tion signs, (l) Posting, caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each j location where airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers may be in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph j (b) of this section. Signs shall be posted at such a distance from such a location so that an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective steps be fore entering the area marked by the signs. Signs shall be posted at all ap proaches to areas containing excessive concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers, (ii) Sign specifications. The warning signs required by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall conform to the re quirements of 20" x 14" vertical format signs specified in 5 1910.145(d) (4), and j to this subdivision. The signs shall dis- ; play the following legend in the lower ! panel, with letter sizes and styles of a ! visibility at least equal to that specified 1 in this subdivision. 1 Legend ftabeatoa_______ Dust Hazard. Avoid Breathing Dust__ Wear Assigned Protective Equipment. Do Not Remain In Area Unless Tour Work Re quires It. Breathing Asbestos Dust May Be Hazardous To Tour Health. Notation i 1" Sana Serif, Gothic or Block. ! *i" Sans Serif, Gothic or Block. 14" Gothic, ii" Gothic. : ! v,'' Gothic. j 14 point Gothic, j Spacing between lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of any two lines. (2) Caution labels--(1) Labeling. Cau tion labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to their containers, except that no label is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers In excess of tno exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section will be released. (il) Label specifications. The cautir. labels required by subdivision (1) of lids subparagraph shall be printed in letter', of sufficient size and contrast as to be readily visible and legible. The label shat state: . Caution Contains Asbestos Fibers Avoid Creating Dust - Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Serious Bodily Harm (h) Housekeeping--(1) Cleaning. A" external surfaces in any place of emp1ment shall be maintained free of acc.;muiations of asbestos fibers if, with the dispersion, there would be an excesd. a concentration. (2) Waste disposal. Asbestos wac-hi, scrap, debris, bags, containers, cq ' ment, and asbestos - contarninated clc:n ing, consigned for disposal, which r.produce in any reasonably foresees,b use, handling, storage, processing, dis posal, or transportation airborne concen trations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be collected r.rd disposed of in sealed Impermeable bag?, or other closed, impermeable container-.:. (i) Recordkeeping--(1) Exposure rec ords. Every employer shall maintain rec ords of any personal or environmental monitoring required by this section. Rec ords shall be maintained for a period o' at least 3 years and shall be mads avail able upon request to the Assistant Secre tary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety ar. X Health, and to authorized representa tives of either. (2) Employee access. Every employe', and former employee shall have reason able access to any record required to he maintained by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, which indicates the em ployee's own exposure to asbestos fibers. (3) Employee notification. Any em ployee found to have been exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbes tos fibers In excess of the limits pre scribed In paragraph (b) of this section shall be notified in writing of the expo sure as soon as practicable but not later than 5 days of the finding. The employee shall also be timely notified of the cor rective action being taken. (j) Medical examinations--(1) Gen eral. The employer shall provide or ma'-. i available at his cost, medical examina tions relative to exposure to asbestos re quired by this paragraph. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 39, NO. 125--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010922 RULES AND REGULATIONS 23543 - 23545 (2) Preplacement. The employer shall i provide or make available to each of his employees, within 30 calendar days fol lowing his first employment In an ; occupation exposed to airborne concentratloos of asbestos fibers, a compre- : hensive medical examination, which shall include, as a minimum, a chest roent- , genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include: forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi .)., (3) Annual examinations. On or be- ; fore January 31, 1973, and at least an- j nually thereafter, every employer shall provide, or make available, comprehen sive medical examinations to each of his employees engaged In occupations ex- . posed to airborne concentrations of as- , bestos fibers. Such annual examination shall Include, as a minimum, a chest; roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14 x ' 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom- | atology of respiratory disease, and | pulmonary function tests to include, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi.o).: (4) Termination of employment. The employer shall provide, or make avail able, within 30 calendar days before or after the termination of employment of any employee engaged in an occupation exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination -which shah include, as a] minimum, a chest roentgenogram (pos- terlor-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history ! to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVj.j). (3) Recent examinations. No medical examination Is required of any em ployee, if adequate records show that the employee has been examined In ac- ! cordance with this paragraph within the past 1-year period. (6) Medical records--U) Mainte nance. Employers of employees examined pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be maintained complete and accurate records of all such medical examine- tions. Records shall be retained by employers for at least 20 years. (11) Access. The contents of the rec ords of the medical examinations 1 required by this paragraph shall be made available, for inspection and copying, to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of NIOSH, to authorized physi cians and medical consultants of either of them, and, upon the request of an em ployee or former employee, to his physi cian. Any physician who conducts a medical examination required by tht* paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee all the infor mation specifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical in formation related to occupational ex posure to asbestos fibers. 23505 1910.19 Asbestos dust. Section 1910.93a shall apply to the ex posure of every employee to asbestos dust in every employment and place of employment covered by 11910.12, 11910.13, 1910.14, ! 1910.15, or S 1910.16, in lieu of any different standard on ex posure to asbestos dust which would otherwise be applicable by virtue of any of those sections. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 39, NO. 125--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 i UCC 010923 ASBESTOS INFORMATION ASSOCIATION NORTH AMERICA 1660 L Street. N.W. / Washington. D.C. 20036 / (202) 2234885 RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES FABRICATION AND USE OF ASBESTOS REINFORCED PLASTIC PRODUCTS DRAFT 1/3/75 UCC 010924 INDEX INTRODUCTION .................................................................................Page 2 SUMMARY OF OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD .... Pages 4-5 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. Pages 6-7 SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. Page 8 OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a). .... Appendix A UCC 010925 -2- INTRODUCTION The work practices on the following pages have been prepared by the Standards and Technical Committee of the Asbestos Information Association/North America. They are intended as general guidance for safe and clean workplace conditions in keeping with the spirit and intent of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Standard for Occupational Exposure to Asbestos Fiber. The practices have been developed through careful study and consultation and are recommended as good procedure. It is recognized that manufacturing conditions vary. Implementation of the practices contained herein cannot be considered as a guarantee of OSHA compliance. Thorough understanding of the OSHA standard is important to management of any company utilizing asbestos in its manufacturing or processing operations. The standard was originally,published on June 7, 1972 and was republished in the Federal Register on June 27, 1974. The standard. Part 1910, Section 1910.93a, of the Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, is reproduced in Appendix A. The OSHA asbestos standard is under continuing review. Revisions or amendments to the standard which may occur will be published as a matter of course in the Federal Register. Manufacturers are urged to consult with OSHA personnel where there is any question of compliance with the standard. UCC 010926 -3- RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES FABRICATION AND USE OF ASBESTOS REINFORCED PLASTIC PRODUCTS Types of asbestos reinforced plastic products covered by these work practice recommendations are: Compression molded Transfer molded Injection molded .' Extruded Convolute and spiral wound Laminated. Operations to which the recommended work practices might apply are: Finished machining of rough molded, extruded or wound products. Drilling and/or counter-boring Blanking,punching and/or shearing Surface preparation for adhesive application Miscellaneous assembly fabrication maintenance and/or repair operations Field alterations. , UCC 010927 -4- SUMMARY OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a)__________________________________________________________ General The Asbestos Standard applies to any manufacturing, fabricating or handling process or operation utilizing asbestos fiber or materials containing asbestos fiber. Exposure Levels [1910.93a (b)] It is the employer's responsibility to maintain "permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers" below the levels prescribed. Methods of Compliance [1910.93a (c)] Exposure levels may be controlled by isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation and dust collection. Other methods that achieve the fiber exposure level objective may be used. Particular Tools [1910.93a (c)] All hand operated and power operated tools which may produce airborne asbestos fibers in excess of permissible exposure levels shall be provided with local exhaust systems* Wet Methods [1910.93a (c)] When practicable, asbestos products shall be handled in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of dust to the atmosphere. This procedure is not required where the usefulness of the product might be diminished by wetting. Application of wet methods is limited and engineering controls are normally preferable. Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing [1910.93a (d)] Under certain conditions specified in this paragraph of the standard, respirators may be used to protect employees exposed to airborne fiber levels above permissible. Only respirators of the type prescribed for the various exposure levels should be used. Under prescribed conditions where the airborne asbestos fiber level exceeds permissible, the employer is required to provide: Protective clothing change rooms jsI ^ iiV. ^ m 1 nril/orc UCC 010928 Monitoring [1910.93a (e)] The standard requires that within six months of its effective date, all workplaces where asbestos fibers are released shall be monitored to determine exposure levels. Monitoring must be repeated at six month intervals if the fiber concentrations are above permissible levels. Monitoring shall be repeated at reasonable intervals at the employer's discretion if the fiber concentrations are below permissible levels. * Caution Signs and Labels [1910.93a (g)] Caution signs shall be displayed at each location where asbestos fiber concentrations exceed permissible exposure levels. Caution labels shall be applied to all materials and products which during any reasonably foreseeable use might release concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of permissible exposure levels. Housekeeping [1910.93a (h)] . . All external surfaces, machinery and equipment shall be maintained free of asbestos fiber accumulations that might, if dispersed, create asbestos fiber concentrations above permissible exposure levels. Vacuum cleaning is the preferred method for removal. It is recommended that the vacuum cleaners be equipped with a disposable collection bag and an efficient internal filtration system. Other methods may be used if they don't create fiber concentrations in excess of permissible levels. All asbestos containing waste material, such as dust and scrap, which might in the' disposal process create fiber concentrations in excess of permissible levels, shall be disposed of in sealed bags or containers. These bags and containers shall carry the prescribed caution label. Medical Examinations [1910.93a (j)] Every employer shall provide or make available at his cost the prescribed medical examination to all his employees exposed to airborne asbestos fiber. UCC 010929 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS Exhaust and Dust Collection Systems The OSHA A'sbestos Standard requires that exhaust and dust collection systems be designed and maintained in accordance with American National Standard,* "Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems", ANSI 29.2-1971. However, other reference volumes such as ' b * * *''* . - Industrial Ventilation - A Manual of Recommended Practices, prepared by the Committee on Industrial Ventilation of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, and Design of Industrial Exhaust Systems by Alden and Kane, published by the Industrial Press, Inc. .. are recognized as authoritative. ` For small and intermittent production and fabrication operations major dust collection systems of the high volume, low velocity type design described in the design references in the paragraph above may not be necessary. Instead, systems of the low volume, high velocity type utilizing as their exhaust air source a high efficiency vacuum cleaner could be suitable. For design information on these systems refer to the work practices on fabrication of asbestos-containing sheet products. ' ' All exhaust and dust collection systems should be inspected periodically for proper functioning and broken bags. For continuous operations it is recommended that the system operation and the interior of the baghouse be checked daily. A scheduled maintenance program that includes bag replacement should be prepared and followed. Wherever possible, operations involving asbestos containing materials should be isolated from other work areas by partitions, curtains or other means. If central exhaust systems are utilized, the areas should be maintained under a slight negative pressure. ' American National Standards Institute, Inc. 1430 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10018 UCC 010930 Personal Protection Persons exposed to airborne asbestos fiber should develop good personal hygiene practices. Included should be: ' Don't smoke. Wash thoroughly before eating. Shower after work. Change to work clothes upon arrival at work and change from work clothes at the conclusion .. * of^ the work day. Wear proper protective clothing and respirators as provided by your employer when the situation warrants. Be certain that the respirator fits properly. . . Contaminated work clothing taken home for laundering should be carefully washed, by themselves -- do not wash with other clothing.. UCC 010931 -8- recommended work practices FABRICATION AND USE OF ASBESTOS REINFORCED PLASTIC PRODUCTS SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS To avoid additional fabricating operations, where possible, these plastic products should be obtained from the manufacturer in finished form; cut, machined and/or drilled to suit the final requirements. Fabricating equipment such as grinders, lathes, drill presses working on large capacity operations should be equipped with high volume, low velocity exhaust and dust collection systems designed in accordance with the recommendations on Page 6. Intermittent, short duration machining operations might be equipped with high velocity, low volume exhaust and dust collection systems also described on Page 6. If dust control by means of exhaust ventilation is not feasible or practicable, then wet machining utilizing fluid cutting lubricants might be a suitable alternate. Dust and chips generated by the machining operations must be removed regularly and disposed of in accordance with the paragraph "Housekeeping" on Page 5. Dust present on the surface of the in-process or finished products must be removed by wiping with a damp cloth or other suitable means between fabricating steps and before shipment. UCC 010932 federal register 23543 - 23545 RULES AND REGULATIONS 1910.93a Asbestos. i (a) Definitions. For the purpose o' this section, (1) "Asbestos" includes chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremo- ; lite, anthophyllite, and actinoiite. | (2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos fibers longer than 5 micrometers. (b) Permissible exposure to airborne : concentrations of asbestos fibers--(1) Standard effective July 7, 1972. The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers to : which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed five fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of ' air, as determined by the method pre- ; scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. ; (2) Standard effective July 1, 1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average air- ! borne concentrations of asbestos fibers | to which any employee may be exposed \ shall not exceed two fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method pre- ; scribed in paragraph (e) of this section, i (3) Ceiling concentration. No em- j ployee shall be exposed at any time to - airborne cencentrations of asbestos j fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than j 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of ; air, as determined by the method pre - j scribed in paragraph (e) of this section, | (c) Methods of compliance--(1) En gineering methods, (1) Engineering con- , trols. Engineering controls, such as, but j not limited to, Isolation, enclosure, ex- : haust ventilation, and dust collection, shall be,used to meet the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (il) Local exhaust ventilation. (a> Local exhaust ventilation and dust col- 1 Leti'-r, cyoiems shall be .le^igv'ed, cor. structed, installed, and maintained in accordance with the American National Standard Fundamentals Governing th* Design and Operation of Local Exhausl Systems, ANSI Z9.2-I971, which is in corporated by reference herein. (b) See 51910.8 concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z9.2-1D71, and the maintenance of a historic file In connec- ;ion therewith. The address of the Amer- ; icon National Standards Institute is given in 5 1910.100. till) Particular tools. All hand-op erated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section such as, but not limited to, saws, scorers abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be pro vided with local exhaust ventilation sys tems in accordance with subdivision (ill ; of this subparagraph. <2) Work practices--(1) Wet methods Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, scored, or otherwise worked in a wef state sufficient to prevent the emission of airborne fibers in excess of the ex posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, unless the usefulness of the product would be diminished thereby. , (ii) Particular products and opera- tions. No asbestos cement, mortar, coat- ing, grout, plaster, or similar materia! containing asbestos shall be removed from bags, cartons, or other containers in which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated so as to prevent effectively the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the limits prescribed in paragraph <b) of this section. (iii) Spraying, demolition, or removal. Employees engaged In the spraying of asbestos, the removal, or demolition of pipes, structures, or equipment covered or insulated with asbestos, and in the removal or demolition of asbestos in- sulation or coverings shall be provided with respiratory equipment in accord- ance with paragraph <d) (2) (iii) of this section and with special clothing in ac cordance with paragraph (d) (3) of this section. .- (d) Personal protective equipment-- (1) Compliance with the exposure limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this sec- tlon may not be achieved by the use of respirators or shift rotation of em- ployees, except: j j ; i ; ; i ; ' ; - j ; . j : ! ; [ j j \ I j : j (1) During the time period necessary to install the engineering controls and to institute the work practices required by paragraph (c) of this section; | i j j (ii) In work situations in which the j methods prescribed in paragraph (c> of this section are either technically not : feasible or feasible to an extent insufifi- j cient to reduce the airborne concantra- : tions of asbestos fibers below the limits ! prescribed by paragraph (b) of this ! section; or .j (iii) In emergencies. ! (iv) Where both respirators and per sonnel rotation are allowed by subdivi sions (i), (li), or (ill) of this subpara graph, and both are practicable, person nel rotation shall be preferred and used. (2) Where a respirator Is permitted by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph. It shall be selected from among those ap proved by the Bureau of Mines, Depart ment of the Interior, or the National In stitute for Occupational Safety and , Health, Department of Health, Educa tion, and Welfare, under the provisions of 30 CFR Part 11 (37 F.R. 6244, Mar. 25. 1972;, and shall be used in accordance with subdivisions (1), (ii), (hi), and (iv) of this subparagraph. (i) Air purifying respirators. A reusa ble or single use air purifying respirator, ! or a respirator described in subdivision (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the' ceiling or the 8-hour time-weighted aver- . age airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed no more than 10 times those limits. ' (ii) Powered air purifying respirators. A full facepiece powered air purifying respirator, or a powered air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentra tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time- weighted average concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times, those limits. (iii) Type "C" supplied-air respirators, continuous flow or pressure-demand class, A type "C" continuous flow or pres sure-demand. supplied-air respirator shall be used to reduce the concentra tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentretions of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 100 times those limits. (iv) Establishment of a respirator pro gram, (a) The employer shall establish a respirator program in accordance with the requirements of the American Na- ; tlonal Standards Practices for Respira tory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-1969, which Is incorporated by reference herein. (b> See 1910.6 concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z88.2-1969 and the main tenance of an historic file in connection therewith. The address of the American National Standards Institute is given in 9 1910.100. 1 (c) No employee shall be assigned to l tasks requiring the use of respirators if, based upon his most recent examination, j an examining physician determines that \ the employee will be unable to function ! normally wearing a respirator, or that 1 the safety or health of the employee or ; other employees will be impaired by his-1 use of a respirator. Such employee shall ! be rotated to another job or given the opportunity to transfer to a different po sition -whose duties he is able to perform with the same employer, in the same geo graphical area and with the same senior ity, status, and rate of pay he had just prior to such transfer, if such a different position is available. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO, J25--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1V74 UCC 010933 RULES AND REGULATIONS 23543 - 23545 (3) Special clothing: The employer shall provide, and require the use of, spe cial clothing, such as coveralls or similar whole body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and foot coverings for any em ployee exposed to airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers, which exceed the celling level prescribed in. paragraph (b) of this section. (4) Change rooms: (i) At any fixed place of employment exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in ex cess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, the em ployer shall provide change rooms for employees working regularly at the place. (ii> Clothes lackers: The. employer shall provide two separate lockers or con tainers for each employee, so separated or isolated as to prevent contamination of the employee's street clothes from his work clothes. i (iii) Laundering: (o) Laundering of asbestos contaminated clothing shall be done so as to prevent the release of air borne asbestos fibers in excess of the ex posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. , (b) Any employer who gives asbestos- 1 contaminated clothing to another person for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement in (a) of this subdi vision to effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in para graph (b) of this section. (c) Contaminated clothing shall, be transported in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, Impermeable containers, and labeled in accordance with para graph (g) of this section. ' (e) Method of measurement. All de terminations of airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at 40CM50 X (magnification) (4 millimeter objective) with phase contrast illumination. ff) Monitoring--Cl) fnitiai determi nations* Within 6 months of the publi cation of this section, every employer shall cause every place of employment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored in such a way as to determine whether every employee's exposure to asbestos fibers is below the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion. If the limits are exceeded, the em ployer shall immediately undertake a compliance program in accordance with paragraph <c) of this section. (2) Personal monitoring--(i) Sam ples shall be collected from within the breathing zone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer po rosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-hour time- weighted average airborne concentra- I tions and of the ceiling concentrations of i asbestos fibers. j <ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required ! by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of em ployees. In no case shall the sampling be done at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section. (3) Environmental monitoring--(1) I samples shall be collected from areas of [ a work environment which are represent- j ative of the airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers which may reach the breathing zone of employees. Samples shall be collected on a membrane filter of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination, of the 8- hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations and of the ceiling con centrations of asbestos fibers. , (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of the . employees. In no case shall sampling be at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposures to asbestos, may reasonably be foreseen tb exceed the exposure limits prescribed in para graph fb) of this section; (4) Employee observation of monitor ' ing. Affected employees, or their rep resentatives, shall be given a reasonable opportunity to observe any monitoring required by this paragraph and shall have access to the records thereof. (g) Caution signs and labels. (1) Cau tion signs. (1) Posting. Caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each location where airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers may be in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. Signs shall be posted at such & distance from such a location so that an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective steps be fore entering the area marked by the signs. Signs shall be posted at ah ap proaches to areas containing excessive concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers. (11) Sign specifications. The warning signs required by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall conform to the re quirements of 20" x 14" vertical format signs specified in i 1910.145(d) (4), and to this subdivision. The signs shall dis play the following legend in the lower panel, with letter sizes and styles of a visibility at least equal to that specified in this subdivision. legemi asbestos___ Dust Hazard. Avoid Breathing Duet__ Wear Assigned Protective Equipment. Do Hot Remain In Area Unlees Tour Work Re quires it. Breathing Asbestos Dust May Be Hazardous To Tour Health. Notation 1" Bona Serif. Oothle or Block. . Sons Serif, Oothle or Block. Gothic. Vk" Gothic. H" Gothic. 14 point Gothic. i Spacing between lines shall be at least1 equal to the height of the upper of any j two lines. , i - (2) Caution labels--(i) Labeling. Cau tion labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to their containers, except that no label is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section will be released. (11) Label specifications. The caution labels required by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall be printed in letters of sufficient size and contrast as to be readily visible and legible. The label shall state: Caution Contains Asbestos Fibers ' - Avoid Creating Dust - Breathing Asbestos Dust May Causa Serious Bodily Harm ' (h) Housekeeping--(1) Cleaning. All external surfaces in any place of employ ment shall be maintained free of accu mulations of asbestos fibers if, with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration. (2) Waste disposal. Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equip ment, and asbestos-contaminated Cloth ing. consigned for disposal, which may produce in any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, processing, dis posal, or transportation airborne concen trations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be collected and disposed of in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers. (i) Recordkeeping--(1) Exposure rec ords. Every employer shall maintain rec ords of any personal or environmental monitoring required by this section. Rec ords shall be maintained for a period of at least 3 years and shall be made avail able upon request to the Assistant Secre tary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and to authorized representa tives of either. (2) Employee access, Every employes' and former employee shall have reason able access to any record required to be maintained by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, which Indicates the em ployee's own exposure to asbestos fibers. (3) Employee notification. Any em ployee found to have been exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbes tos fibers in excess of the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be notified In writing of the expo sure as soon as practicable but not later than 5 days of the finding. The employee shall also be timely notified of the cor rective action being taken. ; (j) Medical examinations--(1) Gen- eral. The employer shall provide or make available at his cost, medical examina tions relative to exposure to asbestos re quired by this paragraph.. fEDBUU. HESISTM, VOL 39, NO. 12S--THUR5DAV, JUNI 27, 1974 UCC 010934 RULES AND REGULATIONS 23543 - 23545 (2) Preplacement. The employer shall : provide or make available to each of his . employees, within 30 calendar days fol- lowing his first employment in an occupation exposed to airborne con- : centratlons of asbestos fibers, a compre hensive medical examination, which shall > Include, as a minimum, a chest roent genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom- i atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to Include f forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced., expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVio).: (3) Annual examinations. On or be- j fore January 31, 1973, and at least an- j nually thereafter, every employer shall! provide, or make available, comprehen- . slve medical examinations to each of his employees engaged In occupations ex posed to airborne concentrations ol as bestos fibers. Such annual examination j shall Include, as a minimum, a chest j roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14 x j 17 inches), a history to elicit symptom- j atology of respiratory disease, and 'pulmonary function tests to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced j expiratory volume at 1 second (F3Vl0). j (4) Termination o) employment. The ' employer shall provide, or make avail- ` able, within 30 calendar days before or 1 after the termination of employment of j any employee engaged in an occupation exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical j examination which shall Include, as a1 minimum, a chest roentgenogram (pos terior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory' disease, and pulmonary function tests to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV,.,). (5) Recent examinations. No medical: examination Is required of any etn- ployee, if adequate records show that the employee has been examined In ae-; cordance with this paragraph within the ; past 1-year period. ; (*H) Medical records--(1) Mainte nance. Employers of employees examined pursuant to this paragraph shall cause 1 to be maintained complete and accurate ; records of all such medical examina- > tlons. Records shall be retained by employers for at least 20 years. (li) Access. The contents of the rec- , ords of the medical examinations required by this paragraph shall be made : available, for inspection and copying. ' to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for . Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of NIOSH, to authorized physi cians and medical consultants of either of them, and, upon the request of an em ployee or former employee, to his physi cian. Any physician who conducts a medical examination required by this paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee all the infor mation specifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical in formation related to occupational ex posure to asbestos fibers. . 23505 1910.19 Asbestos dust. Section 1910.93a shall apply to the ex posure of every employee to asbestos dust in every employment and place of employment covered by {1910.12, 5 1910.13. $ 1910.14,1 1910.15, or S 1910.1$, In lieu of any different standard on ex posure to asbestos dust which would otherwise be applicable by virtue of any of those sections. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 39, NO. 125--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010935 ASBESTOS INFORMATION ASSOCIATION NORTH AMERICA 1660 L Street. N.W / Washington. D C. 20036 / (202} 2234885 RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES FABRICATION AND USE OF ASBESTOS PAPER PRODUCTS UCC 010936 DRAFT 1/3/75 INDEX INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... Page 2 SUMMARY OF OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD .... Pages 4-5 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. Pages 6-7 SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. Page 8 OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a).......................Appendix A UCC 010937 -2- INTRODUCTION The work practices on the following pages have been prepared by the Standards and Technical Committee of the Asbestos Information Association/North America. They are intended as general guidance for safe and clean workplace conditions in . keeping with the spirit and intent of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Standard for Occupational Exposure to Asbestos Fiber. The practices have been developed through careful study and consultation and are recommended as good procedure. It is recognized that manufacturing conditions vary. Implementation of the practices contained herein cannot be considered as a guarantee of OSHA compliance. Thorough understanding of the OSHA standard is important to management of any company utilizing asbestos in its manufacturing or processing operations. The standard was originally published on June 7, 1972 and was republished in the Federal Register on June 27, 1974. The standard. Part 1910, Section 1910.93a, of the Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, is reproduced in Appendix A. The OSHA asbestos standard is under continuing review. Revisions or amendments to the standard which may occur will be published as a matter of course in the Federal Register. Manufacturers are urged to consult with OSHA personnel where there is any question of compliance with the standard. UCC 010938 -3RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES FABRICATION AND USE OF ASBESTOS PAPER PRODUCTS The types of asbestos paper covered by these work practice recommendations are: Gasketing Millboard Commercial Grades Electrical Insulating Cushion Sound Deadening Saturation Grades. Operations to which these work practices might apply are: Die Cutting Shearing Sheeting Combining Coating Saturating Other fabricating operations. UCC 010939 4- SUMMARY OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a) General The Asbestos Standard applies to any manufacturing, fabricating or handling process or operation utilizing asbestos fiber or materials containing asbestos fiber. Exposure Levels [1910.93a (b)] It is the employer's responsibility to maintain "permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers" below the levels prescribed. ' Methods of Compliance [1910.93a (c)] . Exposure levels may be controlled by isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation and dust collection. Other methods that achieve the`fiber exposure level objective may be used. Particular Tools [1910.93a (c)] All hand operated and power operated tools which may produce airborne asbestos fibers in excess of permissible exposure levels shall be provided with local exhaust systems. Wet Methods [1910.93a (c)] When practicable, asbestos products shall be handled in a wet state sufficient to,prevent the emission of dust to the atmosphere. This procedure is not required where the usefulness of the product might be diminished by wetting. Application of wet methods is limited and engineering controls are normally preferable. Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing [1910.93a (d)] Under certain conditions specified in this paragraph of the standard, respirators may be used to protect employees exposed to airborne fiber levels above permissible. Only respirators of the type prescribed for the various exposure levels should be used. Under prescribed conditions where the airborne asbestos fiber level exceeds permissible, the employer is required to provide: Protective clothing , change rooms UCC 010940 Monitoring [1910.93a (e)] The standard requires that within six months of its effective date, all workplaces where asbestos fibers are released shall be monitored to determine exposure levels. Monitoring must be repeated at six month intervals if the fiber concentrations are above permissible levels. Monitoring shall be repeated at reasonable intervals at the employer's discretion if the fiber concentrations are below permissible levels. Caution Signs and Labels [1910.93a Cg)] Caution signs shall be displayed at each location where asbestos fiber concentrations exceed permissible exposure l'evels.. Caution labels shall be applied to all materials and products which during any reasonably foreseeable use might release concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of permissible exposure levels. . Housekeeping [1910.93a (h)] . All external surfaces, machinery and equipment shall be maintained free of asbestos fiber accumulations that might, if dispersed, create asbestos fiber concentrations above permissible exposure levels. Vacuum cleaning is the preferred method for removal. It is recommended that the vacuum cleaners be equipped with a disposable collection bag and an efficient internal filtration system. Other methods may be used if they don't create fiber concentrations in excess of permissible levels. All asbestos containing waste material, such as dust and scrap,which might in the disposal process create fiber concentrations in excess of permissible levels, shall be disposed of in sealed bags or containers. These bags and containers shall carry the prescribed caution label. Medical Examinations [1910.93a (j)] Every employer shall provide or make available at his cost the prescribed medical examination to all his employees exposed to airborne asbestos fiber. UCC 010941 -6- general recommendations Exhaust and Dust Collection Systems The OSHA Asbestos Standard requires that exhaust and dust collection systems be designed and maintained in accordance with American National Standard,* "Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems", ANSI Z9.2-1971. However, other reference volumes such as Industrial Ventilation - A Manual of Recommended Practices, prepared by the Committee on Industrial Ventilation of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, ' and * Design of Industrial Exhaust Systems by Alden and Kane, published by the Industrial Press, Inc. are recognized as authoritative. * For small and intermittent production and fabrication operations major dust collection systems of the high volume, low velocity type design described in the design references in the paragraph above may not be necessary. Instead, systems of the low volume, high velocity type utilizing as their exhaust air source a high efficiency vacuum cleaner could be suitable. For design information on these systems refer to the work practices on fabrication of asbestos-containing --beet products. All exhaust and dust collection systems should be inspected periodically for proper functioning and broken bags. For continuous operations it is recommended that the system operation and the interior of the baghouse be checked daily. A scheduled maintenance program that includes bag replacement should be prepared and followed. Wherever possible, operations involving asbestos containing materials should be isolated from other work areas by partitions, curtains or other means. If central exhaust systems are utilized, the areas should be maintained under a slight negative pressure. American National Standards Institute, Inc. 1430 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10018 UCC 010942 Personal Protection Persons exposed to airborne asbestos fiber should develop good personal hygiene practices. Included should be: Don't smoke. Wash thoroughly before eating. Shower after work. Change to work clothes upon arrival at work and change from work clothes at the conclusion of the work day. Wear proper protective clothing and respirators as provided by your employer when the situation warrants. Be certain that the respirator fits properly. Contaminated work clothing taken home for laundering should be carefully washed, by themselves -- do not wash with other clothing.. UCC 010943 -8RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES FABRICATION AND USE OF ASBESTOS PAPER PRODUCTS SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS Asbestos paper products should be mechanically cut. Tearing should be avoided. Slitters employing either shear slitting or score slitting are recommended. Heavy-duty scissors can be used for short duration cutting. Tables and other work surfaces where asbestos papers are handled should be kept smooth and clean. Rolled asbestos papers should be unwound gently from mandrel supports. Avoid pulling from a free-standing roll or jerking the material during unwinding. Dust should be removed from the surfaces of cut and fabricated materials before packing and shipping. Dust removal procedures should not cause workplace contamination. Fabricating operations other than unwinding, slitting and shearing frequently will require the use of dust control systems to prevent airborne fiber concentrations from exceeding permissible levels. UCC 010944 federal register 23543 - 23545 RULES AND REGULATIONS 1910.93a Asbestos. i (a) Definitions. For the purpose o' j this section, (1) "Asbestos" includes chrysotlle, amasite, crocidolite, tremo- I Lite, anthophylllte, and actinollte. { (2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos j fibers longer than 5 micrometers. i (b) Permissible exposure to airborne ! concentrations of asbestos fibers--(1) j Standard effective July 7, 1372. The i 8-hour time-freighted average airborne i concentrations of asbestos fibers to - which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed five fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of . air, as determined by the method pre- j scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (2) Standard effective July 1, 1976. \ The 8-hour time-weighted average air- i borne concentrations of asbestos fibers ' to which any employee may be exposed 1 shall not exceed two fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (3) Ceiling concentration. No em ployee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers In excess of 10 fibers, longer than j 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of ! air, as determined by the 'method pre - scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (c) Methods of compliance--(1) En gineering methods, (i) Engineering con \ trols. Engineering controls, such as, but i not limited to, isolation, enclosure, ex- I haust ventilation, and dust collection, j shall be used to meet the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this I section. j (II) Local exhaust ventilation. (<t> Local exhaust ventilation and dust col ;. ;t`.s>R systerns shall be designed, con- srructed, installed, and maintained in ] accordance with the American National ; Standard Fundamentals Governing th | Design and Operation of Local Exhaust ' Systems, ANSI ZD.2-1071, which Is in corporated by reference herein. <b) See 5 1910.6 concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z9.2-1971, and the i maintenance of a historic file in connec- j tion therewith. The address of the Amer ican National Standards Institute is j given in 5 1910.100. (III) Particular tools. All hand-op erated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits pre- : scribed in paragraph (b) of this section such as, but not limited to, saws, scorers abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be pro vided with local exhaust ventilation sys tems in accordance with subdivision lit) ; of this subparagraph. (2) Work practices--(i) Wet methods Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, scored, or otherwise worked in a wef state sufficient to prevent the emission of airborne fibers in excess of the ex posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, unless the usefulness of the product would be diminished thereby. <li) Particular products and opera- tions. No asbestos cement, mortar, coat- ing, grout, plaster, or similar material containing asbestos shall be removed from bags, cartons, or other containers in which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated so as to prevent effectively the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (iii) Spraying, demolition, or removal. Employees engaged in the spraying of asbestos, the removal, or demolition of pipes, structures, or equipment covered or insulated with asbestos, and in the removal or demolition of asbestos in- sulation or coverings shall be provided with respiratory equipment in accord ance with.paragraph (d) (2) (iii) of this section and with special clothing in ac- eordance with paragraph (d) (3) of this section. .- j i ; ! ; ' i , I I 1 i | t (d) Personal protective equipment-- (1) Compliance with the exposure limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this sec- tion may not be achieved by the use of respirators or shift rotation of em- ployees, except: [ i ' ; , j (1) During the time period necessary to install the engineering controls and to institute the work practices required by paragraph (c) of this section: 1 (ii) In work situations in which the i methods prescribed in paragraph (c) of . this section are either technically not , feasible or feasible to an extent insufil- ; cient to reduce the airborne concentra- | tions of asbestos fibers below the limits ! prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section: or (iii) In emergencies. i (iv) Where both respirators and per- ; eonnel rotation are allowed by subdivi sions (1), (il), or (lil) of this subpara graph, and both are practicable, person nel rotation shall be preferred and used. (2) Where a respirator is permitted by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, it shall be selected from among those ap proved by the Bureau of Mines, Depart ment of the Interior, or the National In stitute for Occupational Safety and f Health, Department of Health, Educa tion, and Welfare, under the provisions of 30 CFR Part 11 (37 F.R. 6244, Mar. 25, 1972), and shall be used in accordance with subdivisions (1), (ii), (ill), and (iv) of this subparagraph. ' (i) Air purifying respirators. A reusa ble or single use air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time-weighted aver age airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed no more than 10 times those limits. . (ii) Powered ntr purifying respirators. A full facepiece powered air purifying respirator, or a powered air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentra tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the celling or the 8-hour time- weighted average concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times, those limits. '- (ill) Type "C" supplied-air respirators, continuous flow or pressure-demand class. A type "C" continuous flow or pres sure-demand, supplied-air respirator shall be used to reduce the concentra tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 100 times those limits, (iv) Establishment of a respirator pro gram, (a) The employer shall establish a respirator program in accordance with the requirements of the American Na tional Standards Practices for Respira tory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-19S9. which !a incorporated by ref2rsr.ee herein. (l>) See 5 1910.6 concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z88.2-1939 and the main tenance of an historic file In connection therewith. The address of the American National Standards Institute is given in $ 1919.100. (c) No employee shall be assigned to i tasks requiring the use of respirators if,; based upon his most recent examination,1 an examining physician determines that the employee will be unable to function normally wearing a respirator, or that! the safety or health of the employee or other employees will be impaired by his-; use of a respirator. Such employee shall ' be rotated to another job or given the opportunity to transfer to a different po sition whose duties he is able to perform with the same employer, in the same geo graphical area and with the same senior ity,- status, and rate of pay he had just prior to such transfer, if such a different position is available. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 125--THURSDAY. JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010945 RULES AND REGULATIONS 23543 - 23545 (3) Special clothing: The employer I shall provide, and require the use ol, spe cial clothing, such as coveralls or similar whole body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and foot coverings for any em* ployee exposed to airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers, which exceed the ceiling level prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (4) Change rooms: (i) At any fixed place of employment exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in ex cess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, the em ployer shall provide change rooms for employees working regularly at the place. (ii) Clothes lockers: The employer shall provide two separate lockers or con tainers for each employee,-so separated or isolated as to prevent contamination of the employee's street clothes from his work clothes. (iii) laundering > (a) Laundering of asbestos contaminated clothing shall be done so as to prevent the*release of air-) borne asbestos fibers in excess of the ex- i posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section.' (b> Any employer who gives asbestoscontaminated clothing to another person for laundering shall inform, such person of the requirement in (a) of thi3 subdi vision to effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in para graph (b) of this section. (c) Contaminated clothing shall be transported in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers, and labeled in accordance with para graph (g) of this section. ' (e) Method of measurement. All de terminations of airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at 400-450 X (magnification) <4 millimeter objective) with phase contrast illumination. (f) Monitoring--(I) Initial determi- nationst Within 6 months of the publi cation of this section, every employer shall cause every place of employment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored in such a way as to determine whether every employee's exposure to asbestos fibers is below the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion. If the limits are exceeded, the em ployer shal! Immediately undertake a p.v.g-.-r.m in accordance with paragraph Co of tills section. (2) Personal monitoring--<i> Sam- J pies shall be collected from within the j breathing zone of the employees, on I membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer po- rcsity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the , determination of the 8-hour time- weighted average airborne concentra- : tions and of the ceiling concentrations of : asbestos fibers. ' (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After tlie initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph. I samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as t-, represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of em ployees. In no case shall the sampling be done at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (b> of this section. (3) Environmental monitoring--(1) I samples shall be collected from areas of 1 a work environment which are represent ative of the airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers which may reach the breathing zone of employees. Samples ' shall be collected on a membrane filter . of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8- hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations and of the ceiling con centrations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required I by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, | samples shall be of such frequency and 1 pattern as to represent with reasonable . accuracy the levels of exposure of the j employees. In no case shall sampling be j . at intervals greater than 6 months for i employees whose exposures to asbestos I may reasonably bp foreseen to exceed I the exposure limits prescribed in para- > graph <h> of this section. j (4) Employee observation of monitor- i ing. Affected employees, or their rep- j resentatives, shall be given a reasonable opportunity to observe any monitoring required by this paragraph and shall have access to the records thereof. S (g) Caution signs and labels. (1) Can- | tim signs, (i) Posting, caution signs ; shall be provided and displayed at each ! location where airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers may be in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. Signs shall be posted at such a distance from such a location so that an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective steps be fore entering the area marked by the signs. Signs shall be posted at all ap- ! proaches to areas containing excessive | concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers. (ii) Sign specifications. The warning signs required by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall conform to the re quirements of 20" x 14" vertical format signs specified in S 1910.145(d)(4), and to this subdivision. The signs shall dis Jplay the following legend in the lower i panel, with letter sizes and styles of a visibility at least equal to that specified \ in this subdivision. i Legend Asbestos_____ __ Dust Hazard. Avoid Breathing Dust__ Wear Assigned Protective Equipment. Do Not Remain In Area Unless Your Work Re quires It. Breathing Asbestos Dust May Be Hazardous To Your Health. Notation. i 1" Sans Serif, Gothic or ! Block, , V*" Sans Serif, Gothic or Block, Vi" Gothic, ' ' Vi" Gothic. ; Vi" Gothic. 14 point Gothic. , Spacing between lines shall be at least. equal to the height of the upper of any ; two lines. (2) Caution labels---(1) Labeling. Cau tion labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to their containers, except that no label is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use. handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers In excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section will be released. (ii) Label specifications. The caution labels required by subdivision (1) of this subparagraph shall be printed in letters of sufficient size and contrast as to be readily visible and legible. Hie label shall state: . , CiUTtON - Contain* Asbestos Fibers ' Avoid Creating Dust . - Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Serious Bodily Harm (h) Housekeeping--(1) Cleaning. All external surfaces in any place of employ ment shall be maintained free of accu mulations of asbestos fibers if, with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration. (2) Waste disposal. Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equip ment, and asbestos-contaminated cloth ing, consigned for disposal, which may produce in any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, processing, dis posal. or transportation airborne concen trations of asbestos fibers In excess of the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section shall be collected and disposed of in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers. (i) Recordkeeping--(I) Exposure rec ords. Every employer shall maintain rec ords of any personal or environmental monitoring required by this section. Rec ords shall be maintained for a period of at least 3 years and shall be made avail able upon request to the Assistant Secre tary of Labor lor Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and to authorized representa tives of either. (2) Employee access. Every employed' and former employee shall have reason able access to any record required to be maintained by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, which indicates the em ployee's own exposure to asbestos fibers. (3) Employee notification. Any em ployee found to have been exposed at any time bo airborne concentrations of asbes tos fibers In excess of the limits pre scribed In paragraph (b) of this section shall be notified in writing of the expo sure as soon as practicable but not later than 5 days of the finding. The employee shall also be timely notified of the cor rective action being taken. <j) Medical examinations--(1) Gen eral. The employer shall provide or make available at his cost, medical examina tions relative to exposure to asbestos re quired by this paragraph. ,FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 3?, NO. 125---THURSDAY, JUNE 27 1974 UCC 010946 RULES AND REGULATIONS 23543 - 23545 (2) Preplacement. The employer shall provide or make available to each of his employees, within 30 calendar days fol lowing his first employment in an occupation exposed to airborne con centrations of asbestos fibers, a compre hensive medical examination, which shall Include, as a minimum, a chest roent- gcnogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom- | atology of respiratory disease, and; pulmonary function tests to include j forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced , expiratory volume at 1 second' (FEVi.,)., (3) Annual examinations. On or be- | fore January 31, 1973, and at least an nually thereafter, every employer shall j provide, or make available, comprehen- , sive medical examinations to each of his ' employees engaged in occupations ex- ; posed to airborne concentrations of as- j bestoe fibers. Such annual examination : shall include, as a minimum, a chest | roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14 x f 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom- ! atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to Include, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced j expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV, ).! (4) Termination of employment. The ] employer shall provide, or make avail able, within 30 calendar days before or after the termination of employment of any employee engaged In an occupation i exposed to airborne concentrations of i asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical j examination which shall Include, as a! minimum, a cheat roentgenogram (pos- i terior-anterlor 14 x 17 Inches), a history j to elicit symptomatology of respiratory! disease, and pulmonary function tests [ to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second I (FEVt). ; (5) Recent examinations. No medicalI examination is required of any em ployee, if adequate records show that! the employee has been examined in ac- 1 cordance with this paragraph within the j past 1-year period. : (d) Medical records--(i) Mainte- 1 nance. Employers of employees examined I pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be maintained complete and accurate : records of all such medical examina- I tions. Records shall be retained by employers for at least 20 years. j (ii) Access. The contents of the rec- j ords of the medical examinations I required by this paragraph shall be made * available, for Inspection and copying, : to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of NlOSH, to authorized physi cians and medical consultants of either of than, and, upon the request of an em ployee or former employee, to his physi cian. Any physician who conducts a medical examination required by tills paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee all the infor mation specifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical In formation related to occupational ex posure to asbestos fibers. 23505 1910,19 Asbestos dost. Section 1910.93a shall apply to the ex posure of every employee to asbestos dust In every employment and place of employment covered by 51910.12, ! 1910.13, f 1910.14, 3 1910.15, or 3 1910.16, in lieu of any different standard on ex posure to asbestos dust which would otherwise be applicable by virtue of any of those sections. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 125--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010947 ASBESTOS INFORMATION ASSOCIATION NORTH AMERICA 1660 L Street. N.W. / Washington, D.C. 20036 / (202) 2234885 RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES USE AND HANDLING OF ASBESTOS TEXTILE PRODUCTS UCC 010948 DRAFT 1/3/75 INDEX INTRODUCTION.............................................................. Page 2 SUMMARY OF OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD .... Pages 4-5 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ............................ Pages 6-7 SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. Page 8 OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a)........................Appendix A UCC 010949 -2- INTRODUCTION The work practices on the following pages have been prepared by the Standards and Technical Committee of the Asbestos Information Association/North America. They are intended as general guidance for safe and clean workplace conditions in keeping with the spirit and intent of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Standard for Occupational Exposure to Asbestos Fiber. The practices have been developed through careful study and consultation and are recommended as good procedure. It is recognized that manufacturing conditions vary. Implementation of the practices contained herein cannot be considered as a guarantee of OSHA compliance. Thorough understanding of the OSHA standard is important to management of any company utilizing asbestos in its manufacturing or processing operations. The standard was originally published on June 7, 1972 and was republished in the Federal Register on June 27, 1974. The standard. Part 1910, Section 1910.93a, of the Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, is reproduced in Appendix A. The OSHA asbestos standard is under continuing review. Revisions or amendments to the standard which may occur will be published as a matter of course in the Federal Register. Manufacturers are urged to consult with OSHA personnel where there is any question of compliance with the standard. UCC 010950 -3- RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES USE AND HANDLING OF ASBESTOS TEXTILE PRODUCTS Types of asbestos products covered by these work practice recommendations are: Asbestos roving Asbestos rope, wick and cord Asbestos yarn ' Asbestos cloth, tapes and braids Operations to which these work practices might apply are: Electrical wire manufacture Braiding (packing and gasket materials) Cutting and sawing Lamination of woven materials, insulation, wrapping and fabrication General use. UCC 010951 -4- SUMMARY OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a) General The Asbestos Standard applies to any manufacturing, fabricating or. handling process or operation utilizing asbestos fiber or materials containing.asbestos fiber. Exposure Levels [1910.93a (b)] '. It is the employer's responsibility to maintain "permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers" below the levels prescribed. . ' Methods of Compliance [1910.93a (c)] * Exposure levels may be controlled by isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation and dust collection. Other methods that achieve the `fiber exposure level objective may be used. Particular Tools [1910.93a (c)] . All hand operated and power operated tools which may prod.uce airborne asbestos fibers in excess of permissible exposure levels shall be provided with local exhaust systems. Wet Methods [1910.93a (c)] - " When practicable, asbestos products shall be handled in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of dust to the atmosphere. This procedure is not required where the usefulness of the product might be diminished by wetting. Application of wet methods is limited and engineering controls are normally preferable. Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing [1910.93a (d)] Under certain conditions specified in this paragraph of the standard, respirators may be used to protect employees * exposed to airborne fiber levels above permissible. Only respirators of the type prescribed for the various exposure levels should be used. Under prescribed conditions where the airborne asbestos fiber level exceeds permissible, the employer is required to provide: ' Protective clothing , change rooms clothes lockers. . UCC 010952 -5- Monitoring [1910.93a (e)] The standard requires that within six months of its effective date, all workplaces where asbestos fibers are released shall be monitored to determine exposure levels. Monitoring must be repeated at six month intervals if the fiber concentrations are above permissible levels. Monitoring shall be repeated at reasonable intervals at the employer's discretion if the fiber concentrations are below permissible levels. - Caution Signs and Labels [1910.93a (g)] Caution signs shall be displayed at each location where asbestos fiber concentrations exceed permissible exposure l'evels.. Caution labels shall be applied to all materials and products which during any reasonably foreseeable use might release concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of permissible exposure levels. . . Housekeeping [1910.93a (h)] All external surfaces, machinery and equipment shall be maintained free of asbestos fiber accumulations that might, if dispersed, create asbestos fiber concentrations above permissible exposure levels. Vacuum cleaning is the preferred method for removal. It is recommended that the vacuum cleaners be equipped with a disposable collection bag and an efficient internal filtration system. Other methods may be used if they don't create fiber concentrations in excess of permissible levels. All asbestos containing waste material, such as dust and scrap,which might in the disposal process create fiber concentrations in excess, of permissible levels, shall be disposed of in sealed bags or containers. These bags and containers shall carry the prescribed caution label. Medical Examinations [1910.93a (j)] Every employer shall provide or make available at his cost the prescribed medical examination to all his employees exposed to airborne asbestos fiber. UCC 010953  6- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS Exhaust and Dust Collection Systems The OSHA Asbestos Standard requires that exhaust and dust collection systems be designed and maintained in accordance with American National Standard,* "Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems", ANSI Z9.2-1971. However, other reference volumes such as Industrial Ventilation - A Manual of Recommended Practices, prepared by ' the Committee on Industrial Ventilation of the American Conference of Governmental . Industrial Hygienists, ` and Design of Industrial Exhaust Systems by ' Alden and Kane, published by the Industrial Press, Inc. . are recognized as authoritative. * For small and intermittent production and fabrication operations major dust collection systems of the high volume, low velocity type design described in the design references in the paragraph above may not be ' necessary. Instead, systems of the low volume, high velocity type utilizing as their exhaust air source a high efficiency vacuum cleaner could be suitable. For design information on these systems refer to the work practices on fabrication of asbestos-containing sheet products. . All exhaust and dust collection systems should be inspected periodically for proper functioning and broken bags. For continuous operations it is recommended that the system operation and the interior of the baghouse be checked daily. A scheduled maintenance program that includes bag replacement should be prepared and followed. 'Wherever possible, operations involving asbestos containing materials should be isolated from other work areas by partitions, curtains or other means. If central exhaust systems are utilized, the areas should be maintained under a slight negative pressure. American National Standards Institute, Inc. 1430 Broadway % New York, N.Y. 10018 UCC 010954 Personal Protection Persons exposed to airborne asbestos fiber.should develop good personal hygiene practices. Included should be: Don't smoke. ' Wash thoroughly before eating. - Shower after work. ` Change to work clothes upon arrival at work and change from work clothes at the conclusion of the work day. ' Wear proper protective clothing and respirators as provided by your employer when the situation warrants. Be certain that the respirator fits properly. Contaminated work clothing taken home for laundering should be carefully washed, by themselves -- do not wash with other clothing.. UCC*010955 -8RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES USE AND HANDLING OF ASBESTOS TEXTILE PRODUCTS SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS Wherever possible, asbestos textiles that have been specially treated to reduce dust emissions should be used. Handling of sewn and/or cut pieces should be kept to a minimum. Asbestos textiles should be mechanically cut or sheared to avoid tearing and/or fraying. Rotary knives or heavy duty scissors are the best for cutting operations. Cutting and sewing edges or surfaces should be dampened to reduce dust generation during handling. Tables and other working surfaces where asbestos textiles are being fabricated or handled should be kept smooth and clean. Asbestos textiles in storage should be kept in sealed containers or dust-tight wrappings. Cut pieces or any form of processing waste from asbestos textiles shall be disposed of in accordance with paragraph "Housekeeping" on Page 5. Asbestos textiles should be unrolled gently from spools, coils or mandrels to the table or other working surfaces. Avoid pulling from a free standing supply or roll and avoid jerking of the material during unrolling. UCC 010956 federal register 23543 - 23545 RULES AND REGULATIONS 1910.93a Asbestos. j J(a) Definitions, For the purpose of this section, (1) "Asbestos" includes chrysotile, amosite, crocidollte, tremo- i llte, anthophylllte, and actlnolite. | <2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos . fibers longer than 5 micrometers. ! (b) Permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers--(1) \ Standard effective July 7, 1972. The i S-hour time-weighted average airborne 1 concentrations of asbestos fibers to | which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed five fibers, longer than j 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air. as determined by the method pre' scribed In paragraph (e) of this section. (2) Standard effective July 1, 1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average air- i borne concentrations of asbestos fibers i to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed two fibers, longer than I 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of ; air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section, i (3) Ceiling concentration. No em- ! pioyee shall be exposed at any time to , airborne concentrations of asbestos : fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than : 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of \ air, as determined by the method pre ! scribed In paragraph (e) of this section. ! <c) Methods of compliance--(1) En- ' gineering methods. (1) Engineering con - : trols. Engineering controls, such as, but i not limited to, isolation, enclosure, ex- ' haust ventilation, and dust collection. | shall be used to meet the exposure limits i prescribed in paragraph (b) of this I section. j (11) Local exhaust ventilation. (a> Local exhaust ventilation and dust col- - lection systems shall be designed, con- ciructed, installed, and maintained in . accordance with the American National Standard Fundamentals Governing th Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, ANSI Z9.2-1971, which is in corporated by reference herein. Cb) See 9 1910.6 concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z9.2-1971, and the maintenance of a historic file in connec- ; tion therewith. The address of the Amer- | ican National Standards Institute is 1 given in 5 1910.100. (lii) Particular tools. All hand-op erated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits pre- 1 scribed in paragraph (b) of this section : such as, but not limited to, saws, scorers abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be pro vided with local exhaust ventilation sys tems in accordance with subdivision (11) of this subparagraph. (2) Work practices--(1) Wet methods Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, scored, or otherwise worked in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of airborne fibers in excess of the ex- posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, unless the usefulness of the product would be diminished thereby. . (li) Particular products and opera- tions. No asbestos cement, mortar, coat- ing, grout, plaster, or similar material containing asbestos shall be removed from bags, cartons, or other containers in which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated so as to prevent effectively the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the limits prescribed In paragraph (b> of this section. (iil) Spraying, demolition, or removal, Employees engaged in the spraying of asbestos, the removal, or demolition of pipes, structures, or equipment covered or insulated with asbestos, and in the removal or demolition of asbestos in sulation or coverings shall be provided with respiratory equipment in accord ance with paragraph (d) (2) (lii) of this section and with special clothing in ac- cordarxe with paragraph (d) (3) of this section. .- (d) Personal protective equipment-- (1) Compliance with the exposure limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this sec tion may not be achieved by the use of respirators or shift rotation of em- ployees, except: j I 1 j j ! | ] 1 j \ j > ! J > 1 i j <1) During the time period necessary I to install the engineering controls and ; to institute the work practices required \ by paragraph (c) of this section; ! (ii) In work situations in which the j methods prescribed In paragraph (c) of ! this lection are either technically not feasible or feasible to an extent lnsufil- cient to reduce the airborne concentre- : tions of asbestos fibers below the limits j prescribed by paragraph (b) of this ' section; or j (lii) In emergencies. ; (iv> Where both respiratorsand per- ; eoanel rotation are allowed bysubdtvi- j slons <i), (ii), or (iil) of rills subpara- , graph, and both are practicable, person- | nel rotation shall be preferred and used. ' (2) Where a respirator is permitted by subparagraph (I) of this paragraph, it shall be selected from among those ap- ! proved by the Bureau of Mines, Depart- . meat of the Interior, or the National In- i stltute for Occupational Safety and j Health, Department of Health, Educa- I tion, and Welfare, under the provisions of I 30 CFR Part 11 (37 F.R. 6244, Mar. 25, 1972), and shall be used in accordance with subdivisions (1), (ii), (iil), and (iv) of this subparagraph. (i) Air purifying respirators. A reusa- ' ble or single use air purifying respirator, ' or a respirator described in subdivision (ii) or (ill) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of ; airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the i ceiling or the 3-hour time-weighted aver- l age airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed no more than 10 times those limits. (ii) Powered air purifying respirators. A full facepiece powered air purifying respirator, or a powered air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentra- - tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time- weighted average concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected i to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times, those limits. i (iii) Type "C" supplied-air respirators, continuous flow or pressure-demand class. A type "C" continuous flow or pres sure-demand, supplied-air respirator shall be used to reduce the concentra tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 100 times those limits. (iv) Establishment of a respirator pro gram. (a) The employer shall establish a respirator program in accordance with the requirements of the American Na tional Standards Practices for Respira tory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-1969, which is incorporated by reference herein. (5) See I 1910.<i concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z38.2-19G9 and the main tenance of an historic file in connection therewith. The address of the American National Standards Institute is given in ! 1910.100. 1 (c) No employee shall be assigned to! tasks requiring the use of respirators if, based upon his most recent examination, an examining physician determines that the employee will be unable to function normally wearing a respirator, or that the safety or health of the employee or other employees will be impaired by his- use of a respirator. Such employee shall , he rotated to another job or given the . opportunity to transfer to a different po- ; sition whose duties he is able to perform ! with the same employer, In the same geo- j graphical area and with the same senior- j ity, status, and rate of pay he had just I prior to such transfer, if such a different position is available. [ FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 123--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010957 RULES AND REGULATIONS 23543 - 23545 (3) Special clothing: The employer shall provide, and require the use of, spe cial clothing, such as coveralls or similar whole body clothing, head coverings, I gloves, and foot coverings for any em ployee exposed to airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers, which exceed the ceiling level prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (4) Change rooms: (i> At any fixed place of employment exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in ex cess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of tills section, the em ployer shall provide change rooms for employees working regularly at the place. (ii) Clothes lockers: The employer] shall provide two separate lockers or con- j tainers for each employee, so separated or isolated as to prevent contamination | * of the employee's street clothes from his ] work clothes. .. j (iii) laundering: (a) Laundering of! asbestos contaminated clothing shall be j done so as to prevent the release of air borne asbestos fibers in excess of the ex posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. C >) Any employer who gives asbestos- contaminated clothing to another person for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement in (a) of this subdi vision to effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in para graph Cb) of this section, (c) Contaminated clothing shall: be transported in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers, and labeled in accordance with para graph (g) of this section. (e) Method of measurement. All de terminations of airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at 400-450 X (magnification) (4 millimeter objective) with phase contrast illumination. (f) Monitoring--(1) Initial determi nations^ Within 6 months of the publi cation of this section, every employer shall cause every place of employment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored in such a way as to determine whether every employee's exposure to asbestos fibers is below the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion. If the limits are exceeded, the em ployer suaii in.uu-diateiy undertake a ; compliance program in accordance with f paragraph (c) of this section. | (2) Personal monitoring--fi) Sam ples shall be collected from within the breathing zone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer po rosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-honr time- j weighted average airborne concentra- ' lions and of the ceiling concentrations of ; asbestos fibers. ; (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. ; Aicer the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, i samples shall be of such frequency and ! pattern as to represent with reasonable j accuracy the levels of exposure of em- j ployees. In no case shall the sampling be done at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section. (3) Environmental monitoring--U) I samples shall be collected from areas of ! a work environment which are represent- i ative of the airborne concentrations of j asbestos fibers which may reach the ] breathing zone of employees. Samples j shall be collected on a membrane filter j of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations and of the ceiling con centrations of asbestos fibers. , (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, j samples shall be of such frequency and j . pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of the employees. In no case shall sampling be 'at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposures to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the exposure limits prescribed in para graph (b) of this section. (4) Employee observation of monitor ing. Affected employees, or their rep resentatives. shall be given a reasonable opportunity to observe any monitoring required by this paragraph and shall have access to the records thereof. (g) Caution signs and labels. (1) Cau- ftbli signs. (1) Posting, Caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each location where airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers may be in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. Signs shall be posted at such a distance from such a location so that an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective steps be fore entering the area marked by the signs. Signs shall be posted at all ap proaches to areas containing excessive concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers. ' (ii) Sign specifications. The warning signs required by subdivision (i) of this . subparagraph shall conform to the re quirements of 20" x 14" vertical format signs specified in 5 1910.145(d)(4), and to this subdivision. The signs shall dis play the following legend in the lower panel, with letter sizes and styles of a j visibility at least equal to that specified i in this subdivision. Legend Asbestos________ Dust Hazard. Avoid Breathing Dust__ Wear Assigned Protective Equipment. Do Not Remain In Area Unless Tour Worn Es quires It. Breathing Asbestos Dust May Be Hazardous To Your Health. Notation ; 1" Sam Serif, G othio or' Bloch. %" Sana Serif, , Gothle or Bloch. ' Vi" Gothic. Vi" Gothic. ' Vi" Gothic. 14 point Gothic. Spacing between lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of any two lines. - (2) Caution labels--(i) Labeling. Cau tion labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to their containers, except that no label Is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers In excess of the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section will be released. (ill Label specifications. The caution labels required by subdivision (1) of this subparagraph shall he printed in letters of sufficient size and contrast as to to readily visible and legible. The label shall state: . Caution Contains Asbestos Fibers Avoid Creating Dust -- Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cans* Serious Bodily Harm (h) Housekeeping--(1) Cleaning. All external surfaces in any place of employ ment shall be maintained free of accu mulations of asbestos fibers If, with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration. (2) Waste disposal. Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equip ment, and asbestos-contaminated cloth ing, consigned for disposal, which may produce in any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, processing, dis posal, or transportation airborne concen trations of asbestos fibers In excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be collected and disposed of in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed. Impermeable containers. (i) Recordkeeping--(1) Exposure rec ords. Every employer shall maintain rec ords of any personal or environmental monitoring required by this section. Rec ords shall be maintained for a period of at least 3 years and shall be made avail able upon request to the Assistant Secre tary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and. Health, and to authorized representa tives of either. (2) Employee access. Every employee' and former employee shall have reason able access to any record required to be maintained by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, which Indicates the em ployee's own exposure to asbestos fibers. (3) Employee notification. Any em ployee found to have been exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbes tos fibers In excess of the limits pre scribed in paragraph <b) of this section shall be notified in writing of the expo sure as soon as practicable but not later than 5 days of the finding. The employee shall also be timely notified of the cor rective action being taken. (j) Medical examinations--(1) Gen eral. The employer shall provide or make available at his cost, medical examina tions relative to exposure to asbestos re quired by this paragraph. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOl. 39, NO. 125--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010958 RULES AND REGULATIONS 23543 _ 23545 (2) Preplacement. The employer shall provide or make available to each ol his ! employees, within 30 calendar days fol lowing his first employment in an , occupation exposed to airborne concentratlons of asbestos fibers, a compre- : hensive medical examination, which shall : Include, as a minimum, a chest roent- geaogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom- ' atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include \ forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi.). j (3) Annual examinations. On or be- , fore January 31, 1973, and at least an- ; nually thereafter, every employer shall. provide, or make available, comprehen- ; slve medical examinations to each of his ! employees engaged In occupations ex- ; posed to airborne concentrations of as- ; bestoa fibers. Such annual examination shall include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14 x ! 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom- ! atology of respiratory disease, and I pulmonary function tests to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced i expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi.o).1 (4) Termination of employment. The employer shall provide, or make avail-; able, within 30 calendar days before orj after the termination of employment of i any employee engaged In an occupation \ exposed to airborne concentrations of1 asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical j examination which shall Include, as a1 minimum, a chest roentgenogram (pos- terlor-anterlor 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory! disease, and pulmonary function testa1 to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) ! and forced expiratory volume at 1 second | (FEV1.0). j (5) Recent examinations. No medical; examination Is required of any em ployee. If adequate records show that the employee has been examined In ac- : cordance with this paragraph within the 1 past 1-year period. ! (6) Medical records--(1) Mainte- ; nance. Employers of employees examined pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be maintained complete and accurate i records of all such medical examina- ! tions. Records shall be retained by: employers for at least 20 years. ; (11) Access. The contents of the rec- i ords of the medical examinations j required by this paragraph shall be made available, for Inspection and copying. to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety end Health, the Director of NIOSH, to authorized physi cians and medical consultants of either of them, and, upon the request of an em ployee or former employee, to his physl- : clan. Any physician who conducts a medical examination required by this paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee all the infor mation specifically required by this ; paragraph, and any other medical in- ' formation related to occupational ex posure to asbestos fibers. . 23505 1910.19 Asbestos dust. : Section 19lo.93a shall apply to the ex posure of every employee to asbestos dust In every employment and place of employment covered by 41910.12, 5 1910.13, $ 1910.14, 3 1910.15, or 3 1910.16, In lieu of any different standard on ex- < posure to asbestos dust which would 1 otherwise be applicable by virtue of any of those sections. i FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 125--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010959 ASBESTOS INFORMATION ASSOCIATION NORTH AMERICA 1660 L Street. N.W. / Washington. D C. 20036 / (202) 2234885 RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES SHOP AND FIELD FABRICATION OF ASBESTOS SHEET PRODUCTS DRAFT 1/3/75 UCC 010960 INDEX INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... Page 2 SUMMARY OF OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD.............................................................Pages 4-5 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................... Pages 6-7 SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................... . COMMENTS....................................................................................................................Page 8 SHOP (FIXED) TOOLS........................................................................................Page 9 Radial Arm Saw ............................................................................. Page 10 Table Saw ...................................................................................................... Page 11 Stone Saw ....................................................................................................Page 12 Shaper ................................................................................... Page 13 Vacuum Requirements..............................................................................Page 14 PORTABLE TOOLS....................................................................................................Page 15 Rotary Power Saw ................................................................................... Pag16-24 Electric Drill .................................................................................... Pages 25-3 Electric Sanders .... .............................................................. Pages 31-; Vacuum Requirements .................................................. ..... Page 35 PORTABLE VACUUM SOURCE .............................................................................. Pages 36-3 APPENDIX A - OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a).......................Page 38 UCC 010961 -3- RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES SHOP AND FIELD FABRICATION OF ASBESTOS SHEET PRODUCTS Types of asbestos sheet products covered by these work practices are: Flat asbestos-cement sheets - plain and pigmented - press produced Corrugated asbestos-cement sheets - press produced Flat asbestos-cement sheets - plain and pigmented wet machine produced Corrugated asbestos-cement sheets - wet machine produced Asbestos-cement sheets and shapes - extruded Flat asbestos calcium silicate sheets - press produced. Structural sandwich panels - flat asbestos-cement sheets with insulating core. Operations to which these work practices might apply are: Handling and warehousing General housekeeping, including waste disposal Sawing Drilling 1 Shaping Sanding, UCC 010962 -4- SUMMARY OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE OSHA ASBESTOS STANDARD (1910.93a);______________________________________________________________ General The Asbestos Standard applies to any manufacturing, fabricating or handling process or operation utilizing asbestos fiber or materials containing asbestos fiber. Exposure Levels [1910.93a (b)] . ., It is the employer's responsibility to maintain "permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers" below the levels prescribed. Methods of Compliance [1910.93a (c)] ' Exposure levels may be controlled by isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation and dust collection. Other methods that achieve the 'fiber exposure level objective may be used. Particular Tools [1910.93a (c)] All hand operated and power operated tools which may produce airborne asbestos fibers in excess of permissible exposure levels shall be provided with local exhaust systems. Wet Methods [1910.93a (c)] When practicable, asbestos products shall be handled in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of dust to the atmosphere. This procedure is not required where the usefulness of the product might be diminished by wetting. Application of wet methods is limited and engineering controls are normally preferable. . Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing [1910.93a (d)] Under certain conditions specified in this paragraph of the standard, respirators may be used to protect employees exposed to airborne fiber levels above permissible. Only respirators of the type prescribed for the various exposure levels should be used. Under prescribed conditions where the airborne asbestos fiber level exceeds permissible, the employer is required to provide: protective clothing , change rooms clothes lockers. . UCC 010963 -5- Monitoring [1910.93a (e)] The standard requires that within six months of its effective date, all workplaces where asbestos fibers are released shall be monitored to determine exposure levels. Monitoring must be repeated at six month intervals if the fiber concentrations are above permissible levels. Monitoring shall be repeated at reasonable intervals at the employer's discretion if the fiber concentrations are below permissible levels. Caution Signs and Labels [1910.93a (g)] Caution signs shall be displayed at each location where asbestos fiber concentrations exceed permissible exposure levels. . Caution labels shall be applied to all materials and products which during any reasonably foreseeable use might release concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of permissible exposure levels. Housekeeping [1910.93a (h)] `. All external surfaces, machinery and equipment shall be maintained free of asbestos fiber accumulations that might, if dispersed, create asbestos fiber concentrations above permissible exposure levels. Vacuum cleaning is the preferred method for removal. It is recommended that the vacuum cleaners be equipped with a disposable collection bag and an efficient internal filtration system. Other methods may be used if they don't create fiber concentrations in excess of permissible levels. All asbestos containing waste material, such as dust and scrap,which might in the1disposal process create fiber concentrations in excess of permissible levels, shall be disposed of in sealed bags or containers. These bags and containers shall carry the prescribed caution label. Medical Examinations [1910.93a 0)3 Every employer shall provide or make available at his cost the prescribed medical examination to all his employees exposed to airborne asbestos fiber. UCC 010964 -6- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS Exhaust and Dust Collection Systems The OSHA Asbestos Standard requires that exhaust and dust collection systems be designed and maintained in accordance with American National Standard,* "Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems", ANSI 29.2-1971. However, other reference volumes such as Industrial Ventilation - A Manual of Recommended Practices, prepared by the Committee on Industrial Ventilation of the American Conference of Governmental " Industrial Hygienists, ' ` and ' Design of Industrial Exhaust Systems by Alden and Kane, published by the Industrial Press, Inc. . are recognized as authoritative. ** For small and intermittent production and fabrication operations major dust collection systems of the high volume, low velocity type design described in the design references in the paragraph above may not be necessary. Instead, systems of the low volume, high velocity type utilizing as their exhaust air source a high efficiency vacuum cleaner could be suitable. For design information on these systems refer to the work practices on fabrication of asbestos-containing sheet products. - All exhaust and dust collection systems should be inspected periodically for proper functioning and broken bags. For continuous operations it is recommended that the system operation and the interior of the baghouse be checked daily. A scheduled maintenance program that includes bag replacement should be prepared and followed. . - Wherever possible, operations involving asbestos containing materials should be isolated from other work areas by partitions, curtains or other means. If central exhaust systems are utilized, the areas should be maintained under a slight negative pressure. . American National Standards Institute, Inc. , 1430 Broadway * New York, N.Y. 10018 .. UCC 010965 7- Personal Protection Persons exposed to airborne asbestos fiber should develop good personal hygiene practices. Included should be: Don't smoke. Wash thoroughly before eating. Shower after work. , Change to work clothes upon arrival at work and change from work clothes at the conclusion of the work day. Wear proper protective clothing and respirators as provided by your employer when the situation warrants. Be certain that the respirator fits properly. Contaminated work clothing taken home for laundering should be carefully washed, by themselves -- do not wash with other clothing.. UCC 010966' -8- RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES SHOP AND FIELD FABRICATION OF ASBESTOS SHEET PRODUCTS SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS - COMMENTS Prior to handling of sheet materials excess dust should be removed from the surface of the sheets to prevent dispersion of asbestos fiber into the workplace. Fabricating machinery should be equipped with suitable dust control systems. Refer to standards on page 6 and to typical designs shown on pages 10 through 37. All dust control systems which discharge exhaust air to atmosphere must be equipped with fabric filter collection devices (requirement of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Asbestos"). - Wet fabricating methods can be a suitable alternative to dust control systems utilizing exhaust ventilation. After fabricating and before shipping all excess dust and chips should be removed from the surface of the sheet to prevent dust contamination of the fabricator's workplace and his customer's workplace. All dust and waste must be disposed of in accordance with paragraph "Housekeeping" on Page 5. Dust from the dust collection devices must be disposed of in sealed containers. Scrap disposal, since it is not friable and disposal does not generate asbestos fiber concentrations above permissible levels, need not follow the requirement for sealed and labeled containers. UCC 010967 RADIAL ARM SAW: 1. Dust escapes from top side of material as saw * ,breaks through top surface - some goes to saw post area, some goes around top guard and out towards.operator. 2. Dust escapes from bottom surface as saw breaks through and goes below table top. . Recommended engineered dust control system. AIR VOLUME = 2500 C.FM. TOTAL SUCTION = 14"WATER OR f Hg UCC 010968 -li- TABLE SAW 1. Dust escapes from bottom side as leading edge of material engages downward moving saw teeth. Dust is propelled downward and towards back of saw below table top. 2. Some dust generated over top of material cut due to rubbing of saw or binding in saw cut. Dust rises over saw and towards operator. Recommended engineered dust control system. UCC 010969 12- 1 STONE SAW: - DRY CUTTING: Stone saws when used dry cutting asbestos sheet products generate dust as follows: 1. On the leading edge of the wheel as it breaks through the top surface. 2. On the back edge of the hood which emits dust and chips carried over. SAW DIRECTIONS Recommended engineered dust control system. * 1. Add rubber skirt on existing hood to % inch above work. 2. Add 6" pipe to existing hood for dust pick-up. 3. Add 8" wide slot below table for dust pick-up. 4. Use 2500 to 4000 C.F.M. at 14" water on 1" Hg. for vacuum pick-up. .. UCC 010970 SHAPER - FOR DRY SHAPING: A shaper when shaping or contouring an asbestos sheet product generates dust as follows: 1. The cutter blade on the shaper peels off a . very fine chip due to the high velocity of the shaper. 2. The vibration in the cutter shaft or the ' chatter in the material being shaped generates dust. SHAPER CUTTER DUST 6 CHIPS Recommended engineered dust control systems and equipment. 1. Enclose shaper shaft and tool in metal housing. 2. \ 3. Add rubber skirt on 4 sides to 1" clear above work. . Add duct work as shown on sketch. Vacuum required is 2500 C.F.M. at 14" water or 1" HG. 4. Use 2" outlet and hose to canister type vacuum 75 C.F.M. at 6G" water for 5" Hg. ;7 UCC 010971 14- ENGINEERED DUST CONTROL TOOLS-SHOP TOOLS VACUUM REQUIREMENTS TYPE TOOL C.F.M. VACUUM RADIAL ARM SAW TABLE SAW 2500 2500 14" Water 14" Water STONE SAW 2500 to 4000 14" Water SHAPER 2500 14" Water UCC 010972 -16- 3X METHODS OF ENGINEERED DUST CONTROL SYSTEMS ' PORTABLE ELECTRIC ROTARY POWER SAV/S. y * ' I.' Use dust control systems shown below. (Spec. A-l) or Cape Asbestos shroud kit. (Spec. A-2) XI., Do all cutting on J-M design vacuum box (6) as per Spec. No. E-l,' or cut into 1/2" plywood. LOW VOLUME S HIGH VELOCITY SPEC. SERIES G UCC 010973 a'/io.q. ro.o. PtCKUP TUBES -- WELDED ALUMINUM CONSTRUCTION I 1/2" I. D. VACUUM HOSE PICKUP FOOT ASSEMBLY (SEE SHEET 2 ) \ 'I I.D.. VACUUM HOSE ADDITIONAL SHIELDING REQUIRED FOR DUST PICKUP - SEE SHEET 2. SHIELDING TO OS SEALED TO BASE AND GUARD 1/4 GAP REQUIRED BETWEEN SAV/ BLADE ft FACE OF PICKUP FOOT DUST EXTRACTOR-PORTABLE SAW-10 1/4I`0IA.DLADE UCC 010974 -18- i detailT 2 \ -y- OETAIL 3 ' t DUST EXTRACTOR-PORTABLE SAW- 7 1/4" DIA. BLADE UCC 010976 -20- bHfeC. A"i DETAIL 4 --* * *t PICKUP FOOT-WELDED TO SHIELDING DUST EXTRACTOR-PORTABLE SAW-7 l/4"DIA. SLADE UCC 010977 SPECIFICATION NO. A-2 DETAIL 1 MANUFACTURER: ' Cape Universal Building Products . Uxbridge, Middlesex England or (Watford 34551) Register Office Box 165, Exchange Road, Waterford 34551 TYPE OF EQUIPMENT: Plastisol Type Semi-Flexible Portable Saw Special Design Shroud Kit .- 7" for 7V Sawcats . 9hn for 9V Sawcats Stocked in Denver by M. L. Foss, Black & Decker distributor EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS: :" Order through Cape Universal (includes following) 1. Shroud ' 2. Hose harness, comprising 2 hose pieces and "Y" 3. Jubilee clips (2) SIZES: For 7 V and 9V Sawcats ELECTRICAL: -NONE- VACUUM: 2 hose pieces for vacuum attachments UCC 010978 -22'v f| [ta vixy'u L SPEC. A-2 DETAIL 2 e Diogfi t^teetai @3raes[ Approved by the Asbestosis Research Council n The saw shroud has been tailored to fit the Black 3nd Deck? portable circular sow and used in conjunction witn appro-.-ec industrial dust extraction units. A list of such units is indue in the ASBESTOSIS RESEARCH COUNC. L Control arc S= Guide No' 5. In addition to its use with Asbestos Cased mar the saw shroud is also suitable for a wide variety of other materials. > Operating instructions The material to be sawn should be placed on a wooden base (preferably 3j" plywood if considerable cutting is to be ccr spanning the whole length, of the saw cut and me blade cc-c adjusted so tlfat it cuts through the material with minimum C cut into base board. This pi events dust from toiling below ; saw cut and concentrate's the extraction to the shroud enc a the upper p; t of the blade where the dust is drawn off via UCC Q-10979------------------------------------- Components {illustrated overleaf) I Dismantling saw Reassembly with shroud 1 Shroud . ** 2 Hose-harness, comprising two hose pieces and *Y* connector 3 Jubilee dips (4 of No 1 and 1 of No 2) Remove bolt 4, outer clamp washer 5. saw blade 6, inner clamp washer, wine nut 7, bolt 8, guard stop 9, wing nut 10, shoe 11, two retaining screws 12, ..lever arm 13, screws 14 15 15 17 and finally mam guard 18 by care;u ;y tapping free with hide faced hammer. Should motor unit also be witndrawn. ensure carbon brushes are correctly re-positioned before reassembly Fit saw shroud 1 to guard 18 and reassemble in reverse order ensuring that all screws are fully tightened. Omit lever arm 13 and retaining \crews 12. Where necessary lift shroud to gain access to screws. To tighten screw 15 insert screwdriver as shown in drawing O^Ensure that shroud is fitted ins'ee lip of shoe when replacing saw blade. Connect hose harness to shroud. Connect hoses to Y piece, secureall connections with Jubilee clips. An additional clip is included for coupling the unit to the dust extraction hose. Pat. app. No. SGCjQS/^C UCC 010980 24- CUTTING BOX-USE WITH ROTARY SAW SPEC. E-L DETAIL I BLOCKS AS REQUIRED TO UCC 010981 METHODS OF ENGINEERED DUST CONTROL SYSTEMS PORTABLE ELECTRIC DRILLS NORMAL DRILLING OF DRILLING OVERHEAD OR DRILLING OF VERTICAL SURFACES OR o CAPE PORTABLE DRILL NOZZLE KIT UCC 010982 26- orcu. o-i t OUST EXTRACTOR-DRILL UCC 010983 -27- SPECIFICATION NO. B-2 DETAIL 1 MANUFACTURER: Cape Universal Building Products Register Office P. 0. Box 165 Exchange Road Watford, England Phone: Watford 34551 TYPE OF EQUIPMENT: Portable Drill No2zle Kit MODEL NO. NONE EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS: . Portable Drill Nozzle Kit - Pat. App. 59390 SIZE: Fits with Adaptor A 3/8" or 5/16" size drills or 1/2" drills with chucks less than bearing size. ELECTRICAL: -NONE VACUUM: Works with Back Pak or regular vacuum units. UCC 010984 i -28- srtio. DETAIL 2 Operating instructions * ' Power drills adapted with the kit do not require special operating procedures. Tne design of the kit allows the drill bit to be accurately positioned on the surface to be drilled (1) and as drilling takes place the drill nozzle compresses to allow the drill bit to proceed (2) The- nozzle can be adapted to accommodate the Teks'' screw fixing system; advice obtainable from Cape Universal Building Products Limited. . UCC 010985 -29- Assembly detail SPEC. B-2 DETAIL 3 Components Assembly instructions Adaptor A to suit: Black and Decker 3/8in or 5/1 Gin chuck Wolf EG 2C l/4in chuck . Wolf EG 23C 5/1 oin chuck Stanley Bridges XL 325 and XK series Adaptor 8 to suit: . Wolf Sapphire series 3 ' Drill nozzle - 4 Hose piece *_ 5 Jubilee clip (2 no) . 6 Retaining strap with adhesive backing 7 9/64in drill bit : 8 Countersink attachment - 9 Open ended cap: for horizontal surfaces (ceilings) 10 Conical cap: for vertical surfaces (walls) . Select adaptor 1 or 2 to suit drill. Fit to neck of drill and secure with,, three grub screws . Fit drill nozzle "3 to neck of adaptor, ensure that exhaust outlet is at top and tighten flange screw' ' Connect hose piece 4 to exhaust outlet and secure with jubilee clip 5 Remove paper from adhesive backing of retaining strap and secure hose to drill with strap . Insert how: piece into exhaust unit hose and secure with second jubilee clip. Assemble drill and countersink attachment and fit into chuck * * Tighten chuck by inserting key through aperture in nozzle. Select cop 9 or 10 and fix to nozzle using twisting action. > UCC 010986 I B-2 DETAIL 4 Cape Universal Drill Attachment Cross-Match with American Drills Manufacturer SKIL Model Number 596 597 598 1176 401 75 220 597 Millers Falls Milwaukee Drills Black and Decker SP220 SP220-1 SP220-3 SP321 220-11 SP342 NO250 SP501 0101 0102-1 0120 0140 0180 0190 0200 0121 0122-1 0141 0161 . 0181 0192 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1060 1180 Black and Decker Air Drills 1487 1488 Size 1/4 3/8 1/2 (o.k. if chuck changed 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 3/8 only if Rigid Supreme Model B90A chuck or Model B80A chuck ' 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 3/8 3/8 3/8 1/4 uses Jacobs 4BF- o.k 1/4 uses Jacobs 4BF- o.k 1/4 uses Jacobs 4BF- o.k 1/4 uses Jacobs 4BF- o.k 1/4 uses Jacobs 4BF- o.k 1/4 uses Jacobs 4BF- o.k 5/16i uses Jacobsi 30B*- o.: 1/4 1/4 . 1/4 - 1/4 1/4 . 1/4 3/8 only if Jacobs 31B chuck is used o.k. o.k. UCC 010987 ( 31- RECOMMENDED DUST CONTROL SYSTEM EOR PORTABLE ELECTKiC EANDc-Ki, . The following are the methods of dust control for portable electric sanders. ' BELT TYPE SANDERS ' I Some belt type sanders have a built-in control system with dust bag. These can be used by themselves or VACUUM HOSE connect to vacuum unit of 50 to 75 C.F.M. and 6" hg* or 68" water vacuum capacity. See Specs. G for vacuum equipment. For control on sanders without built-in systems, see Spec. C-4 BELT TYPE SANDER SPEC. C-LC-2.C-5 VIBRATORY TYPE SANDERS There are on the market several dustless sanders (or polishers) of the orbital type which have built-in dustless attachments for use with canister type vacuum units as Spec. G and specified for belt type units above. DUSTLESS SANDER UCC 010988 SPECIFICATION NO. C-3 MANUFACTURER; . Skil Corporation 7234 Linder Avenue Skokie, Illinois (312) 679-6830 Attn: Messrs. William Skinner or William Foote TYPE OF EQUIPMENT; 435" Heavy Dust Belt Sander with Vacuum Dust Collector MODEL NO. 324 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS: Skil Model No. 324 Belt size Ah" X 26", Pad 43s" X with Vacuum Dust Collector 3/4 SIZE; AHn Heavy Duty ELECTRICAL; No. 324 115 Volt AC/DC 10 amps 1,300 FPM no load VACUUM: Dust collector bag attached, other vacuum equipment. Suggest it be hose connected to UCC 010989 , -32- SPECIFICATION NO. C-2 MANUFACTURER: . . Rockwell International 400 Lexington Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (421) 241-8400 Attn: Rex Moore or Dennis ' Huntsman TYPE OF EQUIPMENT: MODEL NO. Portable Electric Belt Sanders No. 500 Dust Controlled Portable Electric Belt Sanders No. 503 Dust Controlled Portable Electric Orbital Sander No. 505 Dust Controlled EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS: Portable Electric Belt Sanders Portable Electric Belt Sander Portable Electric Orbital Sander No. 500 with dust control No. '503 with dust control No. 505 with dust control SIZE: Model 500, 4" X 27" with dust control Model 503, 3" X 24" with dust control Model 505, orbital sander, with dust control ELECTRICAL: Model No. 500 115 volt AC/DC Model No. 503 115 void AC/DC Model No. 505 115 volt AC/DC (Orbital Sander) 12 amps 1,550 FSPM 9 amps 1,180 FSPM 3 amps 10,000 OPM VACUUM: Built-in attachment for bag can also be used with hose and larger vacuum system. UCC 010990 f -34- SPEC. C- 4 DETAIL I DUST EXTRACTOR --VIBRATORY SANDER UCC 010991 -35- ENGINEERED DUST CONTROL - PORTABLE TOOLS VACUUM REQUIREMENTS* TYPE TOOL 4%" Dia. Portable Circular Saw 7V' Dia. Portable Circular Saw 9h" Dia. Portable Circular Saw 10" Dia. Portable Circular Saw Hand Electric Drill - Portable Hand Electric Drill with Hole Cutter Portable Belt Type Electric Sander Portable Vibratory Type Electric Sander C.F.M. 150 150 150 150 75 75 150 150 CO VO MINIMUM VACUUM 68" Water 68" Water Water 68" Water 68" Water 68" Water 68" Water 68" Water Portable Electric Circular Saws should be used with Vacuum Table. Use plastic bag liner for waste container for sealed disposal of dust. UCC 010992 -36- SPECIFICATION NO. G-2 ----------------------------------------- :---------------------------------------------i MANUFACTURER: Hoffman Air & Filtration Division Clarkson Industries - ' ' 103 Fourth Avenue v' ' New York City, N. Y. 10003 ' -. *' (212) 677-3600; Attn: Mr. Guy Cusumano , TYPE OF EQUIPMENT; ' ' ;* ^ MODEL NO. Hoffman Vacuum No. 237 Special .' ' I ' ' . ' ; j :` ' . ' EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS: " . : __,,. No. 237 Special Hoffman I: 1 i ! SIZE: . ' . ->V:: ' ' . -" '' . lh hp unit ELECTRICAL: ` ' . .` ' ' . *. , 1H hp TEFC, 110 V controls - ' . 440 volt, 3-phase, 60 cycle . 50 ft. cable - conductor type . VACUUM: ` 2" pipe, 2 connections # .' - . . '.. . UCC 010993 -37- SPECIFICATION NO G-3 MANUFACTURER: ' Spencer Turbine Company Hartford, Connecticut . (203) 233-3631 .. Attn: Mr. Blair Alexander TYPE OF EQUIPMENT; Spencer Turbine Type Vacuum ! EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS: 150 SCFM at 635" Mercury i Turbina type vacuum unit, Eulletin 190 i ! i ! SIZE: 150 SCFM at 6*5" Mercury ELECTRICAL: ` . Normally 220/440 V, 3-phase, 60 cycle VACUUM: 150 SCFM at 63s" Mercury MODEL NO. P-190 UCC 010994 federal register 23543 - 23545 RVLES AND REGULATIONS 1910.93a Asbestos. (a) Definitions. For the purpose of this section, (1) "Asbestos" includes chrysottle, amoslte, crocldolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actlnollte. (2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos fibers longer than 5 micrometers. (b) Permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers--(1) Standard effective July 7, 1372. The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed five fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of .air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (2)Standard effective July 1, 1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed two fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. <3) Ceiling concentration. No em ployee shall be exposed at any time to airborne cencentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by1 the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (c) Methods of compliance--(1) En gineering methods. (1) Engineering con trols. Engineering controls, such as, buV not limited to, Isolation, enclosure, ex haust ventilation, and dust collection, shall be used to meet the exposure limits' prescribed in paragraph (b) of thi* section. <il) Local exhaust ventilation. '(o> Local exhaust ventilation and dust col lection systems shall be designed, con structed, installed, and maintained in accordance with the American National Standard Fundamentals Governing th Design and Operation of Local Exhaust i Systems, ANSI Z9.2-1971, which is in corporated by reference herein. (b) See S 1910.6 concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z9.2-1971, and the maintenance of a historic file in connec tion therewith. The address of the Amer ican National Standards Institute is given in 1910.100. (ill) Particular tools. Ail hand-op erated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b> of thia section such as, but not limited to, saws, scorers abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be pro vided with local exhaust ventilation sys tems in accordance with subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph. (2) Work practices--(1) Wet methods Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, scored, or otherwise worked in a wef state sufficient to prevent the emission of airborne fibers in excess of the ex posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, unless the usefulness of the product would be diminished thereby. (ii) Particular products and opera tions. No asbestos cement, mortar, coat ing, grout, plaster, or similar material containing asbestos shall be removed from bags, cartons, or other containers in which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated so as to prevent effectively the release of airborne asbestos fibers In excess of the limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (ill) Spraying, demolition, or removal. Employees engaged in the spraying of asbestos, the removal, or demolition of pipes, structures, or equipment covered or insulated with asbestos, and in the removal or demolition of asbestos in sulation or coverings shall be provided with respiratory equipment in accord ance with paragraph (d) (2) (ill) of this section and with special clothing in ac cordance with paragraph (d)_(3) of this section. .- <d> Personal protective equipment-- (1) Compliance with the exposure limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this sec tion may not be achieved by the use ot respirators or shift rotation of em ployees, except: (1) During the time period necessary to install the engineering controls and to institute the work practices required by paragraph <c) of this section; (ii) JH work situations in which the methods prescribtd in paragraph (c) of this section are either technically not feasible or feasible to an extent insuffi cient to reduce the airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers below the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section; or ~ (ill) In emergencies. (iv) Where both respirators and per sonnel rotation are allowed by subdivi sions (i), (11), or (ill) of this subpara graph, and both are practicable, person nel rotation shall be preferred and used. (2) Where a respirator Is permitted by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, it shall be selected from among those ap proved by the Bureau of Mines, Depart ment of the Interior, or the National In stitute for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Health, Educa tion, and Welfare, under the provisions of 30 CFR Part 11 (37 F.R. 6244, Mar. 25, 1972L and shall be used in accordance with subdivisions (1), (ii), (hi), and (iv) of this subparagraph. I i j i i i i (i) Air purifying respirators. A reusa- j ble or single use air purifying respirator, i or a respirator described in subdivision (ii) or till) of this subparagraph, shall ; be used to reduce the concentrations of ; airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) ot this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time-weighted aver age airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed no more than 10 times those limits. (ii) Powered air purifying respirators. A full facepiece powered air purifying ; respirator, or a powered air purifying ! respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentre- tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the I respirator below the exposure limits pre- : scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time- 1 weighted average concentrations of [ asbestos fibers are reasonably expected : to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times, : those limits. '' (ill) Type "C" supplied-air respirators, continuous flow or pressure-demand j class. A type "C" continuous flow or pres sure-demand, supplied-air respirator , shall be used to reduce the concentre- tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the j respirator below the exposure limits pre- ' scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the celling or the 6-hour time- i weighted average airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers are reasonably 1 expected to exceed 100 times those limits. (iv) Establishment of a respirator pro- j gram, (a) The employer shall establish a respirator program in accordance with i the requirements of the American Na- \ tlonal Standards Practices for Resplra- i tory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-1969, which j la incorporated by reference herein. (b> See 51910.6 concerning the avail- : ability of ANSI Z88.2-1969 and the main tenance of an historic file in connection ' therewith. The address of the American National Standards Institute is given in 1 51910.100. s'1I (c) No employee shall be assigned to j tasks requiring the use of respirators if, based upon his most recent examination, I an examining physician determines that j the employee will be unable to function normally wearing a respirator, or that I the safety or health of the employee or other employees will be impaired by his- use of a respirator. Such employee shall be rotated to another job or given the opportunity to transfer to a different po sition whose duties he is able to perform with the same employer, In the same geo graphical area and with the same senior ity, status, and rate of pay he had just prior to such transfer, if such a different position is available. ' FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 33, NO. 12S--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010995 RULES AND REGULATIONS 23543 - 23545 (3> Special clothing: The employer] shall provide, and require the use of. spe- clal clothing, such as coveralls or similar whole body clothing, head coverings,] gloves, and foot coverings for any em ployee exposed to airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers, which exceed the ceiling level prescribed in paragraph (b) i Jof this section. (4) Change rooms: (1) At any fixed i place of employment exposed to airborne ] concentrations of asbestos fioers in ex- j cess of the exposure limits prescribed in | paragraph (b of this section, the em- J ployer shall provide change rooms for) employees working regularly at the place.: (ii) Clothes lockers: The employer! shall provide two separate lockers or con- t tamers for each employee, so separated 1 or isolated as to prevent contamination j of the employee's street clothes from his work clothes. I (iii) Laundering: (a) Laundering of! asbestos contaminated clothing shall be j done so as to prevent the release of air borne asbestos fibers in excess of the ex- 1 posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. Co) Any employer who gives asbestos- contaminated clothing to another person for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement in (a) of this subdi vision to effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in para graph do) of this section. i (c> Contaminated clothing shall, be transported in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed. Impermeable containers, and labeled in accordance with para graph (g) of this section. ' (e) Method of measurement All de terminations of airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at 400-450 X (magnification) (4 millimeter objective) with phase contrast illumination. (f) Monitoring--(1) Initial determi nations* Within 6 months of the publi cation of this section, every employer shall cause every place of employment where asbestos, fibers are released to be monitored in such a way as to determine whether every employee's exposure to asbestos fibers Is below the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion. If the limits are exceeded, the em ployer shall immediately undertake a compliance program in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. (2) Personal monitoring--(i) Sam ples shall be collected from within the breathing cone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer po rosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions and of tlie ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) or this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of em ployees.- In no case shall the sampling be dona at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section. (3) Environmental monitoring--(i) 1 samples shall be collected from areas of [ a work environment which are represent- I ative of the airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers which may reach the i breathing zone of employees, samples j shall be collected on a membrane filter l of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations and of the ceiling con centrations of asbestos fibers. , (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of the employees. In no case shall sampling be at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposures to asbestos, may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the exposure limits prescribed In para graph (b) of this section. (4) Employee observation of monitor ing. Affected employees, or their rep resentatives, shall be given a reasonable opportunity to observe any monitoring required by this paragraph and shall have access to the records thereof. (g)Caution signs and labels. (1) Cau tion signs, (i) Posting. Caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each location where airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers may be in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. Signs shall be posted at such a distance from such a location so that an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective steps be fore entering the area marked by the signs. Signs shall be posted at all ap proaches to areas containing excessive concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers. (ii) Sign specifications. The warning signs required by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall conform to the re quirements of 20" x 14" vertical format signs specified in ! 1910.145(d) (4), and to this subdivision. The signs shall dis play the following legend In the lower panel, with letter sizes and .styles of a visibility at least equal to that specified in this subdivision. Zspend Asbestos________ Dust Hazard. Avoid Breathing Dust___ Wear Assigned Protective Equipment. Do Not Remain In Area Unless Your Work Re quires It. Breathing Asbestos Dust May Be Hazardous To Your Health. Notation j 1" Sans Serif, i Gothlo or Block. I Sans Serif. > Gothlo or i Block. 1 Vi" Gothic. Vi" Gothic. | Vi" Gothic. j 14 point Gothic. Spacing between lines shall be at least! equal to the height of the upper of any ] two lines. J (2) Caution labels--(1) Labeling. Cau tion labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to thetr containers, except that no label Is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use, ; handling, storage, disposal, processing, or ; transportation, no airborne concentra- tlons of asbestos fibers In excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section will he released. (11) Label specifications. The caution labels required fay subdivision (1) of this subparagraph shall be printed, in letters of sufficient size and contrast as to be ' readily visible and legible. The label shah state; - . Cautiow " Contains Asbestos Fibers - Avoid Creating Dust - Breathing Asbestos Dust May CausaSerious Bodily Harm (h) Housekeeping--(1) Cleaning. All external surfaces In any place of employ ment shall be maintained free of accu mulations of asbestos fibers if, with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration. - (2) Waste disposal Asbestos waste, scrap, defaris, bags, containers, equip ment, and asbestos-contaminated cloth ing, consigned for disposal, which may produce In any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, processing, dis posal, or transportation, airborne concen trations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section shall be collected and disposed of In sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, Impermeable containers. (i) Recordkeeping--(I) Exposure rec ords. Every employer shall maintain rec ords of any personal or environmental monitoring required by this section. Rec ords shall he maintained for a period of at least 3 years and shall be made avail able upon request to the Assistant Secre tary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and to authorized representa tives of either. (2) Employee access. Every employed' and former employee shall have reason able access to any record required to be maintained by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, which Indicates the em-] ployee's own exposure to asbestos fibers. (3) Employee notification. Any em ployee found to have been exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of ashestos fibers In excess of the limits pre- : scribed in paragraph (b> of this section shell be notified In writing of the expo sure as soon as practicable but not later than 5 days of the finding. The employee shall also be timely notified of the cor rective action being taken. (J) Medical examinations--(1) Gen eral. The employer shall provide or mala available at his cost, medical examina tions relative to exposure to asbestos re quired by this paragraph. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 34, NO. 125--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010996 RULES AND REGULATIONS | .- ; -4_ . .. . 23543 - 23545 (2) Preplacement. The employer shall provide or make available to each of hla employees, 'within 30 calendar days fol- , lowing his first employment In an I occupation exposed to airborne con- i centratioaa of asbestos fibers, a compre- i hensive medical examination, which shall: Include, as a minimum, a chest roent- . genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches) , a history to elicit symptom atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at l second <FEVi_t>. (3) Annual examinations. On or be fore January 31, 1973, and at least an nually thereafter, every employer shall provide, or make available, comprehen sive medical examinations to each of bis ; employees engaged In occupations ex- ! posed to airborne concentrations of as bestos fibers. Such annual examination shall Include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi.). (4) Termination of employment. The employer shall provide, or make avail able, within 30 calendar days before or after the termination of employment of any employee engaged in an occupation exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination, which shall Include, as a minimum, a chart roentgenogram (pos terior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function testa to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi,.). (5) Recent examinations. No medical examination la required of any em ployee, if adequate records show that the employee him been examined fn ac cordance with this paragraph within the past 1-year period. ... (9) Medical record*--(1) -- Mainte- ' nance. Employers of employees examined pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be maintained complete and accurate records of all such medical examina tions. Records shall be retained by employers for at least 20 years. (11) Access, The contents of the rec ords ot the medical examinations required by this paragraph shall be made available, for Inspection and copying, to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for i Occupational Safety and Health, the i Director of NXOSH, to authorized physl- | clans and medical consultants of either : of them, and, upon the request of an em- ' ployee or former employee, to his physl- clan. Any physician who conducts a i medical examination required by this I paragraph shaQ furnish to the employer j of the examined employee all the Infer- ~t mation specifically required by this { paragraph, and any other medical In- i formation related to occupational, or- | posure to asbestos fibers. _ . . _ i 23505 ! _! 1910.19 Asbestos dust.' Section 1910.93a shall apply to the ex-- posure of every employee to asbestos) dust In every employment and place of employment covered by 11910.12, : 11910.13,11910.14,1 1910.13, or f 1910.10, in lieu of any different standard on ex posure to asbestos dust which would otherwise be applicable by virtue of any ; of those sections. . I FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO, 155--THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974 UCC 010997