Document GjV9BLn0qxVOGb6j6Q24Q6Bq
Et i i y l Ga s o l i n e Co r po r a t i o n
Chemical R e search La b o r a t o r y AVest Eight M ile R o a d
De t r o i t , Mi c h i g a n
January 28, I9I+I
Dr. Robert A. Kehoe College of Medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio
Dear D r . Kehoe
Enclosed please find a copy of our report, "Operation of a Gasoline Stove on Leaded F u e l ."
Very truly yours
HAB:JH Enel.
Harold A. Beatty
H e 0009628
LTD DRl-t 363-XL-D1,22 and LL~28 H. R. Deal
Anproved by
OPERATION or A GAoOLIFL bTOVL Ok LEADED FULL
PURPOSE
Tests of the TJ.S. Array Gasoline Field Range were made using
leaded fuel (1 ) to study the performance, of the fire unit In'opera
tion, (2) to determine the effectiveness of the flitor for the re- .
inoval of lead, and (3} to study the location and amount of deposits
and the ease of their removal. .
.'
COIT CLUo IOFS
1 . The Instructions furnished (see Bibliography) for the operation and maintenance of the stove are adequate, and if they are followed, the performance is reasonably satisfactory.
2 . About 6 2 f( of the lead input is removed by the filter disk, and 1 0 (b by other parts of the stove. Of the remaining 2 :3rj which escapes into the air, 6$ or 1.6?> of the input is denosited on the
surface of a water-filled kettle placed on the stove.
J. The deposits are largely lead salts rather than gum. Gum solvents, such as a mixture of equal parts of benzene and acetone, are effective in removing the gum present, dot 2CD ammonium acetate Is recommended as an effective, non-corrosive reagent for the removal of the lead salts, to supplement the specified mechanical cleaning operation.
IFTRODUCTIOIJ
The Jeffersonville (Ind.} v/uarterraaster Depot has de signed a Field Range (Ilodel of 1 9 3 ?) to perform cooking operations using either loaded or unleaded fuel. The fire unit parts include pressure tanks for fuel and air pretested at 250 lb., a pressure gauge, valves for fuel, air, and flame control, a combined genera tor and filter for vaporizing the fuel and removing the lead, and a burner. The fuel tank volume is l- gallons, which is sufficient to operate the unit 5-6 hrs*
OPERATION
The fire unit of the above described Field Range was sot up in an outside shed and tested by a series of 7 runs. The best operating pressure was 30-^0 lb. which minimizes the surging resulting from the automatic chock valve in the fuel line (this Is designed to cut off the flow in case of a break In the lin e ) . Except during the warming-up period, gthe burner will run without attention, other than that every '$0-60 minutes the setting of the flame valve has to be increased..
In starting the operation, the air pros sure is raised to 4.0 l b ., the air. fuel, end n a m e valves aro opened one-holi turn, and the burner is lighted. 'As the generator is heated, the primary air is reduced by the valve until after about two minutes no air is flov/ing. The fuel is fed under pressure to the generator, vaporised, partly cracked, filtered to remove lead, passed to the .flame valve where the rate, of flow Is controlled, mixed v/ith secondary air, and fed to the burner surface where combustion occurs.
satisfactory operation of the stove can be had only at the price of a certain 'amouht of "preventive maintenance" 'which includes (1 ) change of filter and filling of fuel tank every ip hrs., (2 ) cleaning of generator, flame valve, and burner every 1 2 h r 3 ., (p) lapping-in of ground joints, change of valve packing, and pickling of burner to remove rust, when necessary, and (h) cleaning of tanks and tubing with gum solvent, when necessary.
Care should be taken that all connections are drawn tight; otherwise a serious fir may result from the ignition of fuel flowing from a leaky connection.
The required "preventive maintenance" was performed in
Run3 1 , 2 , z>} and 6 except that only one filter was used in Funs i and 2 . It is therefore noteworthy that- all the "emergency maintenance" end "troubles" occurred in Runs lu 5 ? and 7 whore "preventive maintenance" wa3 confined to a change of filter disks every four hours
!"
The points at which a breakdown most frequently occurs ore the following;
(1 ) Flame valve jet, socket, or stem may become plugged or coated with deposit resulting in a luminous flame at burner*
(2 ) Inlet and outlet tubes of the filter case and the snail generator tube-may become constricted owing to build-up of de:^0 3 i t .
(p) Filter caso ground joint will leal-: with resultant faulty operation.
(I4.) Filter disk is good for only four hours, after which
rate of flow is reduced.
.
The lead analysis of the deposits found in Run 2 Is set down as typical of what may be expected from this unit:
Locu3 of Deposit
Burner surface Filter Case Filter Disk Generator Tubes Flame Valve Kettle
Total --Estimated.
'-weight of , Lead, mg.
1 229 2552
25 20 67-
2892
Percentage Lead Incut
0.0 5.6 62.7 0.6 .5 1.6;:-
71.0
"P "V>r\ fuels nsec in the mono sm e given 0olovu
n
'- 0
.v/ -<iiJ - a in
og. Gum
'Pencent
3'1101*
fuel Can 7 0 /U.3 Plni d eon 1 0 0 nil* Olefine 0m g .L a b ,Ho * Identification
11 21
O.OG " I***?
0
'~~
2 ^-9 -UOD
R.C. Base
0 -- 2iu9"')-!-0D itC 0 .3a3 g
3i
b 1>>
6
69
2 1 7 -liOD
S,0 .1I,J. Fuel 3
Ll 1 2
3 23) 3,23)
3
3 4 9 -3 7
Leonard KefoCo.
31 2
S1 2
3 33-!-) )
3 2D j o20)
1
**
297-lj.OD
Pure Oil
\OJmsM?
AlV'-!l OD
S.0 . Ohio
.STM Higli Temperatu re Dissolved C-ura.
IhmULTS
1a \./
PUIu0
'!"*<*> C*.
0 ^
0
presented
in the
Tobis
beIon
and
in
the
form
of comment s on the in dividual run.
Hi 0009631
Run liunber
1
Fuel
1
Duration of Run., Hours
Fuel Consumed, ;nl,
Pb Coneumou, g,
Fb Recovered* % - Filter Rick - Pltvao Valve - Other Stove Farts
*T\ Kettle
** Total o
o o Gu;.; Recovered, ng,, - Generator CO *Hising Chamber
O')
vC ro
r.i\ j vivs ivaiitcuariee Filter Bisk Changed
1
Fuel Tank Filled '
2
Generator mechanically Cleaned
1
Generator Chemically Cleaned
Flame Valve Cleanod
1
Generator Cleaned vrit-h Gur: Solv*
Burner Surface Cleaned
1
Filter Case Ground Joint Lapped
nixing Chamber Cleaned with Gun Solv, -
IGeorgoney dairitcuancG
Homo Valve Frozen Plane Volvo Jot Inspected. Hone valve Jet Cleaned idere Valve Staa Cleaned Plano Valve Socket Cloanod Air -Intake Valve Cleaned Filter Care Ground Joint Lapped
(V- abler;t Ldscellanecuc j'dfiicult Starting i1j
-
*
\a} Ulu ..j.Cii *OCncr O'OGVe Vui'CC 0
z3
2
6 <:
49 70 4.035 62.7 0,5 6.2 ~ o'<Js '-
41 (b)
*****
2
12
8330
7.31
(a) 0.1 63.7 OJ J1 Go .0
'1'
lJ
r*
(i O
.i. 1
> -
i1 i1 11
T
4l< #
4
3 15 16,550 13.540 74.2 0.6) 2.1 1.6
' r,? 1 V./ e \y
29
--
5
4 27 29,320 24.395 59.3 o .s ; 15.2) 1.2
4 -- O
c3:*0 794
6
5 4 u41 4.49 52.7) 12.6)
) 1 .C 66.0
U N
/L 7 1 /* 7 , 1
1 **
l
1 .1 11
1
1
1 1 A
111
" . . . . *--*
1. . . . .
7
6 12 13,590 11.524
76.5
1.7 ciO.0
M *
TOTAL
--
G5&
*
--
62.2 (c) 0.5 (o) -- 1.6 (d) 72.5 (o)
. o
3 20 o 22 17 1 .ji. 17 16 17
1
i. . . .
U .V , -- *
~*~
u>u<
***** w-- -* **
....
1 1
r ...
1 1
1
1
> U
2
M*=
....
*** u .. *..*
O (mi -c *i
w Avenare oi' 5 vales*
=
1
i * * u * rv o --
....
**.** .... -- - r._ .-s. h ...
O -J
JL
,i
rs
2 1 o
3 1
5*
Rvn 1 Furpose; Preliminary run to obtain experience. The -unit, which had previously been used elsewhere, was mechani cally cleaned before and after the run, using the cleaning hey, jet reamer, wire brush, end burner knife supplied for this purpose
Run 2 Purpose: Endurance test to determine how long
stove would operate without a filter change. Conclusions I-Jofc
more than 7 hours.
"
Purposes To determine the lead in the two halves of the filter disk. Conclusion: Since the upper (outlet) half contains 1051 mg. lead, and the lower (inlet) half, 1501 m g ., it appears that the filter is not thick or dense enough.
Unit was mechanically cleaned after the run.
Run 3 Purpose: To obtain additional quantitative data
on a run with a regular l}.-hr. change of filter disks. Unit was
mechanically cleaned.
.
Run h Purpose: To determine the point at which the
;
stove fails when improperly operated. The filter disks were
changed regularly, but no other preventive 'maintenance was performed.
The fuel was fed at such a fast rate that scot collected on-the
kettle.
At 2 0 F., and in another run at 6 F., the gasoline failed to vaporize nrooorly in starting so that liquid fuel even tually overflowed from the mixing chamber with the consequent hazard of fire. If the fuel is shut off and the air increased, enough vapor will be picked up. to run the stove a short time, but when the volatile portion is used im more fuel'will have to be run in. The procedure is then repeated, and the unit will run longer, being warmer, and eventually will be "generating" its own gas. At this r.oinfc enough heat is produced .to cau.se the fuel in the mixing chamber to vaporize gradually. About Ip minutes time and much pumping may be required.
Fuel j is a special fuel used in knock tests, and it is believed that less trouble will be encountered with a regular winbor gasoline, oven at the above temperatures
After the regular mechanical cleaning the generator was washed with hot 2 0 ,v ammonium acetate, The latter operation removed 5L6 mg. lead, or about 5A of the total recovery.
Run 5 Purpose? Breakdown tost as In Run Ip.
The unit operated better and for a longer period than previously, which is attributed bo the chemical cleaning in Run Ip.
The best reagent for removing the deposit from the bottom of the copper kettle w a s hot 10;7 IICl.
... Tiie data hslow show no discernible trend in tb efi'iciency of the filter during the run:
Period,hr. ra.
n.per
Pb retained USCQ,n. by filter,;?.
recovery
$
8-12 12-16 16-20
20 -24
2 1.-27
I4.OOO
4530 4360
I4.380 b.560
5l60
.Lo00 1 eli-{-
1 .0 9 1.1 1.34 1.08 1.05
V-S
5.722
3.738
3.881
5.685 5.689
2 I4-O
2 .1 5 9 2.I5.9O
i.st 2.406 2.182
1.516
62.6
55*9
66.9
52.0 62.0
59.2
36.5
TOTAL 27
29,520
Average
1.09-::-
2 4 .9 9 5
14.858
59.3*
The 7 9 4 2BC of gin found in the mixing chamber is not large consideri:;, the quantity of fuel which was evaporated in the five runs and, presumably, during the previous use of the unit.
Following below, it is estimated that the original lead deposit:
Tyne of Cleaning
the L*lid?00 SLlOCG S3 JLVO 0.40 8-2*1 S G.OSO2?JOQC. the generator retained loss than 5^ of
:
Llg.Pb
/Jr - f o_ ..
Found
Totail
mechanical - Gleaning key Chemical - Hot 2 0 ^ ammonium acetate Chemical - Hot 2 0 g EH0 3
765
^i\2 . **r-^00y
4Y .9
33 19.I
A resinous deposit collected on the flame valve stem at one point during the run, which is the only instance en countered where the deposit could bo ascribed to gum.
Run 6. Purpose: To determine whether multiple filters
air in the removal of lead. Conclusion: 'Throe filters in a
special case removed no more than the nercento; o cca x n ed .
my
single filter. The use of throe filters is impractical also because
of increased difficulty in operating the ixn.it.
The unit was tested at cj0 lbs. and operated at 80 lb. for starting and 0 -7 0 lb. for running.
'Tmhe first disk removed 4 7 *7 m of the lead ine u t . the second 2.5%m and the third 2*5fi a total of 52.7m
han 7 Purpose: To make a run on 0. high-gun gasoline. Conclusion: Ho trouble was experienced because of gum.
Some nodules found in the filter case analysed 66.1 5 ;'> lead and II.5O/0 halogen as chlorine or 2 9 *9 5 h as bromine.
K 0009534
BIDLIOGh/PKY
(1) Inseructions l'or tho onoration end Cero of th Gasoline
Fiele, he nr,e, Model f 1 9 3 7 'U.^.m .d , 2-;i"i~io--I}.o r-ii).
(2) Oneration, Caro, and Mainten&noe of Feld Ranno,
Model 01 1937 (Secfcion XI, Menoranduu Uurober IO, Hq,, Armorod Force, Oct. 21, I9J4-O).
URI; :JH
E I'XEIB'JTIOH
R. S. Asbury
.
0. C&linqaei'fc (2)
G-. Ed^ar (5 )
J. H. Gciiaofer
E Kehos
W . i:achle
H. R. Usai
E Gay
T . K. Gherv/cod
7?, 7 < c t -
H. R. risai i-aij.-la
'
K* 0 0 0 9 6 3 5