Document GgVRDJgLamqw5YezRN7v7n7N

4 -12- IV. CORROBORATION OF OUR FINDINGS BY COHORT STUDIES In my previous testimony, I noted the consistency between the association of phenoxy acid exposure and soft-tissue sarcoma which we observed and the unexpected occurrence of two soft-tissue sarcomas in two small cohorts of individuals occupationally exposed to TCDD (Zack and Suskind 1980, Exhibit 771; Cook et al. 1980, Exibit 772). Although acknowledging that the number of soft-tissue 'sarcoma deaths which would normally be expected in these two cohorts "would be nearly zero," Dr. Cole attempted to discount the significance of these deaths by suggesting that "any interest in them must derive from the existence of the Swedish studies." (Reference 1, at 39-40)|. Unlike Dr. Cole, I believe that/ the unexpected ^ !I ' occurrence of these two soft-tissue sarcoma deaths provides independent corroboration of our findings. In any event, Dr. Cole's position is even less defensible now, in view of a new study of mortality among workers at the Monsanto plant in Nitro, West Virginia, which reports yet another soft-tissue sarcoma death among workers previously exposed to 2,4,5-T (Zack and Gaffey 1980, Exhibit 958). Of 105 deaths reported in four cohorts of U.S. workers occupationally exposed to 2,4,5-T and/or TCDD (Zack and Suskind 1980, Exhibit 771; Cook et al. 1980, Exhibit 772; Ott et al. 1980, Exhibit 774j Zack and Gaffey 1980, Exhibit 958), I Vi -13- a total of three deaths or 2.9% were due to soft-tissue sarcoma. In comparison", in 1975 only 0.07% of all deaths among U.S. males aged 20-84 were due to soft-tissue sarcoma (personal communication from Dr. Honchar, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health). Thus, the risk for soft-tissue sarcoma in these four cohorts was approximately 41 times greater than in the general population. An increased risk of this magnitude is possible because of the rarity of soft-tissue sarcoma. The difference between this extremely high risk and the lower values for relative risk previously observed in our case-control studies presumably reflects the intense and/or protracted nature of the exposures in the industrial qoho^ts stymied, j ; V. CONCLUSION Three separate case-control studies have demonstrated that occupational exposure to phenoxyacetic acid herbicides (primarily 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D) is associated with a significant increase in the risk for soft-tissue sarcoma and malignant lymphoma. In these studies, we employed a number of techniques to reduce bias in the ascertainment of the subject's exposure histories. Despite these precautions, Dow witness Dr. Philip Cole has testified in this proceeding that he believes our findings could be due to methodologic bias. However, additional -14- information is now available which both refutes Dr. Cole's testimony and corroborates our original findings. A new epidemiologic study of the relation between exposure to phenoxy acids and the risk for colon cancer, a disease not previously linked to phenoxy acids, provides additional evidence concerning the likely magnitude of bias associated with the methodology utilized in our soft-tissue sarcoma and lymphoma studies. This study utilized the same questionnaire and interview procedure employed in our previous studies and was conducted during the time of year when adverse publicity about phenoxy acids has generally been most pronounced. Thus, if the previously observed association between phenoxy acid exposure and the risk for soft-tissue sarcoma and lymphoma i \i i ii was du ito bi'as, a spurious similar association between phenoxy acids and colon cancer should have been detected. However, we found no significant association between exposure to phenoxy acids and the risk for colon cancer. Further analysis of previous data contradicts Dr. Cole's specific hypotheses concerning introduction of bias by the inter viewer and the effect of bias in the classification of occupational category on the validity of the Axelson observational bias technique. In addition, the discovery of another soft-tissue sarcoma in a group of industrial workers exposed to 2,4,5-T -15enhances the significance of soft-tissue sarcomas previously reported in cohorts of workers exposed to TCDD. In each instance, the additional information now available confirms and strengthens the previously observed association between exposure to phenoxy acids such as 2,4,5-T and the risk for soft-tissue sarcoma and lymphoma. In the aggregate, this information clearly demonstrates that our observation of an association between phenoxy acids and these cancers was not distorted by any substantial methodologic bias. Thus, our studies must be regarded as strong evidence of a relationship between occupational exposure to phenoxy herbicides and human cancer. Lennart Hardell, M.D. \< \fo o EXHIBITS Exhibit No. 957 958 Hardell, L. 1981. On the relation of soft-tissue sarcoma, malignant lymphoma and colon cancer to phenoxy acids, chlorophenols and other agents, Scand. J. Work Env. Health (submitted). Zack, J. and W. Gaffey 1980. A mortality study of workers employed at the Monsanto Company plant in Nitro, West Virginia (Draft, August 14, 1980). I M^o( Ref. No. 1 2 3 4 5 REFERENCES Direct Testimony of Dr. Philip Cole (Exhibit 860). Mantel, N. and W. Haenszel 1959. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease, J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 32: 719-748. Selikoff, I. and E. Hammond 1975. Multiple'risk factors in environmental cancer, in Persons at High Risk of Cancer: An Approach to Cancer Etiology and Control, Academic Press, at 467-483. Direct Testimony of Dr. Michel Ibrahim (Exhibit 857). Carcinogenesis Testing Program, National Cancer Institute, Bioassay of Reserpine for Possible Carcinogenicity, NCI Technical Report Series No. 193, NIH Publication No. 80-1749, August 1980-. 1 H P r: TK *S"J '1i i-!L33, !$$ 1 I vi-ci %' i t; 1p-.*/J. 3>-<. !- -f ' :. f'- : i^xiSJTrtWf.p': ; 8i?&&i ROYAL C...ASSROOM --- Castles creciied by Linda Bateson's fifth grade class added a touch of royalty to Carpenter Elementary School in recent weeks. Students 'shown here are Katy Do! ley (ieHi of 925 Balfour and Cirolynn Socha, 1103 Holyrood. Miss Dolley's castle is in the foreground, at left, and Miss 'Sogha's is in r - j i J j - i 5nytwusyy*r--*witw,twiiih*r. the foreground, at right. The large castle was built by Lisa Pierce, 1604 Carpenter. (Daily News photo by Glenn M. Roberts) Rep. MeNi find i the leg'll cxem IN VA to. stych high delir 'i-ffijisil `f yty .lie ' 'i r | a i i as possible health problem cause 'also, pay. mm 1 Th ONDJ . -821 Lot - The : dipped ercent to ercent in partment may be ver extra ring the lays to be art traces ary 1981. iaedre .ow The nation's u;d to 527.84 ds last year, ledined, the oded today, s show the ier at about n in the third 'Corr ByPAULRAU leading medical researchers to refer to Daily News staff writer it as "the time bomb disease," Dow said. Dow Chemical Co. told the federal . government this week that the health problems of some Vietnam veterans may be caused not by Agent Orange but by a rare Southeast Asia bacteria which hus been dubbed the "Vietnamese Time Bomb" in medical literature. Based on non-Dow medical studies, Dow said as many as 500,000 Vietnam veterans may be unknowingly carrying the bacterial disease melioidosis in their Persons can carry the disease but not be affected. However, sudden trauma such as surgery, diabetes, burns or other diseases can weuken the body's immune system and trigger the onset of melioidosis. Abscesses of the lung and skin are the most frequent damage, although ab scesses of every body organ except the gastrointestinal tract have been re ported. . . . . bedies. Melioidosis is difficult to diagnose, but can progress-from initial symptoms to death in a few hours or munifest itself as a chronic disease lasting many years. A VA physician this morning played down the potential threat from mel- : ioidosis, but said the agency w^ll get DURING the Vietnam war, the disease often erupted in. a septicemic (blood poisotiiqg) form in U,S. joldiers. In those cases, melioidosis was fatal about 90 percent ofithe time even with "heroic drug therapy," Pow said in its summary. , , says Dapsone was originally used to treat intei leprosy. It is a known cancer-causing anm agent and also causes ma'ny of the annt symptom^ attributed to Agent Orange, took Schneider suid. wor "We think melioidosis is only one.part 3. of the puzzle, just as dapsone is part of the puzzle. There could be 10 more melioidosis-like things out there. " All the government qffqrts have been directed only at Agent Orange, and other, more significant things might be overlooked," Schneider Said. ' "The problems from dapsone and The imp plat of d 'elec melioidosis are real. There are no documented fatalities or health prob in lems from exposure to Agent Orange, leit with the exception of a few cases of chloracne," he added: ' - Schneider -said 5Dow brought the more information on the disease. melioidosis issue to the government's U.S. soldiers wore exposed to mel attention because H represents a THIS WEEK, Dow officials in Wash ioidosis by inhaling it, ingesting it on "potential cprifoun.diy to veterans' ington, D.C., gave copies of existing food or water or through a skin wound. health problems," aqd also because it medical literature on melioidosis to th Helicopter pilots were, especially sus hopes to,influence the VA to lpok for the Veteran's.Administration, the American ceptible to Inhaling the bacteria in dust disease when the agency conducts an Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, raised by helicopter rotors, according to epidemiological study of the effect of staff members of House and Senate a medical journal reviewed by the Daily AgentOrpnga on grouruhbas.ed troops in veterans affairs committees and to some News. ` ' Vietnam. members of those committees, accord The initial symptoms pf melioidosis ,.1 ' ing to Phillip L. Schneider, Dow's1. can be mistaken for respiratory. THE PROTOCOL for that study is now corporate manager of media relations. ailments such as pneumonia or. tu Ijeing devised by the VA. "We aro not saying this is the absolute berculosis, hampering swift, treatment. Asked if veterans are in danger from cause of all the veterans' health The disease is relatively unknown in.the melioidosis, .the yA's. Dr. Barclay tis. Mil U.S A. ! Sto r,io All. wa: ii mil problems," Schneider said, "but we United States. ,, ;. ' Shepard, special assistant to the chief think it should be examined to see if it medical director in the Office of of last year 'M front the ainin below w<>. o fficia l * s Commerce merchandise 3.7 billion i:bon of m o ord o f $42.4 is." Dow's review of-medical literature Environmental .Medicine, said: "We Dow was the government's largest , revealed, that melioidosis ' can be don't think ..it is. a major threat. supplier 'of Agent Orange, a potent transmitted -from person to person . '.Obviously, we want to get more data'on defoliant composed of the herbicides through sexual relations, arutytha.ta case it. anc| we will do that. It's quite rare 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D which was used of neonatal melioidosis also has been.' disease," ., , . -, J .. ' ,, , extensively in Vietnam to kill food crops > reported in the child of a Vietnam and reveal enemy positions. vpteran. Shepar<Tsaid the VA'has not conducted 2,4,5-T contained the highly toxic The most reliable method qf detecting , wide-spread screening for melioidosis dioxin contaminant . 2,3,7,8-TCDD, a the bacteria is by measuring the among veterans because the rarity of known animal carcinogen. The effects of - antibodies created by the body to fight the bacteria and the threat posed it did TCDP on humans are less certain. The melioidosis. The antibody "titer," or not justify such a program. T tilbury irude, erdon of the loday also Hnci freight h'ler imports !Ust year, u t-d generally ?? both in the 5 Percent to first clinical symptom of dioxin poison ing is u sk^n rash called chloracne. VETERANS COMPLAIN that ex posure to Agent Orange in Vietnam has caused a variety of health problems, from cancer to birth defects in their children. Dow and the other menu- facturers of Agent Orange have been sued in a proposed class-action suit; the number of plaintiffs seeking damages h,.>; nnui r*urhpfi ft level, will reveal the presence of the disease even whenit cannot bo isolated. The normal titer is one; a titer of 1:40 indicates existence of the bacterial A titer of 1:20 is not considered diagnostic, - although a study found^haf Vietnam returnees had 1;20 titers Tour times as frequently as men who had. not served there. , That study, published in "Military. Medicine in January 1973,' focused on Asked about the viability of Dow's theory thiat some of the aliments being attributed to Agent Grange might have ' been caused by melioidosis, Shepard aid, "If you're'asking-me about the liklihood, I think fit's relatively un likely," . . . . . . . i He said tests for the bacteria "might possibly be." added to the VA protocol for the epidemiological study. Knhmtlder said as lone as doubt uxisls i ad Su on dr. nit Ke] prmi aippea by a rare Southeast Asia bacteria which system and trigger the onset of of the puzzle,, just as dapsone is part of a- ercent to has been dubbed the "Vietnamese Time melioidosis. the puzzle. There could be 10 more ;rcent in oartmenf may be /er extra Bomb" in medical literature. Based on non-Dow medical studies, Dow said as many as 500,000 Vietnam veterans may be unknowingly carrying the bacterial disease melioidosis in their Abscesses of the lung and skin ure the most frequent damage, although ab scesses of every body organ except the gastrointestinal tract have been re ported. . . . melioidosis-like things out there. "All the government qffqrts have been directed only at Agent Orange, and other, more significant things might be overlooked," Schneider Said. ' The imp, plac of di elec ing the ays to be rr traces try 1961. bodies. Melioidosis is difficult to diagnose, but can progress from initial symptoms to death in a few hours or manifest itself as a chronic disease lasting many years. A VA physician this morning played DURING the Vietnam war, the "The problems from dapsone and melioidosis are real. There are no disease often erupted in. a septicemic (blood poisoning) form in U.S. $0,ldiers. In those cases, melioidosis was fatal about 90 percent ofThe time even with ; documented fatalities or health prob lems from exposure to Agent Orange, with the exception of a few cases of chloracne," he added; ' R. in t lelft down the potential threat from mel- ' ioidosis, but said the agency will get more information on the disease. THIS WtiliK, Dow officials In Wash ington, D.C., gave copies of existing medical literature on melioidosis to the Veteran's.Administration, the American "heroic drug therapy." Pow said in its summary. , , U.S. soldiers wore exposed to mel ioidosis by inhaling It, ingesting it on food or water or through a skin wound. Helicopter pilots' were especially sus ceptible to inhaling the bacteria in dust Schneider -said Dow brought the melioidosis issue to the government's attention because it represents a "potential cont'ounder to veterans' health problefns," apd. also because it hopes to influence the VA to lyok for the disease when the agency conducts an Ri tisr Mic. U.S. A. S Stor OW - 'he nation's ed to $27.84 is last year, .dined, the ; Led today. show the er at about in the third Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, raised by helicopter rotors, according to epidemiological study of the effect of staff members of House and Senate a medjeal journal reyi,ewed by the Daily Agent-Orpr.ge ongroitiuEbahod- troops in veterans affairs committees and to some News. Vietnam. members of those committees, accord The initial symptoms <}f melioidosis ing to Phillip L. Schneider, Dow's' . can be mistaken for respiratory ,THE PROTOCOL for that study is now corporate manager of media relations. ailments such as pneumonia or! tu- .' being devised bv the VA. " We aro not saying this is the absolute borculosis, (tampering swift, treatment. Asked if veterans are in danger from cause of all the veterans' - health The disease is relati vely unknown ip .the melioidosis, . the VAX Dr. -.Barclay problems,'' Schneider said, "but we United States. ; Shepard, special assistant to the. chief think it should be examined to see if it medical director in the OUiee of pion Alla was msu mill if last year g from the ining below on, officials t ; Commerce merchandise $.'9.7 billion ilion of 1980 ird of $42.4 is.'' Dow's review of-medical literature Environmental .Medicine, said: "We Dow was the government's largest , revealed, that melioidosis ' can be don't think - it - is, a major threat. supplier 'of Agent Orange, a potent transmitted -from person- to person . Obviously, we want to get more data on defoliant composed of the herbicides through dexual relations, andjitht.a case it, ancj we will do that. It's quite rare 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D which was used of neonatal melioidosis also has been." " disease," , , - , \ , - extensively in Vietnam to kill food crops \ reported in the child of a Vietnam and reveal enemy positions. veteran. Shepard'said thc.VA'h&s not conducted 2,4,5-T contained the highly toxic The most reliable method of detecting . wide-spread screening for melioidosis dioxin contaminant . 2,3,7,8-TCDD, a the bacteria is by measuring the atnong veterans because the rarity of known animal carcinogen. The effects of antibodies created by the body to fight the bacteria and the threat posed it did TCDP on humans are less certain. The melioidosis. The antibody "titer," dr not justify such a program. ilitary trade' rsion of the today also and freight first clinical symptom of dioxin poison ing is a skgn rash called chloracne. VETERANS COMPLAIN that ex posure to Agent Orange in Vietnam has level, will reveal the presence of the. Asked about the viability of Dow's disease even when it cannot be Isolated. theory thlat some of the ailments being The normal titer is one; a titer of 1:40 - attributed to Agent Orange might have ' indicates existence of -the bacterial! A been caused by melioidosis, Shepard titer of 1:20 is not considered diagnostic, - sajd, ' `If you're -asking-me about the W adn Sov her imports ist year, a d generally caused a variety of health problems, although a study foundi^hat" Vietnam UkUhood, I -think .it's relatively un from cancer to birth defects `in their returnees had 1;20 titers Tour times as likely." .. ....... . - children. Dow and the other munu- frequently as men who had. not served facturers of Agent Orange have been there. , ' i He said tests for the bacteria "might on u dra rn.cf geu s both in the sued in a proposed class-action suit; the 1 possibly ba" added to the VAprotocol for P number of plaintiffs seeking damages ; That study',' published in "Military , .theepidemiological study. pmI 5 percent to has now reached 6,000. Medicine in Januury 1973, focused on Schneider said as long as doubt exists muj oris rose 6 Dow, however, claims that Agent' blood samples from/1,622 persons, 416 of ?about tile contribution of melioidosis to and By contrast, veraged 16 le of exports , the report Orange, by itself, could not possibly ; whom had seryed in,Vietnam. Dow used ' ' vctecenls.. health problems, further have caused all the health problems data from the studyTo conclude, that as studies should be done. V .attributed to it. Dow has not disputed rnuny as. 00,000 Vietnam veterans may 1 " We. .certainly believe there is a that Vietnam veterans are suffering ' ; have the melioidosis bacteria in their . .potential there,, and that the potential T! resr subi arm health probioms, but says they probably bodies today. A total of 2.9 million .ought to be examined in greater detuil Tl or lust year are caused by a variety of factors, persons served in Vietnam. than it has up to this point. Nov nation in the :h made it including exotic jungle diseases. Melioidosis fall into the exotic disease "Medical ^literature and medical elirr VIE I ,WERE.-A Vietnam veteran, I researchers are drawing the conclusion weu boy foreign category. The bacteriaThrives In the soil . would seek to have a blood test , That .many, y.eterans. may be harboring on and water of many Southeast Asian conducted to determine whether or not this bacteria unknowingly. If-they are Pro; report, the value of 2 percent to : though the m $30.46 peg of barrels d from 7.08 last year. countries, including Vletnum. Literally translated from the Latin, melioidosis 1 my body might contain the melioidosis : bacteria," Schneider said. means "having a resemblance to the dibtemper of asses," according to a ' He stressed that Dow is not attributing all the Agent Orange complaints to summary of medical literature prepared melioidosis. But he said It could be a by Dow. factor, along with dapsone, an anti- The longest documented period of malarial drug given to U.S. t.roops by the latency for melioidosis is 26 years, military. right, it seems the medical authorities ought to be determining the impact of 1that ' conclusion on the veterans," Schneider said. He said to Dow, Agent Orange is only & "phantom-like part of the puzzle" that surrounds the cause.veterans' health problems. UniI ncgi W gen me far-! negi "1 r 19 ^=3 Produkt i onsabt e ilung In glh eia, dn 11, Dezember 1964 U . CL'Z,:0;4 Dr.Ka/O _< . r d Aktennotiz B etr .i bergabe unsere Verfahren zur H erstellung von 2 ,4 ,5-Trlchlorphenol an Dow Chemical Company, Kidland USA ____ Am 7 . und 8.12.1964 fand ein Besuch e in ig e r Fachleute der Firma Dow in Ingelheim s t a t t , um mit uns Uber die Probleme der Chlorakne-E ntstehung bei der Tri chlorphenol-Produktion zu aprechehT^felinehmer waren folgende Herren! Dow Midland 1 Dr. Walter Trapp, Research Chemist Kr* Albert Lueok, Chemical Engineer - Production Mr* Lawrence d ilv e r s te in . In d u str ia l Hygleniat Toxicology Kr. Farnum, Attorney (z e itw e ise ) Dow International GmbH, Frankfurt/M. 1 Herr Grote (z e itw e ise ) Herr Kub (z e itw e ise ) CELAt CH3SI Herr D ir. D oli Herr Wolf (z e itw e ise ) N Herr Dr* Kudszus (z e itw e ise ) Herr Dr* Geraer Herr Dr Knecht (z e itw e ise ) Herr Dr* Merz* Am 24.11*1964 war uns zur Kenntnis gebracht worden, dass b ei Dow, Midland, Chlorakne aufgetreten I s t und Dow an einer Dis* kussion mit unseren Fachleuten grosses In tere sse h at, ds man s e lb s t keine M glichkeit s ie h t , der Schw ierigkeiten Herr zu werden. CELA erk l rte daraufhin die grundstzliche B ereitsch aft zu einem solchen Gesprch und s t e l l t e bergabe der Verfahrens beschreibung und des Apparateschema gegen Zahlung von 25*000 US-Dollar in A ussicht. Bevor wir in d ie Diskussion der V erfahrenseinzelheiten in treten konnten, wurden d ie Bedingungen fr di bergab des Verfahrens ausgehandelt* Die Formulierung ein er b r ie flic h e n Vereinbarung wurde in einem Entwurf vos 8.12.1964 f i x i e r t , und b ein h a ltet, dass die Zahlung nur im F alle ein er Lsung des Problems (Ver meidung von Chlorakne) erfolgen 30I I . Die b eid erseitig en Unter lagen und Kenntnisse s o lle n vertrau lich behandelt werden. Im Lauf der Gesprche er h ielte n wir von Dow folgende Infor mationen . 1. S eit 7*12.1964 wurde dl Produktion von Tri chlorphenol ein g e s t e l l t , da ca. 20 Personen an le ic h te r Chlorakne erkrankt 2 sind Darunter sind 4 Operators, Ander B eschftigt und Handwerker, dl 1 Gebude t t ig wre ' er B etr ie b sleite r 2. Dl Erkrankungen treten naoh Z ustellung des chargenweis Arbeitenden Verfhren auf den kont in u l erlich en B etrieb au f. Die* Umstellung hat vor einem Jahr begonnen und i s t sukzessive durchgo fhrt worden 3* Auch beim frheren Ch&rgen-Yerfahren wurden Chlorakn er regende -Stoffe Al Nebenprodukte erholten Diese konnten aber relativ gut beherrscht werden, so dass keine Erkran kungen Aufgetreten sind 4, Das Chargen-Verfahren a rb eite te b ei Temperaturen von 160 - 163 und g leich seitig em S ln sats a lle r Komponenten (Tetra chlorbenzol, Methanol, Natronlauge) Die exotherme Reaktion wurde durch geeign ete KUhl-Masnahmen gesteuert (geringe Sicherheit) 5 Der k o n tin u ierlich e Prozess a rb eite t bei Temperaturen, d ie 60 70 hher lie g e n a ls d ie von uns a ls ungefhrlich erkannte Hchsttemperatur Der Wassergehalt des Reaktlonsgemlsches l i e g t etwa 2 1/2-mal so hoch wie bei uns, d ie R eaktionszeit betrgt nur etwa 1/20 von unserem Prozess. Beides erk l rt d ie Notwendigkeit fr die extremen Reaktionsbedlngungen Das Aniscl-Gemlach macht ca, 4 % der Ausbeute aus und en th lt etwa 1 % Tetrachlordibenzodloxin (gaschroa. bestimmt), a lso eine horrende Menge 6, Da Ausgangsmaterial, sym. Tetrachlorbenzol, wird ln trocke nem Zustand ein gesetzt Die besondere O lftig k e lt von Tetra chlorbenzol, d ie mit 0,1 ppa/ms Luft greser sein s o l l , a ls dl a lle r brigen untersuchten Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe, wurde besondere erwhnt. Man wird uns ein e Ausarbeitung Uber d ie Probenahme der L uft, d ie UV-spektrophotometrische Bestimmung ln n-Deoan und die vergleichenden T o x iz it ts untersuchungen *ulitenlL bergift) Die Aniaol-Praktloa wird nicht zur Autoklavenreaktion ein g e s e tz t, sondern ln einem Verbrennungsofen mit 30 m hohem Komin v e m lo h te t. Dm da Werk ln Zentrum der Stadt Midland l i e g t , wiesen wir auf dl ausserordentliche Gefahr h in , die durch Sublimation des toxischen A n teils gegeben is t 8 . Zur Bestimmung des Tetraohlordlbenzodloxlns wurde ein g a schromatographische Methode e r a r b e ite t, d ie b is zu 10 ppm r e ic h t. Da d ie b lologlsoh e Testung am Kanlnohenohr w eit em pfindlicher I s t , wird bei Dow d iese Methode angewandt 9 Chlorakneaktlv i s t d ie Anlaol-Praktion (Waste o l l ) und d ie Abluft der V&sserdampfdestlllation des Anlsols, die des halb neuerdings zurckgefhrt wird Chlr&knefrei la t die Phenolatlauge und das wiedergewonnene Methanol 's 3 10. Sin Flleschema AFL 1 roa 12.8.1964 wurde uns bgeben (Anlag 1 ). 11. PI w esentlichen Paten rem kontinuierlichen Dow-rrozess wurden den eigenen Verfahren gegenbergestellt (Anlag 2 ). >12^ Nachdem T etrachlordlbenzodloxin a l t Ursache fr Chlorakn au* dr L iteratu r bekannt war, wurden ine Reihe von chlor su b stitu ie r te n Dibenzodioxinen sy n th e tisie r t und auf Ihr Wirkrung gep r ft. 19,nebenbei erfuhren w ir, dass Dow Uber bromiert S a llc y la n illd e a r b e ite t, die besser D esinfektionsm ittel a ls Hexachlorophen sin d , milder wirken und hher Konzentrationen a ls d ie se s erlauben, Dow a r b e ite t mit Procter & Oaabler zusammen. Von unserer S e ite wurden Dow folgende Unterlagen bergeben* 1, B ericht Kr. 50 voai 27.11.1964 von Herrn Dr. Sorge, Exemplar 1, "Beschreibung und Schema des augenblicklichen Produktions ablaufs zur Gewinnung von 2,4,5-T richlorphenolatlaug im Gebude 74 (Stand, von November 1964)* 2. Zeichnung Nr. 2192-O vom 25,11.1964, Schema* 2,4,5-T rlch lorp h en olatlau ge aus 1,2 ,4 ,5 -T etra chlorbenzol, 5 . B ericht Ubr einen Vortrag von Herrn Prof. Dr. O ettel, Ludwigshafen a n l sslic h der WerksErst -Konferenz Bad Drkheim 1955 ber "K linische und tierex p erim en telle Erfahrungen mit hoch toxischen C hlorkohlenwasserstoffen, ein Beitrag zum Fernaproblem" 4. Publikation von Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. Kimmig ln nDlo Natur w issenschaften", Heft 11 (1957) ber "C hlorierte aromatische zy k lisch e ther a ls Ursache der sog. Chlorakne". 5* Z e itlic h e bersicht Uber d ie 1. Produktionsperiode der 2,4,5-T -H eratellung vom 8,12.1964 In ein er gemeinsamen Besprechung wurden a lle E inzelheiten unseres Verfahrens bersetzt und au sf h rlich besprochen. Weiter fand ein Besuch der Herren Lueck und S ilv e r s te in im werk Hamburg s t a t t , b ei dem s i e von Herrn Dr. Gemer b e g le ite t wurden. Dort wurden a lle apparativen Einrichtungen der Stufe Trichlorphenol mit den Herren Dr. Johne und Dr. Sorge au sf hrlich g ez eig t und unser Erfahrungen a i t g e t e i l t . Staatlich 3 Ver fahren ohritt (Autoklavenreaktion Methanolaustreiben A nisol abblasen) waren gerade in Gange. In iner abschliessenden D iskussion Uber dl Anwendungamglichk eiten unseres Verfahrens auf d l Jetzige Anlag von Dow wurden zwei M glichkeiten von uns vorgeschlageni 1 nderung des Reaktionsgeaisches in Richtung auf wasser armeres Lsungsmittel Herabsetzung der Temperatur unter 157# d .h . Verlngerung dr V erw eilzeit ( Yergrsaerung des Reaktors) Die G efh rlich k eit der hohen Temperatur auch bei kurzer V erw eilzelt wurde besonders h era u sg estellt Ansetzen von Krusten lm Reaktor muss unbedingt vermieden werden K ontinuierliche Methanol- und A nisolentfem ung sind bei dem verwendeten Hlederdruokdampf ungefhrlich 2 3 o llt n wegen der Handhabungsschwierigkelten des Koch sa lzes unser sicheren Bedingungen nicht k on tin u ierlich angewandt werden knnen bestnde die Mglichkeit d ie Druokstufe wieder d isk o n tin u ie r lic h zu gestalten Dies wrde mglicherweise eine Lohnkostenbelastung von ca. 1 h / 100 kg Phenol bedeuten. Es wurde empfohlen d ie Kostengesichtspunkte der Sicher h eit der M itarbeiter unterzuordnen. Weiter wurde empfohlen 61# Verbrennung des A nlsols im H inblick auf d ie o .a . 0fahren unbedingt Inzustellen Vir t e i l t e n mit dass wir Restbestnde chlorakneaktiver Substanzen in M etall f sser einxementieren ( d X l 5 ) und zur Versenkung bringen Fr unsere heutigen AnisolabfJUle i s t d iese VorsIchtsmassnahme nicht erforderlich da d iese keine A k tiv it t mehr zeigen. Trotzdem verbrennen wir nioht. V erteu ert Herrn Dr E. oehringer Herrn Dr. Kudszus Herrn Dir. Doll Herrn D ir. Dr. Johne Herrn Dr. Sorge Herrn Dr. Gemer Produktionsabteilung Produktionsabteilung h: 1 . ,, , / , \ -H. ' V., V (99 7 .1 Yerhmtniin Tetra i Methanol HaOH i Vaaser (kg) Anfangst eaperatur Anfangsdruck Reaktionstemperatur Kinpunpdauer Reaktlonadauar Knddruck Gesamtzeit (Beginn bla Ende der Entleerung) Einganga-Daopfdruck beim Entfernen des Anlsola Dampfdruck Indirekte Heisung % Anteil Anlaol Endkonzentration der Fhenolatlauge Do (kont. Procesa) i,o i a #77 0,56 i 1,86 212 - 225C 0_ 40 Hin, 40 at 1,4 ata 22 ata 4% 12,6 % A CHB3 1,0 1 2,2 0,5451 0,545 158 - 140C 8 atU 153 - 155c x; 4h 12 - 15 h 17 - 17,5 at 20 - 22 h 5,0 ata 5,0 ata 5- 7* 35 - w * >C V U iV O 'r v O a iT S r1 U iU C ^ <d \ "^A^L 1990^ B r g e r s c h a f t Qr rm*n und Hom*oocff Homourg Frrto mm>-C>oam>*nration l U , U O J-UU Industrie Boehringer S ig n a tu r ._ .............. .......................... ....... Dcrtum..5.Q..5.-.19S.4---------- 9.11 35o Luftveronreinigung' HH 9. o4 lo o G e sundhe itsw e sen HH Dioxin verursachtSeveso in Hamburg Mibildung `Monitor'berichtet von einer besorgniserregenden Hufung Hamtmrj (tn ) Whrend der Hambureer Senai Ergrbenheitsadressen an die Chemiei'irma Boerringer liefen und ansonsten de ren D-.oxcnproduktion verharmlost, wurde gestern tu der Fernsehsendung 'Monitor' erstmals der Zusammenhang von Dtoxtnnussten durch die Boehringer-Werke und durch eie Hamburger Mllverbrennungsan lagen mit schweren Mibildungen bei Neupeoorenea aufgedeckt. Mit schockierenden Bildern von migebildeten Kindern, die un mittelbar an hnliche Flle in Vietnam und Seveso erinnerten, beiegte das WDR-Team. ca in Hamburgs Osten ,,eine auffallende und besorgniserregende Hufung" einer spendier. GthtrnmibiUung auftritt. Die untersuchende rztin Dr. Burck: ,,Bei so einer H.urung kann man Luftverschmut zung als Grund nicht ausschlieen." Genau diese Luftverschmutzung sowie ent sprechende Bodenverseuchungenermittelte der Amsterdamer Dioxinspezialist Olie und bezeichoete das Gebiet in der Sendung als hnlich hochgradig verseucht wie die Zone B in Seveso Laut 'Monitor' zieht sich eine ^Windfahne von der Giftkche Boehringer und den beiden Hamburger Mllverbren nungsanlagen in Richtung Osten, ln diesem Komdor wurden acht extrem seltene Mi bildungen fest gestellt. Dies entspricht einem Verhltnis von einem migebildeten Kind auf 2.500 Geburten, whrend der internatio nal anerkannte Durchscninswert laut Dr. Burck bei 1 zu 35.000 liegt. Auerdem wurden innerhalb der Hauptwindrichtung im Hamburger Stadtteil Bergedorf zustzlich eine aus Seveso be kannte Mibildung, die sogenannte ,,spina bifida" (offener Rucken) uberpropomonal hufig fest Beste 11t. Die seit Monaten von Hamburger Umwehschutziniuativen und der GAL erhobene Forderung, zumindest die ,,Giftkche" Bo ehringer zu scheen. wurde vom Hambur ger Senat bisher als indusinefemdlicher Ro mantizismus abgetan. Trotz dieser Proteste plant Boehringer unter Duldung des Senats eine Ausdehnung der Inseklizidproduktion. bei der weiterhin Dioxinc freigesetzt werden. Dioxin verursacht Im Osten von Hamburg finden sich die gleichen Mibildungen wie im italienischen Seveso und in Vietnam ,,Das Gir. kehn in die Metropolen zuruck". Diese: tzz-Titcl vor geraumer Zeit erweist sica angesichts der gestrigen Mortitorscndune ai.- geradezu propnettsch. Mit Bildern von Kincem. wie sie nur aus Vietnam und Seveso oe^annt tvaren. Cie jedoch in diesem Fall an Hannurc und Schleswig-Holstein zur Welt re.c.T.men sind, rgte das Morutor'- Tecm weuetes Mo?an.steir.chen in den inzwischen .:;anr.gen Kampf uro eie Aner kenn, ur.: ::n;v Zusammennanzs rwisctien G '.'z: Mii/iicungen. Schon im Jahr 1969 drangen nach deD jahre langen Sprhaktionen der US-Array inner halb der Operation ,,Ranch Land" whrend des Vietnamkneges die ersten Meldungen ber Mibildungen in den betroffenen Ge bieten an die ffentlichkeit. Die Meldungen hielten sich so hartnckig, da eine spezielle Kommission aus den USA in das knegsceplagte Land entsandt werden mute. Die Mitglieder der ,,American Association for the Advancement of Science" muten :.ti Saigoner Kinoerspnal einer, deutlichen An stieg von Mirildunzen an een dort gerort- \55 i B - F e r n s c h r e i b e n Lfd.Nr___ Eingetragen Abgesetzt _ VON: WDR-Pressestelle AN: Verteiler Nr. 1 DFS - Dienstag, 29. Mai, 21.00 Uhr "Monitor" Dioxin - Mibildungen in Hamburg? Sind acht Flle einer sehr seltenen Fehlbildung bei Neuge borenen durch Dioxine verursacht worden? Dieser Frage geht das Fernsehmagazin "Monitor" in seiner heutigen Ausgabe nach. "Monitor" hat im Osten von Hamburg eine auffllige Hufung von Holoprosenzephalie entdeckt. Acht Kinder sind dort inner halb weniger Jahre in einem rumlich eng umgrenzten Gebiet mit charakteristischen Hirnschden und Gesichtsfehlbildungen geboren worden. Die Kinderrztinjund Humangenetikerin Dr. Uta Burck-Lehmann - sie hat diese .Fehlbildungsformen ber viele Jahre untersucht - spricht von einem besorgniserregen den Vorgang und schliet nicht aus, da uere Einflsse, etwa Schadstoffe in der Luft, die Verursacher sind. Alle Fehlbildungsflle liegen im mglichen Einwirkungsbereich von drei potentiellen Dioxin-Emittenden. Es handelt sich um die Firma Boehringer und zwei Mllverbrennungsanlagen. "Monitor" lie die Boden- und die aktuelle Luftbelastung durch den hollndischen Dioxin-Experten Dr. Kees Olie von der Universitt Amsterdam untersuchen. Er fand im Boden 10 Mikrogramm pro Quadratmeter Dioxin, das ist etwa soviel wie in der Zone B von Seveso. Die Luftbelastung betrug 1,3 und 2,1 picogramm pro Kubikmeter. Alle Messungen wurden mit dem TCDD-Aquivalent berechnet. Der Verdacht, da die Fehlbildungen von Hamburg im Zusammen hang mit Dioxin stehen knnten, wird von der vietnamesischen rztin Dr. Phuong gesttzt. Sie berichtet, da dioxinge schdigte Kinder in Vietnam mit den gleichen charakteristischen Fehlbildungen geboren wurden. Der Hamburger Senat hat sich entschlossen, in einer umfangreichen Untersuchung diesen Verdachtsmomenten nachzugehen. WDR-Pressestelle III 29.05.1984, 14.50 Uhr, Kostenstelle: 001520, MSO/p Kostentrger (Lastkostenstelle) | l | | I l l Abteilung: ______________ ! _ f n i ( 111112 c THIB AGREERENT a a d a and a n ta ro d In to ttil tom d t7 o f Oetobtr 194 7 by and b a tv a a n THE DOV CHEHIC COKPAHY, a s Dalaware corporation havlng lts principal offica In tbe City of Midland,, Michigan, and harainaftar rsforr'd te aa *Do*, and CR. SUtl OIXKXTlf vbosa prasact adras la An dar Qruanataisa Goslar/Bara, Oaraany, Brltlah gpa, harainaftar rafarrad to aa v olkalth| .- ^ : ; y ' THBtlAl, T olk n lth rapraaonts th a t ha la possassad ef y-4 a r ta la imovlodga and oxparlanca in tbo f l a l d o f lA aactlcldaaj aad 1 A SvhKRXAB, &>W l a doslrou* of onploying T o lk n lth a t Ita Midland, I le h lfa n , p lan t fo r tha porposo of doln< ork ln tha f ia l d o f ln a e e tlc ld a a i and VHBUUM, tb o U nitad Rt a ta a O orarnaant, D apartnant of Oonaarca, O fflca of Tsebnieal forvio ha boan f o ll y adriaod of t%b t e t t a r b a ra la oonU lad a*d baa booa fu ralah ed rarltb a aoyy boroof. 'V 0 THXRXTORIf l t l a n to a lly agraod ba tra c e Do aad 'T ` , to lk n lth , Um p a rtla a b o rsto , aa f a lla a | o k 'w ill -fam tlih' adO rd^taw orking f a c l l l t l a f o r and * - a f v riz'K- Ss&x-.. r' k-v- V tejfty To^nvtb t$ l a r r io l d o f UaaeticidA at .. ' "V -t- ' ;-jf .. -, v . - *-v *4, )Lta JP<T*d, M tohigi, f l i e t f o r V paarlod o f. u r o a r fro a ha b*- yv'. O iv- * d a ta o f to lk n lth s a r r i v a i a t Midland, Michigan, raady to go to aark and w ill pay T olknlth fo r b is sar leas whlla so oaployad a t tba r a ta of Four Thousand ($4,000*00) D ollars par y s a r. Ail taxas laposad opon T olknlth*a s a la ry p c i d h l n by Do* ara to be borna by T olknlth. 19 9 1/ () Do 111 tear th cert of Tclkmlth'c tr*r#l xpenn: fro G#rnany to hidltnd by payinj to th# fintoe# Officer of to# I* fork fort of Isberkstion upon d#and of s ii off1;#, for thf account of Tolkaith, a sun aufficlant to cover Tolk&itfa's nors#| tr#l #zp#n#< from his pr#s#ut eddr## to ticieac, iiichigan. (z) Do ill us# I ts b#st ffo rta to nak# atlabl# of his iaaedlate family as aceoapaay Ui| but th# cast of such (4) Tolkaith 111, as soon as practical after arrlvinf a t M idland, K lchifon, m t* r tb# #aploy o f Do and davot# h is best . . . . .* i -v. 7 t. n T o lk a ith r# aln a in th# employment o f Do, b# 111 not #n(S(# la work f o r o th er# ho# I n te r # it# e o n f llc t 1th Do'. (S) i l l disco v eries and inventions r # l# tln f to tb# ^D osinsss o f Do,~b#tber p a te n ta b le o r o th e r w is e / aad# by folk* m ltb during h is employment >erounder p h a ll bo this lo l# property o f DV, m t T o lk a ith agree* to t i M i t f aaslgnm enta th e re o f *M suel J ' / .... e th e r in a tn a a e n ta as Do* m ay>#qoe#t to # a rry o u t th# provlaimma Of th la paragraph ' ( ) D# i l l a U i a r a ila h l# to th# p a b li# neo-ezclaslv# t l M by s # rv in j w ritte n n o tlc # tb#r#of upon T o lk a ith , provided Do pay# to ? o lk ith th# balance of th# s a la ry h< ould have arn#d had h is enploynant eontlnued fo r th# f u l l year as herein prorid#d. (8 ) Upon th# r p lr a tlo n or t a r j in a t io n o f th l# a g reem en t, 279 iq q \ 5 --' as herein provided, Tolknlth Till give Dow flret eption to hit ervlcea et alary to be agreed upon by the ptrtlea. (9) Upon the termination or expiration of this agreement aa herein provided, or in the event Tolknlth la lenied a visa upon arrival in America or la otherviae denied entry <r per^**lon to '<":V: X`.-tay In Ansrlca, Dow agrees to pay TplkaltbfOr at his election < pay '' ' 1 ' te the finance 1 Offleer ` iV .* . V ; '? ' of the lev fork to tt ef Knberkatlon . V tv ' ' 4 ; 1 ; * V>V\1 V .r;-' ' / f*r'the account of Tolknlth, the aoit of tils return travel ;V' expensea from midland, Michigan, to Oeraany) provided, however, < < * i . ' t tV .-a ' ; t j-v-4 u c s r d 4 |hat If upon .tW temlnetlojn or explrdtioe j| xh^ag^aeesnt or any extension thereof Tolknlth does hot return to Oeraany within a reasonable tine after leering Pov^s,pnploynent hot reealna in this country/ then how shall tie eader no obligation to pay Tolknlth his rsturn trsvsl expensas to Oarnany and will not so do unless directed hy the United States Oeweranant or an agency thereof. - ^10) fhls agreement shall he eeastrued by the applicable laws of the State of Michigan and of the Uhlted States. -V i.. AttBSW . > ( > * ) ^ 'TBS KWCHXMICA1 COMPAII x . . . -w r-w j t . 280 -a- A (^ 9 (3 Jz~. flanked by Duerrfeld and other I.G. representatives, in his March ection of the Auschwitz plant. Courtesy of the YIVO Institute for search. ' J - , _ Otto Ambros, expert on poison gas and synthetic rubber and member of Tr board- sentenced to imprisonment for eight years for the extermination center where four million human beings ed in accordance with the "Final Solution of the Jewish Queslosen by I.G. as the site for the plant for its unlimited reservoir mp laborers. Courtesy of the YIVO Institute for Jewish ~ X Cn . < AV* 0 0 5 - \ i i i c OB-CS'V ^vVt$ * ^ ' 'cvrCjovA & j ^Xciv^, V > ^ VvTM ^ v\- ^ c . ^ ^ O O V r^ L ^ c^L H ^ V M ?/ i/ CVb VfV/WvViU^CsS oxAvejjvvx. OloJ'vvvc^ev'Vcovr ^,\ ^wvcjysr ^\R- VovJ'wAcx_Y\ \jov\ \*>cV Hel^rmoVVy, ^OM'Vs'oOcxvrc\-V ^)cx\rv'z_ Pc\o \ ) ev^ckev" ElL\Vev\s ^Oo.W<.vr V V'VW.ci GiowWvevi* (qovri/' Uok.v\5 H q-wVn^ C?ew'V\cxu'd'^ V\cxyVwncvvw\ Vo-^essosr V\o<2/cWw\ X)^. W o^ev' X1$- V^cco ip LO yiWVwv\ \s\t2-W\V\ooj\S H ^ vkS K o e v w ^ X) \R. VLnTOAK'Z\jc>v\ A c \ r L \v A c k e O s^o^vr L o e .V v \r W - ^ jc lO!*\. ~ Y 4 a c .V s O ^O ev r iNN^ e viisg.o v/ ,, S c L^W a o Atv\ 1/ KvK Ov Q c v r V c x v r ^ S c V w /K x A e \T SLo^Aeir E l r v \ e s \ \- S ^ v o sS ... ">^1 ~Yo\V^vwvv"\\ V A vr v c V \ Wevrvr \J e < ^ e \ LO o y 2_ScVwvnV.w`V Sw . S ttt-rX CAOCk.c^HjAjK^ rr^. L o u JT^ f v \ M*J' H(c<K3 ''-' C iv-O ^ -'V V ^ 9 \fo r^r^s UNCLASSIFIED ULF/mab t. 16 April 1948 Mr. Hay L. Hiok . . ... Vv ;'-V . ' _ , Offloo of Teohnioal Borviooo ,/ y Dopartasat o f Co--iro " v '-V i Washington 15, D, C. >. V ' ' > r.y: Dosr Mr. Kloki - .* " ^ ' ' v Sequost 70a b rlo f, h ilo la I --r Tort toaorrow, Hi rapresentstiw o f th e Dow Chesdoal Copeny, aooorng Faporollp o p o o ialist Henry Tolkadth, cm tbo follow ing points! ho hc>o 1. Tho spall1s t is la tb s Dhited Btatos without a visa and as an oseoptlon to noraal 8ta to and Ju stio e Dopartaont olsaraaos. U ntil sp e c ia list has reooiw d a vies *v o r has boon ropatrlatod to Europe, ho i l l r --In tmdor I, e-uabody and su rw illsn o o o f tho Dopartaset o f tho Army* S p e c ia list is on h is good boharior and v a st abide by tho rolos laid down by tho Deperheent o f tho Army, Bo is subject to su--ary r o turo to Ooraany. . . . . . . - ----- 2, Custody and surroilianoo i l l bo adm inistered by a reprco o n tatire of tho Conaan&ing Oonoral, F ifth Azy, 1660 E. Hyde Park Boulevard, Chioago 16, I llin o is . This roprosoata-... t i r a i l l oontaet both tho spoolal 1 st and h is ssiployor a fto r a rriv a l a t Midland, Michigan, and i l l explain in d e ta il hat is required. A ll correspondence 1th th e Army should nore a lly bo sddrcsccd to th is Army roprosontatlv o , <? I . I la the ovoat spoola llo t is `to s o rt on an araed Foroos ' proJeot bearing a soourity o lassifio a tio n , usual slsaranos a su t bo obtainod. . 4* Fraseaos o f th e specis l i s t in th s tfaitod Status is not s m ilita ry soorot. I t i s , howwvor, d sslrsb ls to hsvo ss l l t t l o pUbllolty ss possible rsgardiog th s sp o o ialist snd hie a c tiv itie s. - v . .w ` Captain fesreranee; f o r t Sasdl%m, has boou sdvisod o f your v is it i rVtq/M--..s.tod to ,>. L OtO. Ji'-to sAswer any quostio&s re la tiv tooths ship*'v ; !' . s ' 5 * -- - . - ................. ........ V ... - . A ' * - . . -vy- / . ~vU.. yy >- - iT -. v,t v ` v -i v . J reg re t th a t sirousurtanoos ask i t iaposalbie fo r ae to tra w l ^prk ith you. 281 tr Si no ro ly . MARSHALL L. TALI>SLL Major, CSC E xploitation Section, CSGID al UNCLASSIFIED \ (The fa llo v ln e should be printed on book o f f i r s t d u e t) 6. Report of D enaslfloetion Procedure (Ststewsrrt as to whether or pot the ap plicasi appeared er he* been scheduled to epowar before .e d en sa lfleetlo e ooart In Qereany. I f he has, e suasary o f the ohapgee, erldenoe, end deciIon. I f any, le etteched to the QUQ03 import). wfejMt hee a it bee*, w r w ill be be r e tir e d bo e rre a r before e deee<m*eUam 7 . B3DAP Recordi (Ooaplete refuse o f HSDiP recorde es obtained frow the 7771 Doouwent Center, B erlin, or en etteched eteteeent elgned by the O fflcerln-Charge of the Doooaent Center to the e ffe c t thet no such reoord le on f i l e . A oo e l t ir e eteteeen t o f the fe e t thet no reoorde ere on f i l e le sede, e .g ., *A eeerch o f the >3DAP recorde In the 7771 Oerasn Doooaent Center, B erlin, hee be'en aade end no reoord o f ______________________ le on f i l e In thet o ffic e .* Photo ete tlo ooplee o f ISDiP records froe the Center ere etteched to th is report I f there la an Indication that the applicant p ertloloeted In any way la a c ti v it ie s of the party or Its a u x ilia ries, then reliable, photostatic ooplee of the s c ie n t is t 's le t t e r o f sp o il oat Ion for weabershlp In the H3QAP are attached 771to the report). A eeerwh mt the Wat re sorde la the T Cerase Bewwaaat Barter. B arila, has We aade aad a s m H ef . Beary T flL ttm 1 an f i l s la th at a ffis a . 8. Records o f Other I a s i Organisa tio n a l (Resuae o f Information obtained from f i l e s o f the 80, SA, 80, ABVEHR, TDI, foreign O ffice, Propaganda Ministry, e tc . Photoetatlo ooplee o f any such records pertaining to the Individual are attached to the r e p o r t I f no each records e x is t , a p o sitiv e statement aleU ar to that In *7* above i s aade Indicating which f i l e s have been searched, and thet the applicant aaw not found to be a wbwbar o f any o f the Indicated organ isation s). k weerwh e f th rewards ef Me Beeem te M b , ftre l# i fflee/Bbete M *artaet, Beni*. hw* beam aeda mU he reeerd ef SMjwdt la ee flU U *ha* wfflee. 283 j-eb b\ i ' : `V '' v i .>v,lV'---v V '.^i'V A IV - ' K 7: .*v` f , V 'L * e .** . ^ * :w v s ^ s f f i ! ^ y i ' `i ' 1 \'< V , ', ' * p S i . : :?v lI 'Pf 'TV -- v. ^ . 1- " r r * .:.**'. ^ :*v . . \i4 --- : V.' ^ : 4 ^ w " tol A * - . ' > * ? - ,:'Ti.-;w. A rfci ' ^ ' ; ! V - 6 i ,' . * , h ' * S* 'X >V.;- : P* ' : ' < V y ^ - ,_ - .... ** s* N\ * v v ^ f^ iQ 'V .*.-... V'^W V . y , . v.j. .: > " vcu* ,: & ' -.-V-K; :'*>? 'f > ' ', J O ;*' *>:'>' ' ' ' v V V. %. -, V -ri-. **'& \r -% -* ' ' ' ' ' .............. i I 1 I i .. . ------------- ----------- 0 ..y ,. wMkMv j~i wn r wwim 11 *wtww* wtivuvi miucjw riMuu u politischen, rassischen oder religisen Grnden entzogen oder endeten Personen enteignet werde im Verlauf der Besetzung fremder Linder oder zweck* Frderung der Ansiedlung von Deutschen ofler Volksdeutschen ln von Deutschlend besetzten Gebietest - A L f c 133. Fells je, geben Sie Einzelheiten an. einschlielich Zeit- und Ortsangaben, sowie Namen und gegen wrtigen Aufenthalt der ursprnglichen B e sitz e r -___ 133. Waren Sie jemals als Verwalter oder Treuhinder fr IQdlscben Besitz zwecks Frderung von Arisleningserlassan oder V erordnungen titig? 134. Falls ja. geben Sie Einzeineiten an. L TRAVEL OB BESIDENCE ABBOAD / L Baisee oder Wohnsitz Im Anstand t u List stt ieersert > iwieaaca Mlside of Garaasy ledeSiag aUllaiy caaeaign 125. Zihlen Sie alle Reisen oder Wohnsitze auerhalb. Deutschlands auf (Feldzge einbegriffen). 139. Haben Sie jemals und falls Ja ln welcher Rolle in der Zivil Verwaltung ln einem der von Deutschland eingegliederten oder besetzten Gebiete gedient? .___ U J i X S & L _________________________________________________________________ 130. Felis ta, geben Sie Einzelheiten an ber ihr Amt. Ihren michtenkreis sowie Ort und Zeitdauer des D ie n s te s .----- --. t 131. Kenntnis fremder Sprechen und Grad dep^ VVollkkomm menheit. ---------------- ---------------- ----- , ------------------------- REMARKS / Bejfeikazmea --4T U tte lM M tt m f l * * tm m tor M 1 vlil m i pmMU u4 tu is t * ! m ta te t e a -- l ite fte te M a te i A i m i i i f it iH M lU U nr Die auf diesem FormaUr gemachten Angaben sied wahr, und Ich bin mir hew eit, daB Jegliche Auslassung oder falsche and anvollstindige Angabe in Vergehea gegen die Verordaongen der MlUtirregieruag d e n teilt and mich der Anklage nad Be- stralnng entsetzt. ~~ . , f * ___ y , h u j L * /y o v .'fi * Signed / Eigenhanmge Untnrzchrift Data / Datum CERTTF1CATION OF IMMED1ATE SUPERIOR cortliy tbat ts aber* I tke tre u m aad ngmtara ol tb* adivtSMl coa camad Mt tbat. wltb tbe ucspaoai eeted Mo, tbb uuwtra < ea tkl etlonjlro an tnM le iha M l o i ay kaiwladgo ad Mlaf aa4 Iba taforaaUoa yaUabla la aa. taccpUoas (If aa ascapOoa*. r itt aea* 1 Bescheinigung des unmittelbaren Dlaastvorgesatztan Ich bescheinige hiermit die Richtigkeit obigen Namens und obiger UnterzchrtlL Mit Ausnehme dar nachfolgenden Punkte sind die in diesem Fragebogen gegebenen Antworten meines besten Wissens und Gewissens and im Rehmen der mir zur Verfgung, stehenden AuskuniUnmglichkeiten richtig. Ausnahmen- (Des Wort ,,keine" tst einzutragen, lefls solche nicht vor handen sind). Elgenh&ndige Urrters-iirift OmcMt haaiUaa Amtsstallang 362 Ott , Datu <*. M in t m IM cbart .w b e t|-*M t M t TM < t M b * t u t i n e fflc ts T t u v M t ta IM ffM ts e tlM t UU*4 M l w . Um *m ta ta W ta M T etber MW b t , M d M T . ( M m itr , m Im . TMUctae. c t w h i I M A f iM f , C M M n liM , db e i K b u ru ilu U o c * M T k lM , b it t ii m ti, jrM M el, T ^ M t na il , etactttael . ca lta ra l- k M M , w -- n r t J < J L tm n ry , w ttb wbtab ra> e r ta rn id m k M w MW)r1b(<. -- C aiM M 1 i taMrt e ttb e t " t m " e r " M " m eecb Um M ta41cl* wba> wo< t m b ** r r u b a t* M a tm W um U M tw Uo U we*. U t m M l a 'c s a d U s ta . S ta n fe iS IM n t s u i M d fit ta IM w e rt " ckw tlita ta " M lo w rt k r IM data t l r< x t pppUcsttae fa i f M n b lp . - C ahw u J ta te n data m w bicb Ta tataed. - C o lo n l i ta M rt dala t m j M a M ra k lp CMM<J U t m a ra .M Ig m i a s a fe r. ta M ii Iba w o rt "D a ta " U t m a n WUJ a aw br. -- Cataw t i Ib M rt t m i aM abanblp a a a k a t Ja Iba a tfa ah atloa . - C oteaa i i Ib m h Iba b is M at adflca. n a k a i atbar post o f a atb etJtr wbb-b t m bas bald at u t H a t U t m fe e a a ra i bald aa ta fle t. n a b c i 'p a tt ta M tb o ritr. ta M rt IM w ard "aaM " ta Co lt i aad l -- C alaaa i la a trl data e( ja a i sp po tala ea l ta Iba a tllc a . raak aa pnat a l o e tM rtlr Itatad ta C o fra a i. 40. In di folgenden Litt lat anzufhren. ob S it Mitglied lnr -dar angefhrten Oiganlsationen waren and welche Aemter Sl# darin bekleideten. Andere G*aUschaltan, Handelsgesellschaften, Burschenschaften. Verbindungen, Gewerk schaften. Genossenschaften, Kammern, Institute. Gruppen. Krperschaften, Varalnt, Verbinde, Kobs, Logen oder andere Organisationen beliebiger Art, seien sie gesellschaftlicher, politischer, beruflicher, sportlicher, bildender, kultureller, Inda* strielier, koaaerxieileT oder ehrenamtlicher An. mit welchen Sie Je in Verbindung standen oder welchen Sie abgeschlossen waren, sind auf Zeile 06--86 anzugeben. 1. Spalte: J a " oder ,,nein" sind hier elnxusetten zwecks Angabe Ihrer Jemallgen Mitgliedschaft in der angefhrten Organisation. Falls Sie Anwlrter auf Mitgliedschaft oder -untersttzendes Mitglied oder l a ,,Opferring" waren, ist, unter Niehtbercksichtlgung der Spalten,* das Wort ,,Anwlrter" oder ,,untersttzendes . Mitglied" oder ,,Opfer* ring* sowie das Datum Ihrer Anmeldung oder die Dauer Ihrer Mitgliedschaft als untersttzendes Mitglied oder Im Opferring einzusetzen. 2. Spalte: Eintrittsdatum. 1 Spalte:-Austrittsdatum, falls nicht mehr Mitglied, anderenfalls tst das Wort ,,gegenwlrtig" einzusetzen. 4. Spalte: MitgUedsnummer. i Spalte: Hchstes Amt,'hchster Rang odtr eine anderweitig einfluBreicfae von Ihnen bekleidete Stellung. denfallt Ist des Wort Jkelpe" In Spalte 5 und 6 einzusetzen. 6. Spalte: Antrittsdtum fr Am t Rang oder einfluBreiche Stellung laut Spalta 5. Nlchtzutrefien- i tr < i3 _ 3 q a . 7&  i" i 1 i ""*71^--"TT*--^n-f-yiry EX Dsntecher Fichte-Bund H Deutsch JBgetecheft ES. Deutsches Rotea Krens M. ibero-Amerikanisches Institut ?. Institut snr Erforschung der Judenfrege HP dt -- 0U L AfP M. Kameradschaft USA M. Osteuropisches Institut rdt j t E0. Reich serbaitedjpnat (RAD) 81. Reichskolonialbund . ti.9 tto EX Raichstuflschutsbund dt EX Siaatiakedemi Mr Rassen- und GesundhelUpSoge -- -- ------------ B l Volksbund fr das Deutschtum tm Ausland'(VDA) BX Werberst d. Deutschen Wlrisch. Others (SpecifyI andere: NP Et. V w eA . .... ................. Tw ' t m iL , ------------- -- r ............................................. -- .......- ...........-- , ------------- --- ....... .......... .... ------ :--------- ------- ---------------------- - .......- ........... .................. - .......... - ..... ......- ...................... ............... --..................... - ................. \ T ^ W rr * Mtkf ol w a t e r te u y ewiuUeeT - li. Il lUt tk* w f u i u u o w u 4 (It y a m n la a - NI Ha. yen s T i ? T" wk?.A * * ' OT * iMitr la U T W tk* ftfk*lMMk IMW t e a 41 lo M r i f n t l - IR. Il w. i l in a i m b m g i . . r tdim r ' ? * * ? * * acnfUOT * tk rw ltlw ae4 su lu tio a - i n WW, Ika i pelo o( b Im i cwlrt- " S I l i *.. Wluikfl| a<l_wyli w kankia OTot l < * k 4 T tu lli > u t coetrtketloM t l Kotr wOTrtT *Mrk Tt k* m << IrwilT .. N R wcUt. N tk NSPAS M a r * Ikt tJktT ttyOtaatfM * Utitd' m . tedWUkg u t w airtW tlpw mM ky u t M isril e t |a risicai t tL . ,***!'?_ **?' *e U d n ? <m -- ,S4- Mt tot oti OTtt ika iM tp lu t >1 *Sy UUw. m U a t d i l i twtiaoeleik --f9*m Hwa , ^, *or?, *'i^. _**T ** tta_koTOT krIffftVt iitt boo t t il --- |IRR IT w ,. atattat tkt Ha ttvuTa al tkt kaoatoat tk#a aatlat' ctalcrrad. | R ,, W a ra TOTi f k ti al a palUktl p an r k tlo rt tesai _ NT. H w . k k k a u f - IQt. N i u M w m feM klttlr) ud M itr w cum .414 |tm *T* **' |* F * -- **' f* M*rc* IRSI -- 111 H t t a i M ara, k t t t a a u k u al u t W b-Nm ak4arroaa<) aany ai fra tta S S L " ? 1 -- III. Wklk t a t i -- 111 tlac* k u l -- 111. H ata tot a r ti k t t t a a aak a t f i aa r UaOT aaiea ai pialaiatoui ai m anata or u ttitiuoa TM *** aaolTad ai leiW U u te a i m i - Ita. Hata tot a t t i barn I w ln tj Iran tka d all aerate. tta Macklag a roltalos ai tdtalaautai fiiH tiaa m aay elbai ea*leynM lai arti ar M a l raaiauaca le Ikt Nada ai tkali ttfwtofyT _ m H ata T t a t i ta ta laprtaoatd ai heat raacrtcttaaa al a t i i a m , iralOTacf ai Irtatfaa le aractlc toti traa ar trolaaaioa kata Id fow d u tot lai rodai ai ralltM roai o t i ai " ***** fT**u ** * -- lift, li Y& k m iMrd im te n i / l *wtoi ft** I l i to 119. *1* MrticuUr m t> * w 4 44rwtM I hr* N n o w * c u . c o l t r a tk tratti of r*** i t i M U . Sind Si* )m*l* tu einem Schweigegebot^^; alna Organisation verpflichtet rorden? r V r . . 100. Fall le. geben Si* 41 Organisation and Elnfiheiten eo 101. Haben Si' Irgndwelcbe Verwandte. dia Iemali Amt, Rang oder influreiche Stellungen In Irgendeiner der von Nr. 4t bf OS angefhrten Organisationen haben! 102. Fall |a. ghben S ie deten aman und Antchrtfien an, den Grad threi VerwedUchaft aowie ein* Beschreibung dar Stellung und Organiution. 103. Mit Annahme von kleineren Beitrigen tur Winterhilfe und ordnungfemiBlgen Mltglledtbeltrlgen. geben Sie nachfol gend im Efaoelnen. alle von Huren direkt oder Indirekt an die NSDAP oder Irgendeine andere der oben angefhrten Organi sationen gelauteten Beltrige 'ln Form von Geld oder Beettx an. einchllBlich aller auf Ihr Ersuchei) odei auf Grund Ihres Einflusses seitens einer natrlichen oder Juristischen Pereon oder einer anderen rechtlichen Einheit geleisteten Beltrige ------------------------------- - ................................... - 104. Sind Ihnen von einer1der oben angefhrten Organisationen Irgendwelche Titel. Orden. Zeugnisse, Dienstgrade verliehet oder andere Ehren erwiesen wordenT 104. Palls E f e beo Sie an, was Ihnen verliehen wurde, das Datum, den Grund und AnlaB ft die Verleihung --................ t0& Waren Eie Mitglied eines 'politischen Partei vor IB33T sicher? politische Partei Imben Sie ln der Novemberwahl 832 gew lhlt? Und Im MArs 1233? 1tO. Wdren Sie seit 1833 Mitglied einer verbotenen Oppositionspartei oder -gruppe? 111. Welcher? 108. Welche Atcfcu.fr 1 12. Seit wann? ^ fT T a .W a ren Sie jemals Mitglied einer nach 1833 apfgeMeten oder verbotenen Gewerkschaft oder eines berufe- oder Wirtschaftsverbandes?. A 4 4 ) 114. Sind Sie temis Su dem Beamtenstaad, dam Lahrarbaruf oder aus einer, kirchlichen oder Irgendeiner Stellung auf Grund aktiven oder paaeiven Wldtretend gegen die Nasla oder Ihre Walt anscheuung entlassen srorden? - 115. Warden Sie Jemels. aus raealechan (Aar rellgiseo Grnden oder veil Sie akv ader passiv den NetiohalsotlalUten Widerstand lolstatah. ln Haft genommen oder- In ugr Bewegung- oder Nieder' lassungsfrsiheit oder sonstwie In Quet gsrerblicb<n oder beruflichen Freiheit beechrlnkt? wort huf eine dar- Fragen von 110 bis 115 bejehend. eo sihd Blmlbeiteo eowte Namep end U*- Ist dl Ant- von rsrel Nr- sooen, reich d ies yafuheitsgem U besangen ^dnnen. O A tL I ADO*C M M W NCW YONK CITY CAN FW ANCICCO M ILADL>M IA L O A N a C L It i WACH INOT ON C A IK T L O U 1C CLSVCLAND HOUCTOH CHICAGO U A T1LX OCTW OIT O fT O N \ The Do w Chem ical Com pany MIDLAND MICHIGAN 5?2 ? 2> i t i v i. nit. orr. August 26, 1948 A. C. of S. 0-2 465 Federal Building Detroit 26, Michigan Gentlemen: Henry Tolkmlth Name: Henry Tolkmlth Period: July 26th to August 26th. Employer: The Dow Chemical Company Residence Address: Midland, Mich. Activities: No overnight ad eences from Midland from July 26th to August 26th except the week ends of July 31th and August 7th when he was with me at Half-Moon Lake. 1i ReBpeotfully submitted THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY L. R. Drake d p i Physical Research Laboratory 25b \ c\ c\ x s HHfcW - u n classified mmm-- WAR DEPARTMENT WAR DEPARTMENT GENERAL STAFF WASHINGTON U . D. C. CSGID 400.112 Research ES/230.741 26 APR 1948 SUBJECT* Custody of P ap erclip S p e c ia lis t Henry Tolkmith TOj Commanding G eneral, F if th Army 1660 E ast Hyde Park Boulevard Chicago 16, I l l i n o i s 1. Reference is made tot a. L etter, th is D ivision , f i l e CSGID 400.112 Researoh, dated 15 April 1948, subjects "Custody o f Paperolip S p e c ia list Prooured for C ivil Employment." b. AG le t t e r , f i l e AGAO-S 231.2 (8 Apr 47) B-U, dated 12 Apr n 1947, subjeoti "Seourity Regulations for Project Paperclip." 2. You are hereby advised of the arrival at *ew York on 16 April 1948, of German s p e c ia lis t Henry Tolkmith, who was procured under Project Paperolip for c iv il employment with Dow Chemioal Company of Midland, Michigan. Tolkmith was released at Hew York to Dr. Drake, Dow Chemical Company. Tolkmith and Drake were to depart 21 April 1948 for Midland, Michigan. 5. Requests a. You assume r e sp o n sib ility for oustody and surveillance of henry Tolkmith, under provisions o f paragraph 3 , above reference AG le t t e r , and b. That t h is D ivision be informed of the e ffe o tiv e date. 4. Seourity Dossier iB in closed . JOB IBS DIRECTOR OF INTELLIGENCES 1 Inol a/s . 275 r LAURIB L. WILLIAMS Colonelt GSC E x e c u tiv e --- llE3Ttil0ffl- - - - - - UNCLASbii .U I I<??a7 t W f \pd^j Vj^c^kVa* -VVw^v4^^ C^OV _. . . . j r w t t M i t i *< g 's t m i m f m U^NIT^ED * ?*V; ; >Vj fg ^ l R M T V ftlraetor, JaAaral laraaa t f larattlcmtiaa / .^ . .... ^ * - ' f y '* '' <*>. 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Baurat Dr. Bitzken * Prof. Dr. Blome AT3WV Oberstleutnant Bode (Heer) ? Haupt Bhm 4 r JBaIke_ -Heeres Gasschubs-DDaborat^gium--SpaRdAu- -P ra _ D o cio r -H orch ers------------------------------------ Heeres Bersuchstelle Raubkammer Bei Munste: Oberst von Borstell LUFTWAFFE Dr. Boschmann Heeres .Ga8chutz Laboratorium Spandau Q, B. Bottler _ __ ..Heeres Gasschutz Taboratorlum Spandau U , k . .Dr. Gerhard Bttger -Heeres -Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau __Dr. ..Bottman __ ... ___ Heeres Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau j Heg. Baurat Dr. Braeunig *Dr i e n s t s t e l l e P r o f . B r a n d t Dr. Brudy Oberstleutnant Bchler AHMY Stabsartz Dr. Budde j <;!1 I General der Infantrerie Buhle Dr. Bu11 Dr. Carls v Heeres Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau Major Clement Oberst Dipl. Ing. Crohn Reg. Chemie Rat Dr. Daehlmann t Oberst .Dipl. -Ing...de-Bouche - Major Dederschek_________________ Reg. Chemie Rat. Dr. Graf Degenfe'ld Oberst Dielitz Heeres Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau i s vciH->r 0 . :1 2 . 3.. Dietz Heg. Dr. Ing. Dithmar Ob Baurat Dr. Donath Dr. Drken _ Heg. Hat. Dr. Drinks Min. Hat. Dr. DwfHng Min. Hat. Dr. Ehmann HBres Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandaci J -- EniS-C------------- Heeres..-Gasschutz. Laboratorium EpanHan __Oberst Engelter______________________________________ Ob. Heg. 'Chemie Rat. Dr. EnsfelLner LUFTWAFFE R.3.R. Dr. Erwin Fahrenho1.tz " Heeres"'Versuchs1^TTe"^hRammer 'HfeI~Thster" ". ARMY -D rr E&ehonbach Major Fechner Dr. Heinz Feigs Heeres Gasschutz^Laboratorium Spandau_____ _JL_Wa1iher. _Fenach_ H e e re s G a ssch u tz t -- K iru ARMY Tischer Dr. Alfred F1ugel Prof. Flury Dg- SH n m q " Tn v o c + < m * < ,, _ -C* r~r\. t ! imi i FL, Haupting..Dr. Frank 03 Ing. Franke Wa. Prf. 9 0333 Dr. V. M^lenheim Franzke Wa. Prf. Q Dr. Fsting Heeres Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau I Oberret. Baurat Dr. Gaertner Direktor Dr. von Gagem AW BerstDipl. Ing. Gaul Reg. B. Dr. Gebhardt Oberst (W) Geisier Oberst. Geist ARMY Dr. Gemeinhardt ARMY Oberinspektor Ger"1off Gen. Major Dipl. Ing Zimmermann Gertreter l Oberst-Vet. Geweniger n b e .r - T e g . ~RaAi.Ta.t-Tte-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Cbersf eutnant Goe\lner __ _ __ . i i ( ! j j \i Dr^-.Grassow____________ Heeres-Gasschutz -Laboratorium--Spandau---- ; 0. Amt. Gritzka FL. Stabsing Grner____________ ______ _____ __________ __ -trrtr K et v , K a p t. GT upe, Guderian, (General der panzertruppe) ARMY A3R Dr, Gugsoiz JmzeL. ______ Heeres Gasschutz Labratedum Spandau . Prof. Dr, Haase ^bberinspektor .Hahn Hahne"1 e e re s Gasschut z Laboratorium _Spandau_ Oberst"1eutnant von Harsdorf nhe^6t.ifiutnant. Hermann.. Inspektor .Heise, Ad.jutant Major Heitefuss Ree. Bau Rat. Dr. Hennings Gen, Major Dipl. Ing. Hemici Sdf. Pr. Herold Wa. Prf. 9 -Br^-Herrmann Dip1. Ing. Hess -Heeres -Gasschutz Laboratorium -Spandau . --CL.-,B.-- Dr.. -Hildebrand- -H-eeres Gasschutg:- Kerv. Kapt. Dr. Hirasch s berst. Pr. Hirsch Wa. Prf. 9 m s" i T pg 7 & 13 BIOS 'Investigation of Ohemica1 warfare Installations in Dr. Hoffmann Dr,-Holm Heeres Gasschutz Laboratorium-Spandau .0..,B.._Dr..Holtzapfel -- Heeres -Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau Oberst Dipl Ing. Holzheuer Oberst. Dipl. Ing. Huck Reg. Baurat Dr. Ide Genera1 der Pioniere * 0R3R Dr. Janssen Gen.. Leutnant Diri. Ins. John. Gen. Major von Junck _Erofeasq r_J.ung Oberst Justrow -H aaras - R3R Dr. Kaiser Dr. Kappes Dr. Kse1 Heeres Gasschutz Laboratiorium Sapndau Oberleutnant Kassebarth Dr. Killinger Oberstleutnant Kirchner Oberst Dipl. Ing.-Kittel .. - ....... -- ARMY ` i) pg 38 CIOS "Investigation of Ohemica1 Warfare Installations in 1 the Munsterlagger Area including Raubkanuner" Infantry weapons, pg 4-2 same - Panzer defence 'T rv .i. Dr. Infi'. Klenk Prof. Dr. Kliewe, Heinrich ObUn. KUngbeil ___ Stabsveterinr Knebel Min. Dir. Dr. Knipfer 1 Dr. Hans Kobs Heeres Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau I 0. B. Dr. Koch 13-- Dr KbcTc--- ------- -Hesrss-Gasschutz...Laboratorium .Sp&ndau ijI -- S r . Kd'Hker, Rudp'ph_____ Jde.res_.Gassohutz Labomtor i u m Spandau _ j i prof. Min,_Rat-._lDJlZr. pr. KBrbler Reg. Rat. Dr. Komemarm Min. Rat. Prof. Dr. Koschmieder Prof. Dr. Krauch Baurat Dr. Kraus Oberst-1eutnant .Dr. Ing. Krbber * Reg. Rat. Prof. Dr. KruLl Oberstabartz Dr. Kruse ___ R ^ J lh k ___ ( S .J B 4 ______________________________________________________________ Kin. Rat. Dipl. Ing. Kssner ... ..... _______ ARMY 1) P 39 CIOS "Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations an the Munsterlagger Area Including Raubkammer" { 3 4 i& yRrer+dnn of foi rt.fi and k i r defonoe of* Tn>'+^-fM +<->-.o h Min. :5at, D'-. Gen. Leutnant Laute Major Lauscher ___ GneuL-d^. Art.--Leeb -... ----- ----- ---------- -- Min. Dat. Dr. Leinweber jj - Leopold---------------- ---Heeres -Gasschutz lAboratnri um--anon^Di. Oberst Dipl. Ing. Letis ($) Ministerialrat Dr. V. D. Linde Min. Dri. Lindner Oberst Dipl. Ing. Lorentz Flieger Stabs Ing. Dr. Lttwa I I Oberzahjm Lflwenst&dt Baurat Dr_._ Lucke Dr. Luchsinger Oberst Lukaseder (0) --- Diu Mai Heeres Gassrhut.7, Tehoratn-Hum Dr. Marin (O.B.) Min. 1. Prof. Marks Heeres Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau Gen. Ing. Marquardt j; Luftwaffe i:v 1) pg ^7 CIOS "Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations in the Munsterlagger APea including Raubkammer" War gas and smoke. Oberkommando der Luftwaffe / tech nische Luftruestung / Fliegerische Entwicklung. Oberst1 eutnant Matt Dr. .KarlJehl Dr_._ Meiner Adjutant Mengede Prof. Menze1 H e e ^ s -GAseohn+.i I Vw">Wt + wl . . i>p*rKlAU Hee.res_iJass-hutz Laboratorium Spandau - Dr. -Ketzener-- -- - -Heeres-GasRchut Laboratorium -Spandau_- Kapt, z. See Dipl Ing. Meusemann NAVY, GERMAN Stabsveterinr Meyer Min. Rat. Dr. Mielenz (see also Milenz) RBR Dr. MielTer Min. Rat. Mi1enz Reg. Rat. Dr. Moll Min. Rat. Moyn fa1 so see 'Mielenz*! Ober. Teg. Rat. Dr. Ulrich Mueller FL, StabsIng. Dp. Muttone _____ Dr. Nedopil Dr. Niemann Dr. Niggemeier Heeres Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau 0 Pg 31 OIOS "Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations iit the Munsterlagger Area" Including Raubkammer" j Semi-Technical Scale Flant * _,U 0 "3"' Dr. Nobbe Oberstleutnant Mpt. Ing. Nowotnv (c) Generalleutnant Oohsner Min. Rat. Dr. Oelshausen (Obeishausen) Oberst"1eutnant Dipl. Ins. Otto Prof. Picker Dr. Pinnow \ -Ma.^or -P-istor--------------- ----- --Heeres '/ersuchste'1le Ruabkammer Bei Munster Prof. Dr. Planck Direcktor Plett Nin. Dir. Din. Ing. p0i.iert Flieder Stabs Ins. Dr. Preiss FL. Stabs. Mg. Dr. Pritzkow.... i 1 f 1 Ma io1",,Prohaska_________ Oberstabartz Dr. Prsener Prof. Quasebart O.B. Dr, Reetz__________ Wa. prf. 9 -----D--r-.----R-e-i--m-e--r------------------------------ _------------------------------------------------- jf Oberstabstartz Dr. Reinecke Ob. Baurat Dr. Reinknecht ARMY 1) pg h1 CIOS "Investigation of .h.emical Warfare Installations n- ie m a rs k i D r. R ic h te r ..... H e e ^'e s ^ e r s u c h s te lle R aubkam m e*' B e i M u n te r &G e n . S t a b s - V e t . P r o f . D r . R i c h t e r s - L t.--R itte r... D r. Roch D r. R o e d ig D ip . In g . R ogge jQbe.T8ch.itTm.Jto.pe.rs__ ___ __ _______________________ O b e rs ta rz t P ro f. D r. Rpse (see o th e r P ro f. Rose ca rd ) P r o f . D r . '-to s e G en. M a jo r K ip l. In g . R ossm ann J M a i o ^ D r , R d i g e r ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------- i w- --C - f -Bf-.-- Rugei-eke---------------------------- ------------------ 1. .JQr, S c h a e f f M a jo r S c h e in e r dieeres.Gasschutz laborstorum._Spandau 1 I\ \ t S ta a ts ra t S c h ie b e r F lie g e r S ta b s In g . D ip l. In g . S c h ie d le r Sr.hi edier D r . S c h *1i n k e r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ H e e r e s G a s s c h u t z T a b o r a t o r i u m S p a n d a u | .. l) .P^ge .2.9_SI0S .".Investigations of Chemical Warfare .Installations in ....... Athnea lMyutni csatel ' rC!ahgegmeirc a A1r..e..a....I..n..c..l..u..d..i..n...g....R..a..u..b.k. a- in..m..e..r..". " 1^957 I r . Schrter, Rudolf r*V\f i o e Q M + r T b V w>m o * ^ . . O -- -- j - H3'> Dr. Strauss._Ing. Schmid. Min. Rat. Dr. Schmidt Oberst L ie t. Dip. Eng. Schmidt B a u ra t E r. S ie g frie d S c h m id t j I D ipl, Ing. SchKieto ARMY Tng. Schneidewind_______________________________________ _____________ ! Heg. Rat. Dr. Schoenwa ld t _______________________________________ L____ D irektor Dr. Ing. S c h o fle r j I | Dr. Rudolf Schttnemann_________ Dee r e s Gasschutz TAbor a to r lum Spftndau__ ! 3 3 R Dr, Schreiner --Oberst _Dr.._Ing. -Schubert ARMY Gen. Bet. Dr. Schulz ! | AHMY "I 1 TLf f R A 11 X n - .'- a e - f i erst + i r m r-P P U o m i ^ a l U a . ' r 'f 'a 'r o T - c + ^ l l f l . f i n n n C, B. Dr Schultz-Qverberg_____Ee.eras Gasschutz laboratormum Spandau __ Min. Dir. Prof. Dr. Snhmwm___________ A DMV Dr.. S c h u ste r itz __ Uo p i Obergruppenfhrer Dr. Schwab -B. Sehwe cke nd.iok- -Heeres--Gassehutz-Labor,tor-ium~`.pandau- -- 1) pg _29 OIOS -I n v e s t ig a tio n o f-O h e m ic a l.Warfare I n s t a lla t io n s - in th e M unsterlagger A1ea In clu d in g Raubkammer" ThuhrM easurements - ' Smoke "Interviewed.. F o rstm eister Dr. Schw erdtfeger Obers ta r tz Dr. S e x te i O berst. Von. S ich erer Heere Gasschutz Laboratorium Spanda Dr. Diemens.. . _ ------Heeres -Gasschutz--Labore.tortura-Spandau--- O bersteutnant Dr. In. S in g er. __ Oberst-Yon.-Dechand Sodemann--------------------------- Ministerium Speer -- Dr *- Sper n g - - -H eeres. itz _lAratC7um Spandau____; _____ D r . i _ S t a d l e r . jia e r e a J3aaschutz..JLaboi.tP_riiHL-Sparidau Oberst Dipl Ing. Stammbach ^ M in . Rat. Dr. S ta n tien F lie g e r Ob. Ing. S tein Ob. Teg. Chemie Hat Dr. Stobwasser Insp. Striebe1 Gen. Leutnaut Stubenrauch -- Heeres-Gasschutz -Laboratorium Doandan 0 . B. Dr. S tu h ld reer H eeres Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau Min. Hat. Dr. T aeglich "0 Pg CIOS " I n v e stig a tio n o f Chemical Warfare I n s t a lla t io n s h the M unsterlagger Area In clu d in g Raubkammer" R eich sw irtsch a ftsm in isteriu m . Factory and tra n sp o rt safety questions, Dr. Tanne Heeres G ass-hutz Taboratorium Spandau O berst. Dipl Ing. Tcutcc-h Ob. In g. T hiel Min. Hat. Dr. 'Itiie'^o P r o f. Dr. T hiessen Freg. Kapt. Dr. Tobias Georg Trautmann Heg. Chemie Rat. Dr. TUbben Dr. Turre1 f r , mm ______ ______ Heerpfi GaRKrhut.7. Tahnratn riiim R-nanria u-- Chemiker Dr. . Vogel Oberleutnant ; Vogel Dr. Heinz Vogt * Heeres Gasschutz Taboratorium Spandau Gen. Major D ip l. Ing. Waeger I ORBR P rof. Wagner rk P r o fe sso r Dr. Wai&mann _MllL._3a.t._Weinberg_______ ___________ ___________________ D.R.B.R. Weinzier-1________ _______________ __________________ Heeres V ersuchste1l e Ruabkammer Bei Munster P r o f. Wimmer | \ i ) PS 53 CIOS 'I n v e s t ig a tio n o f 'Chemical Warfare I n s t a lla t io n s in th e M unsterlagger Area in c lu d in g Raubkammer " "Personality required for interrogation" work in T oxicology a t `Strasburg U n iv e r sity Dr. Winkler Dr. Winkler prof. Fritz Virth Heeres Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau Oberstarzt Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wirth a -- Qberstieut-Wobit------------------- ----------------------- Oberst Dipl. In*. WBhlermarm __Dr. Wolf _Haerejs_ _ Dr*_: FA . .Heeres -Gasschutz Laboratorium -Spandau-- Min. Hat. Dr. -Wuelfken Dr. Wurster Oberleutnant Zabel Ungeft_Za.cho.w_ Dr. Zeumer (O.B.) Heeres Gasschutz Laboratiorium Spandau ._FL.. Stabsing Zuschrott _______________________________ \ ____ 1L Erprobungste''le der Luftwaffe _. ........ | p>g 33-OIOS "Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations in "" ________ the Munsterlagger Area Including Raubkammer".. ... Maintenance of S.O.I. and i/c workshops pg M Q same - full title Flieger Stabs. Ing. Dr. Zuschrott --------------Erprobungsstelle -der imiftwaffediunster"Noidi--- ----- Work analogous to Array experimental station at Raubkammer. pg 53 same -"Personality required for interrogation" mu C n . V ' A ' f ^ ' O ^ t o \ \ o o o s - \ vAa-q . R - < b Ofves-Y F v W S ^ 'V Y v - v . c ^ ^ ' Y V c^ v A & ^ - W ' \ ^ Y x . v. x V TM V vvc^ v \_ ^ o v ^ a ^ U .^ ^ O V e c v ^ d ^ H i v ^ / O'tVb 'PtVTwy.V^OS 3j>\fU o x 3v\ sjvw\. Olo^Avv^ev'/covr veA wv^<^vr ^i'R- SVov.'y^'cxslVi h'P- \Jov/\ \^ocV\ UelvrmoVVv ^ovrVsvjocxv'd'V )(p., ^)cx\A '2- P o .o \ J)evAc.ke'T <Se-v'V\G>-'j'd"^ ELV\\ev\s GJa.YV<2.vr V \ c>Va.c> GiovaAVvevr" Cqovfi/" V\o^va5 HowA.k^ G?.vfV\<xvr d"^ \\avr '^vnckVA.vx Vo^eSSovr V \o e v \e w \ i'R. W o^ef^ (R* VLcoO YO vWeVvvW k . \s\VA Vvo'-vjv.S VWv/\S KoevfvV<^ i)vR. VYvrQ-VjVZV/OVf> dc.VT ^-VVfxkcO sK o.vf L-oeViV* Y-Vi^N. V/v > .-. * V. .- QVogyr vwca^KA\g uvf _jScd\vi\v\c*.Y\. \ ^V L G l c v f V c v v r d S c V v a c x A e \ r " 2 _ a a . V \ S t t - ^ T L o f t t s ^ f v - o ^ c ^ H io < l3 t>UU S ^ o v d A e v ' EZvrv\es\ f\- S'WosS.. d - * 5 ^ c d \ \ j v r V t e ^ c> ^ 0*0 Y o lAi ^ 3 * /- \ |U C r y - i V V ,'c * f " T o \k v w v v 'ld Y >W \c,V \ W evvr M e< ^e\ " b v , I j J o y * 2 _ ^ C .V v V T % \.d Jf I W 2- Himmler, flanked by Duerrfeld and other I.G. representatives, in his March 1941 inspection of the Auschwitz plant. Courtesy of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Ambros, expert o n poison gas and Auschwitz, the extermination center where four million human beings were destroyed in accordance with the "Final Solution of the Jewish Ques tion," was chosen by I.G. as the site for the plant for its unlimited reservoir of death camp laborers. Courtesy of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. It maF- PART SERVICE HTTTH ORGANtZATlONS / P-Mitgliedschaft od<". Nobeadlonst Ls aadartn Organilationan 117. Wlth tb. cepuoo ot tbew f i tpodftcaUp w im x la Wcoi D ad I ab. ) Uatr a. Aop pari ttwa, aapald or boaara./ poaltloa ot aatborttp ot tiart n a M n -b a ld * rapranautiv f aap Balcb bdlalatnr O! Um -odflco-al Um foul Paar ptaa ei aiMll cannai control agaocyi b Aay ottica,- tank 01 poal ol aatborttp poa bava bald Ith aap acoaotalc aall-adalaiitr.Uoa sipaatuUoa auch a t tba Baick Food lau ta. Iba Saoonacbaftoo. t-o Caatxal bdotbotiag AaaoctaUoaa. tba talckaw lrtackaliabauar, tba fiaowIrtKlMttskbMMam. tba ta ld u e ro p p n . tba Wlrtscbaltigroppea. tba Varfcahnfnppaa, tba balcbtaaralalpakpaa. tba H aopuau rbflaaa, tba ladoatrlanapa and alnUar atpaaluUont, aa all aa Ibalt aobordlaata ot aftlUatbd orpaalialloba aad llatd a ttin si c. Aar arrtca ol aap Und poa baca tandarad la aap nlllUrp. paraatUiurp. poltra, la aaforcoMM, protacUoa. lalalllpaaca ot riotl da/anaa orpaaluUoa aacb aa OrpaaJaaUoo Todt, Tachnlarba NothlUa, Uoltrappaa. Warbacbaran. baba- (bau. PoatacbaU. Fmmktcbatx. WatkacbaU. Laad- and Itadtwacbl. Abvobr, SD, Oaatapo and ctsilai atfaaicatloai 117. Untar Auslassung dar barali* la Abschnitten D and E beantworteten Punkte fhren Sie an: a) Jedwedes Nebenamt, ainfluralchet unbezahltes oder Ehrenamt oder Vertrauensstellung, welche Sie ela Vertreter ainea Relchsmlniaterliuns oder der LeUstae fr den Vierjebresp'.sn oder ih n liehsn WlrischafisSberwschusgistellen tnaefaattea. b) Amt, Rang oder elnfiudreiche Stellung lodwedar Art welche Sie bei ffentlich-rechtlichtu Selbstverwsltungskrper* schafton innehatten, wie z. B. dem Reichsnhrstand, den Bauamschaften, den Hauptvareinigungen, den Reichswirt* Schatzkammern, den Gauwlrtachaftakammern, Relchagruppen, Wirtschaftsgruppen. Industrieringen oder ihnllchen Krperschaften, sowie bei deren untergeordneten und angeschlossenen Krperschaften und Gebietsstellen. c) Jeglichen Dienst in militrischen, miliUrlhnlichen, polizeilichen, GesetzvoUzugs-, Schutz*, Aufklrungs* oder Luft* schutzdiensten, wie z. B. der Organisation Todt, der Technischen Nothilfe, den StoBtrupps, Werkscheren, dem Bahnschutz, Postschutz, Funkschtz. Wsrkschutz, dar Land- und Stadtwacht. Abwehr, des SD, der Gestapo und Ihnliehen Organisationen. Fr*m r*m r Hi$hntN tm * Mmd ty p * */ r$9MixM*m ficc *r r t U ge* keid Pal# e / g eur Appeimtmenl OmUt bi> Na* ad Ari d*r O fftaiw o a Hduiei Ai oder K * i| errtidit A atritto d a ta IliA ltikreii i* a a & A/X' G. WRJTINGS AND SPEECHES / G. VertteaUichange* aad Redea III. Ust 09 p m u slMot tb* U#t ad pobllsbtn W *0 pebUcUoas fro 1129 lo tb* p m ta t wMcb vor vrtttas la vbot* or la coapUW or *dit*d ly you, ad all pabllc aodrou *d* by y*, gjvi? saljoct. dato, aad drcoUUoa or oadioaca U tb*y r*** spoatorod by aay otyntiotloa, giv* Um um . 11 ao *>**cb** or poblictUon* ntt* ,<aoao<* la IM 118. Geben Sie euf einem Extrabogen die Titel and Verleger aller von Omen eit 1823 bU xor Gegenwart ganz oder teilweise- g^chriebenen, zusammengestellten oder herausgegebenen Verffentlichungen und eile von Ihnen 'gehaltenen ffentlichen Ansprachen und Vorlesungen, mit Angabe de* Themas, Datums, der Auflage oder Zuhrerschaft Palls Sie unter Obhut einer Organisation standen, geben Sie deren Namen an. Falls keine Reden, Ansprachen oder Verffentlichungen, setzen Sie das Wort .keine" ein. -- -------- H. INCOME AND ASSBTS / H. Einkommen a d Vermgen US- Sbow tb* aaartas aad i s n t ol paar asesl tbCOM (com Jaaaarp t.tSSt M S au. V racorda ara aot avalUbt* flT . appcasUaaU baoeats. 119. Herkunft und: Betrge des }hrlichen Einkommens vom 1. Januar 1931 bis zur Gegenwart In Ermangelung von Belegen sind ungefhre Betrge anzugeben. r*u jakT I u r ta of farsair -- DokaMM.aaga.il atooal otraf 1931 1933 1933 1934 1933 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 > Ti A -"Cdk. L S 4 a reu *o v L L E tI-J XM ' - > 1941 " T 7 5 , - 1943 1943 J 1944 1 0U 4 d /J + to " 1943 ap laaS > batldtaes awaSS bp poa ot aap latmadUl w aaban ol paar faailp, fiTtog locotloaa, Sataa ol m WlHw . troM wbow ocgolrod. I dasatptlaa ol baildtaga, tba a a s t e t al tecUraa aad iH m h hieb tba piupait r Fi co sso alp p a t -- 111. Hava pea or aap IwMdUU . -- >1 paar laadlp r r a r ocgaliad piopaitp wblcb bad baaa aaisad b o s otbats lor politint, roUetoaa o> ractal saawas ol atproprtatad (ro a otbars la Iba coana d xapattoa ad foraiaa coobtria* a r la taitbaraaca ol tba adtltbg ad Oaraaa or VeUsSaotacba U coaatitaa octawad bp Gara a a p t -- IS . D aa, p n parUcalan, tariadtag data, aad locatleaa, aad tba aaa m aad wbaiaaboata od tba arigiaal uua boidats. -- IZ>. Hava pou p<rar actad as aa.adw lalatntor OT Instoo od Joartah pcopartp la fartbonaca od Arpoalsatloa dacroos or ordiaaacoor -- IM IT ao. (Ito portlouais. 30t Ihnen oder unmittelbaren- Angehrigen Ihrer Familie gehriger Grundstcke- oder Hausbesitz. Hrwerbsdetum, von wem erworben, Art der Huser, Grundstcksgren in Hektaren und die bliche Verwendung des Besitzes sind anzugeben. U k. tu . 'l + J S i f lc ~ lh U L ^ _ r! L U :LJi~.-- ' 'U ^ J . . y & 7 k - k . L ! W 6 ;p \ o >)C, k s ? i ' Monat einreforderten ?orr.ulare fvr einen Ahnennachvreis '/ y zree'.'.s Verlobungrsreneidigung zu senden. 'Hegen der Ab= :n->,j Trsserjieit meines Verlobten bitte en deine obenstehende -- zi yjg<2-reE* -- r baldige Zrlcdigun." vrre ich Ihnen sehr dan>= :a r. H e l1 (IW !,, `K Q.a .--L Hh 'C T sr r if*-* >, C L r/' ! U k6** >i X -** U hsJU : <1 - p k X z ^ J > C ^ I ^ ^ w .y j+ i'T L ^ 'T iH -r `5 ^ / V k t ^ ~ ih i-t a ,C 4 - < 4 .c g fC < f+ * Z L f4 $ > ___ _ 5 V S -* -* -/ * L , y ., : - . u ~ z t S ^ j *37<v~. w ^ c :. . > f o - 9 * 1 c ^ jf l - t i . i * C ^ w . ^ - < l c & - * ,. -. .y " 2 ti fc r iS h ^ <-~ t 'b j . -- `^ i ( -- ty * * t* 4 4 -* t y ^C cr '&-*--- , i ^ - u . /x^r ) Z ^ JtiX ( \% Z2 Kempfle C r e s z e n tia , born Ochsen'orunn 3/12/1776 d ied Glinzburg 1 2 /1 2 /1 8 5 2 . G r e a tg r a n d p a r e n ts 1%. H upfauer J o s e f , b o rn Bubesheim 1 /1 5 /1 8 0 5 and d ie d same 4 /1 8 /1 8 8 4 was fa rm e r. 1 8 . V /ieland W alburga v o rn Bubesheim 5 /5 /1 8 1 0 d ie d same 8/11/1882. G randfather Hupfauer Franz Jo se f born Bubesheim 6 /8 / 1849 and d ied Qtlnzburg 10/6/1914 M other 3 . H upfauer V,ra lb u r g a b o rn S c h lis h a u s e n 12/12/1880. 5 8 -63 G r e a t - g r e a t - g r e a t g r a n d p a r e n ts _58. Weaver 28-31 G r e a t- g r e a t g r a n d p a r e n ts ! 2,8. Bux F ran z b o rn Krumbach 1 0 /7 /1 7 7 3 d ie d same 1 /2 9 /1 8 4 3 was m i l l i n g m a s te r . 25?. Mayr M aria C r e s c e n tia b o rn O b erro h r 4/2/1778 and d ie d Krumbach 3 /2 4 /1 8 4 3 . .20. Neher Joahn Eng b o rn Z w irtem berg 7/ 2 1 / 1 7 6 7 d ie d same 1 0 /7 / 1816 was fa rm e r. .21* K atzen m eier E liz a b e th b o rn in Fleischw angen in Saulgau 11/19/1778 and died in Unterahnau 12/15/1352. G raatgrandparentsV 4 . 3ux Ig n a tz b o rn Krumbach 3 / V 1804 d ied in Babenhausen 12/10/1858 was c i t y m ille r . 1 5 . Neher M aria Anna b o rn Z w irtem berg 4 /1 0 /1 8 1 4 and died Babehausen 12/7/1853* G randm other 2* Bux I h e r e s i a b o rn B abenhausen 2/ 5/ 1850 and d ied Gnzburg 6/25/1.897* S u b s ta n tia tio n fo r m issing in fo rm atio n and notes 6 /7 O r ig in a l C e r t i f i c a t e o f M a rria g e i s a t th e 33 personal d o ssier of the ap p lican t (Proof of D escent). Sip. i l i -- / 3S Si/S. Xiertin is.68.,b en 5.3)e3.1933. jebemannftrage 22-24 Ucfiici fttjtl an bie 3 - $ f t e g e f t e t t e bei ber 2 .5-tan b arte firankf u r tA .a tn 3ur w e i t e r e n Siearbcitung ilbecf anb t. bgabcna.rjrv.H i f t e r t e i t t . ev l)cf be ippennmtc in jt.-Hauptamt a linter ftuur leferont. f II 3.* M ie h le r T h e k la , e t c . 1 G ra n d fa th e r Jf. M engele A lo is "born i n L u tz in g e n 9/16/18*4-3 and d ie d in H bchst3.dt on th e Danube 6/7/1917. R o o ftile fa c to ry owner. F a th e r Mengele K arl horn HBchstcldt on th e Danube, 3/20/188*)-, f a c to r y ow ner, 22 *4-0-*i-7 a r e G r e a t - g r e a t - g r e a t g r a n d p a r e n ts 20-23 are G re a t-g re a t g ra n d p a re n ts: 20. M air Joannes born Sonderheim d ied H ch std t 12/1 3 /1 8 0 3 , was C a th o lic and p ro fe s s io n was a d r iv e r . S tu h ler Thekla born in H chstdt 2/7/1759 jj^.H ussler Franz Xaver born in H chstdt 11/23/1782 d ie d same town 6/18/18*4-6, was c a t h o l i c and a. wage- earner. 23. Weber K a th a r in a , b o rn i n D e ise n h o fe n 1 0 / l / l 7 7 o and died in H chstdt 11/29/1853. 10 , and 1 1 . G re a tg r a n d p a re n ts s Mayer L e o n a rd u s, b o rn H c h st d t 3/X5/X8&8 H / 6/179 8 and d ie d same town 3/10/1868 was C a rp e n te r. H ussler M aria K ath arin a, born in H chstdt 8/31/1812 d ie d same town 12/*4-/l87*4-. _5. G randm other Mayr T h e re s ia s b o rn in H c h st d t 5/20/18*4-6 and d ie d same town 1 /8 /1 9 2 8 . 1. Mengele J o s e f born Gllnzburg on the Danube 3 / l o / l 9 H 23 4-8-55 G r e a t-g r e a t-g r e a t gran d paren ts. 2*4-27 G r e a t- g r e a t g r a n d p a r e n ts s 2j+. H u p fau er Johann Nepomuk, b o rn Bubesheim 5 /1 5 /1 7 7 6 and d ie d same 5/16/13*4-1 'J a s a F arm er. 5 . H eld M agdalene b o rn Bubesheim 7 /2 6 /1 7 8 0 , d ie d same H / 1 7 / I 8 0 5 . 2 6 . W ieland B a s iliu s born Bubesheim was farm er Acting EPA chief let Dow edit dioxin study WASHINGTON (UPI) -- The man named to temporarily re place Anne M. Burford as head of the Environmental Protection Agency allowed the Dow Chemical Co. to alter a 1981 report that blamed the firm for dioxin con tamination of Michigan rivers, it was reported today. The original draft of the re port, written in EPA's Chicago of fice, was turned over to Dow for editing by John Hernandez, the acting agency administrator, NBC News said in its program "Over night" A Dow spokesman told NBC it was not unusual for the agency to give the company a document "for scientific peer review." "Dow Chemical of Midland, Mich., ... has been the primary contributor to contamination of the Tittabawassee and the Sagi naw rivers and Lake Huron," the original study reportedly said. But Chicago EPA officials told NBC that Hernandez, then a depu ty adminstrator, allowed Dow to Environmentalists urge that work at Dow be suspended pending study of dioxin threat. Page A14. remove the sections blaming the company for the dioxin pollution. "We were under the gun by Dow to change the report," the network quoted an unidentified EPA official in Chicago as saying. "The decision (torallow Dow to edit the report) was reached and executed by headquarters without asking us about it," the agency's regional administrator in Chicago told NBC. Asked what he thought about that decision, he said, "You're put ting me on the spot ... "Let's just say I stand by the original report" Hernandez was named to re place Burford when she resigned under fire last week until a perma nent replacement could be found. John Hernandez 1 9 e? `7 / Three panels to probe editing of Dow report 3 - t b - 63 Related article, P age A2. Scheuer did not document his charge that Hernan dez "personally ordered" deletion of the sentence FromJournal WashingtonBuroauaUP! reports blaming Dow for the dioxin. But he said evidence of Hernandez' role would be furnished at next week's WASHINGTON -- At least three panels are poised hearing. to look into charges that John Hernandez, currently the acting head of the Environmental Protection Agency, personally ordered^ 19tfl report changed to delete a statement blaming Dow Chemical Co. for high dioxin levels near Dow's Midland plant' Hernandez himself issued a statement Tuesday saying he had shared the report with Dow. He said th a t in hindsight he should have circulated the report more widely to seek a broader spectrum of com ment. In a press conference Tuesday, Rep. James H. Scheuer, D-N.Y., said he had evidence that Hernandez, Scheuer then EPA deputy administrator, ordered deletion of a sentence in a draft report on Great Lakes dioxin con tamination. It said Dow's Midland plant "represented the major source, if not the only source, of dioxin con tamination found in the Tittabawassee and Saginaw HERNANDEZ ISSUED a statement later in the day admitting he instructed EPA's dioxin work group to share a copy of the draft report with Dow Chemical. He said he did so because a draft of the study already had appeared in a Canadian newspaper, and the study could have been obtained through a Freedom of Infor mation Act request The report contained information that had been generated by Dow, Hernandez said, adding that he told Dow to send its reponse to the EPA regional office in Chicago. "At the time of these events, I believed that it was important to have agency documents reviewed by knowledgable scientists (including Dow's)," he said. "I still believe in that approach. "However, upon reflection, I believe it might have been better to have circulated the draft report for com ment more widely." A copy was sent to Michigan Gov. William G. Milli- ken. rivers and Saginaw Bay." DOW OFFICIALS have confirmed that they re SCHEUER, chairman of a House Science and Tech viewed the report, but they said it was part of the peer nology subcommittee that has been investigating possi review process that is routine for scientific reports. ble EPA interference with scientific studies of environ However, Scheuer said Hernandez provided the re mental problems, said he will conduct a hearing next port to Dow before the peer review process, which he Wednesday into the incident He said the hearing will called an "unprecedented intervention" in EPA inter look into whether any "impropriety, illegality or crimi nal affairs. nality" was involved. The investigations and oversight subcommittee of Scheuer released copies of EPA's draft report the House Public Works and Transportation Commit which blamed Dow for high dioxin levels in the Mid tee, headed by Rep. Elliott H. Levitas, D-Ga., was land area, and the final report which omitted that ref scheduled to question Hernandez about this and other erence. He also released copies of what were purport alleged improprieties at a hearing today. Rep. Donald ed to be the hand-written notes of a Chicago EPA offi Albosta, D-Mich., who represents the Midland area, is a cial compiled during a telephone conference call'with member of the subcommittee. Dow representatives who had reviewed the draft re Rep. John D. Dingell, D-Mich., chairman of the port House Energy and Commerce oversight and investiga "(Dow is) critical of EPA's conclusions," the notes tions subcommittee, has scheduled a hearing Friday on said. the same issue. 17t h e f l i n t j o o ^ w i ' T h u r s d a y , m a r c h , i9 8 3 EPA head denies ordering kills * >3 in Dow report By ROBERT LEWIS only to Dow. It also was sent to J a w -- I Weeh lwQt on Buth m then-Micbigan Gov. William G. Mil- WASHINGTON -- John W. Her liken, who had requested it nandez Jr,, the acting head of the But he rejected a characteriza i Environmental Protection Agency, tion that he used "bad judgment" in has denied under oath that he or the incident which took place less dered deletion of than a month after he joined EPA passages in an as deputy administrator under re EPA report on the Dow Chemi cently resigned Anne McGill Burford. cal Co. The re port blamed Dow for dioxin contamination in two Midland- area rivers and Saginaw Hay. "I them asked (EPA sci Hernandez entists) to consider Dow's com The White House, meanwhile, reported that EPA's inspector gen eral was investigating Hernandez's role. Larry Speakes, President Rea gan's press secretary, said if any wrongdoing is unearthed, the case would be referred to the Justice Department for possible prosecu tion. ments but no more than that," Her The passages that Dow objected nandez said. "In terms of saying, to, and that were deleted from the 'You must do these things,' abso final report linked dioxin to cancer lutely not.'' and birth defects and identified Hernandez spent more than six Dow's Midland plant as the source hours on a congressional witness of high dioxin levels in the Tlt- stand Wednesday defending the tabawassee and Saginaw rivers and embattled agency against charges Saginaw Bay. A recommendation that it has coddled polluters, used against eating fish from the rivers the Superfund toxic waste cleanup also was deleted. program for political purposes and shown deference to industry. DOW CONTENDS that dioxin, a Rep. James H. Scheuer. D-N.Y,, byproduct of herbicide manufac stood by his charge that Hernandez turing, escapes into the environ had ordered deletion of the pas ment through normal combustion sages. saying Hernandez was mak and is found in widely scattered ing "a distinction without a differ areas. ence." He may not have given explicit orders to kill the language, Scheuer's office said, "but when the No. 2 man in the agency grabs the regional director by the lapels, calls his draft report `sorry sci Hernandez said allegations re garding Dow and the health effects of dioxin exposure "were not prov en in the report," which was com piled by EPA's Chicago regional of fice. ence,' and says he will be hearing "1 was concerned about the ac from Dow, the effect is the same." curacy of the report and the ability of its authors to draw conclusions." HERNANDEZ'S testimony also he said. He said he discussed the was at variance with Dow on an-, report with Dr. Donald Barnes, other key point -- who initiated head of an EPA dioxin study group, contact. Dow's Washington spokes but did not tell him what to delete. man,'Richard Long, said Hernan dez invited the company to review the 1981 report and comment on it But Hernandez said Wednesday that Dow had asked him for the EPA officials in Chicago told the Associated Press that the dele tions were ordered by Barnes' study group. document following publication in Albosta, whose district takes in i the Toronto Globe and Mail of a Dow's Midland plant questioned news story based on a leaked copy whether EPA was looking out for of the report He said he acted in the health of people living near the the belief the report would have to Dow plant be released if a request were re ceived under the Freedom of Infor mation ACL Pressed by Michigan Rep. Don "The Environmental Protection Agency's record and its integrity have gone down the drain." he said. ald J. Albosta. D-SL Charles, to ex Albosta appeared surprised plain why other companies or con when Hernandez sa; `'e was un sumer and environmental groups aware that D o- ' to give also were not given a chance to re EPA infort s of view the document Hernandez ad dioxin and .n its mitted it was a mistake to show it plant. House member accuses E P A o f rigging data T te W iiim n i m o ingat the EPA. Todhunter said this 'WASHINGTON -- A House sub committee chairman Thursday ac cused the Environmental Protec tion Agency of trying to manipulate scientific data to cut the cost of cleaning up hazardous waste sites while increasing the public's expo sure to cancer-causing chemicals. The attack on the EPA's cancer was simply a reporting error. And in Alabama, state officials sued the EPA on charges the agen cy agreed illegally to issue a permit to allow the nation's largest waste disposal firm to truck polychlorin ated biphenyls (PCBs) and other hazardous waste into the Mobile area. policy, one of several new allega tions that surfaced Thursday, came a$' White House officials pressed their search for a new EPA admin istrator. President Reagan, after so liciting advice from five EPA ca reer managers at a White House luncheon Wednesday, said he hopes to find a qualified candidate soon and to put the recent contro versy behind him. It also was learned Thursday that EPA Assistant Administrator John A. Todhunter, whose office awarded a non-competitive con tract to a former employer, re ceived twice as much money from the firm as he originally reported and that two of the payments were made while Todhunter was work- AT THURSDAY'S hearing of a House Energy and Commerce sub committee, Chairman James J. Florio, D-NJU said: "The EPA has engaged in a deliberate attempt to rig the scientific Information in an attempt to redefine one of the na tion's most serious environmental problems out of existence." Florio complained that EPA has given a "new evaluation" to highly toxic trichloroethylene, which is seeping out of Price's Pit, an aban doned New Jersey landfill, and threatening to contaminate the sup ply of drinking water for Atlantic City, less than a mile away. "This new method EPA used ... increased the acceptable level (of exposure) 172 times," Florio said. 2 - : --* 3 An internal memo suggesting the change, sent to Acting EPA Admin Health group istrator John W. Hernandez Jr. last fall, said it could limit the scope of cleanup efforts at the site. asks all states Asked about the change. Her nandez said, "I'm a total blank ... I to sue EPA don't know what (method) was used at Price's landfill." Other EPA officials said the agency had taken WASHINGTON (UPI) -- The emergency steps to monitor the American Public Health Associ contamination. ation disclosed today it is making an -unprecedented plea t o ' gover ON ANOTHER issue, EPA in nors of all 50 states, urging them to spector general Charles Dempsey file suit against EPA to force a na is investigating Todhunter's role in tionwide toxic waste cleanup. a $40,000 award by his office to Association president Anthony Todhunter's former employer, An- Robbins wrote letters to each of the drulis Research Corp. of Bethesda. governors this week, warning them Md. that toxic chemical dumps pose "an The EPA's general counsel. imminent danger to public health." Robert M. Perry, said the award His group is the major organiza would be proper provided Tod tion representing U.S. health hunter was not personally involved, professionals working for state and but a spokesman said Todhunter local governments. Its 50,000 mem never signed a formal letter of re bers include physicians, nurses, so cusal, or disqualification. Instead, cial workers and specialists in envi the spokesman said, Todhunter ronmental and occupational health orally told his staff he would not fields. participate in matters involving An- "Public health is in jeopardy be drulis. cause the Environmental Protec Meanwhile, in Mobile. Ala, tion Agency is in disarray," said state Attorney General Charles Robbins, who is a physician. "When Graddick said he has "substantial federal agencies are immobilized, evidence" that EPA officials ille each state and its governor must gally agreed to issue a permit for a find a way to mobilize." hazardous waste facility near Mo Robbins' letter comes following bile that'would be run by Chemical the worst controversy ever at EPA, Waste Management Inc. stemming from growing allegations Graddick, who filed a lawsuit of mismanagement, conflicts-of-in- Wednesday to block the permit, terest and political favoritism. said Denver attorney James W. Much of the dispute focuses on Sanderson, a former part-time EPA EPA's handling of the $1.6-billion adviser who represents the firm, Superfund hazardous waste "cut a deal" to get the agency's ap cleanup program. proval of the facility even before "The governors must not toler the firm had applied for a federal ate further delay in the cleanup of permit. toxic waste hazards and should act A spokesman for Chemical now in order to alleviate the immi Waste Management called the nent danger to public health," the charge "absurd" and the lawsuit ..ssociation said. "totally inappropriate." uy nayiii*. I he t P A official talked to Levitap, chairman or ine House h u d iig c o . "A clean environment cuts across ideological lines, including this administration. We rill con tinue efforts to protect and improve our environment." In addition to his post in the Nixon and ford administrations, Peterson, 67, served at the federal level as one of 12 members of a commission appointed in 1979 by Here are parts cut from EPA study i Environm ental Protection Agency officials in Chicago said fired power '`ants, appear to he insignificant sources ol th a t under pressure from EPA officials in W ashington they PCDDs and P ' DFs. removed five conclusions from a d raft report on dioxin dis Dow Chemical of Midland, Michigan, has extensively con charges by Dow Chemical Co. of Midland. Here is the tam inated their facility with PCDDs and PCDFs and has President Carter to study the material th a t was in the May 1981, d raft report but deleted been the primary contributor to contam ination of the Three Mile Island nuclear acci- from the final July 1981 report: Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers and Lake Huron. dftit. He holds a doctorate in Chemistry and worked for DuPont fiQir 26 years. Major environmental contam ination with PCDDs and The differential contam ination of biological samples from PCDFs (chlorine-based chemical substances) particularly the G reat ta k e s, being largely confined to Lake Huron and with 2,3,7,8-TCDD isomer (dioxin) is due to the release of Ontario, suggests th a t industrial contam ination is responsi i" H E (MR. REAGAN) be- commercial products containing these contam inants and sec ble. lilves regulations cost money and jdbs," said Peterson. "Nothing could be further from the truth. Phis is job blackmail. A clean ondarily from the combustion of chlorophenolic or similar compounds (i.e., PCBs). Other combustion sources, such as automobiles and coal The consumption of fish from the Tittabawassee River, the Saginaw River, Saginaw Bay, and possibly other sites in the Great Lakes should be prohibited. environment is good for the Mbnomy and promotes jobs. Political tabs were k e p t on EPA"The major problem is the peo T ple who are hired to safeguard the environment -- to determine and identify culprits -- are now being tdld by (their) management to re verse their poeitions. )`A lot of us aren't going to be around to see the ultimate dam age we are doing to the environ ment, but that doesn't mean we shouldn't be interested in doing something about it. And that incfndes President Reagan.'' 'Peterson said environmentalists hkd not met with Mr. Reagan ijftce he took office but had sat d^ftvn with White House Counse l s Edwin Meese last year. Petersfa described the meeting as `Insulting" and said Meese chastised them for "misinterpretiig" and " misrepresenting" aSministration views. There have h$en no further meetings. Washington Poot News Service WASHINGTON -- Former Environmental Protec tion Agency Administrator Anne Rurford sent the White House weekly political assessments of proposed agency actions during the 1982 election campaign. The assessments described in detail how interest groups were expected to react to EPA proposais, ranging from relaxing restrictions on lead levels in gasoline to exempting chemicals from agency review. Mrs. Burford, then Anne Gorsuch, resigned under fire March 9 amid frowing accusations of criminal conduct, conflict of nterest, political favoritism and miamanagement at the agency. THE "ISSU E ALERTS" warned the White House that some proposals would be viewed as "a `whitewash' for the chemical industry," be "attacked by Congress man (Toby) Moffett (of Connecticut) and environmen tal groups" or bring "strong support from the lead manufacturers." Rep. James H. Scheuer, D-N.Y., chairman of a House subcommittee investigating the EPA, said the alerts "peel some of the outer skin from what has become the rapidly rotting onion of this administration's environ House aides, including presidential counselor Edwin Meese III, communications director David Gergen, political aide Edward Rollins and domestic policy assistant Richard Dar- man. In a message last April, Burford described "an extremely controversial regulation" to relax limits on lead in gasoline, which scien tists had warned "would send blood lead levels back up again" after a rational decline. Burford also suggested to a New Mexico refiner that it would not be prosecuted for failing to meet the current EPA lead stand ard. "I did advise that I could not see us driving someone out of business while we were considering changing the very rule they might be charged with violating," she told the White House. PETER SO N referred to speculation that William Ruckelsbaus might be reappointed head of the EPA and said such a move would be one of "several step*" mental policy. These alerts contradict many of the White House explanations and denials," in which administration officials have said they generally took a hands-off approach to major regulatory decisions at EPA. which should be taken to head SCHEUER SAID T H E White House told him the the agency in the right direction. alerts were distributed to several high-level White THROUGH A spokesman. Todhunter, who carlii r at- ac cused of failing 1n n-pi,it iac ments he rerehi-i! fr.. n - eomrdpelro.yMers,.rhB-iniuwk-1i-,i .la,....n..t.. ><I tmhaettaegre.ncy, relt -id i. lis, s- 1 Scripps-Howard Nt ~ , | III wreapsorotinedcetchoartpaonratEePlAav,...i.l-ii.ai.l. *.hhi. AdolphC,...is i ... a ' i -..I ... a 1982El'A i|t.,r->.,i iilti..fc in. that had stopped. ('<i.~ a dumping liquid toxic *ale in Denver landfill The official, I'hornti.i. t*hit Field, former EPA special as.-ast ant for hazardous wastes, was later demoted for other reasons. From N ew s w ire services. Sh hi \ UC 19 9 7 k PtD V&URENOTHIS,W AITER? THE GOVERNMENT WILL BUy OUR HOUSE AT PRE-PIOXIN PR ICES.,. DOW DIOXIN PROBE . The long, long road tofin din g a pollu ter "It shall he unlawfulfo r any persons directly or indirectly to discharge into the waters o f the state any substance which is or may become injurious to the public health, safety or welfare; or which is or may become injurious t o . . . livestock, wild animals, birds, fish, aquatic life, or plants. . . or whereby the value o f fish and game is or may be destroyed or impaired." -- Michigan Public Acts o f 1929, as amended. 8y DAVIO ASHENFELTER and DAVIDEVERETT Fra* P i w staff vtprttan As early i s 1978. m em bers of th e M ichi gan D epartm ent of N atural Resources' tech nical staff w ere urging th eir superiors to take legal action against Dow Chem ical Co. to halt dioxin contam ination In th e T it- tabaw assee River, state records show . But decision-m akers a t DNR headquar ters In Lansing repeatedly refected th e re quests. fearing they lacked enough evidence to prove that the Midland chem ical com pany w as to blame. State records show th at by late 1980, top agency offlclals-w ere having so m uch trou ble gathering evidence against Dow that they w anted to let the federal governm ent handle any possible legal action. NOW . NEARLY five years after Dow j Chem ical disclosed dioxin contam ination ! near its spraw ling M idland complex, state ; officials say they think they can prove th at D ow is the source of dioxin pollution in the H ttab aw assee River. Such proof could be the basis o f a law uit against the com pany to stop the pollution. i j [ ' I W hy did It tak e five years? j To try to answ er that questioo. the Free Press spent th ree w eeks exam ining more than 2,700 pages of docum ents -- m any I obtained under the M ichigan Freedom of ; inform ation A ct -- and interview ing dozens i of state and federal officials, environm ental- ! Ists and D ow executives w ho w ere involved. | in the controversy. S e e D O W , P a g e 10A j e The dioxin dilemmai a five-year od- . yssey. Page ISA. | The long road to finding a dioxin polluter D O W , from P a g e 1A The Investigation revealed th at M ichigan's "dioxin problem " is nearing its fifth anniversary because of a t least a dozen factors, including; The form idable legal and scientific expertise o f D ow Chem ical. The general lad t of know ledge about dioxin and its possible dangers. Conflict and indecision In th e De partm ent of N atural Resources. A lack of m oney, m anpow er and equipm ent to evaluate dioxin. DIOXIN, an unw anted byproduct in the m anufacture of herbicides and other chem ical m ixtures, causes norm and liver problem s In laboratory Umi The type of dioxin of m ost concern to reg u lato rs Is tetrach lo ro d ib eazo -p dloxin (2J.7.8-TC D D ), perhaps the m ost deadly sy n th e tic su b stan ce know n. As a poison, it Is 5,000 tim es m ore potent than arsenic. But no one really know s w hat y e a n of trace contam ination from TCDD does to the environm ent o r to hum ans. Some environm entalists m aintain th a t any level of th e pollutant is a hazard. Dow -- a com pany w ith a good environm ental record in som e a re a s -- says studies show th a t th e tin y levels of dioxin In the T lttabaw asaee are not dangerous. THE DNR, along w ith th e UB. Envi ronm ental Protection Agency, has spent the tim e since 1978 w orking w ith th a t conflicting Inform ation. It w as a long and painful process, adm its departm ent D irector H ow ard T anner, conceding In an interview last w eek th at "five years does seem a bit long" to deal w ith the issue. " If the pieces had fallen Into place, w e w ould have had an enforcem ent action (against D ow )," he said. But Tanner, w ho Is leaving his post In June, believes th e slate did th e best It could under the circum stances. " Not a lot w u k now n about dioxin," he said. "You pay th e penalty for being on new ground." Tanner says he believes th a t w hat ever Inform ation is found, th e public has been protected by a state Public H ealth D epartm ent w arning against eating fish from rivers n ear M idland. Also, dioxin levels have probably fallen in recent years because of changes in D o w 's p ro d u ctio n m eth o d s. T a n n e r said. "We're not going to insist on a dead-body count to move, but you don't just want to be jumping at every chemical that has an exotic name.'' -- D avid B uzzelti DOW SAYS the dioxin probiam has been overblow n. "T he existence of dioxin la th e envi ronm ent la not as hazardous a s m any people believe," R onald K ageb th e comp a n y 's e n v iro n m e n ta l q u a lity d ire c to r, said last m onth. People w ould have to spend years eating hundreds of pounds of O ih before any a d v e n e health effects w ere even poaaiMs, ocher com p an y of ficials m y. D avid BuzzeiU, m an a g e r id D o w 's A gricultural C hem icals- Technology C enter, said recently th a t legal action against Dow o r any other aource of dioxin w ould be w rong until adentlfic proof of th e chem ical's danger is found. - It's also unfair to concentrate on D ow , w hen the com pany's d a ta show dioxin m ay be virtu ally eve ry w here , Buzzelll said. Some state offldala argue proof of hum an health problem s la n o t necesaarUy needed. "W e're not going to insist o n a deedbody count to m ove, but you d o n 't just w an t to be tumping a t every chem ical th at baa an exotic nam e," Asaistant A ttorney General S tew art Freem an said. doc have authority to make such re quests. T H E STA TE'S p ro b le m s sn o w b a lle d In N ovem ber 1978, w hen D ow scien tists, a fte r conductin g a four-m onth, $1.8 ndlBon research project, an nounced th a t dioxin w u produced by com bustion: pow er plants, car m ufflers -- even charcoal grills. T he study w u called "T race C hem istries of Fire." "Y ou've got to stan d in aw e of w hat th ey achieved (by the study)," recalls DNR environm ental chem ist Larry Fink, w hom sm all b u t vocal Lansing environm ental group h as criticized the s ta te 's handling o f th e dioxin Issue. "In one fell sw oop, th e com pany dealt a death blow to the federal Clean W ater A ct'a goal of zero (pollution) discharge. H ow can you m ake D ow Chem ical stop d ischarging dioxin i f H'a everyw here?" G a ry G u e n th e r, th e d e p a rtm e n t's deputy director fo r environm ental pro tection, said th e state h u never accept e d D o w 's th e o ry . " B u t w e h a d n o w a y to verify our ow n doubts. There w u really no other source w e knew of in the country th at had done u m uch research u Dow ," TH E STATE'S p ro b le m s w i t h legal action against D ow began soon after th e com pany's 1978disclosure o f dioxin contam ination around Its plant. The cash-strapped DNR, w restling w ith o ther pollution cases, d id n 't have a laboratory able to analyze th e contam i nant. And it couldn't afford extensive Ash studies because private labs w ere charging 81,000 per sam ple. Though the DNR ta d the EPA con ducted some studies confirm ing the presence o f TCDD In fish a ro u n d M id land. D ow 's role could n o t be pinpoint ed. Both agendas tried tR g et th e com pany to release m ore inform adoo about Its pollution, but D ow resitted , saying the state and federal governm ents did DOW OFFICIALS say "T race Chem istries" is a vaUd scientific study. And " I d o n 't th in k w e e v e r sa id all th e dioxin w u from com bustion," said Ron Yocum , a science and technology direc tor for Dow. T he DNR, unable to disprove "Trace Chem istries," tiled to get th e company to reveal m ore inform ation through the governm ent's w a te r pollution perm it program . H ow ever, the efforts slow ed u the agency, presaured by environm entalista and by Dow , kept changing pollution lim its. D o w 's p o litic a l a n d leg a l e x p e rtis e w u also a consideration fo r officials debating action against th e com pany. Critics say the departm ent w u in tim idated by D ow , and DN R officials adm it they respect th e com pany's Inter national reputation fo r ad en tlfic exper tise. But th e state responded to the com pany's suggestions only w hen they w ere legitim ate, officials m y. JA CK BAILS, chief o f th e d ep art m e n t's e n fo rc e m e n t d iv isio n , s a id It often takes years to gather evidence for legal action in a n environm ental case. "You don't generate th at kind of Inform ation in a y ear and a half," nu sa id . "Y ou g o t t o re m e m b e r y o u 're dealing w ith a doggone com petent com pany, and it Just t a k a some damned tim e and Inertia to get th e public's attention." T he continued quest fo r inform ation about Dow and dioxin w u also com pli c a te d by th e s ta t e 's fin a n c ia l p ro b le m s. A t least three statew ide Ash-moni toring program s requested by the DNR since 1978 w ere never financed, and the ; latest state budget proposed by Gov. Blanchard does not Include a sim ilar , $444,000 proposal. Blanchard h u critldxed the departm ent for tailing to deal decisively w ith dioxin. W ayne Schm idt, staff ecologist for th e M ichigan U nited Conservation Clubs, expressed anger over the recent frenzy to gather Inform ation about I D ow and dioxin. "W hy h u it taken so long to go after the Inform ation?" Schm idt aaked. " For w hatever reasons, everyone's been sitting on their bands, and, m eanw hile, the stu ff just keeps w ashing dow n Into Saginaw Bay." Monday: Suae officials changed their minds several times in IDSI and 1982 in trying formulate a new w a te r pollutionpermitfor Dow Chemical Co. The resulting permit has been chal lengedfrom all sides, and Dow contin ues to operate on an expired 1974 permit. H i 7? 1QA DETROITFREEPRESS/SUNDAY, APRL24,1963_____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___ ;__________ ______________________________ Dow's dioxin experts may not be telling the whole truth By HELENF0G& F i n Firm Srrfl Ftritir Dow Chem ical Co. jd e n tlsts probably know m ore about dioxin th an any group o( id e o tla ti In Ihe w orld. They w ere am ong the first to recognize d io x ln 'i toxicity, In Ihe 1960s. They pioneered tests to detect and analyze the chemical as It appears In m inute am ounts In the environm ent. The techniques they developed to Isolate dioxin for a controversial 1979 research project are recognized am ong scientists throughout the w orld as a standard against w hich alt other such w ork m ay he m easured. BUT WHILE m any scientists acknowledge D ow 's com m and of dioxin data, som e believe the giant chemical com pany has used th at expertise to confuse rath e r than clarify the environm ental controversy surrounding the chemical. A case In point, th ey say, is th e 1979 study begun by the com pany alter Dow scientists detected dioxin In TU tabaw assee R iver fish In 1977. The TU tabaw assee Is a discharge point for Dow w astew ater. The state D epartm ent of Public H ealth Issued an advisory against eating fish from th e river a lte r the discovery. A nd Dow officials, con cerned th at the com pany m ight be d te d for the discharge by the D epartm ent of N atural Re sources and the Environm ental Protection Agen cy, launched w hat a Dow new s release described as a "-crash research program to find th e source" of dioxin. AFTER FOUR MONTHS, Dow announced th e results. Dioxins, th ey sa id , are all around us -- In th e air, th e soil, this w ater. T hey a re th ere now and m ay alw ays have been there as a result o f a natu ral phenom enon -- Are. Dow researchers found th at dioxin Is a naturally o ccurring pro d u ct of com bustion In sources as diverse as m unicipal and Industrial incinerators, autom obile engines, coal-fired F^ag^L ' J Robert Bumb, former director of Dow's research project: "We now think dioxins have *>,an us since E i S K u f l the advent of fire. V The only thing l| that's different la i I . our new-found ability to detect 'M W them In the filH L d flH environment." pow er plants, d g a re ts, w ood-burning stoves and fireplaces. Dow scientists even found diox ins In the ashes o f backyard charcoal grills. "Chlorinated dioxins appear to be ubiqui tous," said a distinguished panel of D ow re search ers In "T race C hem istries of Fire: A Source of C hlorinated D ioxins,'' published O ct. 24, I960, In Science, th e journal of the Am erican A ssociation fo r the A dvancem ent o f Science. IN A PRESS RELEASE announcing the re search results, R obert Bumb, director of the project, w ho now heads D ow 's Dutch affiliate, said, "W e now think dioxins have been w ith us s in c e th e t d v e n t of A re. T h e o n ly th in g t h a t 's d ifferen t Is o u r new -fo u n d ab ility to d etect them In th e environm ent." F o r a w hile, th e stu d y knocked M ichigan's environm ental w atchdogs a t th e DN R for a loop. If dioxin w as everyw here, how could D ow be singled ou t as a source? " W hat it did w as raise serious questions shout w hether dioxin could come from a wide variety of sources, so w e w ould have to verify w h a t contam ination w as D ow 's. The basic prob lem w u th e state did n 't have enough resources to d o th a t veriAcatlon," said Gary G uenther, the D N R 's deputy director In charge of environm en tal protection. THE DEPARTMENT and the EPA have since renew ed efforts either to pinpoint or to clear D o w a s th e m ajo r s o u rc e o l d io x in p o llu tio n In the M idland area. But as recently as last m onth, Bumb, testify ing before a congressional subcom m ittee, cited " T race C hem istries. . . " as evidence th at dioxin co ntam ination In M ichigan an d elsew h ere cam e chleAy from general com bustion sources. Dr. Sam uel Epstein, a noted Dow critic and an environm ental activist from the University of Illinois D epartm ent of E nvironm ental H ealth, has characterized the study as "nonsense." In a telephone Interview , Epstein charged th at Dow "deliberately m anipulated and distorted" re search findings to forestall regulation of chem i cal m anufacturing. O ther scientists acknow ledge In general the reliability of the D ow study; Indeed, m uch of D ow 's research has been supported by studies done In other parts of the w orld. P arts of D ow 's study have been confirm ed by scientists In the N etherlands and Sw eden and a t the Brehm L aboratory a t W right S tate College In Ohio. BUT WHILE FEW w ho have studied the problem challenge the overall accuracy of D ow 's research, m any scientists dispute specific points, and even m ore dispute the uses Dow has m ade of Its Andlngs. Dr. Douglas H allett of Environm ent Canada, the Canadian equivalent of the EPA, described the study as "laudable. . . excellent w ork," but he noted th at th e m ajor contam ination locations o r "ho t spots" for the m ost lethal form of dioxin w ere In areas next to chem ical m anufacturing plants. T h at chem ical -- 2,3,7,8-TCDD -- Is one of 75 types of dioxin, but Is th e compound referred to as dioxin by m ost non-sclentlsts. A ccording to H allett, m ost scientists agree th a t th e s p ecific d io x in c o m p o u n d found In T U tabaw assee fish and In G reat Lakes herring gull eggs, w ater, soil and silt does not occur n a tu ra lly a n d Is a b y p ro d u c t of m a n u fa c tu rin g o r burning trichtoraphenol herbicides. One such trichtorophenol (2,4,5-T) w as a com ponent oi D ow 's A gent O range herbicide, used w idely In V ietnam . H A LLETT'S A R G U M E N T Is u n d e rs c o re d by the w ork of Dr. C hristopher Rappe, an interna tionally recognized dioxin authority from Sw e den's University o f Umea. In an interview w ith the Industry journal Chem ical W eek, R appe contended th a t evidence of dioxin contam ination In th e M idland area pointed straight at D ow . "T here is absolutely no other source for TCDD contam ination in the M idland area o ther th an D ow 's m anufacturing and com bustion processes," he said. Like Rappe, m any scientists agree th at In order to m ake TCDDs one m ust have m an-made chem icals -- chlorinated phenols such as 2,4,5-T -- as building blocks. B urning m aterial th at contains the building blocks w ill also produce TCDD, they say. MOST SCIENTISTS agree th at ty p es of dioxin o ther than TCDD m ay be produced In general com bustion processes. But a t least one study has called Into question p arts of D ow 's com bustion data. D r. M ichael Gross, a U niversity of N ebraska chem ist, w as unable to And dioxin In th e fly ash of coal-fired few er plants, as D ow reported their scientists ad. He also questioned w hether even th e ex perts at Dow could detect dioxin In d g a re t sm oke in the m inute am ounts It w ould occur or could be collected. " I certainly couldn't com m ent on th eir m oti vations for doing the (1978) study." he said In a telephone In terv lew 'lasi w eek. But he praised the Dow study for pointing o u t the dangers of m unicipal Incinerators, frequently Inefficient and poorly m aintained, w hich he said create substantial dioxin contam ination. G ross said the Dow study w as "fair w arning to people w ho advocate uncontrolled com bus tion." r------ _______ What caa dioxin da 1a yon? M a a a a ia a lly ln B a w a lto a w ia Dioxin Is th e co m m o n n a m e for a d a s s of 75 chem icals th at m ore prodsoly a re called chlorinated dtoenzo-p-dloxins. H ow ever, non -scien tists com m only u se th e term dtoxln to refer to only o n e of th e com p o u n d s, 2,3,7,8-tetrschloirodibenzop -d to x ln o r TCD D . It Is a n o rg an ic com pound m ad e up ol hydrogen, carbon, chlorine an d oxygen. E ach o l th e 75 dioxin co m p o u n d s h a s its ow n p ro p erties a n d s h e e ts , an d only TCDD h as b een exam ined com prehensively lo r Its toxic s h e e ts L aboratory te s ts with r a ts show TCDD to b e 5,000 Am es m o re lethal than a rs e n ic . It Is to x ic to lab a n im a ls In v ery sm all doses. But R Is n o t yet d e a r to scientists how th e hum an body handles th e poison or w h at th e fu l eH ect of TCDD Is on hum ans. It Is k n o w n th a t e x p o s u re freq u en tly c a u se s a serio u s tem porary skin d isorder know n a s ch lo racn e an d , In s o m e p eo p le, h a s cau sed tem porary m ood and personality changes. N obody m anufactures TCDD o r other dioxins Intentionally. T he ch em icals a re byproducts of the m anufacture of som e pesticides an d herbicides. They m ay also b e c re a te d w hen plastics, chem lcats or chem fcaly h e a te d w ood products are b u rn ed a t low tem p e ra tu re s. At te m p e ra tu re s a b o v e 1.200 to 1,400 d e g re e s caW us, dioxins a re destro y ed . S cien tists also a g re e th at dtoxln Isom ers (com pounds) other th an TCDD a re som etim es p roduced w hen w ood an d charcoal are burned an d m ay be fo u n d In d g a re t sm o k e a n d au to m o tiv e exhaust. - U K l'liU i I vtumidy. <iar. u, iw .i Reagan finds environment hostile Ecologist lambastes president New EPA chief may go next C ontinued from Pane 1A concerns. ' PETERSO N described the Reagan administration's relation- snip with alleged industrial pol luters --such as Dow Chemical's reported editing of Environmental Protection Agency (J?PA) dioxin reports -- as a "dis graceful performance" which is "awakening the whole country to what has been going on." "He (Mr. Reagan) believes environmental regulations on industry are harmful to the economy and should be re moved," said Peterson. "We (environmentalists) have seen this around the country, but now with the Michigan dioxin re port the entire country is getting a look at it." Peterson said longtime environmentalist targets such as Interior Secretary James Watt and recently resigned EPA chief Anne Burford, were just "sym bols" of the "real problem -- the president and his ideology." ANSON FRANKLIN, assist ant White House press secretary, responded to Peterson's charges by saying: "A clean environment cuts NOT MEI -- John Hernandez Jr. (right) gestures while talking to Rep. Elliott Levttas, D-Ga., last week during a visit to Capitol Hill. The EPA official talked to Levitap, chairman of the House Public Works Committee, after Rep. James Scheuer, D-NV., accused Hernandez of ordering changes in the EPA report on Dow Chemical Co. C ontinued fro m i 'a g c t A that while in gave ., draft ( l-. report only to Dow lie -Ik i,1<I have sent the study "til I ili> world." Elut he denied ordering ", pressuring anyone to soften the study's conclusions. THAT ARGUMENT un challenged Friday in driumilir testimony by officials from KI'A's Midwest office in Chicago. who worked on the dioxin report. Valdas Adamkus, head of the Chicago office, told the subr.nrn mittee he received "man lung orders" from Hernandez in alter the report. The chief author of the dioxin study. Dr. Milton Clark, -aid it was "entirely inappropriate for Hernandez to let Ilow comment directly on the draft report Dow officials argued their review was done under "normal procedures." Another Chicago official, Karl E. Bremer, testified that Tod hunter had ordered him to deleti part of the report dealing with dioxin's possible link to iniscur riages. Bremer said the ordei wn. relayed to him by Tndhiuitcr'x assistant, Marilyn C Bracken WASHINGTON POST April 5, 1984 Aerial Herbicide Sprays Halted by Forest Service By Ward Sinclair W ashington Post S ta ti W riter , Hard hit by a string of adverse court rulings in the West and a fed eral judge's threat to jail Agriculture Secretary John R. Block, the U.S. Forest Service has decided to sus pend the aerial application of her bicides on thousands of acres of fed eral forest land around the country. Forest Service-chief R. Max .Pe terson announced this week that his agency will abandon aerial spraying of the powerful chemicals until it can "resolve the questions" raised by the series of court orders. : Unprecedented rulings in seven cases over th past year or so virtu ally have halted herbicide use in six western states where the Forest Ser vice and the Interior Department's . Bureau of Land Management over see publicly owned forests. A BLM spokesman said yesterday JOHN R. BLOCK . . . threatened with prison term that the agency did not intend to follow the Forest Service lead, since most of its herbicide use is in Ore gon, where it is already under a court's suspension order until fur ther health studies are conducted. The suits, . brought by environ mentalists, have contended that the federal agencies must assess the threat of damage to human health and the environment before they continue the .widespread use of weed- and brush-killing products such as 2,4-D, Roundup and Atrazine. Although Agriculture and Interior have maintained that the Environ mental Protection Agency's approval of the herbicides was sufficient proof of their safety, the courts have held that under the National Environ mental Policy Act the agencies must make "worst case" analyses of the chemicals^ impact. ~ " their feet in complying with the en vironmental policy law. Last month, Burns blocked the Forest Service from using herbicides in any of its forestry operations in; Oregon and Washington and warned" that both Block and Interior Secre tary William P. Clark could be jailed- it their agencies did not promptly follow his orders. -i . Peterson's announcement this week said that the court rulings were' . based on procedural requirements of' NEPA, rather than any findings1 "that it is unsafe to use herbicides which had been approved by the- EPA." J Peterson said that ground appli-1 cation of the weed- and brush-killersj would continue on Forest Serviced lands outside of Oregon and Wash^j ington. An agency spokesman said! that about a fourth of the service'si herbicide application is done aerial-: In one of these cases, brought by ly--last year, on about 68,000 acres." the Northwest Coalition for Alter- ; NCAP director Norma Grier took natives to Pesticides (NUaP) of Eur,,;'-issue yesterday with Peterson's con- - gene, Ore., U.S., District Judge James .tention that his agency was caught Burns, in Portland complained that:; in a prqcedural tangle.- "The real- the federal agencies had dragged issue here is safety," Grier said. 11'}'?- National television, news and prime-time entertainment pro grams will be used to launch "Dow Lets You Do Great Things" this fall. Color ads in major newsweekly m agazines will also carry the Dow m essage. The chart below shows the dates, times, shows and m agazines that have been chosen. On "Launch Day," Septem ber 29, and on the following Sunday, October 6, you'll notice that we're using an all network strategy. This is to m axim ize the number of people exposed to the cam paign on these evenings. On these two nights, alm ost half of all adults 18 years and older will be viewing our m essa g e... over 90 million people! "Dow Lets You Do Great T hings" will continue in 1986... with more national exposure on net work news shows and more advertisem ents in major national m a g a zin e s.. .look for u s there! PRIME TIME Tbotsie. ABC, Sunday, Sept. 29, 9 PM NFL M o n d a y N ig h t Football, ABC. S ept. 3 0 & Oct. 7, 9 PM M acG yver. ABC, Sunday, Oct. 6, 8 PM A m a z in g S tories, NBC. Sunday, Sept. 29, 8 PM A lfred H itchcock P resents, NBC, Sunday, Oct. 6 .8 :3 0 PM Murder. S h e Wrote. CBS. Sunday, S ept. 29 & Oct. 6 .8 PM NEWSPAPER/MAGAZINES USA TODAY, Monday, S ep tem b er 30 Tim e. Monday. October 7 & November 4 N e w sw e e k . Monday, O ctober 14 & Novem ber 25 U.S. N e w s & W orld R eport. Monday. O ctober 21 & N ovem ber 11 B u sin ess Week, Monday, October 28 & N ovem ber 18 LEGEND OF NETWORKS ABC/CBS/NBC ABC/CBS CBS/NBC NBC/ABC ABC CBS NBC SEPT. 2!) PRIME TIME is NETWORK NEWS ini* News 6-7 AM Evening News 0:30-7 PM Niifhiliiu' Sunday Morning* This Week With David ilrinkk'v NKWSI'APEK/MAC.AXINKS OCTOBER l 2 3 l 5 n 7 ,s !) )0 }I 12 id I4 21 22 23 24 2r>2H27 2H2030 p-* 4a a 4 -4 m a a a s' a 4 a a V* 4 NOVEMBER ) 2 3 i ]i !2 )3 l-l If) 13 J7 IK JO202) 22 23 24 a a 4 m 4 a 4 aa p* "Great things have always been the hallm ark of people at Dow. That's why we've decided to get out there and let other people share our pride and enthusiasm in the new `Dow Lets You Do Great T h in gs' advertising. It's an impor tant part of our effort to help people reach a better understand ing about our company. Many of them really don't know w hat a great com pany Dow is. A com pany that makes great things p ossib le... like food for the hungry, m edicines for the s ic k ... and research designed to improve the lives of people everywhere. Everyone... from the people who work at D ow ... to our custom ers and shareholders... to the m illions who benefit directly or indirectly from our efforts -- should know about the greatness of our people and the contributions they make to society. I'm proud of our record and proud of the part we all play in those great things." High im pact... em otional... and m ost of all, memorable -- that's how you would describe the "Dow Lets You Do Great Things" cam paign. Three different thirtysecond commercials make up the television portion of the campaign ... with two, full-page color ads modeled after them. The com m er cials focus on a single, important elem ent that tells how we think and feel at Dow, and do it in a highly emotional and attentiongetting way. For example, one of the comm ercials captures the idealism of a young college graduate as she contemplates the meaning and impact of her new career at Dow. In another, a young m an proudly writes to his father about the freedom to explore and do his best as a professional scientist at Dow. By using the technique of "overhearing" the person's thoughts, each com m er cial makes a powerful statem ent about the great things happening at Dow. The cam paign ran in five Dow plant cities this spring and pro duced outstanding results. In Cincinnati, in-depth measure ments of public attitude were taken in March before the two-month test began. By June, people's net favorable impressions of Dow had more than doubled. An unprece dented showing after little more than six weeks of advertising! On a national scale, that would translate to literally m illions of people gaining a new, more favor able impression of our company. m s* Saturday, October 6,1984 pay loss nMidlandDailyNv By JIM LUTHER WASHINGTON (AP) -- More than half of 250 large and profitable corporations surveyed -- including the I Dow Chemical Co. -- paid a smaller portion of their i earnings in federal income taxes last year than did the average American family, a new report concludes. Citizens for Tax Justice, a W ashington-based, , liberal-oriented research group, said 128 ofthe 250 fir; ms paid no U.S. income tax in at least one of the last ; three years while accumulating profits totaling $56.7 > billion. Many companies actually paid less than zero, mean: ing they used legal tax breaks to wipe out all their tax liability and get a refund oftaxes paid in earlier years. Among the companies paying less than zero on their domestic profits were General Electric, Boeing, Dow Chemical and Weyerhaeuser. Dow financial communications manager Thayne R. Hansen said today th a t refunds on corporate income taxes are "not unusual" in periods of economic rec ession. "When your income is down refunds may exceed your tax," since credits are given for capital improvements and foreign tax payments, Hansen said. "It's all part of the system we have to encourage companies to employ people, build plants." A net income-tax refund is particularly common in "capital intensive" industries such as chemicals, Han sen said. Hansen noted th at a review ofonly Dow's income tax payment does not reflect other taxes such as property, Social Security and foreign taxes paid by the firm. About 50 percent of Dow's sales are now made in for eign countries and subject to foreign rather than U.S. tax, he said. Eighty-eight percent ofthe 250 companies were list ed by Forbes magazine as among the 500 most profit able in 1983. Each made a profit in each ofthe last three years. Citizens for Tax Justice said th at in addition to Gen eral Electric, six firms -- Boeing, Dow Chemical, Tenneco, Santa Fe Southern Pacific, Weyerhaeuser and DuPont -- each paid no tax over the three years and received more than $100 million in net tax refunds Seventeen companies paid zero or less tax m each otth three years. If the 250 companies surveyed by the group had paic the full 46 percent rate in 1981 through 1983, the feder al treasury would have received an extra $91.4 billion. "American business is no longer paying its fair share of the tax load," Robert McIntyre, federal tax director forthe organization, said in releasing the report Friday. He noted th at while corporate taxes accounted for near ly one-quarter offederal tax collections in the 1950s and icome tax than familiesrs,Midland,Michigan Section 2 Page 3 1960s, the share dropped to 6.2 percent last year. Congress. "Americans are wondering why the federal govern "GE earned $6.5 billion in pre-tax domestic profits ment is incurring the largest deficits in history even over the three years, paid not one cent in federal income while they are paying the highest taxes ever, and this taxes and claimed tax refunds of $283 million in taxes study documents one important answer: the demise of paid before Reagan took office,"the study group found. the corporate income tax," McIntyre said. The report said the basic information on profits and The deep recession several years ago was partially taxes payable was obtained from the companies. The responsible for the decline in corporate tax collections. organization calculated effective tax rates and, in some However, McIntyre said, the big tax writeoffs for busi cases, made adjustm ents to account for special cir ness th at were a key part ofthe 1981 tax cut "opened up cumstances, such as the sale of some tax benefits to massive new possibilities for legalized corporate tax other profitable firms. avoidance." The tax figures calculated by the organization may be According to the report, 130 companies, whose profits misleading in some cases because of a firm's overseas totaled $45 billion last year paid a lower effective tax operations and foreign tax payments. rate than the 12 percent paid by the average American At the other end of the scale, 12 corporations aver family. If the earnings and taxes paid by those com aged paying tax of at least 40 percent. At the top of the panies were combined, they would have paid an aver- list was Whirlpool Corp., which paid 45.6 percent over e age of3 cents in taxes for each $10 ofprofits in 1983. the three years, Federal law taxes corporate income above $100,000 Others with relatively high tax rates for the three 1 at a 46 percent rate. But businesses, like individuals, years included VF Corp.,45 percent; Raytheon Co.,44.8 are able to cut their taxes with deductions and credits. percent; Ralston P urina Co., 42.4 percent; Foster For corporations, the biggest tax break is depreciation W heeler Corp., 42 percent; INTERCO, 41.7 percent; --recovering the cost ofequipment through the tax sys SuperValu Stores, 41.5 percent, and K m art, 41.4 per tem --which was boosted significantly by the 1981 law. cent. - Citizens for Tax Justice said General Electric was the largest cripple *rqinpr-from the 1981 tay whirh was The 250 companies th at responded to the survey eametL$102.2 billion in profits last vear and'pai4>14 6 Wit ^ k td M . O c t IX - / 9 & H The State^slews, East Lansing, Michigan NRC report says no waste in Dow wells By DENNIS PFAFF United Press International LANSING - State re searchers have found no evidence that Dow Chemi cal Co. has been using its numerous brine wells to dispose of waste from its giant Midland complex, the Natural Resources Com mission was told Thursday. Except for what was de scribed as some "anomalies" in the findings. Department of Natural Resources official Allen Crabtree presented the NRC with a mostly clean bill of health regard ing the Dow wells. Crabtree said concerns about the wells -- from which Dow extracts brine containing bromine -- were raised when the DNR began looking into reports of leaks, spills and maintenance problems. Dow operates more than 100 wells and 150 miles of pipelines in its extraction system, he said. "One of the persistent stories was that they were using this system for waste disposal," said Crabtree, assistant chief of the DNR's geolojrical survey division, lie said Dow eventually agreed to allow samples from the wells to be tested by state and federal Environmental Protection Agency officials. about two hours on further sampling. Researchers tested for the presence of 129 specific substances, he said. | Crabtree's report was : based on the findings of the state tests. He said the EPA's findings have not yet been made. He said there were only two compounds that raised concerns. One was a finding of an abnormally high amount of benzene in one well used to put brine back : into the underlying rock i formations stripped of their bromine content. The other centered on a finding of small amounts of methylene chloride, which is not a naturalh occurring sub stance. Crabtree speculated that the benzene, which is found in nature, came from other wells which contained ' higher amounts of the sub stance than those which were tested by officials. Methylene chloride, he saitl, is a solvent that is virtually ubiquitous in modern sovietv. ALTHOUGH CRABTREE said Dow had about a two-dav warning before the samples were taken, he said the warning period will be reduced to a Life IsIn i he balance W eighing the Q u estion s o f R isk a n d B en efit in T o d a y 's W odd ) Life Is In The Balance Weighing the Q uestions of Risk an d Benefit in T o d a y 's World by Elyse M. Rogers Security is m ostly a superstition. It does not exist in nature, nor do the children o f m en a s a w h o le ex p erien ce it. Avoidance of dan ger is no safer in the long run than outright exposure. Life is either a daring adventure, or nothing. ,, Helen Keller THE OPEN DOOR 1902 L ?q-9 s'S" Life Is In The Balance !I L iving in this part of the 20th century is both exhilarating and disquieting. J It's exhilarating to jet halfway around the world in a few hours, cook food in a m i crowave oven in m inutes, and look forward to 73 full years of life. At the sam e tim e, it's disquieting to read the newspapers or watch television. A jet liner crashes in India. Malnutrition is a world-wide problem. Natural energy sources are being depleted. Familiar chemicals are suspected of being carcino genic (capable of causing cancer). We are better informed, better educated and healthier than ever before in the history of mankind, yet many people suffer from an almost overwhelming anxiety about both today and the future. Is the world really a better place in the 1980s than it was 50 years ago, or is m ankind slowly destroying this planet by pollution and indifference? The fears that plague us are very real, but most of us wonder, at least occasionally, if some of the dangers we are warned about really exist. We are confused not only by the emotional articles and interviews we read and hear, but by the facts as well. One noted scientist says that saccharin is a threat to health and should be banned; another of equal repute says that saccharin, in normal consumption, is safer than many of the foods we eat daily, and in fact may promote better health by reducing _ ^ our intake of ; calories. --- One of the major uncertainties involved with the facts and fears of living today is the problem of risk. If we find out that a su b stance c o u ld conceivably be dangerous or cause damage, do we want to risk the use of it? We enjoy the benefits of technology, but when there is risk involved in those bene fits, do we need or want that technology after all? 'iI 'Vn uo tn^ nu at /oOf iiiou nn an oo ta iu iwtrnVavd. tt iIni ua it- L u luo ini nav1jai urfgx tj -- and indeed progress itself -- is worth the price is frequently debated today. In order to address this problem in an orderly, sensible way, scientists and others have been urging that we devise a system that can help us put the emotional aspect of the problem in proper perspective. "Do you want cancer at the breakfast table?" a head line ask s u s. We answer, predictably, a ter rified and em phatic "no!" B ut if we learn later that the substance under question has a very, very limited chance of p o s s ib ly caus ing cancer, and we know it is tasty and satisfying, the answer m ight change. Looking not only at the risks involved in a substance or process, but at the benefits we might obtain, is important, particularly in today's an xious world. T his careful process, called "risk/benefit analysis"has the support of much of the scientific community. However, searching for the proper ratio of risk to benefit is not an isolated project; once undertaken, the search leads into all sorts of related areas. Areas such as freedom, safety, life-style, government, politics, business and progress all become involved in this complex quest for som e answers to the "acceptable risk" question. Unfortunately, there are no easy answers or absolute solutions, al though an objective exam ination of the issu e s is sorely needed. We m ust get facts and figures and then make som e decisions about how we face today and plan for tomorrow. We m ust do this now, because the well-being of our world, and even the continuation of life as we know it, may well lie in the balance. Daily kisk/B enefit D ecisions Risk is certainly not a new word or idea. The concept of risk has been w ith u s for centuries. Every one of us takes risks every day -- small risks, medium risks, and big, signifi cant risks. We "risk" our m oney by buying a raffle ticket because the opportunity to win a car for ju st a dollar is too good to m iss. Or we agree to risk our well-being on major surgery, because if the surgery is successful we will be cured of a hernia, cataracts or even cancer. Most of the risk-taking we do is almost instinctive. We aren't even aware of the thought process, m ost of the tim e. We walk the streets in a questionable part of town, travel by jum bo jet, leave our front doors u n locked, swim in the ocean, and use a rickety chair instead of getting the ladder. We make an assum ption that the benefit of the walk, or the sw iftness of the plane ride, is worth the risk involved. Som etim es we take less thoughtful risks in unusual situations. A passerby may risk h is life in the icy waters of a river to reach a drowning child, or a teenager may smoke marijuana because he doesn't want to risk being called "chick en" by his friends. Most risks we assum e are ones we decide to assum e -- or "voluntary" risks. R isks that we accept with m uch less enthusiasm are those w e've f o r c e d to take -- or "involuntary" risks. Some involuntary risks we accept w ithout question, but many we do not. Mili tary conscription once was widely accepted in the United States as part of an indi vidual's responsibility to h is country. Today, many rebel at being forced to take such a risk when they disagree with the political or ideological reasons involved, or simply with the principle of conscription. Risks in which we have some control over the outcome have another advantage in that they don't "seem " as fearful. This feel ing of control can be prevalent, however, even when it's not supported by facts. Take driving a car, for example. Traveling by air plane is statistically safer, yet we all know people who jump happily into a car, but re fuse to fly. "When I'm up there, the pilot's in charge," one b u sin essm an said. "Driv ing a car, I'm m aster of my fate." It's true that we "feel" more in com m and w hen w e're at the wheel, and there are many risky situations where the skill of the driver does influence the outcome; but if a huge truck is out of control and bearing down on us on a narrow road, or if our car's brakes fail, fate is more m as ter than the driver. '1H r 'T1' cim laue o f IrC/slc/ There are actually some risks we pursue willingly, even though they may be the m ost hazardous of all. Dangerous sports such as motorcycle racing and sky-diving are be coming increasingly popular. People who enthusiastically engage in such risks argue that it is the risk that makes such sports ex citing and challenging -- that without the risk the thrill would not be as great. The many different types of risk, and the circumstances of those risks, make easy solutions impossible. Each one of us has ambivalent feelings and anxieties, and the problem is not limited to the individual. Risk issues are gaining significance on a national and worldwide basis as well. How we perceive risks and control them affects not only individual liberty and life-style, but the present and future life-style of our entire planet. More than em otion and good will are needed if we are to make some important decisions about risk-taking and priority set ting for the future. The new scientific pro cess of risk/benefit analysis is gaining ac ceptance in both business and government circles. It's a system we should exam ine and understand. At the core of any system of risk/benefit evaluation m ust be the definition of risk it self. Everyday risks of life involve a practical type of evaluation or analysis; however, when there are complicated and larger questions concerning risk, such as ones regarding nuclear power or the use of exper imental medicines, we need thoughtful, sci entific analysis in order to make good deci sion s for both today and tomorrow. A clear and sim ple definition of risk is given m *<.' by Kaplan and Garrick, two scientists who au thored an article in the first issue of R ISK ANAL YSIS: AN INTERNATION AL JO U R N A L, in March, 1981. They define risk as "the probability of loss or injury." To differ entiate risk from hazard, they interpret haz ard as a "source of danger," or som ething that exists and may bring about risk. For example, the ocean exists as a hazard; we only incur risk when we tiy to cross it. And the degree of risk varies according to the manner of crossing. Aboard the Queen Elizabeth II the risk would be small; in a rowboat the risk would be great. Another aspect of risk is that it is often relative to the observer. Kaplan and Garrick illustrate this with the example of a case in Los Angeles in which som eone had placed a rattlesnake in a m an's m ailbox. If the m an had been asked if putting his hand into his own mailbox were risky, he would have said, "certainly n o t," not expecting a snake in side. Those who knew the snake was there would have viewed it as very risky indeed. Hf-3 *jo - 1 9 9 9*3 Why the Need for Risk A ssessm ent? Evaluation of risk is needed in the following situations: A When a new risk is created. This occurs when a new product or process is in troduced; e.g., when we unleashed nucle ar energy. B When the degree of existing risk changes. This happens when som ething that was rare becom es common. For ex ample, before the age of commercial air travel, far fewer people risked airplane crashes. C When a new perception of risk occurs. This is the most frequent reason why risk assessm ent is needed today. There are four major areas of new risk assessm ent: More severe risks have been elim inated. Since w e've conquered smallpox, pneum o nia and many other threats to aging, we are able to concentrate on lesser m agnitudes of risk, such as cancer and heart disease. Measurement ability has improved. In the not-so-distant past our ability to measure substances was limited; a m eas urem ent of one part per thousand (1 PPTh) was considered precise. Today we have the technical expertise to measure quantities as m inute as one part per billion (1 PPB) or even one part per trillion (1 PPT). One sec ond in 31,710 years is an am azing example of 1 PPT. As a result of th is m easurem ent capability, su b stan ces that we didn't even k n o w were present in the air, the body, or other substances, can now be measured. Risks are more publicized. Newspaper and television coverage of risks are increasingly frequent, and are often ac com panied by sensational or frightening editorializing. In addition, coverage is im m ediate and "live." Since m any of u s have an irrational but very deep fear of cancer any substance or process that is even dis tantly linked to cancer is often dramatized by the media, because it is "good copy." Individual risks or risks that affect cer tain groups are better known. Even if we, personally, are not affected, risks may gain in importance when they af fect a percentage of the population. For ex ample, some people have a problem when they ingest too much salt, and m ost pre pared foods contain salt in substantial amounts. Even though salt is not a problem for all of society, it af fects a considerable group, and even unaffected citizens are con cerned because they fear it might affect them someday too. Besides understanding what risk is and is n 't, it's im portant to analyze the am ount of risk involved. Three questions are impor tant in this process: 1 What can happen or go wrong? 2 How likely is it that it will happen? 3 If it does happen, w hat will be the consequences ? After deciding what can go wrong, sci entists often turn to m athem atics to help w ith the second point -- that of probability. To indicate how a formula can be used, let's go to our d iscu ssion of hazard and risk. If the ocean is a hazard, then the Queen Elizabeth II is a safeguard that would make the hazard less risky. A formula m ight be written th is way: risk = hazard safeguards The formula shows the obvious relation ships and clarifies the point; but, as you imagine, more complicated formulas are required for more complex problems of risk. Physicists Cohen and Lee in an article for an English public health journal suggested the following formula to their sci entific colleagues for design ating the mor tality rate associated w ith a particular risk: E(M,Q) = EX(M,Q) --E(M,Q) One would have to know the values and defi nitions of each of the letters before being able to work with the formula, b u t that can be left to the experts. The illustration is merely to give som e idea of the complexity involved. Examining a risk as completely and u n emotionally as possible, u sin g the three questions in the analysis process, is an im portant way to obtain helpful data. When this is done by several individuals or groups, and then consolidated or compared, it provides vital information for those who must make decisions regarding risk. Assessing Benefits Benefits are often more difficult to identify than risks. To add to the problem many benefits are em otional or subjective and vary according to the person involved. Still, there are some m easurable benefits in al most any risk-taking process, and they m ust be identified: 1 The saving of lives. This is the most dramatic and significant benefit, and often the easiest to measure. Routine im m unizations against diphtheria and polio involve risk but save m any lives. 2 The saving of money. This is a basic benefit, but is often over looked because many people feel uncom fort able discussing finances when risk is invol ved. But we do judge the econom ics of risk very frequently. For instance, it has been proved that fire detectors in the home will save lives, yet m any people don't install them because of their cost. 3 Better health. The benefit of better health is one that ev eryone applauds. Obviously surgery involves some risk of death, but the benefit can be enorm ous in added years of health. Or a new drug which involves unknown risk can be of great benefit if it performs as expected. The first diabetic who took insulin in 1922, a 14-year-old Toronto boy, potentially risked a great deal, but the benefit to mankind was even greater. ; 4 New technology will emerge. Scientists have historically taken risks to provide new technology. In our space program we risk crew and staff because we feel we will gain technical know-how that will help the progress of the world. 5 Emotional satisfaction. There can be emotional satisfaction in risk-taking. Supposedly, sky divers experience an adrenalin "h ig h ,"and Russian roulette participants m ust get som e kind of weird emotional re ward for their risk. But there can be less obvious and perhaps more im portant emqtional satisfactions. The heart attack victim who finally risks jogging and frees him self from the grip of fear that often immobilizes victim s has received a real emotional benefit from risk. \ \1 ms 4 6 Solves problems. Som etim es a risk is taken to solve a prob lem. For instance, a person who has a weight problem may find diet drinks benefi cial and consider the risk of saccharin a minor one. Even the two-pack-a-day smoker may accept the risk of sm oking because it solves h is problem of "nerves." 7 It is preferable to the alternative. Life involves choices, and we often choose one risk because we feel it's more beneficial than another. For instance, we drive auto mobiles because walking is also risky and less convenient, or we live in brick houses rather than wood houses, despite the fact that brick exposes us to additional natural radiation even though it is less flammable than wood. 8 Makes life easier. The risks of technology were eager ly embraced in the 1800s because m achines provided some re lief from the tedious, hard labor of life. Men d id n 't enjoy work ing from sunu p to sundow n de livering ice and hoeing weeds, nor did women enjoy scrubbing clothes by hand and cooking over wood stoves. The industrial age freed people from back-breaking jobs, even though m achines posed new hazards. 9 Makes life more pleasant. Sometimes the benefit is pure pleasure. A normal blanket provides adequate warmth at night, and yet many risk electric blankets because they provide the pleasure of warmth without weight. Listing all possible risks and benefits helps to provide an objective frame of refer ence and workable data. When such lists are compiled by knowledgeable people from dif ferent areas, they can be useful tools. The process of risk/benefit analysis which includes enum erating the risks and benefits and estim ating the probabilities is a very important one. But the point of good analy sis is to provide facts for wise decision-m ak ing. In other words, we m ust use good anal ysis to reach some conclusions. Much of the "w eigh in g" in the past has been rather matter of fact, what we m ight today call com m on sen se. It was known that aspirin in large quantities could be danger ous but it eased headaches and lessened the inflammation and pain of arthritis. There were risks to the drug, but the benefits out weighed the risks. Today the scientific and political debate on new drugs is very intense. The limited number of drugs that gain approval are' often those with overwhelming benefits -- such as antibiotics. In judging or w eighing risks versus ben efits, it's not in the black and white areas where we find m ost of the difficulty. For in stance, most would agree that antibiotics are good, and addicting narcotics sold overthe-counter are bad. The problem arises in gray areas -- where the risks and benefits appear to be equal, or deal with less impor tant aspects of life. An example m ight be microwave ovens. Is the convenience of cooking with microwaves worth the risk of microwave leakage? It is imperative that we not only devise as precise a system of risk/benefit analysis as we can, but that we remove the decisions and judgm ents of risk from the emotional arena. Thoughtful, objective decisions based on organized material are important to all of us. Risk Reduction "af i r "Y hen risk is defined or evaluated, there is often an immediate clamor W W to elim inate that risk. No risk, or "zero risk ," in every area of life, is the goal of some idealistic individuals. Since this may sound like a worthy goal, it is important to realize that many of the risks we face can be reduced but never eliminated. Going back to our risk/hazard formula will illustrate this point: u - hazard ris ~ safeguards With safeguards we can significantly reduce the risk. Using ocean-crossing again as an example, our risk is dim inished when we take an ocean liner, but the crossing never becomes risk free -- as the unhappy p a ssen gers on the Titanic found out. Death, which is m an's ultim ate risk, cannot be elim i nated; man is a mortal being. Som ething, sometime will kill us, whether it is old age, disease, an accident or som e other force. There is one way that risk can be reduced to zero -- and that's by elim inating the haz ard. If we could get rid of the ocean there would obviously be no risk from crossing it. Or, if we could make m an immortal, death would not be his ultim ate risk. Probably the m ost important aspect of risk reduction is cost. Unfortunately, it is an aspect of risk reduction that is discussed reluctantly, for a variety of reasons. Som e tim es people don't want to know the cost be cause they feel the issu e is "above dollar value;"other times it is ignored because those who are exam ining the risk-reduc tion issue are not involved with the cost. v One area where society has addressed cost of risk-reduction, without people being acutely aware of it, is in highway safety. En gineers and scientists know quite a bit about accident prevention and what it would take to make our highw ays less deadly than they are. Two major high way modifications would go a long way toward making auto travel safer -- eliminating blind curves and instal ling overpasses at railroad crossings. This may sound reasonable until we learn that the cost of railroad overpasses alone is estimated in the billions of dollars. Because the price is too high, we live with the railroad crossing risk. T his doesn't mean that we approve of highway deaths or dangerous intersections, just that the cost of eliminating a particular degree of risk does not seem worth the price. Many current risk-reduction efforts are in the area of pollution and worker safety. And here the problem becomes a little less clear, but no less expensive. The estim ated cost of air pollution control in the decade between 1975 and 1984 is about $175 billion. The cost of water pollution control is expected to approach $500 billion. The question of pollution also reaches into bu si ness, where safe standards for air quality are often under question. One of the prob lems -- the degree of risk reduction versus cost -- came up recently in federal court. The Occupational Safety and Health Admin istration was attempting to reduce exposure to benzene from 10 PPM in the working en vironm ent to 1 PPM. Industry argued that 10 PPM was a reasonable and safe standard, and that to comply with the new standard would mean a cost of approximately $500 million and would only possibly avoid two cancer cases every six years. The court ruled in favor of industry, saying that government regulators m ust estim ate the health bene fits expected and weigh them against the cost of compliance. If d iscu ssin g costs in the area of risk/benefit is difficult, then it is almost impossible when we get into the area of life itself. The philosophy of the average person in our j civilized world remains y that "you can 't put a T- value on the hum an life." 2^ But realistically we do, even though we d on 't define it that way. In our decisions about railroad overpasses, or sm oke detec tors in the home, we are inadvertently valu ing hum an life. And despite the fact that there is very little discussion about it, the Federal Highway Administration ranks de; fects in highw ay design by the cost per life saved of rem oving the defect. It then encour ages the states to make those improvements that will save the m ost lives. Talking about the value of a hum an life is distasteful to m ost of us, and there are those who m aintain it is not a valid subject for discu ssion . Certainly m an should con tinue to hold life precious and do everything in his power to honor it. On the other hand, common sense \ tells us that an individual, a family, a governm ent or a world has a finite am ount of money and other resources. To pursue one worthy goal f.-fC l that saves only a few lives at an enormous cost, and thereby be forced to neg lect another area where A many more lives could be saved, would hardl} be morally defensible. w 7 The Hidden Costs of R isk Re d u c tio n Many of the costs of risk reduction are obvi ous but some are not. We can see the in creased price of a car when it includes seat belts, cushioned dashboards, em ission con trol equipment, etc. But som etim es the cost is not as conspicuous, as when special equipment or processes are m ade m andat ory by government regulating agencies, and a company is forced to charge more mon ey for the product in volved. T his "passed on to the consum er" cost is sometimes called "m arket so cialism ," but simply means that the con sumer may think government risk reduc tion measures are free w hen in reality they are not. Another cost is that of competition in the global marketplace. If overly severe environmental or risk reduction m easures are forced on industry, products will be come so costly that they may lose out in world markets because other countries will not pay the increased cost. They will buy similar items with a lower price tag from countries that do not have the same strict requirements. Lost jobs can be a very expensive hidden cost. n? iv n Risk reduction might be accomplished by elim inating a product or service; however, society has decided that this is not suitable because it severely interferes with indi vidual freedom. Prohibiting alcohol sales was attempted in the United States with the 18th Amendment, and, had it been effec tive, traffic deaths would be lower as would the incidence of cirrhosis of the liver. Product or service elim ination is som e tim es successful if the product is not impor tant or if there are other suitable alterna tives. For instance, a new w om en's tam pon was introduced that was later suspected of being an influencing factor in a rare but often-fatal illness. Because there were other tam pons available, women decided not to take the risk w ith the new tampon. The decision m ight have been different, however, had the new tampon been the only one on the market. Substitution is often possible, but there are risks with any product -- including most sub stitutes. Often we flee from the problems of one product into the different problems of another. Take children's sleepware. Flame retardant sleepware was in troduced because of the danger of fire with som e fabrics, and it was purchased en thusiastically. Later, however, it was found that material treated to make it less flamma ble could possibly cause cancer. In another area, there is a movement to elim inate nu clear power, which may mean that we will be forced to produce additional electricity by burning coal. We already know, however, that the sulfur dioxide produced by burning coal is a serious air pollutant. If there is a decision that a risk should be reduced, who decides? We discussed briefly the idea of "zero risk" and w hy it is not prac tical, but the concept is one that still has support. One reason for the "zero risk" con troversy is that the Delaney Clause, an am endment to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, states that no substance may be added to foods if it has been shown to cause cancer when ingested by hum ans or animals. The original effect of the clause may have been desirable, but since the amendment was enacted our ability to measure substances has increased dramatically. Scientists also can now conduct exhaustive tests that use hundreds or even thousands of times the amount of a substance normally consumed by an individual. Many scientists predict that we will eventually be able to detect a trace of almost everything in som ething else. And historically, m an has always had a greater ability for detection than removal. Currently the government makes m ost of society's risk decisions. Government has established the regulatory agencies that make risk reduction decisions on many dif ferent aspects of day to day life. The ques tion is whether or not the government should have the final say in all risk reduc tion. Or should it be up to the individual person to decide when he w ishes to pur chase potentially risky substances? There is also the question of whether or not business and labor should have some say in the matter of risk reduction. Many feel it is unfair to dem and that a company install extremely costly and som etim es questionably effective risk reduction pro grams which will force up the cost of its products, without allowing it some voice in the matter. And labor too has a stake in pro grams that could involve jobs. B usiness and labor comprise a large percentage of society and decisions that affect jobs and profits will impact large numbers in society. There are political aspects to the risk ques tion and related government legislation. Every elected official knows, or finds out very soon after election, that it is not very prudent to take a strong stand on issues that constituents are emotional about. During the debate on banning saccha rin, many citizens were upset a b o u t. the problem, and so it was turned over to the Congress. Many felt that it was the ideal time to amend the Delaney Clause to make it more reasonable and in tune w ith today's technology. Many congressm en privately agreed, but it proved too emotional an issue for m ost legislators. Representative Jam es Martin of North Carolina expressed how most politicians feel about the very emo tional area of cancer: . . . [an y politician ] w ou ld be terrorized a n d quickly w ilted by the sim p le su g g es tio n th a t "y o u r c o n s titu e n ts d e s e r v e b e tte r th a n to b e rep re se n te d b y so m e o n e w h o fa vo red a little bit o f cancer. " Few of us would argue that the question of risk in cancer and in other medical areas can be a difficult, emotional, and som etim es political issue. Nature as t - < 'S j' omehow, when we view risks in life, ^asiis we tend to view the "natural risks V^ " with m uch less alarm than the m an ^snirLS?.. , made ones, as though man-made risks are more potent and terri ble because they are "unnatural." A brief look at history might change our thinking a bit. 'v v A "natural" disease, bubonic plague, wiped out 25 million Europeans in the 14th Century, and in 1982, "natural" factors in Third World countries made diarrhea the No. 1 killer. Six million children in the Third World die yearly of diarrhea. One and a half million preschoolers in India alone meet that fate. We've fought against those d iseases and won in developed countries, by using man made technology. Even the diseases that worry m ost Americans today, su ch as cancer, heart disease, and arthritis, are "natural," having been around for many, many years. Ironically, the major reason we have more cancer today is because we live longer and cancer is mainly a disease of older people. Still, the "old germs" very often seem more comfortable than m ysterious m an made substances. Radiation is one of those "new" substances that becam e fearful after scientists discovered uranium. But radia tion is actually as old as the world itself, and just as natural; we just didn't know m uch about it. Radium, a natural elem ent, w as dis covered in 1910 by Pierre and Marie Curie, but has probably been with u s since the for mation of the earth. It is the natural d isin te gration of uranium that produces radium; rivers, oceans and even rocks contain uranium . In addition, there is and always has been radiation from cosm ic rays, that rain down on earth from outer space. Cosmic rays react with atoms in the air to produce various other rays that deliver both external radiation to us via the skin, and internal radiation via the food and water we con sume. Some areas of the globe have sub stances that contain higher natural levels of radioactivity than others. Since the granite in France is highly radioactive, a person who lives in a granite house in France gets a yearly external dose of radioactivity from his walls that is approximately equal to the radiation from eight chest X-rays. Perhaps our idea of nature as a benevo lent force comes from our delight in a clear spring day or the happy view promoted by Walt Disney movies. In reality, nature can be cruel and terrible in its destruction. Even in recent years, with more protection against nature's ven geance than our forefathers, there are impressive examples. Most Americans were startled in 1980 when Mount St. Helens erupted and spewed destruction in a wide path. Fortunately there was little loss of life. But nature w a sn 't as kind to other areas of the globe, for in that sam e year an earth quake killed more than 3,000 people in Italy and left hundreds of thousands injured or hom eless. Just a few years earlier, in 1977, a cyclone and flood struck India, killing 7,000 to 10,000 people. -, ' .Vx v s ^S ZjO GO'fo One of the particularly appealing "natural" areas today is food. For whatever rroVo/UoOAUnllOo 4 we look on food that is grown in the back yard and picked "fresh" as superior and healthier than foods that are grown far away, stored and processed for our selection at the local supermarket. Vegetables freshly picked are indeed a treat, but they may or may not be safer, depending on how they are grown and harvested. In addition, foods them selves contain a surprising array of substances that, if iso lated in the test tube, would be frightening. Let's look at a sam pling of som e of our favor ite foods: Carrots. A food that w e've frequently heard is "good for u s ," carrots may taste fine and provide bulk, but they also contain ca ro ta to x in , a fairly potent nerve poison; m yristicin , a hallucino gen, and isoflavon.es, which have an estrogenic effect similar to fe male hormones. Avocados. These may be delicious in salads, but they have their own prob lems. Avocados contain a number of p re sso r a m in e s, chemicals that raise blood pressure. Milk. Although milk contains essential calcium and phosphorus needed to build and maintain strong bones, it also contains g a la c to se , a component of milk-sugar. Ga lactose causes cataracts in test animals when given in increased dosages. Shrimp. These tiny sea creatures have long been a delicious treat, but, alas, they contain significant am ounts of several m in erals, one of which is a rse n ic . Arsenic is well know n as the villain of "w ho-done-it" stories, yet plump juicy shrimp contain 40170 PPM of arsenic -- vastly more than would be allowable if the naturally occurring mineral were subject to the same stringent standards we have for any chem icals we add to food. The point of th is exercise with "natural foods" is not to suggest that we all stop eat ing. We tolerate many chem icals in our ^ - "" body because they are in small doses and are often important to the very process of life itself. It isn 't any particular individual su b stance, but the composite that is important, and the am ount we consum e. Most of us w ouldn't dream of giving up peanuts b e cause of the naturally occurring aflatoxins in the n u ts, any more than w e'd dream of giving up toothpastes that have cavity-fight ing fluoride added artificially. Both natural and man-made chem icals can add to the pleasure and health of our lives. lo o o ( No discussion about the problems of risk and benefit would be complete without a discussion of risk and cancer. Probably the greatest fear in our country today is of cancer. The very idea of cancer -- the wild, uncontrolled growth of cells is abhorrent. In addition, the fact that m odern technology has put a man on the moon and wiped out polio and yet is not able to prevent or cure cancer is a disconcerting thought. Som e how, each year, the terror of cancer grows, even though the incidence of m ost types of cancer has gone down slightly. Lung cancer is the one cancer that is still rising. There is no question that cancer is a serious health problem in the United States and in the world. It is estim ated that alm ost 400,000 Americans will die from cancer this year, making it the second leading cause of death. We certainly need to be concerned about cancer, and rationally identify and as sess any cancer-related risks. Some Facts on Cancer We know less than w e'd like about cancer, but we still know a surprising am ount. Here are some of the things we do know: Cancer is not a new disease, but it has gained in importance as a cause of death since we've been able to control infectious diseases and infant mortality; Cancer is not a single disease but rather a group of diseases characterized by ab normal cellular growth. Cancer is a disease of the aging. Death rates rise dramatically after age 40. Until age 40, accidents cause more deaths than cancer. Cancer is more feared than any other dis ease. It is far more "dreaded" than heart disease, the No. 1 killer in the United States. Cancer rates and sites vary from country to country. Cancer incidence can be influenced by life-style and environmental factors. We have learned a great deal about cancer causes in recent years too, and some of w hat w e've learned has been a surprise. In the early part of th is century sm oking was considered a harmless but pleasurable habit. In fact, som e thought it m ight be beneficial to the body. Today we know that the one area of cancer th at's on the rise is lung cancer. Dr. Hariy Dem opoulos, as sociate professor of pathology at New York University Medical Center, says, "There are about 1,000 people a day that die of cancer in this country. Three hundred fifty of them, or 35 percent, are going to die today from having smoked high-tar cigarettes and having consumed excessive quantities of distilled liquor__ " 3.C c o m Most of us have learned about the risks of sm oking and alcohol, but there are other, newer life-style factors that are less well known. One of the major ones is diet -- par ticularly the high meat diet that many Americans consum e. A diet high in red meat and low in fiber is not only suspected in cancers of the digestive tract, such as of the colon, but in breast and other cancers as well. Dr. Arthur Upton, director of the National Cancer Institute, suggests that 45 percent of cancer can be attrib uted to diet. He recommends that we drastically reduce our fat consum ption, eat more fresh fruits and veg etables, stay thin, and make sure we consume a diet that is bal anced in vitamins, m inerals and fiber. Slo o o 3 We have known for a long tim e that cancer patterns vary from country to coun try. Although total cancer rates are about the sam e in developed countries, the types of cancer vary around the globe. For in stance, cancer of the liver is the m ost com mon cancer among men in Mozambique, but is rare in Europe and the United States. The highest rate of lung cancer is in Great Britain, while Japan has the dubious honor of being No. 1 in stom ach cancer. Skin can cer is m ost prevalent in su n n y clim ates. It has also been found that regional differ ences are not usually permanent. When Japanese citizens move to the United States and adopt American diets, they reduce their risk of stom ach cancer but increase their risk of colon cancer. Environmental factors and their influence on cancer risk are probably the major area of concern today. Dr. John Higginson, former director of cancer research for the United N ations World Health Organization (WHO), estim ates that as high as 90 percent of all cancers may be related to the environ m ent. To m ost Am ericans, "environm ent" means the air and water around us, and so Dr. H igginson's words sound like an om in ous warning. But to Dr. H igginson and other scientists, the environment has a m uch broader meaning: It is defined as all those factors that impact on us from out side ourselves -- everything not genetically predetermined. In other words, "environ mental factors" include our social habits of smoking and drinking, our diet, our exer cise, as well as the air we breathe and the water we drink. Our fear of air and water pollution has increased dramatically at a time when our streams are cleaner and our air far purer than ever before. This does not m ean that we shouldn't continue our concern about the purity of the world we live in, but it does mean that we should keep all cancer-caus ing factors in perspective. At a cancer sym posium in June 1979, conducted by the New York Academy of Scien ces and the American Health Foundation (with the cooperation of the American Cancer Society and WHO's International Agency for Re search on Cancer), Dr. Cuyler Hamm ond of the American Cancer Society reported that almost zero percent (som ething like .000001 percent) of cancer is caused by air pollution. Water pollution was in the sam e category. Other factors such as nuclear power plant accidents, asbestos in hair dryers, asbestos in school rooms and sa c charin and cyclamates are also listed in this close-to-zero category. Yet public concern with those factors is astounding, and that concern influences our national pol icy towards cancer prevention. Using risk/benefit anal ysis to evaluate cancer pre vention and treatment is gaining in acceptance. To spend large sum s of money to reduce a veiy small risk, while allowing larger risks to exist because we d on 't understand that they are larger, or be cause we let emotions govern the facts, d o e sn 't m ake sense. That m oney can be u n wisely spent is illustrated by the case in New York City in which alm ost half a m illion dol lars was spent redoing all the ceilings in a school after the news that asbestos in the air could cause cancer. Som eone had sam pled classroom air and found it contained asbestos. Only after asbestos ceilings were replaced did they find that the asbestos level in the air remained the sam e and was actu ally the sam e as the o u ts id e a ir a b lo c k a w a y ! Asbestos is a material that is found all over the place. Its natural occurrence m eans that som e level is always found in the atmosphere; it would be im possible to elimi nate it entirely. Appropriate action against cancer risk is important; however, emotional, panicky responses waste money and prevent important resources from being directed into appropriate cancer-prevention channels. <2.6 0 0 * / After World War II was over and the horror and awe of the atom bomb was fading into history, the excitem ent over atom-splitting technology w as high. "J u st th in k ," people were saying to one another, "som e day we may be able to heat our hom es and power our appliances with atomic energy."Yes, in deed, it seem ed as though the age of miracle technology had arrived. Today, that miracle is tainted. It is n 't that nuclear energy can 't heat our hom es or power our dishwashers, and not that it can 't do it relatively inexpensively; it's the technical and emotional question of whether or not we really want or need nucle ar power. There are som e potential problems with nuclear power that bother even the m ost en thusiastic nuclear scientists. Probably by far the m ost serious concern is what to do with radioactive wastes. Such wastes are not like the ash es from a wood or coal fire, but are radioactive materials that have what sc ie n tists call a "half-life" of hundreds and per haps thousands of years. The burial grounds for these w astes have so far been at the bottom of the ocean, but the question arises as to whether we can continue that kind of disposal without causing eventual damage. The half-life of radioactive w astes is an im portant concern, but it is not what upsets m ost citizens. It is the possib ility of an acci dent in a nuclear power plant, with the dreaded nuclear explosion, that is the ulti mate fear. Such fear belongs in the "w hat i f ' category since the safety of nuclear generat ing plants over their 20-year history has been impressive. In fact, the safety record of nuclear power plants is am azing by almost any standards -- no known accident has oc curred that has resulted in loss of life or serious illness. Still, the dread remains. Even though we are statistically safer living near a nuclear power plant than driving a car, somehow we feel different about the two risks. Part of the difference is due to the fact that driving is a "voluntary" risk, and nucle ar power an "involuntary" one. But th at's not the whole story. Scien tists have found that among risks there is what they call a "dread" factor. Som e illn esses or accidents are more dreaded than others. Although heart disease is our n a tio n 's No. 1 killer, cancer is much more dreaded. Such dread may not be rational, but it exists. Despite this "dread" factor that causes anti-nuclear power rallies and allows minor accidents to make headlines, studies show that most Americans still favor nuclear power. A survey of 800 respondents, con ducted in 1979, shortly after the Three Mile d incident, showed that 47 percent of faVored the construction of more L" Clear^power plants, compared to 40 pernent that opposed construction. When the same group was asked about closing existng nuclear power plants, however, there was a much more realistic and supportive attitude. Only 13 percent agreed that we should close all existing nuclear power plants in America, while 81 percent opposed such closings. In another poll, conducted by Gallup in April 1979, at least 63 percent felt it was at least som ewhat im portant to continue construction of nuclear plants, but this same percentage opposed construction on sites "close to hom e." This, however, is not a new problem. Society has always needed garbage dumps and pig farms, and yet few people want them nearby. It h as become known as the NIMBY syndrom e -- "not in my back yard." It is interesting to review som e of the facts and fears that emerged from the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. D espite all the concern over the accident, there were no deaths, and there was no detectable leak of radiation that would likely cause eventual illness. The accident was an unfortunate mixture of both hum an and technical error. But what is most important is that the safety systems d id work. When President Carter visited the reactor plant, officials pointed out that he was exposed to less radioactivity than he would have received getting X-rays in a d en tist's office. Despite the fact that the safety system worked and no one was injured, the televis ion and newspaper coverage of the Three Mile Island event was phenom enal. It was noted by two scholars that almost 40 per cent of network news time in the week fol lowing the accident was devoted to Three Mile Island. News is usually pretty dull stuff, and newscasters and reporters wait for that unique, dramatic event that will provide excitement and drama. Which is why a single grisly murder often makes the newspaper headlines while a devastating flood that kills hundreds in a far-off land can be buried on the back page, Risks exist even if we give up nuclear power, We would then have to find su b stitu te m ethods of energy production, and most, unfortunately, are riskier than nuclear power. The air pollution produced by a coal- burning plant is 300 tim es that of a nuclear power plant. Even hydroelectric plants that m any people find appealing because "water power is clean and safe" have problems, Every year at least one dam in the world collapses, and almost all hydroelectric gen- erators are connected to dams. The po- tential for death in California from dam fail- ures is estimated at 250,000 people, and the statistical probability of a dam collapse is far greater than that of a nuclear power ex plosion growing out of power generation, Even natural gas, one of Am erica's m ost popular energy sources, kills about 500 resi- dents each year. ....... 1 Sl q o o 7 :P ] :T :B XI b'Xir: The idea that som ehow life today is more dangerous, more difficult and more hazard ous has gripped many of us despite the fact t h a t \ xt(~ ar# ^cUt Ua Wt iAcMt Wi rW' iVaUlAl J' u AHA~p.aAl.fAhAAi Wi ^Ar, A1*iv.#~=* 1~nAnAt f~pAr and enjoy more leisure time than ever before in the history of m ankind. We have learned how to measure, probe and publicize m in ute information about ourselves and our en vironment, yet we often have difficulty put ting it all into perspective. J u st because we have the capacity to measure substances in concentrations as m iniscule as 1 PPT doesn't m ean that the world is more con taminated -- it merely m eans that we have the ability to know it's there. As Sh ak es peare said sometime back around the begin ning of the 17th century: B ut no perfection is so a b solu te T hat som e im purity doth not pollu te We m ust ask ourselves, "Was the water purer, the food safer, the environment cleaner w hen we did n 't know what w as in it? "Or is it sim ply true, as one scientist has said, that we all enjoy the confidence that comes from innocence? Learning to perceive risks correctly is important to the average citizen because there are so many factors that make proper perception difficult. We previously mentioned voluntary and involuntary risks, and they remain important considerations. Also, personal anxiety plays a part. One citi zen may have more anxiety about one cer tain risk, and it may not matter to him, personally, that the risk is not really a su b stantial one. But if he is helping to make decisions on an issue of risk for the entire nation, he should separate his private fears from actual, statistical risk. He m ust also learn to recognize the "dread" factor in risk decisions as well as the tendency among m ost of us to fear m ost those risks that we don't understand. One way to rate risks and provide some comparisons of those risks is to portray them in "days of life expectancy lo st." Dr. Richard Wilson, who is professor of physics at Harvard University, has devised a mathematical formula that m easures risks in terms of the m inutes and seconds of life lost. Taking the average person of 30 who has a life-span in the United States of ap proximately 73 years, Wilson says that statistical person cuts tim e from h is life in the following ways: Smoking one c ig a r e tte ................ . m in u s 12 m inu tes Drinking a diet soft d r in k ............. . . m in u s 9 seconds (estim ated ) Driving without a seat b e l t ................ . . m in u s 6 seconds (for every trip) Being an unmarried m a le ........................ . . m in u s 1800 days Being male rather than female . . . . . . m inus 2700 days We can also view risks by figuring w hich risks are equal. For example, the following item s all pose an equal risk of increasing the likelihood of death by one chance in a million: Drinking half a liter of wine Spending three hours in a coal mine Living two days in New York Traveling six m inutes by canoe Riding 10 miles on a bicycle Driving 300 miles in a car Flying 1,000 miles by jet Risk comparisons are interesting and infor mative; they also prove that almost every thing we do involves at least some risk. aooo^ The question of risk is closely related to our perception of faith in the future. As Theo dore R o o s e v e lt w a s fond of asking, do we look with pride, or view with alarm? Hum an beings have been around for centuries and have survived as a species against alm ost insurm ountable odds. In point of fact, man is a rather rugged, adapt able creature. And exactly why and how he is such a survivor is not totally understood. Why does one person spontaneously recover from cancer? Why does another have a care free life and live to be 80, while his brother su ccu m b s at 50 even though h e 's played it safe? It's not only the hum an body that re m ains mysterious. Nature is still a puzzle in m any ways. We can 't predict earthquakes or floods or severe w inters. We've learned how to keep from polluting our lakes and seas only to find that Mother Nature does it with alewives or red tides. Still, our world con tinues to spin in its orbit, warm itself, grow plants and food and present us with glowing sunrises and sunsets. i'eennc a o LAI? 3ad Guy' Some people blame technology for today's problems, while forgetting that it has cured many. Children d on 't die of w hoop ing cough or diphtheria, and people don't have to work 12-14 hours a day ju st to grow enough food for their own survival. Even chemicals that receive negative pub licity nowadays have been saviors of m an kind. Probably no other substance has saved more lives than DDT, through con trol of malaria-bearing m osquitoes. Rejecting technology, rejecting progress and going back to nature has a certain ap peal when life is changing and moving so rapidly. Yet, if we look at the countries with the highest, most advanced technology, they are the ones with the longest life expec tancy, highest literacy rates and best quality of life. In industrialized Sw eden the life ex pectancy is 74 years; in the Third World country of the Ivory Coast, it's less than 35 years. Living is, and always has been, a risky business. But that risk is not without bene fits -- some easy to see and som e not so easy. As Marvin Stone wrote in a recent U .S. N e w s a n d W orld R ep o rt editorial: "C a n p e o p l e b e f o r g e ttin g t h a t it is th e w i l lin g n ess to clim b m o u n ta in s th a t g iv e s one th e v ie w ? A n d t h a t t h e v i e w c a n 't b e shared, but m ust be earn ed w ith sw ea t, work a n d risk?" Judicious risk-taking is part of the bal ance that m akes life worth living. We can 't deny our children that legacy of hope and challenge by deciding for them that life should be cushioned against all risk. They should have some choice in their own to morrow -- a choice to risk sorrow and learn from it, and above all, the right to risk fail ure for success and joy! O . O I D O W CHEM ICAL U.S.A. MIDLAND, MICHIGAN 48674 We think the concept of risk -- and how individuals in our society view it, weigh it and make decisions in light of it -- is a fascinating subject. We hope it will be of interest to you. DOW COMMUNICATIONS 2.6 O 3 -- Hr3-4*0 Agarwal, Anil. "Human Rights Issue fbr3rd World Women." Japan Times. June 26. 1982. Bailey. Martin, J. Reducing R isks to Life. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Washington D.C. 1980. Burke. Donald P. 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Nutrition Today November/ December, 1977. Hapgood, Fred. "Risk-Benefit Analy sis." The Atlantic. January, 1979. Heckman, Jerome H. "Risk Assess ment -- A Familiar Concept." Toxic Substances Journal. Vol. 1,4. Spring, 1980. Higginson, John. "Epidemiology of Cancer." Presented to the Sym posium on Cancer and the Envi ronment. April 2, 1981. Johnson, Paul. "The Perils of Risk Avoidance."Regulation. May/June, 1980. Jones, Reginald H. "The Vain Search for a Risk-Free Society." Speech on receiving the Vermilye Medal of the Franklin Institute. May 24, 1978. Jukes, Thomas H. "Which Risks are Acceptable?" Speech at the Ameri can Industrial Health Council. May 19, 1980. Kaplan, Stanley, and Garrick, John, B. "On the Quantitative Definition of Risk." Risk Analysis: An Inter national Journal. Vol. 1,1. March, 1981. Keating-Edh, Barbara. "Consumer Protection Legislation Vs. Liberty." Imprimis. Hillsdale College, Michi gan. Vol. 10,11. November, 1981. Kletz, Trevor A. "Benefits and Risks: Their Assessment in Relation to Human Needs." Lewis, Carolyn D. "Taking Nuclear Risks." N ew sw eek November 12, 1979. London Free Press. "Perfectly `Safe' Society 'Unlikely.'"June 20, 1979. Lowrance, William W. Of A cceptable Risk. William Kaufman, Inc. Los Altos, California. 1979. Nisbet, Robert. "The Rape of Prog ress." Public Opinion. June/July, 1979. Olson, Robert E. "Risk-Benefit As sessment of Toxic Chemicals." Speech to a symposium sponsored by the American Chemical Society. August 26, 1980. Perrin, Gail. "Our Food May Be Safer Than We Think." The Boston Globe. October 22, 1980. Redburn, Tom. "How Much Safety Can We Afford?" Los Angeles' Times. June 17, 1979. Rowe, William D. "Approaches to Risk Assessment and the Role of Public Perception in Regulation." A paper presented to the American Indus trial Health Council. January, 1980. Shell Views. "Reducing the Risk of Cancer -- a Goal for the '80s." Shell Oil Company, Houston, Texas. July, 1980. Slovic, Paul, Fischhoff, Baruch, & Lichtenstein, Sarah. "Facts Vs. Fears: Understanding Perceived Risk." Paper presented at the Soety of Toxicology. March 11, 1980. Stone, Marvin. "Life Is Not a Free Lunch." U.S. News & World Report. August 20, 1979. Trippett, Frank. "Living Happily Against the Odds." Time. December 24, 1979. Weidenbaum, Murray L., and Chilton, Kenneth. "All Hazards Are Not Equal. The Sciences. July, August, 1979. Whelan, Elizabeth. "Cancerphobia: Outgrowth of Misinformation?" (An interview.) Dow Corning News. Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan. September/October, 1980. Wildavsky, Aaron. "No Risk Is the Highest Risk of All."American Scientist. January/Februaiy, 1979. Wilson, Richard. "Living Is Dangerous To Your Health." Technology R eview. February, 1979. Wriston, Walter B. "Risk and Other Four-Letter Words." Speech deliv ered to The Economic Club of Chicago. October 25, 1979.,, (Printed in Vital Speeches. December 15, 1979.) Young, D. M. "What Price Environ mental Purity?" Speech presented at the 26th Ontario Industrial Waste Conference. June 18, 1979. 3