Document GVXnn4qGbZ76Yzo1gv9GpO6N

Polychlorinated Biphenyls In the Global Ecosystem hr , I R. W. RISE&ROOGH ft. wecHs T | tomtits ef Marina MsourW, University of California, MritoJoy MTV D. . PEAKALl ! ilImetia. plviilen of froloiy and Syit< Cornell University, Itheeal Haw Torti I47S0 r $. C. HERMAN Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis 9S4I4 M. N. ICIRVEN San Diego Natural History p FO Bon 1)90. San Dtsgo, California 92112 Polychlorinated biphenyls are widely dis ported in the global ccotyirom, end re powerful Inducers of hopetlceniymei which degrade oestredlol. Together with other chlorinated bioddei, such at DDT, they could account for a large Eart of the aberration In calcium met*. otlsm which has been observed In many species of birds since the Second World Dkcmmixo populations' of raptorial end fish-eating With In On es DHWtin1 (mil Kortli Amorlao1 have produced thin-shollod eggs ainoe |the period aiWf tho Sooond World War. A widespread ohnpgo in the ohrmJoal environment which affected the eajeilim physiology of thorn spooiee ovidrntly oeeuned at t-het time. Tho ohlorinutod hydroonrbotm, which enme ml^> general uso in tlto 1040m, may now be tho moot nhmldnnt eynthotio polliitante pmnont in tho global environment'. Thin eggahnlls liavo boon found only in epocioe which oooumulato high oonoon- imliotw of throo oomppunds: relativoly tmoonUuniuotod populations of tluwe apojtoe eontinue to produeo normal ^ffelcitttn metabolism bi birds in intimately rolaUxl to roproduetivo metabolism {and is to a largo oxtout rogulatod by steroids such aa ^trogen and vitamin I>*. Th< rieprwitinii of medullary pouo, tho chief wniren of oaloium diiriuu <>KK mid t'tW'MIl foniintieii, in aontrolliHl hy |.ho nUToiil n-h littrmuum* r, jmil Imvih ilnlioiimt it viUuttm l> lay r|4JN with lower jeggHlioll weight*'. dtorohU am hydroxylntod and Ukorwby dcgrodod in vivo and in vtfro by brpatie entymee induoed by nxogenous, lipid-eelnble ubstanoee, including Ihs chlorinated hydrocarbons'-1*. TTte relatively small amounts of ohlorinatod hydro oarbona required to pmues this effect'*"-"-", and tho discovery that email i amounts of some of the DDT compounds are ooetrogenio'*"*", have made irrelevant muen of the porta pfir million approaeh to pollutant ecology baaed on toxicity data alone. In both Croat Britain^1'" and North Amorioa" it was Use decline of the percgripe faloon whioh initiated concern about the extent of the harmful offeote of environmental oentemination. In tM ynitod 8ttos tho eastern popu lation wae extinct before oompotent obeorvorc were ewers of e genera), widespread tleolino". Breeding Brrgrinea persist in | appaitmtly normal numbers in ritiah Columbia" and,inr the Arctio"*". In IMT we eollooted aq urvhatoliod, abandonod egg of a peregrine faloon in south-western North Amorioa, whore a small remnant population remains (unpublished work of M. N. K.t R. W. R. And S. 0. H.). Analysis of this egg (Table 1) showed ^hat it oontainod almost fi mg or p.p'-DDB (dicbloro:l,t-bt#(p*ohlorophonyl) othytono). Unknown peaks present in the ohromatograma of the rxtreot of tho ogg wore unidentified until polyohlbrineted biphenyls (PCB) were aclooted in European wildlife"-". Positive oonArmation of the idontifieetion was aooom- plislwd by moss speotromptiv in fiwoden". Tho retention times of the unknowr[ peaks in tho poregrine extracts proved to be idrntloal with those of several PCB eoni- pounds on DC-100 columns' and on a mixod oE-)0:Qf-l oolumn. Qther species of bird| and fish wore subsequently a dysed for PCB. Tho chiorina eontent of several exti uta end standards was determined with a Dohrman tnii '"ilomotrie doteetor and a method of quantification of tho 'H eompounds was devised based on pea.k...h..e..i.g...h.tpsrondroi dubod in the electron oeapttuure detector related to standard yV DDB'. Ths DDT ootnpounds are drstvoyod by nitration" end p.p'-DDT (1,1,1-teriohioro- *.* Wf<r oWi>rt)Bhwiyl)o,hiM), l|)l) (l.l-duMiifo.lJ u, (p.ohlofupKonylloihtno) ami loatnlims am dehnim chlorinated by eaponifioation with alooholie KOH. PCB is not degraded by either proondure. t. Onhatehed t ^ ItaJnGaUf'imUlwel) t. neonmlyrartadsraat trnm Arstls SIllrrMvieultHmtuiMaQctteeffwSsiTU) CIennist**f*w(*mt>u X MNT Carnnw (llphl) 111 t. imiaatHrMMifefaiai - ele(wet) Jgfl TiT "* W . J4> is (vet) ____ is (Hplil) . Immalutef ml|rt fawn Anti* NM ioT Qsnsas (wrti Oarenae (lisle) S. IsmUN ArsUs interact" 38 XM Cs-07 al-S c-ts IK cor i see BrMtmiMelft<Cry} SO l-f OsnesstnUoM Is ssr.U ptr mllllea t Cry wslftt or UpM wolght. r,r'*-it>inpMt 0te.M.Cr'w-Ds DImTlimiSss: r.r'-npT.fcsEjrx'-oDtDmBi,sSs.isv'^-iDDO (s.s'-TDB) t ChlnrlMUM hyCrorArbsn sentesto sf the ftu wets: 4.700 m r.r' DDR; wS4lemnvsiiOsmr*t.llerVMtUfa.t'lnr,&lhnveD;n*?tIootimf <peteomhffrp4lnU7re-deSeh'm;lmo7lr>.,mlf)ftTtoMh;meit7dCerv4e.elflnftdn)aorfef*sUs,7tcs-InsIItwrtsDhtleDnMhM;WUnkewtenweMarten|boMsef.ieVstss*reMr.lUa>ebmlSrrailuSMUv! uetjsir. Usleersllv ofCellfnrsU, Berketrr.snS 9y mimlsRsSen*4r sf l-S. t XoofNwJ iw remsbi, eepturod In Oetoher ns the Tess* const lnriss mlpnUon. I>M in repll'liy shortly snerwAhlft. no snmrest cshm sf Sraih. XsboSrrst. Tot*l bwlyonnlest nrehlmiiwied hr.lroterbmi: Ift swDOT, l1lp0Mm,7i 1f.*011. 0-44 mi SUMrls. t il ms heyUehlor cssiMe. ToS heM* I nsm^fs eltwselerlstWs of both I eml 4 were InWmwrilftte between Uwer sf typlenMy rrMest Cnllmels blrrta nnd the Arctic rose f p. ta|r deerrlbsO hy Whtte". Ho. I wei sn lmmtere femle of the yetr trenae.1 is the esuthere tan Fwselftno Day err* Is the winter nr 1900. Obeerval rreSlM is the *re* frtr * week before r*|*lntv. IHed ntdOrnlr nrr enllns Sratf full. Kmterete body tat. Total body chlorinated hydrerarhnn cmtent: RMTiiSJ. 3 ** 0" ** h,*"hl" I Adslt winter or rtomsnsa.le.ObTereerpveydrdfeIendtthnes eoulhem Ban rmneless Bay area in the Is the art* for a rssatb twfnrr easier*. Wed ehsrtly afterward* with so apparent cam *f death and ns bsdr fat. Total bed^shlerinaud hydroearben ennleatr SI *mgs DnPoTt., 4a0s mmmf fpCci. M1**--0u1mmF.sirCd~slit*eUlyttlfdeoramtrnnr .t|feet,-m0t4ahmhleerstfrehaeilptpeptweadalnhfoksiJFratehnneseeaiTlridyeex.eansTdeoowtaaeeelIb.tt.eson.h.d.os.yO.4e.I.cl.bnt.o.yM.b..e.a..I.rO.haLw.etWsateieinfttorS weeks later. Abuedest body fat. Total body eestest: 7 ma DnT.00 _ fen. OOS mg dlaMrtn,0-lf IM hesUehtw epeaMeTTMal body IWA, 110*. *<UwinK?******^*1M*8*>>** Wedsiirvr In Table 1 are presented the results of analyses of peregrins faleons which died from a variety of esusos ">l'i lil'iil > I ll M MirMiliim liiiti il h) liv. r Hiik ut-rt* l. but Ml perHltk** TwMr JHi \ epK Itejii 4'to rrmmMw eitfl t fiftUIMl Si ran-ri gp (fdNMkt rrsjvrfiv. Hlark rislftk- 3 'iMh l |H*plMtir, IMS t,o | a amiflii limiiier wf-n* phw. MiiinktilH i-WIm-II, r.v rif w)w of 9-1 f- r. imu III.* ( r.M(i-i<tl * wifh hrtb svurci-M of In t'li been tvils The rviiMi* noniMily four yiHws surviving Spi'Stee Kami sreftwi Whole hafe AM we eech pr. v *(M. one minih-m * teaei pein-te, * feirel' It*** isewWm* t Xm mee 1 Mmben MGNS G83S97 Itly da rn, nd ntymti |*lhtr l. uch Urge i mtuin miny World >*8,8*fM* nhvdm- KOH. l M II tU might. W'-tMl. mit*ti< hv -.oumir nc;* * eUivdlaf If * <li-AA i SMitritl: rapniMf. IN ! Ow i Mlur. ana; Iom *t n WVl wlti'iiU tifiiT Wjng frnp|-d for fiilrotiry. Kitfiolh-mif iiutoimU >*r IH'ltyvcn* prviatnit in Arctic iM`n*ttrioi* only i li ihdiiiIii (Kim, A hihI tl). but higher n*widm*M w*tv piv>u-nl in li N'rotiri yviir Arctic hinl (No. 2) mid -M'i*pli**niilly high nwidoew won* ptvMrnt in mi adult lntp|U`ii in l'iili|itntii (No. 4). In Itirtlr* 2 noil 4 tin* (olul lipid nwrvt** W-n* vory low, mid in Imth tin- limio ooiiivntrmioiiM W DDK mnl JVH won' liigh. pcrtM|m nl to\io Ii-m'Im, rut' inohiliftotiou during jvpmdiirtinn or m iuiii*m of Mtiii'iAiAn or oouhi I*- pxjhi'(4iiI l ciohc Hgiblh-mit chmlgi^ in tin- intonml ilrntrilmtion of dilori* lulled hyrtnuwuoii*. Steroid hydnixybuir* Activity in tlm liter might inrnVnr at thi* limo, Dieldrin concent ration* "on* lower thiynm iho pcrrgrmi*e atmlyned in Britain, but 1>I>I -nt ration* wont approximately com* l*(trt*l*U*B*. Tulili' 2 prvi(ntl flu* rvimll* of imnlywu of (teri'Kiloi* invy np>oii*i, n*|n|(tl'itin of whirli wen* mllrub'd at cyriim in Ihijn t'nlilbmii Mexico. Willi the oxooptkm of the remain* of w jihooming dove (Zanoirfwra macroum) nod of thro A*h bat* (t'itonut vtvest), prey material found nl four eyries ooneisted or era birds. Of three, the cored grebe (roaicef* etupieut) and the black petrel (LoQ*lania m4&n*o) constituted 32 and 20 per oent, respectively, of,the remains. - Alaok petrels, like ether polrcU and ahoarwalen (Table 3), oonkalned especially high oonoontration* of both DDT anpIPCH. Reproductive aueeom in thin population of ipwrgrinra aoema to bo subnormal. In IIMM no pairs wjer observed to Imloh or fledge more thim a single young! In the jHiat, two to four young. Iho nomher uomiull^ pi-oduri-d hy healthy pi*rcgriie*,,-,\ m n> mini'll byS'ikrh |xiir (L. \V. Walker, jn-mmul win- monirntion). Tliji thiekumi of frugmonla of n itonuriin* eggshell, wil.h itx iiHoohrimo, ooll*Ctod in lDOB bolow nn eyrie vliero one'young hutelnxl, wi (1*24 inm, a decmon* of .14 |N*r rent fijnrit tlio mean thioknoMB of (1*34 mm 0*01A nun (WA |Ntr oujit oonflilenoo level) in twenty-three egg* rollectod in the kr^xv beforo 1947. Tho rogiou is wildomcan, h iili little or no human intorferonoo. and ia remote from aouroea of oollutoon. In Caliiornia^ number* of breeding poregrinea have been roduood by' at laaal 90 per oent in reoent year*. The remaining f4 paire, however, eoem to be reproducing normally ana iw, whan undiaturbed, between two and four young eaob year. They are found, like moat of tho aurviving pain in Great Britain*1 **, in a relativity unrHit.Muiunated ^ugioo and aento tu W fondue un lirtr which cunliiiii low i*onmiirut imiH ol' chhirm ili*| hyilm. eerlHiiiM. A (Niif whirli (It ity.-fl it,n >* \oioitf IlHIH I'ril rhirtli- <m |mv*m> mii.k <m>l <tniioi( (tie hn*oliiig m-iumiii. Itot.li jiny grmi|,N nn- e-lntivrly un* OMMliiiniimlril (M. N. K.. It. VV. It. mid N. U. II.. m |Mi-|iiir>itioii). A clutch of < ' C'llli-rii-d m thii h iiin w< iglM^I iih much um thi* !'< **1*1 mir'd m pe- wiir ycurn, whrnvw othi-r fx-e-grim* rg^M limn ruliformu rolirrini xiiut fIm* H*eond World \Vnr hnvi* lai n llm ulirllrd (n f. 2. and l>. W. Amli rw>,,, II. Mich, ........ I U, t . (l.rUtry, erii, in pivjmmt ion). Ih-HjnU* onirml (leUi-etum I hi* urviving hinla an* xtill Hiihy-rUxi In xhoolmg l*y |M>rtiimrM and to hamwitiM'Ht nl th<> c>nrM. If iIm-wi enuld Im rffrclivcly reduc'd the ]Mtpnlnl ioii imghl y-t xurvivn. lit 'I'ldili* 3 am pri'M-nti-d (hr rixiihx of jouilvw-x of mnriti)' mid l< rr<-Mlnnf lunlH und of fhror h|mx-h of fn |i. wilier l|ahi*N for It'll mid liliTeonieui mid cniiii'iitruUnii. Kmtn Um* nilio of tnl.nl i)l>T to It'll, |i ii np(Nireut ihut regional fnlloiit |mlleriM xint. In ioo>4 of tlm hirda from dan Kranoutoo Hay whinh have In-on analyard, including perogrine falcona (Table I) end egga of tin- weatem gull, the Caxpien lem and the hlank cmwned night heron (Table 3), the ratio wax between one and two. Anothor black-crowned night heron egg had a typically "oooan" proAle, euggrating that the adult fomale had wintered along the oneet. In meet of the bird* from the Rarailon Inlande, which are 37 mile# weal of tho Golden Oato Bridge, thii ratio wae betweon 2 and A. In the Gulf of Panama, when* PCH ontamiunliou might ooiimi from the (Jamil Zoim and mduatruil an-iw in Panama City, tlio ratio ia lM*tw<*n I and S (Tulilc .1). In l-he Gulf of (Jalifornin, a n*gio rolalivoly e-moU* fn*o Um noorrxM of oilln>r Dll'!' or l*Clt otoUoumlion, (lit* ratio wax in iimwC eaM*M approxutmn-ly U or It). Thm wax inn* iu the egg of the peregrine felium (Table I), ill all of the blank petrol* and leaxt |H*treU mialywxl, in Um (Vavei'i'e imirmlotw (Tabbi 2), m live of nix uepruy egg* end in eix of envon weaUni gull egg* (Tablo 3). Among the exception* tho fteh liat, with low concentration* of both DDT and PC11, wae the moet divorgunt, with a ratio of 43 (Table 8). It ie not clear whether thi* reflect* diflerenooe betweon evian and mammalian physiology or a fundamental difference in feeding habile. The ether exceptions include pooire whioh are proeent in the area only during the brooding anaeon (Table 2). In era bird* from tho Paoiflc Um rat io was usually ljotwis*n C mid 10 (Table I). wu> iv/t (/und u> i-.ggs */ .t,U Adobv ^ng'.-.o*- fapr fev^i1,- AVm*-* rn-. -j-*elf* Le>l irtUdl) >nwl heir i **e nor nr nut wertw m* rxisAxnt* r,icoira nr nra star or aturomru "ifflU" 2 CnF.wigttl'(iometvemlvbuihl ()21 | Whf> lo4?> 4olt hod)-. ft4n' EW-cor.l *rr <l> I Err* ; H^rHwaa'afvU (1) | Ml.) (0-1 r'nntmt la ^ *AA\l`l upMlieriw *( oeikclM ia Uw vielalty of fiwr perefrlM rrir* fa Bifa Callroraia. Neaibnn la psnitOrwi atr Un annitrr of irmaiM ( taeh* ptw:y eilla vtwk w* fon4 at Iha ayrlaa. Alae (* im maalna ofeea oormerant (e*a(err*rara >). ana nt g*liwi (Mafaneiw /kKrenail. .... awthara phalarob I*Mm) aad eea eieemlai 4a* (fmetfare aarrwa), but kwal apaatawea ef thaaa tetatw *m net iail>iil to* f Mmi Mlnla. atesaat M* anSSwriMaaVnlO hmTinb tUibnat etatehaa. Ban* *rtb: P*<*$p* o*tp*m*ibCrV 2*0*1: JmmUtnlm Mtaa<*T>aai SjuliiotMnTl f**[******! "k***1 Aaow* Crawl** gaOMirrtwe crawH; alefaet ta-- ------------ ----------- aai e-IT *.*.**. redrta (llpt* MQNS 083098 >1 tlydw* lt Kid itymti lather . wch i Urge mtui mmy fforld wr is i i; B 14 B M t< 1-4 aifhl, -TOH. IVVV Hltxrily nft.T Ir|fpr falconry. 'Higniflrmif mmmhhiU of IVII were |m*otd in Arctic rvr>griiM< only i ti-w miMil tin ut (K'im, A mill II). IhiI nglii-r itwiiltKit Mere |m-w*nl in |n Urrmul ycnr Art-*in hini (No. t) and rxrvpt iimully high naiilm* were prcm-nt in nn nrfnlt 1ro|*fa**il in ralifiWuiH (No. 4). Iii bird* S on*I 4 the tolnl lipid riworvi* wj-re very low. mid hi both the hmin runccntriilirm* or DDK mul IVII wen' high, pvrlmpu ntloxif level*. Ka( titohilixatinn during reproduction or iii time* of winnutitm'or sire** cmild Ik* oxp'cted to emine rigiiiHciiiil chnng>- in flic inlrmnl distribution of ohlori- nntod hyrirernrixlnfj. Steroid hydroxylase activity in tlio liver might increase At this time. Dteldrin concentration* were lower than'ii} the peregrine* Analysed in Britain, bid DDE concent rations wore approximately com parable11. [] Table 3 presents tire rewjlts of analyse* of peregrine ihvy iteviiw, rempiti of which went oolleoU*) nt eyrli* in lift]* lVlili>mifti jMexico. With the exemption of the remains of one |tn<nimJng dovo (Zcnaidara macrotiro) And of three llth mU (nwny* vivwi), prey material found at four oyrm consisted of im bird*. Of throe, the pared grebe (roai^rpe cacpicuc) and the black petrel {Loomnania metapia) constituted It and II per oent, rcsucctively, of the remain*. Block petrel*, like other petrel* and shearwater* (1'nble 3), oonmiujd especially high oonoNilration* of both DOT and jPTH. Reproductive auoooss in thi* population of pWgrine* *oom* to be *ubnonnnl. In 1308 no pAire ware <fWrved to hatch or fledge more than * single young, lit the past, two to fou{ young, the number normally produced by healthy peregrine*11-*', were raised by rich jir (L. W. Walkor, personal oom- iminirntion). The tluokuess of fragment* of a peregrine rggehcll, with it* 'msmbrsiio, (sheeted in 1063 below an rj-rir whore one young hatchod, wa* 0-34 mm. a deoreaan of 14 per cent from the mean thieknee* of 0- 34 mm 0-016 mm (PS per oent eonfldenoe level) in twenty-three egg* collected in the artfapefore 1347. The region is wildeme**, with little or no human interference, and i* remote from tourer* of pollution. In California, number* of breeding peregrine* have been reduoed by ai least SO per oent in reoent years. The remaining few pair*, however, *oom to be reproducing normally ana rear, When undisturbed, between two end four young each year. They are found, like moot of tho surviving pain Iii I Great Britain*1-*1, in a relatively unoontaminated region and eeem to be feeding on bird* which mtiiih low i-niiei'Mlhiiiiin* of elilnrinV-d hydro* mrUuiM. A |miir wlueti fl<du-d lime w.unii m Unix fell chit fly <>m |Hv riii<H ml i-olniolfilt.iiii'M iloring (lie bn-oding w*amui. Both prey group* nn- relatively uu> anntmmnnted (M. N. K.. It. \V. It. .mil H. U. it., in |irv|Mtrnliiin). A dutch of egg* coilii-hd m tins region Wi iglM-d iw much hm the egg* ubltHiv-d in pre-war your*. \vlii-rvuM other peregrine egg* frern t'aliformii i-oli<Hi1ed Hinre the Krr-ond World War have U-en Uiin-slielk-d (* f. 3. nnd l>. W. AiiiIitwoii, |). I In-key und It . K. Christen sen, in pn-|Mtmtin). Ik-spiio nfllcinl proiiciion t.|,,. surviving birds un-stilt Midiioi4i*l to*hUn by N|H.rtMitwu And to hnriMunniit at the ojrio*. If iIn-w* miild In< rfb-eti\rly n*luo*l (he |K>pulntion might y<t survive. In Tnbli* 3 are pnus-nU*l tin* n snlls of mmlysc* of marine and t< m-ulrml birds mill of lhn*> s|hn-h n of frs*h. water fishes for and HIM* e*tl,il himI ***H|t*tM nil kwi. fffiMIl tint rutin uf Inlal Diyj* hi It 'll, il is A|>iNtn*ot that regional fallimt pattenw exist. In mint of tin* binls from Ban Kranewon Hay which have l*m nalysed, including peregrine faloons (Tablo I) and egg* of tlie western gull, tho Caspian tom and tho black-crowned night heron (Table 3), the ratio was between one and two. Another block-crowned night horon egg had a typieally "ocean" prufilo, suggesting that the ahill female had winteml along Um> const. In inrMt of t Iw* birds fmm the Karallun Islands, which are 27 milo* west of the (kilden Gate Bridge, this ratio wi* between t Ami A. In (lie Gulf of Panama, where PCI) oontaminaliuu might eotna from tlie Canal Zone nnd induitrial an*aa in Panama City, the ratio i* between 1 and S (Table 3). In the Gulf of California, a region relatively remote from tlie Aouraoa of oithcr DDT or l*CH ooutaininatiun, tlio ratio was in most oner* approximately 3 or 10. Tins wa* true in the ogg of the peregrine falcon (Table I), in all of the blaok petrel* and least potrol* analysed, in tlie Craven's murreloW (Table 3), in five of six osprey egg* and in six of seven western gull egg* (Table 3). Among the exceptions the fish bat, with low oonosntratious of both DDT and PCD, was the most divergent, with a ratio of 43 (Table I), It is not clear whether this reflects differenoe* between avian and mammalian physiology or a fundamental difTeronee in feeding habit*. The other exceptions include spook* whieh are present in ths are* only during the breeding season (Table I), In sea birds from ths Paeifto the ratio wa* usually between 6 and 10 (Table 3). PCB was not found in egg* of the Adeli* penguin from Cape Crosier, Antaretioa. TaM* I. res an wr ts mi irsotss or rssAosisi meoxs is res svu or uumru Apeetrs* kurrtl nabs (III Wmmi body watar tMW tss* K*|i (oai ahubl waca:!! XVgUM IMS (|) Nminass'a fsO (D M Of mm serInara nkaUrea kMl svtrak, atraasl v r/rait in mumnt " 4 OIT rairta (TIpM yai^n. HONS 083899 rtappfc (11 W.trk rtapfdr (81 Adrlfr iwinwMiHt Wiol.-M ptrl*- <6) Hr. Mt miwrlp ftNHtnn(| ram 8(W> 0I8*(L> 0-41 (W) 4(W> 17 6 (W> *0 (W| rcii (OO.At.) him <W) IHM(W) l 4 (W) -64WI 0 41 (W) Mmr-liltM atwar- I ai*(8l 1 I HhMN|li>nniN(ll) I Km*. t'niMMHi i Hum. ti*|> caiirrnki rilmIrMM (IlIrM*. ftrlnn ImiI? M)r*pa,1 PrUlrriwm<w*n4<t8) rt* ; nMMnmtlml(ld) ; Wlillr.tatMkll*<ir) Km*, ektifdi A ! I'tiltrilflMNl rm A I CiiWi'imi rm C ' tliHrli it riuicii a : CIhMi r I'aMwr'i hawk (181 ' "mss** |riitMrn rtfte (It) rM , *fca*-alnitkfra, l*riril*fHtt) ' W__a_f_e_wMD Nnhlrlllfmlll : )rrr(M) 1 ni*VtSut "WMM* o-a/m IOB/tm 8I-8A-M 0,600 18 (W| tS(W) H(lW) 11*8 04 !- (W 10-8 (W) n-rfl(W) 0*4 (W) tu (W> 0(1) 8-8 (W) 88 (7T) U(L) 8-8 (W) fcSV) (Mill) 1*4 (M 1171 '4. 6 7. 84 8 8-1 (W) M (V) 4-1/*- 4-AA-M *+J*M 17 6 (76, . 101) (S4.7-0,10) 884 .VV'ftft MtrnnlljlO mr.lkm tlirttm Bmk F*r*Oa#i I*., trarhtlohaa . "RJSKSi j fwilrt'i ton(tft)tcp (Vp<n ! PfHMkMO ^ Kn. Han lr|0 Sap <8*-UI 418* 18 I.IO-4.6 8 Wa ninna(2*)i^ ('aaln*aaoklM(98> | AnrtrniawmH<IO> i HgldA-otrtrtafaajopklr*t (I)) i RMa>ni*rlNtch Em*, mwrfctlah MmdowlMk (84) I vit*m Ml/*** !*. 446 8-8 (W> 0 76 ) 0lt(W) Itt(V) It. M(W> )9 itm 14 4/MB t-6. tfl 0' 0 16 8-88 8-47 (W) 0 88(77) -- 8-7 10 8-4,14-8 ii nn Idtntlftad on the bull of ntrnlton ilnwa on 8ol)i Q/-1 oo4 i)C-888 }, famtutrit amid 8. fMMrtf mil 8. Lfpmmlt mm 4. ripnwrfhA I. ArrAmapAar f. IVimnm P {. ti&jnTMmItKUMnt,tMilrW* . ftRMMf'MIf A 11. 1`fitMKtl anri #-<M p.pA. i wtn !!: JK!..... . i f, rtwrunt. uk cm., our..M mi. tfoT81J. CWor Ukr. Ukr Cn., holt/.. Knr 1888. 1.1 (. dki> Mr. U r... r.iir n.r <. MoCrtnlrr, AnMnlk*. OekAr 1087. jl OMU^MMArVy'noM'SfV^ownbtl 1.1808. C: PMnUUyM, Cnllf. Drromlirr 1887. Pitlmtn kr*o4 lo Almk*. AwdtlnChU*. iViUmtImO In M*f 1880, In llw- flitlf f rllfoci;U. ^ ,, ... , . will In Krw RmlOMt tml fhllr. A omI il: Moultin' Bnf. KoveBhtr I, 1888. C: Oolf *4 C*H(or*ta, M*r 1888. XU. 'TSX* Atirnlln. Montrrrjr ftay, Urormbrr 1888. . to. KatMlon IfMml*. Mr I00H. . ._ _. ^ ,, . . P*Mim rpt* wrrr Mtllreti*! on lolo PM-hoen and Uta Pk-VquHU, Oulf of PaiMm*. Pfkfuarr 1888. Ono rMootialMd t and 8-88 8 0 m. tmlrlt>. AtXtkrr oonlalmd 0 18 p-p m- 8loWrln and 8-87 p.p.m. rodrlo (UpM **lahi|. IWa C.Wotnla *8P Ma A* M,Anr kr. Mrrk 1880. On* *m *oat*ln*8 8-84 p.p.m. AtolOrln and 1-18 p-p-Ok- aa*la (Hp40 wilgk*)- lila raeNoa, panama, Pabniatp 1888. _ ........ . V". ....It------- A......... ^ Panama, rabmarr 1888. Too afi wan analpaad far AMdrio aM rodfte. DWdrla: 8-88. 14. j W. ftSfnSSlFj Afcaodaord. fiidlra o Ca.. CaHf.. April 1808. Im4C: Omtfa CmM Oo., Mu 1P8A, tw o nod Ikraa jrooM rnlaad, fMpao4K*lr. 9lay 1<87. f a F: Doatrapad MM. Contra Caala OmTlUnk 188B. It* lit mill ik-itp 11*0-1 llH 4<-ri rp Koroll rw*/ t>( Imi >*# in i.r llw 1* Tlw D ni|/niAt H.r.l MI Mi mmy with if HlwllC b**4M IP ('l<nw tllHt p> nirriTHli flartoa himI |j| fi-MWkf** niic fl ftMimd uliroap lllkl | miirao t. a I u.ii-rK rair ol iiiAmU* Niiwnmi of iittta fitlli'HP Thw wnu-f i 'imnMf fp-itifo Phlufin. No R* llw At iMtr I. TaM* niiriiyw high or hAMlM 04IW* | MONS 083900 n I'M *W j: |V It. lit MIDI wfw*t ti sMrlft! O'M, NAIUN^,, WU ukUMBut i4. lsee IIOi TaW* 9 (WMissM) ,, . .. . . Wall** Vi. ft** Mhwiiy ISSA. Y)r*l Tut frrnatr, it .. ** 1^*1* * I'fi* IS#*, Ushsleht* t|| In w#l wtete m fmini u tiImU. K|| ( eunniwd 4 T aa tit ill-Mrln, I* At of Ivtearhtor rpa.akK toil i* Mubin. *** - (Wwa kttiMii. (tulr*riWi*nU. Mae* ISA* OM st **smUImC 9 10 t m. SUMrla and 0 1/. n.|> m. ro,trln (U il. /WmferwpnMrln. Imnwlurr, I'tnb, Dremhrf IM7, ' r --1Stf.il,. Ktr* .\nfln>ne Aeti.nii*Kmw-*jfufcroilnmjiw4itillafc.amam-nill,tsMilnirrMmtrtlMn**c,lnPAanCaP,rOuneert!r*,*pMMaspm, *Mhs--arpI>M||S*T7.. Kt Own Dark, California, IMP. 5*. arfMrm..........W....M. ..W.. .t.f.l..n...t.M......,..M.. mi fr X I, IPan |.H...m.......H...a..r....M..a1pIMI1 T. W. l/wfMpMparM*M, IMf *. f'SWaeuHu/sfM--'"- " " mi. ,*mmnf*wp*i m*9Nmm. Momni'p r*i. wbwhwi i. r PI. (VimAmms minfthnil*. U*ntm> Bay. Xnwmbat I, |0M. 91. fm*i4ra mir*+***. Pan |Hr*r>. Jwlp ISSA. M. fWastes, (V|h A from C*Mr CnaU Cfc , Calif., Mireh tMA, PI. vfNrnrfla wffjrM. Pavla. Calif., fOrrmbrr 1007. Chitsh Shorn Yoln Cs , Catlf . April 1#< lit tlirAr, liewnW. tier* ninnunl of DDT was vory low; Pi'eMM of raptor* do net eoeunuilale high aincimu of with a DDTifvl) ntio of It, no PCB would have boon the organo-ehlorine compounds (Table 9), n n-oult of Ow> detected. A Inrsrjr amount of fot material from Antarctic iirgimiMMi, which would ormtain moro DDT, would therefore have to be vuIvinI before ooneluding Hut PCB Ima not yot reached the Antarctic. very low roaidue loveta usually found in tfoir pn*y. American kestrels and bam owls arc common ruaidoiita of California oitioa. The white-tailed kite, whioh wa* noar extinction 40yoam ago In California, is now abundant Individual* or epoeiee recident in industrial areas have, in areas where insecticide use is intense, yet beeeuar it aa expected, higher PCB level# than individual of the preys primarily upon the *hort.livrd and herbivorous Mine p pectea from more remote regions. Analysis of vole, Microtus, the spooice eooumulatrs vory little DDT ten cage from m dutches of the wwlwn gull from the or PCB (Table 8). Karalion Islands showed an averago PCB oontent of Previous work1' has shown that both DDT and diddrin l!Wt 66 pg (06 par oont oonfidmee level). PCB oontent induce hepatic ensymec in the pigeon which, in en in >f four eggs ftom three dutches from an island in San vi/ro preparation, incroaao tho motabdism of progasterono FrnnrisooBay ivwagnd 806 fig with a range from 680 and testosterone. This work has now boon extended to to 1,810 (Table' ll. Boven egg* from **ven dutches in study tho motaboltem of oestredioi by ensymra induced the Gulf of California contained 46 80 ug of PCB. bvp.p'-DDK, technical DDT (Dupont) and 1`CH ('Aroclor The DDT content lof the egga from the Karnllon* was not 1202'). Tho experimental prooeduro provioualyihsiorils'd1' significantly difTorj'ut. from that of the Baja California wrua followod exoopt that tlm ciilnrinsled hydruonriam* CM*. wt>re injected intraimiHCuWly rathur than given orally, Bird* from th Uulf of California olao oontain dioldrin and ui ilia separation of ooetradiel and lie mctaboliU a and citdrin (Table 8 and 9). but tlio number of analyae Um> solvent system used was the upper layer of a mixture im a* yet insufflok At to oompatw their relative abundance of bonsene:heptane:methanol:water 7:9;8:S. The strips with that of DC4* i PCB. Despite the inability of the were monitored with an autographio atrip scanner. The 8hrN Chemioe) Company to fir-d any chlorinated hydrooar. profits* obtained for the various inducing agent* an- bim* in Uw Oulf or California and at the mouth of the sliown in Fig. 1. It will be noted that the profiles of thr Cnlnrado River"., whioh drain* into the Oulf, it le likely metabolites obteinod after ensynoe induct km using DDK Ihnl some do enter from the Colorado River and from and DDT ore identical, but that a different metabolite agricultural area*' in western Mexico. A significant is produoed by the entyme induced by PCB. The amount h-nciiaii, however,' must coma from Uki atmosphere", of meteboiitoe funned was oaloulatod from the radio- mid air tratt*|wrt Uwl explains the powonec of PCII in aotivity of tho peaks. The rceiilla obtained am givtm in rvtnnli' amis. In extract* from tin* Gulf of California Table 4. uni' IVM eomJmhd was prewnt in mintivoly small O'liCiiimvinnu. This Dnm|*miid is readily degraded by ultraviolet light: irradiation in laboratory exporimsute, mid may thoroiore bo soleetivoly degraded in the aimoppherr, Although PCB is not soluble in water, it Imp a low but flniie vapour pressure". Incineration of materials eontniping PCB would greatly inoecesc the rate of entry into she atmeephrre. PCB it used in the^ Control 00* U0 mates) DDT PCB (40 (M mmas/thess)) ofta--t Mofaptoei mu! mnnufacture of many industrial produota. ao the high" amount* found in Ban Francisco Bay, Puget Sound* and bnn Diego Bay Weumably result from dirootdiaoharge Sfwcnt In the Incubation mlatun. Ineubottoa Ihoe M nla. weifht f mlerooofiMt hactloa used 100 ntf. All eMorlMted fcydrwsrliOM *d' lajrctrd liitnmiMeuUrlr Into the peetonU immW T d*v W*e deoth. uf industrial waste* into these waters and from loo*) rhHmil. |r Body oonoontraiiona of 40 p.p.tn. of p.p' DDE sigoili- Tlx1 prem'iiQe of PCB in tlu> few land birds end fresh cantly incroascd tho mUi of oeetradiol dogradutiuii bv water fteh analysna indioates that it is also distributed the induoed enayiiH*a in tho experiinontM cundttkm. Among continental )eouayatema in North America. IVre- On a weight baste tho PCB preparation had an onstrodiol grinc* could therjifijiro ac(|uire 1*CB, aa well as the other degrading potential approximately five times that of chlorinated hydivoarbona, over ell thoir globe! range. p.p'-DDE or technical DDT. Both DDK and PCB. No PCB residue Halt* are availablo for prey speoies from which are apparently tho most abundant of the chlorinated the Atlantic, but |eompounds which seem to be PCB hydrocarbon pollutants in the global rooeyctern, ltavi> have Iwon i*oletrd from seal**'. A scoond year male therefore the oapacity to produoe subietlie! phiniolngical neregriua spent tW winter of 18C7-68 on Isla Paoheoa, effi'Cta in birds. ` Paimtna, whero tho polioan, hoohy and frig*te.bird egga of Studies on tiie activity of induoed eucyiocs in the rut Table 9 wero oollocted. The Coo|>er'p hawk which was at various timos after a single injection of DDT ><r Analysed, a spook* which also pmya upon birds, oontained dioldrin have been mado by Ohacal sf f.". He found high roaiduoa of bot'h DDT and PCB (Tabic 9). Cooper's that it took 70 days for the activity to fall to half its tiaw-ks have deeljitAd in eastern North Ameriea end in maximum value in the oaee of DDT and 16 days in th* shiv region* have produoed thin-shelled eggs' ooee of dioldrin. Exporimente with diddrin on pigeon* hqhs 083901 1 CONt ..A .... 0> J A ' APC a La.PI a___ ____ rtf. I. CfcmaaatMrapta1 aepnraUoi at watradlolnfi Ita ateitboIHra. Tto law paak la anatlfrad eaaUadlat. o (jujirier of Im>w that only maximum Mtivity rrmninn these induOrd wtsyinhs 0*0 pcraint over long period of tint* Although mo^e, studio* ono needed U> determine the steroid degrading potential* of liver* of thoee spade* oonMHoinfttod with chlorinated hydrooerbons. The profit* rf tho metabblites should bo oomo indiootkm of tho history of Okpojni * to chlorinated hydroe*rbona. Tho reductions [ir oggniirli thicknom and eggshell weight inercaao the oIuuioiim of ecg bninkngn,**w, ami uittor retention, whirl) afli'Ct* ImUtbiiig *uro<fv*#-n, miglit bo imiNuroa. TI>o cnviroiumxit in whioh binin ot>w exial ia Uicrvfojre'iio longor tho oomo a* that in whioh they evolved i it w unlikely that any opeeaee haa tho genetio oonaoity to moot tho ookotion pro--urea moulting from tho Abrupt onvirpnmontoi change whioh ha produoea the thin oggeholU.: The porogrine faloon io a apaoiea long highly rovtroq and roepootod. 0. H. Thayer41 haa de*oribed it to "the Embodiment of noble rapaoity and lonely freedom". An irony therefore eaurW m the feet that the pereginne nUy he the fint ipeoiei to bo oxtirpatod by globol muminkm. Thin work whh MM|*|wtrlt*l by llir t'K Niiiioiml Si-kimm I)m> Ibinwit iif Mjxirl itmi WtMhftt mill fhi' UN PuliMo lli-nllli N*rvjri`. run> -f>1 >!; wm itpllinl by tlu> J''n<l*Tnl l)rug AiIimiiukI ration, mill mtinplc* of 'Aniolor' by tho Mnuwmto I.Vimitiil < 'niM|>Miiy, Itoclml AiunM M; rrvl**) Hnvrmhri |4, IMA. 'Itib-UfTr. II. A.. A'alwrr.flt. IMOMTj. m- kr,. j. J,, ntH Anilnmon. I. W,, AV|~,IM. t7| (tMNj. HK iifiHiAii, H. W., Ml t'Vniril fiilMl, Fifl AwW'i C*/rn^ m 7Vwr<lo M*> pmw, IMA). ` K., CalriwM < fltprainttir* iRiInM.I, York, rtlmklm. X.. flirt, flrr , M. lit (tMl). 1 nvffl, nml lirnoil. J., Clt &*. flirt.. (*(. }M. MW < HMD. Kv.t, I*., unit FftlW. T- A.. A**t. II* . M. >77 f|KH). Hurt, F., II., AtfentMwk, H . Iirptornky, A., Ktatia, B. W. F,, HalaC*. J. ., ami Johnaon. 0. K. J. flirt, Crtm.. M. ITB(lr>). Wi-lrti, X. M.* Irvta, W.. ami Cant**, A- >1.. CArmfMf frthm, !'*< ttnfkftttr CW*M a* Tatu.flr (in (hi ***>. '* Hart. I.. 0.. VhulOea. It. W., and Font*, I. fmkrt. Aart- !%ar+atrt* . tn ami. " Hmt, I*. 0., and fuata. J. K,, AfamuraStkmlad^tore'i A*k. tap, Pa/k rhaimakrt .Hfl, M ()M). Conner. A. Kj. Wateh. X. M., Kaatmaa, X.. IM lam, J. 2., CNa narmatrt. i t (IBM), 'Chaney. A. It . fttorMni. Xm.,1*. IT <|M7>. " XnpAir. 0.. Bwtfaa Sea., it. II (IM7>. * Orrbnth, 0., and Behwaba, V., And. tap. FMW. flkanmkrt., Ml M (IM4). fehmto. V.. 4rm*<m* Store*., 14. IBM 0M4). Paakall. X. X.. jrafMM.m. Wd (IMT). Dm pnaa). '` ' BIlniMi, i., Oaall, n. 0., narrM, . and FtM. 0. trfmar. M*. I <t**V lUtr.HITe, D. A.. /Mil. XMi.'U, M lUlellfk-, D. A-. Ihrrt Wd. 1*. M <1M9). |U(elll1V, D. A.. M Stair, IB. M/JMS). * fUtPHITt, D. A.. Bird Wad*. 14, M UM7. Btrlu ' Tktir tirtan fid Bata (DalTtmHjr at Wweamlfl maa. Ia Um prmf. - Xaabr. T. U. Oamiar,. Ui (1M0). **0ada, T. I..Tr*hi. C.'n.. aed Haaft.').*X./CMdw.'Tl'lt* (1MB). * SBdaraoN, t. W.. and Xcrrr/MD.jCMdWinftdB<IMB). * lewn. t.. Jtarn tri., ttfllt (IBM). WMmark. 0.. J- AmtfOg. Anal. CtoM.XM.hOBB ()M7). ' HaIam^. I), fMmimmi, 2. II., aad Talta*. I. 0*0.. A'efm', ltd. Iff (IM7). M Xrm. t., TWvnvar.'A., and IVtkmaa. H.. Ball, gaatraa. Cart. Tfttrt., >71 (IM7). * WhlU, C. M.. AHi. M. 17# (IBM). < iaferMa, D. 2., and rraaU. 1.. Bril. Birda, If. B (IBM). * Aldrt^^DMdriii, ladria (A BUIw flaparl) (Tha Bkalt CBnafraf Caafte, - X(arbrail|k, X. W., nao*). X. J.. OrURB, i. and teuton. XJD, iirtma ua. tala nafil. * TWA. BnB. BtoBM (Monaaato ChriMeal CaeiMar). Hotdaa. A. Mid Maiadae. X . Balwa.ttt. 1X74 (IMT). '^isJ^iSsSCI^VM - ""* ' iw. k. x.. m. imhm. t. j. ni.--i, n. ni (iMn. HwtawJW. w.. /. nt Vmmmnl. U. M nttil. TkMM. utm .fUIfn. I (in i ir, nt % . I<iru>' its Ilf rm.ni fr* IHH |i cnli-uli Mnr* Mi> a) |<IHH 1 bm.t n * i-\.! r `sr.du t),. r l'll< Htl pt'Hum km mi tlM> rm of slier into i th* ft... rbiintetM lire crvo Ke i rigid ha rolatrd motioM nngap wavox (toast Xadtoa* s Otow r*a* Mountfif Tha w invraoid I lively (ar. Van Don polar eoe Tsunamis on the Moon ? tantauBf fby ir W. C. VAN DORN ' IcrlpM iMUwttori at OcMnofraphy, UalvBnitr of CahfornlA.1 Son Onto. CbMotaIb T Tht tptdng of the flv xniuilir mounuin rings ground Mire Orlcntile fia t dltperilon curve for grovltjr wbvbi on t 50 km "hquld" liftr overlying t rigid bxstmtnt. . Thx queotion wheU,)ei th* multiplo ringdike mountain truotur** Burroundiitg moot of tho lunar orator* larger then 1X0 milae in d(|B> *ter might be "froaen Munamia''. *et in motion by ty hoek wave# eauead by impooting I Slanetceimala, waa first brought to roy attention by .. B. Baldwin (personal oommunioaUon). Baldvia Ciinte out that in several eaeea (ineluding tlie 0m are Imbrium) two or more ring* ean b* mad* ml whero J)t transform length,iai_ The giau; Dumber b MONS 083902