Document GKz2MmMbZ9LbvjDqrzzanbrZq

Rummer 1959., POWEWFAX ... MisM by Eiliolt Company- inn 1923. ` . T-. -*. . - 4; fej? **. y. v Diitfibotod qporlfV N* or* Hion 30.000 j :.*-> *<&*'**. **** V;'*T` J cvsioaivn and friwids In powar plants ; - . ] fr-r** V *' ****'& #/*'-/ ;* .*! ; * j .; ond indutfri** using Elliott mechanical . V ' I " ' V \ ' ' ' - " '' 4 . and ladrUul guipmsnf. Son back cover. * ' *' * *7F Vv?w**,3py;-. t Editor C W. Kblbfitt. . ' -- f? ' V ' *: ' -'- 'V i - Copyright 1959 v, .j Mott Company, Jeannette, 9a. % . j SULFURIC ACID OUTRANKS COPPER IN COPPER V ALLEY (Tcnnane Copf*w Company) 3 BCG SILVERY GASOLINE PLANT (Runnels On* Product* Corporation) ft VACUUM EQUIPMENT SERVES SINCLAIR CRUDE UNIT 10 TURBOCHARGERS ON VERTICAL RADIAL GAS ENGINES AT POINT COMFORT THE WAY TO SEAL OFF TUBES 14 UNFOUUNG HEAT EXCHANGER TUBES 14 ELLIOTT EJECTORS HELP PUT EDIBLE OILS ON YOUR TABLE (Anderson. Clay loo A Co. Foods Division) 14 BLOWERS FORCE AIR THROUGH LEAD BLAST FURNACES 20 NITROGEN GOES SOUTHERN (Southern Nitrogen Company. Savannah. Georgia) 21 COMPUTERS TAKE OVER 24 MOTORS SERVE STEEL MILL MODERNIZATION PROGRAM (Connors Sled Division. H. K. Porter Company. Inc.) 2? 20 YEARS OF TURBINE-GENERATOR IMPROVEMENTS (McPherson, Kansas) 28 BRAZILIAN DJESEL GENERATING PLANT OPERATES IN SILENCE 30 CUBAN POWER PLANT (Diesel Generators) 30 POWERCRAX 31 12 1 DISCUSSING MOTOR DESIGN Esso Mews, published by the Baton Rouge Refinery of Esso Standard Oil Company, recently ran a photograph show ing C. F. McGinnis, assistant sales man ager of Elliott Company's Ridgway plant, and G. C. Bayhts, New Orleans district manager, talking before a group of Esso men. The discussion covered recent ad vances in the design and manufacture of large motors. The audience included a group of employees from the mechanical engineering and purchasing departments. THE OIL SHOW The International Petroleum Exposition. tlie"World's Fair of the Oil Industry,*' Look over in Tulsa from May I t to 23. Elliott Company has exhibited at this show prac tically since it started buck in the20's. Fea tured this year was a 100-hp.900-rpm. 2300volt dripproof motor with top end bell, air baffle, and two louvers removed, on water torture test, demonstrating the effec tiveness of Fabri-Senl insulation. Other equipment on display--the latest NEMA rerate explosion-proof motor, tube cleaners, expanders and control, tube accessories, a model of power-recovery gas turbine. A MEDALLION FOR McCLURE At the Presidents' Luncheon of the Natural Gasoline As sociation of America, in convention at Dallas. Texas, April 23, J. N. McClure, Elliott Company Tulsa district man ager for many years, was presented a me dallion in recognition of his services as past president of the Natural Gasoline Supply Men's Association. He was one of three who were thus highly honored. The chairman of the meeting, eulogizing Mr. McClure, said. "This man was born in Norcross, Georgia, and received his engi neering education in the deep Smith. On graduation in 1923, he went to work for the company for whom he still works to day, 36 years later . . . With an exterior which leaves the impression that Iks is hard and tough, and with a vocabulary that is pure sulphur, he is really as generous and soft as an old lady. He has the instincts and ethics of a southern gentleman while trying to make you think he is a typical ramblin' wreck from Georgia Tech. As far as we are concerned, he is the Elliott Com pany. J. N. `Mac' McClure." STRAINERS FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON Theleading article in the Spring Potcerfax hooked-up the phenomenal growth of Southern California Edison Company's power plants with their use of Elliott dea erating heaters and evaporator feed pre heaters. A paragraph at the end of the article mentioned their use of Elliott motors. Our Accessories Department re minds us that Southern California plants also make use of the protection afforded by 88 Elliott strainers. These are divided roughly into 32 single strainers, sizes 2 to 12 in.. 26 twin water strainers, sizes 6 to 20 in., 23 twin oil strainers, sizes 1}^ to 8 in., and seven self-cleaning strainers, sizes \ to 12 in. POWER RECOVERY GAS TURBINES FOR FLUIO BED PROCESSES This was the subject of an article by J. C. Dygert. of Shell Development Com pany, Emeryville, California, which wa? published in Oil and (las- Journal, issue ol April 20, 1959. This very complete artich extended over six and a third pages, ant was illustrated by five photograplis am six line drawings which included a schc malic of the test stand, the hook-up of th power recovery turbine-compressor am low-pressure CO-burning steam boilei The article referred to tests made b Elliott Company in 1950, and to the fac that Elliott equipment was furnished ft the exhaustive test described. Reprints ( Mr. Dygert's paper are available. FONDRK AGAIN V. V. Fondrk, division engineer. pi'cc engineering, won a prize in a contest ducted by Chemical Engineering with paper entitled, "Add a Jet to Raise Co* pressor Pressure." Illustrated by a hook* diagram and a chart, it tells how ft ste* jet ejector may be used temporarily occasionally for operating a rotating bp* pressor above design pressure. Jjg 2 POWER FAX. 5UMMOtj4 SULFURIC ACID OUTRANKS COPPER IN COPPER VALLEY In the extreme southeastern corner of Tennessee is a famous mining district, embracing an area of about 100 square miles, known as Copper Basin. Actually, the region extends into North Carolina and Georgia. It is completely encircled by ranges of the southern Appalachian Mountains. In contrast to the tree-covered mountains in the distance, the Basin presents a desolate appearance with barren eroded earth, few trees, no flowers. It has been called "Tennessee's wealthy wasteland". The reason goes back to the copper which was dis covered here in 1843, and the copper mining and crude smelting which flourished wastefully for the next 50 years. The early operators exploited the area unbelievably. They were only interested in the copper content of the ore (about one percent). The sulfur was only an impurity. So they cut down the trees in the Basin and used them for fuel in crude smelting operations. The sulfur was wasted in the form of gases that billowed over the Basin, preventing the growth of new trees and shrubs. The heavy rainfall Aerial view of acid area at Tennessee Copper Company's Copperhill plant. WOWERF&X. SUMMER 1939 of the area (about 60 in. per year) carried the topsoil and the shaly subsoil from the denuded hills. By 1900 the damage was complete and the gullies grew deeper every year. Tennessee Copper Company came upon the scene in 1899 and took steps to stop the wasteful open roast era. By 1908, the company's engineers and chemists had devised ways of trapping the sulfur dioxide smoke. Now the only mining and manu facturing industry operating in the Basin, the Tennessee Copper Company is widely known for its modern technical processes. The Copper Basin has ore enough for countless years of operation, and under the enlightened policies of Tennessee Copper 3 Th r I'IImjIt motor-driven centrifugal compressor at No. 3 acid plant is rat'd 39.IMH) rfm amJ ia driven l>y a TOtr-lip. 3taO*r|Mii motor: <tjw-ratiir is shown turning the handwheel to adjusl the position if inlet guide vanes. T his is the Elliott motor-driven single stage centrifugal compressor which was installed in the No. 1 acid plant in Isabella in 1930--the first contact acid plant built in the Copper Basin. Since that time, six more similar Elliott units have gone into service in the sulfuric acid plants of Tennessee Copper. Shown in photo H. X. Gridin, general foreman of Isabella acid piHnL Company, which has planted millions of trees, along with Kudzu vines and grasses, the valley's vegetation will certainly come back again, correct ing the wasteful mistake which ruined the Basin for several decades. The industrial property of TCC includes four operating mines, a flotation installation, a copper smelter, roasters, sintering plants, acid plants, a railroad, laboratories, two retail merchandise stores, an employee hotel, and 260 employee resi dences. The Company employs about 2000 persons, and turns out a variety of metallurgical and chemical products. Today, ore bodies with no commercial value 30 years ago are being mined. From the ore is produced copper, copper sulfate, iron sinter, sul furic acids, fungicides, zinc concentrate, slag, flue dust, liquid sulfur dioxide, sodium hydrosulfite, and organic chemicals. Despite all the references to copper in the names still common in the area, sulfuric acid--not copper --is the big money-maker today, in the Tennessee Copper's widespread Basin operations. Sulfuric acid is made at the Copperhill and Isabella acid plants from gases captured during the smelting, roasting, and sintering processes. It is industry's most important chemical, being necessary to the manufacture of fertilizers, iron and steel, petroleum products, textiles, auto mobile batteries, and hundreds of other articles for everyday living. One of the largest consumers is tiie Tennessee Corporation, which uses it principally in the acidulaliou of phosphate rock to produce fertilizers. Thus, the acid now goes to enrich the land, rather than to impoverish it. It is interesting to observe the parallel between the rise in American prosperity since 1900, and the growth in the nation's use of sulfuric acid. In 1900, the entire sulfuric production in the United States was about one million tons. Just before World War II. it had risen to about five million tons. But from the war until the end of 1957, the latest year for which official national figures are available, the production chart line rises nearly vertically and 1957 United States output was over 16 million tons of sulfuric, as measured in terms of 100 percent-strength acid. There are two kinds of plants making sulfuric acid. The lead chamber plant produces acid of about 78 percent strength, whereas, the contact plants produce acid of strength ranging from 78 percent to the oleums, or fuming acids, which are 100 percent acid with additional amounts of sulfur trioxide gas dissolved in tiie acid. Since the trend is to high-strength acid, recent increases in pro duction capacity at Tennessee Copper have been in the form of new contact plants. This Elliott centrifugal compn . rated 24,500 cfm at 2.7 psig i . sure rise, and driven by a'500 motor, was installed at the Cop1 hill plant in 1941 and was m yjto Isabella in 1947- Th. pressor pulls sulfur dioxide' through the roasters and dea system into the add plant," $ pushes.the'gas';through the' .4-hve.rteia and the ab5s. orbiiTngv,tto-wt >VtTbevEl]k>tt cootor-driven .stagecentrifugalcompressors at far right was' installed"in* ' Copperhill acid plant in 19421 - then moved to Isabella in 19 Vn Elliott 16-in. twin strainer removes foreign matter from river water liefnre it is pumped over troinisme ty|ie sulfuric acid coolers in tiie contact proo*ss. Tiie strainers prevent dogging of distribution pans. An Elliott 430-hp synchronous motor drives a Hardinge Tricone ball mill. Treating 2130 tons of ore per day, the ball mill turns at 15 rpm. It reduces the size of Uie ore to 55 percent minus 200 mesh. The pulp-like material from this mill goes into the flotation process. Differential Dotation produces Tour concentrates--copper sullide. iron sulfide, magnetic iron, and zinc sulfide. TCC's chamber plant (32 lead chambers) is said to be the largest of its kind in the world. In 1949, production of liquid sulfur dioxide in a new plant was started. This product is made by compressing pure sulfur dioxide gas. It is shipped by tank truck, railroad tank cars, drums, and cylinders of various sizes. Iron sinter is in second place as a revenue pro ducer pushing copper--once the basic commodity --down to third place in importance. The first Elliott centrifugal compressor for sul furic acid plant service went to the Ducktown Chemical and Iron Company, Isabella, Tennessee. This eompa ny was purchased by Tennessee Copper in 1936. The compressor mentioned wen', into service in 1931, and there was an article on the installation in the Winter 1932 Powerfax issue. Because of very satisfactory performance, three more of these Elliott single-stage open-impeller type centrifugal compressors were installed when a large contact sulfuric acid plant was built at Coppcrhill in 1942. A few years later, two larger compressors were purchased, and in 1957 a larger unit, making a total of seven centrifugal com pressors which have been installed here since 1931. Our pictures show many of these single-stage centrifugal compressors. One picture shows some very old multi-stage units which were installed about 1918. It will be noted that the baseplate reads "Ridgway Dynamo and Engine Company, Ridgway, Pa." This Ridgway company was taken over by Elliott Company in 1926. Centrifugal com pressors had been manufactured at Ridgway since about 1910, and many had been used in copper and nickel converter service. Other pictures show a big Elliott synchronous motor driving a ball mill and a 16-inch strainer in a water line to acid coolers. This Elliott unit was installed in 1957 in the liquid sulfur dioxide plant at Copperhill. It pulls sulfur dioxide gas into the plant and then pumps the gas through an absorbing tower which extracts liquid sulfur dioxide from the gas stream. The compressor is rated 7840 inlet cfm and is driven at 6230 rpm through gears by the Elliott C-W 150-hp motor operating at 1770 rpm. Since this compressor handles wet sulfur dioxide it is made of duramet. --> Gasoline Naphtha Kerosene Vacuum Tower o x> 3 I Residual (reduced crude) Asphalt Q\ i -- Hot Well - Condensables J1 Diagram showing relation of atmospheric ami vacuum towers and schematic arrangement of condenser and ejector equipment. The recently-installed crude .y distillation unit at Sinclair's Marcus Hook refinery includes the tall atmospheric distillation tower and the vacuum tower, at right, which is served by the Elliott condenser and ejector equipment shown in other photographs and further explained by the line ' diagram. The equipment is locatedJ on a platform at right center. 10 row tarax. summ**3 Am A/i.rA S/l*C* /Atr&3COOLA rufUSOCMA&CEA This plan view shows location of the two turbochargers on a unit. View in basement looking upward at a turbocharger on one engine, with turbocharger and inte--cooler for adjacent engine in the back ground. The centerline between the two engines lies between the two discharge elbows leading to the intercoolers. A stainless steel expansion joint is used at the tur bine inlet and a corrugated rub ber expansion joint between the compressor outlet and intercooler. Two turbochargers for each engine were selected because they made possible short streamlined piping and delivered air into the two normal inlet manifold openings in the engine sub-base. On the first attempt to start a turbocharged engine, smoke appeared at the turbocharger air inlets and the rotors did not turn. It was im mediately realized that the net energy available was too feeble to start the rotor turning, but it was felt that if once started the turbochargers would sustain themselves. The turbocharger air assist system finally worked out is shown in a diagram below. Air is obtained from two sources. The plant supply system at90psi is reduced to 40 psi and is carried in a central head er running the length of the building. A second supply comes from a motor-driven centrifugal compressor. This supply is sufficient for all 22 engines at no-load condition, as when starting the po werhouse or during a potline interruption. The compressor control is arranged so that it will automatically come into service whenever the MAN/rOLD Ptusssune-f ZHO/D VALVE Showing the turbocharger air assist system. The control admits air to jets when scavenge pressure is below set point. It admits full assist air to jets during load in crease when gas pressure is high relative to the scavenge pressure. POWERFAX. SUMMER 1939 AtA 30*>Gt A&sssr 13 current breaker is open: approximately 5 to 10 seconds are required to bring this compressor up to speed and in a position to supply air. The inertia of turbochargers and engines is sufficient to allow engines to ride through this start-up period. Automatic valves in the air assist system are arranged so that a greater than normal speed is developed in the turbochargers while idling at no load, thus enabling engines to readily pick up load when the potline circuit breaker is re-closed. As the load on each engine increases and the scaveng ing manifold pressure increases, the system auto matically reduces the air assist jet pressure so that the mixture in the engines does not become too lean. Thus, the operation of the air assist system is completely automatic when the entire power house load is reduced to idling and also when it is again raised to normal full load. The constant pressure turbocharging system, as applied to the Point Comfort engines, demon strates that loop scavenged engines can be success fully turbocharged by designing the supercharged conditions to give equal effective fuel-air ratio within the cylinder to that obtained under satis factory non-supercharged conditions. HERE'S THE WAY TO SEAL. OFF TUBES I he Elliott two-piece tube plug is becoming more and more popular as an easy and effective method of sealing-off leaky condenser and heat exchanger tubes without damage to the tube sheets. Some refineries order them in quantities of 1000 or more. The advantages of this two-piece plug are obvious. The ring is cylindrical on the outside but bored with a slight taper, the same as the pin. This construction gives even expansion to the ring and long contact to the seal. Above all, it prevents bell-mouthing of the tube sheet. Both pin and ring are available in a choice of materials and to fit various tube sizes. As shown by the pictures, the ring is first placed in the tube end. Then the tapered pin is inserted. A few sharp blows with a hammer make a tight seal. The plug is not hard to remove. 14 REFINING VACUUM BLEACHING ELLIOTT EJECTORS HELP PUT EDIBLE Ol The pens of historians record lhat ail ancient cottonseed oil mill, located in what i< now Persian Asia, furnished food for the armies of Alexander the Great. Future writer; will relate that 2300 years later American technology took up the thread of this ider and laid the groundwork for a giant of industry that helps provide the earth's two anc one-half billion with those essential elements of diet--fats and oils. The edible oil industry produces essential food products such as shortening, marga rine, and salad oil. Annual consumption in the United States alone exceeds 3,000,000,00( lb, or a per-capita average approximating 20 lb per year. Edible oil foods got their commercial impetus with the development of the process ol hydrogenation, by which liquid oils are converted into solid fat by adding hydrogen ir the presence of a catalyst. Cottonseed obtained from cotton which Columbus found ir America, and the soybean, with its origin in an Asiatic legume, are the principal sources of raw materials for the industry. Numerous vegetable oils, such as peanut, sesame, palm and coconut, are available in lesser quantities. FILTER PRESS jJBSWfflfv, Pin W|gM: H HYDROGENATION CATALYST NATURAL GAS FULLER S EARTH S- ILL ON YOUR TABLE The diagram, extending across these pages and ooer to page 18. shows the manufacture of shortening and margarine. As indicated, steam jet ejectors serve in vacuum bleaching and deodorizing (next page). Oil arriving in tank cars is first treated with an alkali to neutralize any undesirable natural acids, which are removed in the form of soap. Color of oil is then lightened by contact toith fuller's earth. Vacuum bleaching follows, after which hydrogenation changes the liquid oil to a semi-solid. Deodorizing is the final step before packaging. Both margarine and shorten ing are quickly chilled with refrigerating devices and then packaged. Margarine is at least 80 percent fat and about 20 percent milk solids, salt and other ingredients. Shortening is actually 100 percent fat. rz_____J FUEL GAS FILTER PRESS I /> v_ ^ ' "7 sL- * / `J J - v C v -t J i :!*' 'j * \ | CATALYST Aerial views of Anderson. Clayton & Co. Foods Division plants are shown below. At left is the older enlarged plant in Sherman. Texas and at right the new facility at Jacksonville, Illinois. DEODORIZATION VTHERM STEAM SHORLTCEiN.INUGMAVOWT*ATORa*> Here are three Elliott three-stage ejectors serving deodorizers. Two of the first or booster stage ejectors are seen under the I-beams at the bottom of the picture. They discharge to large barometric intercondensers which are served by two-stage ejectors. The second- and third-stage ejectors are easily seen in the first two units. Photo from Jacksonville, Illinois plant. jMARGARINE VOTATOR | / AMMONIA REFRIGERATION Mrs. Tucker's Products, one of the pioneer American companies engaged in the manufacture and distribution of edible oil food products, was merged in 1952 with Anderson, Clayton & Co., itself one of the world's largest cotton tirms. The Food Division now handles the processing of fats and oils in the original Mrs. Tucker's plant at Sherman, Texas, and in new facilities in Jackson ville, Illinois. Mrs. Tucker's name and the trade mark picture of a kindly old lady are well-known, particularly in the southwest and midwest. Production of cooking oil. manufactured by the time-worn batch "kettle" method, commenced in 1913, at Sherman, Texas, with a capacity of one tank car of oil per day. Twenty-one years later, one of the first centrifugal refining units in the southern vegetable oil industry was installed. Soon, initial units of a hydrogen gas plant and a hardening plant were completed, eliminating the need of supplements from other manufacturers. The following years saw the addition of a con tinuous vacuum deodorizationsystcm, aeon linuous soda ash refining system, and the continuous vacuum bleaching system. The original factory at Sherman has been enlarged many times. It is equipped with modern machinery, laboratories, and technical stafT. A completely new and modem factory has recently been constructed at Jacksonville, Illinois. The modern plant for processing edible vegetable oils into food products is a complex one. The start ing raw materials may be cottonseed, soybean, peanut oil. or any combination of these three. Whatever the oil, it must be subjected, as a raw material, to a number of treatments before it can be considered a finished product or made into a finished product. Any one of a variety of products may be made from each type of treated oil. Manufacturing operations begin with crude vegetable oils as received from the cottonseed and soybean crushing mills. First, these oils arc refined and passed through bleaching, hydrogenation, and deodorization processes, concluding with the packaging of products in cartons, cans, Pa,} and/or drums for shipment to the markets. ' '' The deodorization process has become increas- | ingly important as consumers demand more and more quality refinements in the products they buy^ One reason for the deodorizing of vegetable oilsi that people are generally unfamiliar with tjV natural odors and flavors of oils. Raw cotton ^ oil, at least, has a strong unpleasant flavor, an<Ti must be processed for flavor removal before itj' considered edible in this country. Not only^ odor and flavor important, but the proble complicated in that different materials bearii flavors and odors depending upon the state^ 18 POWERFAX. UM*I J. he turbine room of the public utility station of McPherson, Kansas, shown here, constitutes a comment on improvements in turbine-generator design and appearance over the past 20 years or more. The Four Elliott turbine-generator units were installed as follows: The 3000-kw turbinegenerator unit in the foreground was installed in 1934. In the background is a 5000-kw unit which went into service in 1939. Next from the rear is a 7500-kw unit installed in 1947, and the largest unit, second front in the photograph, is the latest 7500/10,000-kw turbine-generator unit which has been serving since 1955. Over the years many significant design and structural changes have been made. The trend is toward improved appearance, enclosing the units in sheet steel to give a streamlined appearance, covering-up governor valves and exciters. The four units progressively become better looking. The latest generator has side-mounted coolers, with removable covers over the cooler waterboxes, which are sealed into the frame with neo prene diaphragms. The split water-boxes on the air coolers of the latest installation permit accessibility for replacement of tubes. To facilitate accessibility to generator windings on the two latest generators, end brackets are split horizontally and are removable. An inner baffle, adjacent to the fan, is removed after the outer bracket is taken away, and the ends of stator winding are then fully exposed at either end of the machine. The exciter enclosure features full visibility of collector rings and commutator, with lights inside the exciter enclosure. The enclosure itself can be emoved quickly. Ventilation is maintained by a ihaft-mounted fan. It is not necessary to have the collector rings /entilated from the room, hence no louvers or ipenings are provided in the exciter enclosure for his purpose. Radial holes on one side of each ring irculate cooling air past rings and brushes. Cooi ng air inside the collector enclosure cornes in conact with large surfaces on the generator housing, nd with the aluminum covers over the exciter. Turbine valve gear and oil piping, which were xposed in the original unit, were partly enclosed n the second, and completely enclosed and .reamlined in the last two units. The governing systems show marked improvelent. The original two machines utilized large eights and heavy governing springs. The third lit employed a servo-motor connected to a valve aerating cam shaft with each valve being opered by its own cam. Valve closing was obtained i preloaded compression springs. In the latest lit, the speed changer acts on linkage instead of ,e governor rotating element, giving improved performance. The governor is considerably smaller, using lighter governor weights and governor spring, a major reduction in centrifugal force resulting. Governor weights are pivoted on torsion neoprene bushings and are connected to a rotating pilot so that friction is virtually eliminated in the basic speed sensing assembly. The governor admits a full range of control signal with a change in posi tion of less than .010 in. vertical motion of the ro tating pilot. The hydraulic signal, amplified at the valve servo-motor, is transferred to mechanical motion for positioning the admission valves. A change in bearing design concept over the years is noted. In the first machine, the bearing length is greater than the bearing diameter. The second machine used a "square" bearing, where length and diameter are equal. The third unit used a liner type bearing design at the steam end position, permitting easier bearing replacement. In the latest machine, liner type bearings have the additional improvement of a cooled sleeve at the steam-end bearing position which circulates oil beneath the journal surface for additional cooling effect. By utilizing a three-bearing construction, the over-all length of the latest unit was decreased; one large bearing in the turbine exhaust end sup ports the dow'nstream position of the turbine shaft and the inboard end of the generator rotor. Shaft packing has changed from axial-type labyrinth seals to radial labyrinth seals with spring-backed packing at the main packing cases to allow seal strip push-back in case of contact. The gradual change has been from semi-labyrinth, labyrinth and carbon rings, to 100 percent laby rinth construction, giving maximum reliability. The increase in unit sizes dictated larger oil systems with the tanks ranging from a minimum of 275-gal to an 800-gal capacity for the largest machine. The first machines used gear-type pumps driven through worm and wheel in the main tur bine shaft, the latest machine a centrifugal pump mounted on the turbine shaft. The turbine shaft sealing systems were first manually controlled, then became a combination of manual and automatic; the last machine is fully automatically controlled with an Elliott-built double-purpose valve which controls the admission of sealing steam at start-up, automatically shuts off the sealing steam and controls the leak-off flow from the steam end under load conditions. Couplings for the first three units are of flexible design, whereas, the latest three-bearing unit utilizes an integrally forged solid coupling, elimi nating wear and replacement problems. The first two machines used all soft packing for valve stem sealing and the last two machines used nitrided labyrinth rings, plus a short outer section of soft packing for improved operation. JWERFAX. SUMMER ISSS