Document GKgDx25EMv9bVw0YJ4vm6y5Mv

Thv Vinyl Institute v August 26, 1986 TOs The Vinyl Institute Health, Safety, & Environment Committee RE: Items; For your information and files. For your information and/or comments, I have enclosed an article prepared by Frank Fire of Americhem on "Vinyl Chloride" that appeared in the August 1986 edition of Fire Engineering magazine. Also enclosed is a series of items courtesy of John Barr that may be of interest. As John notes, they are "all bad news". Jlr^u^dtcluibkJ^LcM' MNS/pmb enclosures RECEIVED .hiVILNTAL AFFAIRS . -1 TO: WBB___ LJ ____ TH ___ SRW____ CRS A Division of THE SOCIETY OF THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY, INC. WAYNE INTERCHANGE PLAZA II 155 Route 46 West, WAYNE, NJ. 07470 (201)890-9299 BOR 012559 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Lhemical Data Notebook Series: Vinyl Chloride BY FRANK L. FIRE inyl chloride, a colorless flam chemicals besides PVC, and can be include 1-chlorothylene, chlor- Vmable gas that is always used as a refrigerant and solvent. shipped in its easily liquified Vinyl chloride has a very pleas state, is primarily used in the polyant, sweet odor. It is just slightly oethylene, monovinyl chloride, chloroethene, chlorethene, monochloroethylene, vinyl C mono merization of polyvinyl chloride less dense than water, having a mer, VC, VCL, MVC, and ethylene (PVC), the second highest volume specific gravity of 0.92, and only monochloride. plastic in the United States (poly ethylene is the largest volume of plastic). slightly soluble in water, which means that it will float on water. The molecular weight of vinyl HAZARDS Personal PROPERTIES AND APPEARANCE chloride is 62.5, which makes the VCM is not corrosive, but since it is vapor density of the gas 2.16 (62.5 shipped as a liquid (whose boiling Vinyl chloride is the monomer of divided by 29, the average molecu point is 7.2F), it will be very cold PVC, which adds another hazard lar weight of air). The implication and may cause frostbite. Short to this chemical's already flamma of a vapor density of 2.16 is that term exposure to high concen ble nature. Monomers are short- any escaping gas will "hang to trates of vinyl chloride (2.5% in air, chained molecules that have the gether'' and flow along the or 25,000 ppm) can cause dizziness, unique capability of reacting with ground, seeking low spots. Since nausea, headache, dulling of the themselves to form polymers. the gas is flammable, it may find senses, unconsciousness, and IThis chemical reaction, called po- wmerization, liberates tremenQous quantities of heat. If the po an ignition source (VCM's ignition temperature is 882F) and flash back to the source of the vapor. eventually death. There have been reports of people being ex posed to 5,000 ppm over several lymerization gets out of control, or VCM's flammable range is from hours without suffering any ob if vinyl chloride, also known as vi 3.6% to 33% in air. servable harmful effects. How nyl chloride monomer or VCM, is exposed to excessive energy in the IDENTIFICATION ever, VCM is a carcinogen, and re peated exposures to these lower form of heat or sunlight, a situa Vinyl chloride's UN (United Na concentrations over long periods tion called runaway polymeriza tions) designation is 1086, itsSTCC of time will be very dangerous. tion may occur. Under the proper number (Standard Transportation The TLV (threshold limit value) conditions (if proper is the correct Commodity Code) is 4905792. Its for vinyl chloride is 5 ppm, while word), this reaction will transit to DOT (U.S. Department of Trans OSHA (Occupational Safety and an explosion. There may be some portation) classification is flamma Health Administration) permits debate as to whether the explosion ble gas, and the IMO (Internation only a I ppm TWA (time weighted is a BLEVE (boiling liquid-expand al Maritime Organization) average). Since VCM is so pleasant ing vapor explosion) or a runaway designation is 2.1. Its NFPA (Na smelling, its health hazards may polymerization explosion, but the tional Fire Protection Association) be easily overlooked. results will be the same--disaster! 704 numbers are 2-4-1. Its CAS Vinyl chloride, whose chemical (Chemical Abstract Series) number PROTECTIVE CLOTHING formula is C2H3CI, and whose is 75014. The emergency responder may structural formula is Vinyl chloride has several syn protect himself from VCM by HH onyms in addition to vinyl chlo wearing protective clothing that is II C=C ride monomer and VCM. These* ol impervious to cold liquids. This will include rubber gloves and II H Cl is stable under "ordinary" condi tions. The double bond, however, FRANK L. FIRE Is the director of marketing tor Amerlchem Inc. In Cuyahoga Falls, OH. Ho Is an Instructor ol hazardous materials Chemistry at the boots, and full faceshields with air tight eye protection. Positive pres sure self-contained breathing ap paratus is always recommended in is reactive, and this is what makes CM so valuable as a monomer. CM has limited use as a raw mate rial in the manufacture of other University ol Akron, as well as an adjunct Instructor ol hazardous materials at the National Fire Acade my. Mr. Fire Is the author ol A COMMON SENSE APPROACH TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, a new book published by Fire Engineering Books. a spill where one may be exposed to vapors. For low amounts of gas (less than 25 ppm) an approved or ganic vapor cartridge respirator FIRE ENGINEERING/August 1986 39 BOR 0 1 2 5 6 0 FIRE FIGHT! BEAT THE WITH PBI? It's better fire protection than Nomex*I In the rush toward i tection, many dec turning to PBI1 Compare them to ] fabrics: Unmatched prot PBI blends wont 1 melt, shrink or I They stay soft and I Unmatched durability... High-strength PBI blends resist tearing, punctures and corrosive effects of fuels, acids and other chemicals. So your gear lasts longer with reduced upkeep. Unmatched comfort...Flexible PBI blends breathe like cotton and absorb moisture to offer un common comfort under even the hottest conditions. Put the advantages of PBI on your side today. For details write or call (704) 554-3667; in NC, 1-800-334-0085. Pbi mates the difference PBI* Marketing Group, Coleneae Corporation P.Q Box: 3! 2414, Charlotte, NC 28232 krfC v I of EJ dnFca* k* tu For More Fact* Clrclo 116 on Roply Card 40 FIRE ENGINEERING/August 1086 (specific for VCM) will provide sufficient protection. HANDLING Even though VCM is stable to most chemicals, it is very reactive with copper and all copper alloys. Han dling an incident involving VCM is one instance where brass tools should not be used. Since the gas is so flammable, you must elimi nate all chances of sparks as igni tion sources. Precaution in an incident in volving VCM would be the same as with any flammable gas that has been liquified. If liquid is leaking, large quantities of vapor will form as the material seeks to return to its natural state. Should the vapor ig nite, the flame should not be extin guished until the flow of gas can be stopped. Above all else, be aware that a BLEVE or runaway polymerization explosion may be imminent if the container has had direct flame im pingement. Even without direct flame impingement, an explosion is possible if the container has been exposed to high heat (radiant heat). The containers should be cooled by unmanned monitors be cause of the threat of explosion. VCM is stabilized for transporta tion (a material such as phenol is added to prevent premature poly merization); however, if this mate rial is volatilized (driven out of the VCM by heat), the polymerization reaction may begin in a violent manner, resulting in an explosion. Where unignited leaking vapors are the problem, the high vapor density of the gas alone will allow the vapors to travel great distances before dissipating, even if there is no appreciable wind. Any turbu lence caused by the application of water, fog, or spray will aid in the early dissipation of vapors, lower ing the chances of the vapors con tacting an ignition source. If fire does occur in a large VCM spill, treat it as any other flamma ble liquid. Since tremendous quantities of carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride may be gener ated, respiratory protection is mandatory. All firefighters realize the hazards of carbon monoxide (CO), but might not be aware of the corrosiveness of hydrogen chloride (HC1). HC1 is very soluble in water, forming hydrochloric acid when it dissolves. You may easily remove the HC1 from the combustion gases downwind by "sweeping" the air with high pres sure fog nozzles, but you must then contain the runoff water, which will be somewhat acidic. Evacuation If it is not possible to use water to disperse the gas and remove HC1 from the vapors, evacuation must . . Glossary BLEVE--Boiling liquid-expanding va por explosion. Double bond--Two covalent bonds between two atoms.; 'I o.I* .. Easily DquMtable gee--A gas with a relatively .high boiling point that can be rea**4d easily by refrigerative." ; .`tiiV -,it >v, .. a.*v Molecule--A chemtcsl gombinabon ot two or more atoms.!,?;,<{ 4, .r> , ..a .oiM? .'V1; i \,n` Monomer--A short , chain molecule capable of combining with Itself to forrn a poty^erp^^ii wps, * -JAtT NFPA 704-rrNattqnal Fire Protection : Association's standard for hazard warning for stationary containers, * w ;,i* i)'<*. In.'. ', Polymer---A very long chain mole cule lopped by hurekeds and thpih sands of, monomer., molecules com bining yrjih themselves. -.' i'-'*, '(, f ; ' 'till' 'tvi'J PotymsrtzaUon-jrThe chemical re action in which monomers combine with themselves |p fopp pofymsr.v. ppm--Parts per mililqp (of air).'1: *..*, . . ; t'-.t.ui -(qiV '.-'i 1 Runaway polymerlzstlon--The al most Instantaneous conversion of monomers to polymers with e great release of heat enprgy.. Under the "right" conditions^: this . Is an explosion. H Specific gravity--The weight of a solid or' liquidjuj coippared to the weight ot an enjatyf^Upe of water. I kH Vapor density--The ratio of the mo* . lecqlar weight of a vapor or gas to the ayeroge molecular weight fair (28k BOR 012561 be carried out downwind for as far as vapors may be detectable. This could be as much as two miles on a relatively calm day. Since VCM is shipped in railcars and tank trucks (and perhaps in smaller containers) evacuation and withdrawal distances will also de pend on the amount of product in volved in the incident. Evacuation distances of one-half mile to a full mile are recommended where tank trucks and railcars are involved. ^n addition to the harmful ef fects of VCM vapor inhalation, evacuation may be necessary be cause of the explosion hazard. All ignition sources must be removed, and any liquid must be prevented from entering waterways. Containment If entry into a waterway occurs, notify users of downstream water ,. n-WV ' * - ^ 'j Patent No 0222 527/0737 357/0235 619/3 823 907/3 667 714/3 204 775 CAN 40334/3 971 591/UK 972 722/3 204 775 WALKAWAY, brackets for a fast get-away EVERYTIME! One thing all Ziamatic WALKAWAY brackets have in common: they make donning your breathing apparatus a quick and easy job everytime. Installed in-house or on fire apparatus, they make it possible to move out in split seconds. . .seconds that can mean the difference be tween life and death. Whether your air cylinders are from Scott, Surviv Air, MSA, or any of the other leading breathing apparatus companies, we've got the WALKAWAY bracket that's right for you. No need to improvise or "make do." Chances are, we've got a model designed specifically for your apparatus. When seconds count... you can count on Zico products For mors Information call or write... '(GO Ziamatic Corp, 10 Weal College Ave,, P.O. Box 337, Yardley. PA 19067 (315) 493-3618 `ZICO* i* a registered trademark for fira safely and marine products madt by Ziamaite Corp For More Facts Clrcls 118 on Reply Card and all agencies charged with pro tection of the environment. If the stream is small, contain ment dikes or dams may be built to hold r divert the contaminated water to another holding area. However, care must be given to maintenance of the structure to prevent unexpected collapse and release of large quantities of con taminated water. Where the amount of liquid VCM entering a stream has been small, absorbing agents, such as ac tivated charcoal and peat moss, may be used to capture dissolved contaminant. Be advised that as spilled liquid enters waterways, the water will be significantly warmer than the VCM, causing evaporation to accelerate. Prevention of contamination in sewers is much simpler because the openings of catch basins and other entryways into the sewer system are easily dammed by soil, sand, or other sorbents. Wherever liquid vinyl chloride monomer is released on land, the material may be contained by building containment dikes of soil, sand, or other sorbents. All con taminated soil will have to be re moved and taken to a qualified landfill. If containment of the spill is called for in a particular incident, one must keep uppermost in mind the fact that an easily liquifiable flammable gas is involved. During the incident, emergency respond ers can become so engrossed in containment techniques that they forget the principal hazard of the spilled material. Remember that as long as the liquid remains exposed to the atmosphere at temperatures above its boiling point, flammable vapors are being produced--va pors that are significantly heavier than air and that have the capabili ty of moving along the ground great distances before contacting an ignition source. Again, in all cases of release of VCM, the proper authorities must be notified. If containment is suc cessful, the manufacturers, ship pers, and consignees of the VCM should be contacted to see if they can help keep the production of vapors down. These people will also prove helpful in recovering any remaining liquid by transfer- 42 FIRE ENGINEERING/August 1986 BOR 0X2562 ring it into undamaged containers. Ditches and trenches may be ^ dug at the site to lead the liquid to safer place of containment, per haps a deep pit that can be covered p prevent vapor release. After the liquid is contained, it must be pumped into secure pres sure containers as soon as possible to lessen the dangers of explosion and/or contamination. If the VCM container is rup tured, the liquid will be forced out under some pressure. If the liquid can be contained or caught in a container of some sort, a portable pump may be used to recirculate the liquid back into the leaking container. This may not be possi ble in warm weather, since vapor pressure inside the tank may pre vent liquid from reentering. If this technique is attempted, remember that you are dealing with a flam mable gas. All ignition sources must be eliminated, or tragedy will follow. Even the pump used must be explosion-proof to prevent it from being an ignition source. First aid for those exposed to the gas include fresh air, artificial res piration, and immediate medical attention. Where contact has been ^femade with the liquid, flushing ^Jwith water for 15 minutes is rec ommended, especially for the eyes. All contaminated clothing should be removed, and skin should be washed with water and mild soap. All unprotected per sonnel should remain upwind and out of contact with the liquid. SUMMARY Knowing the major use of vinyl chloride, emergency responders who have PVC polymerizing plants in their response districts should prepare themselves for an eventual spill. By contacting the railroads and trucking companies, responders can determine the routes by which VCM is shipped through their districts. Since VCM releases can accumu late in basements and other con fined spaces, care must be taken to ventilate all such low-lying or con fined areas. An otherwise success ful mitigation of a VCM incident might be marred by an explosion r asphyxiation occurring because #rmeone failed to look for it in ikely places. TAKE A PIG TO YOUR NEXT FIRE Put the power of pigskin on your hands-with the new water-and heat-resistant gloves from Shelby-Wolverine. These new NFPA gloves feature a durable leather shell that wrings out quickly and dries soft and supple for lasting flexibilityeven after repeated soakings. You'll find equally valuable features on the inside, too. Sealed seams for total resistance to water penetration. A fully sewn wool lining with laminated Tteflon to reduce heat and water vulnerability. And wristlets of Celanese* PBI fiber for protection against fire and chemicals. When you've got a tough job to do you need tough gloves... from Shelby-Wolverine, in compli ance with OSHA and CAL-OSHA standards and all known water proofing tests. Ask your local safety-glove distributor about the gloves designed in accordance with NFPA specifications. Or contact us: Shelby-Wolverine Gloves, P.0. Box 8735, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49518. Call toll free 1-800-253-3598. In Michigan dial 616-698-7220. Celanese is a registered trademark of the Celanese Corporation. SHELBY WOLVERINE Division of Shelby Group, Inc. P.O. Box 8735 Grand Rapids. Ml 49S1B For Mora Fact* Circle 119 on Reply Card FIRE ENGINEERING/August 1986 43 BOR 0 1 2 5 6 3 h*Ufc*lVED me!aug 2 2 DR.R.T.GOTTESM/W John T. Barr Manager. Regulatory Response (215) 481-8343 AtR PRODUCTS* Puj. P/S1P6P-- , 'k.Gerves''**'' V P,oU^> /' f-- J) CM/ Jb^ ^/A~ /? BOR 012564 0/0 Mitch Snow, an Interior Department spokesman, told BNA Aug. 8 that Congress has 30 days ^o review the settlement before the government takes it to, the federal district court in Fresno, Calif., but Congress cannot_ve.to the proposal. Snow said that if the Senate does not pass a bill opposing the settlement by late August, when the 30-day period lapses "my guess is [the federal government] would go ahead" and bring the settlement to the court. While he noted the secre tary said he "regretted" the House's amendment, Snow doubted that would stop Interior from acting. EOF: Form of Drain `Left Wide Open' Tom Graft, an Environmental Defense Fund attorney, told BNA Aug. 8 that the question of who will pay far some form of drain in the Water District is "left wide open" under the agreement. The proposed requirement that the district j5ut up 3100 million for drainage is "a good start," he said, but added that the district has always claimed it is the/federal govern ment's responsibility to pay for the drain.. The agreement should require that the'district "acknowl edge that the drain is their responsibility," according to Graft. Background of Settlement Proposal The origins of the dispute stret^i back to 1963 when the/President John F. Kennedy and/hen-Interior Secretary Stu art L. Udall provided for a fixed water service charge df $8 per acre-foot in Westlands and allowed 1,008,000 acre-feet of water to be supplied until 1979, according to Interior Department documents. In/1979, the rate was tope cut to 900,000 acre-feet. Also uy'1979, the Interior solicitor issued an opinion that the fee Charged for drainage wasr insufficient and should be raised, and that only 500,00(7 acres were eligible for the federal water. That year /the Westlands farmers filed their first suit, challenging ttut federal action. The district continued receiving 1,100,000/cre-feet of water at the same rate while the court decidon the matter, with the disputed money held in a trust/fund, according to Interior documents. Interiors settlement proposal w6uld reverse the 1979 solicitor's opinion and is based largely on an analysis by the current Interior solicitor Ralph Xarr, according to Hodel's letter to McClure. It would allow the district to continue receiving 900,000 acre-feet of ivater a year at the original $8 per acre-foot and 250,000 acre-feet at $16.40 per acre-foot, reflecting actual costs. lessr interest charges, according to Snow. It also would allow the department to provide an additional 100,000 acre-feet a year in the future. Among other provisions, the settlement would require the district to deposit $5 million per year in a trust fund to accumulate up to $100 million to be used for construction and design of future drainage facilities, but would limit the district's responsibility to 35 percent of design and construction costs. Lost Revenues end Environmental Damage Critics of the proposal object on two accounts: lost rev enues and environmental damage. Hamilton Candee, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council Inc., told BNA Aug. 8 that the settlement was an "illegal exemp tion" to the water reclamation law passed in 1982 that requires that all future or amended water projects in the Westlands be renegotiated to cover full costs of water. Dan Beard, staff director of the House Interior and Insu lar Affairs Subcommittee on Energy and Water, told BNA Aug. 8 that if Westlands adhered to the Reclamation and Reform Act, the cost for 900.000 acre-feet would be approxi mately $10 per acre-fpot rather than $8, a yearly difference of at least $1.8 million, and he said the 100,000 acre-foot addition would'fequire congressional approval. He too said Hodel was.dsing the settlement as a means to avoid the Act. "All we^ask is that the district and Interior comply with Act,'/'Beard said. Candee accused the Interior Department of "going in the .wrong direction." "There is excessive demand for water in California," Candee said. He described increased pollution in San Fran cisco Bay and saitp Interior's plan would require diverting more water to Wdstlands rather than supplying fresh water to the bay. He/said that actions allowed by the settlement would contribute more selenium-contamination drain water to the San .Joaquin Valley. In a yfact sheet," NRDC claimed that for water use beyond/the 900,000 acre-foot limit, the Reclamation Reform Act requires that large Westlands operators with more than 960/acres must pay full costs for water including interest or $46 per acre-foot, the same amount paid by industrial and Municipal users. Candee also called for an overall "soil classification study" of the area with Congress being put in control of water development in the Westlands as required by the Act. Hazardous Waste CLEANUP OF DELAWARE PVC SITE ESTIMATED TO COST FROM $715,000 TO $2,285 MILLION PHILADELPHIA - (By a BNA Staff Correspondent) Remedial measures were proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency to control and abate groundwater con tamination at the Formosa Plastics Corp.'s polyvinyl chlo ride (PVC) plant in Delaware City, Del. Ray Germann, EPA spokesman in Region III, said initial estimated cleanup costs at the superfund site range from $715,000 to $2,285 million to control an existing plume of groundwater contaminated with volatile organic chemicals used in the manufacture of PVC resin and the processing of vinyl chloride monomer. Sampling tests from groundwater monitoring wells result ed in findings of ethylene dichloride at levels of up to 3,400 parts per billion, vinyl chloride monomer at up to 310 ppb, and trichloroethylene at 15 to 20 ppb, he said. In announcing the proposed remediation July 25, EPA said PVC manufacturing operations at the site since 1966 resulted in the contamination of groundwater under the site. Germann said no contamination has been found in nearby residential water wells. EPA will seek an agreement with Formosa Plastics and Stauffer Chemical Co. of Westport, Conn., former owner of the site, to pay for the cleanup, the agency spokesman added. The remedial study by EPA and the Delaware Depart ment of Natural Resources and Environmental Control pro posed pumping and treating the groundwater and monitor ing the plume movement, providing alternate water supplies as necessary. Proposed source abatement measures include excavation and lining of containment cells, regrading and capping to prevent rain water infiltration, and installation of slurry walls or grout curtains to contain groundwater contamination. Germann said no cost estimate was avail able for source abatement. 8-15-86 Copyright 1986 by The Bureau of National Affairs. Inc., Washington. D.C. 0013-9211/86/10* .50 BOR 012565 CHEMICAL REVIEW CHEMICAL REVIEW: VINYL CHLORIDE CAS RN 75-01-4 NIOSH # KU 9625000 SIC Code 2813 See N.I. Sax. 1984. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 6th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, p. 2728. SYNS Chloroethene (9CI); chloroethylene (SCI); chlorethene; chlorethylene; chloroethene; chlorethylene; chlomre de vinyle (French); cloruro di vinile (Italian); ethylene monochloride; EXON 470; monochloroethene; monochloroethylene; trovidur; vinyl chloride monomer; vinyl chloride, inhibited; vinyl C monomer; vinylchlorid (German); VC; VCM; winylu chlorek (Polish). STRUCTURAL FORMULA C1CH = CH, mf CiHjCl mw 62.50 SPECIES IN MIXTURE 99.42% pure. COMMON USES Approximately 96% is used in production of vinyl chloride homopolymer and coploymer resins. It is also used in production of methyl chloroform and as a comonomer with vinylidene chloride in the production of resiins. Polyvinyl chloride resins are used in production of plastic piping and conduit. Other uses are in floor covering, consumer goods, electrical applications, and transport applications. Vinyl chloride has been used as a refrigerant, extraction solvent, and aerosol propellant. (R-63) STORAGE AND HANDLING INFORMATION TRANSPORT, RAIL (%) 90.0 TRANSPORT. BARGE (%) 2.0. TRANSPORT. PIPE (%) 8.0 CONTAINERS Pressure cylinders, tank cars, tank barges. GENERAL STORAGE PROCEDURE Protect against physical damage. Outside or detached storage is pref erable. Inside storage should be in a fire resistive stor age room, provided with adequate ventilation and free of sources of ignition and heat. GENERAL HANDLING PROCEDURE Guard against all sources of ignition. ADDITIVE (%) Phenol. STANDARD CODES NFPA, 2,4T,1; ICC, flamma ble gas. red gas label, 300 lbs in an outside container; USCG, liquefied flammable gas; IATA (inhibited) flammable gas, red label, not acceptable passenger, 140 kg cargo, (inhibited) flammable gas, not accept able. PRODUCTION Manufacturer Location Year/Volume Ref Nine companies Dow Chemical Co. The B. F. Goodrich Co. PPG Industries, Inc. Allied Chemical Corp. American Chemical CorpCumberland Chemical Corp. Dow Chemical Corp. Ethyl Corp. U.S. Tire and Rubber Co. U.S. Rubber Co. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. Monchem, Inc. Monsanto Co. Tenneco Chemical Co. Union Carbide Corp., Chemicals Div. Goodrich Chemical Co. U.S. Midland. MI Cleveland. OH 1977/2.580 mill kg Guayanilla, PR Moundsville, WV Watson, CA Calvert City, KY Charleston, WV Freeport, TX Plaquemine. LA Baton Rouge, LA Houston, TX Ashtabula. OH Painesville. OH Niagara Falls. NY Geisman, LA Texas City, TX Houston, TX Texas City, TX Louisville. KY Calvert City, KY Niagara Falls, NY measured by U.S. Tariff Comm. 1969/ 3.735.942 lb (sales 2.358.741 lb) R-63 R-63 R-63 R-63 R-47 R-47 R-47 R-47 R-47 R-47 R-47 R-47 R-47 R-47 R-47 R-47 R-70 IULY/AUG 1986 BOR 012566 13 FEATURES Effects of Combustion Gases on Escape Performance of the Baboon and the Rat by Harold. L. Kaplan, Arthur F. Grand, Walter G. Switzer, Daniel S. Mitchell, Walter R. Rogers, and Gordon E. Hartzell Chemical Review: Vinyl Chloride national Toxicity Update: Canadian Legislation on Chemicals/United States of America: Interagency Testing Committee/Cadmium/Dlbromochloropropane (DBCP)IEndrin HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2-Amino-5-Azotoluene 2,3-Dichloropropcne Hexachloroethane Semicarbazide Hydrochloride Triphenyl Phosphate DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS CALL FOR PAPERS Papers are invited for review by the Editor and the Edi torial Board. Please address all queries and correspon dence to Editor-in-Chief N. Irving Sax, 120 Sulky Way, Wellington, West Palm Beach, FL 33414. BOR 012567 \ ^ TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (PU*te read Inttruelions on the reverse before completing/ 1. REPORT NO. EPA/540/1-86/036 4. TITLE and subtitle 2. Health Effects Assessment for Vinyl Chloride 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO 03* k 1 I k 7 ' ** S. REPORT DATE September 1984 6, Pf RPORMINO ORGANIZATION CODE EFA/600/22 7. AUTHORIS) B. performing organization report no. 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 13. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Office of Emergency and Remedial Response Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. 11. CONTRACT/dRANT NO. 13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO PERIOD COVERED 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE 16. ABSTRACT This document represents a brief, quantitatively oriented scientific summary of health effects data. It was developed by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office to assist the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response in establishing chemical-specific health-related goals of remedial actions. If applicable, chemical-specific subchronic and chronic toxicity interim acceptable intakes are determined for systemic toxicants, or q^* values are determined for carcinogens for both oral and Inhalation routes. A q^* was determined for vinyl chloride based on both oral and inhalation exposure. 17. KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS 4. descriptors b.identifiers/open enoed terms c. COSATi Field/Group i. distribution statement Public 19. SECURITY CLASS (This ReportI Unclassified 20. security class (Thispegrl Unclassified EPA Per* 2230.1 (*. 4-77) AKCVIOU1 coition it obsolete 1 21. NO, OF PAGES 67 22. PRICE BOR 012568 PDdb-134476 EPA/540/1-86/J36 September 1984 HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR VINYL CHLORIDE U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Office of Health and Environmental Assessment Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Cincinnati, OH 45268 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Emergency and Remedial Response Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Washington, OC 20460 hwoduceo sr NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE US. OEPAAIUEM Of CONMEIICE SPtMGflElO, VA. Bill BOR 012569 \V PREFACE This report summarlzerand evaluates Information relevant to a prelimi nary Interim assessment of adverse health effects associated with vinyl chloride. All estimates of acceptable Intakes and carcinogenic potency presented In this document should be considered as preliminary and reflect limited resources allocated to this project. Pertinent toxicologic and environmental data were located through on-line literature searches of the Chemical Abstracts, TQXLINE, CANCERLINE and the CHEMFATE/DATALOG data bases. The basic literature searched supporting this document Is current up to September, 1984. Secondary sources of Information have also been relied upon In the preparation of this report and represent large-scale health assessment efforts that entail extensive peer and Agency review. The following Office of Health and Environmental Assessment (OHEA) sources have been extensively utilized: U.S. EPA. 1980a. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincin nati, OH. EPA 440/5-80-078. NTIS PB 81-117889. U.S. EPA 1982. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Vinyl Chloride. Prepared by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, OHEA for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC. U.S. EPA. 1983a. Reportable Quantity Document for Vinyl Chloride. Prepared by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, OHEA for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC. U.S. EPA. 1983b. Review of Toxicologic Data In Support of Evalua tion for Carcinogenic Potential of: Vinyl Chloride. Prepared by the Carcinogen Assessment Group, OHEA, Washington, DC for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC. The Intent In these assessments Is to suggest acceptable exposure levels whenever sufficient data were available. Values were not derived or larger uncertainty factors were employed when the variable data were limited In scope tending to generate conservative (1.e., protective) estimates. Never theless, the Interim values presented reflect the relative degree of hazard associated with exposure or risk to the chemlcal(s) addressed. Whenever possible, two categories of values have been estimated for sys temic toxicants (toxicants for which cancer Is not the endpoint of concern). The first, the AIS or acceptable Intake subchronic. Is an estimate of an exposure level that would not be expected to cause adverse effects when exposure occurs during a limited time Interval (l.e., for an Interval that does not constitute a significant portion of the lifespan). This type of exposure estimate has not been extensively used or rigorously defined, as previous risk assessment efforts have been primarily directed towards 111 BOR 012570 exposures from toxicants In ambient air or water where lifetime exposure Is assumed. Animal d&ta used for AIS estimates generally Include exposures with durations of 30-90 days. Subchronic human data are rarely available. Reported exposures are visually from chronic occupational exposure situations or from reports of acute accidental exposure. The AIC, acceptable Intake chronic, Is similar In concept to the ADI {acceptable dally Intake). It Is an estimate of an exposure level that would not be expected to cause adverse effects when exposure occurs for a significant portion of the lifespan [see U.S. EPA (1980b) for a discussion of this concept]. The AIC Is route specific and estimates acceptable exposure for a given route with the Implicit assumption that exposure by other routes Is Insignificant. Composite scores (CSs} for noncarcinogens have also been calculated where data permitted. These values are used for ranking reportable quanti ties; the methodology for their development Is explained In U.S. EPA (1983c). For compounds for which there Is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity, AIS and AIC values are not derived. For a discussion of risk assessment methodology for carcinogens refer to U.S. EPA (1980b). Since cancer Is a process that Is not characterized by a threshold, any exposure contributes an Increment of risk. Consequently, derivation of AIS and AIC values would be Inappropriate. For carcinogens, q-j*s have been computed based on oral and Inhalation data If available. 1v BOR 012571 N \ A8STRACT In order to place the risk assessment evaluation In proper context, refer to the preface of this document. The preface outlines limitations applicable to all documents of this series as well as the appropriate Inter pretation and use of the quantitative estimates presented. Vinyl chloride following Inhalation exposure has been shown to be carcinogenic In humans, rats, mice and hamsters. Using data for tumor Incidence In rats, a q-j* for humans of 2.5xl0-3 (mg/kg/day)*1 was estimated. No data are available concerning oral exposure In humans and cancer risk. On the basis of total tumors In female rats fed vinyl chloridecontaining diets, a human q-j* of 2.3 (mg/kg/day)-1 was estimated for oral exposure. v BOR 012572  I BCP II i Borden Chemicals and PlastfSs 1 To: From: Subject: Distribution R. M. Garner Vinyl Institute Annual Meeting Meeting Minutes - Health, June 2, 1992 Safety and Environmental On Thursday May 28, 1992 the Vinyl Institute Health, Safety and Environmental Committee held its quarterly meeting. Following are the meeting notes. I. Opening/Introductions -J. Ledvina (Vista) has accepted an assignment in Belgium, Frank Jeanson will represent Vista II. Update on Legal Issues A. Fire litigation - most likely the plaintiff will not pursue additional action B. Dumping - foreign dumping of PVC has been alleged by Brazil, leading to a 16% tariff increase, increase may become permanent. C. California Environmental Impact Report - sponsored in part by VI and the state of California. SRI did the report. Draft and final draft were favorable to industry. CA state Attorney General disagreed with parts of the report, therefore, asked for a change in scope. SRI refused to do additional work at their expense. VI refused to pay more, having contributed more than planned. D. Office of Toxic Substances re: EDC producers - will recirculate draft of proposed response. E. Derived from Rules - new regulations to be reviewed by a VI subgroup. CMA has been following closely. III. VCNet - purpose is to enhance the safety of VCM shipments. F. Borrelli is coordinating with the CMA. Tuition is charged for training. A video for safety training will be completed this year. VCSA covers process safety, VCNet covers transportation. Send name of the Safety rep for each company, for a VI contact. y/yfn IV. Safety Subcommittee V. Roundtable Discussion A. Use of non-flammable clothing - several options on weight of fabric and protection offered. Oxychem petro-plants have gone to Nomex. PPG is switching to Nomex clothing by the end of the year. Vista, BCP, and Certainteed do not offer Nomex clothing. Issue: what would visitors wear? BCP sited by OSHA for not providing non-flammable clothing. The group is seeing a change in posture by OSHA, less reasonable, less willing to negotiate. B. OSHA Confined Space Regulations - the real question dealt with lock out/tag out procedures. Most members use real locks and tags not just tags. Confined space regs were not the issue. C. OSHA EDC PEL - nothing new, last meeting with minutes was 3/91. D. Reporting Practices to Federal Agencies - caution on signing broad orders where you agreed to follow NESHAP, can be fined for breaking the order on every release. Include end of order date * if possible. The group would like to know the outcome of BCP's OSHA inspection when the^ffnal verdict is in. * r"~* iff r- n _ S a** Tt~"_ fl t * * BOR 012573 \ VI. Old Business ^ V. Waste Minimization - initiator containers (HDPE) could be sold for recycling. Per DO>*the bottles cannot be reused. 3. Polymerization Plant Scrap - drop from agenda. :. Clean Air Act ). Hazardous Organic NESHAP - regs to be distributed late.this summer. ^ ii f P 2. VI Awards program - other alternatiVes^C^ai'Vcut'o1 _ gather data before continuing this discussion. '. Update of brochure: Facts about Working with PVC - call M. Scheck with comments. * ;. RVCM data for Uni-Bell. Contact M. Scheck if interested in helping analyze data. -H*4$ To HfftP VII. * New Business Multimedia Inspections - group would like to know what to expect, BCP comments on the process and results when negotiations have been completed. Carpool requirements - for severe and extreme ozone non-attainment areas for employers with 100 or more employees. VIII. Next Meeting - Wednesday 9/30/92, in Baltimore, 9am - 2pm BOR 012574