Document GKRo8nYGd1LrqDa2pJ93G9dam

mrma P pfwg'V^inun Kun* LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 0 ltT SIX* smccr NEW YORK 17. M.T. , October 30, 1954 SUBJECT! HEPRDfra To Meobere of ths Uid IMuiltlM iiHcUtleoi V* are plessed to enclose a reprint of an article entitled "An Ancient Ketal - lead" which appeared in the Septecfcer, 195*, lira* of "The Science Counselor." Ktch of the caterial, and all of the photo graphs, ware supplied the author by the Asportation. Thou^i the title is not to our liking, the author* e last sen tence doos take tone of the "ancient" connotation away fro* lead. Ha atates "This, of course, indicates that scientists do not look upon lead as an ancient * dead* nineral that has outlived its usefulness; but rather, consider It s netal of the future." The sain distribution of this reprint by the Association will be through listings in the "Educators Index of Free Material!," an index of listings of fret literature available to teachers and instructors in high eehools and the upper classes of elementary schoola. Also enclosed le a reprint of our latest ad is our campaign on laad in ceramics. Sincerely yours, (Y-v 7 Secretary 1 uwiwmi !Bi imeepswBiMssw"1 *.*. . j w i.ij w 'L'. wwy amumejPffSiM ^ vA ----ri- \3 - -------- An Ancient Metal - Lead By i**i A. Mefallmrh, fluDn (lTniremHj/ vf PittMbvrgk) AiwncuTK rnoruuma or c l a mk -x . piMKrxNr. i Hivuurrr. rrrmfti'm;s is. mc mms y l v a k u fir Carfiag*h * Ikp mrrrhmnt* npp'w-d thy fmirt rtlA mmUit*dr mf mil kS4s mf ririti, tritk Urrr, irva, fta and Jeod. --Esechiel g7. Ik. a: ckarma, ornamental objects, jewelry, loaded dies, damp*, dowel*, theater tirketa, armor, projectiles for warfare and medicines. An intereeting aidellght to the paeudo medicinal worth of lead may be found la am item about Kero. The emperor la a*Id to hare worn a lead plate over hi* cheat, whew ringing, to protect hi* vocal organa.* Lwi one of the m--t commonly ut4 imUIi Hi the twentieth century, U one ( tkt al^nt rinwnli kM* U mil ! addition to many of Ha modrm ippU* raUoiu trhidi ton Mail; hr traced bock to antiquity. Inlnuivt mtarck programs have 4mkp4 many now Wad product* a hick have broom* coretmrrtally im* pc riant to lUt >(o im riv Load ku played, and without doubt will railijiM to play, t iriul rvU to tKt hi*lory of civilisation. Because of fta low asrltinr point (61b F.), toflam and aaDnbilit;. Wad wa* a my popular atrial la tV ancient world. THr may working properties of this arrrkwabk elemml made H portiblr for Utc ancient* to utilise trad in the abrace of metallurgical knowledge for working other known artik Down through tbt centuries tkr un of trad wrrr tarty and varied. TW plan of naturr waa tuck that a" t.arimt civilisation* had access to thi* w<rukrful nintrtL Kmin| o continental boundaries,1 Wad wa* wined front orry aaHy limn In hoik tW Eaatrm and Warier* hemispheres. While tW arope of Hi am in antiquity ran not be fully rovered. a reom* pro vide* a few inteterting exanplra af tW practical utilination of tW rkwrt. and even aoene foible* associated with hi auppo*fd antidotal etfeela. The moot important aingie application af toad la tW hlatory af antiquity wa* its eat a* a conductor of orator 1a the pipe industry. Although tW Egyptians and tW Greek* manufactured lead pipes. It remained for the hydraulic engineer* of tW Roman Empire to employ lead on a large wale la their monomental public and private building program*. Aqueducts, cisterna, foottala* and particularly Romas bath* were *enriced by a eery elaborate system of trad pipe. A* a matter of fact, lead wa* alao used for structural purposes in the erection of public baths. Some were lined with sheet bod mucl* in the same manner, although not for the some purpoae, as X-ray rooms la modem hospital*. Even the private dwellings of the city of Rome nee monly received their water supplies from distributary systems through pipes of lead. There waa little or im danger of lead poisoning ia Roman public water sap* plies. It seems that there was stable organic matter ia the water which formed a protective coating la lewd pipe*, and thus prevented plumbo-oolvtor?.1 But, a few ancient arehit-rt*. eon*idcrinr the possibility of plumbiato. preferred rarthvnwarr pipe* to deliver water for home consumption. Vitruvius in hi* Dr Arekitrdmrm contends that "water i* far more wholesome from earthenware pipe* than from Wad pipes because Socnr 4.600 year* tfv tbe people af China word lead water seem* to be made injurious ny lead . . . Thus if aa a medium f exchange. However. wWn tW govern- what i* produced from anything ia harmful, there Is no men! rhanged frm a lead to a silver twnrUry stand 4uU that the ' *ug itself ia also harmful . . . Ergo, H ard. the mining of lead as* forbiddea by law in orier seems that water .dauuld by im means be brought (via to eomhot counterfeiting.5 la Crete, where European riviliiatioo hrgan. the people of the Late Miaan period employed lend foe weight* a* 4d tbe inhabitant* of tW Late Hronar Age lake Tillage* in SeiUrrUnd1 The ryrlwpoean palaces of the Mycenaean* featured leaden water-tank*. and in ancient Al w * 1`unrm ru*\u asm I'm ad by ibr awimi twiai W neleliai ain, laua io* np*l m a widdU pt*r odirtif* k ataa- Uiand dwttaa tb M|i ( tbe r**plto DmMmS lil % AJ.. * # *^(.<. 4 4. lUtenr (Greece the )wnU of coffered ceil* Inga in temple* were sometimes water* pioufrd auk n^dlea lead. In Rome n great amminl of feed aaa consumed jut ni U la today in the form of nonpounda in pig* i'U 1 >,ri --^----r --. . .... * sX'H'J- menu, point*, and fwwrtif*.* The principal compound* appear to bare been load car. botiate, lead acetal*, lead nauemald* or litharge and red kad or minium. Other u*c* of the dull, heavy, pliant, greyish-blur metal included a wide range of item* aorh ito. It * r*-- kt Kf \ I N 1936.01 muLit*.nwjpijij.i' tfW LIA22314 ii i i .3 A 1 -*> i A :5 -T J law with a load tla alloy.11 tW pipra took on a prarakapr ralWr tbaa a round form. Murk Informatior about Roaua pipe* and Attinr* is contained ia tW technical trratiar Ar 4fwu Dmein of Sestus Julios Frootiaua, a Roma* water commix aionrr from 07*103/4 A-D. It ia from thk man that w* learn that while there wm tl atandard njotafea, only U were in common nor.** Ahhooch lend war asod far pipe. tW ajutages, which rerntaWd the meoaorement of water, and ait other fittings were made mg Woos*. Each ajutacw had to conform to cwrtaia specification*11 and had to W ao atnmpod after a pnei mme nf inspection. Frontiaoa note* in hia publication that *rarv moat ho taken, aa often nr an ajutage la stamped, also to ntamp the adjoining pipe over the lenjrth prescribed by law. For then only can the weerseer W held fatly respond* blr. when W oadrrvtand# that none other than stamped pipe* are to be act in piece.*1* Lead pipes wore marked by means mt wooden stamps on which raised letters errre mt These patterns were pressed into molds open which load sheets were cast thus produrine machine la raised letters. The in formation obtained from iawriptmu found on lead pipe products has shed light opon the water system of Rome. 1ascriptions wary In that tW earliest, dating T tu l m. Ut m iW ai(jntfr W I^v t im <rrwm>W U iliaM (herd mi oil Wad ms mmt i m iW 2- t ah.4 i 'mim* M (hr yat. k4 pipe Into tW kwr), if w vui I* havr K whoh While enrtWaware pipe mt have heen preferred la ) firrrt liitei to print* heir*, fcirrthrim. the wr mt lead *w k i4e*pm4 ia water pyeUtw that the Util word. pJmmk*m, fur trod cam to Mac a trod ipawt It U frvM tv raAMfiuti ia the word p/ombaa tW cWmical symbol (Phi for trod ia drrircd; and K ia from tW aame word that we frt such rich aad later* e*tinf Eitfliih deriratiew m: pluah.ploahaia,plaahe* o w n plumWr, pliiwtery, plumbic, plumbtfereoa, plambine. piunboa and piuatboaa. TW pipe Industry ia arrirat Rase wa a prwpervw and thririnf enterprise wkerria va> found the ftrat ^mvMful attempt in tW history of Uchndexjr to dr* veivp snd produce a iopral nriee of slsxlordtsed products.* Load pipe* wete fabriratrd la 1$ standard tiiec and normally ia lenfthe of not lro tKoa 10 fret.* TW pipv'a ilie, however. waa not determined by Ha l.t). or O.I^ but from tW aridlb of tW leaden ihuti Wforr they were placed oa a abaft or mondrrt and soldered. Thu) a pip* mad# from a plat* of trad 40 Inrhei wide would W railed n 40 Inch pipe.1* Aftrr tW kherla writ fitted Wether and welded at the )otn Kiwsut llismu. Viufclt brsv nm * lied Mk h-pd. iki'H Wad. Ibr rliMW l used sub tWiI Wad. UW IW o*U am Si4f d rsadr* Wait Irsd oodsWhec \ WW vivpmwaim UJJJJ n wwafi1 from the Age of Augustus, merely show the name of the emperor; whereas inscriptions of the second and third centuries usually contain the name* of the em peror, iur commissioner. and fabricator or slave who made the pipe. In particular nw* the marking) found upon pipe servicing private eatalea often give the pro prietor's name, and in other* the capacity of the pipe ia indicated. Epigraph** evidence ia a'so of social importance since some marking*, for example, reveal, among other things, that women were not confined to the home as they were in Greece. In fart, they apparently had, if we are to judge from inscriptions, a great deni of free dom in the world of business. Women owned and oper ated small plumbing ahops and fabricating establish ments.*1 with slaves to do the work. Pipes, however, whether fabricated by publicly owned slaves or by private contractors had to meet the specifications of the Roman Water Board. It is significant that the Human* despite the need for huge quantities of lead pipe, especially when they had achieved slandardixation of product and parts, did not develop a factor)* system leased upon quantity pro duction. The small shop system remained the d<rminant feature of Human commerce throughout the history of Rome. After the fall and decline of the Roman Empire there were few revolutionary change* in the basic uses of had nr its methods of fabrication until the eight- / A Ni o -4.*j i s K.-kit 4- u l*-sin it- lli*hi. !/*! Milplode i- iH ( ihi- l*(-- he I he rolinuic aei-ufr- ntrM 4 jlrr .jptf m |he refill - \ Ufc*Hl*lNS l.uoiaii ( * l.^idinc c.d unl4<liii| fsaiam fu-| be a MuJmm Ir+rt.w k^ro k<o ilx Ywr" -uni |w-w<k I hr frimad. eetith century. The advent of the modern factory sys tem in the nineteenth .vntury was marked by rapid rhanges ai.d technical improvements which renovated the processing of lead and ex|*anded its application. Vet. the most important and phenomenal technological advance* in the use of this lowly metal have lem made within the twentieth century. With continual and increased emphasis upon chemical and rvrtaNorjctcal research, lead, an ancient dull mineral has taken its place alongside such nm-.anlic elements as strontium 90, technetium 99 and cerium 144. A* antiquity found a plentiful market fur lead fa the manufacture of pipe, similarly, the United Slate*, the world's largest consumer of lead. Uses considerable quantities of lead for piping Installations la homes, hospital*, laboratories and factories. The greatest American economic demands, however, are U> be found in the production of storage batteries, anti-knork com pounds (tetraethyl-lead) Id the petroleum Industry, and sheathing for electric cable.14 These three use* ac counted for ta't of our total estimated lead produrtioa of I9&7. Other important Unnage-wie consumer* in clude; paints, Milder, calking lead, and ammunition. y WO.ii; or JI'W '.Wl U" T9r= p !IO,PU|l V j iI *fr 11 lipajHM m HA22315 RfCMt terhnokifkil 4mlopiU Urt opened nrv fteldi for the ip^ktlioA of Iwl Just wkal effect aay *m or "Jl now Bwi may luvf oa Industry it difficult to forrkll. But the moot recent literature and brwhum on the tod industry optimistically point to a steady inrmw in lead consumption. Bt virtw of Ht blj(b wert so favorable that lodustry kai embarked this /ear upon one of the largest research and msrhet de velopment programs within the history of lead.7* This, of course, indicates that scientists do pet look Upon Wad as an ancient "dead" mineral that has outlived K* wofulness; but rather, consider H a metal of the future. # density lend serves an efficient pmUrtiw shielding against X-rays and gsmma rays. At a retail more and imp itad U required In our atomic aft for Ibt con struction of tend lined hospital X-ray rooms, at well at l i^ti%. a s~ a--t < 4 Mnws iOf tt the fabrication of lend shield* for nuclear reactors1* and variant other gamma shield* for educational and industrial research. Some other new h im, pvrhap* not at glamorous, but which msy rantt the lean industry to operate at a higher rate of capacity include: flexible lead plumbing connections, anlimoniul sheet lead foe roofing and flashing, tended porcelain oattried prod ucts such at steel and aluminum, leaded glass labels and enamels, lead stabilisers ia vinyl plastics, and tm h S aSlIm * M . m~ m>u . a. u. ( rw uiJtou * u !>" W * - -- U uv. lh.Ln.ltt. Tmm 9m rechargeable dry ceU batteries to power eiectroaie cir KLLs .ts Lt.ua t, cuits.1* -m-. tm. a a : " Lead's importance to our modern way af Ufa should not te underestimated. Sts use la industry has and will continue to contribute much to our standard of living, nnd consequently our economic well-being. In order to find new nses nnd expand pressat application* the lead industry recently completed a surrey of lead's research possibilities.1* The results of this examination n /WlnWtff bp lean IKSCSTVO AUBOdaTto* dO Cast 42nd Btres* New Vert 17. X. T. Jfrprrsfcd frwm "The Srimcr CWascfac.** 5rp*. 19tS -i .i O I ^wijf'uxguuiij.pp f X l \ ~' LIA22316 v-c in' *Vrninii^hTi r i f i *3 \ Thr biffrit newt to today's listening world ... itrtro- ability ... features dearable because of the greater com phonic sound .,. frequently depends on two small rle- plexity and delicacy of the pickup system. In many other mmti of lead rircorute-lilanste, a newly-drveloptd applications tob, the special properties of lead com potyrrystaltine material. Throe element* arc the heart of the new ceramic stereophonic cartridges that are ex pected to revolutionise the record playing industry. This same material can also greatly inmor the operating range of missile devices, wnar tranwuKerm, ultrasonic pounds give them values that cannot be replaced. There is no substitute, for instance, that can equal lead in ceramic flaara. Nothing else work* so well and last* ao Song. 1 cleaning equipment and many other systems. It will pay you to investigate the coat-saving advantages S The auperior qualities of lead zirronate-tiUrwte which of lead compounds in your products. The facta may' be make it ideal for stereo are principally its higher electri found in an attractive, informative booklet called "Lead cal output, its compliance and its mechanical damping in the Ceramic Industrie*." Why not write far it, today. Load Industrial Association *0 (tl 41n4 Stef N,w Vrt 17, N. T. ftrlyom ita COUeOUMtl ~ try f W.'Srr ermmin Wgk IWJ" Ni if my | 'Amstwi Cmmw Jw^-iety Bulletin'. Nt viatic. ISM *Ctfinw A|.i',N(.tinhfr, ItU 'CefirriK Irwlutlry'. [Vombrf. I9JS 'CeimK New', tWimbw. 195* ajmmjnu j.jii " mm IM] i jpyp i N 1936.02