Document GKJNwnMqRYwNV4dEYRpJdvk2Y

t y 4 i Substance's' Us i When Danger Wa8 Discovered ' , i . Extentof Risk : .. , , . Regulatory Action . Current Status Nitrites PCB'a t * Saccharin , Used since the time of prehtetorto man (then In the form orsaitpeter) w aour*, or antibacterial preservative, lor meat -and flah. Chamtoal reaction alao gtvea, baoon, hot dogs and ooM outa, tori 1 example, thalr tradMonal red ootoir.'Mao used to texture rubber and pfaatto produota auoh as Infant paoHtafp* UasdaaaprsasrvoNviJa/bstf i^r j l * oon!'rmed that nitrites The entire population la exposedto . used In the ouring of meat products . synthesized ntareamtoM, many of Potential risks as a result ofnaturally occurring and aitfflctelty produced . ittroeamtoaa to air, water and food. . ;aB8asssw^",p.. in 1976 the Agriculture Department ordered a reduction of nitrites added to cured meatto 40 pert* per million, t level thatwould BmH nftroaamlnaa In , cooked bacon to 10 parts per MUon. In January the Coneumer Product Safety Commission began an , enforcement policy that limits nitrites In Infant peciflera end nlppiea to 60 parts - perbillion. \ V ForpotyoNortoet^W^^ . to tfwsarty 1970 a eolentt^a Identified . '/he entire population. E.PAofflelste The E.PA. banned PCB's In peatiddea Because of the persistence of PCB's In of aynthetto compounds prpduoed Moot PCB'aaaapantotertoentamtoantof estimate ttwn2.5 mtition peoplewtthin In 1670. A water discharge standard the environment, traces remain In water, 1929. Baton 1972, ueed to Meetfc 1lih.Aiapqrtto1976aaldPC8,awere iSre&ea ofincineratoraltosooutt be ' was eetIn 1977. In 1979theE.PA. soil, strand human tissue. haneformer oooiapta, In hydrautio : entering the human food chain In flah, , expoopdtolow level PCS emissions to banned aN manufacture,proceeding . < flutda.tubrioanta.plaatiolxara.opatinga, -r ohaeea,agga and animal feed. tosalr. and distribution of PCB'a. FitA timHs aalanta and pastioidf extenders, [ - on PCB'a In food# wars sat In 1973 and *. i' ` f.f--' . , \ i tightenedIn 1979. ' " V PorlQOyearaanartmolal,n9rHHitrtt^a` / Feeding testa on laboratory animate sweetener1. UntH <989, restricted for1 atoof 1948 have produced Madder ' use as a prescription drug. 8lnoe I960 cancer and leukemia In rate. . . ` largely In soft drinks but also aa a , tabletop aweetener, In Juloea, Jellies, oandy, chewing gum, ooemetice, '* .! i , toothpaste end In dragees coatings on - ,1'-. i ' v pMa. Virtually monopolized the marHet whan oyctematee warp banned aa a ' carcinogen In 1969. ` , <r , .. v About ona-etxth of tha population, largelyteen-agers, te exposed through , togaatton.NI08H estimates 28,000 ., manufacturing workers are axpoaed. ,v :V . . v As e result of Congressional Labels must say: "Us* of this product Intervention, stIH approved by the F.DA. may be hazardous to your health. This . as a food and bavsrags additive. Listed product contains saccharin which has as a suspected animal caroinlgan by ` been determined to cause cancer In National Toxicology Project and laboratory animate.** FJ>.A. "awaits International Aganoy for Rasearch on analysis" of Information gathered m Cancer. Its presence In Industrial watts seven year* of successively renewed la subject to E.P.A. hazardous waeta Congressional orders to studythe disposal regulation!. . csrclnogtheity of saccharin. * Soots, coke and tars 3 In inaaato "oven*'' tor ties in the axtraotion of matate from their ores, particularly Iron. Coke byproduote ! include tars and oils. Coal aoot wai toundto 1776 to be causative aoenttooanoar among chimney sweeps. Study In1971 found deathsamong ooka oven workersfrom respiratory canoer to be twice that of steel workers aa a group, and N.T.P. says evidence of carcinogenicity la "overwhelming." , . Cool soot sndawfrod wortorf Tobacco. 8moklng, chewing, sniffing. Cigarette' 1 There Is debate over whsther the moke contains more than 3,000 . carcinogenicity oftobacco was first ohemloal components, Including such noticed 223 years ago or 189 years carcinogens elsewhere on thto list aa . ago. But modem scientific studies were arsenic, formaldehyde, nitrites and vinyl not published until the 1920'a and Chloride, plus benzo(a)pyrane and aubh 1930's. The tint major retrospective "organ-specific" ohemtoate aa . ; proof of a direct aaaoctetlon of cigarette N-nltroaonomlcotine (esophagus) and NNK (lung. Ilvtijl. .smoking with lung oanoar came In 1960. . '* Smahacwiiafnil,MVclwmfeal '} a * TRIS i .1 1 Ftema retardant In textiles, fabrioa, clothing, fumltire, toys and wigs. Widely used In children'* sleepwear attar 1972 after a Congressional requirement to 1967 that garments of aynthetlo textiles be fire-retardant Tha bromlne-phoaphata baala of Tri# * aroused oonoern among scientist* In 1973.Aatud)y)ubltehadlnl977bythe National Cancer Institute documented cancer In tost Animals. !T 08HA estimates 10,000coke workers and 121 ,OOOother,*wch aa roofers and wood preservative workers, who re axpoead to ooal-baaad tare and pitches. Machlnlata may uae tome /. ' cutting oils that are carcinogenic In animate. Because environmental contamination overall te widespread, N.T.P. assumes "the entire population , Is exposed at some level." OSHA regulations limit exposure of ookaovenworkers by requiring engineering controle (positive-pressure machinery cabs), respirators and . protective clothing. Regulation# restrict use In wood preservative products, require reporting of spills and waste disposal, and in 19B0 barred the um of coal tar formulations In antifungal ointments for application to skin. EPA has not determinedwhether environmental emteskmoontrots ere "warranted and feaalbto" at coke ovens. The' lalsat Government estimate Is that, 20 years after ths Surgeon General's report Indicting cigarette smoking as thacauMOfone-thlrdofallcancer ` deaths, one-third of the population still smokaa. Tha figure te down from 42 percent In 1964. The Office on Smoking and Health aaya that 129,000 American smokers die each year of cancer, and another 170,000of heart disease ' caused by olgarettea. Congress In 1965 required cigarette packages to carry the warning; , "Caution: Cigarette smoking may be , 1 hazardous to your health." Tha Law was amended In 1970 to ban cigarette advertising on radio and television and ' to change the cigarette package label to: "Warning: The Surgeon General has determined that cigarette smoking Is dangerous to your health.'' Proposed bills in Congress would strengthen cigarette package warning^ to Include notice that smoking "la addictive" andto warn apeclfleally of 1 "death from" cancer, emphysema, heart disease and of an Increased chance miscarriage In pregnant women, Millions of children ware exposed by akin absorption or orally by garments , placed In ths mouth. The Commission In April 1977 banned the sate ofTrie-treated garments and the furthsr production of ths chemical. , *. J No further production or use. , J Vinyl chloride , ;' A gaseous rkw material of plestioa, floor titea; formerly In awide rang* of Plutlg food packaging fUms and beverage containers, and formerlya propeilpnt In paroaol oontalnara. , 'j In 1974 tha B.F. Goodrich Chemical . Company Informed NIOSH that four . workers In Louisville died of rare Over cancer poaalbty related to vinyl chloride exposure. The Consumer Product Safety ' Commission estimated that aa many as . 6 mllHon persona were exposed to vinyl chloride In aerosols until banned In 1974. In 1974 OSHA imposed a standard of 1 part per million In workplace air ovar an 'eight-hour day. ,' The,1974 regulation remains to effect, butthe F.DA 1a considering withdrawing a 197S orderregulating vinyl chloride to food packaging, which manufacturerssaytenowsater. r ;\ ^ A t t< Vparo nfr . J* ^ . .. A 1 rt f* r* T3 A__ : j iUx Tvyr:^x_i-------- URL 04999 I 1