Document GKGvbvGVzeDOg49nJnOJy2pqn

FILE NAME: AT&T and other Phone Companies (ATT) DATE: 1929 DOC#: ATT022 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Conference Proceedings - National Safety Congress - ATT Presentation 1st page only - pg 162 PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT 1929 TRAN SACTION S OF THE National Safety Council EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS VOLUME I _ Chicago September 3 0 ----October 4, 1929 Stevens and Congress H otels Copyright, 1930, National Safety Council SC-NSC-01975 CONTENTS PAGE Council Officers and Directors - .....................'.__________________________________________ 3 Annual Meeting o f Members__________________________________________________________ 9 Annual Banquet__________________________________________________________ ______________ 33 A B C--General Round Table______________________ ___________________________________ 33 Group Plant Safety Supervisors Session___________________________ 1________.----------- 53 Special Session for Industrial Executives and Engineers---------------------------------------- .69 Eire Prevention Session___ ___________________ ___________-- :............................................ ........ 93 Public Speaking Class__^ ---- 323 Industrial Health Division"....................................:----------------------------------------- -- ........... .............1G1 Industrial Nursing Section............................................... 947 Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section__________- .................................365f. Aeronautical Section ---------------------:______ --:___________________________ ________.235 A . S. S . E.--Engrineering"Section----- 1 ------------------------------------------------------------ --------349 Automotive Section -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- ----------- 397 Cement Section -------------*^5.--------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- 477 Cement and Quarry Sections--Joint Session................................................................................. _.53t Chemical S ectio n _______ --i -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------549 Construction Section ____--......... ......:-------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------629 Electric RailwaySection--.......................... 693 Public UtilitiesandElectric Railway Sections---Joint Session__________ ,,.817 Employees' Benefit Associations Section................................... ---------- ------------------------------ 821 Employees' ^Publication Section ________________________________________ 853 Pood Section --------------------^ ---------------------- ------------------------ .............--............................ ........... 933 Food and Taxicab & FleeE.Owners Sections--Joint Session___!______________ ____ ,,987 Index ------- sssi------------------------------------------------------------------ 1003 * NOTE Volum e I I I of these Transactions, containing the Public Safety Ses sions, the Statistics Section, the Education D ivision, and the H om e Safety Session, is being m ailed autom atically to certain members o f the N ational Safety Council who are believed to be interested in them . Any other member of the Council may receive a copy of Volum e I I I w ithout charge by requesting it. i N ational Safety C ouncil 108 East Ohio Street, Chicago HONORARY MEMBERS A sso cia tion opJLro n a n d S teel E lectric E ng ineers R obert \V . Cam pbell O F F IC E R S <1928-1930) C. E . P ettibo ne, President. ~ C. W . B ergqTTIST, V ice-President for Finance. E ar l K . B l a n k , .Vice-President f o r Engineering. C. L. C lose, V ice-P resident fpr Industrial Safety. G. T . H e l l m u t h , V ice-President fo r . Membership. C h a s . E. H e x , V ice-P resident for Public R elations. M iller M c C lin to c k , V ice-President for Public Safety. George Oep, V ice-President for Territorial Councils. A. W . W h it n e y , V ice-President for Education. Dr. C.-E. A. W in sl o w , Vice-President for Health. J. I. B a n a s h , Treasurer. W . H . C a m e r o n , M anaging Director. . E X E C U T IV E C O M M IT T E E <1929-1930) **33 H . O. A l l iso n , W estern Pennsylvania' Safety Council. N o r m a n A nd er so n , Cleveland Safety' Council. C. B. A u e l, P ast President. J. I. B a n a s h , Consulting- Engineer. C. W . B er g q u ist, W estern E lectric Co. E assl F. B l a n k , Jones & LaughIin Steel Corp. B rabstoN , Birmingham S a f e t y Council. W . Bridges, Electric P a ilw a y Section. D . B r o w n , Syracuse Safety Council. C a m ero n, National Safety Council. -"Cam pbell, P ast President. Close, U . S. Steel .Corp.- " coper, Food Section. -- .vidson, Chesebro W hitm an Co. -l o is, P ast Fresidentr- . D ic s e r m a k , American L ocom otive Co. h er t y , General M otors Corp. Dow, P ast President. N ew Orleans Public Service, Inc. 5TON, U . S. Bureau o f M ines. th, Chicago, North Shore & M il. R. R_ Co. N ew York Central Lines. 4 Eighteenth Annual S a fe ty Congress W alter G . K in g , P a s t P r e s id e n t C h a s . F. L arson-, Steam "Railroad Section. J. E. L ong, Delaware & Hudson Co. M iller M c C lin to c k , Harvard U niversity. A r t h u r T . M orey, P ast President. R . B. M obley, Industrial Accident Prevention A ss'ns. H o m e s E. N ie s z , P ast President. G eorge O f f , T h e D etroit Edison Co. L. R. Palmer, P ast President. C- E. F ettibone, A m cricar M utual Liability Ins. Co. C e a s . E. R ed fer n, ^Providence Safety CounciL H e n r y A. R e n in g e r , P a st President. C. B. S cott, P ast President. R. B. S toeckel, Commissioner of M otor V ehicles, Conn. T. J . S trickler, .Kansas City Safety Council. J. P . S u t t o n , Ohio O il CcC E dw ard H . S y k e s , Accident Prevention Equipment M frs. Section. A r t h u r M. T ode, Marine ^Section. C. P . Touiak, P ast President. P a u l V a n C i.ef.f, Chicago1Safety Council. J o h n L. V an deg r ift, Public U tilities Section. D a v id V a n S c h a a c k . PastLPresident. E dward P . W arner. A eronautical Section. A. W . WHITNEY, Siat'l Bur. of Cas. & Surety Underwriters. D r. C.-E. A. W in s l o w , Yale Medical School. A r t h u r H . Y o u n g , Past President. D IR EC TO R S C19a9-1930> J a m e s . E. A it k e n , Toledo Safety Council. H . O. A l l iso n , W estern Pennsylvania Safety Council. N o r m a n A nd er so n , Cleveland Safety Council. . H . C. A nderto n, D ayton Safety Council. W il l ia m F. A rdern, Safety D ivision, Milwaukee A ss'n of Commerce. C. B. A u e l , A SSE -E ngineefing Section. E r n e st A u g u s t u s , Chillicothe Safety Council. J a m e s Bt. B a k er , Hudson County Safety Council. J. I . B a n a s h , Consulting Engineer. E. W . Beck, U . S, RubberTCo.' C. W . Bergquist, W estern Electric Co. D avid S. B eyer, Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. E. F. B l a n k , Jones & Lauglilin Steel Co. W . R . B oyd, J r., American .Petroleum Institute. T . G- Brabston, Birmingham Safety Council. N . L. B r a in a r d . Packers &. Tanners Section. M e l v in W . B ridges, E lectric Railway Section. A n c il D . B ro w n, Safety D ivision, Syracuse Chamber of Comme, W ells G. B r o w n , Pontiac- Safety Council. I r v in T. Bush, Bush Terminal Company. W . H . Cameron. National "Safety Council. Council Officers and D irectors R. W . C am pbell, Illinois Steel Co. C. L. C lose, U . S. Steel Corp. W il l C ooper, Food Section. A. X>. C u t h b er tso n , F lint Safety Council. Howard D a n a , M assachusetts Safety Council. F, A . D av id so n , Chesebro_ Whitman. Co. J o seph T . D a v is, St. Louis Safety Council. L. A. D e B lois, National Bur. of Cas. & Surety Underwriters. Wm. C. D ic k e r m n , American Car & Foundry Co. N . F . D ougherty, Generl Motors Corp. J a m e s B. D ouglas, The Philadelphia Gas W orks Co. M a r cu s A. Dow, Motor Transit Management Co. D r. L o u is I . D u b l in , Statistics Section. F rederic W. E a st o n , Blackstone Valley Safety Council. Jo h n P . E ib , M etals S e c t io n . W . H . E l a m , Nashville Safety Council. D r. C. L . F erguson, `Employees' Benefit A ss'ns. Section. H. B. F lowers, N ew Orleans Public Service, Inc. George T- F o n d a , Social .Engineering Institute, Inc. A le x a n d e r F orward, American Gas Association. R ich a r d R . F oster, N e w D r l e a n s S a f e ty Council. D r. D . P . F owler, Delaware. Safety Council. A. L. F rost, N ew Haven Safety Council. E r n e st P. Goodrich, Consulting Engineer. M. C. Goodspeed, Woodworking. & Lumber M fg. Section. ISArAH H ale, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. D. T .`H arrington, U . S. 'Bureau of Mines. B. D . H a sk in s, C h attan ooga S a fety C ouncil. G-. T . H e l l m u t h , Chicago, North Shore & Mil. R- R. Co. C h a s . E. H ill, New York. Central Lines. H . C. H e n r ie , M ining SecSon. D r. F . L. H o p f m a n , Babson Instiute, Inc. E . E . H u n n e r , Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce. J o h n P rice J ac k so n, Ne-vyl Y o r k E d iso n . J. H . J e n k i n s , D allas Safety Council. D a n a E. J o n e s, Manufacturers' A ss'n o f Erie. L ester J o n e s, "Wichita Falls Safety Council. J o h n D. K arel, Grand Rapids Safety Council. I ra V. K epner, Pennsylvania Salt Mfg. Co. J . T. K id n e y . Rubber Section. "Wa lter G . K in g , A m e r ic a n _ O p tic a l C o . P a u l R . K u h n , Central Pennsylvania Safety Council. C. K . L a r so n , Steam Railroad Section. E. T . L a u bsc h e r , San Antonio Safety Council. R. M. L ittle, N ew York Departm ent of Education. W m . L oeb, Safety Div., Memphis Chamber of Commerce. J. E . L ong, Delaware & Hudson Co. D . F r a n k L ord, T extile Section. M iller M c Cu n t o c k , Harvard University. W . A. M cGonagle, Duluth, Missabe & Northern Ry. Co. T. H. M cK e n n e y , Illinois Steel Co. J a m e s M adden, Paterson Safety Council. A. G. M aguire, Youngstowdl Safety Council. H. T. M a r t in , Fisk Rubber Co. 6 Eighteenth Annual S a fety Congress P axton M end elsso h n , Detroit. VVm. E . M etzger, Detroit. ~ J u l iu s M e y n , Hammond Safety Council. F. H. Muled, Louisville Safety CounciL A r t h u r W . M oore, Eastbay Safety Council. A r th u r T. M orey, GenefaL Steel Castings Corp. Philip M. M organ, Worcester Safety 'Council. R. B. M orley, Industrial Accident Prevention Ass'ns. F r a n k A. M orrison, Detroit Industrial Safety Council. J . A llison M uir, Baltimore Safety Council. J. J. N agle, Philadelphia Safety Council. Fred N ichols, Madison County Safety Council. H omer E. N iesz, Commonwealth Edison Co. Jo h n A. Oartel, Carnegie Steel Co. C harles W . O 'D o nnell, Denver Safety Council. George Opp, The Detroit Edison Co. L. R. Palmer, Equitable L ife Assurance Society. Edward H . P arry, Cement "Section. C. E. F e t h b o n e, American Mutual Liability Ins. Co. S am u el P rUy n , Paper & Pulp Section. F. HI R a n so m , Oregon & Columbia Basin Division, N . S. C. C h a s . E. R edfern, Providence Safety Council, H en r y A. R en in c er . Lehigh Portland Cement Co. D r. A. D. R ist e e n , The Travelers' Ins. Co. J. K . R o binso n, Lehigh Valley Safety Council. G eorge R oe, Rochester Safety Council. F. H. R omes, St. Paul Safety Council. H. L. S a in , Automotive Section. G. E- Sanford, General Electric Co. F rederick E. S choktemeier, Indianapolis Safety Council. H arry M. S c h u w e s k , Erie SSFety Council. C h a s . B. S cott, Bureau o f Safety. I. i f . S cott, W heeling Safety Council. Dr. L. A. ShoudV, Bethlehem Steel Co. J o h n D; S h u a r t , Springfield Safety Council. Rev. H. J. SrMPSON, Bay City Safety Council. F. T. Singleton, Public Service Commission of Indiana. S. H. S laym aker, Power Press Section. M atth ew S. Sloan, Broo!;lyr^ Safety Council. C. W. Smith, Petroleum Section. H. J. Sfoeker, Evanston Safety Council. E. S. Spring, Lehigh Valley Transit Co. J. K. S tafford, Decatur Safety Council. ' F r a n k S ta u b, F t. W ayne Safety Council. G eorge R. S t e p h e n s , Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Commerce. E. S tevens. Atlanta Safety Council. E thelbert S tewart, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. R obbins B. S toeckel, Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, Conn. L u c iu s S. S torrs, United Railways & Electric Co., T . J . S trickler. Kansas City" Safety Council. J . P . S utton. Ohio Oil Co. A lfred H. S w a y n e . General Motors Corp. E dward H . S y k es. Accident Prevention Equipment M frs: SectionA r t h u r i f . T ode, Marine Section. Council Officers and D irectors C. P. T o o i a n , Consulting Engineer. A. J. Van Bbont, Newark Safety Council. Paoi. Van Ci-eef, Chicago Safety Council. J . L. V andegrift, Public U tilities Section. D av id V a n S c h a a c k , Aetna Life Ins. Co. W at F. Veech, Rahway .Safety Council. A. F. W aite, Taxicab & Fleet-Owners Section. V in c e n t W akefield, Refrigeration Section. L W . W allace, American Engineering Council. C. A. Ward, Employees' -Publication Section. E dward P. W arner, Aeronautical Section. H akbv M . W ebber, IlIinois~Bell Telephone Co. S. E. W h it in g , Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. A. W . W h it n e y , N at'l Bur. o f Cas & Surety Underwriters. C. F. W hittemore, Chemical Section. George W ib c a , Construction Section. W . H . W i n a n s , Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. Dr. C.-E. A. W inslo w , Yale University. J. M . W oltz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. W. E. W ood, Diclimontl Safety Council. A. L. W o h ih e n , Quarry Section. J o h n H . W right, Jamestown Safety Council. A r th u r H. Y o ung , Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. E IG H TE E N TH -A N N U A L S A F E T y CONGRESS N A TIO N A L SA F E TY COUNCIL Industrial H ealth D ivision Monday, September 30, 1929 DR . V O L N E Y S. C H E N E Y , Chairman Armour and Company, Chicago The first session of the Industrial Health Division o f the Eighteenth Annual Safety Congress, was called to_6rder at two o'clock by the chairman, Dr. Volney S . Cheney, medical director. Armour & Company, Chicago. C h a ir m a n : C h e n e y : I am not going t o give you a talk as chairman of this section. I only want to say one word in regard to the Industrial Health Division, which, as you know, was established several years ago bat for the past year has been under the directorship o f ja permanent director. Personally I f e e l that this division has increased its usefulness to me a hundredfold during the past year. I told that to Dr. C. O. Sappihgton a little while ago and he said to be sure and say that from the stage. We have an interesting program. There are one or two things I- want to call to your attention. The papers are limited to twenty minutes and the discussion will be limited to five minutes. Those who desire to discuss the papers w ill give their names and connections and come up to the stage. There is another matter of entertainment that will be announced by Dr. Harvey of Crane & Company. D r . A . M . Harvf.y (Crane & Company, Chicago) : The Chicago Safety Council extends to you a most hearty welcome at this Congress and we have made arrange ments for ideal Indian summer weather. The committee has provided a splendid program, so withal you should have a splendid time with us. For the visiting doctors who may wish to attend some o f the clinics here in the city we w ill have a schedule of all of the daily clinics at thte information desk at the registration booth, and you will be welcome at all o f the climes that are sched uled. In addition we have provided an opportunity for the visiting doctors and mem bers of the Industrial Health Division to visit the medical department o f the W est ern Electric Company tomorrow morning from nine to twelve o'clock. And on Wednesday morning at the same hours you are invited to visit the medical depart ment of the International Harvester Company. Chairman C h e n e y : I see in the back o f the room the man who is responsible for my being in this embarrassing, position. I know that you would all like to have a word from him; so I ain going to call on Dr. Winslow to say just a few words before we open up the program. 161 162 Eighteenth Annual S a fety Congress Da. C.-E. A. W inslo w _(Prof. of Industrial Health, Vale Medical School, New Haven, Conn.) - I want to say just a word as to my gratification at seeing such a splendid group gathered here. We have several times the audience that we had last year, and that is due to the work that the officers of this group lave pat into the preparation of this program. You have all watched the development of this new venture on the part of the National Safety Council, and I hope you feel as we do, that Dr. Sappington "in the first year of this work, has laid the foundation for one of the most useful things that the Council has ever done. If the same powers can be directed, as I think they will, in the future, in the protection of the worker against other than mechanical hazards, the future is a tremendous one. On that road we think we have made a start. C n a ir m a n C h e n e y : We have a sympsium on physical examinations in indus try from the viewpoint of various men who are interested in them. The first paper is by Dr. C. H. Watson, Medical Director, American Telephone & Telegraph Com pany, New York City. The Industrial Physician By DR. C. H . W ATSO N Medical Director, American Telephone & Telegraph Co., New York City The idea of the pre-employment examination in, industry seems to be spreading from the larger industrial groups to industries with relatively small personnel. In the latter we find that these smaller units are pooling their medical requirements and either buying medical service directly from medical groups organized to deliver this sort of service, or else employing their own medical talent. Pre-employment examination docs not appear to be a transient phase of industrial development, it is a natural step taken by management as the field o f. human endeavor is coesid-' ered biologically. The physical appraisal of prospective employees is judged to be of use at the beginning of employment and also throughout employment, prob ably on the same basis that inspection and appraisal of plant and equipment has proven.the proper procedure before, during, and at intervals after purchase and in stallation-' -- As a problem' o f the pre-employment examination, the standard of physical re quirements presents no little difficulty. Obviously, such standards will vary ac cording to the requirements of the several industries and even the several jobs within an industry. " At the time of the initial .examination.of any particular individual, it is possible that impairments of several sorts may be discovered. Such impairments may for simplicity be grouped under two headings-- Minor impairments--correctable and non-correctable. Major impairments--correctable and non-correctable. It is a generally accepted rule that, if in the course of pre-employment examina tion conditions are discovered indicating that a person because of physical or men tal reasons would be a menac to himself or others; to property or service, em ployment .should not be recommended. Physically, there is, in part, another answer to this. I refer to that class of rejected applicants who under suitable conditions of employment would be a menace only to themselves; where the inter ruption or modification o f the employment due to these infirmities would not in volve other employees, property or service. The dcision not to recommend employ ment may not seem difficult, but actually it is one of the hardest social problems we have. An industry comes to realize that a part of the community burden o f work or of idleness must be Industrially borne, such decisions will be more care- 568 Eighteenth A nnual S a fety Congress drugs, poisons, toxins, as far as their effect on living animals or patients is con cerned, do not regard th e. glittering attractions o f any single property as a sure index for the safety of the whole. I f you are physicians, using drugs for treatment, always inquire into the Thera peutic Index. -- - I f you are chemists, bear._jn mind: ``Margin o f Safety." I f you are lawyers, great executives, captains o f industry, do not commit the glar ing fallacy of the deductive logic, Non Sequitur, which draws unwarranted conclu sions from minor premises tocom p lex wholes; or, if you pride yourselves on being scientific, beware o f making hasty generalization from insufficient data, a fallacy of the inductive method, I f you are philosophers consider actions o f drug in tout ensemble, not with an eye to single properties, but on the whole. I f you are moralists, I beg you bear in mind the famous dictum of the psalmist (P s. 34:15), "Depart from evil" first, and only after that "do good"; or putting it in other language, "The ends don't always justify the means." And lastly, if you are plain, honest men o f business, I beg you to maintain a balance 'tw ixt your gains and1losses in terms o f toxicology. In handling chem icals and drugs, 'tis well to keep your books on double-entry basis, for every drug is also poison; you wield a two-edged sword. This is the message which Pharma cology brings to all those who have inscribed upon their banners, SA FET Y FIR ST. C h a ir jja m W h it x e m o r e : -Because o f lack o f time this morning we shall turn the meeting over to general ,,discussion of D r. Macht's paper, at the same time that we discuss the next subject on the program. Mr. S . E. W hiting will talk to us on "Putting the Specialist's Ideas to Work in Our Plant." Putting the Specialist's Ideas to Work in Our Plants By S. E. W H IT IN G Assistant Chief Engineer, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston Mr. Chairman and gentlemen: referring first to Dr. Macht's admirable address, it is certainly going to take nsja couple of more years to put all o f this particular specialist's ideas to work in our plants. However, we have already gained on this first contact w ith him a much clearer understanding than we had o f the funda mental factors governing the action o f poisons upon human beings,--an excellent basis for further progress in 'the safety man's fight against industrial diseases. A s some of you know, it has been my function in this Chemical Section, most inappropriately, to head up your Industrial Poisons Committee for several years. I do not assert that the subject itself does not justify you in maintaining such a standing committee, because the chemical industries themselves and certain prod ucts they sell for use in other industries are probably responsible for their share in creating this type of hazard in industry. You chemical safety men are as much concerned to avoid disabling a workman slowly through poisoning as you are to avoid disabling him quickly through traumatic injury and I feel sure your concern is no less because of the fact that in certain states, the employer, strangely enough, is not legally liable for disability caused by occupational diseases. For one example out of many, Pennsylvania does not require compensation for lead poisoning. I do not know how important this disease hazard is compared with the other industrial hazards. - Because of its intangible quality compared with machinery accidents, falls, etc., and because o f its typically slow onset, an occupational dis ease docs not always jolt us iff as prompt corrective measures as it should. By -** ta rt >>jagy? Chemical Section 569 pure chance I noted a month ago one of the Haskin newspaper articles from Washington giving some Bureau of tabor Statistics data on this subject in "round figures." I should say they were distinctly round figures, possibly somewhat in flated. It is asserted that the direct economic loss from occupational diseases is a'.out $2,000,000,000 per annum. Indeed the Bureau goes further and by including the loss of future earning power (derived from, life expectancy factors) sets the annual loss at $6,000,000,000 and adds some two billions more for medical and hospital costs. -- Now, o f course, no one is trying to pin all of these figures onto the chemical or any Other industry. They pretend to be all inclusive and doubtless are, from anthrax in tanneries to Klieg eyes at Hollywood. They even mention what was historically probably the earliest occupational disease,--what doctors call prepa tellar bursitis or house-maids knee. So far as I can see, housemaids knees seem more prevalent today than ever. Growing Recognition Practically speaking and coming right up to present date, I have gained the impression from discussions before this section and from mjr regular business connection that more and more recognition of these industrial poisoning cases is developing. A s one specialist' recently expressed it in the American Medical Journal, more new diseases are coming out in this occupational exposure than "in any other field o f medical endeavor". What does the doctor mean by that word "endeavor" ? The newest disease that has been triumphantly discovered by our specialists is a real humdinger because the prognosis is extremely grave or in layman's language, the victim is sure to die. W e had one such case this summer and we don't yet know what the State Accident Board w ill think of it became^ o f course, industrial causation is alleged. This particular man looked the picture o f health but several months ago developed ring worm, a fungus skin disease o f no great seriousness. He treated for it privately and cleared it up, but it came back at him repeatedly, still nothing more than a nuisance to a perfectly rugged young man. Then he took some X-ray treatments for the skin lesions and promptly flared up with severe inflammation. H e was sent to a hospital and they examined his blood and they looked for the various types of white cells and could not find anything but lympho cytes. This meant nothing at all to the ordinary surgeon so w e consulted a spe cialist, an internist they called him. H e named the trouble right away,--agranu locytosis--and said this fine looking man would die. I did not believe it but, in spite of transfusions and every other effort at the largest hospital in Massa chusetts, he did die. "What was the cause? Nobody knows; the specialists say the etiology of this disease is unknown. The man worked at spraying under good conditions o f ventilation. The solvents were largely other than benzol which en tered the picture only as the denatyrant of the alcohol with which the pyroxylin was moistened for safe shipment. W hat, If any, industrial causation or even in dustrial aggravation exists in this death case is up to the specialists and I await their decision with interest. -~- Changing Ideas o f the Specialists Certainly this Chemical Section cannot be accused of failure in giving fore thought to these disease problems. For years your practice has been to seek authoritative medical men to address your meetings.--more so than any other Section of the whole Council. Y ou have also initiated technical research on particular poisoning hazards. By^association with you, I too have gained many ideas to put to work in our plants where a disease hazard might be present. My main trouble, however, has been to keep within sight of the procession of changing ideas our specialists are marshalling before us. -.Ta-; rn j*k-hliiiitrj>,w m m m . vfe-.aemsoamst -- > y 570 Eighteenth Annual S a fe ty Congress Take the treatment for chemical burns. Many o f you recall how at Cleveland we were told by one specialist to neutralize; bicarbonate o f soda wash for acid burns, acetic acid wash for alkalis and ammonia fumes for nitrous fume inhalation. The proof was as direct as an inorganic chemical formula. Then we went to Detroit and learned from another specialist that neutralizing (on skin burns at least) was all wrong and he proved it too by presenting the testimony o f the ratsthem selves who had undertaken this research. W e indeed were happy then because this greatly simplified our plant first aid,--one universal wash 'for every sort o f chemical bum. ordinary tap water. Further research on eye burns arrived at the same conclu sion. This, I think, is a permanent step forward but we must not forget that the rinsing mast be genuinely thorough. It may be the water should be warmed some what and may be some wiping action with a wet rag should be applied to secure this thoroughness. Nor should we forget that a few caustic chemicals are not water soluble and you must not then depend for saving the case upon a mere gar den hose or shower bath. For example, carbolic acid is quite dangerous on the skin or in the eye and for This you should rinsewith alcohol,--if you can place your. hands on any -of it. Nor am I entirely sure that we can completely abandon the old idea o f neutralization. Surely an antidote has essentially a neutralizing action and I find that Underhill o f Yale in his book on Toxicology issued in 1928 repca'cdly suggests antidotes to counteract poisons. N ew H ospital Treatmen t for Boris A s a side issue in our chemical burn discussions. iW! fermwnfiff out at the Detroit meeting some evidence that the hospital treatment o f aweJ* cape was changing. In ia ct our own speaker. Dr. E. C- Davidson. M dr idwpcd a new method in his research at the Henry Ford Hospital and MM.miwm.tl it hi i t t l ; the application of wet compresses o f 2 per cent to S per cent WitMC m ti lor hum 34 to 39 hours followed by dry trcatmcm only. Tbw U UKtMWHt ptwftpiretm the proteins in the burned area, eliminating toxic absorption and wtntiHWMiliu tx a r iu J nation as well as reducing sear tissue deformities O f course this seemed to he ftime <*f tar hWfiWn' wire mew, hot we knew Ijow often these extensive body bornj tm 4 prat uli t a d -whether chcmicjJ bums, fire kerns, or scales--end w waTURfU p w r m * rW jtbing possible is done to help save any injured sum . nlwtfrnfT 1 m pto w and r by die later hos pital treatment. 2 make no ap itutfit-- gMMlWW.ilmm. aw hear hoaprtal grounds. The fact that s o w 4 them ham *e> fow iwdi LH'd <a -a- they are glad to get the plant a a n 't viewpoint. So I hit 'Mi MJKlMJg the I'itlwi mm m me o f this tannic arid treatment c v tciw w bun and ham IHHww* the a p n w M t that more and more hospitals are stawtardixinc i t h d v fia e mw a t the big metropolitan leaders in the field. I suggest y**u mgaarr 4 y--Hr mam bmuprial as to their knowl edge and practice in respect to tarmac acid, the whnb iw o u fcn available to them in medical literatw e. A ppropriate F i a t A id fo r B a rm I come now to the real reason for tins digression, the question o f our own plant first aid technique for body bom s. For years tins practice has been largely the application o f an oily salve or Hqnid to exclude the air and kill th pain some what. This was all right when the hospital w od d later use a similar treatment of oily dressing, but is it all right if the hospital is going to use aqueous tannic acid? It seemed to me it would not be all right; that the oil or petrolatum or whatever you used would tend to interfere with the tanning action or at least to delay treat ment until the hospital surgeon, had removed all o f your first aid,--a difficult and Chemical Section 571 painful process. I have -been asking the surgeons about this,--Dr. Sawyer of Eastman and others o f the Conference of Physicians in Industry and Boston sur geons and Dr. Davidson himself. A few see no' great importance to the point I raised, but most of them do and concede that the first aid. should be some watermiscible treatment if tannic acid is to be the hospital treatment. One surgeon goes so far as to say that the best first aid would be to wrap the patient in a blanket soaked in. tannic acid itself. This may not be practicable because the solu tion is not, X understand, a stable one. There are several bum ointments.on the market, however, that are water-miscible: Tannoid, Hydro-Picric; and KY Lubricat ing Jelly. These are made by reputable concerns and there may be others available. I suggest you check up this matter fully in your own locality,--unless you are con fident you have guarded infallibly against having one o f these extensive burn cases that are so pitiful. Lead Poisoning Therapy Perhaps this section is not much interested in the newer ideas regarding lead poisoning,--that almost classical subject. Vet some o f yea do use sheet lead in acid chambers and if so, yon should watch oat for tins hazard when doing any- welding or cutting of the sheet by flame,--on exposure that coohS easily lead to a dangerous acute attack of poisoning. Again, some o f you doubtless manufacture lead compounds. I hope; indeed, your plant pt yw ow s atrendy know the best treat ment for lead poisoning. This was brought oat i f the fundamental research that was made ad Harvard some years ago- by Aab Fail hafit s i e , under support from the National Lead Tiwticaee. A a newfc -mm ftw t jg'iw at p r x h 'tf ideas Oat you can put to work in your plane* wbm cedwfc Thir emiimit ctn ni<J o f absorption was found to be by re g i n w e o f hut* dr iwiniA Tier e * e r d h a a d s--ingestion and skin absorption- are kae ia g n w g i t tit* H f tag I n i esepoenre. The lead is disabling wf>3e n 1dtRg. WRR> iM wt A c bones; The storing of lead in the ban l e t WE- W iH UHUiBcn St WWr UUIMWt: g -- r sty with the calcium metabolism, pcn a wi r u . i i m *sm mstmse mm t w d o e r pwfcnce is uut. Yet 1 still find year* atwur imm&m fflM lK mm* |MIHj1>I repeated cases where the attemfing <0msmr * * -not m e #R= Jmj* m n M e & it even quite conceivable in a case o f M W M jlH iM H f fla t f l g M m d g defcadtug treatment might pcecapicatkr hbbuwl TUu LSWiu # twr o f yaw tnu umtitc this hazard, I suggest you Mil M a I H * fM C ftS 4MMEiM dm staff o f the hospital you use are tW B W P M k K Anrwpy . W ith these out disability under a sXgfec )MMt JM ii'iTmy i out -- m r iy h g i t hr develops lead symptoms Unify aftar hr tm M f i X most pass up benzoL W e had <fab t M b o nnlul ne t onfy to find, at our New York Congress luncheon, that oercatg high andboeMes (b et aot all o f them) fear there is' more to be leagued about i t X am (tad so see drat further research on the subject is now under way supported by the benzol industry itself,---the logical procedure. W ith the medical profession t urning more and more to hematology or blood study for diagnosis o f humanity's many ailments, vrr need to be sure of our basis' for holding any chemical substance responsible for a lethal blood disorder. I do like also the attitude o f this, industry in giving its customers technical advice o*i ventilation based on direct plant tests with an interferometer. This service is free for the asking. "` . i f > ayafeiSR f jg. 572 Eighteenth. Annual Safety Congress Inhalation o f D u sts On the dusty hm g hazard, I suspect this section is not particularly intereste Other industries have the chief exposure to it. The specialists give it a variety o' nam es; silicosis, anthracosis, siderosis, asbestosis and pneumonoconiosis. The "051s" mean the insurance company has to pay for it. I have been learning this, however, that w e cannot depend on the chemist alone to tell-us whether or not any particular dost is or is not dangerous. W e have to hire another specialist that calls himself a petrographer. You see our lung specialist says the most dangerous dust is free silica, not combined silicates, and straight chemical analysis does not make thij distinction. It makes a microscopic optical examination necessary. It was at our Rochester mid-year meeting that I got the straight dope on this free silica idea from D r. Russell o f the Public Health Service. The finer particles of free silica (only a few microns in length) are breathed right into the air sacs o f the lung's. Particles o f other substances are similarly deposited but are then gobbled up by certain white cells and carried away. The free silica is not, but stays there and is walled up by tissue. Some years later the silica becomes colloided, breaks through the wall and presents a nice culture medium o f devitalized tissue for tuberculosis germs to breed in and there you are. So watch out for free silica dust or silicosis. Another test for the dangerpusness of dusts was given me by Dr. Sayres o f the Bureau o f Mines. H e has to approve the kind o f rock that can be used for rock dusting of coal mines. H e injects a sample of the dust into the peritoneal cavity o f-a guinea pig and in a week or so examines the peritoneum for fibrosis; if any. the dust is unsafe; if none, i d s O. K. which reminds me that one specialist asserted we could get a fibrosis in the lungs merely from swallowing sand. Except for the next specialist I met scoffing at his idea, I was all set to cut spinach off of my menu. L apse in Industrial P oison D ata Sh eets Some inquiry has been made in this Section as to why your Industrial Poisons Committee has quit on the Job o f getting out Industrial Poisons Data Sheets. W hile officially connected with these flyers o f which the chief merit was brevity I hardly dared to mention them,--they so quickly became obsolete under the onset of new ideas from the real specialists. Logically, I am now dropping m yself .out o f this activity (being Chairman of_your Nominating Committee) and leave the issuance o f further sheets in the capable hands of your retiring sectional Chairman, Dr. Greenburg. O f course, also,- there is now a Health Section of the Council and D r. Sappington is going to_press every month or so with up-to-date articles of the same general type. I might mention the subject that finally stalled us two years ago on the run of data sheets: chlorine. The Poisons Committee could not agree as to whether chlorine was a poison or was not. The toxicologists said it was, the manufacturers said it was not. The real answer probably was a quanti tative one, as Dr. M acht, has just pointed out to you in discussing drugs in general. The manufacturers finally said that their case was proved by the fact that President Coolidge curedjris cold by inhaling chlorine. Ever since we have been waiting to hear from President Hoover. I f tfie toxicologists w in out, the country w ill have to go into mourning. N ew Treatm ent for N itrous Fum es I do want to trespass a bit "more upon your time to mention nitrous fumes. The air seems to be clearing on this subject. I do not recall how many expert chemists in your industry have tried to persuade rrse that this hazard w as exaggerated, that process were the really toxic, fumes generated,--some higher oxide like N ,0 or "ordinary" nitrous fumes were .harmless, that only in the rare disorder o f a nitrating -gwr;.: r 5gr~E?--- :-.-;. Chemical Section 573 hatnofc Yet w e have been getting such cases every now and then with fatal out er me. W e even had such a fatal case in an ordinary shop exposure;--a nan cleaning a casting in a pail of nitric acid and outdoors at that. Now comes the Cleveland Clinic disaster and focuses attention again on this nitrons fem e question- The immediate deaths are assigned to high concentrations o f carbon monoxide; the delayed deaths to nitrous fames from the decomposing film. The Chemical War fare Service seems competent to speak, from both chemical and txnocological stand- points. They tell us the fumes involved were nitrogen dioxide, N<X and nitrogen tetroxide,JiSci, both present in a reversible reaction in proportions depending on the tempferature. The originally generated frrme is nitric oxide, NO. (The harm less nitrous oxide; NaO, is generated in negligible amounts.} On exposure to moist air, the nitric oxide is immediately oxidized to the dioxide or tetroxide and I do not see how a workman is likely to breathe the nitric oxide before it has been ex posed to the air. __ I hesitate about going into the details o f this new therapy for nitrons fume poi soning. Your doctors should themselves study the medical literature on the sub ject. As Mr. Armstrong has mentioned, our section has just issued a Chemical Safe practices Pamphlet on "Nitrons Fumes." This Includes the new hospital treatment and you will note that the old passive method, is replaced by a new ag gressive treatment. As before, and this is within the safety man's functions, all doubtful cases must be followed up over night because of the delayed onset o f the really serious symptoms. It is safest to allow no exercise at all and to send Ihe case in an ambulance to a hospital for observation. Absolute rest and warmth arc called for with prompt study o f the blood (hourly liemoglobin. 'estimations) to detect any increase in concentration. At the first hint that the blood is thickening, radical steps to hold it down arc advised by the spe cialists. There are two ways to accomplish this and present authorities appear to differ slightly as to priority between them. The one is water or saline solution intake of from four to eight liters_per day, intravenously if necessary. The other Is venesection or bleeding to the extent of 350 to 800 cubic centimeters, depending on the severity of the case (and also, I suppose, on the heft of the individual in volved). Now our pamphlet on the subject and also, I understand. Dr. Underhill, placed fluid intake ahead of blood discharge, whereas the Chemical Warfare Service report on the Cleveland Hospital Disaster gives priority to bleeding "for incipient or advanced" cases o f this type of edema from gassing. The Warfare Service feels that the blood remaining after venesection will then withdraw fluid from the tissues to restore the whole volume to normal. I f this means a reduction in lung fluid, it would seem to the layman an important distinction, especially since in critical cases oxygen administration is advised. Perhaps this question of sequence is not of importance since both treatments follow each other closely or are even given at the same time. If a certain sequence is important, however, I hope our specialists will advise us definitely as soon as they can, because we all want to conquer this fume hazard if -possible. O f course, the question as to quantity inhaled still remains a factor in determin ing the damage done. It is stated by Henderson that nitrous fumes do not cause a spasm o f the glottis (as strong chlorine does) and no particular pain accompanies their deep inhalation. This makes them all the more dangerous. Shallow breath ing as a protection is talked about ,by practical men but I would be more inclined to train the workmen, in case o f I f spill or fume off, to hold their breath and beat or any direct handling of the exposed nitrating liquid should always include ade quate respiratory protection, whether you think there is any danger or whether you it for the great outdoors. All necessary repair work in vats, on pipelines, etc., don't. - 574 Eighteenth Annual S a fety Congress Cbm xxan W HirreMoiE; I arn goin g to ask Mr. 'Whiting' to take charge of the discussion. _ Mr. W h it i n g : We have time to get into some discussion. Is there any body who w ishes to discuss Dr. M acht's paper? Ca p t a i nt G. R. G. F is h e r (Illin ois M anufacturers' A ssociation, Chicago. III.) : D octor, could you explain why in the use of mercu'rochrome there have been several instances of s a livation follow ing? D r. M a c h t : I have never known salivation to follow the use of mercurochronie because salivation is characteristic of the sym ptom s of a solution of mercury in an inorganic state. Aire you speaking of ingestion or local appli cation ? C a p t a in F i s h e r : Dr. Voting o f ' Boston ' reports salivation from mercuro- chrome. - " Da. M a c h t : It may b e-an idiosyncracy. I should have mentioned, for instance, the effect of extraneous substances on the absorption of heavy metals. You have an example in bismuth. Ordinarily you take bismuth by mouth, in soluble form, without any harm whatever, but in certain individuals once in a great many cases' certain substances are present in the intestines, some claim certain bacteria, which w ill produce a breaking out of the organic compound or setting free o f inorganicHbismuth and symptoms of bismuth poisoning. So it is possible, but very improbable, that mercurochrome m ight undergo a sim ilar change in extraordinary "cases. Idiosyncracics arc very cmmon in connection w ith every drtig. That is rather unusual. I doubt whether salivation has com e, and it has come perhaps only in an individual susceptible to salivation from som e other causes which were mistaken for mercurochrome. S. W . A s h e (Superintendent of Education & W elfare, General Electric Company, P ittsfield. M ass.) : I presume you have had som e experience with a material they call bakclite. W hile I am not a chem ist, I believe phenol is one of the elem ents that is used in its manufacture. N ow we use enormous quantities o f it and we are troubled with a rash which the men get from it. I was wondering, in view o f what you said today (o f course, they say in some cases som e people are subject to it), whether you have to get them way from using it and put other individuals in their places. I was wondering if that rash was a surface affection, or whether it was m ore of an absorption due to th phenol in the system which w as working back. Dr. M a c h t : I don't know anything about bakelite, and I should like to know whether phenol is present, f should indagine that phenol is not the cause at all, that it is sim ply one of the substances used in the manufacture. M. As h e : I understand carbolic acid was used in the manufacture of bake lite itself. Perhaps som e gentlem an here knows and would help to answer the question. T he thought I had in mind is that it m ight be som ething more than the surface infection: if it did have carbolic acid in. it, are we getting absorp tion which aggravated it. D r. M a c h t : N ot being experienced w ith bakelite at all, I should say that phenol has nothing to do w ith this phenomenon at all. It is probably ascribed to som ething else, or the w hole substance itself produces an irritation of the skin in susceptible people. _ Chairman Whiting: Dr. Smythc of the University of Pennsylvania is here. W e should like to hear from him in the discussion of Dr. Macht's paper. D r. S m y t h e (U niversity of" Pennsylvania) : I think the general idea he brought out is a very important one, that there are so many factors involved in consideration of the harmtful effects of any drug or chemical that it is often IsilflK i Chemical Section 575 a very difficult problem, much harder to solve than the layman realizes. W hen the problem is put up to us, often w e find through our theoretical experim enta tions that w e fall down in our work because w e have overlooked som e of the conditions of environm ent in the subject itself. One thing that w as not brought out is quite important in consideration of the possible harmful effect of chemicals and drugs, and that is the personal factor; not only the resistance oF lack of resistance of the individual to the drug on the first exposure, but the possibility o f sensitizin g a patient or a worker. A worker m ay work w ith a certain organic compound and it may not harm him for som e time. Suddenly after a long period of working w ith that compound he becom es affected. "He is being hypersensitized by the action of that material, continued exposure" Jo sm all quantities of it which has increased his sensitivity to that particular material and it becom es to 'him a poison, whereas to his fellow workers It is not. W e have to bear that fact in mind in our consideration of the effect of any harmful m aterials. R ecently I have been going over the literature on skin irri tants in industry for the Industrial H ygiene Section o f the American Public Health A ssociation, and that fact is brought out very strongly in the litera ture on chemical skin irritants, the importance of recognizing the factor of hypersensitization of the individual in considering the effect of drugs upon the individual. I do not think the time justifies my talking longer on Dr. Miacht's paper. S. M. P ra tt (B rooklyn Edison Comfpany, Brooklyn, N . Y .): I am an out sider of the section. There does "not happen' to be a sentence in Dr. M acht's paper this m orning which is not applicable to safety: I believe it is the m ost potentially valuable paper I have' ever heard in a safety conference, in that if it were possible to disagree with Dr. M acht's paper it would be difficult to select that portion w ith which to disagree. Since w e have no medical section and nobody to treat som e o f the problems in the industrial sections, if you could do some work on several substances In regard to resuscitation after m ohoxide poisoning, for instance, the use o f a stimulant as such in supplement to resuscitation, if you could authorize and make possible experim ental work on the question o f treatm ent of a non breathing patient with stim ulants or w ith drugs, you would be contributing as much toward the salvation of persons that are fully overcom e as any work you could do. ___ I have seen fifty dead men in the last two years in the treatment o f whom, prior to their death, no one had the vaguest idea as to the truth of whether anyone should inject any drugs they use and no one has made authentic state m ents on it_ D r. Drinker o f Harvard, has m ade som e statem ents which he ut tered very guardedly. I have gone as far as I can in the reading of m atter available on th e subject. _ F irst let m e ask as to the availability of this paper outside o f your section, and second as to any scientific basis for treatm ent o f resuscitation w ith drugs. Chairman \V htttnc : That is a very interesting viewpoint you have given us. I feel, how ever, that w e in_ the Chemical Section cannot claim to be ihe appropriate m edium for any research on the subject o f.tru e carbon-monoxlkie asphyxiation. There is a Health Section, and they might imitate it. Of courite; if monoxide were a prominent hazard in the chemical industry, some o f our nltH like A rm strong would be taking hold of it and form ing a com m ittee of experts to study the subject. I had an im pression that w e were being led already in that subject by the R esuscitation Commission o f the American Gas A ssociation of w hich Dr. D rinker is chairmanT If he hasn't succeeded yet, perhaps nobody else w ill. H i t t t '- ; ommy-sm . 576 Eighteenth Annual S a fe ty Congress H ave you anything- to gay, Dr. M acht, on the possible use. in CO asphyxia tion cases, o f a drug th a t m ay help in resuscitation work? U nder the presen: technique, w c use only oxygen plus carbon-dioxide. D r. M a c h t : I have been working on carbon-monoxide poisoning for sev eral years. Then I rather relegated it to the future and published a short pre liminary note on the subject in regard to an experim ental method o f treat ment which is not generally known. It is not a form of drugs: T he method pursued now is a perfectly scientific one and a useful one, but it can perhaps be rendered more useful by a supplem entary measure. I have been very much..interested in the effects of radiation on the actions of drugs and poisons. I mentioned incidentally in my lecture that light may play an im portant role in_connection w ith the action of drugs. For instance, it has been known for years that eosin, the dye, w ill kill certain sm all animals by permesia when exposed to light, but w ill not kill in the sam e concentration in the dark. I published a paper som etim e ago show ing that quinine sulphate solution, which is fluorescent, is more effective therapeutically on the one hand and toxicologically on the other if you give a large dose, by injecting the animal when it is exposed to irradiations from a quartz lamp. I w as interested to study the effect of ultra-violet rays on carbon-m onoxide poison. W e have not written up all the work-in the w hole study over a couple o f years. I will tell you the status- to which we have come. If you take carbon m onoxide blood in a quartz tube and expose it to ultra violet radiations, you w ill find it w ill become dissociated; the carbon .monoxide from the hem oglobin, which usually is very firm and is broken up very- easily. T o m y mind the crux of the whole treatm ent of carbon m onoxide poisoning is to hasten the dissociation o f the union of the poison CO with hem oglobin,-so that the hem oglobin can combine normally w ith a sufficient amount of oxygen. There is no doubt at all that certain wave lengths of ultra-violet rays will break up this CO hem oglobin in test tubes. A fter having established and tested that by experim ental m ethods (which have been published in preliminary form ), this was follow ed by work on ani mals. I used rates first. I gave them inhalations of carbon, monoxide. It is true the same thing holds good for illuminating gas. A fter giving two animals the same amount of carbon m onoxide poisoning, we put one in the dark and the other in the light. W e found that alm ost w ithout exception the one in the direct sunlight with windows Open, in other words, exposed to ultra-violet rays, recovered more quickly than the other. The other was. apt to die. T his was continued on rabbits, experim entally. In other words, you can hasten the elim ination of the CO conijbination w ith hem oglobin by exposing the animal to ultra-violet rays. I intend to continue the work before I publish it in full. I w ill say th is in answ er 1B>_your q u estion : H o w can y ou g e t these rays to work in a living animal? T h ey m ight w ork in a quartz tube, but w ill these short w ave lengths penetrate through the skin? T he older literature on the penetration o f the ultra-violet rays will tell you that these so-called physiologi cally active rays, ranging from~4200 to 3600, penetrate only a very small fraction o f a m illim eter through th e-sk in . A1I I w ill say is th at w ork has been done by Dr. Anderson, w ho is head of the research department o f Anocia Company, specialists in physics and medicines and penetration o f ultra-violet. W e pub lished tw o papers in which w e showed conclusively by every method available that ultra-violet rays do penetrate much m ore deeply than has form erly been supposed. T h at, of c o u r s e r s In conform ity w ith the m arvelous therapeutic resu lts obtained by physicians and b iologists in the treatm ent o f certain diseases, i';: 'i . s3iai si Chemical Section 577 uch as rickets and tuberculosis. I have recently been working on pernicious anemia with these rays. They w ill penetrate. I lecture to m y students in th is way: In carbon monoxide poisoning, I expose the body to the sunlight,-give ultra-violet rays, and in addition to CO,, Dr. Anderson's treatment, plus arificial respiration. These rays really do seem to have the effect of getting at the crux, the pathological mechanism of the whole thing. Dr. Smythe mentioned- idiosyncracies or sensitization. I should have men tioned this phenomenon but I cbuld not touch upon everything. W e speak of that with habituation to drugs, which is very important and both ought to be studied together. Some subjects are habituated and so are rendered less sensitive than others. For instance, in purgatives, we have to give larger doses. Other drugs, however, lead to sensitization even among alkaloids. After taking the drug a little while the-patient is rendered more sensitive aild he need not take as large a dose as originally. That will be -true in certain poisons, too. J am glad the other gentleman, Mr. Pratt, of Brooklyn Edison Co., has spoken a word of appreciation for my humble effort. I wish to say that I . touched only on the salient features of the whole subject. Absorption of drugs is even more complicated than I have made it seem to you, and to get at the bottom of the whole thing we have to study the penetration of cell membranes, which involves the study of physics, biology and chemistry. Da. J. S. (Medical Director, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio) : I should like to know if X-ray would be more effective. D i Mackt: X-rays are dangerous to play with. W e know X-rays will produce changes in the blood and are harmful, and I should not recommend that they he tried for this purpose. W e know that long ultra-violet, so-called therapeutic rays, are comparatively harmless. You can get a bad sunburn, but that is about all. The X-rays are more penetrating and we know they will pro duce a breakdown o f blood vessels. H. J. S egrave (Mine Safety? Appliances Co., Pittsburgh. Pa.) : There is one poison which we are more or less inclined to speak of as HCN, hydro cyanic acid gas. It is said it has no real poisonous effect. I understand there is some indication lately that HCN is absorbable through the skin in rather high concentration, which would indicate that instead of a physical effect or effect in the molecular 'form,- it is an ionized form of the poison. Have you any information that would help us along this line? D*. M'a c h t ; I suppose v q u speak of the salts" and not the gas itself? Mr. Segrave: The gas itself as used in fumigating, which is an indus trial poison of some magnitude, I believe. D*. M*cncx: I should say offhand where the gas is present there would be enough absorbed through the respiratory mechanism that you need not to take into acount the absorption through the sk in .. There is a slight absorption even of KCN through the skin. You can get a local effect, but I don't know of a systematic effort. KCN j i slightly anesthetic. `There, I think, the danger would be in the formation of the gas itself and the inhalation. I don't think you need fear much absorption through the skin. The mucous membrane is penetrative to a greater extent. M r. Segrave: The company^with which I am connected is interested par ticularly in protection with the ordinary protective devices. . By use of a respirator we would expect -that the respiratory system would be able to cope with the gas either by chemical means or protection o f the air supply or some such thing. I believe the Bureau o f Mines has done som e work recently and I was looking for some, information along that line.  sH M iS iv isijg sia . m/:* Z L iS iS lL ^ U E il-: A-mitem -- j a a f f i g . , ; i'-sani 578 Eighteenth Annual S a fe ty Congress D k. M'a c b t : I cannotr give you any firsthand inform ation, but experiments could be made very easily. J o h n S. S h a w (M anager of Safety & Service, H ercules Pow der Company. W ilm ington, D elaw are): D r. Macht, this is a safety engineers' group and there m ight be som e danger o f our going home a little confused. W hat are we to use for first aid puncture wounds? X w o per cent sedation o f tincture of iodine or mercurochrome? W hich is the safer? Da. M a c h t : I s h o u ld t h in k , c o n s i d e r in g the action o f an antiseptic in t o t o , n o t o n l y b a c t e r i o lo g i e a ll y b u t p h a r m a c o l o g ic a l ly , the latter, given in s u f fic ie n t c o n c e n t r a t io n , w o u ld d o a l l t h e w o r k . An aqneons solution could b e u s e d . A c e t o n e a n d a lc o h o l s o l u t io n h a s b e e n r e c o m m e n d e d for hospital u se . b u t a t w o p e r c e n t a q u e o u s s o lu t io n fo r fir s t a id i s not only b a c te r io s ta t ic b u t b a c te r ic id a l. I b e li e v e t h e l i m i t s o f t h i s d y e a r e one to e i g h t hundred. A t w o p e r c e n t s o l u t io n o f o n e t o f iv e o u g h t t o b e sufficient. I should recommend in all cases of puncture wounds and others to wash them out first, if possible, before applying anything, because if you have grease or oil present you have the question of prevention of absorption. If there is sufficient grease present an aqueous solution w ill not penetrate because it does not contain alcohol. W ash out w ith soap and water, if possible, and then apply your antiseptic. M r. S h a w : Is tw o per cen t tincture of iod in e d estru ctive to th e tissue? D r. M a c h t : T h e regular, tin ctu re is se v e n p er cen t, b u t ev en o n e p er cen t o f L u g o l 's s o lu t io n , w h ic h is n o t t in c t u r e a t a ll, w h i l e n o t a n t i s e p t i c t o a n ex ten t, is v ery m arkedly d estru ctive to protoplasm .' M r. S h a w : Is this album inate o f iodine injurious to an y o f th e organs? D r. M a c h t : I shall- give you an experim ent which I have made. Take a rabbit and paint its abdomen with tincture o f iodine, a single coat. In half an hour you can show the presence o f iodine in the urine. Before Z painted the rabbit, I tested its kidney function w ith phenolsulphthalein, the regular test. A few days later this rabbit continued to show iodine in the urine, the kidney function came down from 90 to 37, and finally the rabbit died. M r. S h a w : W hat should we do w ith sprains and joints? W e paint f r e e ly with iodine over the joint-' D r. M a c h t : Over sm all areas in healthy people, I think there is no objec tion. There you are not painting for antiseptic purposes. You want the counter-irritant action. You could use a mustard plaster or any other irritant in its place. W e always have to choose the lesser of tw o evils. If a drug is a poison, the only thing I ant pleading for is that you should bear the margin o f safety in your mind. W e have to take chances and do a little harm if the good which results w ill over-balance and the patient w ill g et w ell eventually. I do not believe that painting iodine on a healthy person w ill produce nephritis. C a p t a in F is h e r : Isn 't "it conceded that lead and mercury are even so? D r . M a c h t : T his brings out another question which I should have rfientioned. and that is interaction of drugs. T hat is a phenomenon that is also new in pharmacology, but o f greatest importance. W hen tw o drugs are ap plied the result which you will obtain may- not be explained always by a mens summation of the drugs. They may antagonize each other or one m ay poten tiate each other. This phenomenon is known as synergism . W e have many exam ples o f this. F or instance, fake -the tw o alkaloids, morphine and scopo-' lamine. T o give a certain dose of morphine you have a certain effect. Scopolamine, by itself, is. slightly sedative, but if you give the two combined, and even in smaller doses, then each one separately, the com bination pro- jam: 'ii isl JMtL Chemical Section 579 i'.aces the profound sleep known as tw ilight sleep. T hat is an example of < _ The tw o alkaloids are not similar in chemical structure. Each one attacks a. different vulnerable point in the collective m olecule of the tissue. Each one hitches onto a separate side chain and that is like knocking a person in the raw and in the stomach below the belt at the same time. It is enough to put him out, but if you give a double dose of one alone he m ight survive. "You are attacking tw o points. T his is a very rough explanation of synergism . Whether there is a synergism o f lead and mercury, it is doubtful. I cannot answer offhand unless I have experimental evidence. H. C. R ogers (G rasselli Chemical Company, Cleveland, O h io ): W c all know that some individuals are more susceptible than others, and often wc have to apply an antiseptic to a workman who has a greasy and dirty skin. Isn 't it possible by using a watery solution that you m ight ruin the job; whereas if you arc using alcohol solution you are sure to get rid of the bugs? W e have used iodine for years and I have never known a man to become ill through the use of iodine, and yet it is possible in your experiments with an animal that in painting the stomach and one thing or another you m ight get a dangerous condition; whereas painting a scratch or a wound on a man's arm m ight be a minor affair. T o me it is a question o f being sure whether you kill the bugs or run the danger of having the man become ill. Just how great is' that danger? You have _to paint a very largo area to get enough to do any harm. ~ D*. Macjit : I should say it depends on the size of the area, in the first place.' In sm all areas. I mentioned when some one else raised the question, you w ill not g et enough absorption to produce any serious poisoning. There you bring in the alcohol question, I mean using the alcohol tincture. W ere you referring to the skin or to the wound becoming greasy? M b. Roceks: Say you have a greasy skin and get a cut on it. It is hard to cut grease w ith water, whereas we know that alcohol w ill cut it. Da. Macht: I think ordinarily the mercurochrome, as far as .1 know, will penetrate even if you have grease. I mention that in case of puncture wounds which are hard to get at and which m ight be hard to wash off. In case there is a great deal of grease it would be preferable to use the special solvent for your dye antiseptic that I mentioned before as 30 per cent acetone and 40 per cent o f alcohol, which is a liquid solvent that w ill penetrate quite deeply. I think for most purposes the aqueous solution would be sufficient in case you have a grim y skill. The difficulty in th is: w ith the iodine and antiseptic, it is not so much the system ic poisoning but the local effect on the tissues. There is no doubt the iodine w ill use superficial destruction of the cells and that w ill over-balance any greater bactericidal effect, because wherever you have dead tissues, after the antiseptic has disappeared from the field of application (and in the case o f iodine that happens very rapidly) the dead tissue w ill be liable to putre faction and reinfection. -- S. W . A s h e (Superintendent o f Education & W elfare, General Electric Company, Pittsburgh, P a.) : D octor, is there any especial reason in the use o f mercurochrome when you have scratches and cuts miade from copper w ires that there should be any infection in there even though the wounds are care fully treated with mercurochrome? I have noticed in copper scratches, even after treating carefully, that you are more liable to get subsequent infection. Dr. Macht : . I don't know o f any, unless it is the interaction, the gentleman L it -m m m 580 E ighteenth Annual S a fe ly Congress m entioned w ith other m etals. O f course, inorganic m ercury w ill percipitate on copper, but with an inorganic compound, I don't know. M r. Rogers : I s h o u ld l i k e t o a s k if t h e r e is a n y d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n g e n t ia n violet and m ercurochrom ez D r. M a c h t : Gentian violet has one- field only. T hey use it in certain skin diseases. I cannot give you the inform ation in regard to the specific bacteria, involved. It has been found to have som e desirable effect. I t cannot be considered as a general antiseptic. It does stain and o f course, stays a long tim e in the tissu es. I m entioned as an exam ple o f som ething acting over a long period o f tim e by virtue o f its penetration as a stain. C h a ir m a n W h i t i n g :' Are there any other inquiries? W e certainly appre ciate Dr. M acht's com ing from Baltim ore to address us. AD JO U RN M ENT Chem ical Section 581 'Wednesday, October 2, 1928 C. F . W H IT T E M O K E, Vice-Chairm an Western Electric Company, Chicago The third session was called to order at nine forty-five o'clock by the vice- chairman, C. F . Whittemore. --. V ice- C h a ir m a n W h it t e m o r e : This morning oar program i s scheduled to start with a talk by Mr. J. I. Connolly, chief engineer of the Chicago Department of Health. Unfortunately Mr. Connolly could not be in tw o places at once- H e Had to attend a meeting, o f the American Public H ealth Association. We are very glad, however, to have his assistant speak to us in his stead. Mr. Thomas J. Claffy, Bureau Chief of_ the Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, Chicago Health Department, w ill read Mr. Connolly's paper. The Fire, Explosion and Health Hazards of Refrigerants By JOEL I. CONNOLLY Chief, Bureau o f Sanitary E ngineering, Chicago Departm ent o f H ealth The hazards of mechanical refrigeration have been the subject of much discussion and o f some newspaper publicity during the last few months. Some deaths and non fatal injuries have occurred in this City, which this week welcomes the members ox the National Safety Congress. These accidents have given a tremendous impetus to the movement initiated by others, some o f whom are members of this organiza tion, toward greater safety in the use and handling of refrigerants. In this paper an attempt w ill be made to present the viewpoint of a municipal bureau, a portion of the Department o f H ealth, to which is submitted the problem of protecting the people of the city from a rather newly recognized danger to health and life. I said "health" first, because usually a lifetim e o f impaired health is a far worse fate than the sudden loss o f life itself. Because o f the fact that progress in health and safety work is so frequently expressed in lowered death rates, the general public and occasionally we ourselves, perhaps, may overlook the fact that the protection of health is as important and as difficult a task as the prevention o f unnecessarily premature deaths. ---- It is realized by every thinking person that mechanical refrigeration is here to stay. Let- us hope it will be in a somewhat safer form than in the past. Its mani fest advantages are recognized by the guardians o f public health and safety as readily as by those whose business it is. to make and sell and install the apparatus. Con sequently its dangers must not be permitted to become serious and wide-spread enough to result in oft-repeated tragedies and thereby undermine public confidence in the use o f this type o f refrigeration. In stressing health hazards, the Department o f Health has never taken an antago nistic attitude toward mechanical refrigeration. On the contraiy, the safeguards demanded by public officials should be regarded as a distinct aid to the industry, by helping to eliminate the unscrupulous and careless whose misdeeds react un favorably upon good and bad alike. Reasonable and necessary restrictions upon installations o f systems and upon the use of toxic refrigerants tend to prevent oppressive and unnecessary measures which might result from hysteria over avoidable accidents, and it has been our purpose to give the public the safety it demands E m ployees' Publication Section 879 where; they may not have occurred in our plant, but they have occurred 'some where. .T he thought of-pulling a boner is expressed, although w e do not just come right out and say that a man pulled a boner. . W e sort o f word them so the fellow_ w ill have to do his own thinking. Rather than place the items under disciplining, we label them Accidents and put them under "T H IN K !" Chairman Ka n e : W e have had a pretty good discussion of Mr. Eib's paper already, but the program calls for the discussion -to be led officially by Mr. J. E. Hilborn, Personnel Manager o f Square D Company, Detroit. Discussion on Mr. Eib's Paper By J. K. HILBORN Personnel Manager, Square D Co., Detroit Before trying to discuss the paper as presented by Mr. Eib on how to make the safety page attract, allow me to pause and congratulate you who were fortunate enough to hear this paper presented, and to thank Mr. Eib for the presentation made. . - The material covered in his paper is .complete and the manner in which he han dled the subject is somewhat unique. Mr. Eib stated that I wanted a copy of his talk in order to prepare my discussion; but after getting a copy, to discuss it is quite a problem. So I w ill make, a few remarks and leave the bulk o f the dis cussion up to you members who are here gathered. In making any safety page attract, one of the first things we think o f is the type displays. T he use of modern type faces w ill assist materially in dressing up your safety page. There are so many new and different styles o f type faces oqt nowadays that it is pretty hard to keep abreast and keep your type up to date, bat if you send your magazine out for type setting, the compositor no doubt has all the new type faces and w ill gladly dress up the page for you. It is also pos sible to use stock cuts such as released through the National Safety Council or other stock cut dealers. W e have had considerable discussion in the Nevus L etter regarding syndicated features, and the bulk o f opinion seems to be that syndicated features are not worth while for use in our plant publication. In making the safety page attract, w e must put the appeal from the standpoint o f the worker. H e must be the one to be considered. W e must appeal to his self ish side In order to receive his attention. W e can talk about his own personal w elfare and safety rather than the company interest; he w ill read the story and Will glean more good from it. W e can put -into the story the fact that not only he- but also his fam ily and friends and relatives suffer when he is injured, and that he does not live unto him self alone, but lives for others. Then your story on the safety- page w ill be worth just that much more. Some appeals can be humorously cartooned, showing the ridiculous side or cause o f many accidents.. W e can easily cartoon the fact that B ill Jones walked away from his scaffold leaving wrenches and other tools lying loosely on the -boards above and without any sign to warn th at. workmen'w ere above; then show that something dropped off and landed on a passerby, seriously injuring him. This does not strike tod deeply at' any particular one, but emphasizes the fact that scaf folds are dangerous when being worked upon by some men. I f in our safety work' w e can .appeal to the employee to think of the safety o f others, how the little, things that we do effect the safety of others, and not to let carelessness .or thoughtlessness on our part result in injtxry to others, our ap peal w ill be that much stro n g er._ Mr. Eib spoke at length, on "Understanding." That is what w e must endeavor La J 880 Eighteenth Annual S a fety Congress to secure--the understanding- between the employee and the management--that what Is being done ifor the employee is for the employee's good as much .as for the management's sake, and that these things arc not the bunk but are really worth while. That is why present day plants consider recreational activities, clubs and sporting events are worth while from the point of view o f the management as well as of the employee. In the old days, if a workman lost a finger under a press, it was his own hard luck--now_such a misfortune appeals to everybody in the plant and everybody seems to assume a certain responsibility for it. Another item of safety and" welfare which can be used on the safety page Is the fact that group insurance Is in the plant for the employees' good. Mr. Eib mentioned this and I again repeat that it is humanitarian, and worth while. In working up articles for our safety pages, we must avoid the appearance o f preaching or propaganda. The__ reader w ill only look at is and say, "W ell, that's the bunk," and pass it over; or else "The factory or the boss is trying to put something over on us." W e must make our appeal intensely one of human inter est. The more personal appeal we can put into our articles, the more names or facts that we can bring close to home where the reader will see the connection between the story .and himself, and his daily life, the more value that article has to him from a safety standpoint. The same story may be written several differ ent ways and be satisfactory, but we must" not let the employee assume that the page has the same old stuff orrtt all the time. In order to create reader interest, personal items are always best. The more o f these we use, especially those which have a humorous side, the better reader interest we will obtain. - I like Mr. Eib's suggestion on cover page ideas. I know that I am going to use it In the future preparation of the Square D Tates, and no doubt many o f you can make use of the idea too. Some editors have been able to make the safety page attractive by using it to promote safety contests within their organizations, whereby a suitable award, either in metal or cash, is given to the employee who does unusual service for safety or makes a new safety suggestion o f value. C h a ir m a n K a n e : The final jplece o f business for the afternoon is the election of officers. The Nominating Committee is headed by Mr. Gilbert F . Close, who will present his report. - ` Report o f N om inating Com m ittee Gilbert F . Cl o s e : Before giving the names o f the nominees for the various" offices, I want to say our committee with the sanction of the Executive Committee, suggests a few changes. Heretofore, we "have had vice-chairmen to represent the different industries, such as one for railroads, one for petroleum, and so forth; this year we propose to nominate chairmen to represent the different localities rather than different industries, principally with the thought of arranging sectional meetings. It would be very helpful, for example, if one chairman was located in the east, one in the middle west and one in the south.. AnotHer idea is to do away entirely with our Publicity Committee. The Service Committee which publishes our N ews Letter has done such an excellent job and covered our publicity so thoroughly, we feel whatever publicity is necesary can be handled by the Service Committee in addition to getting" out the News Letter. Another thing, we are not ready to make our nominations for the Judges Com mittee, because it is the thought o f the Nominating Committee, and I think o f others, that those winning the prizes in the Employees' Publication Contest, if the judges have done their work properly, know more about editing the magazines than the rest o f us; therefore, we are going to recommend that the Judges Committee for next year be chosen from among those who won the prizes this year. E m ployees' Publication Section 881 G en er a l C h a ir m a n -- Charles A . W ard, T h e P ure O il Co., Columbus,- Ohio. V ic e-C h a ir m a n ( M iddle W e s t ) -- V . H . K upferer, T he Studebaker Corp., South Bend, Iml. Vice-Chairman ( S outh) -- Thomas E. Owen, Louisville and Nashville Railroad Co., Louisville, Ky. V ice-C h a ir m a n (E ast) -- E ugene T . W ilkins, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. -- . S hjcretary-- D ellona M . Laabs, Seam en B od y Corp., Milwaukee^ W ise. C h a ir m a n P rogram Co m m ittee--J. G . B ra n d t, J. L . C la rk M a n u fa c tu rin g Co. R o c k fo rd , 111. ___ C h a ir m a n M e m b e r sh ip C om m ittee--Ruth E . Cade, A . E. Staley M anufacturing Co., D ecatur, 111. C h a ir m a n S ervice C omm ittee-- F . O . W yse, B ucyrus-Erie Co., So. Milwaukee, wis. E xecutive Co m m ittee: O fficers a n d F . W . Bosw ell, T he Buick M otor Company, Flint, M ich. ; Gilbert F . Close, Commonwealth D ivision, General Steel Castings Corp., G ranite City, III.; C. E . Kane, Illin ois Central System , Chicago, 111. C h a irm a n K a n e : M r. Close, d o you m ove th e adoption, o f th a t rep o rt? M r. C lo se: I so m ove. ~ ;ii (T he motion w as seconded, was put to a vote and carried.) C h a ir m a n K a n e : T he new officers are elected and w ill tak e th eir offices after the session tom orrow even in g. _ -- ADJOURNM ENT