Document GK93nnvndjmdZE9zKkXMyvbLx

FILE NAME: Shipbuilders Council of America (SHIP) DATE: 1971 July 20 DOC#: SHIP012 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: SCA Memo RE Mt. Sinai Proposed 'Recommended Practices Manual of Asbestos Handling in Shipbuilding & Repair1 SHIPBUILDERS COUNCIL OF AM ERICA W A T E R G ATE S ! X H U N D R E D W A S H IM G T Q N. O. C. 20 0 3 7 July 20, 1971 To: ACCIDENT PREVENTION COMMITTEE Subject: Mount Sinai School of Medicine Proposed "Recommended Practices Manual of Asbestos Handling in Shipbuilding and Repair" A revised draft of the proposed "Recommended P ractices Manuel of A sbestos Handling in Shipbuild ing and Repair", prepared by Dr. Duncan A. Holaday, Department of Community M edicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine is attached. The new draft in cludes recom m endations submitted earlier by Council m em bers through the ad hoc com m ittee on which Mr. Harry Howard of Bethlehem Steel Corporation serves as the Council's representative. As may be noted from Dr. Holaday's^covering letter, a further review of the proposed manual is desired. It is requested that such comments as m em bers of the com m ittee may have on the revised draft be forwarded to Mr. Howard, Bethlehem Steel Corpora tion, 701 E ast 3rd Street, Bethlehem , Pa, 18016 with copy to the Council by August 6. H. M er e n e'is, s`U yU 'i s t ) A ssistant to the President plaintiff's ! EXHIBIT J - - _ - u SBCA 5047 | - 1 IJJ"J Si -~ "---I:--!-----:---------- ---' H M|M 'io/r^-0^ MOUNT SoIf TNhAe CIitySUCnHiveOrsOityLofNOetFvYoMrkEDLCINE F I F T H A V E N UE AND 100 TH S T R E E T - NEW YORK, N.Y. 10019 Vtparbntttt ojf Contmutuly 7*Udk'tn( Jul y \ , t To: From: Members o f S h i p y a r d Manual Committee Duncan A. H o la d a y and W i l l i a m B. R e i t z e /n TT\ fOFflCE 11 t>0W&371 which i n c o r p o r a t e s s u g g e s t i o n s and comments s e n t in by th e commit t e e members.' We w is h to e x p r e s s o u r thanks f o r y o u r r e v i e w o f the o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l and th e s u g g e s t i o n s which you made. P e r s o n a l l y , I c o n s id e r t h i s d r a f t to be a c o n s id e ra b le improvement o ver the original version. Copies o f the fig u re s are not enclosed because our Xerox machine w ill not reproduce glossy photographs. However, the l i s t o f cap t i o n s w i l l g i v e you a t l e a s t some c l u e s c o n c e r n i n g th e f i g u r e s . I f you have a d d it io n a l m a t e r ia l, such as photographs, sketches o r sug ge stion s fo r fig u re s which would improve th is document, please le t us have i t . You w i l l n o te t h a t the s e c t i o n on v e n t i l a t i o n i s s t i l l b l a n k . We have read the m aterial in the pamphlet supplied by Bethlehem but would a p p r e c i a t e any a d d i t i o n a l th o u g h ts on how to use mechanical v e n tila tio n to control dust aboard ship. We w o u ld a p p r e c i a t e i t i f you c o u l d r e v i e w t h i s document and l e t us have y o u r comments by A u g u s t 15. As you p r o b a b l y know, an i n t e r n a t i o n a l symposium on s a f e t y and h e a lt h in s h i p b u i l d i n g is b e i n g - h e l d i n H e l s i n k i A u g u s t 3 0 -S c p t e m b e r 1, 1971- We w i l l be l i s t e n i n g a v i d ly fo r any h e lpful thoughts that a rc presented at the conference and i t would be h e l p f u l i f we had y o u r o p i n i o n s o f the manual to compare w ith what o th e rs p resent. / / /'/ / DAH: 1kh Enel. t /v DRAFT 5/26/71 1. I n t r o d u c t i o n Much o f th e equipment i n s t a l l e d in s h i p s r e q u i r e s thermal i n s u l a t i o n . Because o f i t s d e s i r a b l e and, in some cases.^ in d isp e n sa b le , p r o p e rt ie s , asbestos is w id e ly used as a component o f i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a ls . A p p ly in g , remov ing o r handling in s u la tio n can produce a irb o rn e dust which contaminates the workroom a i r . in h a la tio n o f asbestos f i b e r s can c a use s e r i o u s i n j u r y to t h o s e e x p o s e d . Many .studies- have found that cases o f a s b e s to s is , lung cancer and p le u ra l and p e rito n e a l mesothelioma have occurred f o l lowing exposure to a irborne asbestos fib e rs .. Cases o f a s b e s t o s d i s e a s e s have been r e p o r t e d In men who a r e n o t u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r e d to be a s b e s t o s w o r k e r s . P i p e f i t t e r s , s te a m fitte rs and welders and shot b la s te rs , fo r ex ample, may remove i n s u l a t i o n in th e c o u r s e o f t h e i r work. Members o f t h e s e a n d - o t h e r . t r a d e s f r e q u e n t l y work in the a re a s where i n s u l a t i o n is being a p p l i e d o r removed and thus are % p o t e n t ia lly exposed to airborne asbestos dust. Du sts o t h e r than a s b e s t o s , such as some forms o f d i a tomaceous e a r t h , may a l s o be i m p o r t a n t . However, l e s s i s known o f t h e h a z a r d w h ich m ig h t be c r e a t e d by such e xp o s u re s as occur in shipyard work. The general goal in a ll In s u la t i o n work s h o u ld be to m a in t a in a c le a n e n viro n m e n t . 2 Although areas o f r e s p o n s ib ilit ie s w i l l d i f f e r from yard to yard, one resp onsib le person, perhaps the in d u s tria l h y g i e n i s t o r the s a f e t y o f f i c e r , sh o u ld meet w ith the j o b superintendent and the jo b foreman to survey the jo b before any work is s t a r t e d . The o b j e c t o f t h i s s u r v e y would be to determ ine what du st problems m ight be c re a te d and the areas where they w ill be. T h is committee should then recommend p r o c e d u r e s to r e d u c e d u s t e x p o s u r e s d u r i n g the com pletion o f the j o b . The committee r e p o rt should be made a v a i l a b l e to th e c o s t e s t i m a t o r s as w e l l as t h o s e c o n c e r n e d f o r the d a y-to -d a y work schedule. Controls w ill in c re a s e c o s ts and c o n t r a c t o r s should be aware o f the p r o cedures which th e y w i l l be re q u ire d to f o llo w . O p era tions which gene rate la rg o amounts o f dust in clu d e 1. K i p - o u t o l o l d i n s u l a t i o n 2. M ix in g asbe stos m o rta r 3. C u ttin g in s u la t io n m a te ria l e i t h e r on s i t e o r in. f a b r i c a t i o n shops k . B lo c k in g o r hammering on b lo c k o r p ip e c o v e r in g * * to seat material 5. Warehousing and storage o f m aterial 6. Clean-up and waste h a n d lin g . P a r t i c u l a r e f f o r t s s h o u l d be made to c o n t r o l d u s t d i s p e rsio n during these o p e ra tio n s both to reduce peak exposures and to prevent general contamination o f the atmosphere of the work area. The f o 1lo w in g s e c t ions o f t h i s manual d i s c u s s ' i n de t a i l procedures which have been found u se fu l in reducing atm ospheric contam ination by in s u la tio n dusts. These p r o - ' cedures have been assembled from research o f our La b o ra to ry and from severa l o th e r sources, w ith major c o n tr ib u tio n s made by t h e programs d e v e l o p e d a t t h e Puget Sound and Long Beach Naval S h ip ya rd s . \ 1I . Control o f A s b e s to s -C o n ta in in q Dusts by Use o f S u b s titu te M a te ria ls S u b stitu tio n of m aterials containing reduced proportions o f a s b e s t o s o r no a s b e s t o s a t a l l , i s becoming'more common in ship construction. Before a material is substituted for as b e s to s , c e r t a i n p o i n t s must be c a r e f u l l y c o n s id e re d . From a h e a lt h p o i n t o f v ie w , one must guard a g a i n s t th a t which has happened in o th e r environmental s itu a t io n s - - where in the d e s i r e to m i n i m i z e use o f a s u b s t a n c e w i t h some known h a z a r d , "M nn Iv.; I.<`(1 sub*; t.'mOf h.f. bn-ti sub:', t.i lu Led which l a t e r U if n 'i o u t to In1 u l l.lit: *..11111: o f (ji'L'.ilft' Im /.it'd. A second c o n s id e ra tio n must be: w i l l .meet engineering s p e c if ic a t io n s and w i l l i t quately under conditions o f use. the new m a te ria l perform ade M a te r ia ls c o n ta in in g reduced amounts o f asbestos have been used in the f o llo w in g a p p lic a t io n s : it `VlJL* A . F ib e r g lo ss f o r blanket and pad f i l l i n g Amosite blanket covered with asbestos cloth Is a standard material for making valve and flange pads. S u bstitu tion o f the proper grade,of fib e r glass as a pad f i H e r not o n ly reduces asbestos dust during f a b ric a tio n and in s t a lla t io n but a lso tends to lessen the problems during subsequent " r ip -o u t" . Asbestos c l o t h which has been tr e a te d w ith a dust suppressant is a v a i l a b l e and i t s use should a ls o be encouraged. B . P J j x \ r.} `Viu *J iuj j i i id J )d iu k w illi_ i't` <lii<t out I m l )(:. l os Over tiie ye a rs the manufactui'c rs o f calcium s i l i c a t e m a te ria ls have been s t e a d i l y reducing the p e r centage o f asbestos f ib e r in th e ir m a teria l. Serious c o n s id e r a t io n sh o uld be g iv e n to those p rod ucts con ta in in g lower amounts o f asbestos f i b e r . Several B r it is h firms have introduced a sb e stos-fre e calcium s i l i c a t e blo ck and pipe c o v e r in g . To date, however, t h i s m a te ria l has not been ad eq ua tely evalua ted in the U n it e d S t a t e s to d e te rm in e how i t w i l l perform in use. 111. R e d u c t i o n o f Dust by Changes in Wor,k Methods In many o p e r a t i o n s , changes in work p r a c t i c e s w i l l r e duce dust d isp e rsio n v e ry s i g n i f ic a n t l y . A ll of the p ro - cedures d iscusse d in t h is s e c tio n have been u t i l i z e d ' a n d i found to be e f f e c t i v e . A, Mixing Asbestos Mortar T h is o p e ra tio n has u s u a l l y been done a t the job s it e . While the time spent in mixing is q u ite s h o r t , c o n s id e r a b le d u st is produced. A te s te d method o f c o n tro l is to mix the m ortar dockside and package the mixed mortar in several' containers fo r transporta tio n to the jo b s it e . Mortar is a v a ila b le packaged in several size s o f p la s t ic bags which have a spout thro ug h w h ic h w a t e r i :i i n i r o d u o o d . S u f f i c i e n t w a t e r is added to moisten the m ortar; a f t e r p re u tixin g , the bag is opened and the remaining w a te r added. The c a r ton in which the bag is packaged se rv e s as a m ixin g box and w a s te c*o n t a i n e r . E i t h e r o f t h e s e methods m i n im lzes d u s t d i s p e r s i o n a t the j o b s i t e . One commercial l y a v a i l a b l e pa ckage i s i l l u s t r a t e d in F i g u r e 1. B. P r e - c u t t i n g p i p e c o v e r i n g and b l o c k in th e f a b r i cation shop. H a n d -cu ttin g o f pipe cove ring and block should be kept to an a b s o l u t e minimum. cover lengths and blocks should t i o n shop on e x h a u s t - v o n 1 1 1a t e d Bend s e c t i o n s , p ip e be c u t in the f a b r i c a equipment. The proced u r e used a t the Puget Sound'Naval S h ip y a r d is shown in 6 F ig u r e 2. Cut s e c tio n s a re dipped in w ater and then packed in p l a s t i c bags which a rc la b e le d to i d e n t i f y th e l o c a t i o n where th e y a r e to be used. T h i s p r o c e d u r e i n s u r e s t h a t th e c u t s e c t i o n s a r e s t i l l damp and r e l a t i v e l y d u s t - f r e e when t h e y a r c a p p l i e d . The p l a s t i c bags are a lso a v a ila b le a t the j o b - s i t e s fo r use in c o lle c tin g wastes. C. P r e - s c o r i n g blocks i n s u l a t i o n b lo c k s s h o u ld n o t be s c o re d a t the , jp b s i t e . Blocks which have been p re -s c o re d b y .th e m a n u fa ctu re r can be p u rch a se d , o r s ta n d a rd blo cks can be s c o re d in the f a b r i c a t i o n shop u s in g an exho'ustv e n t i la Led gang saw. I). Jn'iiihi! ing p.LIV.' j ` 'gmiI i i J _JjTJii*-11, Some p i p e a s s e m b l i e s a r e q u i t e i n t r i c a t e and arc troublesome to lag w hile in place. A s a tis fa c to ry method o f doing these jo b , p a r t i c u l a r l y during ship re p a i r , which is employed by the Puget Sound Naval S h ip ya rd , is to remove the assembly in c o n v e n i e n t l y s iz e d s e c t i o n s and t r a n s p o r t them to t h e ' s h o p . Here the o l d in s u la tio n is removed, any necessary re p a ir o f the pipes performed and the assembled section re-laggcd. Not o n l y i s d u s t d i s p e r s i o n r e d u c e d , b u t i t i s much more co n ve n ie nt to r e - l a g the s e c tio n in the shop than 7 when i t i s in p l a c e s h i p b o a r d . Any i n s u l a t i o n w hich i s damaged d u r i n g t r a n s p o r t and f i t t i n g i s r e p a i r e d a f te r the sections are in place. E. H a n d -c u ttin g a t job s it e s Some h a n d - c u t t i n g a t j o b s i t e s i s u n a v o i d a b l e . However, d is p e r s io n o f dusts by these o p e ra tio n s can be m i n i m i z e d . F i g u r e 3' i l l u s t r a t e s a p o r t a b l e d o w n - d r a f t ta b le which is used by the Puget Sound Naval S hipyard. T h i s t a b i c has f o l d i n g l e g s so i t can be c a r r i e d down companionways and s e t up c o n v e n ie n t ly to the work. A small i n d u s t r i a l vacuum c le a n e r is the source o f ex haust. Scrap is dropped in t o a p l a s t i c bag and a d ro p c lo t h Is placed on the deck under the equipment. These procedures r e s t r i c t hand-cutting work to r e la t iv e ly small a re a s^ t reduce dust d is p e rs io n and f a c i l i t a t e clean-up. F . F a b r i c a t i o n o f Pads and B lankets Pads f o r v a l v e s and m a c h i n e r y . s h o u 1d be f a b r i cated in the shop whenever th is is p o s s ib le . Amosite has been l a r g e l y replaced by fib ro u s g la s s f i l l i n g w ith covers o f a sb e stos c l o t h which has been tre a te d w ith d u s t s u p p r e s s a n t s . F i g u r e k i l l u s t r a t e s an e f f e c t i v e means f o r s u p p r e s s i n g d u s t d i s p e r s i o n . The f i b r o u s g l a s s b l a n k e t i s u n r o l l e d , dampened and r e - r o l l e d . T h i s 3 proced ure in s u re s th a t a l l the b la n k e t w i l l be dampened. The blanket and asbestos c lo t h shapes are cut in the lateral d ra ft booth. Figure 5 illu s tra te s another .sys tem f o r dampening pad m a t e r i a l b e f o r e c u t t i n g . As the re is no l a t e r a l d r a f t booth in t h i s s h o p , . a l l the operators wear re s p ira to rs . G. H o use k e e ping and C l e a n - u p Essential parts of a dust control'program are housekeeping and clean-up procedures. Meticulous a tte n tio n must be given to measures f o r r e s t r i c t i n g spread o f d u st and l a r g e r w a s te s . F i g u r e 6 again shows use o f a d ro p c lo th under a work area and v i v i d l y i l l u s t r a t e s how much w a s te w o u l d . b e d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r the general area o r to lower decks i f one were not used. F ig u r e 7 shows use o f an i n d u s t r i a l vacuum c le a n e r to c o l l e c t d u s t and small s c ra p . A re a s sh o uld be cleaned up a t the lunch break and the. end o f each s h i f t . In n i l p o s s i b l e i p:. i n u e e s , workmen should cl cun up i h e i r own u r e a s . Where work r u l e :, p r o h i b i t I h i : . , ihe o l e u i t - u p # * crow sh o uld be under the d i r e c t i o n mid s u p e r v is io n o f the in s u la tio n foreman to insure that proper a tte n tio n is given to th is important subject. Reduction o f Dusts by Use o f Local Exhaust V e n tila tio n A . V e n t ila t io n o f Targe power to o ls Band Saws ' E x t e n s i v e use o f band saws both in d o c k s id e f a b r i c a t i o n shops and^on large'r ships such as a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s , in t h e v e s s e l i t s e l f , make e m is s i o n s from band P saws a m a jo r s o u r c e o f a s b e s t o s d u s t . F i g u r e 8 shows the d u s t c l o u d which is produced by use o f an u n - c o n t r o l - le d band saw. C o n t r o l d e v i c e s f o r such saws have been 'known f o r year? and a r e r e l a t i v e l y s im p le . C o n v e n t io n a l low v e l o c i t y , high volume systems using a negative p r e s s u r e bag house f o r a i r c le a n in g a r e u s u a l l y more p ra c tic a l in a fixe d in s ta lla tio n fa b ric a tio n shop. F ig u r e 9 shows use o f a sim ple d e v ic e which is v e r y e ffe c tiv e in c o lle c tin g dust produced during cutting * of large diameter pipes. Because some d e g r e e o f p o r t a b i l i t y i s d e s i r able in a temporary shipboard fa b ric a tio n area, a high v e l o c i t y , low volume d u s t c o l l e c t i o n im-in is d e s i r a b l e f o r such use. In F i g u r e 10, a band saw equipped w i t h t h i s system is showr^. ^T'he t a b l e top has been removed to show the p ic k -u p hood'and du ct. The a i r mover, is an i n d u s t r i a l vacuum c l e a n e r which p u l l s a b o u t 50 c u b i c f e e t o f a i r per minute p a st the saw blade a t a v e l o c i t y / o f o v e r 10,000 f e e t p e r m inute. T h is system is a very/ if 10 e f f i c i e n t dust c o l l e c t i o n . U n its such as th is can a ls o be d e sig n e d to c o n t r o l d u sts produced by t a b l e saws and gang saws. B. V e n t i l a t i o n o f Hand Power* T o o l s High v e lo c it y , low volume c o lle c tio n systems con trol dust emissions from-most small power to o ls ade q u a t e l y . Saber saws f o r c u t t i n g p ip e c o v e r in g and r o t a r y saws f o r c a t t i n g a s b e s to s cement board a r e w ell c o n t r o l l e d w i t h t h e s e s y s t e m s . F i g u r e 11 shows a s a b e r saw equipped w ith t h is system in use. I t is apparent that, l i t t l e dust is escapin-g. V. Reduction o f Dust by D ilu tio n V e n tila tio n \ 11 V 1. C o n t r o l o f Number o f Workmen Exposed A . . S c h e d u l i n g o f . ! nsu l a t l o o Wor.--: Standard in dustria l hygiene practices call fo r is o la tin g operations which contaminate the atmos phere with to x ic m a teria ls. Areas where insula tion work is being done under c o n d itio n s in which dust might be c re a t e d sh ould be i s o l a t e d by p l a s t i c c u r t a i n s o r o t h e r means.. Whenever p o s s i b l e , work sh o u ld be s c h e d u le d t o -m in im iz e the numbers o f o t h e r tradesmen in the a r e a . Ship c o n s t r u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s a r e more r e a d i l y scheduled than- are ship re p a ir o r sh ip -b re a k in g jo b s . Howe ver, e v e r y e f f o r t s h o u l d be made t o . k e e p th e num b e r o f men exposed a t a minimum. In p a r t i c u l a r , r i p o u t o f o l d i n s u l a t i o n should always be i s o la t e d and i f n e c e s s a r y p e rform ed on an o f f - s h i f t . T r a i n e d w o rk men s u p p l i e d w i t h p r o p e r p r o t e c t i v e equipment s h o u l d alw ays be used f o r r i p - o u t work and i t sh ould be scheduled For rapid completion. VI I . I*<-rj;on.iJ__P r o i.<m; i j yt l'`t|u i pinon 1. In a d d i t i o n Lo d u s t s u p p r o s s i o n and d u s t c o n tro l procedures, personal p ro te c tiv e equipment is often neces sary to reduce exposure and l im it the spread o f contamina t i o n . The equipment d e s c r ib e d below is- used in c o n t r o l programs. 12 Pw i A . Protective Clothing P r o t e c t iv e c lo t h in g is re q u ire d to keep con ta m in a t io n c o n f i n e d to the work a r e a s . One nethod is to i s s u e d i s p o s a b l e c o v e r a l l s w h ic h can be removed when l e a v i n g th e work a re a o r some- time p r i o r t o e n t e r i n g t h e ' l o c k e r foom and p la c e d i n - p l a s t i c bags f o r d i s p o s a l . A sa tisfactory type of protective clothing consists of resin impregnated paper c o v e ra lls . These are inexpen sive , re a d ily disposable, prevent spreading contamina tio n to laundries and e lim in a te p ilf e r a g e . They are worn f o r one s h i f t , then removed and p l a c e d in p . l a s t i c bags f o r dispo sa l w ith o th e r a s b e s to s -c o n ta in in g wastes. These co vera lls provide s u ffic ie n t protection fo r a ll but extreme conditions. B. R e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i v e equipment Even `i f d u s t s u p p r e s s i o n and d u s t c o n t r o l p r o - cedu res a r e u s e d , some o p e r a t i o n s g e n e r a t e so much d u s t that i t is im practical to maintain s a tis fa c to ry atmos p h e ric c o n c e n tra tio n s o f asbestos f ib e r s and r e s p ir a t o r y p r o t e c t i o n must be p r o v i d e d to t h e w o r k e r s . A v a r i e 't y o f r e s p ir a t o r y p r o t e c t iv e equipment is a v a ila b le from which d e v ic e s s u i t a b l e f o r v a r i o u s s i t u a t i o n s can be se l e c t e d . A m erica n N a t i o n a l S ta n d a r d 288.3" 1971 , S.afety Guide for R espiratory Protection Against Asbestos-Con t a i n i n g Dusts s h o u ld be r e f e r r e d to f o r d e t a i l e d i n f o r m ation. I t is emphasized th a t u n s a t i s f a c t o r y amounts or 13 r e s p ir a b le dust can be p re s e n t in the a i r even though conditions are not v i s i b l y dusty. The fin e p a rtic le s which can be inhaled s e t t l e s lo w ly and w i l l remain in the a i r f o r some tim e a f t e r d u s t - d i s p e r s i n g work has ceased and the a i r Is a p p a re n tly c le a r . 1* A ?r - supp 1?od Rosp i ra t o r s E x trc m e ly 'd u s ty jo b s , such as r ip -o u t o f o ld in su la tio n where dust concentrations are very high, require use o f a ir -s u p p lie d re sp ira to rs which w ill , d e liv e r clean, d u st-fre e , a i r to a facepiece o r hood. i Two g e n e r a l ty p e s a r e a v a i l a b l e : a i r - l i n e and s e l f - powered. a. A i r - l i n e resp ira to rs in which a ir is sup- ' . p lie d to a hoot, helmet o r facepiece give the greatest degree of' p ro te c tio n . A i r ' i s fed to the fa cepiece from a compressed a i r - l i n e . The a i r s o u r c e must be l o c a t e d in an uncontaminated area and i f the source is not s p e c i f i c a l l y de signed fo r breathing purposes., a temperature s e n s in g alarm must be i n s t a l l e d on the compres s o r o r a c a rb o n m onoxide m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e mu si. In: h r . l o l l e d in (.Ik : a i r - 1 !)<*. An I. i - I'I V r / a com pounds s h o u ld not bo used tern; w a te r v a p o r must be o i l m is ts be removed by a in Lhc compressor sys removed by d ry in g and f i l t e r . F i g u r e 12 ]k shows a p l a s t i c , d is p o s a b le hood developed by the Puget Sound Naval S h ipya rd t o r s i t u a t i o n s where a very high degree of protection is re q u ire d . T h is hood is a v a ila b le com m ercially. The a i r - l i n e should be fa sten ed t o . t h e hood with a quick-disconncct fittin g . b, Sc i^-po'we-red ('i r - 1In e r e s p i r a t o r s c o n n e c t e d to a compressed a i r s u p p ly impose l i m i t a t i o n s on movement, and t h i s l i m i t a t i o n can be t r o u b l e - . some. S e l f - p o w e r e d r e s p i r a t o r s . do n o t impose such l i m i t a t i o n s , b u t do add to the equipment which the workman must c a r r y and a l s o r e q u i r e c a r e f u l maintenance. B a t t e r ie s must be re charged d a i l y , f i l t e r s replaced and o th e r main t e n a n c e done r o u t i n e l y . Workmen u s u a l l y p r e f e r these devices to a f r - l i n e re s p ira to rs. 2. P a r t i c u l a t e - f i 1t e r i nq r e s p i r a t o r s There are several types of p a r t ic u la t e -f ilt e r ing r e s p i r a t o r s . ' Those ' equ ipped w ith a h a lf-m a sk fa c c p ic c c a re considered most s u ita b le fo r use by in sula tors. Only those approved for protection against a s b e s t o s d u s t by the U.S', Bureau o f Mines sh o u ld be use d . These d e v i c e s a re recommended f o r p r o t e c t i o n in those s itu a tio n s where the atmospheric concentra tion o f asbesros fib e rs Is at r e la t iv e ly low le v e ls . 15 A ll the recommendations fo r r e s p I r a t o r - f i t t i n g , t r a i n i n g o f workmen and m a in t e n a n c e , d e t a i l e d in Z99.3-1971 should be f o llo w e d . a . R e u s a b le p a r t I c u 1a t e - f i 1t e r i n g r e s p i r a t o r s A v a rie ty of reusable p a r t ic u la t e -f ilt e r ing r e s p ir a to r s are a v a ila b le . To insure propei f i t t i n g , s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t makes s h o u l d be a v a i l a b l e from w h ich t h e workman can s e l e c t o n e . No one model r e s p i r a t o r f a c e p i e c e w i l l f i t a il fa ces. Routine maintenance is absolute' . l y n e c e s s a r y to* r e p l a c e c l o g g e d f i l t e r s and leaking inhalation or exhalation valves. Unmaintained resp ira to rs produce a false sense of socLiri t y . I * b. D i s p o s a b l e pa r t i cu 1a t e - f i 1t e r ?ng r e s p i r a t o r 1 O p e r a t io n o f an adequate r e s p i r a t o r main tenance program can be troublesome and, i f o n l y a Pew men a r e i n v o l v e d , i m p r a c t i c a l . Disposable re sp ira to rs are a va ila b le which are designed to be worn f o r no l o n g e r than one s h i f t and then discarded. Inherently, these devices are not as rugged as a re u s a b le r e s p i r a t o r and no a t tempt s h o u l d be made to use them l o n g e r than on< shi f t . 16 V l I 1. E d u c a t i o n and T r a i n i n g No d u s t c o n t r o l program can be e f f e c t i v e u n l e s s workmen and s u p e r v i s o r s u n d e rs ta n d the hazards a s s o c i a t e d > w ith the jo b s , the sources o f the .hazards and the reasons f o r f o l l o w i n g recommended p r o c e d u r e s c a r e f u l l y . U n d e r s t a n d ing is o n ly obtained by education o f personnel and t r a in in g in c o r r e c t o p e r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s . F o r an e d u c a tio n and t r a i n ing program to be s u c c e s s f u l , b oth management and l a b o r must be concerned and p a r t i c i p a t e . As w ith a l l s a fe t y programs, i t is e s s e n tia l th a t f i r s t - l i n e s u p e rv is o rs be in te re s t e d in and cooperate in the work. i J The harmful e ffe c ts o f neglect o f procedures fo r c o n t r o l l i n g a s b e s t o s d u s t a r e n o t a p p a r e n t f o r mfiny y e a r s . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s more d i f f i c u l t t o c o n v i n c e workmen o f th e n e c e s s i t y o f f o l l o w i n g r u le s f o r w orking w ith i n s u l a t i n g ma- 1 t e r ia ls than i f physical hazards were involved. However, those sh ip ya rd s which conduct education and t r a in in g programs re p o rt good success. ducation in hazards associated with use o f ins'ulating m a t e r i a l s and i n s t r u c t i o n in c o r r e c t work p r a c t i c e s s h o u ld bo in< hnt<*<l in .tpp r-n I i c v l i . l i n i n g p ro g ra m s , f o r 11n* t inn- I x - i i n j , liuwovor, l r a i n i n g niui imIiu ) i. i <it uui'.t Ik* doin' ni ill** iiti i py.i r d \ . Tli<; must be a c o n t i n u i n g program and s h o u ld in c lu d e not o n l y i n s u l a t i o n workmen, b u t o t h e r s who may o c c a s i o n a l l y work w i t h insulation m aterials. 1 Figure 1 - Shipyard Manua1 High temperature mortar packed in p la s t ic bag. -Water i s added to bag through spout and mortar moistened before opening. The m oistened m ortar is removed as re q u ire d and mixing completed in shipping container. A ll wastes are placed in co n ta in e r and sent to disposal a t end o f S h i f t . Photo courtesy In su la tio n Industry Hygiene Program. *1 A-* ( r t. S' X Shipyard Manual Figure 2 Procedure used a t Puget Sound Naval Shipyard shop, f o r h a n d l i n g bend s -e cc io n s. S e c t i o n s a r e cut in fa b ric a tio n dipped in water ond p la ce d in p l a s t i c bag. The bag is then labelled with the jo b -s it e d escriptio n . * rt> & t ' Shipyard Manual Figure 3 Portable down-draft table developed by Puget Sound Naval Shipyard f o r use shipboard. L ig h t w e ight i n d u s t r i a l vacuum c le a n e r used as a i r mover. Note p l a s t i c bag f o r scrap and d r o p c l o t h on deck. / A v,* 'Vwr Ji Shipyard Manual Figure k Dampening fib ro u s g la s s blanket f i l l er b e fo re c u t t i n g . Note l a t e r a l . d r a f t hood In wh i ch fa b ric a tio n is dona. This procedure is used a t'P u g e t Sound Naval Shipyard. 1 *) Shipyard Manual Figure 5 F a b r i c a t i o n o f pads a t Long Beach Naval S h i p y a r d , F i b r o u s g l a s s f i l l e r i s dampened b e f o r e c u t t i n g . As no l a t e r a l d r a f t hoodis a v a ila b le , a ll operators wear r e s p ir a to r s . 1 Figure 7 Use o f small i n d u s t r i a l vacuum c le a n e r f o r clean-up. Photo c o u r te s y o f Puget Sound Naval S h ip ya rd . Shipyard Manual Figure 8 ' ' Dust produced by use o f an u n v e n t i l a t e d band saw. W ithout the back l i g h t i n g used h e r e , much o f the d u s t would n o t be v is ib le . - Photo courtesy l t ! insulation Industry Hygiene Research Program. Figure 9 Shipyard Manual i Dust c o lle c tio n system fo r c u ttin g large diameter pipe sections. A ir is exhausted from the end o f the pipe f u r t h e s t from the cut. Photo courtesy In su la tion Research Program. industry Hygiene Shipyard Manual F i g u r e 13 A i r - s u p p l i e d p l a s t i c hood developed by Puget Sound Naval S h ip ya rd . C o v e ra lls ore pulled over inner bib which holds the hood in place t i g h t l y . T h is , or s im ila r equipment, is required fo r such o p e ration s as r ip -o u t o f o ld in s u la tio n .