Document GK2aegDa94NnJ7b0NKQpD9Jyx

t 1 e MEDICAL ENGINEERING LEGAL - - decisions and trends * \ _t. * ! - * t.t +, v' tiSC *il i / t-v * > s / -< ii >j INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION -,:j .: Ti: r. r-i'vncH. PA. FOUNDATION FACTS f- vun.'l.ltson F.1C t S I $ n ivort; I !y ripws.; .;*(>* ' - :J TO muustnal torici-i ns holding me mi'i r;.!^; a 1nrlustri,^| Hygiene rouTVi.htiGrt, Tht rcun-'., *n is a combined re^enrch and service msit'u: vn to protect th* he.itth of workers in rniluitry. Production Moans Protection and Viccvcrsa '..'if:'. v.-;.r or. v Tools cni ':ir.~s, industrial production becomes synonymous with America* c p:-'section. Put production in tur-i munca protection, protection, of V.. :.oiVu one. safety of workers v.ho man the machines, the warriors in overalls. Iacreasirr; production tends to increase hc-.-dth hazards, hcn.cc health protection must bo speeded to insure maximum, production. The average v.-orker can't continue to lose about 8 days a year through illness -- some 7 times the loss caused by accidents. Recent HPB announcements state that about 10 million more workers "must be put into v;ar production this year" and tv;o million of these must bo new workers, men r.ad we men not r.ow enraged in production." The Foundation1 s fraction is to help its member companies keep protection in step with production and one of the first st-ps is an industrial hygiene survey which helps locate and eliminate any health hazards in the work place. These surveys are as essential in maintaining healthful working conditions, as inventories are in maintaining a "healthy" business. Two Hew Members and 16 State Subscribers lira more companies ?tavc taken out Foundation membership recently, the KOPPERS COMPANY and the DOMCRE CHAIR COMPANY. Meanwhile, 16 state and federal agen cies have subscribed for the Foundation's publications under a new classification re cently created by the Board of Trustees. Publications were previously furnished to governmental agencies on a complimentary basis. The new arrangement was dictated by rising costs and by the growth of industrial hygiene activities among governmental agencies, universities and other non-employer groups. States now subscribing for bull etins are: Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New York, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia and Y/isconsin. Health Posters Available: The National Tuberculosis Association advises that its monthly bulletin board poster service is available to Foundation members i "for the asking", through their local tuberculosis associations. The posters, strik ing presentations, deal with 3uch basic health subjects as sleep, colds, sanitation, and proper food. On the Tubjoct of Feed: The development of facts can't always keen p/.eo with developments in communications. For instance, the vitamin story has been, evertold in some quarters, as management and labor she-old know. The Journal of the Ancrican "odic-d Association makes s.ra.e pointed comments on thds subject in a recent issue. Fee abstracts of this report, -if the recent Army tests, end kindred dare in ora march issue of the Industrial Hygiene Bigcst. e.el si v...11 he ks.i.u '. s v^memnuti, era;, ira ilrach Li,pest. March, 1942. V jI. VT, .Mo. 3. Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 44-00 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa, IMDUaTHIAL HYGIENE PI GIST Literature and Uev;s Hews Items 244 Course in Industrial Hygiene. ' The Harvard School of Public Health will again give a course in Industrial Hygiene from April 27 to August 1, 1942, which is opon to physicians and engineers who desire training in this field. The course will be essentially the same as that given during the past year to three groups of Navy Medical and Engineering offi cers. Credit toward a graduate degree in public health or engineering will be given thoso who suoccssfully complete the work. The tuition charge for the course is v200,00. Further infatuation can be obtained from Cecil K. Drinker, H.D., Dean; School of Public Health, Harvard University, 55 Shatiuck Street, Boston,Hass 245 Industrial Health Mootings. Two meetings of high importance in the field of industrial health are scheduled for next month. The fifth annual mooting of tho National Conforonce of Govern mental Industrial Hygienists will be hold in Washington, April 9-11. The 27th meeting of the American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons and the third annual meeting of the American Industrial Hygiene Associa tion will be hold at Cincinnati, April 13-17. (A copy of tho preliminary program for tho Cincinnati meeting is enclosed for the information of Foundation members.) 246 VJar -- Ally of Tuberculosis. A possible rise in the tuberculosis death rate as a result of the war emergency is predicted by Dr. P.obort E, Plunkett, general superintendent of tuberculosis hospitals, in his qm-uei report for 1941. Intensified industrial programs in volving long hours and strenuous labor, shifting populations and the consequent overcrowding of living quarters, the acceleration of social life incident to higher wages -- these and other conditions created by war are exacting a toll in loss of rsst and relaxation which arc essential to continued good health. Many persons unaccustomed to those deviations from normal living are "burning the can dle at both ends" inviting physical breakdown and paving the way for tuberculosis. Dr. Plunkett points out that most of the countries which have already been at war for more than two yours have experienced an increase in tuberculosis death rates. Unless we quicken the tempo of control activities, wo nay bo faced with a similar misfortune. X-raying of perse.is -who have been in contact with a case of tuberculosis, of workers in war industries, cf individuals in the lower economic brackets and other population groups in -which tuberculosis plays tho greatest havoc is more important than ever before. The number of new coses of tubercu losis reported in 1941 in He-.: York ttntc, exclusive of New York City, was tile, an increase of approximately 250 ever the number reported in 1940, according tc /I 'l O / r~ U U -J H :1 -9 Industrial Hy.3ie.ne Digest - provisional figures. It is estimated, that the resident tuberculosis death rate vi 11 again be lower titan that of the previous year, 14.1 per 100,000 compared vith 3.2 in. 1040. Health Hows. N.Y. State Dept, of Health, 19^, 24-25 (February 9', 1942). 24-7 New .Haven Industrial Medical Service. Nov.' Haven County physicians in cooperation vlth the Department of Preventive Medicine of the Yale School of Medicine have approved the creation of an Indus- tried Medical Service in factories which do not now have adequate medical ser vice. Plans have been drawn up for the organization of the service in five plants in Now Haven County', each having a personnel of not more than 300 persons. The service will consist of a director, who shall be a physician trained in in dustrial medicine end is to be responsible for administration and for meeting problems in industrial hygicno, and a nurse trained in industrial medicine. A grant to defray some of the initial expenses has been made by the New Haven Foun dation. "It is estiaatod that two years will be required to determine whether this service is justifiable and-worth continuing or not. At the end of this period the Section of Preventive Medicine of the Yale School of Modicine vdll review the project. The opinion of the New' Haven Medical Association will be solicited at that time." Science, 95^ 169 (February 20, 1942). Legal Developments 248 .Common Lav/ Action Against Fnployor. Silicosis, An Occupational Disease. Fomcr Disallowance of the Claim by the Commission. Sufficiency of Plea of Compliance > I A -J - . V* The appellants, dependents of a workman whose death is alleged to have been caused by silicosis, oftor having had their claim under the Compensation Act dis allowed, have filed this suit at common law against the employer, with on alle gation of negligence on its part causing the fatal condition. The employer pleaded in bar its full compliance with the Act, and tho plaintiffs filed a replication that the injury and death wore not covered by the Act. Tho suffi ciency of this replication v.vis denied by demurrer, the demurrer was sustained, end from judgment on the demurrer for tho defendant the plaintiffs have appealed. The Commission, found and determined that it was not the result of an accident al injury arising out of and in tho course of the employment within the provi sions of tho Act, and disallowed tho claim. This final exclusion from tho oper ation of tho Act, it is argued, loaves unobstructed a right of action for damages at common law. Tho negligence alleged is a failure of the employer tc furnish the deceased with a reasonably proper ana safe place to work, and to avoid ex posing him to unnecessary danger while engaged in his wort, vdth the result that silicosi3 brought on the death. It is agreed that silicosis is an occupation al disease, ana at the time of tho decadent's death, the results of occupational diseases were not compensated under the Act. Acceptance of the present appel lants' contention would require an overruling of tho decision in Victory abler C~ . "^anchs, 117 Md. 328, notwithstanding its thorough stud;,', and a tv i Li.star..;!,' tho c.-iitinuud upplicati ui of its rule during tho years interven ing before passage of the Act of 1939. And the court docs not find justification .' that action. Judgment affirmed. State ox rel Nilsen et al v. North ~c Prick Ca. Md. Ct. of App. Decided February 4, 1942, (CCII). p^ 4 ' ' ^ l! s t ifi 'J) w s o w o rt f sS <!i <0 nSo- o Hg 2 $< O S2 o Om 3 < ac 3 c GO < < W O X O3 a o CL w ^ ft ^ pH t4 3 W< 2 &S t-H < H U2 D Q X MH Uh 0 & 3 " 2 3 3 3 < T3 >H X t-H o c/i s o x W CS] H^ O oi X o C3 o Ll A H < z u 5 o w o Q 3 0 >- H Z sO < |5G & O a s0 o> H- & cc 2 Kc o Xs -i ft _ Q 14 $tn> a o o J<a*u S 2 FOREWORD The American Association of Industrial Physi cians and Surgeons and the American Indus trial Hygiene Association have arranged the following program for their Annual Meeting. The discussions and reports of original inves tigation will center around problems that are of immediate and urgent concern to Ameri can industry in forging the sinews of war. Industrial Physicians, Engineers and Nurses are offered information and instruction in the maintenance of the health of the men whose work will determine the length and the out come of this struggle. ADVANCE PROGRAM Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons and the Third Annual Meeting of American Industrial Hygiene Association April 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17--Cincinnati, Ohio Monday, April 13, 194-2 Registration -- Gibson Hotel From 8:30 a. m. throughout Monday and on sub sequent days. Registration Fee S2.00 Members attending the morning or afternoon clinics at the Cincinnati General Hospital can register before or after these sessions, or on the following day. Admission to other meetings of she Convention wiil he open only to persons wealing the olllcml badge. C03349 3 i .Momliiv, April 13, 1912 9:3o Medical Clinic--Cincinnati General Hospital by Staff of Department of Medicine 1. "Hypertensive Vascular Disease in Relation to Industry"--Arthur Freedman. M. It. 2. "Cardiovascular Syphilis in the Active Period of Life"--J. II. Kotte, M. D. 3. "Polyneuritis--Toxic, Infectious, or Nutritional?"--Milton Rosenbaum, M. D. 11:30 Dermatological Clinic--Cincinnati General Hos pital. by Leon Goldman, M. D., and Staff of Department of Dermatology Demonstration and Discussion of Types of Industrial Dermatoses 12:30 Luncheon 2:00 Surgical Clinic--Cincinnati General Hospital, by Staff of Department of Surgery 1. "Management of Head Injuries, Including Fractures of the Skull" (30 Minutes!-- Joseph Evans, M. D. 2. "Treatment of Fractures (a) About the ankle (b) Supracondylar fractures of the humerus (c) Compound fractures i (d> Selected title" (50 Minutes) --John A. Caldwell, M. D_ and Associates. 3. "The Compression Treatment of Burns" (20 Minutes)--Vinton K. Siler, M. D. I. "The Bacteriotogic Study of Wounds and Burns" t20 Minutes)--\V. A. Altrmeicr, M. D. 5. "Use of Whole Blood and Plasma" *30 Min utes)--Paul Hoxworth, M. D. 003350 i Tutrstluy, April 1-t, 1912 Bail Room -- Gibson Hotel 9:00 Address of Welcome--S. E. Dorst, M. D., Dean College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati. Address of Welcome--John ,J, Sknvtein. 51. D., President. Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati Response--T. Lyle Haziett, SI, D,, President. Amer. Ass n Indus. Phy. & Sur. Response -- Donald Cummings, President. Amer. Indus. Hyg. Ass n ANNUAL, MEETING--American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons 9:30 Opening Remarks--T, Lyle Haziett, M. D.. President, A.A.I.F. & S. 9:40 "The Health of the Executive"--Harold C. Habein, M. D., Rochester, Minn. 10:00 "Cardiovascular Survey of Supervisors" -- William Leigh Cook, AL D,, Pittsburgh, Pa. 10:10 "Discussion of Papers by Dr. Habein and Dr. Cook"--Led by Johnson McGuire, SL D,, Cin cinnati, Ohio, and A, J. Lanza, 51. D-, Mew York, N. Y. 10:15 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits 10:30 `"The Preplacement Examination and Its Sig nificance"--G* H. Gehrmann, M. D,, Wilming ton, DeL 10:40 "The Periodic Health Examination and Impor tant Findings Among Garment Workers"-- Leo Price, 3L D, New York, N. Y. 11:00 Panel Conference -- "The Administration of Health Problems"--Edward C. Holm bind, 51. D. Chicago. HL, Presiding; a panel of qualified Industrial physicians will answer questions on this subject 13:00 Luncheon and Exhibits 1:30 "Recognition of Toxic Effect Upon Workmen Exposed to Toxic Materials"--John Foulger, M, D, Wilmington. Del. 1:50 Panel Conference--'The Treatment of Burns" --Grover C. I'enberthy, M. D., Detroit, Mich.. Presiding; Vinton Siler, M. Q., Cincinnati. Ohio, Collaborator 2:50 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits 3:03 "Advances in Skin Grafting"--'lames Barrett Brmvn, M. D,, St. Louis, Mo. Discussion (with Motion Pictures!--Kari C. Padgett. M. I)., Kansas City. Kans. 3:35 Panel Conference--"The Treatment of the Wound in Compound Fracture"--Clay Kav Murray, M. If., New York, N. Y., Presiding: Ralph G. Carol hers, M. R,, Cincinnati. Ohio, Collaborator; J. Albert Key, M. D.. St, Louis. Mo., Collaborator; It- Arnold Griswold, M. D., Louisville, Ky,, Collaborator 3:00 Exhibits 6:30 Medical Groups and Company Dinners 8:15 Auditorium--Cincinnati Academy of Medicine. Union Central Building, Fourth and Vine Streets Symposium--"Medical Service for the Small Plant" 1. "The Problem" (15 Minutes! 2. "The Need from the Viewpoint of Industry" (10 Minutes)--Ernest Muehleck. Ambler, Pa. 3. "Some Occupational Hazards that Con front the Small Plant" (15 Minutes) -- .Donald EL Cummings, Denver, Colo. i. "Practical Methods for Providing Adequate Medical Facilities and Service" (15 Minutes) --Charles-Francis Long, M. D- Philadel phia, Pa. 5. "Relation of Industrial and Private Medi cal Service" (15 Minutes) 6, Discussion led by Victor Heiser, M, D., New York, N, Y. Wednesday, April 15, 1942 Ball Boom -- Gibson Hotel Symposium on Lead Poisoning Part I--Medical and Engineering Methods and Results 9:00 "Measurement of Industrial Lead Exposure by Air Analyses"--John Buxell, St. Louis, Mo. 9:20 "Measurement of Industrial Lead Exposure by Determination of Stippling of the Erythro cytes"--Lester W. Sanders, M. D,, Cincinnati, Ohio 9:10 "Measurement of'lndustrial Lead Exposure hy Analyses of Blood and Excreta of Workmen"-- Jacob Cholak, Cincinnati, Ohio 10:00 "Lead Poisoning in Industry as a Clinical Syndrome"--William F. Ashe, M. D,, Cincin nati, Ohio lo:23 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits Part II--General Surveys anil Experimental 5!uiiies 10:10 "A Study of the Health of Workers Exposed to Lead in the Manufacture of Storage Batteries"--W. C. Dreesen, M. D., Washington, D. C. 11:10 "Experimental Studies on Lead Absorption and Excretion in Human Subjects, ami ThenRelation to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lead Poisoning"--A summary and an inter pretation, Robert A. Kehoe, M. I}.. Cincinnati. Ohio 11:40 General Discussion 13:30 Luncheon and Exhibits ANNUAL MEETING--American Industrial Hygiene Association 3:00 "Radioactive Luminous Paint"--L. F, Curtiss, Washington. D. C. 3:00 "The Ventilation Requirements for Radium Dial Painting"--W. C. L. Hemeon, Boston, Mass.; R. 11. Evans, Boston, Mass. 3:30 "High-Altitude Flying"--J. W. Heim. Dayton. Ohio: Dt Com. Albert R. Behltke, U, S. N.. Washington, D. C. 4:00 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits Wednesday Evening, April 15, 19-12 7:30 Annual Dinner Presentation of Knudsen Award Speaker to Be .Announced Thursday, April 16, 194-2 Boll Room -- Gibson Hotel 9:00 "The Metabolism of Nitroparaltins"--E. W. Scott, Cincinnati. Ohio H:Ii5 "The Absorption, Retention, and Excretion of Fluorides at Normal and Abnormal Levels of Intake"--Willard Mnehie, lit. .IX, Cincinnati. Ohio; E. .1. Largent, Cincinnati. Ohio 9:13 "Vitamins and Solvent-Vapor Poisoning" -- R. \V. Mcltee, Boston, Mass. "Inhibitor Mechanisms Against the Action of Flee Silica"--!*. V. Gardner, M. D.. Saranac Lake. N. Y. 11:13 "Ventilation and Dust Problems Associated with Deep Tunnel Operations in Colorado" (Moving Picture and Talk)--R. .1. Owens, Denver, Colo, 12:110 Luncheon and Exhibits 2:00 "The Casting of Magnesium"--C. R. Williams, Boston, Mas3. 2:30 "Physiological Action of Metallic Magnesium" --S. F. Meek, M. D, Detroit, Mich, 3:00 "Splinter Wound* from Light Metals'--K. Z. Schulz, M. D,, Boston, Mass,; C. W. Walter, M. D,, Boston. Mass. 3:30 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits 3:10 "The Toxicity of Aluminum"--F. F. Heyroth, M. I>,, Cincinnati. Ohio; J, Clio[ok, Cincinnati. Ohio 4 :Q0 "The Analysis of Atmospheric Samples of Explosive Chemicals"--F. H. Goldman, Wash ington, D. C. 4:45 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits Friday, April 17, 1942 Ball Room -- Gibson Hotel 9:00 "Some Recent Observations in Phosphorus Toxicity"--R. B. L. Fleming, J. W. Miller, Washington, D. C. 9:30 "The Clinical Effects of Industrial Exposure to Tellurium Fumes"--H, H, Steinberg, M, D., Chicago, III. 10:00 'The Toxicity of Lead Chromate"--G. C. Harrold, Detroit, Mich. 10:30 "Health Hazards in Steel Mills"--J. W. Fehnel, New York, N. Y. 11:00 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits 11:10 "A Reliable Procedure for the Evaluation of Exposure to Lead by Spot Urine Sampling"-- L. F. TVkrul, Denver, Colo.: R. C. Lewis, Den ver, Colo.; D. K. Cunmiings, Denver. Colo. 11:3(1 "The Determination of Fine Oxide Fumes in Air"--W. G. Fredrick, Detroit, Mich. !2:ixt Luncheon and Exhibits 2:ii() Business Meeting American Industrial Hygiene Association s Projected against a background of war, a new kind of mechanized warfare in which ihe industrial physician is a veritable field marshal in the strife, the annual meeting at Cincinnati becomes clearly the most important in the twenty-seven-year history of the American As sociation of Industrial Physicians and Sur geons. The industrial physician, surgeon, hygienist and nurse emerge in a vital new roie, and are today winning new recognition. In turn, we must assume the urgent new re sponsibilities which accompany recognition and trust. This challenge to our professional abilities demands our utmost efforts. And how can we better fortify ourselves than by taking advantage of the post graduate institute of in struction which has been arranged for us at Cincinnati? Fittingly, the program tor this criti cal year is one of the most comprehensive in our history. The caliber of the specialists who will participate affords us an opportunity for invaluable information and personal contacts. To say that we must attend this meeting is an understatement. Not only must we attend, but also we must utilize this opportunity to the fullest. Cincinnati is a challenge. I will look forward with keen pleasure to seeing you there. T. Lyle Hazlett, M, D., President, American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons. Industrial Hygiene Digest - 3. '/AO Hilirasis of Foundry Hor'ror. V^uncir" V.'ork as Promoting Silicotic Condition. C-aural helaticn v.'ith Tuborculoris. Applicant had worked as a mulder in foundries for some twenty-five tc thirty veers. The last fifteen or sixteen years of his employment was at plaintiff's iVuidry. He had 'air. right icy amputated above the knee because of tuberculosis of the knoc joint. Applicant had had tuberculosis during childhood and this left a primary focus in the lung. An x-ray of applicant's chest was taken in 1931 end this disclosed a disputed at age of silicosis* as v.roll us the old tuberculous infection. The examiner found that applicant's silicosis resulted from his occu pation as a moider raid his employment at plaintiff's foundry; that the silicosis v/2s a material factor in reactivating the pulmonary tuberculosis; and that appli cant suffered from an occupational disability. The first attack upon the findings is that there v;ns no substantial evidence that work at plaintiff s plant contributed to produce applicant's silicosis. It v:ns virtually conceded upon the record that plaintiff* s plant was an ordinary foundry; and that persons '.cork ing there were subjected to silica dust. It was inferred that work for this em ployer had tended to pronete the silicotic condition. It appears to us that this is a.legitimate and substantial inference. A more difficult problem i3 the causal relation between applicant's silicosis and the clinically active tubercu losis ultimately developed by him. There is positive evidence by applicant's doctors that the silicosis -was a material factor in keeping pathologically alive the tuberculous lesion or le3icns in applicant's lung; that the presence of sili cosis predisposed applicant to reactivation of the tuberculosis, either spontan eously cr by contact with germs of tho disease. Upon the evidence, the con* mission was entitled to find that silicosis was a material causative factor. Judgment affirmed. Milwaukee Malleable and Grey Iren Works et al. v. Indus trial Commission of Wis. ct al. Wis. Sunrsme Ct. Decided February 10, 1342.. ' (COM). ` 250 Tubercular Pneumonia. Silicosis. Post-Mortem. on Part of Eody. . Appeal from an award in favor of dependents of Tallis Turks. The cause of death was tuberculosis pneumonia, associated v.'ith silicosis. Appellant insists that there is no evidence that a quantity of silica was present necessary to cause silicosis according to the standard of the United States Department of Labor. There is no requirement that such proof be made. The evidence is ample that silica was present in sufficient quantity to cause silicosis and result in death. Turks died August 3, 1939. An autopsy was performed on October 23, 1940, on decedent's lungs, the body having been interred. Appellant contends that the entire body had to be produced. The statute does net require an examination of more of the body than is needed to discover the cause of death. Award affirm ed. Harbison-Walker Refractories Co. v. Turks et al. Ind. Appellate Ct. Decided March 4, 1942. (CCKl. ' -51 Paralysis. Neurosis. Post-traumatic Hysteria, Anxiety Neurosis. Shock. Dis ease Resulting from Injur/-. Appeal from an award of the Industrial Commission for temporary, and permanent partial disability, It is the contention of respondent that petitioner's condition is one of functional paralysis caused by an anxiety neurosis induced by the accident alono end not by the injury, and that such a condition is not compensable. All the parties agree that it is post-traumatic neurosis of some kind. The comission 'was justified in believing that the condition was v.'hat is ' o . . post-traumatic hysteria, rather than. ...ntcicty neurosis, end this farmer ;v: a.oniy .due:: m`biting some aceiaent. this nhc : ":ii sens-: .'ram an injury"? The answer ucpends ciiocic i i o gaily an injury. nervous shock caused by an accident unable "injury." Since a shuck is a compensable injury, art neurosis 0OTT "A li lj w \ - - Industrial Hygiene Digest - *t * disease, a hysteria neurosis caused by a shock is a "disease resulting from an injury." Petitioner* s neurosis was the result of traumatic shock and was net due to a deep-sot fear or apprehension. Award affirmed. American Jm^l-inm and Defining Co, v. Industrial Commission of Arizona ct al. Aria, supreme It. Decided March 9, 1142. ( v`- 11/ ''reon 1' rumor from Air Conditioner. Zmolovcc. Control. Traumatic Injury. 'work Partly within and without Ohio. The decedent, Krull, a v.rcldcr, was hired by the Carlson Electric Co. to repair an air conditioning unit, refrigerated by "Freon 12," a chemical containing poisonous elements. The Carlson Company transported Krull from Ohio to Pennsyl vania where the welding was done, in closed quarters. While the unit had boor, drained, Krull's torch vaporized tha fluid, and he became ill several hours there after. He subsequently died and, upon appeal from an order of the Industrial Commission denying compensation, compensation was awarded by the lower court. This appeal followed. The test of Krull's status is whether the Carlson Electric Co. had control over the means and method of performing the 'work as 'well as over the result. Carlson Electric Co. procured seme of the material used in the welding operation, and had control of tho time, place and manner of doing the work, which v/as required to be done as directed by its inspector. The term em ployee moans every person who may be directed by any employer, in consideration of profit, to engage in any employment, or to go, or work, or be at any time in any place of employment. The traumatic injury v/as the breaking down of the blood structure and lung tissues resulting from a poisonous gas. If an Ohio- hired, injured or killed Ohio employee of an Ohio employer is required to per form part of the work in Ohio, though a portion of tho work is to bo performed in another state, he or his dependents can recover under the Workmen's Compensa tion. Act. The evidence established that Krull prepared flux for the job in Ohio, tho day before the injury v/as received. Thus, part of the work was per formed in Ohio. Judgement affirmed. Krull et al v. Industrial Commission cf Ohio. Ohio Ct. of App. Decided December 3, 1040. (CCH). 253 Silicosis. Time and Conditions of Employment Disputed. Summary Judgment Erroneous This is an appeal from a summary judgment for the defendant entered in an action for permanent partial disability from silicosis, acquired while working in the appcleo's limestone quarry. Tho question was whether the plaintiff s alleged condition was due solely to exposure before September 1, 1935. The appellant alleged and testified that the disease was wholly contracted when working for the appellee before September 1, 1935 and that in his subsequent work he was not ex posed to the hazards complained of. The appellee filed affidavits that its records disclosed that there v/as no substantial change in the conditions under which the appellant worked. Y/ith the material fact as to whether or not the appellant had been exposed to a dust hazard during the time ho worked for the appellee after September 1, 1935 left as uncertain as it was, it was error to grant the motion for summery judgment. Judgment reversed and cause remanded. he Elwain v. V/ickv.irc Snoncar Steel Co. N.Y. U'.S.C.C.A., 2d Cir. Decided February 21, 1342. (CCH). 254 Dermatitis. Finding of Poisoning by Either or Both of Two Substances Sustained. Claimant, in the performance of her work, was required to use formalin, ores sol cm wound, wood alcohol, and mercury. She developed dermatitis, for which an award woo made. Thor. away from, her work her condition cleared, but when she >ve:it back there would be a recurrence. Medical experts stated that various f-.c tors might have 'contributed to her condition. They listed as pertinent tc her conuiticn mercury and wood alcohol. Claimant's employers challenge the r() r[>j G u^! -oa t uustrial Hygiene Digest - 5. industrial commission' s finding that claimant became disabled by reason of an occupational disease due to contacting mercury end/or v;ood alcohol in the course of her employment, on the ground that the finding does not specify cr.c of the occupational diseases. The burden of proof in a compensaticn cc--c iz upon the employee, and a recovery cannot root merely on speculation; but if the proof furnishes reasonable bases for an inference that the injury '.vac the couno of employee's ailment, it is sufficient. Such proof was furnished and the findings are sustained, V.'here legal cause and harmful effects have been ahov.n by competent evidence, liability fellows although other causes may have lent their aid. The facts inevitably lead to the conclusion that employee suffered mercury and/or wood alcohol poisoning. Order affirmed, uvornstoen v. Nelson ot ol. Minn. Supremo Ct. Decided February 20, 1942, (CCH). 255 Occupational Disease. Heart Disease Aggravated by Employment. Validity of Court Order Referring Case to Non-Existing Medical Board. Appeal by claimant from the order of the Co-art of Common Pleas of Delaware Coun ty, to March Term 1941, No. 42. No. 164, Claimant filed a claim alleging that her husband's death was the result of an occupational disease. Defendant denied that death occurred as the result of any occupational disease and alleged that his death was caused by a decompensated rheumatic heart disease, unconnect ed with his employment. The referee found that the claimant's husband died of rheumatic heart disease, aggravated by carbon disulphide poisoning contracted whilo employed by defendant, and awarded compensation. The board afflined the award. Defendant appealed to the court below, which remitted the case with directions to submit medical questions to the Medical Board. Claimant appealed. Although two years and five months have passed since the Act of 1939 became- effective, no medical board has been appointed to perform the functions given it under the act. Therefore, the courts cannot direct the Workmen's Compensation Board to refer medical questions to the determination of a board that does not ' exist. Workmen'a compensation oases cannot be indefinitely suspended. The Occupational Disease Act of 1939 makes the Workmen's Compensation Board the ul timate fact finding body and provides that the Board shall accept the findings of the medical board as conclusive. Until there is a medical board, the Work men's Compensation Board can make its own findings. Order of the court be low reversed, ana record remitted to that court to determine whether the find ings of the Board are sustained and whether they support the award. PIausher v. Amo icon Viscose Corporation. Penna. Superior Ct., East. Dist. Decided February 2S, 1942. (CCH). 256 Frostbite. Aggravation of Pre-Existing Disease. Appeal from, the Judgment of the Court of Common Pleas No, 6 of Philadelphia County, as of June Term 1940, No. 4813. No. 78 The Claimant, was employed as a butcher in a refrigerator room of defendant's meat packing plant, for approxi mately three years prior to September 3, 1936. On that date ho was obliged to quit v;crk by reason of the painful condition of his feet and has boon totally and permanently disabled over since. Later, claimant required hospitalization, -ni both logs had to be amputated, no sought compensation under our Workmen's <.or.-.ponsaticn Act upon the theory that the loss of his legs was caused by an in jury by an accident in the course of his employment, within the meaning of Sec tion 301 of the statute, 77 iJo Section 411, by having his feet frostbitten ns T'-SUlt ?f exposure to excessive cold. e re:croc-made nv.v.ra * - - j :h.-.t ci.inert's job rs.-niraa him to work, with, wot feet, in a r; -or roe-:: in which the temperature was very low and colder than usual or. _. -; ",b ?V h 1936; tint he had Duerger' a disease prior to that dr and that temperature of the room wo.-, r. contributory factor in producing so disao-m precipitating the gangrene he nubsoguently developed. 'he board set rv.-> nu o Industrial Hygiene Digest - 6. the finding of fact of the referee and found that the room in which claimant worked was no colder on September 6, 1336, than it had been on many previous occasions; tint the amputations of claimant's legs were caused by a natural affliction, to wit, Buerger's disease, and not because of any accident, within the meaning of the statute; and that the wot floor and the atmospheric condition. in the refrigerator on September 8, 1036, was not a contributing factor ir voting the Buerger's disease and bringing about the amputations. The award of the referee was act aside end an order of disallowance of compensation entered. Claimant then appealed to the court below which dismissed his exceptions and entered judgment in favo: the employer. Tims appeal by the claimant followed. The single question of law presented is whether the substituted findings of fact of the board arc supported by substantial competent evidence. Under the testimony presented the board was fully warranted, in the exorcise of the powers exclusively committed to it, in setting aside the findings of the referee and substituting its own to the effect that appellant when stricken was not working under any abnormal or unusual conditions. Moreover, the findings of the board that thero was nc connection, either by vray of causation or aggravation, between the wet floors and atmospheric conditions under which appellant was working when, disability overtook him and the pre-existing Buerger's disease with which he had admittedly been suffering for a long time, are supported by substantial competent testimony. Judgment affirmed. Lakettv. Armour and Co. Fenna. Superior Ct., East, Dist. Decided February 23, 19427 (CCK). 257 San Joaquin Valley Fever. Salesman's Infection Arising out of and in the Course of Employment, Causal Connection. Petitioner, the insurance carrier, seeks to annul an award to the employee, Ehrhardt, for disability caused by the disease known as San Joaquin Valley fever. Ehrhardt is a travelling salesman engaged in selling the employer's products in California, Arizona, Now Mexico and Texas. Tho Industrial Accident Commission found that Ehrhardt contracted the disease while in San Joaquin Valley on the business of his employer. The evidence supports that finding. Considering that the disease is endemic in San Joaquin Vollc-y, that the spores causing it are found there, that it Is acquired by an inhalation cf those spores, that Ehrhardt had not been in San Joaquin Valley except in tho course of his employment, that physicians testified that the disease was contracted there and that the probabil ities were one hundred to one that he contracted it there, it cannot be said that the Commission was not justified in its conclusion. There must be a causal con nection between the employment and the injury; the mere fact that the injury occurred while the employee was in his master's service is not sufficient. The opinion of medical witnesses that Ehrhardt contracted the disease in the San Joaquin Valley while there in the service of his employer, satisfies the require ment. Circumstantial evidence is sufficient to support an award of the Com mission. Award affirmed. Pacific Employers Ins. Co, v. Industrial Accident Conor,is sion of the State of California ct ai. Calif. Supreme Ct. Decided Feb ruary 27, 1942. (CCK). 233 Tuberculosis Claim not Allowed. A laborer employed by a Central Ohio electric plant applied for compensation, alleging that ho had boon farced to quit work on March 13, 1941, as n result of pulmonary tuberculosis contracted -while in the course of ids employment. He attributed '.-.is condition to T ,-v -i + o.i'a'l * * V /,*i v* G0300 J .atrial Hygiene Digest - 7. but had been assigned to cleaning the condenser, a part of the turbine, an c pc: etion which is of ouch a nature tint the operate r frets drenched with water. :Ac tic result of this exposure, the cic.Lno.nt allege s he developed pneumonia and aft r six weeks returned to work. In obout ton days he began to feci badly ; sent to the Tuberculosis Clinic for trwrtmont. While the medical deport: vent Kc 1 d that evidence of c specific injury v/cs lack ing ond that it medically ai h-- roved v:hut appears to bo on occupational diuc use claim, the cl a ins review, :r v::is inclined to the opinion that the circumstr.nc os warranted approval of the cl in os on injury cloirn rather than on cccupsti onal disease claim. The Cera- mis sion inclined to this opinion end ordered that the claim be allowed C.3 dl in* y tloiri. Chio Ind. Comm. Monitor, !, 29 bruary, 1942). 259 Irritation 'ey "Procite". The cioiment in this case, employed for several years 03 a tipple man by a coal company, applied for compensation, alleging that he had been disabled as tho re sult of chemical bums arising from the handling of a preparation known as "Procite." The employer did not certify the application, hut the company's safe ty director informed the investigator that several other employees had complain ed of the irritating effects of the chemical, which was used in the treatment of coni. In the claimant's case, inhalation of the furies caused a burning sensa tion in his nose and eventually burned a hole in the nasal septum. 'Chile tho medical investigator reported there was no necessary disability involved, tho claims investigator held that the record indicated the claimant had lost some ' time as a result of an operation on his nose. He recommended that the claim bo allowed ana the Commission sc ordered. Ohio Ind. Comm. Monitor. 15, 29, (February, 1942). 2 60 Fatal Heat Stroke of Craneman. In this case, a cupola craneman was overcome by heat while changing a cupola on August 8, 1941. He left no dependents and the question before the Commission was a natter of nodical and funeral bills, the victim of the stroke having succumbed the following day. The claim investigator found that on the day the decedent suffered the attack he was working under conditions of unusual heat. The excessive outside temperature emphasized the artificial heat conditions attending the job. He suggested in Ins report that it vns obvious that the claimant did not suffer a specific accidental injury in tho ordinary accepted meaning of this torn, for there was no trauma, no slipping or falling and no overexertion. "There are two lines of reasoning," he said, "ns to whether or net exposure to heat, which is not unusual exposure to the party exposed, if the heat is greater than that to which the ordinary public is exposed, constitutes a conpensahlo injury within tho meaning cf the Workmen's Compensation Law." Citing a umber of court decisions in similar cases, the reviewer was of the opinion that the claim slxuld be recognized as compensable. The Commission ordered tho claim allowed and that medical and funeral bills be paid, Ohio Ind. Coi.xu Monitor. 15, 23 (February', 1942). lo- rkiaa in a Confined Area Exposed to Sun Causes Heat Prostro.ticn. Tie employee sustained a heat stroke while at work digging a pier footing, The pier fouling was about eight by eight feet in area and was being excavated in a larger excavation of about forty by fifty feet that was about ten feet bc- lev.- the surface of the surrounding ground. Tho employee had been at work a t ' */' --'urn in the afternoon when ho was stricken. Tho evidence chav.'cd the + ixt a clear sunny day', which c;as v.nc-ouso nobly hot. An award was granted ;;r* held tlmt the employee has suffered a compensable injury that "arose CU w '1 the course of employment" si^cc he had been exposed to a degree g cr to',t that of other persons in the vicinity, 29nc chi's Cnso. (Mass.) 57 N s' L24 (October, 1941). Occup, Hazards 4, 27 (February, 1942). r ooq ^ ' J V s.' \J Ineustrial H/'dene Digest - S. Vacuum Cleaner 'i,erkman Pets Award*for Dust Disease. The employee v.., r>:od for an employer engaged in the business of cleaning and rcpairing old vacu'un cleaners. The employee contracted, a dust disease, and it hold bv the -Ini ns trial 3oard, and affirmed by the Appellate Division of the Yori: ouprome Court, that an award should bo gr nted for the resulting disability. Ftnre.tky vs. Dtronrrsmn. (N.Y.) 30 H.Y. Supp. 2nd 330 (November, 1941). Cccup. iiazards. 4, 27 (February, 1942). 53 Dermatitis Award Refused. The evidence in tr.is caso shored that a florist's employee developed a skin rash characterized as dermatitis which came from handling flowers in connection with his work. The skin condition was not covered by the Nov; Jersey workman's Com pensation Act. The Court stated that the employee had not suffered an "accident" nor an "accidental injury" and was not entitled to compensation. Van Orden vs. Dave's Flowers Inc. (N.J.) 3 Atl. 2nd 367 (December, 1941). Cccup. Hazards. 4, 2 (March, 1942). 254 Silica Dust Aggravates Tuberculosis. An employee who previously had tuberculosis worked for two years as a rock crush er. The action of silica dust, to which the employee was exposed in his work, aggravated and lighted up his latent tubercular condition and caused his death. The Court hold that this unexpected action of the silica dust constituted an "accidental injury." The fact that the employee had a predisposition to tubercu losis did not bar his right to compensation. An award was granted. Dobbs vs. Bureau of Highways. (Idaho) 120 Pac 2nd 263 (December, 1941). Occup. Hazards. 4, 22 (March, 1942). . 265 Outline of State Agencies Administering Labor Laws. Bull. No.49, pp. 186. Div, of Labor Standards. U.S. Dept, of Labor. Washington, 1941. For sale by Dupt. of Documents, V.'ashingtcn, D.C. - 40d, This bulletin is designed to acquaint individual workers, labor organizations, employers, State and Federal administrators, community groups, and students with the general subject matter of State labor laws and the agencies administering them. No attempt has been made to analyze the- laws in full. The brief listing of subjects, hov.'over, suggests certain standard types of laws. At the end of the pamphlet will be found a list of the chief executive officers of the agen cies. The outline is loo3clcaf form, so that revisions, which are to be issued at least onco a year, may bo easily inserted. Industrial Health Hazards and Their Effects Desert on V.'orkers Exposed to Cotton Batting Dust. A.R. Smith, * A W Wt* CrO cf Labor Inn. Bull., 21_, 04-5 6 (February, 1542). It appears that a group of workers exposed to cotton dust shewed no more evi dence of the ordinary reWs^pAi*raM tWoV rA yJ AinfAeWcV tWi^onsW tVh Maln dWWo n**Vo.4n---dwusVty^ *ind-- u ' str^ia------l-- 01. *-- pcrccntago i--'\ ,7-:vc a history cf what may bo interpreted as an -allergic to cotton d j'one to`. cr av.o - workers reacted to the dust by the . c..<.u of coughing and snaezi without any ether effects when exposure tor- .ted. Physical examinations f the nose, throat and lungs failed to shev: ar.y- 'g cf imrortance other than mild infection of nasal and pharyngeal mucous f; n a o n j L. U <r o , , . .43 ..stria! Hygiene Digest - 9. membranes in about half of those examined. X-ray examinations of the lungs did rot reveal any evidence of dust effects. Under these circumstances, it would r. that duct control in plants of this type may reasonably be limited to the measures in effect at this plant, namely the application of oil sprays. The few individuals who find themselves affected by "dust fever," like allergic individ uals in other occupations, would do better tc find employment elsewhere. 257 Pulmonary Diseases in Mining. Anonymous. Mine & Quarry Eng., jj, 05-10 (August, 1941). An account of investigations which demonstrated the significance of dust in re lation to all pulmonary diseases in miners. Among other topics discussed arc: the incidence of pulmonary diseases, prevention of dust diseases, dust concen trations and duration of exposures, dustiness of operations, methods of dust control, and advisability of periodic medical examination of 'workers. 23 Absorption, Accumulation and Excretion of Ingested Silica. J.L, Webb and others. Jour. Ind. Hyg,, 2, 43-45 (March, 1942). Ingested silica causes no signs of cataract or other pathological changes in the rat, nor docs it have any influence on their growth rates. A certain fraction of the ingested silica can bo absorbed from the gastro-intcstinal tract; most of this is excreted in tfao urine but a small amount is accumulated in the tissues. The liver and spleen arc tho most active in this regard. -- Author's summary. 259 Dust Counts and Their Significance. N.R. Bcmy. Heat., Pip., & Air Cond., 14, 173-173 (March, 1942). This is the first of a scries of articles in which will be discussed the methods employed in tho evaluation of dust exposures. The types of sampling and count ing instruments and the various factors involved will be discussed. This arti cle deals with the Grecnburg-Smith impingor, also the Sedgwick-Raftcr and Hatch cells. The author points out the possible errors inherent in dust counting prac tices and shows how an error of only two or three particles in the average 1/4 microscopic field may produce a final error of one million. The factor influen cing tho absolute error becomes greater with high concentrations necessitating excessive dilutions and is especially an item in dnrkfield counting, which in cludes a much greater size range. ' 270 Lung Tumors in Mice. Incidence as Affected by Inhalation of Certain Carcinogenic Anents and Some Dusts. J.A. Campbell. Brit. Med. Jour., Ho.4232, 217-221 (February 14, 1342). (Great Britain). All six dusts or mixtures of dusts tested (a_ precipitated silica containing ncthylcholanthrene; b_ steel grindings; a mixture containing equal parts of alumina, procipitated silica, and brown oxide of iron; d_ a radioactive dust from Czechoslovakia; a mixture containing the some as c_ plus calcium carbonate; f_ a sample of tarred road dust) increased the incidence of primary lung tumors in mice; in all experiments taker, together the increase (of incidence) in mice liv ing ten months or longer was threefold that for controls. Certain of the in creases v;ore not as impressive as expected. Some of these dusts {Czechoslovak, tarred road, silica, iron oxide) ore under suspicion os causes of lung tumors in man. Effort a to inhibit lung tumors with alumina or calcium were unsuccessful, dhc dusts produced about a f-ur-frld increase in tho incidence of hyperplasia of l.'tvh tie.-no in the lungs and a three-fold increase for tracheo-bronchial lymph '"* 'a.a,. There- v.n:; ale- an increase in the incidence of pneumonia. Silicotic a uaius ware produced in the tracheo-br.nchial lymph glands of mico breathing mi merphrua silica; tils confirms the first (1940, 1941, cnm.e author) demanotra>-1"u of silicosis produced without the crystal unit of quartz. CU, Pu O,, 0C . r.iujtriai Hygione Digest - 10. f,ili"Q3io Asong Navel Four.cr-T.en. E.7.N Brown and V,'.E. Klein. :J.S. Naval Mod. -J . > u: i il ^ ` i s of a mouioui survey of 454 employees of the steel and non-ferrous > of the Nova! oun . uetsry, -:nvy -ore, ' W * * 1 i.n.-tc: are rerortoc on the occupational history, clinical examination of the lungs and heart rociogrophs of the cheat. The occupational distribution was as follows: le .rs and voider helpers h3.br; helpers, general, and chippers 10.2,-; laborers, c--/'n, and electric cranemen 9.43; Halters and sandblasters 5.1#; miscellaneous 5,6,-.. Distribution by total duration of silica dust exposure: 68.6# hud been exposed in other foundries prior to the present employment; 43.7,1 were in the 1- to 9- and 10- to 14-yuar duration exposure groups end 45.7 per cent in the gr.ups ringing fra a 14 years to 40 years end over. X-ray findings: the U. 5. PuliLic Health Service classification was utilized. 3 6.3# of the cases fell in categories A and B, that is, with normal lung markings or first- and second-de gree exaggeration of linear piumonic markings. 13.2# fell in categories C and D or the earliest indications of dust induced pulmonary changes with fine dis crete nodules stcreosccpicolly and pathologically. 0.4# were in category X characterized by first-degree disseminated nodules up to the size of miliary tubercles. None wore found in categories F or G-. Eleven silicosis cases arc re ported by x-ray, 10 first stage and 1 second stage; cne case occurring in 10- to 14-year exposure group as the shortest and 1 in the 40-year and over group as the longest period of dust exposure. The incidence v:as 2.4/5. Seventeen borderline cases were reported by x-ray or an incidence of 3,7#; 82.3 of these falling in the occupational duration group of 25 to 29 years or above. The incidence of tuberculosis by x-ray wns 2.47s or 11 cases; 1.175 being consistent with possible clinical activity end 1.3# as of healed or arrested reinfection type. 272 The Effect of Oxygen Lack on the Cerebral Circulation. F.C. Courtice. J. Physiol., 100. pp. 196-211 (September, iS-ii). The cerebral circulation as measured by the arteriovenous 02, differences be tween the arterial and the sinus blood, the lactic acid content of the blood pressures and the pulmonary ventilation have been determined in chloralosed cats exposed to varying degrees of Gg lack. The cerebral circulation and the pul monary ventilation do not increase until the inspired air contains less than about 15# 0o* With lower 0g tensions they increase gradually at first and then more rapidly. Associated with those changes is a rise in the blood lactic acid content. The cerebral circulation with mare severe degrees of anoxaemia is increased partly by a rise in blood pressure and partly by a dilatation of the cerebral vessels caused by the rise in lactic acid. The tension of 0g in the brain tissue as judged by the tension in the sinus blood falls rapidly with de creasing 0g tension in tho inspired air, the chief mechanism preventing this fall from being greater being the S-shapo of tho Og dissociation curve in moderate anoxaemia^ -and an increase in pulmonary ventilation and cerebral circulation in severe anoxaemia. -- Author's summary. llT't'ct of Exposure to Known Concentrations of Carbon monoxide. R.F. Sievcrs and allure, J .A.M.A. , 118 , 585-533 {February 21, 1942). examination of a group of 156 Holland Tunnel traffic officers exposed throughout a period of thirteen years to an occupational carbon monoxide exposure averaging ^.7 part cf carbon monoxide per 1C.0C0 parts of air did not reveal any evidence 2 injury tc health attributable to carbon monoxide exposure. i:n U! in in" ants cf Carbon lol'. 35, 1-98 (1941) ot ..f the effects cf continuous breathing of ;ir containing C.2# career, e for two tc seven weeks on the general system, blood picture, arteri'J. trial Hygiene Digest - 11. blood cooes, cardiographic and roentgenological pictures of rabbits is reported. Although the carbon, monoxide content of the blood Gradually increases from ini tial to later periods, the ratio of carbon monoxide-hemoglobin to total hemo globin stays constant. The blood carbon dioxido content shows a deficit. Arter ial blood oxygon decreases more than carbon monoxide-hemoglobin formation at the beginning, but later becomes greater than the ratio indicates. Reduced hemo globin increases, even after blood oxygen increases. After breathing of carbon monoxide ceased, the symptoms become worse; and in spite of the disappearance of carton monoxide from the blood, reduced hemoglobin, is markedly increased and the oxygen-saturation power of arterial blood is very low with ultimate death due to cardiac damage. 75 Diesel onlines Underground. Part III. Effect on Exhaust-Gas Composition of Oper ating Engines ir. Mixtures of Normal Air and Natural Oas^ 5717 Elliott and ethers. U.S.Bur. of Mines, Kept, of Invest., No.3584. {September, 1941). The effect- of adding natural gas, in concentrations below the lower inflammable limit to the intake air of Diesel Engines, on exhaust gas composition was deter mined at different speeds and power output within the normal operating range. It was found that concentrations of carbon monoxide, aldehydes and nitrogen oxides in the exhaust were much greater than when the intake consisted only of normal air. Results show that for underground operation the concentration of natural gas in the intake air could reach O.S# by volume without necessitating an in crease in the air volume needed for ventilation when using normal air. This . agrees with the Bureau of Mines' Safety Board Decision 19, which requires that combustible gases shall not exceed 0.25$ when internal combustion engines are used underground. If the air volume required for normal operation of a Diesel engine underground does not dilute the natural gas to this concentration, then sufficient ventilation must be provided to accomplish this result. Considerable data are also furnished by these results on the mechanism of combustion in Diesel engines and suggest the possible value of the addition of combustible gases to intakes as an experimental technique. 76 Diesel Engines in Tunneling Operations. V;,B. Harris and others. Tech.Pub. No.1449. Am. Inst.of Min. & Met.Engrs,, llin.Tcch., 3 (March, 1942). The New York Labor Department has conducted extensive hygienic studies on Diesel engines under actual operating conditions in tunnels. Trucks, bulldozers, and locomotives driven by these engines have been tested during ail typical tunnel ing operations. They have operated from both shafts and portals and in dead-end runs and tunnel3 open at each end. Their conclusions: (1) Diesel-powered machinery can be safely end satisfactorily used underground if careful adherence to certain strict regulations is maintained. (2) The Now York State Labor Depart ment has issued such regulations tc govern the use of Diesel engines in under ground operations in New York State. (3) During all types of operating condi tions, these regulations have been found to stand the test of practical applica tion end adequate control. (4) The first section of requirements covers the de sign and maintenance of the engines. The main points of this section are: (a) 20:1 minimum air-fuel ratio, (b) the exhaust gasos must bo cooled and scrubbed, (c) before discharge the exhaust must be diluted at least 10 times. (5) The second section covers allowable limits of contamination. Careful correlation cf all factors has shown that the control of carbon monoxide to the set limit of C.CC2 per cent affords control of all noxious elements. (6) The third section ir. coveted to the requirements of v dilation, which have beon found adequate to i j* * a,; tr.o rcquircu control. ovcruiiig factor in this section requires that a minimum of 10,000 cu. ft. per minute of mechanical ventilation be i tamed in any area for every engine that is cr may bo operated in that ar cr us trial Hygiene Digest - 12. 77 c Lend Citrate Complex Ion and its Pole in the Physiolorr-r end Therapy of Del v/. 1. lisle;*. Chen. , 142, 151-192 {January, 124lT. The citrate ion is shown to Torn with Pb a soluble cor pi ex ion cf the form. PbCit-. The lactate, acetate and ascorbate lens else fern ecnriexes v;ith Fb which dissoftiate much nore readily. evidence is presented that the normai blood titrate constitutes a physiological mechanism for the removal of load fren the body. It is suggested that the ssministrution of citrates nay constitute a safe and effective therapy in plumb i cm. -- Author'3 surn.ary. 75 sauce and Prevention of Load Poisoning. R. Medellin. Ingenioria (Mexico) , 15, I.d:;-.76t (deptember, 1941). (Spanish). k discussion of the cause and prevention of lead poisoning in industries where that metal is used. 79 The Bffcct of Lead Acetate on Oxygen Uptake of Rat Liver Slices. H, D, Baernstcin and J.A. Grand. Proc.Aon.Soc.Biol,Chemists, p.7, (April, 1941). Rat liver slices were studied in two ways: (i) by measuring oxygen uptake (a) in suspensions of lead phosphate and (b) in solutions of a soluble lead citrate complex, and (2) by first immersing the tissue slices in Ringer's solution con taining lead acetate and then measuring oxygen uptake in Ringer-phosphate. The direct method (i,a) which was also used by previous workers gave 12.8 per cent acceleration of oxygen uptake when the pH factor was controlled and a 78 per cent inhibition when it was not controlled. This confirms the previous work. . Method l,b showed a 10 per cent inhibition but the availability of the lead in combination with citrate is unknown. Precipitation, reactions showed that neither iodide nor sulfate could remove the lead from combination but that phosphate could do so. (2) Previous immersion of slices for 30 minutes in Ringer's solu tion . containing 0.001 end 0.002 M lead acetate (pH5,0) followed by oxygen uptake measurement in Ringer-phosphate at pH7.4 showed 12 and 24 per cent inhibition respectively. When these values were corrected for irreversible acid injury, the net inhibitions were 2 and 14 per cent. wO The Effect of Protein Intake on Lead Poisoning. H.D. Baerastein, J.A. Grand, and P.A. Neal. Proc. Am. Soc. Biol. Chemists, p. 8, (April, 1941). White rats were fed synthetic diets containing casein 6, 13, 20, dextrin 44, 27, 30, sucrose 15, salts 4, agar 2, corn oil 10, cod liver oil 5, milk vitamin con centrate 21, ryzamin B 2. ICO gn. portions cf 6 per cent casein diet were sup plemented with 0.5 gnu of l-cy3tine and dl-methionine respectively. 1.5 gm. of lead chloride were added to 100 gn. portions of all diets. 13 per cent casein diet was also supplemented with 0.5 per cent NnailPO^, 1.0 per cent and 0.5 per cent lead chloride respectively. Groups of twelve rats equally divided as to sex were fed tho above diets with and without load chloride for about 30 days or as long as the rats lived. They were weighed every 2 days and their food con sumption noted. Survivors were sacrificed and hemoglobin, red cells, and oxygen uptake of liver were determined. Liver, spleen and kidney were studied histolog ically, The results showed that load chloride reduced food consumption and growth rate in all groups. Tho affects woro less pronounced at low lead chloride levels and loss on adequate protein intakes. Phosphate reduced the effects of load chloride somewhat. Hemoglobin and red cells decreased in all rats receiv ing lead chloride for more than 12 days. Oxygen consumption of liver was slight ly accelerated in all groups receiving lead except those receiving methionine and 20 par cent casein. of Chlorinates cnr.a.. Lab. * >>> } .mibur, pp. c-11, (January, 1942). Ini Rev., Health in Indus- ntary facts about the use of ch2.orinr.ted solvents is presented, together v. i c )\ the modes of poisoning (acute and chronic), the w rning signs, the safety Industrial Hygiene Foundation - 13. equipment and precautions advisable. While not now, tho article is timely be cause of the greatly increased itso of these substances in tho accelerated in dustrial program. COt Photo sc-nsi ftlr.fii .on Fr'/it Petroleum. Fra; Queries & Minor Notes, 1 .A. 11H, 769 (February 28, 1342). Ill effects resulting to workmen after emerging from cleaning a storage tank for certain heavy oils follov: tho pattern cf photosensitization by coal tar and petroleum products reported frequently in the literature. Creosote is a common offender in this respect -- petroleum products not so frequently. Seme crude cils, especially those v.lth. asphaltic bases, have natural photosensitizing prop erties, but nearly all "dye oils" (a cracked kerosene extract used for coloring lubricating oils) are phstosensitizers. In prevention of this condition, cloth ing impervious to vapors must bo worn while working in the tanks. A protective ointment should be applied to the face. 283 Response of G-ulnea Pigs and Hats to Repeated Inhalation of Vapors of Mesityl Oxide and Isophorone. K.F. Smyth, Jr., and others. Jour. Ind. Hyg., 24_, 45-50 (March, 1942). - Groups of 10 rats and 10 guinea pigs received thirty 8-hour exposures to con trolled concentrations of mesityl oxide and isophorone vapors ranging from 25 to 500 p.p.m. Observations were made upon growth, blood count, urine and micros copic pathology. Mesityl oxide injured primarily as a narcotic and isophorone as a kidney poison. No effect whatever was found from 50 p.p.m. mesityl oxide or from 25 p.p.m. isophorone vapor. Some data upon single exposures to mesityl oxide vapor are given, indicating that it has greater narcotic action and acute toxicity than isophorone. 284 Neuropathological Changes in Experimental Carbon Disulfide Poisoning in Cats. A. Ferraro and others. Arch. Path., 52, 725-758 (November, 1941). ' The results of animal experiments with narcotic doses of 2460-3200 p.p.u. of carbon disulfide are presented. All animals became restless and excited in the beginning and apathetic later on. After several days of exposure muscle jerks and a continual tronor of head and body appeared. The histological picture showed changes in most of the cortical vessels with a predilection for the outer molecular layer. The changes gre more pronounced in the corpus striatum than in the substantia nigra and are prevalent in the quadrigeminal plate and medulla oblongata, especially in its triangular nucleus, and in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. The vascular changes lead to occlusion of blood vessels and secondary softening, frequently in the cerebellum, but in one animal each in the substantia nigra and lenticular nucleus. Diffuse neurocellular changes range from simple chromatolysis to sovero degeneration with proliferation of glia, nicroglia and mesenchymal elements. 285 Tho Effects of Exposure to Toluene in Industry. L. Greenburg and others, J.A.ii.A. 118, 573-578 (February 21, 1942), Based on a study of 106 painters exposed to the inhalation of toluene of between 100 and 1100 p.p.m. for periods of time ranging from, two weeks to more than five years, it is concluded that: (1}.Industrial exposure of human beings to toluene results in enlargement cf tho liver, macrocytesis, moderately decreased levels of erythrocyte counts and absolute lymphocytosis; (2) Such exposure did net re stilt in leukopenia; (3) Early chronic toluene intoxication in man is best evi denced by hopatemeynly (enlargement of the liver) and macrocytosis (presence of large red blood cells). -- Authors' summary. 003860 7 ;.:ua trial Rygiene Digest - 14. .7 r.-.r.c of Poisoning v.ith Moroant-ns. V, Cristescu. Lied. Bull., Standard Cii Car.;;-any, N.J., 5_, 78-84 (June, 1941). IMa is a report of a case of mercaptan poisoning and is of interest decause of the scarcity of data on the toxicity of the compounds. A worker in the Pioooti oil fields .entered a mercaptan condensation-tank.pit without any protection. He v.-ue found imeonscious two hours later. The clinical course is described in de tail and -a review of the literature on poisoning with sicrcr.ptc.ns and related substances is given. _. Toxicitv and Potential Bankers of Toluene. 7V.?. von Oettingen and others. J./.M.A. 11?, 579-534 (February 21, 1942). These studies indicate that single exposures of human beings for eight hours daily to concentrations of toluene ranging from 50 to 800 p,p,m. do not cause definite changes in the white blood cell picturo, in the circulation or in the respiration. Inhalation for eight hours of concentrations of 200 p.p.m. causes slight but definite impairment of coordination ana reaction time which is liable to render persons thus affected dangerous to their own safety and to the safety of the operation. With higher concentrations these effects become increasingly moro severe, and with concentrations of 600 and 800 p.p.m. they may be observed after a few hours exposure, Elimination of hippuric acid in the urine and con centration of toluene in the blood increase with the concentration of toluene in the air. In contrast to experience with benzene, the ratio of inorganic sul fates in the urine is not noticeably affected by exposure to toluene. 283 Sporotrichosis among Miners on the Witwatorsrasd Gold Mines. L.F. Dangerfioid and J. Gear. South African Med. J., 15, 128-151 (1941)". A report of an outbreak of 74 cases of sporotrichosis occurring on two of the gold mines. It is clear from the history of these cases, that the infection was contracted while working underground, as the infections were confined to workers on one shaft in each of the mines. Attempts to trace the source of infection have been so far unsuccessful. Steady improvement of the condition occurs with treatment by massive doses of potassiumiodide, resulting in a complete cure, usually within one month. 239 The "Blocked Ear" of the Caisson Worker. R. Almour. Laryngoscope, 52, 75-81 (January, 1942). The caisson worker uses the expression "blocked ear" to donoto some disturbance to the ear drum or tympanic cavity or both resulting from failure to equalize the intra- and extra-tympanic pressure. This injury, in contrast to caisson disease, can occur either during compression or decompression, although it is most frequent during the former. Aside from carelessness or defects in pressure control, the most important predisposing cause is some degree of obstruction in tho Eustachian tube. Most of the workers have a chronic hypertrophy of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. The majority of the injurios occur when tho men have colds. The clinical picture is described in detail and the author concludes that condition is a medical entity. He also believes that the increas ed use of airplanes will add to the problem. ^ -tudy of Osteopathy Due to Fluorine Poisoning. F.doScnarelens. Helvetica Medica Acta, Basel 8^379 (August,-1941). Swiss, Abst. from J.A.M.A. 118, 564 (February 14, 1941). .!v urc of cryolite in. tho production of aluminum provokes emanation of fumes .uci: contain fluorine and exert r. toxic effect on the workers. Fluorine has a particular affinity for the skeleton and the teeth. Fluorine provokes osteo- I'-thy of tho osteitis fibrosa type. Sodium fluoride is more toxic than is cal cium fluoride because of its greater solubility. The elimination of fluorine i; probably regulated by tho parathvroids. ' GO ^ r-"\ --. -- O. Industrial Hygiene Direct - 1C. Methods of Detection and Determination !?1 :r-.-:rcfluostliclc Acid Method for the Determination of Q,ucrtz. F.H. Goldman. l:.d. Zng. Chon., iencii. Za. , i_o_, 7d9-731 (19-11). In determining quartz in settled dust, the material is treated alternately with fluosilicic acid reagent and after filtering, with nitric acid. These treat ments are continued until there is no further loss in -weight. The residue is culled quartz. A simple apparatus for carrying out the digestion at 10 with the fluosilicic acid is shown with the sample in a Monroe crucihic. Mo,, losses and those due to solution of the quarts are reduced to a minimum. 292 Observations on the Preparation of Slides for Particls-Sizo Determination. L. Silverman and W, Franklin. Jour. l~nd.''Hyg.'J~ D4, 51 (March. 1942) It is suggested that, in following Green's technique of preparing slides for particle-size determination, it is possible to crush particles of the range 1 to 10 nicronsr This seemed to be borne out by a comparison of the results of counts made on slides prepared by evaporation of suspensions and by mechanical dispersion. It is therefore recommended that slides be prepared by the former method. 293 Colorimetric Determination of Small Amounts of n-llitroaniline in the Air. V.V. Ponomarenko, Zavodskaya Lab,, 111 (1940), (Russian). " A series of standards are used for comparison in this colorimetric determination, of p-nitroaniline. Pull directions in Chemical Abstracts. 394 Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in the Air by Decolonization of Puchsin. E.P. Kastner. Zavodskaya Lab., 9_, 111 (1940). (Russian). Directions are given for the determination of sulfur dioxide in air utilizing a calibration curve of the declorization of fuchsin. Ten litors of air arc dravm through two absorbers v.lth 50 ml. of fuchsin solution in each. Hydrogen sulfide is removed by first passing through 2$ acidified copper sulfate solution contain ing 5 ml. of ethyl alcohol. Control Methods 295 Safe Practice in tho Manufacture of Aluminum. G.J. Horak. Safe Practice Bull., No.91, Penna. Dept, of Labor & Industry, pp. 12 (February, 1942). An illustrated discussion of tho safety and health protection methods used in tho production of aluminum utensils. Zxtensive exhaust systems and special polishing compounds contain dust which night bo inhaled by the workers. Pour huge fans and dust collectors with a combined capacity of 200,000 cu. ft. of air per minute, service the system. The motors required to drive these fans have 300 horsepower. Because cf the enormous withdrawal of air from the plant ty these fans, many thousands of dollars arc spent additionally every year to 'i'-'7 for extra heating during the winter months. Tanks used for electrolytic '.uf-.ec treatment are provided with speci-i exhaust ducts to curry off toxic and steam.. Shrouded -overissue news print lias h.en substituted for weed 'redder because, it was found that the fine wood dust present in excelsior was " chin irritant to seme workers. 00 33 f I mu-.trial Hygiene Digest - 15. '.JC C-'r. -1 r.f ^i^rt.nncc: by Low Velocity Fxhu.nst Systems. J.M. jZH7:Valle. H.Y,Ltute Dept. Labor Ind7 Hull'., 21, Bo-84 I February, 1942) . This brief article is designed to. drav.' attention to a method of exhaust ventila tion which may he applied in ir.any plants having difficulty in obtaining material fer constructing the usual type of high velocity exhaust system. The discussion is by way. of amplification of a system developed by Hatch. The distinguisling fnature of the Hatch system is tho use of lev: air velocities and dispensing v.lth the principle of pneumatic conveying which is the common characteristic of tho 'seal typo of exhaust system. Its advantages are: (1) Since ultimate control is dependent upon tho provision of air volume at the source of contamination, tho lev: velocity system dispenses with small openings and branch pipes, thus re ducing losses sustained at entrance and in tho pipe system. In other words, the eye's cm requires less pov;cr; (2) the system may be constructed of other materials than sheet matal as, for example, plywood or masonite; (3) propellor fans may bo used in place of tho usual type of centrifugal blower; (4) the cost of operation is reduced. Tho disadvantages aro: (1) The space requirements are greater than is the case of a high velocity system. Since velocities maintained may be as low as 200 l.f.m., this means a cross-sectional area 20 times that of a high velocity system providing for 4,000 l.f.m.; (2) A means of periodic or continu ous cleaning of accumulated debris, if used to collect dust, must be provided; (3) The system is better adapted to new installations than to existing ones, since in most cases it requires equipment to be laid cut to fit the system. In a high velocity system, the procedure is the reverse of this. 297 Dust Suppression and Collection. Use of Cyclones at Loading Points. J.Smellie. Iron & Goal Trades Rev., 144, 1G9, (February 20, 1942). Also Colliery Guardian, 144, 145-147 (February 21, 1942). (Great Britain). Dusty conditions at the face arise largely from the operations of coal-cutting and shot-firing. Ho device for collecting this dust can bo applied. Reduction of the amount of dust made in the first place and the suppression of the remain der are the only present solutions. Methods for reducing dust at loading points ere (1) Simple sprays on loading chutes or on the loaded belt near tho loading point; (2) Suction devices operating with a finely atomized water spray, the suc tion provided by fan or induced by compressed air jets; and (3) Filters, wood wool, metalwool, and fabric bags; and (4) Cyclone separators. Results of exper iments with a small cyclone arc given, showing that it compared favorably with other types of dust collectors. Its advantages are dry collection.of dust, all water difficulties being removed. Cyclones down to 4 in. diameter, claimed to be capable of removing particles down to the 3 micron size, aro now in use in preference to larger units. Although mere costly, the efficiency is greater, and as tho cyclone size does not appreciably affect the pressure drop, the use of tho small high-efficionoy types is warranted. "^3 Safe Prao&jce in Crushing and Pulverizing Manganese Pros. C.C. Hassinger, Safe Prac. Bull., No.70 pp. 7. Penna.Dopt. Labor <x Industry. (December, 1941). The description of efficient engineering dust control methods applied to the operations of processing manganese cros. This company very effectively employs mechanical enclosures under negative pressure to restrain the dust from escaping into the plant atmosphere. A number of illustrative plates accompany tho article ...i t-iscuasion on Foundry Apprentice T ainlng. G. Dwelling. Giesserci, 28_, 1-6 Uu.nunry IQ, 1341}, (Gorman). Principally directed from tho pair. of view training tc prevent accidents : ' ' *- advance health and hygiene. Industrial Hygiene Digest - 17. 200 r.d Ronort of the Coal Dust Research Comitteo, 1941. Sprays. Mo runout hcHii'c and South V.'oles Coal Owners' Association, {direct Britain). Laboratory and field investigations on the allaying of air-borne dust by means of liquids ape described. Sprays end mist projectors differ greetly in design, water and cfi&pressod air consumption, but the factor v;hich most influences their effectiveness is probably the size of the v/ntor particles ejected. A method was devised for taking photomicrographs of the mists. These were caught in a liquid immiscible with water, usually castor oil, and contained in a cavity slide. The most effective atomization was produced by spray3 'which employed both the prin ciple of forcing the water through a small orifice and that of imparting a swirling or rotatory motion to the water. Measurement of the water particles comprising the mists showed that there were fw as small as 40 microns -- The average being about 250. As the bulk of air-borne dust in coal nines is below 25 microns, it was proved that water sprays would not be very effective in des troying dust clouds. They are, however, ideal for the wetting of the surfaces of hewn material, coal or rock, before it is further handled, thus preventing the further formation of dust. They may also be effective in wetting roadways, trapping tho dust already deposited. It appears that there is a critical figure for the air to water ratio, beyond which little or no improvement can be obtain ed. Tests in a wind tunnel show that the du3t concentration could be reduced by 84$; when the spray was operating at optimal efficiency. The effect of addition of chemical agent3 to tho water increased the efficiency of the sprays only slightly, 301 Safety1s Clean-up.' A.P. Schulze. Safety Eng., 83, 29-30, (January, 1942). Because cleaning, either as a production, maintenance or sanitation procedure, is an important problem to industry, it has a direct bearing on pias-6 safety and operation. Developments and improvements affected in materials and methods during the past decade have placed effective dleaning among successful, proven means that contribute to minimizing plant hazards, improving working conditions, safeguarding employee health, increasing production, and decreasing unit costs. 302 Protection of Personnel Handling Radium. L.F. Curtiss, An.Soc.Testing Mater ials, Bull, No.114, p. 21-24 (January, 1942). In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the use of radium in radio graphing of heavy metals and other metal parts. The object of this paper is to describe an exposure meter which may be of help in reducing health hazards in this work. Precautions to be used in the handling of radium are also discussed. 303 Annual Safety Equipment Issue, 1942. National Safety News, 45, pp. 226 (March, 1942), Practically this entire issue i3 devoted to description and display of safety equipment.- Section 1 deals with personal protective equipment; Section 2 v.lth mechanical equipment; Section 3 v.lth fire and plant protection; Section 4 with first aid and nodical service; Section 5 v.lth sanitary equipment and supplies; and Section 6 discusses miscellaneous services and products. Industrial Medical Practice 1': --' .T ' ai-rio: a 2tud-.- of 5?? Cnees. K.P., Williams. Med. Bull, of Vet. Adr., i_u -f.u3 (January, 1942}. he in r, report .if a survey to determine the relative incidence of pneunrer aic-v- in beneficiaries of the Veterans' Administration. A review cf 379 cases of individuals who had been exposed to numerous occupational dust hazards is U0d ; ; Industrial Hygiene Digest - 18. presented. Of this number, 170 cares were classified as pneumoconiosis, either uncomplicated or complicated by infectious disease. Included is a detailed sys tem of classification. There are no definite conclusions drawn but the data support the belief that pneumoconiosis increases susceptibility to tuberculosis in a direct; ratio. The author stresses the need for more careful and detailed histories and physical examinations. 305 Pnauronoconlosis in Russia. Anonymous. Erit. Med. Jour., No.4232, 26-229 (February 14, 1941). (Great Britain). This is a discussion of a series of papers summarizing research in dust diseases end the methods of fighting them, particularly among coal-.'.liners, as carried out during the past few years by the Denotz Institute for Labor, Hygiene, and Occu pational Diseases, U.3.3.R. Dust-wotting methods are outlined -- concluding that naphtha-soap solutions in small concentrations -- 0.1# -- best of all. It is found that dust particles are always present In the central as well as the peripheral parts of the nodule, that coal dust as such -- and not its mineral admixtures -- is the basic factor which determines the changes in anthrncosis. For the difficulties of radiological diagnosis of the first stage of silicosis, ' it was found that peptone gives better definition of the early changes in the lymphatic system. Of the 1,529 men examined in the Votka collieries pneumocon iosis was found in 3.3#, and of the 937 in the Gorlovka collieries in 2,3#, while 11,1# of the 298 in the Krystalny collieries showed the disease. The coal miners show a low incidence of tuberculosis -- selection of fit men for the work seems a big factor here. Great care is taken of the miners' welfare. 306 Contact Dermatitis. M.T/. Rubonstein. Penn. Mod, J., 4)5, 127-129 (November, 1941). Dermatoses may be classified as venenata (due to local irritation) toxic, aller gic, and contact. The latter is defined by the author as a dermatitis caused by external irritants which produce inflammation in some people all of the time, a phenomenon of local hypersensitivity. No allergens are present in the tissues or body fluids, Intradermal, scratch tests, and passive transfer'are all nega tive while the patch test is positive. History is very important in making a diagnosis. Clinical manifestations vary and are not characteristic of the type of irritant but the distributions of the lesions may give a clue. The difficul ties arc increased by the facts that a combination of substances may be necess ary to produce a dermatitis and that emotional and nervous shock may lov;er the threshold to previously innocuous substances. Results of patch tests are not always good criteria but thoir dependability may bo increasod by applying them near the area of actual dermatitis. An outline of irritants and of areas of in volvement commonly encountered is included. 307 Disabling Sicknos3 among Industrial Workers. W.M.Gafafer. An.J.Pub. Health, 31, 443-56 (Hay, 1941). Among a group of approximately 30,000 white male industrial workers it was found that whilo the average frequency of 8 day or longer disabilities followed a downward trend during tho years 1930-34, the average duration of the disabilities moved upward. Evidence is presented to show that, an a measure of economic loss es from sicknoss and Injuries, the average frequency rate may lead to erroneous conclusions, since this rate may decline while at the same time tho average dur ation of disability may increase. -- Author's summary. 336 r*' tisticnl D"ta on Occupational Disposes i: . _thc Glass Industry. R. richer. or wV.ekr.iecho Bor., 1, 10-15 (J; nuury,-lh~. 1) . I Gem-Tan) " ."u : a data is nr. canton in order to conclude and clarify certain points in a re ;c: t by :I. Otto upru.-.ring previously. The n nin uurposo of the article is to ate a more favorable opinion about canal ions in tho glues industry which wo: c severely criticized in Otto's article. n id I ; .estriul Hygiene Digest - 19, and Mines Inspection. Editorial. Colliery Guardian. 144. 36-37 f7o]7uTry 9, 19*1*;). (Great Britain). ?::c experience in regard to industrial diseases is remarkable. In 1904 the nunier of anccs of industrial poisoning notifiable was 656; in 1938 the number v,-as 428, yet in the meantime a great number of diseases ha3 been added. In mines tho experience has been much less happy, for in thirty years the number of caaea of disease in which compensation was paid has risen from. 1,66$ to 12,537; on the other hand the number of cases attended by fatal results is very much less than that for factories; broadly speaking, miners' diseases are "benign." 7.9 Conservation of Manpower in Connecticut. C, Kuh. J.A.M.A. 118, 649-650 (February 21, 1942). In Connecticut, the problems of industrial health were approached jointly by the Committee on Industrial Health of the state nodical society and the Manu facturers Association. To satisfy the immediate needs of physicians, a post graduate course in industrial medicine has been given, a section on industrial health has been organized in the medical society, and a regular department on industrial health has been arranged in the Connecticut State Medical Journal. Thu results of a state-wide survey stimulated manufacturers to appreciate their shortcomings. Twenty full-time doctors have been placed in the larger estab lishments. Many other activities have been stimulated -- all in recognition of the obligation of meeting the immediate needs of the war program through extend ing medical service into more plants and improving the quality add usefulness of the service. 311 Conserving Man Power by Effective Health Education. J.J. Brandabur, Edison Elec. Inst. Bull., 10, 59-62 (February, 1942). The pre-employment or placement examination is useful in determining the physi cal fitness of applicants for employment; in permitting the proper placement in the organization of defective workers or placing such defective cases under proper remedial measures so as to make them fit and thereby helping to prevent man-failure. The periodic physical examination is beneficial in tho supervision of older workers exposed to hazardous conditions and in measuring the progress of efforts to control occupational diseases as well as discovering physical de fects when corrections may bo still effective. This type of program is practical in that it seeks the sourcs of non-occupational or ordinary illnesses and in this way helps to decrease them, and it in turn promotes the health and prolongs the life of the worker by educating him to realize that good health is an ex cellent economic investment. Decent Trends in Physical Examination under Civil Service. V.K. Harvey. J.A.M.A. 118, 597-600 (February 21t 1942). The histflrjy of physical examinations for the Civil Service is reviewed from the time of the employment of a single physician until the present when physical ex aminations ara required as part of the routine for each of the 1,353,150 competi tive positions. The application of standards is described in some detail. Dx^retion of Silver in Urine. J.C, Aub and L.T. Fairhail. J.A.M.A. 118, (January 24, 1942). The authors confirm the point of vie?/ stated in an earlier article in the J.A.M.A. that silver is not excreted in the urine. While studying a ease of argyria ( cole ration of the s:cin by free use of silver preparations), an attempt v:as -e to withdraw the silver from its storage points in the body by the moans osea in cases of lead poisoning. Although fairly heavy deleading treatments were resorted to, no measurable amount of silver was found in the urine at any nine during a long investigation. Evidently the metabolism of silver and lead differ ureatly. trial Hygiene Digest - 20. 'bysiolcgy -? berk. A.C. Ivy. J.A.U.A. 113, 569-573 (February 21, 1S4?). .:3 performed by the average person cannot bo reduced to a simple formula, I:;,, I'-.tifUic of the ordinary factory worker is too subtle to yield to the erdin ry toots of the physiologist. The tests of the psychologists do not provide '-.newer, Hoither has gotten to the basis of the mechanisms in so-called r:,r-. nic industrial fatigue or of the decrease in productivity and increase in j llr...ss associated with long hours of light or moderate work. Social and cconcmic conditions inside and outside the factory and office are very important. The psychologist and director of personnel have much to contribute. "ho physiologist and physician can contribute by giving advice regarding rocreation1 vr.vgr'ms, by dealing v.lth the hazards of industry and by devoting attention to the health and nutrition of the worker. The physician since the time of Jiippocratos has known the importance of rest, diet and recreation in the pre vention of disease. Work alone cannot win the war. Vfork demands rest, good food and wholesome recreation, which implies physical and mental fitness. The spirit and -willingness of patriotism is essential, but it is not enough. Physi cal fitness is requisite for sustained effort end output. 315 Occupational Asthma and Vasomotor Rhinitis. An Outline of Some Common Industries V-r.-rc those Syr.-items are Irritated, L. Sternberg and A.H. Sorrell. N.Y. State Jour, of Hod., 41, 1649-1652 (1941). An outline of some of the industries in the region of H.Y. State in which work ers arc commonly affected by allergies of the respiratory tract. Only conditions which are true allergies are discussed and not those resulting from irritation- and toxic effects of physical or chemical action. The principal symptoms of such respiratory allergies are asthma, vasomotor rhinitis or both, asthma alone being most common. Only a small number of workers who are allergic are affected In occupations producing these reactions. Skin tests are discussed -- positive reactions are usual when the agent is not chemical or drug; chemicals or drugs .arc poor antigens hence positive skin tests arc rare but v/hen they do occur are liablo to be dangerous because of constitutional reactions; therefore the intradernal method, should be avoided by the novice and the scratch or patch test used for chemicals or drugs. Diagnosis is usually easy but physical examination, search of the nasal and bronchial secretions and blood and environmental tost may have to be depended upon. The ideal treatment is removal of the cause but this is usually not practical. Hyposensitization should bo tried except in the case of chemicals and drugs. A valuable list and brief discussion of tho occu pations in which such conditions are frequently found is given. Among then are bakers, furriers, metal polishers, coffoe, soy, cacao and castor bean handlers, refrigerator workers, jewelers, hat makers, rag sorters, woodworkers, poultry dealers, pharmacists, upholsterers, and beauticians. 316 Vi temin A 'Storage in Adults. L.E. Boohcr and M.B. Porter. Proc. Am. Soc. Biol, cr.ijts. p, 10-17 (April, 1941), e daily intake of vitamin A per so required to prevent any signs of nightbl indnccs in adults has previously boon shown to be on tho order of 25 to 55 inburnational units per kilo of body weight. Evidonce is now available to shev/ thnt the adult body docs not possess tho capacity to adjust its requirements to c~ than t):is minimum physiologic requirement. Vitamin A supplied to adults in cose cf 50, 100, and 200 per cent or mere over the daily minimum physiologic uiri "lint can be stored in whole or in cart to furnish a reserve that can be :urio \Alb w li -J ,-itnr.in A akortn--e. t Vi,-e, however, becomes less as excesses of vitamin A intake over 'r. physiologic requirement arc increased. r 0 2 to-\ riel Hygiene Digest - 21 >ii7 Vitamin Supplementation of TJ. 5. Army Rations in Relation to Fatigue and the Ability to do Huscul'-.r './oil. A. Keys and A.F. ncnschel. Jour. of Nutrition. 23, 239-269 (March 10, 1942). The reco(Jution of borderline vitamin deficiency states prompts the suggestion that a dlct relation between the intake of certain vitamins and physical vigor may oxten| even above the subclinical deficiencies. During the past several years the- popular belief has grown that a superabundance of these vitamins msy procucs extraordinary stamina or at least may bo helpful in meeting physical cr mental strain. These possibilities were of such obvious importance as to merit careful investigation. This paper is a report on such studies made under rigid ly controlled conditions on personnel of the U. 3. Army. Soldiers maintained on standard TJ. . Army garrison rations were repeatedly subjected to standardized severe exercise on the motor-driven treadmill. Circulatory, metabolic and blood chemical responses v;ere measured. In a series of studies involving 256 exper iments, large daily supplements of thiamine chloride, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxins, pantothenic acid, and ascorbic acid were administered over periods of 4 to 6 weeks alternating with equal periods of blacebo {harmless pill) admin istration. In neither brief extreme exorcise nor in prolonged severe exercise and semi-starvation were there indications of any effects, favorable or other wise, of the vitamin supplementation on muscular ability, endurance, resistance to fatigue or recovery from exertion. Healthy young men expending an average of 3700 to 4200 calories per day are not benefited by a daily supply of more than 1.7 mg. thiamine chloride, 2.4 mg. riboflavin, and 70 mg. of ascorbic acid. It is concluded that no useful purpose would be served by enrichment of present U.S. garrison rations with the vitamins studied. 318 Indiscriminate AcLmini strati on of Vitamins to Workers in Industry, Council on. Foods and Nutrition and Council on Industrial Health, American Medical Assoc., J.A.M.A. 118, 618-621 (February 21, 1942). The Councils conclude that satisfactory evidence of the wisdom of the general . practice of industrial concerns providing all of their employees with vitamins indiscriminately is lacking; they cannot give their support to the program of which this is the objective. When a satisfactory study of any given industrial situation indicates the wisdom of providing vitamins to employees, the Councils point out the necessity for observing the proper scientific limitations of such action to the situation in question; after the employee has been restored to a good nutritive state, the use of a good diet of natural protective foods there after should then suffice. Nothing in this report is intended to belittle the significance of vitamins in nutrition, cr the value of the proper use of added vitamins in improving foods such as bread and flours.' V/hat is being emphasized is the need for the avoidance of indiscriminate mass use of vitamins, a practice which supports the commercial exploitation rather than scientific rational use of these important dietary factors. 319 Failure of Aminoacetic Acid to Increase the Work Capacity of Human Subjects, 2.Q,. King. J.A.M.A. 113, 594-536 (February 21, 1942). Thirty-three nolo subjects of the white and the Negro race 'wore given aminoacetic acid in daily amount3 of from 4.5 to 6 grams under rigidly controlled conditions, over a period of three weeks. There was no effect on the work capacity of those subjects when compared to controls receiving lactose--saccharose unaer identical conditions or with cross control cf the same subjects when receiving lactosesaccharose in the same manner. A review of recent studies in protein metabolism rt.veols that the claims made for the especial value cf aminoacetic acid or gein*ir. in the treatment cf fatigue or increasing endurance arc unfounded on the ore cicol grounds and that tho protein, of the ordinary diet is fully capable of supplyi:;3 `-hi.- aminoacetic requirements of man. It is also pointed out that the coin7 I":u"trial Hygiene Digest - 22. insomnlete protein gelatin is deficient in methionine, one of the amino acids nceos-nry for the synthesis of creatine. It is evident from these experiments th:t a study of the effects of a drug on fatigue must be meticulously controlled; drug under study should be administered .alternately v.lth a placebo identical i.a physical '"characteristics end the identity of each should be unknown to the subjects S3 well as to the investigators. : ;,ri../r standards for Acceptance, Pis ability Rating and Discharge in the Military cervices and in Industry^ 5.1.Fowler. Laryngoscope, 51, 957-955 (October, 1941). basic factors necessary for establishing a dependable method for measuring percentage losses in hearing capacity from monaural and binaural deafness are herein sot forth. These factors are important for estimating hearing losses in the personnel of the military services as well as in civil life and industry. Standards are set up upon which to base opinions as to the percentage of dis ability suffered by a normally hearing person, or one who in the past has had a partial deafness in one or both ears. A table is constructed for estimating the percentage of loss of capacity to hear speech. By changing the weighting it may be used in other categories of hearing function. -- Author's summary. ".21 Conservation of Hearing in Ind^istry. C.C. Bunch. J.A.M.A. 118, 588-593 (February 31, 1942) The author notes an ostrich attitude on the part of employers and employees toward the effects on hearing of certain industrial hazards. Of the conditions . which adversely affect hearing are extreme and rapid variations in temperature without adequate protection with resulting upper respiratory infection; sudden wide variations in atmospheric pressure (caisson workers, aviators, etc,); and extremely loud noises in many different typos of occupation. Cases involving occupational los3 of hearing are appearing before the courts, and compensation boards are making awards for this affection. 322 Industrial Noises and Industrial Deafness, iff.A. Rosenblith, Accoustical 3oc. American Journal, 15, 220-225 (January, 1942), A review and general conclusions from a study of noiso and audiometric measure ments taken at a railroad repair shop at Rouen, Franco. This data was collected in the investigation of A. Salmon in cooperation with French state-owned rail roads. 323 Industrial Bye Injuries. A. MacNalty. Brit. Med. Jour., No.4231, 173-177 (February 7, 1942). (Great Britain). Occupational diseases which affect eyesight can be classified under (a) the re sults of exposure to heat rays -- e.g., glassworkers' and ironworkers' cataract; (b) miners' nystagaus; c) the toxic effect of certain substances -- e.g., load, derivatives of bonnene, carbon disulfide, and methyl alcohol. All these affec tions are discussed in some detail, together with occupations in which there is ric> of accidental injury. 1 the Doctor Comes. J.A. Dolco. U.S, Pub. Health Service, Misc.Pub., No.21, ' ,Aj Il-'HL). For sale by Supt. of Documents, Washington, D.C. - Price lOd. ` '-'coklot is not intended serve as a complete first aid manual or to en-uv.-p self-treatment. It is felt that these simple emergency measures, which 'vdily available, may add to the comfort of the injured, prevent the devcl. -m vf sori-.ms complications, and in seme instances contribute to the saving ..hire- medical aid is not readily obtainable considerable assistance / !u; rendered while awaiting tho arrival of-a physician. 003G7-J Industrial Hyricne Digest - 23. 3;.5 .`.`mil end f'-ire in Industry. F. Goldnann. Medical Care, 3-17 (January, 1942). .'vur pr-.i ruiis of mcaical service in industry (See Abstract Ho.139, January,1942 I igcst) are analyzed as to problems of odmini.strati cm and organization. The f rliov.inr: 4*ujut;ions arc answered: Who manages the plans? 3y whom arc the staff physiciena' directed? What persons arc eligible to share in the plans? Who aro excluded and how? V.'Jiat incomes tnd occupations are represented among the people served? What age and so: groupings? How ere the professional staffs qualified, organized, and remunerated? Who.t can be said about the quality of service and tho general effectiveness of these four plans? Hoy/ fully are measures applied to the prevention of illness? Many advantages are found to accrue to all groups concerned. 6 Hours of Work, Lest Time and Labour '.'Jastarc. lad. Health Research Board, Medical Research Council. Ffcorgency Report Ho-.2. pp. 26. H.ll, Stationery Office, London, 1942, Prlco 2d. General Conclusions: . 1. Tho results of this inquiry show that the time lost by factory workers through sickness, injury ana absence v/ithout permission, when undisturbed by extraneous factors, varied with the weekly hours of work. It was usually lew whort the hours of work were less than 60 per week, but increased as the hours increased up to 75, 2. Tho findings suggest that, over an extended period, tho v/eekly hours of work should generally not exceed 60 to 65 for men and 55 to 60 for women. 3. In all tho groups the workers were stimulated to an increased output after the collapse of France, and although it was physiologically impossible to maintain the maximum level reached, output in nearly every case has sinceremained above the previous level, 4. Tho beneficial effects of a reduction in excessive hours of work, to gether with the inauguration of staggered holidays, were reflected in an increase in the rate of working afterwards. 5. Labour wastage varied considerably from one factory to another. Some of the conditions loading to a high rate were the employment of women un accustomed to factory v/ork, or married women whose domestic responsibilities prevented satisfactory adjustment to factory life; difficulties of shopping and getting suitable meals, and the problem of transport, were important in this connection. 6. Women, on the whole, lost more time than men, for reasons such as thoso given in the previous section, 7. In conclusion, when it is remembered that many workers lived far from the factories, and had to face air-raids when, travelling to and from v/ork; that soias bad lost their homes and had to sleep in improvised shelters; and that oftifc they had to v/sit outside in the cold and rain because of inade quate transport arrangements, tho time-keeping of the factory personnel studied deserves high praise. 327 Tho Relationship of Vocational Bohabilitatjon to Industrial Hygiene, D, Amato, An. J. Pub. Health, 22, 29-32 (J urinary, 19427"! Vocational rehabilitation should, bo considered an important aim of organized industrial hygiene programs. Th o central problem is to restore the disabled nan t: hi a original earning power. Such piece rant can bo done most economically by close cooperation with the personnel department. 0/G l / Industrial Hygiene Digest - 24. 333 vin'' Health among all Nations." T. Parran. Survey Graphic. 31., 151-153, (March, 1942) Pvon in peacetime, industrial disability takes 400,000,000 man-days off the pro duction linSi Twenty percent of this is preventable now. Only ten per cent of lest vr.-ar* 3"loss would, be sufficient to build 16,470 combat tanks. Among the things that must be managed well if the war is to be properly victorious are services to improve the present health of the population. Fairly good is not good enough now, when we aro short of manpower and short of time. 3;;9 The Health Front in a People's War. C.-E.A. Winslow, Survey Graphic, 31, 111-105 (March, 1942). "" In large industries the responsibility for health and safety lie3 with the man agement of the industry itself, under the supervision and with the technical counseling of health and labor department experts. The anall plant can never solve the problem vdthout more direct and substantial aid. Local health depart ments, with the cooperation of medical societies, manufacturers' associations, and organized labor, should take the initiative in this important field. The problem of nutrition is of major importance; and it is vital at the present moment with respect to the industrial worker. The Committee on Nutrition in In dustry of the National Research Council recommends "us the first and most impor tant step in the campaign to improve the nutrition of defense workers, the pro vision of diets of natural foods rich in all the essential food factors." 330 A Prescription for Production. V. Reiser. Survey Graphic, 31, 108-112 (March, 1942). The number of men in the battleline no longer is the decisive factor in determin ing the outcome of a war. This is the day of mechanisation when victory or de feat depend upon the efficiency of men in the factory assembly lino. The Gallup Poll estimated that the time lost from war or war connected industries because of illness in December could have built two heavy cruisers, 448 medium bombers, or 3,200 light tanks -- a total of 23,000,000 nan-days. Defense workers must be made to see that to remain healthy is their duty to their country. 331 The Field of Industrial Ophthalomology. Report of the Committee on Industrial Ophthalmology of the Section on Ophthalmology of the American Medical Assoc., J.A.H.A. 118, 610-613 (February 21, 1942). Medical practice in the field of industrial ophthalmology presents peculiar phases distinct from the general practice of this profession. The social and economic status of industrial employees should be taken into consideration in planning any program of ophthalmic service. The Committee on Industrial Ophthal mology is making progress with a program of visual testing and correction which, they hope,- will bo acceptable to management, to employees and to ophthalmologists This program aims to close the existing gap between the industrial workers v.-ho need medical care of eye defects and those qualified to render satisfactory ophthalmic service. 33- Industrial Dermatoses. Report of the Committee on Industrial Dermatoses of the Section on Dermatology and SypMlology of the American Medical Assoc., J.A.1 HA. 118., 615-815 (February 21, 1942). This Committee, formed in 1936, has been carrying out its program jointly itn , similar committee of the American Dermatological Association. A number of U-'i tiens and criteria have been established. At the present time the Commit to 'undertaking four separate investigations: (1) teaching of occupational dem in medical schools; (2) primary skin irritants and patch testing; (3) evalu of protective creams and detergents used in industry; (4) an industrial med formulary. The Comnittoo also plans the establishment of machinery for the re- eeipt, proper filing and distribution of case reports on interesting and im t'Jit cutaneous oxposuros in industry, J /> r\ - o <J: '.-vr trial f^cieTie Digest - 25. 3 g-.-ort of the Council on Industrial Health. S.J. Secger, Chairman. Amor. Mod. -.c.. J.A.M.A. 118. 641 (February 21, 1942). mooting of the Subcommittee on Industrial Health and Medicine of the Federal Security Afhcy and the Council on Industrial Health of the American Medical Ajrociatioil was held late in January, 1941. A program of action was devised anu approved. Among other things, it specifically emphasises that the Division of industrial Hygiene of the National Institute of Health should develop, in cooperation with the state authorities and the committees on industrial health of the stato medical societies, a definite program of instruction designed to acquaint the practicing medical profession with the fundamentals of industrial rudiciro and designed to carry into effect the minimum standards set up to pro tect the health of employees. The difficulties of attempting to establish in dustrial health programs in small plants ore characteristic of the manner in which science has outstripped the advancement of social and professional organ ization which would make possible the fullest utilization of our knowledge. 334 Health Education for Industrial Workers. L.D. Bristol. J.A.M.A, 118, 650-651, (February 21, 1942). Health education for industrial workers has evolved more slowly than health edu cation in the school, in the home or among the population in general. This edu cation should be carried on through addresses, lectures, class instruction, in formal talks, personal interviews, radio and talking pictures and through maga zine articles, bulletins, leaflets, posters, charts, exhibits and silent films. Many other plans now in use are discussed. 535 Tha Teaching of Industrial Health. Council on Industrial Health, American Medi cal Assoc., J.A.M.A. lia, 731-733 (February 28, 1942). The essential requirements for teaching industrial health are briefly described. An outline of a course in industrial health is based upon the three major consti tuents of medical service to employed groups -- industrial hygiene, industrial practice and administration. In the presentation of this outline, a general statement is incorporated under each principal heading explaining in bread terms its importance in the teaching program, followed by a more detailed listing of subheadings. Specific recommendations are also presented about teaching methods and facilities. 336 Symposium on Undergraduate Industrial Medical Education. J.A.M.A. 118, 646-649, (February 21, 1942). Present Problems in Curriculum Adjustment. R.B. Allen. During the present emergency the military and industrial aspects of medical science au*t be emphasized in order that the products of medical education may be able jf* fit smoothly into the needs of the social, military and industrial ostabli^JBcats. In medical schools, all fundamental and clinical departments must emphasizo instruction bearing on industrial and military medicine, A sur vey course should be established for upper classmen in the general field of in cur trial hygiene and occupational disease, including laboratory work, clinical demonstrations and field trips. Many other types of training should be instituted to the end that the medical schools may better serve industrial medicine, industri-'il health and the welfare of workers on the civilian defense front. IP !'-:;trial Health -- A Separate Discipline. T.L. Hazlott. 1 "! l>y providing sufficiently well trained men in the field can industrial i mo bt* properly emphasized and the importance of its place in medicine and -try clearly outlined. The author believes that: (1) Industrial medicine - i.' Hd be offered to undergraduates as a separate course; (2) The lecture hours au- 'da be uevoted to industrial topics. Much a program is entirely feasible oven if uuly 20 hours is given in any ono academic year. n n -l.j > i . , Hygiono Digest - 26. r- -- lotion of Industrial Hygiene Instruction with other Clinical Training. Cummings. V. li.cal scb^tols should accord industrial hygiene instruction greater distinction, ... r.in(gBifl subject either as a separate discipline or as an important divi. 0f departments such as nedicinc or preventive medicine and public health. the outset, the importance and manner of recording the occupational history . Ai be clearly outlined. Occupation also should be assigned an important ;lacc in the statistical classification of all medical records in the hospital r.i outpatient department. The industrial hygienist should participate regular ly in ward walks, appropriate medical clinics, roentgenologic and clinical . :-logic conferences. Training should bo facilitated by suitable laboratory demonstrations. The most essential requirement is an industrial medical clinic-- around which point are focused the medical procedures developed to discover, treat or control occupational disease in individuals entering the hospital or outpatient department or among hospital employees. The- Industrial Clinical Clerkship. F.J. Sampler. Out of the 51 medical schools in the U. S. and Canada reporting, organized teach ing in industrial health, only one offers an elective in which the student went into the plant and worked with the physicians and staff of the pathologic and *.-xicologic research laboratories of the industry. In the Medical College of Virginia the clinical clerkship in industrial health consists of two weeks spent in a chemical plant employing about 4000 workers, in which there are five full time physicians and eight nurses in the medical department. Another two weeks is spent in another plant of the same company with entirely different chemical hazards and problems. Another day is spent in the toxicologic research labor atory. Required readings on industrial health, occupational diseases, compensa tion lav/s and plans for giving better health services to small plants are assign ed. In spite of various present difficulties, the industrial clinical clerkship f >r senior medical students should be adopted as fast as is consistent with healthy growth by the medical schools of North America. Industrial Experience in the Intemeship. W.F. Lyon. I times arc assigned to a plant and keep a note bock during the six-weeks* ser vice, which is checked after each division of experience by the physician in charge. They are accompanied and supervised in all activities by the safety or chemical onginoer, who explains manufacturing processes, and by the physicians. Internes arc present during pro-employment examinations and arc taught the evalu ation of some of the factors attending acceptance or rejection. They are in structed in the estimation of disability. They should not, of course, replace n-')ic.nl, nursing or first-aid personnel. There should be no suspicion of ex ploitation of internes for the benefit of industry. The whole training period rust be designed to provide maximum educational benefits. QccupgMoaal Disease Clinic. VI.H. Sronenberg. purpo^fof an industrial disease clinic should be (1) to study scientifically . s.co and disability resulting from environment in industry and to spread this . liu.-.:; (2) to promote clinical research in the health problems associated - "jq-anding industrial technology; (3/ to study clinical material disintercst' nd not to establish liability and (4) to serve as a fact-finding board. ......... I'-'inte are discussed in detail. GlOy ^ v n, ' ` - i industrial Hygiene Digest -27. X'>7 In In-trial Hygiene All 24 Ib';rs. Thomas Farran. Illinois Health Messenger, !:, L4, (March 1, 1342H "To maintain workers' health and thereby peak production, industries operating or, the Sd^jp.ur basis must toko special precautionary measures to minimise the effects <3fc.gh.t work end the rotating shift. The united States Public Health Service mjflEss these recommendations: 1. "V/crkers changing over from day to night shift every 2 or 3 weeks find it difficult to adjust their eating and sleeping habits. In plants operating on a 24-hour schedule, shifts should not be rotated more often than every 2 or 3 months. 2. "Each nursing shift should rotate at the same time as the workers' shift, so that the came nurses will always be acquainted with the workers they arc treating. 3. '"..'omen with home responsibilities often try to do their housework during the day while working on night shifts. Chronic fatigue is the result. In general, women workers who have domestic duties should not be employed at night, 4. "A 60-hour week -- on a 10-hour day, 6-dcy wodc basis- may become necessary. 2xcessive increases in working hours lead to reduced efficiency during working hours, absenteeism and sickness. A 43-hour week -- on an 8-hour day, 6-day week basis -- is preferable. Individual workers should have one day in every 7 days for rest and recreation; this dees not preclude continuous factory operation. 5. "Organized rest periods help maintain production at a high level. Five to fifteen-minute rest periods should be provided at the end of the first quarter, and again at the three-quarter mark of each shift. This is especially important in repetitive monotonous work or heavy manual labor. Milk, soft drinks, sand wiches and oendy should be available during rest periods. 6. "A particularly high standard of lighting is necessary in plants operating at night or under blackout conditions. Proper lighting reduces fatigue, improves morale, and prevents accidents due to poor light or glare. "This six-point program should be based on the broader industrial hygiene ser vice advocated by the United States Public Health Service which includes: medical and nursing services available to workers on each shift; good plant housekeeping; adequate sanitary facilities; adequate ventilation; control of exposures to hazardous operations or to noxious dust, fumes and gases; proper placement of workers in jobs for which they are physically and temperamentally suited;, reduc tion of excessive noise (a well-known fatigue producer); health and safety educa tion programs, such as teaching proper posture on the job, sanitation, nutrition and mental hygiene; paid vacations of at least one or two weeks a year." j!*.- 00 0 u i i * INDEX (March, 1942) '.cry 315 i : -:cid . , on capacity 319 : :-.a fide , * 4 *0 *"84 --ride is 73-274 i:.V.:Ct 306 :.-.ry, miners1 257 . ;.trcl 297-298-295-300 *. t- n 266 269 riide size, .'.^termination 292 ` "'ro, lung 270 protective .:rico 323 4'j'J. service 331 1 'i^n, physical *v`i oervice 312 ' 311 thy 90 Hearing conservation noise, and standards 321 322 320 Industrial hyniene general 299-337 Indiistrial Medicino education 335-336 general 310-328-329 330-333-334 plan3 325-332 Isonhorone 283 Load effects, experimental 279-280 poisoning 278 therapy 277 Mercaptan poisoning 286 Mesityl oxide 283 Nitroaniline determination 293 Oxygen lack, effects of 272 Silica determination experiments 291 2 98 Silicosis fo undrymen incidence Russia 2 71 504 305 Silver, excretion 313 Sporotrichosis 283 Solvents chlorinated 281 Statistics morbidity industrial 307-308-309 Sulfur Dioxide determination 294 Toluene effects 285-287 Ventilation low velocity 29 6 Vitamins 316-517-318 Photoscnsitization, petroleum 282 Pressure effects on car 289 Radium safe handling 302 Rehabilitation *7 n 7 Sanitation, indust rial uL- X Cr~, ^ < U O u :: Y-^ -1 o (_41 b. o e s-; :MMr-:a\ OT3 at-- CD s >7i -; ES ..i ooo lO j>--ii 4 tn --I E-t o P-i cn a pM hH q s .a5 Cn qM j j *o-TJ 5C--OHl frJ N3 p B>C14 44O1"--H44 '14 aurqj ` B A! -1 d J ! 71 1 ' 2 i ^ ^ s O Jj D3 ^ l * i C5 1 f, . +J -<H 4-i e ^o -- tO V IT3 ,-J i. o '! ?o P t '' O 'A ^ ; *b l.;j 1 (c -3 3 -i I*1! 7c3 i Co ** *- +j cJ o 0 4 it^ "caO l'H a '+* i*r* O l* +co* '! -- 3 w iX-H U 3 01 a M .. . o s 4-> c o >H Cl cu cu 3 o * otH a 2 c o 03 o O 3 T3 a ' Cn .c P O **4 * h* W U o E-. o * ' qJ -1 .Q O N ** CO > ^CdW 1 CM 2^. tc V?* tC to ^-4 CO CM CM 1 J '^D 'T1 j :o co f) C-J CO H f) J'i c> CD o oI 00 " CJ "W ! f -H CsJ [> -3 o 4"H \ \ | 1 c^- CD o -- * * * to 4 03 4 eO 1 n to 30 L*1 CO iO ] --1 <--i 'M* to | *7 1 X :i ' < ---) pf-1 CM *4* sp , I f) ,w- i 1 *--1 cc 2^ Cv O i-H CJ --H P0 i r~i --4 I 1 1 CO 00 00 * o CO 4**l co 4 <* 1 if) in r-J tf SO CM > lO t- to C- t- CO CO 1 j 1 j 1 o o CO t 00 co Ci o*1* a> co* CM CC C^- LO CO i-H H.0 O Oji 'Mt a1 VP CO O n r"4 CM -vH 1 1 i to* 1 si t a o * C" t ?* t CO4 1T<sj 1 o o --1 t\J 1M c^. o o 00 D- sO cO vr* | I <7i o CO 1 i D~ H to > p4 a* 0* o o o<} ?3 n Cl o tO toC > o CO CO co 4--1 *o i 4--i *H cs i i <Q i CO . i \ 4f CO so o 1 4 * CO O CO > O Cl to CM Cut 'l* N f) \ I CO fr* Ci i Cl CM o o c- CO i i r w CO LO *# VJ. 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