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Minerals Yea I 1974 J Volume I ' METALS, MINERALS, A J l i ii i i Prepared by staff of BUREAU OF MINE N49799 726 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974 kiln linings was discussed." Construction is usually accomplished by pneumatically operated bench rammers. Plastic refractor ies are composed of crushed or ground cal cined aggregate bonded with specific clays and chemicals, mixed and packaged to a specific workability to permit handling and ramming in place. The plastic construction is said to have several desirable aspects, in cluding fuel savings. Chemical analysis of refractories, includ ing mullite, by X-ray fluorescence was de scribed.,f Three sample preparation meth ods were evaluated: Pressed powders, bo rate fusions, and sodium-silicate melts. Mineralogical problems were encountered with pressed powders, and incomplete re fractory solution was found with borate fusions. Sodium-silicate glass melts pro duced durable samples and reportedly the best results. A patent was issued for the formation of mullite in clay wares.1* Lower firing temperatures are achieved by incorporating in the clay mix about 1% to 3% of a fluorine compound, such as fluorspar or topaz. A patent for a new type of mullite brick refractory containing from 56% to 80% mullite, 6% to 13% calcined kyanite, 5% to 8% alumina, 1% to 9% silica, and 4% to 25% iron-chromite ore was granted.20 This new refractory is said to have in creased service life and decreased alkali and slag attack when used in the steel in dustry. A summary of the main types of refractory products, including mullite, was given.*1 Refractory mullite was one of the ma terials for which mechanical and electrical properties were listed in a summary table." Phases in the kaolinite-mullitc reaction sequence were reexamined by infrared ab sorption spectrophotometry." 17 Bcrnoth, N. T. Plastic Refractories Facilitate Kiln Linings. Rock Products, v. 77, No. 5, May 1974. pp. 102-104. 19 Winger, L. A., and E. L. McKinley. Chemical Analysis of Refractories by X-Ray Fluorescence of Glass Pellets. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., v. 53. No. 9. September 1974, pp. G38-G40. Shutt, T. C. (assigned to Fibcrglas Canada Limited). Mullite Formation. U.S. Pat. 3.761.295, Sept. 25, 1973. 90 Manigault, E. L. (assigned to The Chas. Tay lor's Sons Co.). Mullite-Cnrome Refractory. U.S. Pat. 3.773,532, Nov. 20, 1973. 91 Brick & Clay Record. Solve Industries' Hot test Problems. V. 164, No. I, January 1974. n- 44. n Materials Engineering. 1975 Materials Selector. V. 80, No. 4, Mid-September 1974, p. 289. M Percival, H. J., J. F. Duncan, and P. K. Foster. Interpretation of the Kaolinitc-Mullite Re action Sequence From Infrared Absorption Spectra. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., v. 57, No. 2, February 1974. pp. 57-61. Lead By J. Patrick Ryan 1 and John M World mine production, which had been trending upward for several years, dropped slightly in 1971 but smelter production in creased marginally from the record high lev el of output achieved in 1973. World metal consumption decreased about 1% but ex ceeded production by nearly 4%, the short fall in production being balanced essenti ally by withdrawals from producers and Government stocks. The U.S. lead price advanced to a record high in 1974 follow ing removal of price controls in December 1973. The U.S. producers average price reached 24.5 cents per pound late in June, virtually the same as the London Mtftal Exchange (LME) price. The aver age equivalent I,ME price exceeded the U.S. producers price during the first 8 months of the year then fell slightly below the U.S. price in the last 4 months. The average equivalent LME price in 1974 was 26.83 cents per pound. The average domestic price of lead on a nationwide basis in 1974 was 22,53 cents per pound. Domestic mine production increased 10% in 1974 to a 47-ycar record high, but smelter production was slightly lower than the 43-ycar high level achieved in 1972. Secondary smeller output increased 7% to nearly 698,700 tons, a new record representing about 50% of total smelter and refinery production of lead. Consumption of lead reached a record high of 1.6-million tons, nearly 4% more than in 1973. Lead requirements in the transportation field continued to grow, ac counting for 69% of total lead consumption in 1974. Storage battery requirements in creased 11%, more than offsetting a 9% decline in lead used in gasoline antiknock compounds. Moderate gains were recorded in the quantity of lead used in pigments and ammunition which together accounted for 13% of total consumption. Stocks o antimonial 43% durin yearend. C lead and le alloys incre yearend. Park Cit The Anaco Smelting a Inc.) cont construction trator at th City, Utah production Legislatio The Ccncr A) reporte surplus lea pile totaled total about mercial co the remai transfers fo ments und uncommitte 643 tons, stockpile r disposal. A Governmen 676 tons, storage of The shelfsales to co Governmen 1974. The long-term domestic p A bill in the Con of 464,900 and supple 1 Physical 72 8 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974 further action had been taken on the bill. Proposed regulations to phase out lead shot for water fowl hunting throughout much of the United States starting in 1976 were published in the Federal Register. Public hearings were held in four cities but a final decision had not been reached at yearend. In October the Environmental Protec tion Agency (EPA) published standards of performance for new and modified sources for primary copper, lead, and zinc smelters under authority of section 111 of the Clean Air Act, as amended. The pro posed standard for sulfur dioxide (SO) emissions was designed to reflect the degree of limitation attainable through the appli cation of the best available technology. The basic standard for primary lead smelters would prohibit the discharge of any gases which contain more than 0.065% sulfur dioxide by volume. On December 20 the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for Washington set aside the EPA regulations for a gradual phasedown of lead in gasoline by a two-to-onc vote. The phasedown which was scheduled to begin on January I, 1975, would direct that gasoline refiners reduce the average lead content of gasoline over a 4-ycar period from 1.7 grams per gallon after January 1, 1975, to 0.5 gram per gallon after January ), 1979. The formal written opinion on an appeal by Ethyl Corp. and others, challenging the health aspects set forth by EPA, was issued in January 1975, The Court found that evidence did not support the EPA contention that auto emissions contributed significantly to blood lead levels in adults and children and that issuance of the EPA regulations was arbi trary and capricious. Tabic t.--Salient lead statistics (Short tons unless otherwise specified) 1970 1971 1972 1973 United States: Production: Domestic ores, recoverable lead content__*__________ _____ Value_______ thousands _. Primary lead (refined) : From domestic ores and base bullion_______________ From foreign ores and base bullion _______________ Antimonial lead (primary lead content) _____________ Secondary lead (lead content) Exports of lead materials excluding scrap ____________________ Imports, general: Lead in ore and matte________ Lead in base bullion __________ Lead in pigs, bars, and old Stocks December 31 (lead content) : At primary smelters and refineries _____________________ _ At consumer plants____________ Consumption of metal, primary and secondary ... ________________ Price: Common lead, average, cents per pound115.69 World: Production: Mine Smelter_________ Price: London, common lead, average, cents per pound _______ 571.767 1178,609 578,660 3159,679 618.916 3186.046 628.086 138,644 11.655 697,390 7,747 112,406 296 261,480 673,022 76,993 16,116 696,797 6,925 65,998 41 198.970 677,398 103,001 8,185 616,697 8,376 ' 101,282 896 r 246,853 603,024 3196,466 667,256 107,260 13,223 654.286 66.676 ' 109,947 4 r 181.486 192.985 133,602 1.360,652 121.660 125.677 1.431,514 13.89 145.573 118.544 1.485.254 15.03 89,847 124.121 1,641,209 16.29 3,741.546 3,628,422 13.76 3,742.950 r 3.801,094 3,690.730 r 3.723,409 11.52 13.68 ' 3.877.593 r 3,796,413 19.47 Revised. Quotations for 1970-71 at New York and for 1972-74 on a nationwide, delivered basis. 1974 663.870 $298,742 580,078 92,946 9.867 698,698 61,982 94.299 831 119,579 121.051 166,589 1,599,427 22.53 3.844.687 3.820,644 26.83 LEAD 1950 Figure 1.--Trends in the lead indust DOMESTIC PRODU MINE PRODUCTION Continuing an almost uninterrupted ris ing trend since 1962, mine production of lead increased 10% in 1974 to nearly 665,900 tons, the highest level of output since 1927. Monthly production reached a maximum of 64,900 tons in October, nearly 9,000 tons more than the maximum achieved in 19 increa tons the N provi 10,00 prod Utah reach 30 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974 ;ars. Lower production at Kcnnccott's urgin mine in Utah County, the State's nly lead-producing mine, was attributed > adverse operating conditions including 'oundwatrr problems and high temper- urcs. Kcnnccott's Ozark mine in Missouri 'hieved record production in 1974 with an itput of 74,500 tons of lead in concen- ates compared to 59,000 tons in 1973.* The Buick mine jointly owned by Amax rad Co. of Missouri (AMAX) and Home- akc Mining Co. was the leading producer r the fourth consecutive year with an itput of 1.56 million tons of ore, about e same as in 1973. However, lead con- ntrate production increased about 11% 1974 to 250,600 tons." The seven leading mines, all in Missouri, mtributed 00% of the total U.S. mine oduction of lead. The 12 leading mines oduced 90%, and the 25 leading mines counted for 99% of the total. About 100 persons were employed in the Nation's ad, lead-silver, and lead-zinc mines and ills in 1974. Output of lead and zinc mn these mines per man-year was ap- oximately 127 tons. Average grade of ad ore mined was 6.24% lead and 01% zinc compared with 6.55% lead id 1.08% zinc, in 1973. St. Joe Minerals Corp., the Nation's rgest lead mining company, continued operate its four mine-mill units in uthcast Missouri and reported that 1974 oduction of lead in concentrate increased 1,436 tons to 247,494 tons/ The pro- tetion gain was largely due to ncar- pacity operations at the corporation's w Brushy Creek mine which began irrafion in 1973. , ffcrla Mining Co. reported that produc- >n at its Lucky Friday mine in the Coeur Alone district, Idaho, was 165,700 tons ore assaying 9.93% lead, 1.18% zinc, d 13.53 ounces of silver per ton compared th 176,900 tons assaying 11.14% lead, 22% zinc, and 15.49 ounces of silver r tun in 1973. The decrease in mine itput was attributed to a shortage of pcricnced underground miners. Ore re- rves at Lucky Friday at yearend totaled 9.000 tons compared with 510,000 tons year earlier. Hecla also reported that c production at the Star-Morning mine intly owned by Hecla (30%) and The inker Hill Co. (70%) increased 15,800 ns to 281,580 tons. Hecla's share of the 174 production of lcad-zinc-silvcr ore was 84,470 tons assaying 4.77% lead, 6.04% zinc, and 2.45 ounces of silver per ton. Heda's share of the computed ore reserves increased 90,000 tons to 376,000 tons at yearend." In Colorado, Idarado Mining Co. treated 396,600 tons of Icad-zinc-coppcr ore aver aging 2.46% lead, 3.33% zinc and 0.55% copper compared with 378,200 tons milled in 1973 averaging 2.55% lead, 3.44% zinc, and 0.56% coppeT. Ore reserves at yearend 1974 increased 20% to 3.88 mil lion tons averaging 3.13% lead, 4.41% zinc, 0.69% copper, 1.77 ounces of silver and 0.02 ounce of gold per ton. The Leadvillc mine (Resurrection mine) a joint venture of ASARCO and Newmont Mining Corp., milled 163,000 tons of lead-zincsilver ore in 1974, about 43,000 tons more than in 1973. However, manpower short ages continued to retard operation of the mine at full capacity. Ore reserves at yearend were estimated at 2.65 million tons averaging 50% lead, 9.4% zinc, 2.4 ounces of silver and 0.07 ounce of gold per ton." Bunker Hill reported that production from company owned and controlled mines in 1974 aggregated 31,000 tons of lead, about the same as in 1973. The company also reported that proven and probable ore reserves at yearend in the Bunker Hill mine totaled 3.27 million tons averaging 2,2% lead, 3.5% zinc and 1.2 ounces of silver per ton. The company also reported that at yearend its 70% interest in proven and probable reserves in the Star mine totaled 849,500 tons averaging 6.7% lead, 7.2% zinc, and 3.8 ounces of silver per ton.7 SMELTER AND REFINERY PRODUCTION Output of refined lead from the Nation's five primary refineries in 1974 dropped slightly below production in 1973 as the gain in metal recovered from domestic concentrates failed to offset a decline in metal recovered from foreign ores and con centrates. However, total primary metal production of 682,900 tons was the largest 3 Kennecott Copper Corp. 1974 Annual Report. P. II. * AMAX Lead Co. 1974 Annual Report. P. 5. * St. Joe Minerals Corp. 1974 Annual Report. P. 16. 6 Hecla Mining Co. 1974 Annual Report. Pp. 6-7. " Newmont Mining Corp. 1974 Annual Report. P. 7 Gulf Resources & Chemical Corp. 1974 Annual Report. P. 11. LEAD annual output since 1929. About 06% of the total output was recovered from domes tic ores compared with 84% in 1973. Antimonial lead production at primary re fineries declined 19% to 12,513 tons, continuing a general downward trend since 1968. The average antimony content of the alloy increased 1.3% to 8.8%, the highest level since 1967. Metal production at the Herculaneum, Mo., smelter of St. Joe Minerals Corp. reached capacity in 1974 with a pro duction of 230,070 tons of lead metal and lead alloys, about 15,900 tons more than in 1973." ASARCO reported that lead production at its Omaha and Glover refineries, totaling 218,600 tons, was about 9% less than in 1973. The Omaha, Nebr., refinery treated base bullion essentially from the company's custom smelters at F,I Paso, Tex., and East Helena', Mont. Most of the concentrate treated at the Glover, Mo., smelter-refinery came from Kennecott's Ozark mine at Sweetwater, Mo. The East Helena smelter, operating at 78% of rated capacity during the year, processed ore and concentrate from about 1 10 domestic mines in 7 States and .from mines in Canada, Peru, and Australia. The El Paso lead smelter, operat ing at 67% of capacity in 1974, processed ore and concentrate from approximately 36 domestic mines in 8 States and from mines in Peru, Canada, Honduras, Nicar agua, Australia, and Mexico. The smelter was closed by a strike for 5 weeks during the year. The company reported the in stallation of a computerized monitoring system at the Glover smelter to give early warning of increases in the sulfur dioxide content of ground-level air so that oper ations can be curtailed when necessary to assure compliance with State and Federal ambient air standards." The AMAX-Homestake smelter-refinery at Boss, Mo., produced 134,300 tons of refined lead, approximately one-half of which was derived from concentrates treat ed on toll for others/0 At the Bunker Hill smelter-refinery of Gulf Resources & Chemical Corp., lead production declined about 6% to 123,000 tons. The lower output was attributed largely to interruption of operations, caused by storms and a 10-day labor strike by craft unions. In addition production was curtailed occasionally during weather in versions to meet sulfur dioxide emission standards/1 cessed conc States and Peru. Secondary from recycl 7% to a n tons, about refinery pro secondary p of lead and during the represented sumption in in processin year. U.S.S. Le of U.V. In facilities for at East Chic double the monial and RA Primary s ores and co yielding 58 antimonial 86% of to pared with monial lead centrates sm to 96,900 than in 19 scrap proces to about 1,5 lead compa Scrap ma 929,100 to 1973. Abo counted fo consumed. chased dros variety of s about 14% compared w of the total old scrap, w small quan solder, bab A small totaling on ported for 9 Work cite ASARCO P. 18. 10 Work cit 11 Gulf Res Report. Pp. 732 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974 CONSUMPTION AND USES Domestic consumption of lead increased nearly 4% in 1974 to a new record of 1.60 million tons. On a monthly basis consumption ranged from a low of I 12,1100 tons in July to a new record high of nearly 137,000 tons in October. Use of lead increased in all major product sectors except chemicals (gasoline antiknock addi tives) which declined nearly 9% from the 1973 level and accounted for about 16% of total lead consumption. The 6% increase in the metal products sector, which ac counted for 74% of the total consumption, represented gains in battery requirements and, to a lesser extent, ammunition. These gains more than offset combined losses in metal used in bearings, pipes, sheets, and solder. Changes in metal consumed in most other metal products were relatively minor. According to type of material consumed, soft refined lead represented 66% of the total consumption, antimonial lead ac counted for 29%, and lead in other alloys, mainly solders and bearing metals, ac counted for 4%. Lead in copper-base scrap accounted for !% of total consumption. Lead requirements for battery grids and oxides increased 11% and accounted for 53% of total had consumption. The gain in battery lead consumption reflected in creased demand for batteries used for power in starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI), and traction of motor vehicles, both on-thc-road and off-thc-road types. A total of 55.7 million SLI-type batteries was produced in 1974, 1.4 million less than in 1973. Of the total battery production, about 44.4 million were replacement, 10.1 million were original equipment, and the remainder were exported. The 9% drop in the quantity of lead used in antiknock compounds in 1974 reflected a reduction in the average lead content per gallon of gasoline from about 2.2 grams per gallon in 1973 to about 1.90 grams per gallon, and a 2.5% drop in total gasoline production. Lead used in pigments, particularly red lead and litharge, increased 7% and ac counted for 7% of the total consumption in 1974. Miscellaneous and other unclassi fied uses increased 6% and accounted for 3% of the total. About 5% of the total was used for ammunition. Lead used in metal products, other than battery compon ents and ammunition, accounted for ap proximately 15% of total consumption. The domestic supply of lead metal from all sources--primary and secondary pro duction, imports for consumption, industry stock changes, and stockpile releases-totaled about 50,600 tons more than re ported consumption and exports. 'The ap parent excess supply in 1974, amounting to about 3% of reported consumption, was attributed partly to unreported consump tion, incomplete export data, and stock buildup, especially by small producers and dealers that do not report to the Bureau of Mines. LEAD PIGMENTS Pig lead used in the production of lead oxides and pigments totaled nearly 558,000 tons, about 9% more than in 1973. The quantity of lead used in making black oxide increased 20% and accounted for 70% of the total lead in pigments. Litharge production was down 12% and accounted for 26% of the total in 1974. Most of the litharge shipments went to battery manu facturers and is included in "Other" in table 20. Litharge shipped for use in the ceramics industry increased nearly 30% constituting 29% of the total litharge shipments in 1974. Prices.--The published price of basic carbonate white lead in carload lots, freight allowed, remained unchanged at 23.9 cents per pound, the same as in 1973. The quoted price of red lead (Plh-.Oi) 95%, in carload lots at works, was unchanged at 21-21.2 cents per pound, through April, then was advanced to 26 cents in May, to 27.75 cents in June, 27.75-29.25 cents in July, and remained unchanged thereafter to yearend. The price quotation of lead silicate (PbSiOj) remained unchanged at 23 cents during the year. The price quotation for com mercial-grade litharge in carload lots at works remained unchanged at 21.25-22.75 cents until May when the price was in creased to 22.75-25.25 cents. The price was again increased in June to 26.50 27.25 cents and to 27-25-28.75 cents in July, remaining unchanged thereafter to yearend. The value of shipments of white lead, red lead, and litharge amounted to $89.2 million, an average of $494 per ton com pared with $72.9 million and $356 per ton in 1973. LEAD Foreign Trade.--Imports for consumption of lead pigments and compounds decreased 30% in quantity hut the value increased 16% to $10 million. Litharge, which comprised 60% of the total quantity imported, decreased 40%; imports of chrome yellow, comprising 30% of the total, were 3% less than in 1973. Virtually all of the imports of litharge came from Mexico; yellow c Expor totaled 3 and exp ment gra at $1.51 countries STOCKS Inventories of refined and antimonial lead at primary smelters and refineries trended downward in the first 7 months of 1974 from about 26,100 ions at the beginning of the year to a low of 17,600 tons at the end of July then trended tipward through the. next 4 months to 24,600 tons at the end of November. Ih December refiner's stocks increased sharply to about 37,300 tons at yearend, indicating a gain of 11,200 tons for the year. Stocks of lead in base bullion at yearend were about 3,300 tons less than a year earlier, but the lead content of ore and matte stocks increased nearly 23,400 tons. Stocks and se nearly 42,500 Refined total co Stocks inonial ducers a 600 tons domestic old lead creased at yeare PRICES The U.S. producer price for common and corroding-grade. lead on a nationwide basis as reported by Metals Week advanced on January 4 from a split quotation of 18-19 cents to 19.0 cents per pound. In the Inst week of March the price was advanced again to 21.5 cents remaining unchanged until mid-June when the price quotation was split at 21.5-24.5 until June 21 when all producers quoted 24.5 cents per pound, a new record high; there after, the lead price remained unchanged to yearend. The weighted average monthly U.S. producer price ranging upward from 18.98 cents in January to 24.50 cents in December, indicated a 29% gain during the year. The average price for the year was 22.53 cents compared with 16.29 cents in 1973. The cash bi currenc quarter per pou March, low of rising s The LM during near pa last 4 LME c cents, b Exchan with an 1973 w 245.10 FOREIGN TRAD Exports of lead metal, lead alloys, and scrap materials declined 4% in 1974 below the record high level established in 1973. Metal and alloy exports totaled nearly 62,000 tons, about 4,600 tons less than in 1973, whereas scrap outflow (59.400 tons) w About unwrou Europe went to 38% 734 MINERALS YEARBOOK. !974 Canada and thr remainder to about 22 other countries, hi addition 111,200 tons of lead and zinc concentrates was exported. Nearly one-half of the concentrates was shipped to Japan; and most of the re mainder went to Belgiuin-Luxcmbourg (26%), Brazil (10%), Romania (15%), Yugoslavia (4%), and Mexico (4%). The quantities of lead and zinc contained in the concentrates arc not available separ ately. General imports of lead materials into the United States in 1974 dropped 26% to a total of 214,700 tons valued at $92.1 million. Receipts of lead in concentrates and other unrefined materials were down 13%, and metal receipts dropped 34% from the 1973 level of imports to about 118,400 tons, the smallest quantity of mctnl imported since 1946. As in 1973 the decline in lead imports in 1974 was attributed partly to the effect of the lead dumping determination by the International Trade Commission against Canadian and Australian exporters. Metal receipts from Australia and Canada were approximately 42,000 and 22,000 tons, respectively, less than in 1973. Peru was again the leading supplier of crude lead materials with nearly 28% of the total imports; shipments from Australia, Canada, Honduras, and Mexico accounted for most of the remainder. Canada, Peru, and Mexico together furnished 92% of the total metal imported. WORLD REVIEW Mine production of lead in 1974 in market economy countries of the world, based on data compiled by the Bureau of Mines, totaled 2.71 million tons, about 8% less than in 1973. Mine production in centrally controlled economy countries, including Yugoslavia, was estimated to be 1.13 million tons, 29.5% of the total world production of 3.84 million tons. Smelter production of lead in market economy countries, limited to primary metal where possible, totaled 2.64 million tons and the output from centrally controlled economy countries was estimated to be 1.18 million tons yielding a world total of 3.82 million tons. Compared with 1973, the 1974 world mine production showed an 0.8% decline, whereas the world smelter production registered a 0.6% gain. The United States increased its lead as (he country producing the most lead from mine sources, accounting for 17% of the world total. Other countries producing over 100,000 tons of lead in mined ore were the U.S.S.R., Australia, Canada, Mexico, Peru, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, North Korea, and the People's Republic of China, in descending order of quantity mined. The North American continent produced 1.29 million tons or 34% of the world total. The United States again was the leading producer of primary lead metal. The U.SS.R. probably ranked second, followed by Australia, Mexico, Japan, France, Yugo slavia, Canada, West Germany, Bulgaria, the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and Belgium. Each of the 13 coun tries produced over 100,000 tons of lead and collectively they accounted for 79% of the 1974 world production. The smelter output data for Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Belgium may include recovery from second ary materials. Data released by the International Lead and Zinc Study Group (ILZSO) on con sumption of refined lead in market economy countries estimated a total of 4.07 million tons in 1974, about 0.2% more than the final figure for 1973. The greatest increase was in the United States which accounted for 37% of world market economy con sumption; France, West Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom registered de creases in consumption in 1974. 1LZSG reports of world lead metal production showed a deficit in supply of 130,000 tons in 1974 probably accounted for by com bined changes in producers stocks and the U.S. Government stockpile. Australia.--Due to reduced output from Broken Hill mines, mine production of lead in 1974 was 7% below that of the previous year and totaled 415,900 tons. The Zinc Corporation (ZC) and New Broken Hill Consolidated (NBHC) mines were handicapped by delays in develop ment brought on by caving in stopes of the NBHC mine in 1973, by labor dis putes, and a shortage of manpower. None theless Australia remained the world's third ranking lead-producing country. The combined production of refined lead LEAD and lead bullion within Australia was 374, 800 tons, about the same output as in 1973. Broken Hill Associated Smelters, Pty. Ltd., a subsidiary of Conzinc Riotinto of Australia, Ltd., at Port Pirie produced 222,600 tons of refined lead. Mount Isa Mines Ltd., 49% owned by ASARCO, at Mount Isa produced 139,200 tons of lead in unrefined products during fiscal 1973 74; and Sulphide Corp., Pty. Ltd., a subsidiary of Conzinc Riotinto produced 27,500 tons of lead bullion for refining elsewhere. Consumption of primary lead in Australia declined about 4% in 1974 from the record level of 1973. Batteries, using metal and oxides, accounted for 48% of the total 54,100 tons of primary lead con sumption. Total lead consumption was estimated to be 92,600 tons including re fined pig lead and lead content of antimonial lead. Canada.--Mine production of lead con tained in ores and concentrates was below normal capacity in 1974 and decreased 15% from the 1973 output to about 365, 000 tons. Production of primary refined metal dropped from 206,000 tons in 1973 to 138,000 tons in 1974. Strikes or lock outs at mines operated by Cyprus-Anvi! Mining Corp., Brunswick Mining & Smelt ing Co. Ltd., and Cominco, Ltd., reduced mine production, and a 4-month strike at Cominco's Trail, British Columbia, plant cut refined metal production. As a result of a U.S. International Trade Commission finding of injury from lead imports, shipments of lead to the United States from Canada were reduced to avoid penalties for dumping. Exports of refined lead worldwide decreased 37% to 79,050 tons, with 40% going to the United Kingdom and 39% to the United States. Exports of concentrates were maintained at a high level, totaling 213,900 tons of contained lead; 58% went to Japan, 13% to the United States, 10% to West Ger many, and the balance to other European countries and Brazil. Consumption of primary metal within Canada was esti mated at 75,000 tons in 1974. Secondary recovery was about 38,000 tons in 1974. Imports of refined lead in 1974 were 12,500 tons mostly from Japan and the United States. The Yukon Territory provided the largest share of lead mine production with 32% of the total; Northwest Territories ranked secon New Onta 1% On lead Anv This duce trate to co lead per Th ated iary Poin mate 90.0 end 7.8% year third prod 60.0 in B B Ltd. prod mine Bell G latit first 000 of z A/S ope Den 3.86 and con sme H port best port 000 25,6 oun area an zinc silve join Inc dep I 736 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974 work at the Navan mine were suspended by Tarn Exploration and Development Co. Ltd., in August 1974 because terms of the proposed State Mining Lease offered by the Irish Government were unacceptable. During the suspension, negotiations con tinued and agreement on a revised lease was announced in February 1975. As a result of (he delay and of world-wide inflation, the estimated capital cost of the project was increased from $87 million (in 1973) to $ 150 million (in early 1975). Prior to the shutdown, 95,000 tons of development ore estimated to grade 11.4% zinc and 2.4% lead was stockpiled on the surface. The mine and concentrator were being designed to treat about 2.5 million tons of ore annually. Mogul of Ireland, Ltd., a subsidiary of International Mogul Mines Ltd., operated its mine near Silvermines in County Tip perary and reported production of 23,600 tons of lead concentrate and 96,300 tons of zinc concentrate. Ore reserves were estimated at 8,470,000 tons averaging 2.75% lead and 6.48% zinc. Irish Base Metals Ltd., a subsidiary of Northgatc Exploration Ltd., operated the Tynagh mine in County Galway and pro duced concentrates containing 26,500 tons of lead, 19,700 tons of zinc and 870,000 ounces of silver in 1974. Mexico.--Lead mine production in creased 22% from 1973 to 1974 to a total of 240,300 tons. Industrial Mincra Mexico, S.A. hacl a lead output of 108,200 tons and Industrias Pcnolcs S.A. reported production of 107,000 tons. Only 15,000 tons of lead in concentrates were produced for export by Mexican mines. Industrial Mincra was modernizing its lead smelter in Chihuahua to achieve a capacity of 130,000 tons per year by 1976. Met-Mex Penoles, S.A., a subsidiary of Industrias Penoles, continued making improvements to the sintering, sulfuric acid, and refining plants at Torreon, designed to increase ca pacity to 190,000 tons per year and reduce atmospheric, pollution. Tn April 1974, ASARCO sold part of its equity in Industrial Mincra Mexico (formerly Asarco Mexicana S.A.) to Mexi can investors reducing its residual owner ship to 34% of the outstanding stock. Morocco.--Lead was the second most important mineral export of Morocco (after phosphate rock), even though production dropped 20% by metal weight, or 11 % by concentrate weight, to 141,000 tons of concentrates in 1974. The largest lead mine located at Zeida maintained the same level of production as in 1973, pro ducing 40,000 tons of concentrate. Three other mines, at Touissil, Aouli, and Aoum, had decreased activity due either to a strike or depletion of reserves in the older parts of the mine. Discussions with the U.S.S.R. for geo logical studies in the northern Rif Moun tains concentrated on exploration for lead and zinc: in this region. A new lead smelter was planned for the Mcknes area to accommodate the production of several small mines. Peru.--With a mine production of 224,900 tons of recoverable lead, Peru ranked sixth among lead-producing nations in 1974. This output was used to produce 88,850 tons of refined lead with most of the balance exported as concentrates. The lead exported from Peru included 26,200 tons in lead concentrates and 40,000 tons of lead metal shipped to the United States. At the El Povenir mine, Cia, Minera Milpo was expanding capacity from 1,000 to 1,800 tons of ore per day, and was planning to increase lead concentrate pro duction to 22,1)00 tons per year. F,l Porvenir ore averaged 4.3% lead, 6% zinc, and 5 ounces of silver per ton. The Santander mine of the St. Joe Minerals Corp. continued development to convert from the former open pit opera tion to n completely underground operation using trackless mining equipment on three new levels. Production of lead concentrate was at the rate of 10,000 tons per year. Spain.--Spanish lead production was ex pected to increase by 40,000 tons per year within the next few years. The Rubiafes zinc-lead mine in the province of Lugo in northwestern Spain was scheduled for development in 1975 and initial pro duction by 1977. The principal share holders were Cominco Europe N.V., 47.5% ; Union Corp. (Luxembourg) S.A., 27%; and Dugwill Pty., Ltd., Asturiana de Zinc S A., and Banco Urquijo S.A. sharing the balance. At full production the Rubialcs mine will have an annual production of 16,500tons of lead concentrate and 126, 000 tons of zinc concentrate. Another zinc-lead development project, the d'AznacoJJar mining complex of d'Aznacollar d'Andaluza de Piritas S.A. (APIRSA) was started during 1974 with full produc- LEAD tion of 42,000 tons of lead concentrate and 98,000 tons of zinc concentrate ex pected by 1978. A zinc-lead mine being developed by Asturiana at Huelva was due to reach capacity in 1975 producing 3,300 tons of lead and 7,700 tons of zinc. A new lead smelter was planned at Linares to be built by a consortium of Cia. La Cruz, Cie. Royalc Asturienne des Mines S.A., EN Adaro, Soci6t Miniere et Metallurgique de Penarroya and Cia. Minero Mctallurgica Los Guindos S.A. Yugos ued to zinc min veloping mine in arc to Two new in Mac 1.5 mill trates fr processe TECHIMOLOGY The International Lead Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO) reported that bat teries and environmental health were the principal areas of its research activities in 1974. Fundamental research in the battery area to improve technology was directed toward obtaining a better understanding nf the mechanisms of active material shedding in the positive electrodes of the lead-acid system, effects of minor con stituents in the system, the effect of aging of grids on anodic corrosion, and new approaches to paste mixing. The basic thrust of fundamental research conducted . in cooperation with the U.S. Naval Re search Laboratory (NRL) was to improve efficiency and power density of the leadarid battery as well as to determine the active material softening failure mechanism of the PbO electrode. ILZRO research in the environmental health area included investigations of population and occupational exposures to lead. Studies completed on a large group of workers employed in lead production facilities or battery plants over a 23-year period disclosed that the life expectancy of lead workers is approximately the same as that of all U.S. males. A study con ducted in Tokyo, Japan of policemen ex posed to low concentrations of lead in areas of heavy traffic concluded that at the present level of lead in air in Tokyo, no direct relationship between lead levels in blood and urine could be established. Other ILZRO lead research was directed toward developing new low-cost alloys for the electric power industry, improved methods of splicing cable sheathing, funda mental work in the ceramics area, and field evaluation of synthesized organolead com pounds. Gould Inc. announced that it had de- i-- j free an calcium, its charg batteries power. The of lead nomic e the ant when la recycled Burea Wash., of the determi in lead various the eng ability study c ran be for lea rates of (60 m is estim under 2 total (7 prices u Rese of Min ported in app recover centrafe smelting cent rate and su residue cipitatio lead w trolysis. Bure a 2. a. G a H &i <r 2 3* <1 *3 O o. ^ OWW fO - W ~ <71 [S3 -eaxVxl'Mci-MJ ^^MoOcoIWimWe^1 ^.?IS2^52, o ro h o in c ii Ol to oe MO-To-JcOaO t-oJ| i-- <oJ1 4to/1 fO QD ( M A ^h h OI^I I M"CUCCmO1-A^JON*OQ(COS'III NUQ J 91 * OII4])m.9O)Il OINa NU CO ^ W 0C c M CC CO CO I tO eg--- -J - MeiO`iAAWc j cfotl< 0C(O9t*l XUUI *>)>1UI i-- >-*o Ol ~j I-- -J o>*>CJo<d0>iI --. a ft* a. C 3 O' y tn '+ >** * ~ i- 3 . ^ 3" ?r oo 00 C/3 O 0^ o=" r--t r--t i3- o^ -o a. o 3W .- 3 ft) <2. fl. 3 <* - 3 <W z;i-s 2L S' L 3 *2. o O 3 -< 5* oq C3 & . _ ,.H-S. c o ~O _rs_n< & "> ft} 3 O! S' o2 <o ?3,P 2 cS -~ S C-- 2<- E2L* 5x. < X fj <* Si o-3 31 " 2 =2 3* rs O > Q. -- cn i ^ H-- a s" Table 3.--Production of lead and zinc in the United States in 1974, by State and class of ore, from old tailings, etc., in terms of recoverable metals .(Short tons) State California __________ Idaho _______________ Maine _______________ Missouri _____________ Nevada ______________ New Mexico ________ New York __________ Pennsylvania ______ Tennessee __________ Utah Virginia -------------------- Other States ________ ... ... ... -- ... ... Lead ore Gross weight Lead (dry basis) content 712 217 3,110 32 2S 34 18,446 Zinc content 1 1.607 9,110.057 ?Q 2,270 16 562.097 47 2 91.987 6 10 :: .. - __ __ Zinc ore Gross weight Lead (dry basis) content 667 195,563 10,021 2,143 10 206,404 279 792 SO 196,499 168,657 1,231.833 416.568 3,093.382 4 2.120 3,076 619.760 5.000 443,652 3,106 1 1,286 Lead-tine ore Zinc Gross weight Lead content (dry basis) content Zinc content 47 17,213 437 4.903 800 464.300 1,037,704 546 I 12.653 32,404 941 5 21,385 36.853 10,425 26 1 32,848 13,262 93,077 20,288 82,182 17,195 107 8,737 200 301,688 9.713 1.725 242 3.393 292 163,022 {) .. 10.509 (M .. 12.617 (i)` __ Total Percent of total lead-zinc 9,306,671 -- 580.717 87 93.611 19 Copper-lead. copper-zinc, and copper-lead-sinc ores 6.587,848 -- 12.024 2 295,846 69 All other sources s 1.982.330 58.085 9 Total 75.492 15 Gross weight Lead (dry basis) content Zinc Gross weight Lead content (dry basis) content Zinc Gross weight Lead content (dry basis) content Zinc content Arizona California _ Colorado Idaho ________ _______ ____ Illinois _____ ___ Maine _______ ________ ____________________________________ Missouri_____________ ____ ____________ ____ Montana ___ _ ___ ___ ___ _ __ ____ _____ Nevada____________ ___________ ___ _____ New Jersey _ ____ ._ New Mexico__ _____________ ___ New York___________________________________________ ______ Pennsylvania ____ ___________________ ______ Tennessee _ ___ _ ___ Utah ......................... -- ______ Virginia ______ __ Washington- __ ______ . . _____ Wisconsin * ' Other States________ _____ , ... ~ Toti " ' -' ' " . - - Percent of total kad-efne ' 92.820 396,600 _ 35 8.269 ,, 12 __ 1,153,035 1 __ .__ __ __ ._ ... ' - ". _ - -- .. -- -1>4*,4T - 3,305 I 8,691 10,173 _ __ __ . 1 __ __ __ __ 1.489 __ "-- 69.384.767 4,474 129.263 440,576 __ __ _. 21,177 . 1,730.997 __ 3,318,859 446 9 1,510 867 493 __ 110 13 _ 19 3 718 572 4.104 97 1 230 ____ __ __ - -i._ . r 29 ` , 1 - : : r . _ 2 ; *270,478. v i-* 1,298 . 10,802 - "~ - __; 0.188 i 5 j-` 23 , -22454--4 %%n $.$ 1X571 . i 7 -.. S MmJ .LJ . _ i_ ,M_rJ__ --------------- -- 59,483,869 1,059 6,491- 35 1.188.836 24,609 1.678.301 51,717 493 206,404 279 9,110.057 562.097 22.470 154 2,035.006 1.785 196,499 3,497,246 2,364 1,231,833 3,076 416,568 4446.417 __ 168,051 10,510 619,760 3J06 275,476 9. 443.652 1^85 -6.1W-- 34326.132 Ar-663470 -^.160 9,699 8 49,489 39.469 4,104 10,425 91,987 136 3,405 32,848 13,784 93,077 20.288 85.671 12.619 17,195 5,909 3,737 - 23 499,873 100 o -a Ov. lc 740 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974 Table 4.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, by month (Short ions) Month . 1973 1974 Month 1973 1974 February .................... April ... .................... Mny . .... .. .. July ................................ .. . 63.462 49.968 46.302 40,066 66.934 61,396 67.149 62,785 57.966 62.297 53.348 64.884 64,763 September ___________ November........ ................ .. December .................... . Total _______ .. 66.662 61.394 63.743 49,006 63.206 603,024 68.670 49.976 64,919 63,222 63,902 663,870 Table 5.--Twenty-five leading lead-producing mines in the United States in 1974, in order of output Rank; Mine County and State Operator Source of lead 1 Duick .................. Iron, Mo _ A MAX Lead Co. of Missouri . Lead ore. 2 Fletcher __ .. Reynolds. Mo ....... St. Joe Minerals Corp _____ Do. 3 Ozark ________ . ___ do __............... Ozark Lead Co_________________ Do. 4 Magmont .. Iron, Mo___________ Cominco American, Inc Do. r, Brushy Creek Reynolds, Mo St. Joe Minerals Corp . .... Do. 6 Viburnum No. 29 Washington, Mo . . do ___ _______ ___________ Do. 7 Viburnum No. 28 8 Bunker Hill ... 9 Lucky Friday . 10 Star Unit Iron. Mo ___ Shoshone, Idaho .. do ..... do . ____ do ________________ _________ The Bunker Hill Co .................. Hccla Mining Co .......... . . .. do Do. Lead-zinc ore. Lead ore. 1,end-rim: ore. 11 Indian Creek No. 32 .. Washington, Mo . St, Joe Minerals Corp ............. Lead ore. 12 27 .... Crawford. Mo____ ..._ do ............................ ............. Do. 13 Utah. Utah _____ Kennecott Copper Corp ___ Lead-zinc ore. 14 Idnrado . ....... Ouray nnd San ldarado Mining Co . Copper-lead- Miguel, Colo. zinc ore. 15 Indian Creek No. 23 Washington. Mo __ St. Joe Minerals Corp .. .. Lead ore. 16 Leadvilte ______ Lake. Colo ________ American Smelting and Lead-zinc and Refining Co. lead-zinc- copper ores. 17 Sunnyside San Juan, Colo __ Standard Metals Corp _ . . . Lead-zinc ore. 18 Austinville and Ivnnhoe Wythe, Va _______ The New Jersey Zinc Co____ Zinc ore. 19 Bn Imat St. Lawrence, St. Joe Minerals Corp ____ __ Do. N. Y. 20 Camp Bird . . Ouray, Colo ____ Federal Resources Corp .... Lead-zinc ore. 21 Eagle................ Eagle, Colo _ _ The New Jersey Zinc Co .. Zinc ore- 22 Ground Hog Grant, N. Mex___ American Smelting and Do. Refining Co. 23 Dnyrock .. 24 Pnn American 25 Bulldog Mountain Shoshone. Idaho Lincoln, Nev Mineral. Colo ____ Day Mines, Inc . SI. Patrick Mining Co. Inc Homestake Mining Co . ____ Lend ore. Lead-zinc ore. Silver ore. Table 6.--Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the United States, by source material (Short tons) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 Refined lead : 1 From primary sources : Domestic ores and base bullion . Foreign ores and bnae bullion ______ 528.080 138,644 S"33.022 76,993 5'77.398 103,001 567.256 107,260 _ _____ 680,078 92,946 Total _____________ From secondary sources Grand total ... . - ........................... .... Calculated value of primary refined lead (thousands) * _____________________________ 666.730 4,367 "671.097 660.016 1,223 " 6517238" $209,220 $180,674 680.399 1,189 681,688 $204,628 674.616 674.616 $219,767 673,024 673424 $303,266 1 GSA metal Is not Included In refined lead production. # * Value based on average quoted price and excludes value of refined lead produced rrom scrap at primary refineries. LEAD Table 7.--Antinionial lead produced at primary Year Production (short tons) Antimony content Short tons Percent 1970 1971 ............................ 1972 .. ............ 1973 1974 .. . . _______ ......... 20,438 10.686 15,061 16,466 12,613 1,184 1.191 1.050 1.167 1.097 6.8 6.0 7.0 7.6 8.8 Table 0. --Stocks and consumption of new and old (Short tons, gross w Class of consumers and type of scrap Stocks It u Jan. I Smelters nnd refineries : Soft lead ............. . __ Hard lead_______ ____ Cnble lend .............................. Battery-lead plates __ ... . Mlxet1 common babbitt .. .. Solder and tinny lead Type metals .................... ........... Drosses and residue* . ... Total Foundries nnd other manufacturers : Soft lead _______________ .. .. Hard lead ___________________ Cable lead____ ___ ______ Battery-lead plates_________ Mixed common babbitt____ . Solder and tinny lead Type metals _ __ Drosses and residues Total............................................. All consumers: Soft lead ________ _____________ Hard lead .................. ........... Cable lead ... ..._______ Battery-lead plates _______ Mixed common babbitt _ Solder Type mnentdatntin.n.y...l.e.a.d.._...... Drosses and residues ______ Grand total.............................. 2.007 666 1,336 64,226 434 1,190 2,208 21,099 84.054 33,814 66,671 46.801 610.016 6,948 12.999 26.464 141.660 943,173 239 5,804 239 2,007 656 1.336 54,226 678 1,190 2.208 21,099 84,293 5.804 33.814 66.571 46.801 619,016 11.752 12,999 26,464 141,660 948,977 Table 9.--Secondary metal recovered 1 from lead 1974, by type of p (Short tons) L Refined pig lead_______________________________ ______ Rcmclt lead _________ ______________ ___________ ______ 18 4 Total ______ ____ ___ ___________ ........... Refined pig tin _______ _ ____________ _______ Remelt tin _______________________________________ --------- 23 TotHl .............................. ...................................... Lead and tin alloys: Antimonial lead ________ _________________ ........... Common babbitt __________________________ ........... Genuine babbitt ___________________________ ........... Solder________________________________________ ........... Type metals_____________________ __________ . Cable lead___________________________________ ______ Miscellaneous alloys ______________________ ........... 37 1 26 2 1 Total ...................................................................... ______ Tin content of chemical products___________ ........... Grand total ............................................ ..................... 44 682 742 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974 Table 10.--Secondary lead recovered in the United States (Short tons) 1970 1971 1972 1973 As metal: At primary plants.................... ......... _______ At other plants.................... .. .......... ... . Total ________ ___________ ______ -- ________ In antimoninl lead: At primary plants........ ..................... .................. At other plants___________ __________________ Total ......................... -............................ . .............. In other alloys __________________________ .................. Grand total: Quantity _______ __________ ......... . . Value (thousands) _______________ 4.367 164.800 159,167 1.223 148,911 150,134 1,180 172,168 173.367 186,124 186,124 7,599 340,769 348,358 89,865 2.379 340,333 342,712 103,951 6.816 340.066 345,882 97,358 1.065 374.173 376,778 92.384 597.390 8187,461 506,797 $165,700 616.597 ` 664,286 $185,349 $213,166 1974 238.216 238.216 1,549 369,964 371.503 88,979 698.698 $314,833 Table 11.--Lead recovered from scrap processed in (he United States, by kind of scrap and form of recovery (Short tons) Kind of scrap 1973 1974 Form of recovery 1973 1974 New scrap: Lead-base ______________ Copper-base _______ Tin-base ....... Total .............................. Old scrap: Battery-lead plates -- AM other lead-base .. Copper-base Tin-base _______________ Total .............................. Grand total _______ 110.787 4,506 403 116.696 369.819 163,938 14,831 2 638,500 664,286 92,680 4.792 281 97,763 418,400 169.184 13.359 2 600,945 698,698 As soft lead: At primary plants __ At other plants ........... Total ................- . In other lead alloys--------In copper-baie alloys -- In tin-base alloys ------------- Total .............................. Crnnd total .... 186.124 186,124 376.778 75.645 16.805 34 468.162 654.286 238,216 238,216 371,503 72,597 16.361 21 460,482 698,698 1 Includes 1,065 tons of lead recovered In antlmonia) lead from secondary source# at primary plants (n 1073 and 1.549 tons in 1974. Table 12.--Lead consumption in the United States, by product (Short tons) Froduct 1973 1974 Metal products: Ammunition ____________ Hearing metals __________ Brass and bronze ----------Cable covering ___________ Calking lead --------------------CarfUpg metals ----------------Collapsible tubes ------ -- Foil ............................................. Pipes, traps, and bends . Solder ------------------ ------------Storage batteries: Battery grids. Battery oxides ______ Terne metal Type metal 81.479 15.657 22,735 43.005 20,057 7,220 2.860 4,985 21.291 23,394 71,770 365,667 403.890 2.668 21.922 87.090 14,609 22.240 48.426 19,739 7,507 2.488 4.404 16,465 21.294 66,280 391.479 460.402 2.300 20.616 Total ..................................... 1,108.480 1.180.229 Pigments: Red lead and litharge __ 1.749 89,677 1,996 96,163 Product 1973 1974 Pigments--Continued: Pigment colors Other*................................... .. 16.963 477 17,336 718 Total ..................................... Chemicals: Gasoline antiknock additives Miscellaneous chemicals . 108.766 274.410 944 116,213 250,502 708 Total Miscellaneous uses: Annealing Galvanizing Lead plating . Weights and ballast____ . 275,354 3.974 1.294 744 20,848 251,210 4.097 1.664 498 21.418 Total Other, unclassified uses Grand total * . -------. 26.860 21.749 27,677 24,098 . 1,541.209 1.599.427 1 Includes lead content of leaded zinc oxide and other pigments. 9 Includes lead which went directly from scrap to fabricated products. LEAD Table 13.- -Lead consumption in the Un (Short tons) 1973 1974 January ... . . February _____ _____ March ..................... April -....................... May .................... _ June ............. .. _ July................................ 140.071 129,404 130.884 126.600 142,616 121.630 112,802 August Septemb Novembe Decembe To 1 Includes lead which went directly from scrap to fabricate zinc oxide and other pigments. Table 14.--Lead consumption in the United States in of material (Short tons) . Product Metal products . . . Storage batteries _____ _ Chemicals ,, _ Miscellaneous Unclassified ___ . ______ Soft lead Le entim le 64 376 14 1 Total ................................................. ................ 1,059.418 465 1 Includes lead which went directly from scrap to fabricate zinc oxide and other pigments. Table 15.--Lead consumption in the United (Short tons) State California Colorado ____________________________ _____ Connecticut _______ _______________________ District of Columbia Florida .._ Georgia ___________________ Illinois Indiana . . . _______ Kansas __________ _________________________ Kentucky _________________ _______________ Maryland .. ______________ ______________ Massachusetts ________________________ ___ Michigan Missouri Nebraska New Jersey_____ _________ __________ New York ________________________________ Ohio _________________________ ____________ Pennsylvania _____________________________ Rhode Island ____________________ ________ Tennessee Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin .. .. ___.... _________ ____ Alabama and Mississippi Arkansas and Oklahoma....................... . Hawaii and Oregon Iowa and Minnesota____________________ Louisiana and Texas Montana and Idaho _____ New Hampshire, Maine, Vermont, Delaware .............................. ......... ................. North and South Carolina Utah, Nevada, Arizona Refined soft lead 113,333 1.231 9,586 181 10.032 60.936 06,048 146.259 16,748 6.812 816 2,266 11,247 81,877 8.469 116,427 60,860 10,623 76,367 3,676 3,481 619 16.871 18,266 6,116 6.949 4.164 6.638 9,626 211,691 947 11,386 10,509 26 Lea antim le 47 1 9 8 24 42 62 14 11 8 14 9 1 20 4 4 66 19 2 9 6 6 6 14 88 11 10 Total .............................. .......................... L,069,418 465 1 Includes lead that went directly from scrap to fabricated zinc oxide and other pigments. 744 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1974 Table 16.--Production and shipments of lead pigments' and oxides in the United States 1973 1974 Product Produc- (short tons) Shipments Shorl tons Vn luc - Total Average per ton Produc tion (short tons) Shipments Short tons Val lie - Average Total per ton White lead, dry _ Rod lead ........ ......... Litharge ____ ... Hlack oxide .... 7.103 17.339 175.167 342.283 9.544 16,023 179,144 $4,906,724 6.300.051 61,729,436 .. $514 393 345 .. 5,005 19.880 153.562 410,716 5.905 13.290 161.445 $2,759,668 7,045,540 79.390.2H $467 530 492 * Excludes basic lend sulfute, figures withhold to avoid disclosing indlvjdunl company confidential ilntn. 3 At plant, exclusive of container. Table 17.--Lead content of lead and zinc pigments 1 and lead oxides produced by domestic manufacturers, by source (Short tons) 1973 1974 Lead in pigments Lead in pigments produced from-- produced from-- ' Product--------------------------------------------------------Total----------------------------------------------------------------- Total Ore lend in Ore lead In -- # pigments-------------------------------------- pigments Domestic Foreign Pig lead Domestic Foreign Pig lead White lead ........................... .. Red lead................................... __ Litharge................................. Ulack oxide______ .. Leaded zinc oxide WW 5.682 15,718 162.905 326.580 __ 5.682 15,718 162.905 326.580 W .. __ 4.724 4.724 . __ 18,021 18.021 142,813 142.813 .. ... 392.421 392.421 WW W Total ______ W W 510.885 510.885 W W 557.979 557.979 W Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. 1 Excluding lead in basic lead sulfate. Table 18.--Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) shipments,1 by industry (Short tons) Industry 1970 1071 1972 1973 1974 Paints ......................................................... ..................... Ornmics ................. ............................. ... Other .. 4,460 26 4.152 4.396 34 2.351 6.768 31 3.267 3.19R 18 6.328 5,005 Total ................... . ....................... ........... ............... .. 8,638 6,781 10,066 9.544 6.005 1 Excludes basic lend sulfntc. figures withhold to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. Table 19.--Distribution of red lead shipments, by industry (Short tons) Industry 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ....... ............................................ Storage batteries ....... .......... ...................................... .. ........................... . 7,848 W 11.596 8,717 W 12.272 W 14.864 6,509 W 9.514 5,344 W 7.946 Total ........... ________ ________ ___________ 19,444 20.989 19.773 16,023 13,290 W Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company con fidential data : included with "Other." LEAD Table 20.- 'Distribution of litharge (Short tons) Industry 1970 Ceramics__ Insecticides Oil refining Paints _____ Rubber ____ Other _____ 24,678 W 2.016 1,315 1,663 116,771 Total 146,343 W Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company Table 21.--U.S. imports for consumption o WhilU* lead....................... Red lead _______________ Litharge _ ____ _______ Chrome yellow ............ Other lend pigments Other lead compounds Total Table 22.--Stocks of lead at primary smelters and (Short tons Stocks 1970 Refined pig lead __________ Lead in antimonlal lead Lead in base bullion ____ Lead In ore and matte .. 60.866 11,710 83,421 Total 192.985 Table 23.--Consumer stocks of lead in the Unite (Short tons, lead c Year Refined soft lead Lea antim le 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 .. ... .. . ... 82.823 ... 81,934 ... 74,161 ... 84.274 ... 106,245 42. 35, 36, 32. 49, Tabic 24.---Average monthly and ye (Cents per po Month U pro January February . March ____ April _____ May _______ June .... July _______ August September October___ November December . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Average 1 1 Metals Week, Quotations for United States on a natio