Document G8z6MMXQedO4E3vVzQKYzavr

MINER YEARB METALS AND (EXCEPT FU Volum 19 Prepared by the staff of the BUREAU OF MINES DIVISION OF MINERALS Charles W. Merrill, Chief Robert W. Geehan, Assistant Chief N49778 Lead By O. M. Bishop*1 and Edith E. den 4* OTAL SUPPLIES well ill excess of dem Tproduction, increased consumption, and co were salient features of the domestic lead ind supply in 1953 totaled 1,377,000 tons compa tion of 1,202,000 tons; in 1952 supply totaled consumption 1,131,000 tons, respectively. Ple attributed largely to record mine and smelte outside of the United States which stimulated e States and accentuated the market problems o ing industry. United States imports of recov second highest on record, whereas domestic clined 12 percent and (with the exception of 1 since the depression year 1935. The price of high of 14.75 cents a pound in early January to in late April; various fluctuations brought the on September 16, where it remained for the The average price for the year was 13.48 cents cents in 1952 and 17.49 cents in 1951. Lead supply in 1953 consisted of 343,000 ton from mine production, 487,000 tons of secon from scrap, and 547,000 tons of imports (exclusi which normally goes to secondary smelting plant in the scrap total). The total of 1,377,000 tons the 1952 supply. Consumption of load, includ and chemicals, totaled 1,202,000 tons compared the preceding year. Producers' stocks of p increased from 31,000 to 65,000 tons during th antimonial lead stocks increased from 11,000 to ers' stocks of ores and concentrates and base b substantially, whereas consumers' stocks of m 123,000 tons to 114,000. Domestic mine production of recoverable 390,000 tons in 1952 to 343,000 tons in 1953. Western and West Central States curtailed prod as a result of low lead and zinc prices. Produ half of the year was at a rate of about 30,400 to cent below the 1952 annual rate, while outp months was at a rate of 26,600 tons a month, the average monthly yield in 1952. Product principal producing States was lower than in decreases, on a tonnage basis, were in Utah 1 Commodity-Industry analyst. 1 Statistical assistant. 638 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Missouri. The only States in which lead production increased wore Idaho, Now York!, and Wisconsin. Tho total load content of imports exclusive of scrap declined 11 percent from the alltimo high of 1952; the tonnage (547,000), nevertheless, was tho second highest on record and created an excess supply that exerted a depressing influence upon domestic mine pro duction. ' Because of widespread mine closings and reduced employment in tho lead- (and zinc-) mining industry much thought was given to tariff revision through cither new legislation or the invoking of the "escape clause" of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act; various other proposals were made to restrict imports or provide means of direct or indirect relief to tho domestic industry. In July the Tariff Commission, in responso to resolutions of tho United States Senate Committee on Finance and the IIouso of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means, instituted a general investigation of the lead and zinc industries to determine relevant facts of production, trade, consumption, and competitive position, "including the effect of imports of lead and zinc on the livelihood of American workers." A report of the investigation was published April 20, I954.3 GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS Although all controls governing the use and distribution of lead had been revoked in May 1952 and lead was removed from the list of scarce materials in June, producers and consumers were required to continue reporting stocks, production, and consumption of lead through June 30, 1953, in order that the National Production Authority could con tinue its "surveillance of lead supplies and consumption." The Office of Price Stabilization price ceilings on lead and zinc were re voked February 13, 1953. GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS UNDER DEFENSE PRODUCTION ACT OF 1950 Provisions of the Dcfenso Production Act of 1950 with respect to exploration were carried out by the Defenso Minerals Exploration Administration (DMEA) and those with respect to procurement by the Defense Materials Procurement Agency (DMPA). DEFENSE MINERALS EXPLORATION ADMINISTRATION Exploration contracts and amendments to existing contracts con tinued to be mode by the DMEA during 1953, but in conformance to a directive issued by the Office of Defense Mobilization no applications were accepted for lead- and zinc-exploration projects after May 15, 1953. The turnabout in lead supplies from scarcity to plenty in tire second half of 1952 and the continued accumulation of stocks in the United States as well as abroad in 1953 were considered determining factors in the decision reached by the Office of Defense Mobilization (PPM). ' TT, 8. Tariff ComrnlJ\slon, Lend and Zinc-- Roport on Investigation Conducted Under Section 332 of the Torlfl Act of 1930 Pursuant to a Resolution by tho Committee on Flnanco of tho United States Senate, doted July 27, 1953, and a resolution by tho Commltteo on Ways and Means.House of Roprcscntotlves. dated July 29, 1963, April 19M, Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. LEAD The objective of the DMEA--to encou reserves of strategic and critical mineral and zinc--was achieved through projects ore sources. The Government financed cost of approved exploration projects for endar year 1953 entered into 30 contracts ment participation of $2,068,303.* Thro load- and zinc-exploration contracts had ized a maximum Government participatio or lead-zinc-coppcr exploration contracts cent of all DMEA contracts executed an obligated and through 1953, 32 percent o of the funds obligated. A list of DMEA exploration in 1953 is given in the Zinc c DEFENSE MATERIALS PROCUR The Defense Materials Procurement A reduced in early 1953 with respect to l requirement ratio increased and produc in force in 1951 and 1952 were coming 1953, the remaining function of DMPA-- and completing those in negotiation--w gency Procurement Service (EPS) of Gen (GSA). The only contract providing for lea approved in 1953 was that executed on Ju solidated Mining Co., Salt Lake City, the Government advanced Chief Consoli of proposed expenditures for developing mines m the Tintic district, Juab County percentage royalty agreement of 3 years loan to be made on tne basis of 5 percen ores developed under terms of the contra United States assistance in developin negligible in 1963. Mutual Security Ad counterpart funds, were executed with but only a few hundred tons of lead was i DOMESTIC PRODU Statistics on lead output may be prepa refinery basis. Mine-production data, c content in ores and concentrates, adjus losses in smelting, are a better measure o to year and are more accurate for showin of production. Pig-lead output, as repo presents a more precise figure of actual l only a general way the source of crude m refinery output usually differs from the m to the lag between mine shipments and s concentrates. * Includes funds provided through amendments to con funds for participation In exploration contracts that were subs pletion. 640 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1053 TABLE I.--Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United States, 1944-48 (average) and 1949-68, in short tons , 1944-48 (averago) 1049 1060 1051 1052 1053 Production of refined primary lead: From domestic ores and base bullion.. From foreign ores and base bullion___ 352,902 65,888 404,446 72, 889 418, 800 89, 505 342, 644 75, 040 383,358 80, 404 328, 012 139, 870 Total........................................................ Recovery of secondary lead........................... Imports (general): Lead m pigs, bars, and old.................... Lead In base bullion................................ Lead In ores and matte........................... Exports of refined pig lead............................ Consumption of primary and secondary load........................................................ Prices (cents per pound): New York; Average for porlod............................ Quotation at end of period............. London average for period..................... Mine production of recoverable lead 1........ World smelter production of load................ 418,850 410,857 205, 190 1,701 64,504 3,800 1,080,523 477,338 608,314 417,003 472, 852 407, 801 412,183 482, 275 518,110 471, 294 480,737 280,880 2,373 107,270 009 401,827 3,488 76, 520 2, 735 188. 175 2,281 67,471 1,281 623, 050 380 104,621 1,702 300, 510 860 160,029 803 057,074 1,237,081 1, 184,703 1,130, 705 1,201,604 10. 7G 15.30 13.30 17.40 10.47 12.41 12.00 17.00 19.00 14. 12 io. n 10.05 13.20 20.26 > 1C. 82 383,673 400,008 430,827 388,104 300,1C2 1,361,000 * 1,048,000 >1,808,000 >1,764,000 >1,073,000 13.48 13. 50 11.48 342, 044 1,005, 000 1 Includes Alaska. * Revised figure. The competitive position of the domestic lead and zinc industry with reference to foreign producers in 1952 and part of 1953 was reported5 April 20, 1954, by the United States Tariff Commission. The report, which was based on all available information including industry hearings and a canvass of domestic lead and zinc mining, milling, smelting and refining companies, revealed that many im portant changes had taken place in the domestic industry since 1939, when the last Mineral Census was made. One tabulation showed that in 1939 the lead-zinc mines of the United States produced 16,317,000 tons of crude ore with a recoverable metal content of 2.2 percent lead, 2.8 percent zinc, 0.71 and 0.004 ounce per ton of silver and gold, respectively, utilizing 32,283,000 man-hours of labor at $0.62 per hour. The total value of mine or mill products for that year was $62,652,000. A similar tabulation for 1952, covering 89 percent of the national output of recoverable lead and 90 percent of the recoverable zinc, showed striking differences. Reports from 211 firms indicated that in 1952 they produced 22,919,000 tons of crude ore with a recoverable metal content of 1.4 percent lead, 2.5 percent zinc, 0.1 percent copper, and 0.73 aqd 0.006 ounce of silver and gold, respectively. Man-hours worked by production and related workers in mining and milling this tonnage totaled 43,791,000, paid at an average hourly rate of $1.95. The total mine or mill value of all products was $225,384,000. These figures indicate that wages increased 215 percent in the period 1939 to 1952, tons of ore mined and milled per man-hour increased from 0.51 to 0.52, the recovery of zinc and lead per ton of ore declined 11 and 36 percent, respectively, and the value of products sold per ton of crude ore increased from $3^84 to $9.83, or 156 percent. Tables from the Tariff Commission report showing the quantity and value of products, principal expenses, hourly earnings, and man hours worked in lead and zinc mining and milling in the United States * "Work cited In footnote 3. LEAD by State or principal region, and the cru with the recoverable metal content by 1952, aro given in the Zinc chapter of th tivity per unit of labor, and grade of ore the same as in 1952, but the average valu estimated by the Bureau of Mines to hav to approximately $6.75 per ton. On the basis of reports to the Tariff employees engaged in mining and millin supplied 92 percent of the mine output o zinc, declined from 23,800 in January 1953, or 32 percent for the period. Em smelters and refineries (exclusive of con from an average of nearly 3,600 in 1952 t first 10 months of 1953. In studying the competitive position mining industry, the Tariff Commission o producers which in 1952 supplied 80 and the lead and zinc mined in Canada, 28 a in Mexico, and 68 percent of the combin Australia. From these confidential report as follows with relation to Canada, the * * * that total principal operating expense and salaries, are lower per ton oj crude ore min Canada and Mexico. This appears to be the c earnings of workers are much lower for operati either Canada or the United States, and are sli the United States. The data also indicate tha per ton of crude ore mined in Mexico were much much higher than in the United States. However, when allowance is made for the dif the ores mined in the three countries, as affect metals obtained from them, the situation with parison of costs is quite different. Notwithstan expenses, and higher expenses for salaries and w in Canada and Mexico than in the United Stat unit of recoverable metal in Mexico and Canada t MINE PRODUCTIO Domestic mine production of recovera percent to 343,000 tons and, with the ex duction was 335,000 tons, was the lowes in the Western and West Central States down as a result of low lead and zinc pric first half of the year was at a rate of ab percent below the 1952 annual rate--w 6 months was at a rate of 26,600 tons a m average monthly yield in 1952. Missour cent of the total), was again the largest le and Utah produced 75,000 tons (22 perce cent) of recoverable lead, respectively, an ranking States. Production in 13 of t States was lower than in 1952. The larg basis, were in Utah, Colorado, Arizona, O Missouri. Idaho, New York, and Wisc in which .lead production increased. G42 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 TABLE 2.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1944-48 (average) and 1949-68, by States, in short tons State 1944-48 (average) 1949 1950 1951 1962 1953 Western States and Alaska: Alaska.......................................................... Arizona........................................................ California.................................................... Colorado...................................................... Idaho............................................................ Montana.................................................. Nevada....,............................................... New Mexico.............................................. Oregon......................................................... 8outh Dakota............................................ Texas......... ................................................. Utah ............................................................. Washington................................................ Wyoming.................................................... 163 24.304 8,404 19,123 75.890 13,180 7,399 0,772 6 12 60 45,930 6,024 1 Total........................................................ 200, 365 West Central States: Kansas......................................................... Missouri.................................................. Oklahoma................................................... 9 7,770 144,081 14,302 Total......................................................... 167,068 States east of the Mississippi River: Illinois--................................................... Kentucky.................................................... New York................................................... Tennessee................................................... Virginia....................................................... Wisconsin................................................... 2,972 165 1,261 40 4.361 1.361 Total......................................................... 10,150 Grand total............................................. 383, 673 61 33,608 10,318 20, 863 79,299 17,990 10.020 4,052 12 4 132 53,072 0,417 243,000 1 9, 772 127,622 19,868 167,163 3, 824 187 1,317 257 3,313 857 0,765 409,008 140 20. 383 16.R31 27, (107 100,025 19,617 9, 408 4,150 17 129 44,763 10,334 21 17, 394 13,907 30,330 70,713 21,302 7, 148 5,840 2 2 43 60,461 8, 002 267,803 231,227 9 0,487 134.020 20,724 ' 33 8,047 121,702 16, 675 104, 840 149, 257 2,729 66 1,484 113 3,254 632 8.178 430,827 3,160 107 1,600 14 1,608 1,301 7,680 388,164 1 10, r.2o 11, >99 30.000 73,710 21.279 0.790 7,021 1 2 60 60,210 11,744 228, 008 4 6,0)0 129,246 16,137 150,302 4, 262 60 1,120 18 3,792 2,000 11,252 390,162 9 9.428 K, 004 21,764 74, 610 19, 949 4,371 2,913 6 10 4i,622 11,004 194,329 3. 347 126,896 0, 304 138, 646 3,391 62 1,435 0 2,788 2,094 9,769 342, 044 The West Central States produced 138,500 tons of recoverable lead in 1953 (8 percent less than in 1952) from the mines of southeastern Missouri and those of the Tri-State district, comprised of southwestern Missouri, north-eastern Oklahoma, and southeastern Kansas. As in the previous 45 years, the southeastern Missouri load belt was the major lead-producing district in the United States, furnishing 37 percent of the Nation's total lead production. Although crude-ore production was down about 7 percent, output of lead approximated that in 1952. The chief producer was the St. Joseph Lead Co., oper ating the company-owned Bonne Terre, Desloge, Federal, and Leadwood mine-mill units in St. Francois County. Ore from the company Doe Run operation was milled at the Federal mill, and a sink-float plant concentrate from the new Hayden Creek mine was concentrated further at the Leadwood mill. The company also operated the Mine La Motto mine-mill unit in Madison County and continued develop ment and construction at its new Indian Creek mine-mill unit in Washington County. The second largest producer was the National Lead Co., operating its Madison County mine-mill unit at Fredricktown. The Tri-State district produced 13,300 tons of lead in 1953 com pared with 27,400 tons in 1952. Crude zinc-lead ore production was 3,480,000 tons or 43 percent less than the 6,140,000 tons mined in 1952. Much of the decline in mine output of lead and zinc in the LEAD Tri-State was attributed to the closure of Ea Central mill as a result of a strike beginning through the remainder of the year. This the total ore treated more than 1,500,000 to duction at the National Lead Co. Ballard closure in mid-November was another factor At the year end approximately 30 mines an in tlio district comparod with about 150 mines The recoverable zinc and lead in the ore (re was 2.87 and 0.50 percent, respectively, of t with 2.75 and 0.56 percent in 1952. This limited potentiality of upgrading Tri-State o values. The Western States had a combi 194,300 tons of recoverable lead in 1953 com in 1952. The decline, as elsewhere in the chiefly from low lead-zinc prices that force closures as mining of submarginal ores was s Idaho was the second largest producer of le with 74,600 tons (73,700 tons in 1952). As i d'Alene region produced over 90 percent of with the Bunker Hill, Star, Page, and Mor producers. The Nabob mine (Nabob Silver- early in 1953 owing to low metal prices, and company operation of the Sherman and Tama on a block-leasing system. On October 4 the Smelting & Refining Co.) was closed after operation. A considerable quantity of ore re mined before complete abandonment of the Numerous exploration and development pro the Coeur d'Alene region in 1953. Bunker H Concentrating Co. started a $1 million sh exploration project at its Crescent mine during mine in Blaine County was the only major Idaho outside the Coeur d'Alene region. Utah ranked third among lead-producing of 41,500 tons--almost 9,000 tons less than sinco 1946. The principal producing mines, the United States & Lark property (United S & Mining Co.), Chief No. 1 and Eureka Hill m Mining Co.), and Blue Ledge district mine ( West Calumet mine (Comoined Metals R Opliir mine (United States Smelting, Refinin Park Utah Consolidated and Silver King C 1952, remained inoperative throughout 195 November at the United States & Lark output. . Lead output from Colorado mines totaled 28-percent decline from 1952. The greatest p San Juan County, where the Shenandoah-Di ton mill were closed March 14, and in Lake C rection Mining Co. suspended company oper Zinc-Lead Co. Akron-Erie mine in Gunnison C 644 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 1952, remained inoperative throughout 1953. The Eagle mine, Colo rado's foremost zinc and fourth most important lead producer in 1953, was closed by a strike from September 1 to November 2. Lead production in Montana declined G percent to 19,900 tons in 1953. The chief production was from Anaconda Copper Mining Co. owned or leased properties in the Butte area and the East Helena slag dump. The Blacktail mine, an open-pit mine in Missoula County, operated by Linton Mines, Inc., was closed in the fall of 1953 because of the low lead price. Begun in 1949, the mine had produced about 500 tons of lead annually. The Jack Waite mine (American Smelting & Refining Co.) in Sanders County maintained a high production level, but the Iron Mountain mine of the Mineral Leasing Co. in Mineral County was closed in July. Mine output of lead in Washington in 1953 was 11,100 tons, or about 700 tons less than in 1952. The lead was produced chiefly by the Pend Oreille mine of Pend Oreille Mines & Metals Co., the Grand view mine of American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co., and the Deep Creek mine of Goldfield Consolidated Mines Co. Other lead-producing mines included the Bonanza, the Lead King, Oriole, Johnsburg, Ad vance, Electric Point, Gladstone, King Tut, Lead Trust, Long Shot, Old Dominion, Red Top, Santiago, United Treasure, Young America, Leo Ray, and Queen mines, all in cither Pend Oreille or Stevens County. In late 1953 tho Grandview and Pend Oreille mine output was curtailed by reducing the workweek, and beginning in October the Deep Creek activity was limited to development. Lead output in Arizona in 1953 decreased 43 percent to 9,400 tons, the lowest since 1935. Low lead and zinc prices throughout the year resulted in continued idleness of the San Xavier mine and in suspension of mining lead-zinc ores at the Copper Queen, and a general decline in activity at small-scale mining operations. The chief lead producers of the State in 1953 were the Iron King mine (Shattuck Denn Mining Corp.); Trench unit (American Smelting & Refining Co.); Aravaipa mine (Athletic Mining Co.); Hilltop mine (American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co.); and Copper Queen mine (Phelps Dodge Corp.). Lead production from California mines declined 23 percent in 1953 to 8,700 tons. The Darwin group operated by Anaconda Copper Min ing Co. in Inyo County was the only large producing unit operating throughout the year, but in early 1953 the New Penn mines produced both zinc and copper concentrates containing recoverable lead. Other producing mines included the Silver Reid, Christmas Gift, Lane, Defense, Modoc, Mimetta Reward, Le Moine, and Lippincott mines in Inyo County; the Alexander mine in Mono County; the Umberci mine in San Bernardino County; the Black Eagle mine in Riverside County; the Green Dragon mine in Siskiyou County; and the Hazel Creok mine in El Dorado County. The recoverable lead content of Nevada-mined ores in 1953 was 4,400 tons, a 36-percent drop from the 1952 output. The decrease was brought about by low lead-zinc prices, which caused Combined Metals Reduction Co. to divert more of its Casclton mill capacity to manganese-lead-zinc ores at the expense of lead-zinc ores. Other pro ducers of lead included tho Bristol mine (Bristol Silver Mines Co.), Lincoln County; and the Ward mine (Walker Corp.), White Pine County. LEAD Output of lead in New Mexico declin dining 1953 owing to closure of all zin closed in 1952. Zinc-lead mines closing Kearney mine of New Mexico Consolidat the Ground Hog group of American Sme ary 23); the Bayard group of the United Mining Co.' (September 30); and the Lync (April). The principal lead-producing m zinc-lead group in the Central district, th Hansonburg district, and the Ground Central district. Mine production of lead in States east 10,000 tons in 1953, a 13-percent decline 1952. Tho principal producing areas w Valley district of northwestern Illinois a (3,688 tons); Wythe County, Va. (2,78 County, N. Y. (1,435 tons). The rema byproduct of the southern Illinois-weste mining district (1,849 tons) and of the Tennessee (9 tons). Northern Illinois and southwestern Wis 4 percent and was chiefly from the mine Inc., Vinegar Hill Zinc Co,, Inc., Eaglc Mining Co., operating in Lafayette and and mines of Tri-State Zinc, Inc., and the in Jo Daviess County, 111. Tho Eagle-Pi States were brought to a halt March 31 w company Graham Central mill near Gale was repaired; but the mines, which includ in Wisconsin and the Graham and Sny opened. The Mifflin Mining Co. ceased in March resumed operations for 4 month mines, Iowa County, Wis. Lead output of the Illinois-Kentucky clined 34 percent owing to smaller outp Co. plant at Rosiclare, 111., and to small ores being treated. The Hutson zinc m which also produced lead, was closed Jan prices. . Lead output in New York, chiefly from Joseph Lead Co., was 28 percent greater duction in Virginia declined 26 percent ow the ore from the Austinville mine of the in 1953 the New Jersey Zinc Co. announce zinc-lead mine, Louisa County, Va. Th ductive since 1911. The lead output o byproduct recovered in smelting the zinc The 25 leading lead-producing mines in listed in table 4, yielded 78 percent of th 10 leading mines produced 61 percent a percent. More detailed information on the prod districts in the United States appears in v 646 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1963 TABLE 3.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1944-48 (average) and 1949-63, by districts that produced 1,000 tons or more during any yoar, 194&-63, in short tons District State 1944-48 (avor- 1040 1050 1061 ago) 1052 1063 Southeastern Missouri region. West Mountain (Ding* ham). Summit Valley (Butto)... Tri-State (Joplin region).. Upper Mississippi Valley.. Rush Valley <V Smollcr (Tooelo County). Kentucky-Southern Illl- 141,719 70.488 Utah...................................... 24,614 Kansas, southwestern Missouri, Oklahoma. Utah..................................... Iowa, northern Illinois, Wisconsin. 0, 405 25,224 3, 751 6,032 2, 433 10. 621 2,070 1,851 6, 326 3,927 4,860 4,209 3,687 Kontucky, southern Illl- 2,102 050 447 1,472 2, 383 2, 648 120,209 74,152 32,600 11,400 30,883 4,030 4.028 6,286 8,683 3,330 2,046 0,070 6,030 6,080 3,313 2.063 2,331) 1,000 342 1,640 1,388 2,822 133, 080 94, 697 27,472 15,679 31,167 7,446 8,476 7, 780 7, 638 4,357 1,801 6, 620 0,761 6, 302 3, 261 1,393 2,048 2, 110 237 1,031 1,138 1,620 122, 318 70, 670 29,120 16, 630 26, 900 6,234 7, 191 8,008 11,710 4,035 1,623 5, 663 4,751 5,900 1,608 2,674 3,080 4,274 937 1,608 2, 231 2,610 122, 912 67, 330 34, 328 10,153 27,350 (') (>) 7,657 7, 404 4. 136 3, 532 4,270 4,032 5, 024 3. 792 2,696 3.455 3,980 (') 1.021 2, 230 2, 700 Utah..................................... Pima (Slerritas, Papago, 302 1,609 4,039 1,201 (>) 2, 437 638 479 101 24 509 92 4,835 2,726 1,102 1.073 2,479 1,317 1,064 2,936 1,024 1,089 308 131 2,011 1,290 0, 788 4,232 1,422 1,679 2,315 1,484 866 3,069 1,013 948 347 461 2, 640 664 6,980 2,996 1, 107 1. 732 3,133 1,497 1,004 3,963 o 712 240 753 1,768 1 351 4,241 2,634 1,513 1.091 4,486 1, 120 1,044 3,464 733 999 400 847 0) 907 3,913 1,864 2,458 9,692 1,790 676 863 1,415 2,335 13,865 1,102 1,271 1,221 3,671 to 930 7,790 020 1,408 046 910 0) 1,308 1,600 1,004 1,294 701 6 o 1,251 1,828 1,046 866 739 8 o 125, 273 60,885 20,311 10,767 13,273 8, G94 8, 260 7, 440 4,735 4,339 3,688 3, 600 3, 306 3,072 2. 788 2,763 2, 683 2, 600 2,165 2, 104 1,871 1,849 1,690 1,484 1,400 1,435 1,307 1,212 1,179 1. 157 1,050 1,031 168 1 * Figure not shown to avoid disclosure of individual company operations. * Revised figure. TABLE 4.-- Tw enty-five leading lead-producing mines in the U nited States in 1953, in order of output LEAD 648 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1053 Fig u r e 1,--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1945 1953, by months. TABLE 6.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States,1 1962-63, by months, in short tons . Month 1062 1063 Month 1052 1053 January........................................ Fobruory..................................... March........................................... April............................................. May................................... July............................................... 34,661 34, fiOl *1. IH7 34,724 34,087 32,202 30,090 31,073 20,801 31,780 31,490 29, 507 28,797 26,837 October........................................ 30, 454 30, (WH 33,863 30, 162 31,178 300,162 26, 631 26,034 27,226 26.164 27, 465 342,644 > Includes Alaska. SMELTER AND REFINERY PRODUCTION Pig (refined) lead produced in the United States is derived from three principal sources--domestic mine production, imports of foreign ores and base bullion, and scrap materials (treated largely at secondary smelters)--and is recovered at primary refineries that treat ore, base bullion, and small quantities of scrap and at secondary plants that process scrap exclusively. Of the 13 primary lead plants in the United States, 6 combine smelting and refining operations, 5 produce only base bullion (containing approximately 98 percent lead plus gold and silver, and small quantities of other impurities recovered from the ores smelted), and 2 confine their activities to refining. Refined lead and antimonial or "hard" lead may be produced by both primary and secondary plants. Because of the large quantity of hard lead, such as battery scrap, incited at secondary smelters, the output from this type of operation is principally antimonial lead. Statistics on the production of refined lead and alloys at secondary plants arc given in the Secondary Lead section of this chapter. The 11 primary smelters in operation in 1953 consumed 475,000 short tons (lead content) of primary materials in the form of ores and concentrates, of which 09 percent was of domestic and 31 percent of foreign origin. Total consumption was 5 percent less than in 1952 but 9 percent above consumption in 1951. LEAD ACTIVE LEAD SMELTERS A Primary lead smelters and refineries o in 1953 were as follows: California: Selby^Selby plant, American Sme refinery) Colorado: Leadville--Arkansas Valley plant, A Idaho: Bradley--Bunker Hill Smelter, Bunker trating Co. (smelter and refinery). Illinois: Alton--Federal plant, American Sme refinery). Indiana: East Chicago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Missouri: Herculaneum--Herculaneum plant, refinery) Montana: East Helena--East Helena plant, A Nebraska^Omaha--Omaha plant, American S New Jersey: Barber--Perth Amboy plant, A (smelter and refinery). ,, Taxon: El Paso--El Paso plant, American Sme ^tahMidvale--Midvale plant, United States (smelter) Tooele--Tooele plan-, International Smel Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & C $3 million modernization program at its tions included a crushing and fine-grin tion and pelletizing plant, and a 202-foo Four companies operated five slag-fum zinc and some lead from lead slags. A list of the companies and plant loca California: Selby--American Smelting & Refin Idaho: Kellogg--Bunker H1U & Sullivan Minin Montana: East Helena--Anaconda Copper M Texas: El Paso--American Smelting & Refinin Utah: Tooele--International Smelting & Refin The new slag-fuming plant * at the Se operation April 20, 1953, was described plant has capacity to recover 10,000 to slags. REFINED LE Primary refineries in the United State of refined lead in 1953, a 1-percent de produced in 1952. Of the 467,900 tons of refined lead d 70 percent came from domestic ores and from imported ores and bullion (81 an 1952). Table 7 gives the production of and by country of origin. Details of th tic ores are given in the Mine Productio * Engineering and fining Journal, Slag-Fuming at Selby 386902--50------- 42 650 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 TABLE 8.--Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the United States, 1944-48 (average) and 1949-63, by source material, in short tons Source 1944-48 (average) 1949 1060 -+ --------------1061 1062 1063 Refined Iced: From domostio ores sod base bullion........................ From foreign ores ............ From foreign baso bullion.. 362,062 64, 623 1,366 404,440 71, 413 1,470 418,800 86,241 3,264 342, 644 71,081 3,065 383, 368 80,002 402 328,012 130,711 168 Total from primary sources.............................. From scrap............................. 418,860 11,704 477, 338 23,230 608.314 6, 466 417, 603 3,893 472,862 3.070 467,801 4,211 Total refined lead............. A verage sales price per pound... Total calculated valuo of prl- 430, 664 SO. 107 600,668 $0,168 613, 709 $0,136 421,686 $0.173 476, 022 $0. 161 472,102 $0. 131 mary roflned lead1................... $88,964,000 $160,840,000 $137, 246,000 $144, 622,000 $163, 247,000 $123,601,000 1 Excludes valuo oi rofluod lead produced from scrap at primary refineries. . TABLE 7,--Refined primary lead produced in the United States, 1944-48 (aver age) and 1949-53, by source material and country of origin, in short tons Sourco 1044-48 (avorago) 1040 1050 1061 1062 1063 Foreign ore: Europe....,...................................... South America................................... Other foreign............................................ Foreign base bullion: Australia.............................................. Mexico............................... . Other foreign........................................ Grand total............................................. 352.062 12,002 4,071 18,433 22,960 64, 623 03 1, 160 60 1,366 06,888 418,860 404, 449 6,406 3,317 30 8. 477 20,163 23,901 71,413 1,382 36 68 72,880 477,338 418,800 0,984 7,892 6,602 38,770 20,003 86,241 2,427 436 402 3,264 80, 605 608,314 342, 644 0,056 17 3, 020 36,840 14,456 2,815 27 76 148 76,040 417, 603 383, 368 454 48! 025 24, 668 177 155 328.012 10,886 26,673 190 6, 876 60,828 36,249 139,711 126 130,870 407,891 ANTIMONIAL LEAD Production of 62,400 tons of antiinonial lead at primary refineries in 1953 was 7 percent above 1952 production, with all 5 plants con tributing to the increase. Distribution of antimonial lead production at primary refineries in 1949-53 by source material, is shown in table 8, as is also the average antimony content. Although antimonial lead is an important byproduct of the refining of base bullion, the quantity derived from this source is only a small part of total domestic output. The major production is recovered from smelting antimonial lead scrap at secondary smelters. Pro duction data from lead-smelting plants treating scrap materials exclusively are summarized in the following section. LEAD TABLE 8.--Antimonial lead produced at prima States, 1944-48 (average) Year Produc tion (short tons) Antimony contont Short tons Percent F m 1044-48 (avorago)............... 1949........................................ 1960........................................ 1961........................................ 1962........................................ 1963................................ . 70,343 41,402 67, 959 65,309 68, 203 02,373 4,659 3,386 4, 604 4,410 4,392 4, 637 6.7 8.2 7.8 6.7 7.5 7.3 SECONDARY LE Some scrap lead is treated at primar part is processed at a large number of pla secondary materials. Secondary lead i refined lead, antimonial lead, and other a Recovery of secondary lead in 1953 tota increase over the 471,300 tons recovered metal and in alloys again exceeded dom had in the preceding 7 years. Data on by type of plant, are shown in table 9 secondary lead appears in the Secondary of this volume. TABLE 9.--Secondary lead recovered in the U and 1949-53, in sho 1944-48 (average) 1949 I9 As refined metal: At other plants...................... 11,704 74,962 86,666 23,230 129,396 162.628 12 12 In antimonial load: At primary plants................ At otbor plants...................... Total ............................. 43,335 172,279 216,614 117,687 32,705 140,037 172,742 86,815 3 18 22 12 Orand total: 410,867 412,183 48 Value................................ $00,066,469 $130,249,828 $130,2 LEAD PIGMENT The principal lead pigments are lith sublimed lead, leaded zinc oxide, and oran are manufactured for the most part fro concentrates are converted directly into production of lead pigments are given in and Zinc Salts chapter of this volume. <>52 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 CONSUMPTION AND USES Domestic lead consumption (including load in lead ore consumed directly in the manufacture of lead pigments and salts) totaled 1,202,000 tons in 1953, an increase of 0 percent over consumption in 1952. Of the total consumed, 795,000 tons was refined soft lead (including both primary and secondary refined lead), 278,000 tons was contained in antimonial lead (the greater part of which was secondary), 26,000 tons in white-metal scrap, 43,000 tons in percentage metals, 27,000 tons in copper-base scrap, and 24,000 tons in drosses and residues; and 9,000 tons was recovered from ore in leaded zinc oxide. About 42 percent of all lead consumed was used in metal products, 30 percent in storage batteries, 11. percent in pig ments, 14 percent in chemicals (including tetraethyl lead), and 3 percent in miscellaneous uses. Production of the 3 largest lead consuming items--batteries, tetraethyl fluid, and cable covering- took 30.5, 13.5, and 12 percent, respectively, or 56 percent of all lead consumed in 1953. Although aluminum, polyethylene, and neoprene have replaced lead cable sheathing in some uses, lead continues to he. favored because of high corrosion resistance, flexibility, the ease with which it may be jointed, and its very considerable salvage value. Lead consumed for cable covering increased 3 percent to 147,000 short tons, the largest quantity so consumed since 1948. Lead con sumed in manufacturing tetraethyl lead was 10 percent above 1952 and 93 percent greater than in 1948. TABLE 10.--Consumption of lead in the United States, 1962-63, by products, in short tons '* 1052 1053 1952 1053 Metal products: Collapsible tubos................. Foil........................................ Pipes, traps, and bends....... 36, 182 36,646 25,807 142, 57! 46,160 18,017 10,005 2.124 29,465 28.697 72,664 1,812 27,413 Total metal products___ 470,642 Storage batteries: 187,509 163,424 Total storage batteries___ 350,930 45, 147 38. 561 26. 203 146, 665 48,236 12,906 11,683 4,410 28,693 30, 476 78, 743 3, 200 20,729 501, 482 191,753 175,822 307, 575 Pigments: While lend........................... Red lend and llthorgo... _ Pigment colors.................... Other 1.................................. 22, 943 76, 742 12,839 9, 775 17, 775 88,649 12, 859 10,307 Total pigments............... 122,200 120,690 Chomlcals: Tetraethyl lend.................... Miscellaneous chomlcals.., 140, 723 3,006 162,443 0, 070 Total chcmlcAls.............. . 160,719 160,410 Miscellaneous uses: Annealing.............................. Galvanising........................... Lead plating......................... Wolgbts and ballast............ 6,084 2,002 J, 037 7,000 5,280 2, 020 087 8, 244 Total miscellaneous uses. Other, unclassified uses............. 15. 783 14,522 10, 540 10, 908 Grand total. 1,130,705 I, 201,601 * Includes lead content of leaded tine oxide production. LEAD TABLE 11.--Consumption of lead in the Unite short tons 1 Month 1952 1953 Juno............................................... 97,603 92, 627 88,664 83.719 82, 714 87,679 85, 668 00,377 92,121 103,336 104,816 101, 292 108, 634 99,496 Novem Docom T 1 Includes lead content of leaded zinc oxide production. TABLE 12.--Consumption of lead in the Uni product and types of mater Metal products. . .Storage batteries 1'lginenls............. Chemicals.......... . Miscellaneous... Unclassified....... . Total........ . Excludes 0,663 tons of load contuinod In loaded tine oxide. STOCKS Producers' Stocks.-- Lead stocks, as Bureau of Metal Statistics, are shown i and antimonial lead include metal held some of the refiners of secondary metal spite decreased supply and increased co with 1952, supply continued to outstri sumers' requirements by 173,000 tons lead in raw material, in process, and i percent to 196,000 tons, approximately 1949. TABLE 13.--Stocks of lead at smelters and end of year, 1944-48 (average) and [American Bureau of Meta 1644-48 (average) 1949 Antimonial lead................................................ Total......................................................... 27,348 7,044 34,392 61.3 9,0 70,4 At smelters and roflnerles........................ In process at refineries............................. Lead In ore and matte and In process at smoltcrs........................................................... Grand total.............................................. 8,351 4,636 16,976 28,863 87,066 160,321 16, 3 3,6 16,6 35, 6 95, 4 201,6 654 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 195 3 Figures reported to the Bureau of Mines in its annual survey of smelters ana refiners represent physical inventory at the plants, irrespective of ownership, and do not includo material in process or in transit. Bureau reports indicated stocks of 65,000 tons of refined lead at these plants on December 31, 1953, compared with 31,400 tons on January 1. Stocks of antimonial lead at primary plants increased from 11,000 tons to 14,400 during the year. Stocks of ore and concentrates (lead content) also increased, rising from 34,000 tons to 44,000; inventories of base bullion at refineries that receive bullion and smelters that produce bullion for shipment to refineries, increased from 13,500 tons to 18,200. . Consumers' Stocks.--Consumers' stocks of. lead decreased 7 per cent in 1953. Stocks on January 1 totaled 123,000 tons, changed very little through the first 4 months of the year, increased to 139,000 tons by the end of June, and thereafter declined gradually to 114,000 tons on December 31. Consumers' stocks of refined lead, antimonial lead, unmelted white-metal scrap, and lead in copper-base scrap decreased 6, 27, 7, and 9 percent, respectively, increases being re ported in percentage metals and drosses. TABLE 14.--Consumers' stocks of lead in the United States at end of year, 1949-53, by type of material, in short tons, lead content Year Refined soft lead Antimonial lend Unmelted white scrap Percentage metals Copperbase scrap Drosses, residues, etc. 1040......................... 1050........................ 1051......................... 1052......................... 1053........................ 64,542 87. 285 56, 731 80,888 75.801 16, 837 27, 737 28,221 20,300 14,867 2,057 5, 406 3,140 3,877 3,607 6, 405 0,446 7,064 6,101 7, 021 2,087 1,658 1,420 2, 282 2,083 5, 430 11,452 6,185 8, 083 0, 484 Total 07, 267 130,884 102, 760 122, 630 113,763 PRICES The market price for common lead, New York, was 14.75 cents a pound for the first few days of the year, the highest quotation of the year. On January 7 the price dropped to 14.50 cents a pound, and subsequent decreases brought it to 12.00 cents, the low point of the year, on April 20. On April 29 it advanced again to 12.50 cents and then six %-cent advances raised the quotation to 14.00 cents on July 23. On September 16 there was a K-cent decrease to 13.50 cents, and the price remained there through December 31. The London free lead market was in operation throughout the year. Quotations ranged from a high of 105 per long ton (equivalent to 13.11 cents per pound computed on the base of 279.75 cents per pound) on January 5 to a low of 73 per long ton (9.12 cents per pound) on April 22. The average monthly quoted prico of common lead is given in table 15. Comparison of the New York and London prices shows that for the year the New York price was 2 cents a pound higher. LEAD TABLE 16.--Average monthly and yearly quo York, and London, 1961-63, i Month 1961 Bt. New Lon 8 Louis York don 1 Lo December................................. 16.80 16.80 16.80 . 16.80 16.80 16.80 16.80 16.80 16.80 18.72 18.80 18.80 17.29 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 18.62 19.00 19.00 17.49 17.00 17.00 17.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 21.45 22.49 22.49 21.87 21.88 21.84 20.25 18 18 18 18 16 16 15 16 1 1 1 1 1 > St. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1964, p. 625. New York: M Metal and Mineral Markets and Quin's Metal Handboo < Conversion of English quotations Into American money Fciloral Resorve Doard. 4 Averago' of dally mean of bld-and-asked quotations, at FOREIGN TR Imports.--General imports of lead 1952 total to 552,000 tons; nevertheles highest on record. The large surplus 1952 and 1953 was brought about prin metal. Of the total lead imported in was in the form of pigs and bars, and lead contained in ores, flue dust, an percent, Australia 18 percent, Peru 1 Canada 13 percent of the pigs and b ores, flue dust, and matte 24 percent from Peru, 19 percent from the Union o Australia, and 12 percent from Bolivia TABLE 16.--Total lead imported into the bullion, pigs, bars, and reclaimed, by count in short tons 1 |U. B. Department of Oountry 1944-48 * (average) 19 Ore and matte: Bolivia.................... ..................................... Canada (Including Newfoundland and Labrador)........................................ Chile.............................................................. Guatemala................................................... Honduras..................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 4,391 13,876 6,296 22,092 2,902 61 6 13 31 8 24 1 3 2 1 Figures on Imports and exports compiled by Mae B. Activities, Bureau of Mines, from records of the United S 656 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 TABLE 16.--Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, base bullion, piers, bars, and reclaimed, by countries, 1944-48 (average) and 1949-53, in short tons 1--Continued Country 1044--48 < (average) 1040 1050 1951 1052 1 1053 Ore and matto--Continued Mexico......................................................... Peru........................ .................................... Philippines................................................. Other countries.......................................... Total ore and matte............................. Base bullion: 2, 101 10,007 8 1,862 64,504 Peru.............................................................. 1,546 ICO 70 Total base bullion................................. 1,701 Pigs and bars: Australia..................................................... BnlRlum-Liixoinhourg.............................. 117 12,725 1,782 Canada (Including Newfoundland and Labrador)....................................... 409 31,007 Mexico......................................................... Poru.............................................................. United Kingdom....................................... Yugoslavia.................................................. Other countries......................................... 4, 270 3,032 113,132 3G5 25, 783 331 85 802 482 Total pigs and bars............................... 104,472 Reclaimed, scrap, etc.: Australia..................................................... 164 2,084 107 Canada, (including Newfoundland and Labrador)........................................ Canal Zone................................................. Chile............................................................. 4,548 132 15 o Jamaica........................................................ Japan............................................................ Mexico......................................................... Netherlands................................................ Panama....................................................... 476 0 1,067 337 402 65 655 Other countries......................................... 130 464 Total reclaimed, scrap, etc................. 10,724 Grand total............................................. 271,401 8,388 14,070 270 1,842 107,270 2,246 25 102 % 373 280 17,102 212 1,414 60,432 8,333 3,410 2,108 126,308 210 34,626 341 23,436 830 275,240 479 2, 071 329 205 1,656 384 289 663 346 89 2, 765 845 500 92 1,144 8 1,585 14,649 390,541 2, 846 16,010 940 663 76,620 2,263 232 921 72 3,488 22,000 166 107,073 6, 643 5,712 220,767 484 31,088 440 40 43,856 2 441,788 1,001 13 1,317 310 200 61 14.760 034 4 80 00 106 6 000 20,039 641,835 2,525 10,940 789 106 1 2, 497 * 28,213 2, 440 736 G7,471 104,021 2, 234 266 47 2,281 123 w 380 2, 270 13,608 331 82i 800 1,785 G35 56,050 104,531 738 < 0,062 30,087 31,028 209 36,311 2 179,032 2,175 1,730 228 84 88 198,872 42, 160 4,216 53,907 737 610,720 '" 924 203 0, 047 858 252 470 2,089 18 234 150 114 668 81 101 345 872 454 300 00 196 763 1,019 0, 143 12, 339 257, 027 1 628, 060 3,443 32,842 2, 980 437 160, 929 736 133 809 70, 348 2,017 220 49,000 1 4,006 140,751 62' 210 1,148 51,820 1,852 385,071 2, 666 202 371 205 28 21 98 502 138 69 086 5,439 662, 308 ' Data are "general Import's/' lhat Is, Include lend linporlod for Immediate consumption plus material entering the country under bond. * In addition to data shown ''flue dust or fume containing lead and tine, and other minerals or motals (load content)/' Imported as follows--1944-48 (average): 100 tons; 1051: 13 tons; 1052: 40 tons. * Revised figure. * Less than 1 ton. West Germany. LEAD TABLE 17.--Lead imported for consumpti (average) and 1949-63 (U. 8. Dopartmont of O Yoar Lead In ores, flue dust, and mattes, n. s. p. f. Lead in base bullion Pigs Short tons Value Short tons Value 8hort tous 1944-48 (averago) 56,620 $6,426,912 2,559 $733, 473 101,634 1949....................... 121,848 34,397,026 1,133 374,954 272,437 1950....................... 95,068 21,045,414 1,148 193,356 434,410 1951....................... 31,359 8, 278, 266 179, 021 1952....................... 107,581 32,755, 407 2,951 1,137,813 610,718 1953....................... 67,030 15,214,084 742 204,058 379,119 i In addition to quantities shown (value IncJudod In to as follows--1044-48 (average): 10,712 tons, $2,424,653; 1040: 14 1051: 8 020 tons, $3,183,340; 1062: Revised figures, 11,358 "flue dust or fume containing lead and tine and other mine Iowa--1944-48 (average): 100 tons, $66,070; 1051: 13 tons. $87 Figures include lead reoolved by tho Government ana he facture in bond and oxport, which are classified as "Impor of Commerce. * Revised figure. TABLE 18.--Miscellaneous products contain in the United States, 1944--48 ( (U. 8. Department of C Year Babbitt metal/solder, whit and other combinations ing lead Gross Lead weight content (short tons) (short tons) 1044-48 (average)*...................... 1049................................................. 1950................................................ 1951................................................. 1952................................................. 1953................................................. 174 281 4,346 1,633 ' 1,540 2,376 111 127 2,744 988 > 990 1,343 2 1 i1 1 ' Revised figure. Exports.--Exports of pigs and bars 1953. Export restrictions imposed un 1940 remained in effect throughout 195 658 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1053 TABLE 18.--Total lead exported from the United States in ores, matte, base bul lion, pigs, bars, anodes, and scrap, by destinations, 1944-48 (average) and 1840-63, in short tons 1 (U. 8. Department of Commoroe] Destination 1944-48 (avor- 1949 1060 1951 1052 1963 age) Ore, matte, base bullion: Canada........................................................ Total ore, matte, base bullion............ Pigs, bars, and anodes: Bratil............................................................ Canada........................................................ Canal Zone................................................. Chile............................................................ Colombia..................................................... Cuba................. .......................................... El Salvador................................................ Honduras.................................................... Philippines............................................. . Venezuela.................................................... Other countries.......................................... Total pigs, bars, and anodes.............. 8crap: Canada........................................................ United Kingdom...................................... Total scrap.............................................. ' Grand total............................................. 20 2 22 240 14 12 67 27 62 2 3 6 28 8 17 0 45 3,364 3,893 (>) (J) 0) (>j t>) (>) 3,916 1,616 1,616 76 126 14 16 40 60 68 131 16 34 29 4 63 7 69 148 80 969 302 95 11 270 747 3,332 132 1 133 47 306 10 36 123 61 16 06 6 669 300 67 734 95 260 2,735 41 204 1,271 1,676 4,444 557 657 37 62 138 24 107 42 48 35 14 11 17 424 62 260 .1,281 31 203 146 106 20 594 2,432 830 836 433 40 18 193 10 62 84 23 10 4 78 280 67 230 1,702 20 56 75 2,673 1,038 1,038 76 32 1 18 21 28 2 3 405 41 170 803 27 * 39 640 2,000 2,706 4,647 i In addition, foreign lead In pigs and bars was reexported as follows: 1044-48 (averago) 117 tons; 1040-- 86 tons; 1060--63 tons; 1951--nono; 1052--2 tons; 1063--700 tons. * Not separately classified. West Germany. Tariff.--The duties on pig lead and lead in ores and concentrates remained at cents and % cent per pound, respectively, in 1953. Because of widespread mine closures and reduced employment in the lead- (and zinc-) mining industry much thought was given to tariff revision through either new legislation or the invoking of the "escape clause" of the Reciprocal Trado Agreements Act, and various other proposals were made to restrict imports or provide other means of direct or indirect aid to the domestic industry. On July 29, 1953, the Tariff Commission, in response to resolutions of the United States Senate Committee on Finance and the House of Representatives Com mittee on Ways and Means, instituted a general investigation of the lead and zinc industries to determine all relevant facts of production, trade, consumption, and competitive position including the effect of imports of lead and zinc on the livelihood of American workers. A report of the investigation was submitted April 20, 1954.8 * * Work cited In footnote 3. LEAD 660 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 TECHNOLOGY During l!).1).'} the Jiinciiu of Minos published the following reports of investigation relating to load: 4045. Browning, James S., mid Clevenger, Clinton 11., Process for Bcneficialing Groat Gossan Lead Ores, Carroll County, Va.; 14 pp. . 4953. Townsend, James W., Investigation or Lead-Zinc Deposits at the Harring- ton-Hickory Mine, Beaver County, Utah; 2 pp. 5014. Popoff, C. C., Lead-Zinc Deposits of the Dunkelbcrg District, Granite County, Mont.; 41 pp. Geological Survey publications relating to lead and issued in 1953 are: Circular 213. Harrison, J. E., and I.eonard, B. F., Preliminary Report on the Jo Reynolds Area, Lawson-Dumont District, Clear Creek County, Colo.; 9 pp. Circular 231. Agnew, A. F., Flint, A. E., and Allingham, J. W., Exploratory Drilling Program of the United States Geological Survey for Evidences of Zinc-Lead Mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin; 37 pp. Circular 242. Luttrell, G. W Bibliography of United States Geological Survey Publications on I,end and Zinc; 18 pp. Circular 271. SticlT, L. R., Stern, T. W., and Milkcy, R. G., A Preliminary Deter mination of the Age of Some Uranium Ores of the Colorado Plateaus by the Lead-Uranium Method; 19 pp. Professional Paper 235. Behre, Charles II., Jr., Geology and Ore Deposits of the West Slope of the Mosquito Range; 170 pp. Bulletin 998-B. Gault, H. R., Rossman, D. L., Flint, G. M., Jr., and Ray, R. G. Some Zinc-Lead Deposits of the Wrangell District, Alaskn; 43 pp. ' Bulletin 998-C. Robinson, G. D., and Twenhofei, W. S., Some Lead-Zinc and Zinc-Copper Deposits of the Ketchikan and Wales Districts. Alaska: d d 59-83. Articles on new methods and techniques in mining and milling published during the year were: Tomkinson, E. R., Sinking Iron King's No. 7 Shaft: Min. Cong. Jour., vol. 39. No. 10, October, pp. 36, 37. Mining World, Iron King Uses Close Control: Vol. 15, No. 2, February, pp. 26-29. How Bunker Hill Stair Step Block Caves Low-Dip Lead-Zinc Ore Body in Quartzite: Vol. 15, No. 8, July, pp: 57--59. National Lead Company Driving 16- by 14-Foot Crosscut, 2,250 Feet to Velic Swalley: Vol. 15, No. 6, May, pp. 38, 39. Eureka Corporation Found It--A Way to Adapt Oil-Weli Methods to Mine Exploration: Vol. 15, No. 9, August, pp. 40-43. Doyle, W. R., Steel Rail Sets at Resurrection: Min. Cong. Jour., vol. 39, No. 10 October, pp. 49-52, 65. ' Kinney, L. M., Trackless Mining at Pend Oreille: Vol. 29, No. 11, November pp. 28, 29, 105. Huttl, J. B., New Oxide Lead Unit for Darwin: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 154. No. 3, March, pp. 81-83. Stockett, Norman A., Developments in Mining Practice in Southeast MissouriMin. Cong. Jour., vol. 39, No. 4, April, pp. 84-87. Bain, C. K., St. Joseph Lead's Indian Creek Development: Min. Eng, vol 5 No. 9, September, pp. 899-904. Allen, V. C., Mechanization at an Upper Mississippi Valley Zinc-Lead MineBull. Inst. Min. and Mot., vol. 03, No. 550, March, pp. 2GJ-209. LEAD A number of articles relating to secon in the technical press during 1953. O plant8 of the George Sail Metals Co. features pneumatic conveying, autom casting, and use of seasonal gas. The lead, aluminum, brass, and zinc scrap. and operation of the Pennsylvania Sm plant,10 Philadelphia, Pa. Some other articles concerning metallu development published in 1953 were: Schumacher, E. E., Ultra-Pure Metals Produ Jour. Met., vol. 5, No. 11, November, pp. Chemical Engineering and Mining Review deposition of Lead on Steel, by the Brok Ltd: Vol. 46, No. 2, November 10, pp. 49, Metal Industry (London), Antimonial Lead A p. 268. Antimonial Lead Alloys-II: Vol. American Institute of Electrical Engineers, T Power Cable: Tech. Paper 54-7, October, WORLD REVI World mine production of lead in 195 of 1,900,000 metric tons, a gain of abou record sot in 1952. Load ores aro mined mately 53 in 1953), but 5--United States and U- S. S. R.--have furnished about th in recent years. World smelter prod record in 1953--1,810,000 metric tons. were approximately 33 lead-producing principal producers on a mine basis sup centage of the total world smelter outp duction by countries for 1949-53, insof is given in table 21; world smelter prod given in table 22. World smelting and refining facilities are listed in table 23. Fadden, W. J. Jr., New Plant for Secondary Smelting: Eng io vJakosbonr, 8. B., Orderliness Is tho Koynoto at This Le 97, No. :i, April 10, 1964, pp. 44, 46. Lead and Zinc Pigment By Robert L. Mentch1 and OTEWORTHY features of the lea N in 1953 were the increased volume oxide, and leaded zinc oxide and shipments of lithopone and white lea 10 percent over the 1952 rate and shipm zinc oxide each increased 5 percent, whil white lead declined 15 and 2 percent, re Shipments of red lead, zinc chloride, 11, and 13 percent, respectively. The increased shipments of pigments a to increases in the volume of business in consumers of these products. In 1953 automobiles was 42 percent above the 19 and buses decreased 1 percent, howeve and synthetic rubber increased 6 percen value of public and private construction in 1952, and the value of sales of paint, v was 7 percent higher than in 1952. Decreased shipments of white lead--o the largest tonnage paint pigment--and the growing use of other pigments, notab pigments. Supplies of lead and zinc, the chief ra industry, were abundant throughout the prices declined further during the yea those in 1952) brought ending prices t spring and summer of 1950. Common 14.75 cents a pound, reached a low of 12 to 13.5 cents in September, where it rem year. The quotation for Prime Weste Louis, fell from a high of 13 cents a pou September, where it remained for the re Lead- and zinc-pigment price quota slab-zinc prices closely throughout the pigments fell as lead-and zinc-metal pric tions ranged from 1 to 11 percent lowor Shipments of white lead (dry) in 19 shipments of the "in oil" variety decrea ments of both varieties were the smalles beginning of the present century, refle marked increase in utilization of other i Commodity-Industry analyst. > Statistics! assistant. 676 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 Litharge shipments increased 14,000 tons or 10 percent in 19.13, the largest porccntago and tonnage gain among the pignlents covered by this report. Shipments of red lead increased J percent during I,ho year but were well below the yearly average for the preceding 10 years. Figure 1 shows trends in shipments of lead pigments for 1910 -53. Zinc oxide (lead-free) shipments increased 5 percent in 1953 and were the highest since 1950. Leaded zinc oxide shipments also in creased 5 percent above the 1952 rate of deliveries to consumers. The use of lithopone has declined substantially in the post 'World War II period; in 1953 shipments were 15 percent lower than in 1952 and considerably below those for all years from 1917-52. Shipments of zinc salts increased moderately in 1953; zinc chloride gained 11 percent and zinc sulfate 13 percent. TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead 1 and zinc pigments industry of the United States, 1944-48 (average) and 1949-63 1944-48 (nvorngc) 1049 1950 1051 1962 1953 Production (shipments)* of principal pigments: White lead (dry and in oil)..short tons.. Red lead......... do___ Litharge .........do___ Zlno oxide.......do___ Loaded tine oxide short tons.. Lithopone.......do___ 62, G44 40, 146 146, ,S25 147,642 68.773 146, 225 Value of products: All lead pigments___ $61,916,000 All tine pigments___ 49,913,000 Total...................... 111,820.000 Value per ton received by producers: white lead (dry)....... Red lead.................... Litharge..................... Zinc oxide.................. Leaded tine oxide__ Lithopone................. $229 216 241 166 174 02 Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports.. Value of Imports Zinc pigments: value of exports.. Value of imports. $1,135,000 162,000 3, 798,000 9.800 Export bolanco. 4,701,200 27, 355 24,860 121,052 110,132 36, 722 78. 335 $58. 504,000 43, 162,000 101,716,000 $351 1333 1324 230 242 116 $1,167, 000 143,000 3, 426,000 52.000 4,388.000 45, 176 35,072 177, 658 160,829 63,973 105,660 $70,858,000 71,322,000 J51,180,000 $335 314 292 258 262 124 $950,000 344,000 2, 124,000 1,276,000 1, 455,000 35, 415 35, 352 154,753 147,716 44,341 102,837 $89. 273,000 74, 699,000 163, 872, 000 $426 397 383 311 320 141 $984,000 1,797,000 G, 855,000 930,000 5,112,000 26, 6(13 30,926 HO, 798 142, 210 37,892 61,832 $72. 230,000 63, 050,000 136, 180,000 $403 376 348 307 313 137 . $933,000 451,000 4, 352,000 90,000 4,744,000 26, 217 31, .333 154.518 148,627 39,712 62, 439 $64, 303,000 56, 475,000 120,778,000 $378 313 285 264 269 133 $709,000 16,000 1,468,000 287.000 1,964,000 1 Excludes basic lead sulfate, data for which aro withhold to avoid disclosure of individual company operations. 1 Reported as sales before 1645. The distribution pattern for shipments of pigments to consumers in 1953 remained virtually the same as in previous years. The paint industry continued to bo the largest user by far of white lead, leaded zinc oxide, and lithopone, receiving approximately 90, 99, and 71 percent, respectively, of shipments. The paint industry also became the largest user of red lead in 1953, taking 47 percent of the total shipments and displacing storage-battery makers as the chief user, LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS Fig u j ie 1.--Trends in shipments of In addition, 21 percent of zinc oxide (lea cent of litharge shipments went into p battery manufacturers were the chief use largest users of red lead, receiving 67 an producers' deliveries. The rubber indus consumer of zinc oxide, receiving 53 Relatively small quantities of litharge, oxide were also used in manufacturing rub industry ranks fourth in consumption of was surpassed only by the paint, stor Fiq u h e 2.--Trends in shipments of z 678 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 dustries. In 1953, 14 percent of litharge shipments, 6 percent of load-froc zinc oxido shipments, 4 percent of red lead shipments, and 3 percent of white lead shipments wero used in making ceramics. Titanium pigments continued to furnish the chief competition to lead and zinc pigments in paintmaking. Production and shipments of titanium pigments increased 5 and 13 percent, respectively, in 1953 and were slightly higher than the former records established in 1951. In 1953 production and shipments of titanium pigments were 93 and 99 percent higher than in 1945, an indication of the inroads that titanium pigments have made in the pigment field since the end of World War II. At present the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to publish.statistics for titanium pigments. Producers and details of the distribution of shipments are given in the Titanium chapter of Minerals Yearbook Volume I, 1953. PRODUCERS AND PLANTS A list of companies producing lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts, plants, and the products manufactured in 1953 follows: White lead: The Eagle-Picher Co Euston Lead Co______________ __________ W. P. Fuller & Co_____ ___________________________ John R. MacGregor Lead Co National Lead Co__________ Do..................................... ................... "" Do...................................................................... : Do.................................... ............... ............... .. Do............................................................................... .. Red lead and litharge: Associated Lead & Zinc Co________________ _______ The Eagle-Picher Co Do_______________________ _____ Do............................. "" Do................... .............................. ...................... W. P. Fuller & Co................. ................. ......................... Hammond Lead Products, Inc Linklater Co_________ ________ _____________________ John R. MacGregor Lead Co. 1 National Lead Co________ ii "..miDo_______________________ Do_____ _______________ ________ "' Do____ ________________ "" DoII..I.IIIIIIIII National Lead Co. (Morris P. Kirk & Son, Inc.)... _______ ____National Lead Co..______ Do .i.........inn; Western Lead Products Co.......... .................................. Zinc chloride: American Cyanamid Corp. (Calco Chemical Divi sion). American Smelting & Refining Co Do_________ __________________ _____ Do..._______ ____________________ Do_________ _____ Chemicals, Inc Jordan Co____________________________________ _____ East Chicago, Ind. Scranton, Pa. South San Francisco, Calif. Chicago, 111. Do. Oakland, Calif. Perth Amboy, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. St. Louis, Mo. Seattle, Wash. East Chicago, Ind. 1 Galena, Kans. Joplin, Mo. Newark, N. J. South San Francisco, Calif. Hammond, Ind. Montebello, Calif. Chicago, 111. Atlanta, Ga. Charleston, W. Va. Chicago, 111. Dallas, Tex. Philadelphia, Pa. Los Angeles," Calif. Oakland, Calif. St. Louis, Mo. Los Angeles, Calif. Bound Brook, N. J. Alton, 111. Omaha, Nebr. Perth Amboy, N. J. Selby, Calif. Chicago, 111. Do. Mtharge only. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A E. I. du Pont de Nemours it Co................-- Do East Chicago, Ind. Mallinckrodt Chemical Works Marathon Battery Co______________________ National Lead Co. (Morris P. Kirk & Son, Rohm <t Haas Co_________ _________ -........... Tho Ruby Chemical CoColu Zinc sulfate: The Chemical it Pigment Co. (Division (Hidden Co.). E. I. du Pont de Nemours it Co_______ ____ Do Newport, Del. Mallinckrodt Chemical Works The Sherwin-Williams Co. (Ozark Sme Mining Division). Sullivan Mining Co Kellogg, Idaho. Tennessee Corp East Point, Ga. Virginia Smelting Co West Norfolk, Va. Zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide: American Chemet Corp.2 East Helena, Mo American Zinc Co. of IllinoisHi American Zinc Oxide Co.* Columbus, Ohio The Eagle-Picher Co Galena, Kans. Do____________________ ________ -............. Harshaw Chemical Co.*Clev Monsanto Chemical Co.*S The New Jersey Zinc Co. of PaPa Rohm it Haas Co.*Bri Royce Chemical Co.2------------------------ ----------St. Joseph Lead Co.2Josephtown, Pa. The Sherwin-Williams Co. (Ozark Smelting ing Division).2 Superior Zinc Corp.2 Bristol, Pa. United Industrial it Chemical Corp.2 Bayo Lithopone: The Chemical it Pigment Co. (Division Glidden Co.). Do______________________________-.......... E. I. du Pont de Nemours it Co Newport The New Jersey Zinc Co. (Mineral Point Z vision). The Sherwin-Williams Co. (Ozark Smelting ing Division). i Leaded zlno oxide only. 1 Zinc oxide only. In addition, the Auto-Lite Battery Battery Co., Willard Storage Battery Co produced a substitute product (black ox use in the manufacture of storage batterie E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. sh lithopone plant permanently in December of titanium-pigment facilities at the same PRODUCTIO The value of shipments of lead and zin of those for basic lead sulfate and zinc su was $120,778,000, an 11-percent decrease pigments comprised 53 percent of the tota percent, the same proportions as in 1952 iso MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1963 For many years figures on "sales" were used in this series of reports as a hotter guido to activity in the pigments industry ;tlmn production. Beginning with 1045 the base was changed to "shipments" to conform with data compiled on Bureau of Mines lead and zinc schedules. Available information for 1945 (the year of change) indicates little difference between sales and shipments in that year. In reporting tonnages of pigments, an attempt is made to avoid all duplication, "no of the chief problems being that finished pigments frequently are blended to make another product. Basic lead sulfate and zinc oxide, for example, are blended to make leaded zinc oxide, and in this instance the pigment weights appear in the total for the last-named ( lass only. Pigments consumed by producing companies to make products beyond those covered by this report--that is, paints, storage batteries, and other articles--are considered shipments. LEAD PIGMENTS Combined shipments of lead pigments increased 7 percent, in quan tity in 1953 but decreased 11 percent in vnluo. Substantial reductions in average prices received by producers explained the marked decreaso in value. Average values of lead pigments reported by producers dropped for the second successive year and were well below the record selling prices of 1951. The average price received for white lead (dry) in 1953 was $378 per ton--6 percent less than that in 1952; red lead sold at an average of $312 per ton--a decrease of 17 percent; and litharge brought $285 per ton--18 percent less than the 1952 average. White Lead.--The downward trend in the use of white lead, first evident in the late 1920's, continued as competitive pigments sup planted both the dry and "in oil" varieties in many paint formulations. Total shipments in 1953 declined slightly from 1952 and were the lowest by far since long before the beginning of the 20th century. Statistics show the extent of the decline forcefully; in 1953 shipments were equivalent to only 18 percent of average yearly shipments for 1910-14 and to 32 percent of average yearly shipments for 1941-45. Basic Lead Sulfate.--The Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to publish figures on basic lead sulfate for 1946-53. Red Lead.--Shipments of red lead increased 1 percent in 1953 but wore 42 percent below shipments in 1944, the peak year. Orange Mineral.--No shipments of orange mineral were reported in 1947-53. Litharge.--Shipments of litharge increased 10 percent above the 1952 total and were exceeded only in 4 earlier years--1947, 1948, 1950 and 1951. Battery manufacturers produced 82,000 tons of black or gray sub oxide of lead in 1953 for their own use in place of litharge. This quantity compares with 76,000 tons in 1952 and 77,000 tons in 1951. This suboxide production required 78,000 tons of pig lead in 1953, 72,000 tons in 1952, and 73,000 tons in 1951. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS TABLE 2.--Production and shipments of lead 1962-53 1952 Pigment Produc tion (short ions) Shipments Short tons Valuo 1 Total Average White lead: Dry................ fn oil ........... Red lead.............. Llthorgo............... 10,405 11,464 32,620 144,564 15,779 10, 884 30,926 140,798 $6, 353, 285 6,177, 314 11.634,960 49,064,874 $403 476 370 348 Except for basic lead sulfate, figure for which is withho operations. 1 At plant, exclusive of container, i Weight of white lead only, but value~of paste. TABLE 3.--Lead pigments 1 shipped by ma 1944-48 (average) and 1949- Year White l Dry In o 1944-48 (average).............................................. 35,207 15,719 28,506 23,359 15,779 16,784 27.3 11,6 16, 6 12,0 10, 8 9.4 > Excludes basic lead suWalo, data for which are withhel operations. ZINC PIGMENTS AN Total shipments of zinc pigments in 19 from 1952, blit the value of shipments d substantial price reductions. Shipment most important of the zinc pigments in 5 percent. Shipments of leaded zinc o but lithopone shipments declined 15 p among the products covered by this rep Average values of zinc pigments repo second year in succession and were c selling prices of 1951. The average p (lead-free) in 1953 declined 14 percent oxide dropped to $259 per ton, or 17 average; and lithopone sold at $132 per Shipments of the zinc salts, zinc chlor 11 and 13 percent, respectively, above t value of zinc chloride (50 B. solution) per ton--whereas the average value rec from $163 per ton in 1952 to $143 per to 386002--50- 44 682 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 TABLE 4.--Production and shipments of zinc pigments and salts in the United States, 1952 63 1052 1063 Pigment or salt T*ro. duetfon (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value * Total Average Pro- due* tlon (short tons) Sliori tons Shtpmonts Vftluo 1 Total Avcrago Zinc oxide *........................ 137,967 142,210 $43,014,180 Leaded zinc oxide1.......... 37,869 37,892 11,860,168 Lithopone.......................... 60,220 61,832 8, 476, 200 Zlno chloride, 60 B.......... 50,600 61,960 4,822,096 Zinc sulfate........................ 19,349 19,687 3,189,011 $307 313 137 93 163 166,045 39,819 64, 693 00.234 22,449 148,027 30, 712 52, 430 67,637 22,220 $30,266, 282 10, 284,801 0,023, 487 6,323,019 3,181,411 $264 259 132 93 143 1 Value at plant, exclusive of container. Zinc oilde containing 5 percent or more lead Is classed as landed xino oxide. In this table data for leaded zlno oxide Include a small quantity containing less than 6 percent lead. TABLE 5.--Zinc pigments and salts shipped 1 by manufacturers in the United States, 1944-48 (average) and 1949-53, in short tons Year 1949........................................................................ 1960........................................ ........ 1951........................................ .............. 1962...................................................................... 1063...................................................................... Zinc oxide Loaded zlno oxide Lithopone Zinc chloride (60 B.) Zinc sulfate 147,042 110,132 100,820 147,710 142,210 148,627 08.773 36,722 03,073 44,341 37,802 30,712 146, 226 78,335 106,650 102,837 61,832 52,439 01,003 55,208 G4.604 00,730 61,966 67,637 21,200 20,066 23,912 23,624 19, 687 22,220 < Reported as sales before 1946. Zinc Oxide.--Lead-free zinc oxide shipments increased 5 percent above 1952 and were the highest since 1950. TABLE 6.--Production of zinc oxide (lead-free) by processes, 1044--48 (average) and 1849-53, as percent of total Process 1944-48 (average) 1049 1950 1951 1952 1063 American procoss (ore and primary residues)........ French procoss (metal and scrap).............................. Other................................................................................. Total................................ - ............ .. 76 71 72 75 74 10 17 18 18 20 9 12 10 7 0 100 100 100 100 100 74 20 6 100 Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Shipments of leaded zinc oxide increased 5 percent in 1953 but were considerably below average yearly ship ments in the preceding 10 years. Four grades of leaded zinc oxide, classified according to lead content, are produced in the United States. The hulk of the output, however, is the 5- to 35-percent grado; onlv relatively small quantities of the other grades--less than 5 percent lead, over 35 to 50 percent lead, and over 50 percent lead--are produced. For publication LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS purposes, the 2 top and 2 lower grades a 1953 (comparison with 1952 in paronth (32,401) tons of 35 percent lead and und over 35 percent lead. Lithopone.--Lithopone shipments fe deliveries and were tno lowest since 1916 The lithopone statistics in this repo ordinary lithopone sold as such plus the o the high-strength product. Consumption of ordinary lithopone in lithopone has diminished to very small been downward almost continuously sinc used in making the titanated variety. this purpose in 1953 was 60 percent belo smallest on record. The lithopone figur the totals for ordinary lithopone in other Zinc Sulfide.--In 1953 only one com the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to ment. Zinc Chloride.--Shipments of zinc c creased 11 percent in 1953. Zinc Sulfate.--Zinc sulfate shipments ( percent higher than in 1952. TABLE 7.--Titanated lithopone produced in lithopone used in its manufacture, 1944-48 tons Year Titanated lithopone produoed Ordinary lithopone used 6,240 2,000 3,400 6,270 1,700 2,900 1961.... 1952.... 1963.... RAW MATERIAL Figures covering the raw materials u salts in 1953 and 1952 are shown in the Lead pigments and zinc pigments and a variety of materials, including ore, refin materials as scrap, residues, ashes, dross approximately 95 percent of the lead in pig lead and the remainder from ore; in of contained lead from metal was 95 aDd in ore used to make leaded zinc oxide, a was from foreign sources. Tho propor was as follows: 74 percent (76 in 1952) (11) percent from slab zinc, and 12 materials; about 33 (26) percent of the or Tables 8 and 9 give the source of the each pigment ana salt. Pig lead is directly or indirectly, in manufacturing 684 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 and orange mineral and is used also in manufacturing basic lead sulfate. The lead content of leaded zinc oxido made from basic lead sulfate, which in turn is made from pig lead, is credited to pig load in the tabic. Zinc oxide is the only pigment in which considerable slab zinc is used. Ore is employed in manufacturing zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, lithopoDe, zinc sulfide, zinc sulfate, and basic lead sulfate. Nearly half of the zinc contained in lithopone (43 percent in 1953 and 45 in 1952) and virtually all of that in zinc chloride (100 percent in 1953 and 1952) produced in the United States are derived from secondary material. The proportion of zinc oxide production derived from metal and scrap increased to 29 percent in 1953 compared with 26 percent in 1952. For a number of years before the United States entered World War II there had been a large increase in the quantity of secondary zinc used in manufacturing zinc oxide. The scarcity of . supplies of both metal and scrap caused the proportion of the total TABLE 8.--Lead content of lead and zinc pigments 1 produced by domestic manufacturers, by sources, 1952-53, in short tons 1952 1963 Figment Lead in pigments pro duced from-- Oro Domestic Foreign Pig lead Total lead in Pig* raonts Lead In pigments pro duced from-- Ore Doraestlo Foreign Flu lead Total lead in Pig ments White load.......................... Leaded tine oxide............ Total........................ 8,358 8,358 22, 287 29, 670 134,446 1,276 1,275 186,302 22,287 29,670 134,445 6,033 195,935 7,367 7,367 20,634 20,016 146,890 2,180 2,186 196,540 20,634 29,016 145,890 9, 653 205,093 1 Excludes lead In basic lead sulfate, data for which are withheld to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. TABLE 9.--Zinc content of zinc pigments 1 and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, by sources, 1962-53, in short tons 1952 1953 Plgmont or salt Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Oro Domes For tic eign Slab zinc Second ary ma terial Zinc in pigments and sails Total zlno in produced from-- pigraents and salts Oro Domes For tic eign Slab zinc Second ary ma terial Total zinc In pig ments and salts 57. 839 23,811 16, 240 Leaded zinc oxide.......... 16,357 3,211 6, 644 700 2 Total pigments... 78,740 27,818 16,242 Zlno chloride................... 2,422 297 12,872 110, 762 18,668 6,261 11,003 18,133 140,933 11,399 11,399 3.622 6,341 67,315 31,391 21,022 16.107 5,121 4,378 1,636 9 76,800 38,147 21,031 2,350 947 14,648 4, 489 19,037 4,214 124,276 20. 228 10,611 155,015 13,644 7,611 i E*clutlos Inc sulfide, data for which aro withheld to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. These figures are higher than those shown In the report on Secondary Metals--Nonfcrrous because they Include sine recovered from byproduct sludges, residues, etc., not classified as purchased scrap material. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS oxide made by the French process--whic to drop sharply in 1942 and to continue despite the fact that the total percenta in 1943 and continued upward almost wi The production of zinc oxide from meta lowing percentages of the total: 41 pe 1942, 19 percent in 1943, 22 percent in percent in 1946, 28 percent in 1947, 26 1949 and 1950, and 24 percent in 1951. CONSUMPTION A LEAD PIGMEN White Lead.--The bulk of the white l goes into the making of paint; the pai 90 percent or more of the total. In 1 percentage was not indicated by availa probably was due to inability of shipp end-use classification. It is known tlia sold to the Government was reported und part of the entire "Other" classificatio under paint. Shipments to ceramic m plasticizers and stabilizers composed 3 of the total distribution in 1953. TABLE 10.--Distribution of white lead (dry and 1944-48 (average) and 1949- Industry 1944-48 (average) 1949 1 Total................................... 57,087 1,237 4,320 62,644 24,284 894 2,177 27,356 1 Reported as sales before 1045. Excludes basic load sulfate, data for which are withheld operations. includes the following tonnagos for plasticizers and stabiliz 1,080. Basic Lead Sulfate.--Statistics coveri sulfate shipments by uses have not be since 1945, when 3,000 tons went to the p rubber industry, and 700 tons to o quantities of lead sulfate are used as manufacturing leaded zinc oxide. Su been shown in this chapter under leaded lead sulfate. Red Lead.--The paint industry beca red lead in 1953 for the first time since industries was reported in 1929. Stora the chief users) received 45 percent of to nearly 47 percent for paint manufactur storage batteries and paints were 45 a of the total. Relatively small quantities w 186 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 TABLE 11.--Distribution of red-lead shipments.' by industries, 1944-48 (average) and 1949-53, in short tons Industry 1944-48 (average) Paints............................................ Storage batteries......................... Ceramics...................................... Otiior............................................. Total.................................. 13.211 22,358 007 3, G80 40,140 1949 9,034 12, 103 003 2, 400 24,806 1950 14, 103 17,478 081 2,610 35,072 i 1961 ! 1 14,740 f 10,722 | 834 3. or.a 35,362 j 1052 13,140 13, 796 388 3,5:i 30,926 | 1963 14, 570 13, 975 1,188 1,600 31,333 i Reported as sales before 1945. Orange Mineral.--No shipments of orange mineral have been reported since 1946, when 123 tons went to various industries. litharge.--The use of litharge for storage batteries regularly is roughly two-thirds of total shipments; in 1953 the proportion was 67 percent compared with 69 percent in 1952. The ceramics industry is the second largest consumer of litharge; shipments for this purpose increased 32 percent above 1952 and comprised 14 percent of the total in 1953. Shipments for chrome pigments, oil refining, and rubber increased 5, 6, and 6 percent, respectively, while shipments for varnish, insecticides, and floor coverings declined 30, 15, and 24 percent, respectively. TABLE 12.--Distribution of litharge shipments,1 by industries, 1944-48 (average) and 1949-53, in short tons Industry 1044-48 (average) Ceramics...................................... Chrome pigments...................... Oil refining.................................. Vamlsh........................................ Insecticides.................................. Rubber......................................... Floor coverings........................... Othor............................................. Total.................................. 88,129 15,079 9, 437 6, 729 3, 545 14,320 2,412 126 6, 748 146, 625 1040 77,163 13,290 8, 557 6, 720 4, 286 5,353 1,308 62 5. 214 121,052 1050 105, 558 27,771 10,017 6,488 4,347 10,651 3,047 220 0, 659 177, 658 1951 04,064 22, 815 11,117 6, 068 6, 584 5, 691 2, 641 1,772 5,001 154, 763 1052 97. 656 15, 006 8, 370 4,080 5, 672 2, 724 2, 100 701 3, 584 140,708 1053 103, 849 20, 924 8, 821 4.342 3,915 2, 305 2,230 603 7, 520 154,618 * Reported as sales beforo 1945. ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Zinc Oxide.--Shipments of lead-free zinc oxide to consuming indus tries followed the same distribution pattern in 1953 as in previous years. The rubber industry and paint manufacturers remained by far the leading consumers, accounting for 53 (51 in 1952) and 21 percent (22), respectively, of total shipments. Shipments for ceramics and coated fabrics and textiles each comprised 6 percent of the total (5 and 4 in 1952). Shipments to all consuming industries except floor coverings increased in 1953. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS TABLE 13.--Distribution of zinc oxide shipmen age) and 1949-63, in s Industry 1044-48 (average) 1949 19 Rubbor.......................................... Paints............................................ Ceramics....................................... (looted fabrics and textiles Floor coverings........................... ] Other............................ ....... ......... Total....................... .......... 74,377 20, 460 8,294 12,571 5,948 16,963 / l 147,042 58,496 26, 205 0. 982 5,200 2,606 10, 684 110,132 6 3 1 1 1 > Reported as sales beforo 1946. Includes the following tnnnagos for rayon: 1040--4,470; 105 Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Leaded zinc oxid exclusively as a pigment in paint manuf of total shipments was for this purpose. 1 percent of shipments) arc used by the TABLE 14.--Distribution of leaded zinc oxide s (average) and 1949-53, in Industry 1944-48 (average) 1949 10 65,769 167 2,847 68,773 35,038 124 600 30, 722 6 0 i Roported as salos before 1045, Lithopone.---The chief use of lithopon paints, varnish, and lacquers; approxi total shipments goes to these industrie paints, etc., declined 17 percent and comp of the total. Shipments for use in coated and printing ink increased 2, 13, and 9 shipments for paper and floor coverings respectively. TABLE 16.--Distribution of lithopone shipmen age) and 1949-53, in s Industry 1044-18 (average) 1949 19 Paint, varnish, and lacquers *. Coated fabrics and textiles___ Papor............................................. Floor covorlngs........................... Rubber.......................................... Printing ink................................. Other............................................. Total................................... 110,150 6,960 4. 294 9,852 2,117 c) 6, 862 146,225 66,140 6, 602 2.375 0,380 3, 245 ( > 3, 587 78,336 7 10 * Roported as sales before 1045. * Includos a small quantity. not soparablo, used for printing * Included in "Other" before 1950, except for tboso quan lacquers." 688 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1953 Zinc Chloride.--Statistics on the end-use distribution of zinc chloride shipments are not available. The principal uses of the salt are in wood preserving, battery manufacturing, vulcanized fiber, oil refining, and as a soldering flux. Zinc Sulfate.--The textile (rayon) industry has. ranked first in con sumption of zinc sulfate since 1946, when the agricultural use (ferti lizers and fungicides) led; in 1953 shipments for rayon increased 10 percent from 1952 and comprised 41 percent of the total. Agriculture continued to be the second largest use; shipments for this purpose increased 33 percent and composed 30 percent of total shipments. Among the smaller uses, shipments for chemicals and glue increased, whereas shipments for flotation reagents, electrogalvanizing, textile dyeing and printing, and paint and varnish processing decreased. TABLE 16.--Distribution of zinc sulfate shipments,1 by industries, 1944-48 (average) and 1949-53, in short tons Industry 1944--18 1949 1950 1051 1952 1953 ago), gross Gross weight weight Dry basis Gross weight Dry bash Gross weight Dry basis Gross weight Dry basis Gross weight Dry basis Rayon........................... Agriculture................... Chemicals.................... Flotation reagents-- Glue............................... Textile dyeing and printing..................... Electrogalvanizing... Paint and varnish processing................. Other............................. 7,085 7,094 2,037 1.238 450 250 315 455 1,876 10,591 4,429 1, 197 021 453 30 217 083 1,504 7,957 3, 595 851 757 370 11,217 5,841 1,879 952 579 21 145 164 324 585 189 979 2,788 8, 322 4,880 1,377 727 484 10,073 6,588 2, 871 858 396 129 1,400 203 190 119 32 1,820 2,110 7. 925 4, 847 2,243 738 337 1,183 129 20 1,274 8,181 6. Ill 1,675 1,070 391 350 342 172 2,295 6,812 4,446 1,489 950 329 301 243 130 1,422 9,008 6, 773 2,539 736 001 155 337 106 1,965 Total.................. 21,200 20,005 15,209 23,912 18,041 23, 624 18,074 19, 587 1ft,122 22, 220 7,812 6, 804 2,105 648 501 138 226 70 1,219 18,412 1 Reported as sales before 1945. PRICES Total and average values received by producers for lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts are given in the tables in the first part of this report. Average values of litharge, red lead, and white lead declined $63, $64, and $25 per ton in 1953 and were the lowest for white lead since 1950 and for red lead and litharge since 1946. The price of pig lead fluctuated from a high of 14.75 cents a pound to a low of 12 cents a pound in 1953 in contrast with the wide variation in 1952 (13.5-19 cents), hence the range in pigment quotations was not as pronounced in 1953 as in 1952. ' Average values received for the zinc pigments, zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, and lithopone in 1953 were $43, $54, and $5 less than val ues in 1952 but remained at a relatively high level compared with other years. Quotations for Prime Western grade slab zinc, East St. Louis, in 1953 ranged from a high of 13 cents a pound to a low of 10 cents a pound compared with a fluctuation of 7 cents (19.5-12.5) in 1952. The average value of zinc chloride in 1953 remained unchanged from the record established in 1952 while zinc sulfate declined $20 a ton or 12 percent from 1952. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMEN TABLE 17.--Range of quotations on lead p at New York (or delivered in the Ea (Oil, Point and Dr Troduct 195 White lead (basic lead carbonote), dry, carlots, barrels................................ Basloload sulfate (sublimed lead), less than cur- lots, barrels................................ Red lead, dry, 96 percent or less, less than car- lots, barrels................................... Orange mineral, American, less than carlots, barrels........................................ Litharge, commercial, powdered, less than car- lots. barrels . Zinc oxide: American process, lead froe, bAgs, carlots... American process, 6 to 36 percent lead, bar- rels, carlots.................................. . .. French process, red seal, bags, carlots . . French process, green seal, bags, carlots___ French process, white seal, barrels, carlots.. Lithopone, ordinary, less than carlots, bags ... Zinc sulfide, less thaa carlots, bags, barrels........ Zinc chlorlae, works: Solution, tanks................................................... Fused, drums....................................................... Zinc sulfate, crystals,1 less than carlots, barrels.. 14.00 13.25- 14. 25 10. 00 13.25- 11.00 11.25 12. 25 12, 7513.500. 50 13. 50- 3.25 7.004. 95- 1 Includes granulated. FOREIGN T Foreign trade in lead and zinc pigm minor importance in relation to do modities. In 1953 these products w greatly reduced scale from 1952; the was $2,267,000 compared with $5,2 imports declined from $541,000 to $3 Imports of lead pigments were n chiefly of litharge, which totaled le zinc oxide--the only item of signific and salts--increased nearly sovonfold The United States exported small red lead, arid lead arsenate in 1953 only a small portion of shipments by Zinc oxide and lithopone are the p by this report) exported in greatest t Exports of these pigments each declin exported in 1952 and comprised 2 and domestic shipments. 1 Figures on Imports and exports compiled by Mao D. tivities, Bureau of Mines, from records of tho U. 8. Depa 090 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1963 TABLE 18.--Value of foreign trade of the United States in lead and zinc pigments and salts, 1961-63 (U. 8. Dopartmont of Commerce) Imports for consumption Exports 1961 1962 1063 1951 1962* 1963 Lead pigments: Other lead pigments...... ......................... $886,073 89,351 788,004 32,373 Total................... -................................... 1,796,761 $139,829 023 273.719 36,386 450,667 Zinc pigments1. Zinc oxide................................................... Lithopone................................................... 779,209 161,105 88,066 2,308 Total........................................................ 930,464 90,304 $44 47 16,281 678 16,050 $272.696 266,098 446. 201 0 c.) $222,092 183,649 627,460 (') CO $210,614 163, 830 426, 848 (') (0 276,122 3. Zli! 683 2,720.203 0,460 (') (0 6,068 3,016,016 1,032,106 287,240 0,854,000 4,352,309 883,821 (') 684,279 1, 468,100 Other load compounds............................ 2, 664 68,009 194, 596 Zinc sulfate................................................. 16,666 Total......................................................... 281,433 Grand total............................................. 3,008,668 36.879 12| 660 22 79,646 10,767 130,863 080,784 0, 467 27 26, 379 3,058 35.821 330, 111 166,216 o (') (') (0 c) 0 62,498 (!) (0 (') (0 83,139 (! () 0 0 1 Data not available. TABLE 19.--Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1944-48 (average) and 1949-63 (U. S. Department of Oommerce] Year White lead (basic carbon ate) 1944-48 (average)___ 1952........ ..................... 1053............................... 41 101 944 2, 676 390 0 1 Leu than 1 ton. Short tons Red lead Lith arge Lead sub oxide Lead pig ments n. s. p. f. Lead arse nate Other lead com pounds Total value 06 23 70 215 2 0 301 96 12 1,856 621 60 19 6 23 6 67 27 63 63 0 14 12 w $166,327 (') 2 344, 666 7 180 1,868,034 81 32 499,986 18 22,607 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS TABLE 20.--Zinc pigments and salts importe States, 1944-48 (average [U. 8. Department of C Short t Year Zina oxide Dry In oil Litho pone Zinc sulfid 1944-48 (average)___ 1949............................... J950............................... 1961................................ 1962............................ 1963............................... 37 239 5,093 1,772 173 1,157 1 () 2 10 (') 29 0) 12 1, 201 794 11 30 0) 1 Less than 1 ton. TABLE 21.--Lead pigments and salts exporte (average) and 19 [U. 8. Department of C Year White lead Re 1949......................................... .. 1950............................... . .. . 1961................................................................... 1952......................................... 1963......................................... . 1,940 099 815 767 676 818 TABLE 22.--Zinc pigments and salts exported (average) and 19 [U. 8. Department of C Year Short tons Zlno oxide Total value Litho pone 1944-48 (average)....... 10,268 13,610 1949................................ 6,040 14, 460 1960................................ 3,094 9,367 $3, 798,001 3,420, 118 2,124,367 1951.... 1952. 1963.