Document G7dKv67jr72wzq5Yzxz2J1qx

FILE NAME: Kohler (KOH) DATE: 1936 DOC#: KOH110 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: - Transactions of the National Safety Council 25th N ational Safety Congress T K olW 1.C-a-"T NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, In c . ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY OCTOBER 5 to OCTOBER 9, 1936 Ambassador, Chelsea, Ritz-CarltojjgrHotels and Atlantic City Auditorium Copyright, 1936, National Safety Ceencil, Inc. ooo cr' I T HE Transactions ^of the Twenty - fifth Xatitna! Safety Congress, 1936. are published by the Xat::nal Safety Council in two volumes. This, the" first, contains the general, the special subject, and the Indurrral Section sessions. The second volume contains the ses sions of the Child Education, Home Safety, Street am: Highway Traffic and Vehicle Fleet Sections. All industrial members of the Council automati-fiv receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to member; be lieved to be interested chiefly in the sessions it co-n. Other Council members, however, may obtain it --or. request. * ' Many members have found it worth while to distriiutc copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, m i others in an administrative or supervisory position --ho may make practical use of them for reference purpcses. The following quantity prices are quoted on emra copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume. SI.30 etch: 11 copies or more, S1.25 each; copies of the smaller volume, 50 cents each. THE Transactions are published as a condensed rerrrc of the proceedings at the Xational Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter m i to abbreviate the less essential portions because of stace limitations. Thus the material herein presented is r.:t a verbatim report of all the speeches presented a: me Congress, but rather an abridged version made as c:tr.pact as possible, yet without injury to the tcchnca! aspects of any address. The original manuscripts art m file in the Council's Bureau of Information, where me-' are available for additional reference. Where illurrations were sent by the speakers to the Council, these tiso are on file. The Xational Safety Council at its Congresses seek; to eliminate from discussion matters which are not ptrcinent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility -or the views expressed either in the papers presented m in the discussions based upon the papers. NATIONAL SAFETY fiQUNCIL, In c. 20 North Wacher Drive Chicago 0 G0 CCy 1227900 H i& ltiU S me Council Officers and Directors Council Purposes and Policies Annual Meeting of Members. Annual Banquet.. Subject Sessions-- Exhaust Systems......................... Fire Prevention.................... Contents 37 A s' oc" ,i " 01 " Industrial Nursing............... 61 Industrial Safety Lectures.................................................... 69 Injured Worker, The........... ................................................ 79 Maintaining Interest in Safety 99 Occupational Diseases...............................................*........ 109 Safety Belts .................... ........................................... Safety Equipment .................. ................................. 727 Safety Exchange ............. .......................... Safety Fundamentals for Beginners.'.'.'.'..'.'...................... Safety Training ............... ............... Aeronautical Section................ .......................... 1,1 A. S. S. E -- Engineering Section........................ !g! Automotive and Machine Shop Section......... . ......................... Chemical Section........................ Construction Section...................... Food Section........................... ' Marine Section........................... 205 223 ........... *4* 2S3 Meat Packing. Tanning and Leather Industries Section. . . . ' 287 Mining Section......................... Paper and Pulp Section...................... Petroleum Section...................... Power Press Section.................... Public Utilities Section.................. Quarry Section............................. Refrigeration Section.................... Rubber Section...................... Safety Equipment Section............... Steam Railroad Meeting................ Textile Section............................. Transit Section................ ; ............ Wood Products Section........... Index ..................... ............................ 299 ...........................; ' 319 ............................. 347 361 395 40S . .......................... 425 442 461 ...................................... 483 489` ............ j p ................ 501 f y ............... 503 ........ r i i V - ............ 517 ............. 531 oooe V *v _N a t i o n a l 9 '? ialeSy CossncSI, Inc. honorary members A ssociation- of I ron and S teei r ,_ Robert \V. Campbell E " ctrical E ngineers A rthur W illiams Lew R. P almer ' . - OFFICERS (1936-1937) Dr. C H. W atson, President DIorh. vH aRrtrI " . F i s"n,"r W' 'c-fPpr"es1id eTntPl"obrl,'CHeRatl!tahtio"5 H on. H arold C.' H o" ' mI v ' V i fp r^ m,n,lni,-v Saf.v Councils A lbert S. Rgula. Vice-Pr'esTdIn r '" ' r Pub'ic Safety k t stT v" ": " -* " - X W. E. Worth. Vice" Pres dIr J i l ? ^ EduCation U'. H. Cameron. Secretary L \ r a"d Treurer. retary and Managing Director e x e c u t iv e com m ittee (1936-1937) ltt lle-nf dictaPisapScterctainodn Pu,P s TM i r nACEL' Past Prcsident r \ u i X*Sl1' Past Pr>`dcnt C. W. Eercqltst, Past President - W: HL C uieroT x "iM' X ' AmenCan City * ! * - . S iVC^?r-LL>^ t^ nal InC' C" W ftS S c n * Sl,rCf>' C mpany ,, W. D empesv. Food Section arcl-s A. Dow, Past President Dr Consultine Engineer John B. Gibson, Western ElectnV r ' ' { " 'HG,tB" T'' Thc p uman CompaffTM* - H arold G. H offman, Governor N e w j erscy o o o 0 r-(!) OFFICERS Dl Fred; . -J. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued E. C. H olden, J k,, Marine Section H arry J. K elley, Wood Products Section \\ alter G. K ing, Past President WM. C. Knoelk. Milwaukee Safety Commission John E. Long, Past President T hos. H. MacDonald, Lnited States Department of Agriculture E. J. Mehren, Portland Cement Association \Y. J. Melville, Chippewa County Safety Council I. \ \ . M illard, Industrial Gloves Corporation H arold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont dc Nemours S: Companv E. J. 0 B rien, J r., Louisville Safety Council Lf.w R. P almer, Past President C. E. P ettidone, Past President Albert S. R egl'la, Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc. Lt. Col. H enry A. R enincer, Past President A. Y. Rohweder. Duluth, Missahe & Northern Railway Company D. L. Rover. ASSE-Enginccring Section George E. S anford, General Electric Companv Charles B. Scott, Past President ' Carl L. S mith, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. S mith. Standard Oil Company (Indiana) W alter D ent S mith, Delaware Safety Council R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Company C. P. T olman, Past President George G. T raver, Chicago Safety Council Robert R. W allace. Worcester Safety Council Dr. C. H. W atson. American Telephone & Telegraph Company A. W. W hitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters W. E. W orth, International Harvester Company Arthur H. \ ol*nc. Past President DIRECTO RS (1936-1937) Glohge J. A dams, Paper 5; Pulp Section C. M. A llen, Metals Section N elson R. A nderson, Seattle Traffic & Safetv Council Frederick A rches, Child Education Section A. L. A rmstrong, Chemicai Section J. I. B anash, Consulting Engineer John J. Barada, Public Ltihtics Section Ernest W. B eck, United States Rubber Products, Inc. C. W. B ergqcist, Western Electric Co. D avid S. B eyer, Liberty Mutual Ins: ^ ^ , . Clifford M. Btsitor, Brooklvn Saictjjtouiicil " 1 ' i: a 0000L0 .-'W ^l>:4:r . OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued OFFICERS AND L E. F. B lank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. q n f 0RKE* HACEJf- Koosha Safety Council * ^ 7,', BY' ^ rk County Safy Council . ' A. W. B reelaxd, Petroleum Section ....... ' F. S.^ Brown, Standard Accident Insurance Co. * ,, Be'rchiei- Automobile Club of Rhode Island ! Pol The American City Magazine 1 W H r ' CALLLM' Ba!t"nore Sa'ety Council ` " H- CaMFJtON, National Safety Council ~ Robert I. Catlix. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co H i i r A" 'e 3nd Machine S1,op Scc!ion s mS*e S0N'- Sa'Cty Dc?ar,ment. N'ashvillc Chamber of Con, RKoobdeeLstt fUv." Cr VroCwtXh'frE.eScfpcrei!ncgyfiTelrda.fSMc aSsasia<c:htyuseCtotsmmSiasfseitoyn Council i< J. E. Cullixf.y. Bethlehem Steel Co. ; Lewis A. DeEi.ois, Consulting Engineer - lCA. \Wl F. KKa- D empesv, MFo3oi0dn SCeci,tyionSaiety Council ' James B. Douglas, Philadelphia Gas Works Co. ^ D r. Louts I. D urlin. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. f u. D. F ennell, Consulting Engineer ' Donald A. Fink nr: nrat. Toledo Saiety Council : D r. H art E. Fisher. Chicago Rapid Transit Co. H oward B_ Fonda. Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. \ ) Inc W illiam Forsyth. Superior. Wisconsin Safety Council K. B. Fortuin. Lemgh Valley Safety Council A lexander Foster. J r.. Quarry Section C. W. Gidds, Mining Section ' ' John- B. Ginso.v, Western Electric Co. H arry Guilsest, The Pullman Co. ' Isaiaii H ale, The Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co - Major Bulling H. H andy. Richmond Safety Council U. r. H arrington, L. S. Bureau of Mines ' R- C. H avf.n , Vehicle Fleet Section ' CG.iiasT.E.HHf.lilll.m.uXthew. CYhiocrakgoC. eNntorartlhLSinheosre & Milwaukee RR. Co. H on. H arold G. Hoffman. Governor of New Jersey t . C. H olden, Jr., Marine Section Frederick B. H unt, Cement Section P. G. H unter, Power Press Section Morris E. H urley, Eastbay Safety Council Enunv * T AN' A- C o lu m b u sC ^ y Council Cow in A. Kaysf.r. t. Louis Safct>;jBam!5l T homas P. Kp.m.ns, Industrial Cond&ssion of Ohio - K. T. Ke H arry J T kos. L. J. M. Ke Wm. C. : C. L. LU A. H. La J. E. Lon W. R. Li L. T. Mc T hos. H Miller Y. T. H. Mc F. W. M J ames R. E. J. Me: W. J. Mr I W. M: E. M. Mi: J ames K. H arold L R. B. Mo- E rnf.st V E. J. O T Georcf. C Geo. Opr Lew R. United W ilson i t:on A. E. Pa D avid A. Mrs. G. N Charles ' merce C. E. P et- Gen. Geof A rthur F A ldert S. Lt. Col. F A. V. Ro; D. L. Ro\ G. E. San H enry C. Karl G. t II j OFFICERS 1 I i ml .gaZillC :tion o Chamber of Coir. "mission 5 Saicty Council :c Co. U. S. A.) Inc. Gimcil Railway Co. rjr.cil aukec R. R. Co. ' rscy ir.cil :io t AND DIRECTORS, Continued K. T. K eller, Detroit Industrial Safety Council H arry J. Kf.llf.y, Wood Products Section Titos. L. Kelley, Paterson Safety Council J. M. K errigan, Rubber Section W m, C. Knof.lk, Street & Highway Traffic Section C. L. LaFountaine, Great Northern Railway Co. A. H. Lauer. Madison County Safety Council J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation W. R. Loyd, Safety Div. Birmingham Chamber of Commerce L. T. McA rthur, Peoria, Illinois Safety Council T hos. H. MacDonald, United States Department of Agriculture Miller McClintock, Traffic Audit Eurcau T. H. McKenney, Retired F. W. Matson, Minnesota Safety Council James R. Mays, Elizabeth Safety Council E. J. Mehren, Portland Cement Association W. J. Melville, Chippewa County Safety Council I. W. Millard, Industrial GIoycs Corporation E. M. Miller. Employees Publication Section James K. Miller, Grand Rapids Safety Council H arold L. Miner, E. I. duPont de Nemours Si Co. R. B. Mgrley, Industrial Accident prevention Association E rnest M urphy, Albany Saicty Council E. J. O'Brien, J r.. Louisville Safety Council George C. A. Orr, The Detroit Eiison Co. Geo. O ppenheimer, Kansas City Safety Council Lew R. P almer, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States W ilson Palmer, Meat Packing, Tatmnig & Leather Industries Sec tion A. E. P arke?. Transit Section D avid A. P atton. Newark Saicty Council Mrs. G. M. P elton, Evanston Safety Council Charles W. P endock. Safety Dn. ision, Milwaukee Assn, of Com merce C. E. P ettieone. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Gen. George B. P illsbury. United States Engineer Office A rthur Potterton. Hudson County Safety Council A lsert S. Regula. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col, H enry A. Renincer, Lehigh Portland Cement Co. A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabc & Northern Railway Co. D. L. Royer, ASSE-Engir.eerir.g Section G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co. H enry C. Schaftner, Eric Safe:.- Council Karl G. Schoeffler. Rahway Sitety Council OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Council H arry A. Schultz, United States Steel Corp. E arl S. S hartzer. Utica Safety Council Gen. John H. S herburne, Massachusetts Safety Council D r. L. A. S houdy, Bethlehem Steel Co. - E rnest L. S imonds, New Haven Safety Council Carl L. S mith. Cleveland Safety Council C. \V. S mith, Standard Oil Co. find.) E dwin C. S mith, Blackstonc Valley Safety Council W alter D ent S mith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. S now, Construction Section R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Co. P. E arl S titzf.r. Contra Costa County Safety Council E. C. S tring, Lansdale, Pa. George R. Stetiiens, Safety Bureau. Buffalo Chamber of ^The fundamental pur: tonal Safety Council [uman life. It seeks tinpntinuous campaign of jon that is nationwide : D all types of hazardous Ectly or- indirectly rer. tizenry. ' It is a non-pr pn-sectarian, and tree : Commcrcjiations. Since its orga A rthur M. T ode, Consulting Marine Engineer H arold M. Toomiis. Refrigeration Section Geo. G. T raver. Chicago Safety Council phas won respect as an istttution. r` Inseparable from accidi W. \V\ T rench. Schenectady Safety Council be Council's work in 11 W. D. T urdf.ville, San Antonio Safety Council Robert R. W allace, Worcester Safety Council onditions and prcvcutiii. ases in American ir.dusti D r. C. H. W atson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Today there are 4.000 : H arry M. W edber, Retired tnting every state ut E. T. Wfiiiter, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council iany of the Canadian pr S. E. WniTiNG, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. re 400 foreign member' A. W. W hitney, National Bureau of Casualtv & Suretv Underwriter!'1-'1' includes industria T.tjAon. W illson, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Sec-lAamll'bt,e'1r's^ ' 'o't1.*11c'1o^m'm,,eJrc,le'c. T. A. W ilson, Textile Section W. H. W inans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation E. \V". W irtii, Rochester Safety Council H arry W ise. S r., Chattanooga Safety Council J. M. W oltz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. W. \V. W ood, Steam Railroad Section rgamzations. About 70 ustrial concerns, mchulii: Jmpanics, the oil eon: ie railroads in the L'.: Jtomotive industry, and mding importance in oi: ial field. W. E. W orth, International Harvester Co. E. J. Zauft, Saicty Bureau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce Origin and Gr Earl W. Zimmerman, Safety Div. Syracuse Chamber of Commerce p|le |1jstor%. of the Con ('. L Zwick, St. Joseph Safety Council g story_,. is ttioo long to I I brief, the First Co-C ongress was held under ssociation of Iron and Dgineers in Milwaukee, result, the National Sau gantzed in New York "jar-with- fourteeirTTrrHi lie ^4 year the membersh: 0 CCCG3 >-ad(<sgaaKSfc;.; Occupational Diseases FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 9, 1936 it -- cession was called to order by the >) an. Dr. Hart E. Fisher. Vice-Presi- uac for Health, National Safety Council, and Chief Surgeon, Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago, who presided, introducing the speakers. fi)f h "Hie Lesser Known Facts About Common Occupational Diseases ;3r By DR. ROBERT B. HUNT ' Medical Advisor, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston IT Probably the leader in the parade of Kuscria! diseases is an acute or chronic -- --atinn of the skin which we call cematitis. This disease may present it self in any type of shop, factory or foun dry. Any paste, powder, gas or liquid itch comes in contact with the emjuiyet's skin, even the water supplied by e town in which he lives or works, may ie the potential cause of such a skin csmrbar.ee. Tie wide diversity of causes together win the varying susceptibility of differ ed -Individuals makes the problem of ecerol difficult. lisrh investigation is under way to ccc--me why one person may be sustmable to a certain substance while an other is not. It has been proved many d e s that a poisonous substance formed t-ta the body has been abie to prolong '-te action started by some external influ- yd- A printer de'veloped a marked Cirda-tatis from ink which persisted for r*'} "ears. Finally food tests were made showed that he was susceptible to <rmce, which, when removed from his ctec c.eared the skin. He returned to his -seal occupation without a return of *:--atoms. tae poisoning of allergic substances is esnahy an accumulative process. It takes 6=8 to produce a manifestation of dis^ . . b u t let any other substance cause C;sease, and the irritating food may c-f sufficient strength to magnify its cuon. All cases of dermatitis cannot be cured by eliminating offending foods, but fur ther investigation aiong these lines may give us a clue with which to lessen the loss of time from work and the discom fort now produced by industrial derma titis. Metals Lead. The distribution of lead quite extensive. The skin of the body is a protective covering, and as long as it remains in tact it does a good job except in the case of tetraethyl lead, which is used in blend ing gasoline and which is readily absorbed through the skin, having a tendency to create changes in the nervous system. The effect of other forms of lead, through that avenue of entrance, is practically nil, which explains the extremely low poisoning rate in typesetters, painters and others who continually come in contact with metallic lead. Lead in any form, introduced through the mouth, acts rather slowly when com pared with the inhalation of lead dust or fumes. However, no matter what the portal of entry may be, lead is acted upon by the body tfuids and so converted that it may eventually be deposited with in the bones. Those bony safe deposit vaults may retain their lead contents for days or for years, and if the J^txpbsnre is removed, may also free the^bmployee of all signs .-a ,''*>** T ^ ,* ^*-*.3*Vi .-Zv Occupational Diseases 119 Although the actions of various dusts differ within the body, the exposure to asbestos fibres, present in the weaving and grinding of dry asbestos material, offers another type of dust which may cause fatalities among workers. The organic dusts from cotton, silk, wool, tobacco, flour and similar sub stances are practically harmless. Such dusts rarely reach the lungs but may cause irritation of the windpipe and larg er air tubes and result at the most in a mild bronchitis. The factor which should be borne in mind, particularly when dealing with silicosis and afbestosis, relates to the progression of such disease. When changes occur within the lungs as a re sult of the presence of such dusts, nature forms scar tissue to heal sugh lesions but may fail to stop when the job is finished. As a result, the continuation of that heal ing process may lead to such structural changes within the lungs that partial or total incapacity may follow months or years after the employee has been re moved from his dusty occupation. Benzole-Benzene Benzol is a distillate of coal tar used extensively in industry. It is an essen tial ingredient in the manufacture of ex plosives. It is an excellent solvent for grease, oils and cements, and because of that 'property it is important in many phases of the rubber and cleaning indus tries. In the manufacture of shoes ben zol may `be an ingredient of the dressing applied to the leather and of the cement which fastens the heels and soles. Xot only in the shoe trade but in other branches of industry where employees work with gummy, sticky material, the workers soon learn of the solvent and cleansing action of this liquid and use it freely for that purpose upon themselves. The subsequent c-break of skin af flictions may be ti.e first indication of such unauthorized use. Benzol is extremely poisonous, enter ing either through the nose or mouth or absorbed through the skin. Its action within the body is varied and may pro duce a multitude of signs and symptoms. The bone marrow becomes affected which in turn alters the character of the blood: hemorrhages are common; it may cause death. The fumes from benzol are heavier than air and lie near the floor, which is an im-; portant point in the engineering prob lem of ventilation. The members of the benzene group are absorbed through the skin, and more cases of poisoning are found when men perspire than when their bodies are cool. Probably the answer to that is that the fumes may solidify as they cool and the powder may settle on the skin. The sweat on the body may dissolve this dust so that it is more readily absorbed through the increased surface blood supply. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons This group of petroleum derivatives has been known to science for years but during the past decade its advance into the industrial field has been widely dis tributed and most important. Led by carbon tetrachloride and its chemically associated members.- it has furnished in dustry with refrigerants for ice chests, excellent solvents for rubber, wax, oil and grease, thinners for lacquers and a very fine household necessity for the re moval of spots from clothes. Hospitals have been using it more and more for the removal of adhesive plaster. Due to the non-flammability of car bon tetrachloride, it is used in fire ex tinguishers. The rapid evaporation pro duces fumes which may smother a small blaze, but we must not forget that ex cessive heat of the actual fire may bring about combustion sufficient to produce such biproducts as hydrochloric acid and phosgene gas. Like its associated mem ber, chloroform, it may produce sleep when inhaled by an individual, and only 1/330 of an ounce in a quart of air is necessary to produce such action. That thought must be remembered when a large quantity of those liquid products is spilled on the floor, perhaps accidentally. Action should be started at once before the liquid gasifies, and employees should be notified to keep their heads up to avoid the low ceiling of gas. Chemists have_developed and intro duced to industry' many new products, the basis of wbifch is the chlorinated hy drocarbons. These derivatives of petro >' "I I 0 0 0 0 ,; 120 T-.mUy.ff,!, A - I S ' t " z H r ,:" ! J" The v ' h a v e that" medical e r i , , ' h T / ' f " " rIpidly d e - n tin e .he r p h " X J . T " J " " 1" ' " the health of man ' V T ' ffect uPn some of these rh,n >h e fcnown tha` the damage actually done by the r / ' 00'5-- It tn permanent p h y s i c ^ m ^ Infection creating^ e e 'T '.'h ` recently in a citv in \r ' ?' and onl>r \ the newer products caSed^hT d ot two employees and a baUle t o ^ hte among two others. U,n Carbon Monoxide `heThbody'"against ^ S . o n an d " '" 8 * tremely efficient as long as it &' `act. but allow it to b f brnt s to u r e d . introduce ba eteri? r PUCc- ensues between the nff and 3 b*t'jf infection and the defe Cnsive agencies <* body. The w n- ?,' e P " ers of ^ niay d e t e f m i n e ^ ^ e n e " -h V ' ^ incapacity. I,,,'caions C' or absece i A Z S Z S J Z throughout industrv but , comtr.cn V This odorless but poisonous gas mav particularly prom inent-- 'IyPeS ** >ng from anthrax and .'n. ec!lon resnlt- m\ y p k and fishermim1'0" ^ ekance of prod.cing ,, ,, ,, .a , i,, " " e ? / wlf ' "" i ' "dv' nl i the moior car. se exhaust pipe mav pour forth as aalh'l5hee>x.apSos6ed tof Cth3arbt ngasm. onpoaxrtiidceu. 'awrlev arine crowded cities. The ordinarv p a ^ ' ^ car liberates about two cubic feet per ppnh>yssiiccaall3ddaamangCe c\thnatreamd"avy be done th;; such a motor is allowed to run within the sshhoopo. Fr or3tunPatelryly, sVerCinotulsli"cdasegsaroafgeL ho poisonmg are not common among thos^ bristles or hsir, I Tanners. ,, " o r workers mav i n t r ^ ' beneath their s k m I Phvsiea, s ,, lln=r on hides. , lr or hnstle ' anltlra!< spore ; ' -b TM T seh y , ' - e i ' - e " `^ ^ X " S S those yemo',no PUb'iC g3^ ' s- but TM ny of of headache a n d S ^ ' llie,-v ,0 comPlain whe,, lnd r;miio clothr " h" ' L used =r".`,, " ie :'rr ' h s ire m e s s seen, ,""he w i t . i " ' " " times for such a brefk i h T h e t " ' o 311 medical treatment ,, , n tbe skln- Early surgical interference1' ^ 7 ^ " " Ve !ater accommppaannvviinnrr j - ' . 1 t0 ment''ion the part. 5 ' an incmapiaaciityboadnvd zm I Summary le ^ 8 * *;0*0rless. odcriess and taste- man bodyqUthe min3' ' 100 " ' lhin thc hu' workman from ZparTtiail Vor Zt m^il .' X' a"' et.rya or perhaps death 'capacity -T o " X r s s t r r - "" bl* h" p employerl must,hdenTMndhal COme " hen in be anstvees , i business""' * ntr ,s' answers f^ed^'uDnn ' " `i 11*0*--ia--bonet, and phvfcologica! exam"10' ' " ' chemical questionaCe pprroodduucctt. Ti hantatm,0annsufaocfturtehre OCOOtt-l / shuoul prrodu conies' nC5 p fcatve littile opuon TThe oeess grreat! ncorki 3>: " E Occupational Diseases 121 rC-.t z-i held responsible for the ills --.-o'-'." by the use of his product and :e can guarantee its safety, it has oace in industry. Too many lives 3,-s tit" lost or jeopardized by too tru-wledgc of a product's action -cr. xcie who handle it. Th.t incidence of lost time due to 11_ s r.td injury in industry ha. been -s::- lessened by the many agencies -vorimg along lines of safety. When in- dustrv has been made fool-proof by the substitution of non-toxic preparations for those now found to be harmful, and when each employee is imbued with the idea that constant thoughtfulness and care are most necessary for the maintenance of health and happiness, then, and not un til that idealistic stage has been reached may vigilance and perseverance to main tain and preserve health, limb and life be lessened. Prd-Employment Examination as an Aid to the Control of Industrial Diseases By DR. W. C. TEMPLER Medical Director, Coming Glass Works, Corning, N. Y. We may well ask whether or not phy- scil examination is of any value to the Tcr:c a: large, rather than limit the dis- mss;ni to the control of industrial di vases In the conservation of life and unite much progress has been made in me ermication or control of such diseases is acrur in epidemic form, as well as mar --pe of disease which is not truly m:cer.:c. but occurs in such frequency mat rtr.eral health programs are neces sary. Much has been done to control suco usabling illnesses as heart disease, ament-sclerosis, kidney disease and dia betes: and something has been accomziishet in the control of morbidity, which --ds x . at least, make people happier --cunt good health, even though an inaaeasei span of life is not gained. Pmncal examination has played a large ~ie it accomplishing these things, be-zse -r was through physical examination ar.d ptysical observations that investiga tors v;re led to exert themselves to find 1 remedy for the cause of such condi- Small-pox is no longer prevalent, t: such observations, which led to =3 ctrttrol by vaccination. Malaria and ytdiew fever have been brought largely ~ten control, and knowledge is now ir^lacie in the control of venereal ditsases if the proper physical examination ^ laboratory methods are used to arrive ^ a cagnosis. We are all familiar with results obtained in decreasing the death rate due to tuberculosis. In fact, in the treatment of all epidemic-type diseases that have so tar been eradicated, the examination of patients to determine the severity of symptoms and the im provement has been of foremost value. Knowing that the average span of life has been increased eight years in the last quarter century and assuming that the above mentioned factors have had some bearing on it. could we decry the value of physical examinations for the general population? If we know that examinations made by insurance companies and their associating examining institutions, the clinics run by the United States Public Health Service, and the great mass of physicians, who all carefully examine their clientele, have been of value in the control of disease, may we not assume that examinations !n industry will help control the incidence and extent of industrial disease, particu larly when the life expectancy of in dustrial workers is less than that of the general population? In fact on April 14. 1936. at the Na tional Conference on Silicosis and Similar Dust Diseases, called by the Secretary of LaKor, Dr. R. R. Sayers of the United States Public Health Service said, "Pre liminary and periodig physical and roent genological examination should be made of all employees Engaged in industrial 0 0 0 8 fn> GG processes where there is a potential it 122 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress not actual exposure to excessive concen trations of silica in the atmosphere." Naturally in the early work of industry, must be correlated as to .t.i.m..e spent the hazard, although a period of one . is, perhaps, proper for persons who only basic materials were used, ingredients had not arrived at a state of development and complexity, when intricate chemical ' compounds and other toxic materials were even known of, much less used. At the in good health and have no complji^ or who are not working in toxic I n stances or with other materials vhiA would under some conditions impair health and usefulness. present time over 500 materials are listed which can, under certain conditions, cause industrial disease and the list is by no means complete, inasmuch as experimental work is being done by the personnel of practically every plant or industry to im prove or enlarge its manufactured products by taking advantage of the great amount of knowledge science has given us. Industrial examinations are of two The objectives of pre-employment post-employment examinations are qsame, that is: the establishment of , physical standard in which the emplorC can pursue his trade or labor, having'*. discomfort or ill effect due to industrial exposure to harmful products. Sadi" products and materials are, as we hav^ mentioned, of great number and variejAttempts have been made to clasp*-" kinds. First, the pre-employment ex workmen as to age. sex. color and na amination, which consists of a very care tionality. \\ hethcr or not any of the* ful history, not only of the family, but classifications are of value, it still rezai ' also of the previous occupatioiis with that the primary effort is to have heahhr length of service in each, previous health workmen and the benefit is of as grea and illnesses and present habits. Naturally value to the workman as to the indnstry. such a history is of no value unless truth The benefits of individual and commnnrtr fully given and a reasonable amount of good health are numerous and obvionc time must be taken to acquire details, and the benefits of good health to inaasar which are often vague in a workman's are equally important. The employee *-2 mind or considered by him to be unim be more productive, receive higher -zees portant. The physical examination, of and be happier. The labor turn-over raze course, varies with the type of industry, because of poor health will be lowered as and should be given with the knowledge will the costs of insurance. The working of what the man's exact occupation is to personnel will be more efficient and can- be. and by a physician familiar with the tented. and will dislike to be exposed a industrial processes in which he is to be the overt acts of people who are epileptic, employed. In this way selected employ insane or who disregard communicable ment can be obtained for men who have disease, and will use their endeavors tn some basic disqualification for one job, work safely among hazards thev have but which does not impair their ability been taught to respect. for useful employment and the conserving The harmful exposure to each hazard is- of health in another. of course, different, ranging from a fe-r The physical examination must be days as, for example, an acute poisomnr thorough. It should include all methods from toxic gases, to that of 15 or -> of determining a latent disability or one years in some of the less toxic cuspst that is already present. Many examina therefore the perioo before re-examination tion forms are available front insurance for each class of employee will be ef companies or other health services, which ferent. However, individuals differ alsr have been designed entirely for industrial and it is hard to state a definite permf work. It has been the experience of men which may be satisfactory for each em interested in this work, that all the special ployee in a single class of hazard. Super senses of the body must be tested as well visors can often be of great value in send as the measurement of motion in all joints. ing employees out for physical examina The cardio-vascular system is of great tion whenever there is a change in t:- importance as is the respiratory and fU llnce or work ability nr .t^Tcrr-tvey gastro-intestinal tr*ct. ttjre been off on account of some illness, n e h as those self-diagnosed as common Re-examination and periodical checks, jW,. lagrippe. cough, sdre throat or ;'.::n i&3 because of particular industrial hazards. ^citation. Such observations shculc* r-e O O O G 'J!) -s f i- ' >,v iS . LtJtfA -t-V Occupational Diseases 123 -..-xi"--, where there is not a full-time ^.1.. and they are of the greatest 1] ... r. the early determination of a ^ r t r a l d i t y to or the beginning of an disease. 7v; ire fortunate in having had a large __-- of research work done on in . 7-cr-a. diseases, until at the present time, '"rzEirsLi from acetaldehyde to zinc are lir-.^ together with the processes in a-_-c_- :ey are used and the sym ptom s . ? rtey cause, and an estimate of the - 3..,;- of exposure in nearly every case crzessiC/* to produce symptoms. It is mZ-j cot too much of a problem for an physician to accumulate a sup- - ;f -uch knowledge, particularly when ci intws the processes involved during --i-ufacturing procedure of his in- cstrr. It thus becomes relatively a --n-- matter of observation, together examination for specific signs or rtzpccms at the time of the periodical -f-^TT:-- nation to obtain some degree of r.-r:--- of the hazard. 77; zannot discuss the benefits of precmirTT-.ent examination and periodic re- -- r mn without mentioning some of r-- ::-ectior.s to it. If a man has a dis- : t~-- he naturally is anxious to keep it to cnself, and in some casts we find iba: e workman is disinterested to a ;pocu ".at he would rather not know of a csauility even though he has it. Cer tain sicial groups resard each man as ' errr-i to employment whether he is payscilly fit or not. on the assumption tin; iacustry hires labor, not health, and d=c rejection because of physical disabfurr causes a class of artisans to become "rniiced against and become charity =-*. It is also alleged that the quality ci tnedical service in industry is such t the results of examinations are mis- and of no value. Another objec>^5 is voiced by labor unions, it being that pre-employment examina`^ns are used to discriminate against aier anion workers or members. Many liic,r leaders realize, however, that pre"p-'Cyment examination and periodical ' :*ni-cps are the only means of preventp? disability from certain industrial fc*a fds. Competent and honest medical !cn'ee renders all these objections quite ""Potent; for if an endeavor is made to properly place employees, such a small percentage is finally rejected, and that percentage is so obviously unfit to work, that no fair-minded person can fail to see the justice of it. These objections, however, are being noticed by legislative bodies, and in one State a law is in force which says: "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this State, in enacting this article, to prohibit through every law ful means available, any requirement as a pre-requisite to employment which com pels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming within the purview of this article to undergo a medical examina tion." This statement is in a paragraph labeled. "Prevention of Silicosis and Other Dust Diseases." and the logic of it is entirely non-understandable. even though at the present time there is no lawful means available to enforce the stated policy. If physical examinations are of benefit to the population at large, they certainly must be to the industrial workers, who may be exposed to special hazards: periodical chcck-up examinations are necessary in any hazardous work or trade, in order to protect the workers as well as the industry: and the benefits to the workers of proper and fair-minded ex aminations. in all ordinary cases, outweigh the objections. I have purposely omitted any reference to the economics of pre-employment and periodic re-examination, which apply either to the individual or the industry. However, one of the great public health problems of today is the question of the cost of medical care. If industry assumes some of this cost by periodical examina tion in connection with the prevention of industrial disease, it relieves the individual of this responsibility and allows more room in his budget for the care of his family. The benefits to industry, of course, are those of a better personnel and a lower rate of insuran-e. This rate, due to industrial disease hazards, is in many States very high and the logical conclu sion is that the real remedy lies in the prevention of ^Industrial dise**--bit--any method, one dfwhich, I believe, is pre- employmnet aiad periodical examinations. i f 000070 l J.T Avm -;' fM: .Li. I P Mm m % ii 124 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress What Can the Engineer Do to Eliminate the Hazards of Occupational Diseases? - . . . By REUEL C. STRATTON Supervising Chemical Engineer. The Travelers Insurance Co.. Hartford. C o ^ If I were asked. "Can the engineer pre vent the majority of occupational disease cases my answer would be, "yes." Ob viously, with the exception of those diseases brought about through a sudden or accidental contact with a poisonous material or a virulent disease-producing organism, if the exposure were controlled b>; engineering technique, then there would be no occupational disease. The engineer must rely upon the med,=al director to place individuals capable of working in hazardous occupa While the problem confronting b vidual safety engineers varies a c c o r d to the industry, there are certa-n 2 * mentals common to all such probjZT which provide a workable ba<s which an occupational disease prere-^! program may be developed. Once the-- fundamentals are set in motion t o w ^ afe working environment, continuance k much the same whether the emh-eer a, ` engaged with large organization or sequence:"' fund*mentals foilow tions and to assist him in controlling these individuals through periodic physical-- s required. CCU':ational disea" P e n u ry ; examinations when the men are exposed to occupational disease hazards; but the engineer alone is responsible for reducing generation of harmful substances and for the control of employees' contact with processes using harmful materials. The ascribing of many and new occupa tional diseases to industrial environment has produced a problem for him. The engineer generally works with materials which he can see. but the study of in dustrial disease control may require the handling of invisible materials. If is a common fault to focus attention upon one object to such an extent that others of equal importance may thereby be rele gated to obscurity. Today safety en gineers and industrial hygienists are con centrating their attention upon diseases caused by the inhalation of dust, but I do not believe the safety engineer is war ranted in connnmg himself to the preven tion of diseases caused by dust alone. His consideration should extend to include all materials produced in any manner that they may cause an effect upon a worker. The question of whether a material exists as a gas. a vapor, or a dust is but one of particle size and chemical .make-up. He must not forget that many such diseases are produced by exposure to .7 ? " 3nd gafes. as 'vel> to dust, and hat the control ot these industrial diseases may be brougn, about by the application m certain tundamental principles common (2) A plan for correction of tie er- posures shown by the inventors- re q n development. * s O) A concentrated attack u-on tie major exposures first, following '-raaa until all are corrected or eliminated. An inventory of all materials used x plant will astound the average engtnt=. He will find many items about which he may have little or no knowledce. E= may be confronted with items he bad Zx recognized previously, even though he s s been associated with the plant ;e.-h=s many years. \ \ hen this inventorv x exo- Plete. he should card index it.' placer against the name of the material the herHi hazard associated with it both from a material and a process viewpoint. 5aci a card index should contain the c.-cponent parts or constituency of csrpounds. Process exposures should be sr--:-- i conjunction with hazardous tna-.enai Assistance in compiling such data =av be obtained in the bulletin "Occurid.-o- Hazards and Diagnostic Signs." prepare! by Dublin and Vane of the Metropolis- Lite Insurance Company, and in a maS- cation oi the United States Public P ra ii r " " ; Publ.ic Health Bulletin Nc. ::r_ The Potential Problems of Ir.czsprs! a Typical Industrial Area 3 the (S#nited' States."-----... - - IfTaddition the engineer should c b - * `T (available information nnor, .u. --r- '' Occupational Diseases 125 chemicals, solutions, dusts, degreasing the open air does not always eliminate acents, condensation products, paints, lac the danger; in fact, it may increase the quers. dyes, abrasives, and other products number of workers affected. too numerous to mention are being placed Process Revision. To reduce transpor upon the market daily, and the average tation of materials and exposure to harm engineer's knowledge of their possible ful substances it is desirable to have all effects upon health is slight. Academic processes mechanically continuous and.'if research determining the effect of these possible, enclosed. When this cannot be new materials upon humans is progressing accomplished, suitable physical divisions a :~ slowly, and serious injuries may be sus should be provided. The engineer should '^ ~ i tained in industrial application long before consider the substitution of wet processes :-;n the toxicologist is able to determine the for dry processes, providing at the same _pr-rr:;-_;a properties of the material and the maxi time for the disposal of the moist col Jr.i-.i --tie mum permissible amount to which a lected material in a safe place. He should ' 2 worker may be exposed. In seeking this consider the substitution of automatic information it is essential to determine in operations for hazardous hand work or so far as possible the maximum per machine work. A change of abrasive -- -Jf-.ih missible amount of contaminants which materia! will often reduce the quantity of may exist in a work place without causing dust produced. an occupational disease. I can cite an example of how a little Armed with this information, the en thought can cure a hazardous machine 'id gineer is in a position to" locate properly operation with little or no expense: 3: `-i: ;x- in his own plant the process and the A piant producing a finely pulverized : r r:r.rt$ operation in which the exposure may exist. material created large amounts of dust in The engineer should study together with bagging the material, using porous sacks. uoi-c the the plant physician the length of employ This high concentration of dust, not neces ment of exposed individuals and they sarily toxic, inconvenienced the workers. a:u-:_ should jointly determine the normal ex The cost of ventilating the department - -!: : a pectancy or average length of employment would have been prohibitive. By careful for the specific exposure. From such study the engineer determined that the v . data may be developed a factor of safety, fail of the material into the sacks forced Hs and the maximum allowable period of em the air out through the interstices of the e -.it ployment in certain areas may be assigned. material, carrying with it a quantity of gc c : has Naturally this study should be focused the pulverized product. His problem, thus, t c e.-.-_i:s upon the moie hazardous locations first, was to provide a means whereby this air and when these are corrected, attention could he harmlessly expelled from the t i::;; turned toward minor conditions. sack prior to filling. Study led him to th-t zriA.r. . f r ; --. a Housing. One of the most important suggest and apply the use of a collapsed considerations in attempting to control oc paper bag which contained little or no eta cupational disease is housing. Whenever free air. The problem was solved. Dust practical, any hazardous manufacturing generation was practically eliminated by process should be separately housed and this simple change. Many hazardous ;t" i . :: :r. isolated; every effort should be made to processes in ordinary manufacturing opera arrest harmful substances--dust, vapors, tions may be cured in like manner if the mu.-.:.-.ili. a --.!> be or gases--at their source of generation. engineer exercises his ingenuity. c-- ri'.::z Buildings should be so constructed that Ventilation. Proper ventilation is of p r e n r id accumulations of dust may be avoided. paramount importance in the control of When physical separation of depart any occupational exposure. Most of the ; i ru'ek- ments is required, such physical divisions chief occupational diseases other than :c Heii'.b. should be dust or vapor tight. Floors dermatitis arise through the inhalation or x.'. : : i should be tight to prevent transfer of the ingestion of foreign material. If ven Ir. iz;:r:il materials to floors or departments belowr. tilating equipment can reduce the concen .Area i3 The engineer should give study to the tration of contaminating materials to a complete enclosure of machinery or sate limit, the problem is solved. The en Id obtiir. Process units as individual units and, if gineer should fstud^each procesi_sep- :h; m so required, vent each one separately. aratelv and ve/itilatc each separately. It y. New The transfer of hazardous operations into is seldom wiscj to rely upon general ven } ! 000072 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress tilation. Instead, high velocity ventilating apparatus should be installed, functioning as closely to the point of generation of the harmful substance as is possible. Individual machines should be so equipped if possible. Baffles may be in troduced to prevent air stream disturb a n c e s ^ to increase the intake efficiency u n 2Z-le- Down-draft system's should be preierred for the collection of dust or gases of high specific gravity. Even after the installation of exhaust ev.er., the engai-n--e-e-r in`tkevrievsateqdu in ^ taming not only exposure but a! so ^ ciency of control should realize cannot be fully effective nor the e fjof oiLba_i of any protective device, d e t e r m i n e d ^ out scientific tests. Assumption, - . r ' work, unscientific procedure or appiAC Tahveeennogmpelaecre minus(anteejnt ginacehersintegp purnolger^-^T has been previously proved. carefulV r- culating in advance to avoid false p-p-T" tion. t.- systems, the engineer must study the type of maintenance required to keep them operating at peak efficiency. Kozzles should not be permitted to become covered nor moved out of proper, posi- n aust p`P'ng must be kept dust tight. Blower efficiencies must be con stantly checked to insure that intake-veoe.ties are proper. The best ventilating s>stem is a raise protection if it does not function properly or if it is 'so poirlv maintained that it falls below its designed rating. The engineer must exercise ex treme, care to provide a clean source of He must be familiar with dust cour.c-- air sampling, and chemical analysis mque, having such determinations mai y established and proper methods. n such tests are beyond the scope of K, ability or equipment and if the engizeconsiders such tests absolutely esseccal then his executives should permit him ,, obtain experts qualified to make such szr'e.vs as his problem may require. Tie need for an accurate engineering approaa to any control measure cannot be over emphasized. replacement air for the work place. He Conclusion. Every engineer realizes may find it necessary to install filtering control of any industrial disease expo and heating devices. The engineer must sure is divided, part of such control fil studj the proper disposal of the collected ing within the jurisdiction of the indus 0r C*p.. ^ matcriaI to be positive it will trial physician and part within his et not dritt back into the work place. engineering province. Medical knowledge Employee Protection. While the pri mary engineering means of protection against possible occupational diseases should be mechanical correction, the en gineer will find instances where even the . j .1 systems must be supplemented by individual protection. He must carefully study such exposures to provide the high est efficiency of protection, vet obtain a is invaluable in the detection of early symptoms and in the administration re suitable preventive treatment. The en gineer should gladly obtain the sen-ices of an industrial physician to make a study of the plant, to assist in the classi fication of the hazardous operations aas working locations. By such coordinate: he will speed control of the exposure. device easy for the operator to wear con tinuously. When the engineer has been successful in obtaining such a device, Be must educate workers to use it. ' Each individual occupational disease exposure must be studied, ar.alvzed. and controlled individually. While genera, data may be available upon common ex Sanitation. Clean washing facilities and toilets should be provided. Lunch rooms should be not only clean but also well lighted and attractive and should be un der the supervision of the plant physician. Scientific Tests. Up to this point the engineer has_ deduced that an exposure exists, and from accumulated data has devised his means of prevention. How- posures. the solution can be found on> in individual treatment. Such exposures cannot be compared to ordinary ck;-m engineering efforts. A circular saw :s a circular saw wherever it mav be operat ing, but industrial disease exposure varies within plants and certainly vanes betxee: different manufacturing establishments even thoupr"Mey may produce a-'.i: product 01 Article, . ' T~~ adjournment 000073  -- - - :,-CK " --"T.e- * * " ' t e a a r a : " " There appears t0 be % PHILIP DRINKER Ma- r . ^ '*? :a 3 ::> ~:rj -- 4 H i # S i ? ----- - oyuinsi wrongly applied iVturers have m misunderstandings bg" " - 1**; T he r " " .',s,o n a <'y is a n v ^ l ^ ' 0 '' .manu- and of. P " ' such for errors which result soM T b,amed fusion in nomenclature. X fr m con` Dusts include all tvDex o f a particles small enough to be hi V ear,hy by ordinary air .currents r f " n abut p ^ v d i / ororbe:.ver- `er oute s o PhP; tnSt ' bV ' ry difficult ?,or which catches du<, ordmary respir- madequate against lead ,Partldes may be U"' - containing t h T ' d The acid fod gas. require afiller L Particl ,ets and a gas ab orh C3tCh the drop- l l W / nt KmX , S ' ' ' .n- mixing processes d mat!:rials as in blowSing about o i ' J o ord rT o+^ ' ,? rf Z,he ,"tT5H5 mat fh- -*,, ">u- lurer. `orner iTMtno. suel*sfe protection an , ' P!fa-,0r adviScs manufacthe cus- !?"* or common road 3ui Th P01* comical limitation i.nolicd h l f u ' 'S no dust while the ranm .y the term particles extends from th e s u ? '" - f dust respirator because [r' Sllp.f1,ed or air-line doa.cly protected wtether # 7 ^ ade' solid particles, like lead H h (UrT1e is of mixture. If tk. . ' or a ^Quid and J">" S S " k>- ,h= M - T e S * f f - s ImosDhcric suspenl^nSd<l?n" b kind* ot nate that such double ** 15 ur,frtu!j}e trade but one had K' nam,nS exists in act'>- wha, ,/,e suen S` mer S,a>cd ex `J d bow ;t w,, - ^ c o n s i s t e d of or ab e 'o use less expensi ! ' be A vaPor is a - as v. .'e 'duipment. 'erted into a liquhd a, o'd Can be contur's and pressures T hu? 0 ' tcmP'ra- mmmrnmm Th"s. "lead f? 4 " 1s f admit `he fact Used to d e s c r i b 7 , h c \ a , ; ' f ryJ ,d ,erm suspension which .ls,b,e dark grey ,^ 2 V hS* ^ e ,Md "Her in , ize , ha 1 'ead ?xid>. much with some fead 5*' of the such a miv* #he gaseous state `he Point where i ^ c a n V 00?** doxvn to contaminant is then ?h b<\ breathed `he a common constituent of - . r ' " Vapor is contamed in concem ra? ' a,r and '* "th atmospheric condVS 'Vh`ch varv ry protective equinmc . nS' RPVa- 'v concentrations of a" ^'S US' d against Pfs arising /r0m c o m m / TM ' many va` ' ms such as bentol v " rea? ic solv- & . p` " `c,a *Cr`be the mixtur? of '* a'S USed * de- fory COme frm a bath'of "i ? wllich sSma,ll i !car<tirridbges i tca,,dnS,,':' BI e, c"ause these 1`ttle of *hc rbsorbanf '.u .cornParatively ted to verv t^ an* their use is Km u*>: work, for eniorgency rescue ne may ! l U? th^ f ) - l i i ' , ne. buy* fumine s, d ? l Wnish.c'- 4 s - s r s s , i * t -- - atmospheric f0. 0 C0 C71 s 'S 146 T'i'cnty-fth National Safety Congress Droplets of mist are necessarily micro scopic in size or they would not remain in suspension. As soon as several drop lets collide and form a large drop the li quid settles out. Therefore, it is possi ble to dispel a true mist very readily by simnly stirring up the air--ventilation or dilution is unnecessary. Mist droplets can be filtered out by or dinary dust respirators--that is, the visi ble portion of a fog is easily removed by filtration--but the gaseous constituent may pass through the filter. If the mist happens to be corrosive to fabrics the re sultant effect upon a dust respirator is bad. Paint spraying generates a mist and a certain amount of vapor. Protec tion usually consists of an air-line res pirator but it is not at all uncommon to use cartridge respirators containing acti vated charcoal and a filter. A gas contains no solid or liquid par ticles under ordinary atmospheric condi tions. The filter units of any of the common makes of respirators are inef fective against gases. Respiratory pro- tective equipment which catches gases al. ways consists in some chemical agent which either absorbs the gas or converts it into some other substance which can be absorbed. Because one can rarely be sure of the gas concentration to be en countered it is common practice in ex ploring man holes, for instance, to use devices supplied with air or oxygen in order that the wearer may be safe, re gardless of the conditions he finds. The gas mask, however, and its outgrowth, the chemical cartridge respirator have a definite place in industry and are in wide use today. The U. S. Bureau of Mines has helped in the manufacture and use of respiratory protective equipment greatly by its issu ance of specifications for permissible equipment. Their present schedules do not include the air-supplied respirators such as those used in paint .spraying or sand blasting but both the Bureau and the American Standards Association will issue such specifications presently. Discussion following the address was based on these points: 1. What protection is provided against a dangerous accumulation of air pressure in the ordinary fresh air hose mask? The heimet is not rigid. Air will leak out long before a dangerous pressure ac cumulates. or a safety link, provided in some types of hose mask, will blow out. 2. Would a protective mask approved for lead dusts filter out zinc oxide? Yes. However, almost any type of mask will filter out zinc oxide, since these particles are easily trapped. 3. Will the simple face mask filter out ordinary smoke or will it absorb it? It is impossible to answer such a ques tion. There are as many types of ordinary masks as there are ordinary dusts. A mask must be purchased to fit a specific need. This is not difficult, however, since all types are available. Glass Used for the Protection of the Eyes Against Injurious Radiation By E. D. TILLYER Southbridge, Mass. The effect of excess visible light on the eye is immediately felt. If there is too much, anyone except the sun gazv.s .rr. mediately turns away, closes the eyes or seeks some kind of relief. There is a tendency to use too dark glasses in weld ing. inherited from the days when even the blackest glasses gave practically no protection irom the insidious invisible radiations. A proper rule is. use a shade number which gives good, immediately comfortable vision and insist that this glass give protection against the invisible radiations. The effects of the ultra-violet and the infra-red radiationj-.flri- nnl as quickly noticed as the visiUpl vVe cannot sayr as wc said for the (visible. *'get good im mediately comiortaljft vision" beepoi-e tl:c^ first noticed effect pi- the ultra-violet oc- curs stveral ''S.OUT the iitra-rec en. laved. ' On; outsazndu that n Sir ' W m pro:--' the ewes ctarstcal cauta, cc- ` J^ ^n *`S it t infrz-zd prr'oduc< eye. This "was -ro-znee fount, mat : zr.z ] Lr.-r. u the terre .V:<i. he mur.L wber adcec to absoner c: the dL-c.v erie' 'v ei\ facure oi .co r thoum full ,ad\ cecztcly ' cecr cltrv-ioie*-. DC. the m d iifc WT. aUb'i c c :c term, r - s c - J ".'.ncc T Of err. xsear:: -er\ "rr.po by "on c: r- r wmr. $hr T , -,j -jne-jee e:: : g x r . r t t '.ort z c m. .ten :r _ .. . . L. ::tc --rr* :rr c : t r.:. ,rnk T.v. cryca 5-r.i*:;n *rrt ZZWT.Z CT. u. Ir. J i i r 1: C StZZZ1~Z ese; - - rr; n r.: TTa t: r.t httr,L.ar. ------------- rr.a - -- V t:: ,:ier It tttn *~ C- L.- - uir. --.. . - .. . -* I -- c a. a. r ..o ir iT: ! . - ' * ::i* .e- 0C075 m '\n*U 'C- Safety Exchange 5 bound to bt j .se in handling which, in .nt to more thy be added to the portance, t th 4w'. General Round Table v among digy. foot should be the proper sin. curate and siinpie can be obtained er who sells the THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 8, 1936 i PrtnnH Table SDonsored bv the American Society of Safety -vfc'.The Safety Exchange Round 1 P n| fet Council, was designed to provide V^Tngineers-Engmeenni5 1 'delegates to ask questions concerning their accident er feet have diS r new shoes. Al es a large assort rs. hammers, ted sing shoes. This shoes other tbu asionally hurt the hardly to be a ; a number of e ing an occasional hf'ms* and^topreseruin^ormation of interest and value to others m the audience. 1 rTanel participants included Cyril Ainsworth. American btandards As^ociat.on l* Yori- City J. I- Banash, Consulting Engineej. Chicago. H. N. B akes ee l^ s v s s s K^k '""'"kUdison. r pimbur-'h- Dr E. G. Meiter. Employers T. E. Lightfoot koppers Coal Co Pm bur. ^ ^ fit the shoe fre* :k. Make sure tbit ernes in the prt?< hich is the wki* !e starts to narre* ure will elirnio that are fitted * 'Mutuals. Milwaukee, W . b; p ; ,, ch.irt?h- D L Royer, Ocean Accident Ralston. Pittsburgh Ple = 'Co / > ^ ^ , (5 n a l Eltric Co.. Schenec- M'H* SB /'.TJ viskt pe of shoe for* M --. inder which it r composition hen worn in . Oak leather * * silv when they All leather erspiraf.on. * eavy work 10 . w o)r less a b ^p,,i*; heavy. rouh cF -j& y Q ilirman Smith: We will try to an all the questions we can in the time (1 have. i-frt2swyr**__q_uestion. subo.mitteda is: &g>*Asiuming that the voltage is the same gSSMboth ircuits, is a D. C. circuit more ^ i ^ p r o u s than an A. C. circuit from the IA ^ * ? fr<1*t<>-Ufe point-of-view?" P- Perris (Bell Telephone Labora- ^ bwowwuht tCenll Jyears3 ago the ^Bevll oes now on ,he -j. System entered into a coopera- .vever. b< ^ ~.^apy `7>Teitigaiion 0f electrical shock with Bbysiology of Columbia tetd and Will an> ` - - . object of this investiga- ' ,0. ' :ain fundamental informa- ^ 1 might serve as a basis for de- ioe wit,hh a iidi *,** " h i . `tn> i better protective measures J7 deuces. Last summer before the meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engi neers we gave the results of that investi gation in a paper by Doctors Williams nd King of Columbia: Mr. Spence and mvself of the Laboratory. t # is' I am glad to repeat these insotar as , thev apply to this question. /" In our study we were primarily con- ccrned with the effects of electrical cur- * rents on the heart. I say current because . we found that the current is much more significant in its effects than the i n t e n s i t j j g r ^ oi the voltage. \ s we raise the current- be* ginning at a low va|ue anT tncreasmg-it - in . steps, we come (o a point where its .thle- hearts ;is vmemryv danfgftefr.ous. etfect on M $ rsli 131 0 0 0 0  .< I ; Safety Exchange 157 working con Set quite a ' ln"ch favor. -'ntlemen, that the most oj you face, hcn we thini . mechanisna sville conven id there. Cer;all pia.nt irij .^have considered all the facts and my c.^'orders to you are that there shall not be -J iny more accidents, and I mean it"--when Vthe management takes that point of view, -'- p t r y employee understands. It then beIf-^eomes a duty of the plant organization. -'^The foreman is the man who is closest to fv^the men and who should direct them in!SteIligently. He is the man who explains $^*rerything to the men. Why should the f a t e t i have to go to the bulletin board to i'i;.ind out what they should do? A fellow working on this platform acci dent!}* fell backward and hit a piece oi iron. He broke his neck and died within ten or fifteen minutes. That is why I would say all scaffolds should have puard rails. Chairman Ainsworth: "When should brakemen ride or when should they not ride on switch engines used in yards to move cars?" Mr. Hanko: N'o, as far as the vard i and a boot wern the ea- operty. Yo md you har tome specnl iccial instnxership of yo* s. o the bit j can pul t>j E. Lightfoot (Hoppers Coal Co ^Pittsburgh) : I don't think that you can any of these various means of ^-getting information to the men. Personal f^t-ttntact, of course, is the most important jvgand whether you have the gift of an i1j2zTi*riiitor or .t--he .gift for "button ihiooluinngg" a ]jr~0^ and te'llhliung him what you know, it rr*y;.ii*r**5nn'tt sseee' mm tt0o mmaakkee a great deal of dif- crew is concerned; they don't have any right in the engines. That is why we have foot boards on the wings. Only the firemen and the engineers are permitted in the cabs. Chairman Ainsworth: "Is there any efficient way to safeguard a guillotine paper cutter?" Mr. Royer: I have had this problem lars. but this re is altari has infiltrier e someone t* be a beiott -it. but this * matton to tbe eadership ci with yosr -<ir.es a tei> do a real ju^ estion sirr.Hv :ay, and so<* ad table be** me said bv wcr f nv V*OC:id ^ that a -. fz'**' ''2vner'y' f*V-a1*'.* x-v*aother. ^ 0U can'' ditch one in rP l a of ^ ! , i !e-m-en haVC t0 bc ",)utton holed" to J 'n!or~ a!'on across, and others are E t .Cd b> rat0ry' if -vou wish call it ^ tim' builetin boards and ,s 01 '"at (>'Pe Have their place. It *-'jru. and3d SUDv.KCt 3nd h is a deeP sub` i ^ t e t h e ivn 'U- 'a ' e * tacble ' according J. >pe 01 men you have to deal with. .m tHiS aud`ence have entirely 'V^ioflldn't nPCS mtn ` deal w,th- but 1 > h tr n f,Ut " p one method against the * ^ e they a ' p ^ ht i5' "Use th'TM a" ~ . Chair ' ifetv . - A' ym"s3w" oorrtthn: `What should t i `ry Stneer do to control dust in ^ J*auke '. Mn',,t!r. ivE-..m,,pr !,.owy;evrtas Mluutiuuaaliss.. . ? *ietty enein?ne f the first thin8is that . * ,odduu:strv ; . .Can do t0 Prevent dust 5 .;. Jr**Pnj Pr-oo`rsar>r.o in"s,titutlec aa ggooooda hnoouussee-- a number of times, and I don't know the answer to it. Practical printers and paper cutters will assure you that if you have a reliable non-rcpcat clutch, so that the knife will not descend when the work man's hand is under it, and then if vou pull down your holding bar or a similar mechanism with your toot, you can't have amputation. The high speed jobs, where the bar and the knife descend under power, are protected by two-handed de vices. and I should say that they are reasonablv sate. The guillotine paper cutter that causes me to worry is the old timer. The clutches may repeat and thev are not equipped with two-handed devices, and I certainly wouldn't like to put my hands unuer the knife. I was hoping that some practical paper cutter or printer in the audience might say what he thought about Walter A. Gleason fHammermill Paper lople by 1 prosram of rder- >ktoi.s Ka nme.ecPhaa.nii:caTl hdaetvidceepeonrdiss oenlewcthriectahlelyr through |V '* ** o'be'c?rra `0ntinued program and operated. Ot course, we know that with at r.:i~r _y i look <-V^ r ft*1' r tw0 a-lf'd. out at fever heat for -^airman i d `hen forgotten. the '>.d mechanicisn there was an addi tional !-mcc that had to be released with ithcr.ty * . i' i.-.e.' V ^ 2i',ds' regard"5" r,h: " S h o u ld aI1 ra.is?- d`ess > their use. have P^ankoTr.Pittshurgh Steel Co.. one arid On the electrical or the more devices these are buttons and c o r . - . n f ln scries so that the operator mi.- -.Mipu'ate two dincrcr.t points. tn-t v.-r,*y<* 'e*'., "ouM niau'* e>ipencncc t,lat 1 - n ? . r? aVo T & V Say.">" Some d sayf> *0|d stor,mme, two"adeeat plattvm from the used as ground. -'er Is true hat you cannot , when the holding bar is -1 me stock- The printers say t : ' "il.le. Do you know whether - - V-' -g.* . ongrcss v|f| l i t . American Society of Safety 01 sufficient prestige" ?'*' >' cardons flying in his Secn ^ ' section En<nneers-- Engineering Section Cone, of timic Bureau of 7.-fS.Ti- Washington, D. C,, discus^' n finder, expressed the h7* Itimnte solution would b'"**' i of the radio direction * ' ... Officers 1935-36 ,U!'*d and the radio com" " zed the need of o b t a i n i n g ^ f$nu'Ffl* Chairman--C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. m supporting the estab'hT rj/-Chairmen-- litional 2ai1ddss.-. > 4 _Er B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. '. Lede:rrecr._ot the Aero Insw. 9?Vp L- Ryer- Ocean Accident and Guaranty Corp., New York. X. Y writers:, New York City, Ste. ' ` _ \ v . D ean K etxer, Xational Safety Council, Chicago, 111. t. Barfher s conte_n_t_io_n. reg^ud j . cty of air transp...o..r..t..a.tion*^' that even the non-travel^ p\-':}j<inbers at Large-- 1 L'- Cvwl Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. nefited by the more rapid' ideas, goods and people, air transportation acce'ea of wealth for everybody. i. Chapter.) . 311 unanimously approved Col iggcstion that a* r"esol'uti'on `U d submitted to the Executive sf the Xational Safety Council al approval, with the sugge*. pies he sent to the incoming the Senate and House ol vcs. Mr. Lcdercr, Mr. Aidir. Ainsworth were authorized the resolution, which mi allows: indence in air transport; and lie several States, can, by the n of an adequate airport pro:ion, guarantee safety to tlx F. Boeuxer, J. E. Stetson Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter.! ifXp . \v. Bullard, E. D. Eullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter.) {'"'S'IL E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco. Calif. A yi*KecOoYV aMi. Guuoudwiiax, Prhuinluaudeeilppthiii.ai Electri Company, Pnuadclphia, Pa (Philadelphia Chapter.) . . .... M. Graff, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, Xew York, X. Y. j>. McA. Keowx, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 'iivEverett F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter.) Xl v E. J. Kreit, Philadelphia Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Ccur.cil Chapter.) ' iiI'.'.'-Thomas E. Lichtfoot, Koppcrs Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. vcyCOl. G. Llovd, Xational Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford. Conn. .shz'Gio. F. P russing, Union Oil Comrany of California. Los Angeles, Calif. E Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. _ . vtj; A. S. Recula, Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc.. Xew York, N. Y. . . *i"-Jonx Russell, Jr.. Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. (Northern New Jersey Chapter.) E. Sanford. General Electric Co.. Schenectady,. N. Y. S. S mith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. C. S tratton, The Travelers Insurance Co.. Hartford, Conn. . . .. . ,v " e urged to materi ' rifR. R- F. T halner, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. S. E. W hitinc, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston, Mass. 2 K , ? Tfcat t h e u S S ( ! -- P- V . . S. B w m i M M M M ^ and provide necessary trifle n be rendered, together min award simplification of fhgrt ' States be urged to promote *. g projects, state planning, ation concerning aeronauua* eau, Washington. D. C. . iction of ofiiccrs the m**uC - A ''' Officers Elected for 1936-37 Chairman--D. L. Rover, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Core__New York. N. Y. it'S-L \rman--C. B. Boulet. Wisconsin Public Service Corp.. Njuwatikce. Wis. lyhCheirman--R. E. D onovan, Standard Oil Company of CaliiorrSa, San Francisco. Calit. ttary--\V. D ean K cefe*. National Safety Council, Chicago, I ' .-m . . . : ' i:i ..vf.'i* I ; (izy t3il t-'vi-SHi t? -ffl; 1 tii-tJF-S :t -.f.. ,i\i.l'i*bJlfin-SS T. 't'frTl-y 191 00078 -- VfU'.'W "'J"1 \ .V V *' ?< A ' ' ' \ `' ? -. f . - ' ^J"._7" J t ___ .v*;:.Vi . *<** : . i--. Mr - _* > > s ,'X- :'A teis 3&5?& <**,&*$ i y 'r l l .Vli * ' -- ` ^l" - * . 1 - V -v -/.fs/V**- t.A/ LWS*U*c'/,V/"1** TS.` *v*,- <- "' 192 Twenty-fifth \ctional Safety Congre -xr > ,-i mcrica. Members at Large-- vt r VRL 4?,r?W\vTI1- AJncr!caIl Standards Association. Xew York X y j r n ELl U s' mghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co East Piru'h , L u-B DNAn' Consulting: Engineer, Chicago III " ' lttsDurh, pa H P n^CK' L T,.te.d States Rubbcr Products, Inc., New York X Y I ute Developr. ' 1 * --Their V '' for H* c p , ? ; r ' WOn Carblde a,,d Carb0n V o rk .V y . (M etro^r H. F.' Gilbm^ Roy M. Godwin-. San F'ran-iSC0--QHi' (San Franc Member B G R A F F , X**n.*vjiidi u r c d u n r i . u n a i t v ,x* r * _ j ______. *. c ' - " t u i c r i 'iJSTssr* R"i:"**c- *** H. J. Griffith, , __ ,, ^ .. Safety Council Chapter) - , Dr. Lucas used ? - M Cp ; ^ " 'VNV ^ riuf ^ aI CcIPTi-'5icn of Wisconsin, Madison Wis 'ud ultra-violet m: v. j poup of tour si t photograph s! f r a , ' , " E t e i S r J W " Co.. Cambridge. M ,,,. (Ilo,TM Clop,,, jugmlication. Tr w r 7 ^ u fb" `.F0CT J hc coppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh Pa iren. The next p M. G. Lloyd. National Bureau of Standards. Washington. D C. is would be reg; e "Puvr * Nen!0urs 't; Co., Wilminetnn, Del. ' jf 4000-X with th- Cm P p F" ` c- -a C-ioua.tv & Insurance Co., Hartford. Conn Atn resolved to '. 5 0b. P- PASSINO. Linea Oil Company of California. Los Angeles Calif 'Hme specimen bi. .A. Ss.' RR.r.Or,LSJLAPN, 'IrnId!i:ultsS..r`Ji'a!rlr n.seRiaht:iLc'nsCCSoSSunCseol-orsP,'iiItsnLci.a.rnXthe.wPaY. ork X ' Y ` G. h. S anford, Cenerai Electric Co.. Schenectadv, X Y C. \V Smith Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago,' 111. ' H. S. Smith. Lnion Carbide and Carbon Corp.. Xcw York X Y R. C. Stratton-. The Travelers Insurance Co.. Hartford. Conn' ' ? P- T haln-er. Euiclc Motor Company, Flint, Mich. . . E. WinriN-o, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston Mass " jstem of X. A. --itncture -- minute ... taettrs in size wt 7'- Dr. Lucas sho- indy of fatigue c: - *v William P. Last, Mme Safety Appliances Co.. Pittsburgh. Pa. Cracks in metal ' phenomena as the it this possible cc he far wrong. I particularly with data and the out pearance of fatig Try briefly som< .7 v , ,-UK*.*> ri conly held on t fists and engi: Memory. It ma WEDNESDAY NOON SESSION October 7, 1936 "hderstanding of lernal stress rai ''* . : on the propagat: tracks. The annual meeting of the ASSE Engineering Section of the X.-.tional Safety Council followed a luncheon and convened with C. \V. Smith. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, general chair man, presiding. All reports had been mimeographed, and copies were distrib uted at the luncheon. Dr. Francis F. Lucas, Member, Tech It is asserted l The report of the nominating commit'.,,, Ljt a very high tec was presented by A. S. Rcgtila. chair-_.; "res occurring in man. Other members of the commits*'. noted as fatii were S. E. Whiting, R. F. Thalncr. C. B.^.. Roving mechan: Auel. and Dr. M. G. Lloyd. The comv^v _ eilber intermitter mittee's list of oinccrs, as elected, will may devel 4foWu .n dU velwswew h5eJrCe IiInI 1t1h1i1s5 SseCcCtuiUoUnUall record , "Literally thous ( djy u - Other sessions sponsored by the ASSE-.^v. v ?h*ajyr use. from *a nical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories Engineering Section included tlio object to fatiem New York City, and international au "Safety Belts," "Safety Training," The advent o: thority on microscopy and pliotomicrogra phy, spoke on HLatc Developments High Power and Ultra Violet Micro scopy." vstems," "Safety Exchange Kun^jj -lj7lVe been resp j-nd "^jfMjiaiioxtal D** bf these sessions will ? A 0uKht on the t c**ls under rcr > > 8'neer prevail. ;>rt ^5> tf'-v.' Mj|1 - ,r.-W. .2-L. _p .-* ..S.,.-Vji.'-. .v-:>:'ar:/`V. ' j -'c- f- "T'-g'Aj-S :ss Chemical Section uhicli takes the lead ; mmity safety \\j|j .!n favorably in the me an even greater aS!`'! . The maintenance ry :h cordial relations fct= ' and industry is Sn J ' the success of the n! that the plans fcr t',,. ni will be developed !j niber-iiiterest g r o w j ' course, will be able j orm of program is |JC-; * The Association W:':; ig the program and v.dl louse through which the mge ideas and discjvj ing- the program. ivccs' families, to school to the public at large, nvcvcr. is strictly of an . and if further care is t is referred to his fair.- -ehigli Portland Cense:*.: Pa., said that his orscs upon the men the safety news to them mployccs who drive to en driving carelessly in ids. caution signs were en an employee violate ations. lie is called in;a matter is discussed with Officers 1935-36 fanerai Chairman--A. L. A rmstrong, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, X. Y. ce-Chairman in Charge of Program--H. L. M in e r . E. I. duPont dc Xemours & Co., } Wilmington, Del. j yicc-Chairman in Charge of Engineering--Ralph L. Rocers, Jr.. Tennessee Eastman 1 Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. . | Secretary--R.u.Pii 0. K eeker, Aluminum Company of America. Pittsburgh, Pa. J S'ews Letter Editor--E. L. Root. Celluloid Corporation, Xewark, X. J. ! iiembership and Publicity Committee Chairman--5. D. K ikkimtrick, Chemical and Mctal( lurgical Engineering, Xcw York, X. Y. ' Occupational Disease Committee Chairman--D r. L eonard G r eenbu rc, New York State } Department of Labor, Xcw York. X. Y. Statistics Committee Chairman--R. C. S tratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford. Conn. J{embers at Large-- F. E. Clancy, Jr.. Mathieson Alkali Works. Inc., Niagara Falls. X. Y. F. W. D ennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co.. Niagara Falls, X. Y. !' ` Ira V. Kepner. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co., Menominee, Mich. * . E. F. King, Lever Brothers Co.. Cambridge. Mass. H. P. L e w is , E. I. duPont dc Nemours & Co.. Wilmington. Del. ' John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton, X. J. C. E. S evrens. Mcrrimac Chemical Co.. Inc.. Boston. Mass. ' John S. S haw, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington, Del. 1' Ph :mmer W heeler. American Cynnamid Co., Linden, X. J. . . S. E. W hiting. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Officers Elected for 1936-37 S Chairman--H. L. M iner. E. I. duPont de Xemours &: Co.. Wilmington. Del. ,`Chairman in Charge of Program--Ralph L. Rocers, Jr.. Tennessee Eastman Corp.. ,mrtP-rt' Tenn` t u j i i a,rman in Charge of Engineering--J. J. B. F l t e n w id e r , Hercules Powder Co., irl,n. X. J. ~ --^ ALPH O. Keefer. Aluminum Comrany of America. Pittsburgh. Pa. ,i?r Editor--F. W. D ennis. Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls. X. Y. f*.;, t trshtp and Publicity Committee Chairman--C. E. S evrens, Merrimac Chemical Co., "i.Decu: oston- Mass- ' a pliaUo,,al Disease Committee Chairman--Da. Leonard Gref.nburc, New York State ! P i m e n t of Labor, New York. X. Y. j . S'aifo- 0'""nttee Chairman--E. L. Root. Celluloid Corporation, Xewark. X. J. r G,nnfi Committee Chairman--R. C. Stratton, The T ravclerJJJJJjpfce G> WftMard,- OOOOC H ' i r ~ __ i hi r i >.-,4 Sfiih fe i; V ' v*. "1 g: 4 iv -Jtevi.T-:'-:-- j 226 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress chemical workers, handed down from ihc age when chemical leaks and drips were frequent. 6. The chemical operator should realize that the control features on all chemical equipment are there not only for operat ing purposes, but, in most cases, for safety; and in the event that any pressure or vacuumi gage, thermometer, or what not indicates abnormal change or a Sad condition, he should take steps immediate ly to rectify the condition as specified by his superior, usually by reporting the con dition promptly. However, there are emergencies when he must safeguard the situation before reporting. It is taken for granted that these emergency conditions arc provided for in his training. It is im possible to do more than generalize on this without the danger of misunderstand ing. 7. While "a little knowledge is a dan gerous thing," the more the worker knows about the reasons for following prescribed methods, the better worker he is. He should acquaint himself with the reasons, and, if possible, be familiar with the sim ple chemistry and physics of his job, and not be afraid to ask questions: but he should never experiment without the ad vice of proper authority. Chemical control should not be treated lightly. Any changes to be made in the chemical process should take place only after the careful consideration and diree- tion of those competent to make such changes. 8. When leaving his work, or outlin ing his duties to another at the termina tion of his shift, the chemical work*r should fully familiarize his successor with the condition of the equipment and the status of the chemicals in process. This should be in writing in a log book of op erations. By no means should he leave any questionable condition whereby his fellow worker may meet with a mishap, i. It is his full responsibility to live up to j this and to consider it as sacred as any-" thing in life. The slightest deviation from ' this practice, whether deliberate or others wise, has meant disaster to chemical h workers and monetary loss to pianti owners. ..:c 9. The chemical plant is no place for', monkey business or horseplay. It must . be remembered that the practical joker., in chemical work may be a potential killer. ->* I have known chemical workers deliber-i; atcly to plug condensers in order to see#7 if their fellow workers could quickly dis- cover and locate the trouble. Such meth-'. ods should not be resorted to, even with only water in the equipment. ; 10. The chemical worker should thor- oughly appreciate the fact that safety isy sacred, that the safest method is generally the best method, and that the best method .. always embraces the safest way. ,, _^Y. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 Employers' Added Liability Under New Occupational Disease^ Laws in New York By J. W. NEW TON Compensation and Claims Departments, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. :?*. The New York State Workmen's Com pensation Law, adopted in 1014. covered only accidental injuries arising o n t f f y k l in the course of employment, :11 >ac*JP_; diseases or infections as might nytlr? and unavoidably result therefrom. Occupational diseases arc not acci injuries and were, therefore, not - lU..,v in the coverage of the W orkmen s _. pcn_._sa_t_io_n__LL_a_aw__. __ q__'N_'-__ ded In 1930 the Legislature ? ,1,en .j"|0jiil law to include 23 specrivedw occupa* iseases. arising of certain de> processes. I* was amended, w or processes " " number of law stood at the statement to io medical soem . traceable to. >u arise out of. < I" included in the Act. with the i similar dust di-> 5 The annual under that 'the state wa> being added to one per cent t'<1 roll, and in a ! hazard was kfe hot in excess ot of payroll. I he State of New ^ .cent of the total A few years ai in this country I ested in the mu death of cimd'e tions having a ' llrly granite a'1 A senons I'1 many Industrie' that another I'" called "all-ini hi hill was actual'' and took etteet Under this In "'ere: Would th ease" be constr elude any disen' 'ng the em|'lo>1 *n occupational elude the couiin kt fever, or nu v How would the Pr't the law? ' Pfeted to inelinl 0n!y diseases l'1 n*ture of an > "hich the hazti' illy exht, then V".8*! occupational J101 increase bv ' ,,'v to any eot ?r*s*nt co-t. es Ur dust disease On M.-iv Jl. 000081 ` v _______ mm. Chemical Section /'uj'i; Such `r 1 ,*rn:i::;. 'I v.'Ofkv --.or with I .'ll!'! tf- Ti.ij of c;>. In: lca\; y his . >4 mishap, h >i' up io ; 11 ;i 1 any. . j I.'.m from uthcr- ' li<-mica! i'i plan: / //l.ict fcr , /t musi in .il joker ; potential w > iluliher, . |i r to see /ii` My <!'! in li meth- , t yen with ,,,,iil'l th.cr- i safety is . j/i-riiraily .i method J Disease //. V. , ..dentil i included Com- . . i . ' f ' d th; ..litioni' cec arising out of and in the course f ^'certain designated employments or > o! _ ,iec From time to time the law , "rC-Camended, increasing the occupations . *** ro'cesses covered and increasing the ' r, ^ber of diseases covered to 27 as the . T <tood at the end of 1934. . It is a fair .p'-r!t to say that every disease known m Medical science, which could be directly : '-cable to. or was definitely known to ` out of. a process of employment was eluded in the Workmen's Compensation : \ct with the exception of silicosis and dmilar dust diseases. The annual cost for occupational dis : h e s under that law to the employers of the state was comparatively small, there ' being added to premiums in most cases cr.e per cent per hundred dollars of pay ( roll, and in a few industries, where the i hazard was greater, a cost varying but ' not in excess of SI .00 per hundred dollars ) of payroll. The total average cost in the State of New York was not over 1 per J . cent of the total premium. i A few years ago the medical profession I ir. this country became particularly inter ested in the causes of the disability and death of employees engaged in occiipa- } tions having a silica dust hazard, particu- ] larlv granite and foundry workers. t . A serious problem was presented to j many industries in the stale by the fact | that another piece of legislation, the so- callcd `all-inclusive" occupational disease bill was actuaiiv put on the statute books md took effect September I, 1935. Under this law some of the problems were: Would the term "occupational dis ease" be construed by the courts to in clude any disease which might arise dur ing the employee's employment? Would an occupational disease under the law in clude the common cold, pneumonia, scar let fever, or any communicable disease? How would the courts of this state inter pret the law? If the law were inter preted to include as occupational diseases, only diseases peculiar and incident to the nature of an occupation or process in -"hich the hazards of such diseases actu- ex'st, then it was thought the cost 01 occupational disease coverage should no* increase by virtue of this all-inclusive to any considerable extent over the j,resent cost, except for silicosis and simi- lr dust diseases. ^n May 21. 1953. Industrial Commis- sioner Andrews issued a statement rela tive to the probable effect and cost of the all-inclusive occupational disease bill which became effective September 1, 1935. In this statement, the Commissioner said that the experience in New York State and in states having an all-inclusive occu pational disease law, indicated that the new amendment would add less than 2 per cent and perhaps less than 1 per cent to the insurance cost of workmen's com pensation insurance in New York State. It is my understanding, however, that the Commissioner did not mean to in clude in this estimate of 1 per cent and 2 per cent, the cost of silicosis and other dust diseases, but that the Commissioner re:erred to diseases brought under the act. other than dust diseases. Du: whatever he meant the amendment has not been in operation long enough for an accurate accounting to be made as to the actual increase in cost of occu pational disease compensation. \\ he:t employers examined this amend ment making all occupational diseases compen-atable. the first feeling was one of alarm, and the insurance companies, apprehensive almost to the point of panic, arivi o this alarm by cancelling cover- a<c certain plants, and notifying o::*j that their premiums would be rir.v llv increased. When, however, the v silicosis and dust disease law (which will be described iif a moment) wa> enacted after a great number of con ference among employers, insurance companies, the Department of Labor, and employee*, the general alarm greatly sub sided. Another important cause of the subsidence of this alarm was the pro nouncement of the Industrial Commis sioner that it was not proposed to bring under the occupational disease classifica tion every illness or disease suffered by an employee. To be eompensatable, he said in effect, a disease must be shown to be a real occupational disease of a type peculiar to and caused by the occupation in which tiie worker was engaged. If the Com m i s s i o n e r ' s interpretation is sustained by the cu-.irts there may be some justifica tion fiT tills occupational disease amend ment since an oc fined 1 gcnerall im.'.i '! .'n him ional disease so der?9ult of -conditions, ibis-employer, cottcfi- .fu? no control,''ind T -. 7 ~ n "' . : '-Vi T . ; V- :. 00003.2 v ' - -` .V ^ . . '..y'.. /;Tt YX'C/:;-i|;: we SizW.. y-:---." 22S 7 wiity-pfth Xatioual Safety Cotigrcss from which he cannot escape, except by leaving his job. The employer, therefore, it may be agreed, should be solely re sponsible for most of such occupational diseases and in all justice should accept the responsibility for injuries sustained. The more one studies this occupational disease amendment, in the light of the Commissioner's pronouncement, the more difficult it becomes to find any real occu pational disease that has been added to compensatability under the Workmen's Compensation Law other than silicosis and other dust diseases. Before this amendment there were in the statute 27 named diseases coupled with descriptions of processes, and it seems probable that the only real occupational diseases added by the amendment are silicosis and other dust diseases. Lndoubtedly in time, be cause of newly discovered processes and hazards in industry there will be addi tional occupational diseases discovered that are not represented in the twenty- seven scheduled diseases, and these new diseases will automatically be brought un der the law by the amendment covering all occupational diseases. Following the adoption of this all inclusive amendment a new silicosis and dust disease bill was introduced in the State Legislature in 1936, and was finally enacted June 6, 19j 6. This bill was in troduced primarily at the behest of the employers of the State because they felt strongly that the inclusion of silicosis and other dust diseases in the all-inclusive amendment placed an undue burden upon industries particularly subjected to the dyt hazard. The reasoning was that the difficulties attendant upon the correct diagnosis of these dust diseases would open the way for numerous doubtful claims unless some extra requirements' were placed upon physical examinations,' and special limitations put upon the amount of compensation payable for the various stages of these diseases. The bill as finally enacted is known as Article 4a of the Workmen - Compensation Law, and section 222a of the Labor Law. The first paragraph of the Act is a declaration of policy and reads as follows: "It is hereby declared to be the poliev of the legislature of this state, in enacting this article to prohibit through every law ful means available, any requirement as a prerequisite to employment which com- pels an applicant for employment in an- occupation coming within the preview 0f this article to undergo a medical exami nation." This measure was included over the strong objections of many employs in the state who felt that any such pro vision was a step backward in the use of medical science in industry and if f0|. lowed out would be in the long run i detriment to employee and employer alike. The declaration remained in the ' bill in spite of these objections. The Act itself provides that no compen- ? sation is payable for partial disability 0 due to silicosis or other dust diseases. ' For temporary or permanent total dij-"*z' ability or for death front silicosis or other.-I dust disease, if disablement or death occur during the first calendar month in which this act became effective. $500 is payable;^ if disablement or death occur in the sec*'-#? ond month S5c-0 and for each month thereafter the payment shall increase at^- the rate of $50 per month, but in no event'.rft shall payment exceed an agregrreeeg.aite notf'"T.sf, $3.000. i'ar. within five yea disability. The employer employee was la for compensatio: oi compensation employees. Xovv, I am su- in regard to the laws on the clic take a look at t! fore the all-incheffective, and ue cal industry is w occupational disv poisoning and ot suiting from con: cury, phosphorubenzol and its ri phide, and any nickel carbonyl, nitrate and acetapreparations, eli minerai oil, para these substancc.phuric, hydro-cb Medical treatment and care are pro-y^ acids, petroleum ; vided for a period of 90 days from dalc.V dermatitis from of disablement and may be extended for lit and oils. Out oi an additional period of 90 davs upon yy 13 belong in the order of the Board. .-*** The liability prescribed is in lieu of:}^ any other liability whatever. 'T/ In my opinion, practically every I ease in the chcmic If death occurs and there are depend-^ ents, the benefits will be the difference'^, between what has been paid and $3,COO but never more than S3,000. If there be A no dependents, payments cease, nothing ~-. Gas Detect Defic. to be paid into special funds as in the case of accidental death from other com- "x pensatable causes. '.j If, for example, total disability com-A^ Chie: menced in August, 1936, that is, three months after the law became affective, a J payment of S630 would be made, and Director then compensation at two-thirds of wages /- Interest in publ as long as the disability lasts, but not in rm explosions a excess of $3,000. ' . atld diseases from Where the last exposure was between landed the dc September 1. 1935 and the date this *a'y-.:.^: ' ' C1rs. indicators became effective, a claim is barred that arc suit filed within 180 days from the day 1 .rVjTl .. f a lndl,stri;l law became effective. f-` and vapors An cmp|kgji.i:-5hall be liable for ' ' ratory proccilv pensation . cn disability resuKs-'vi'h ^ -- g ^ .d e li cate, opc one year r the last exposurl and,' -tewch.n- ici. if death result^ - o*JbIe titne (or ... 000083s! employment in ar.v I'.in the preview i 1 a medical exam.:! : was included ov;r of many employe!! that any such 'pro.ward in the use o' dustry and if fo;.' m the long run a ce and employer n remained in the bjections. :cs that no compen. partial disability, er dust diseases, ermanent total dis. mi silicosis or other incut or death occur iar month : which e. $500 is payable; h occur in the sec* 1 for each month it shall increase at nth, but in no event 1 an aggregate of, and care arc pro<50 days from date ay be extended for of 90 days upon ribed is in lieu ci never. 1 there are depend;i be the dinerence ten paid and So.OCO $5.000. If there be ents cease, nothin* ial funds as in the th from other com- otal disability cor! 1956. that is. became a.nectite. * -....d be made. *nd two-thirds ot "a; ' 5 ity lasts, mat not * osurc was d the date t! " atm is barred , from the da> be liable tor ceffbi'.itv results wit:-^ lit exposure, ar.J ' ile if death r- -! : i; | Chemical Sedioli H . . ,-v. years following continuous in Whose employment the 1 exposed shall be liable ^ omfensation. There is no splitting ,,"Sensation between two or more ^ployccs. .,;ppos<;j t0 say something ,, ',,i to the effect of these two new - E.T^th indury. U . . . M.i.istrv is well taken care of. In the Kcupational disease section are mcludcd and other deleterious eh eels rc- :;;,inc from contact with lead, zme mer ry. phosphorus, arsenic, wood alcohol, liBMl and its derivatives, carbon bisul fide. and any sulphide, nitrous tum.es. - bkksl carbonyl, solvents for cellulose .r.ltrnc and acetate, formaldehyde and i s preparations, chromic acid, tar, p.tc i. 'tr.ir.cral oil. paruinu or any compound o. .- iliese substances, metnvl chloride sul phuric. hydro-chloric and hydro-mionc ' pc:ro:cu::i products 3iid tlicir iuincs. .' dermatitis from handling acids, aikalies ';wd oils. Out of 27 processes described H i belong in the chemical industry. .7 la my opinion, based upon the fact that Jfrxcpcaliy every known occupational dis kette in the chemical field was specifically .' * covered in lbc `^'c'v ^ or'' 'aw ,)r`or ,l1 the adonti" of the two amendment. , j jriVtt described, and assuming tint Coin'miS'i"`:r Andrews' definition^ nt "occupati"-`l d-scasc under the . 1 am endm ent is sustained by tlw. courts' t h - o will not be any great in crease in ' ornpcnsation costs to clienin.il ,-rs on account of these tu.. 1113 , . . . other than in those imiti, fries"w'hirl' ',rc definitc'-v subject to a thi.i 1 a 1 '(heoretically, I think tins i. t!ue but . closing I want to point out that" tlicr" i ' n0 assurance whatever th.it he refer-'- who conduct the hearings he courts will strictly and uniformly ,U. piy m, -.1 r . -i.lrews' conception, since th.-u . ... . . ____ t . t : . no de: ..-on of "occupational disen-.e ' t. . -jto. Judging by tendencies m the past." "rc 'viU be a str01'S aml Ml` tamed ci''"' made to have the phrase in tertsrctrd ,\ri* lihiwallv in the interest. of the r! " r.n"itsa,maennddmii etnhtatmsauycceoepdesn, ttiinn.- "daololr-introl1 sorts of claims which l ure no true r- -.tnui to the legitimate burden. of imi Istr / In such event the industries may he reed into the role of health insurers their employees, and the ie .n . to of the e r . " " > cla ---- to the tr' f.'tendous expense to be placed -on ir.d -: , r 'cs' cI,cn:'ca' and otherwise bv. t h i c ' woul d be rca!izci1' Gas Detectors for Determination of I'1-ammabilLy, Oxygen -V!! Deficiency and' Toxicity in Rooms and Vessels By . } E. W. GILLILANL Chief Chemist, Mine Safety Appliances C o - P ittsburgh. P a- .v iij# h iiS te ::te : $ ]$ l hi t-fi hi f l f , ; . i.i liiitt ' ' .!4**i|j. [%'* ilj . i 'Un . . .* n i i C;\m MW W ILLIA M P. YANT 1 Director of Research, Mine Safety A ppliance* Co., itts urg a. a. ' trtst ' n public and industrial safety A jy .^ b le device for m ost field situ.*. ' ' JJ*Plosions and occupational injuries tions j_ , : t be readily portable, ru g g ed , T - l eases from gases and vapors has east:v' r-s.^sm-tahiineedbyinthceonpdeitrisoonnnfeolr autseh. arned. - T~- z ^ ^ d 'e'idn'dtihceatodrse,vealnodpmaennatlyzoifnggaesqudipe-- ltioabgleivo ' ,--u lts and the desired inform,*- \ it -ifS*--** arc su' tahle for use at the site tion. w: the accuracy and sensitivity w . ' mdustrial situations in which the quired ...r the situation under investig.*. / ';V <Ta,*n<^ val>rs occur. T he ordinary tion. ' ,.,<* mobatnayineudsesq,t*itggisrJenquiorredderth.t*-.t* - - 'tc Procedures arc usually curnber,:calc. operable only in the hands avoid ^.ys that wouljftrolong hazard, *-> V- . _ 'Ckh,!!Cians. and require consid- mis w'.- d increase infcsc apd to detect -P-.e for making determ inations. r:i; id r .ses in atmotePa'Contamm,,. OOOOS-l d-v.ci- ^| >if .'A :x v \ h " ': t**'.-** Rf ilk a cm ('-'quivalcn, . ? }Uh0Sh rcccn.l - V 5 > laS T " * P P l i c * Bre , hcre S .: Construction Section I)e,ec>r for Norillaniicr. Jr . 5m o, ,].e M Sa .. `ttpry Mutual u ". l(e" r ` .No. lyxa, j ur* :!J ReJ" on to ,v,, Lun':', .eJ:ca! Cor.. \!?' eJ'Cal Eui-::ni ior Aircraft, * o'; J'!.e.r,on- Ins:TM! Kcconltf atu AUr-T \7,l,u- ,\y 1`u r c A u nt M i n e s TP* _'IonO*,Jc ,3 ,. ' rtir.cn. Iai Nol 6, p. 22t>, I5; L * F. M Cgnt.TjMij fi"! u ' He:F o.trctfo rvNoMutu.;a>l w. L c T. Paul. P ure aj 0t M-::es r.rs Suitable f*r De ; r i l A. B Hooker, i. Zelierx. Bureau oi .irds Jor Detecttnc line K:re* and Ex1'ureau of Mines TP- .arhon Monoxide cn -rrell. F. M. Seibert, bureau oi Mines TP- se U'altami: Mice and '\ n i e and to Atmos* W I \ Vant. F. A. : \)I-. n Berc'er. Bu- r.i a L'tiiitv J "*e- ,v:d ('. St. J. > HI->!.*. I.ijI. . Officers 1935-36 - ,,/ Chairman--W. A. Sxow, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., 1329 CC Street, X. '.V\, Washington. D. C. .-((-Chairman far Heavy Construction and Railroad Contractors--R. J. Reiceluth, C. W. - Blakcslee & Sons, SS Waverly St., New Haven, Conn. yUc-Chairman for PHehteay Construction--F. I Rowe, W. L. Johnson Construction Co., ' ihcksville, Ohio. j ; 'c,-Chairman for U. .9. Engineer Department--M ajor Elliott V a n d evaxter, C. oi E., i ' Office of tiie Chief of Engineers, Washington. D. C. i 1`ice-Chairmon for Building Construction--C ut?"* W. Wright, Wright & Kremers, Inc., Niagara Falls, X. V. Secretary-- R orert M c K ivlf.v, General Accident Fire R Life Assurance Corp., Detroit, Mich. . fines Letter Editor--G. O. C.um.v. Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pa. Engineering Committee Chairman--E. X. G oi.dTIXE. San Francisco. Calif. Sfemhersh-.p Committee Chairmen--T h o m a s B e n t le y , The A. Bentley S: Sons Co., Toledo, ' Ohio. ; Pester Committee Chairman--R. A. S n o w . Carolina Power & Light Co., Raleigh, X. C. program Committee Chairman--V. P. A h e a r n . National Sand & Gravel Assn., Munscy Bidg., Washington. D. C. Publicity Committee Chairman--W. P. C o n n . Eittor. "The Constructor." Washington, D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman--C. H. Black. Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass. . Past General Chairmen-- W. F. A ustin, Detroit, Mich. E X. G oldstine. San Francisco. Calif. J ohn R u ssell, J r.. Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, X. J. ' Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--W. A. S n o w , Associated General Contractors of America. Inc., \\ ash- ington, D. C. ! iee-Chairman for Heavy Construction--R J 'T: ;u urn. C. W. Blakeslce S: Sons, New Ha\cn. Conn. ' l iee-Chairman for Higlnvay Construction--F. I. R o w e, W. L. Johnson Construction Co., Hicksvil'.e, Ohio. i iee-Chairman for U. S. Eni/inccr Deportment--M ajor E lliott V axdevaxter, C. of E., Oiiicc oi the Chief of Engineers. Wahtineu n. D. C. i 'lre-Chairman for Building Construction--i .-t-'k W. T O ^'.TtTWrigift~ft~-Kverncrs, Inctr Niagara Falls. X. V. Secretory--Roncur M'cii. McKinley, General Ace: lent. Fire Rf ;i'i^i iyc . Assurance . Corp., Detroit, if ` 000025 h 3 33::;' Iliu! tIK . 7. sa 244 Twenty-fifth National Safety .Congress terially improve accident records in the construction industry is that which other industries have been using for so long. Briefly, a program based on adequate accident records, consistent inspection and maintenance of plant, a complete medical program and the principle of supervisory responsibility, cannot help but succeed Dust Diseases As They Affect the Construction Industry By A. J. LANZA, M. D. Assistant Medical Director, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York City With a possible single exception, there is but one dust disease and one dust causing that disease with which the con struction industry is concerned. The disease is silicosis and the dust causing it is dust containing free silica (SiO:). Dusts containing silica in combined form have not been shown to cause disability or disease, with the exception of asbes tos. which is a silicate. The outstanding facts with regard to silicosis have often been detailed and will be only briefly summarized here. The dust must be in a fine state of subdivi sion to reach the lungs. The particles which do the damage arc less than ten microns in diameter. In this country, the amount of dust in the air at any loca tion is determined by the standard meth od elaborated by the United States Bureau of Mines and the United States Public Health Service, using the im pinger. the results being expressed in millions of particles per cubic foot. In order to estimate the hazard, we must know the number of particles and the percentage of silica, because a dust con taining 100 per cent pure silica would be more harmful than one containing 50 per cent silica. ' \ \ hen we know the amount of dust-- in terms of averages--the amount of sil ica, and the extent of exposure, we are in a position to evaluate the seriousness of the hazard. We know that silicosis is a chronic disease, taking usually years to develop, and as we see it in American industries, causing little or no disability unless there is superimposed upon it an ini.-ction. This infection is most often tuberculosis, to which the individual with silica damaged lungs is very susceptible. The more severe the silica damage, the more apt tuberculosis is to develop. W e do not as yet have permissable or safe standards of dustiness. There is such an extremely wide variation of in dustrial processes and environmental fac tors that any elaborate system of stand ards would be impracticable; but a simple workable standard is highly desirable. There is a rough standard, which is based largely on the work of the Public Health Service, of ten million particles of dust per cubic foot. This is a convenient tar get to shoot at when dust control meas ures are undertaken in an industrial plant. That is not to say, however, that a threshold of ten million particles of a highly siliceous dust is safe. This stand ard was based on exposure to granue dust, containing about 35 per cent pure silica. The construction section of this Con gress embraces many types of industry and a multitude of processes. It is not practicable, therefore, to present a com plete scheme of all the hazards in these industries. We can, however, attain our object in a sutnciently satisfactorv man ner by considering first, materials, and second, the processes in which these ma terials are used. The construction indus try uses enormous amounts of certain "ell known materials. Lime, gypsum, cement, sand, occur to everyone's mind when you mention construction. , Many of these substances are used in processes " hich involve considerable amounts of dust, wherein lies the possibilitv of a health hazard. ' Ti-er* is no silicosis without silica-- free silica. So right off, the manufac turer or pL iyj ^ial company has the first clear-cut ness 01 ofwhthiceh pomteamy iable-Wcianufsuiini^grT* *77 concern ttirtfrjijji or his cmplovees. Does i5 f OCCOZi; VC ii: i -an z b l y ^ t>:c;cs th i: ti TVCtW N covus < an '~ r .:c e bo r " ? cimrr. co n n rr t z wit dor* r.; : ^;no'. hi> ~ " '*'CC5 . *~-4g ; rr.iir. .f -avjld c o r ^ ;" TCtS : ccr.^i. 'L'.tn U :t -- ~ . 0 '. the T.v.rrc Me zre fre a n s a * :rorr. m ar:.e. :--.c. anc ru -iv o: s u \t z s :l. We knr'r " r r w::i. I o thi m - r?. -- "V core..*. ^r. tf -- ?. c i< ztr.t an.'L !: :ne coir.r.r : ,iac tr.: Tjc-- - I hri~; z-i.x. or. jr u- -r.st- * : c.-'aj 7` Ju:r th*. -vt--.- j-j : `7.C " ? v e::: --: .'I lf : * a c?-r~r 1; ' '** * * WwV** ----.V*M?/, %.j ... j--i , . . ; T. '*'/**?* ** lished industries. Where a tunnel is be , contain ing constructed in a highly silicious tear rock, the dust hazard looms very large. i S t i s an appreciable amount? Prob- It is similar to hard rock mining and ,,V in excess ot a per cent. At least. evervt'ninc conspires to make the con ;5 well on the conservative .side. trol of dust difficult. It is interesting to ^ U h c io u s dusts may be a nuisance or note that tunnel work in various parts of '.n annovance to employees or to neigh the world has been followed by similar boring communities, but they are not experiences. -once^ned with silicosis. If the employer _ The report of the Director General ot ? "j not know whether a dust to which Public Health for New South Wales in . emplovees are exposed contains silica Australia. 1024. details an investigation 'V a t 'is the first thing for him to deter concerning ventilation and sandstone dust ' Should he find that the dust does present in the air of certain sewer tunnels ,,main free silica, in a determined per in Sidney. Apparently there was an ex cr centage then the next step is to ascer cessive amount of silicosis and tubercu is tain the amount of such dust present in losis among these tunnel workers. he air where his employees work. A report of the South African Institute 'CC* We are frequently asked whether dust for Medical Research. April, 1935. details n Di a-ring from gypsum, cement, lime, a severe silicosis hazard among sewer r.arble. talc, rock wool, mineral wool tunnel workers in South Africa. and manv other substances, may cause We arc justified in concluding that tun sced silicosis. ' We say to the inquirer. "\o u nel work calls for extraordinary precau litvn know the materials ` you are working tions for safety and health with a super -.1 llUSt xith Do they contain free silica?" He vision of the health of tunnel workers -av reply. "No." or "Only a trace.' The comparable to that followed in other in conclusion then isobvious. There is no dustries. Grinding or pulverizing sand, : silicosis hazard. . gravel, and other highly silicious materi The tvpe of process in which the dust als are procoscs that need very careful f j is generated is of great practical import control and supervision. .r.uin::cc ance. If the process is conducted in a confined place, with poor ventilation, it The control of the dust hazard is an urre engineering problem and in the main de is apparent that the hazard is much more pends on an ctTort to entrap the dust at dangerous than if it were in the open air. its point oi origin by using water, or because in the confined place, the work suction exhaust systems, or both. Once try man gets a much bigger dose of silica. the dust is in the air. reliance is placed nu:t Recently I saw some X-ray films of upon further use of water, and or dilu brick masons. These masons handled tion oi the silica dust by increased ven only fire bricks--made from a highly tilation and on protecting the individual silicious material -- and they were em by a suitable mask or respirator. The a;r- ployed in lining kilns and furnaces. United States Bureau of Mines now cer amd Their films showed well developed sili tifies respirators that are saie for silica mu- cosis. Their job consisted in breaking up dust. The use of respirators should be illi-- the worn-out lining in furnaces and build restricted to exposures which are inter taun ing new ones. They were continuously mittent or temporary. uim. exposed to a highly silicious dust in a Where ventilation equipment designed :iind very close, confined place. The same to remove dust from the air is installed, aniy material - could probably be handled in its efficiency should be checked from time sos other types of construction work with to time by dust counts, using the stand of little or no hazard. ard impmger method. As with other a The mention of close and confined protect1.'e de'iccs. there is always danger Places brings to mind tunnels, about that tht* ><Tt of apparatus becomes ra- wtahtiiocnh. thWereithhoaust regcoeinngtlyinbteoendemtauilcsh caogni greatly unpaired or useless because of iacr*t cerning this subject, the lesson to be failure to maintain it properly. I rnent ..ned an-cxccption to the state fait- learned is clear. The digging of a tun nel is not a permanent undertaking in ment tHat ..nlv fiS&SMi dust will pro i:nS - t l w l a p v t III HUWII S I I - ........ O any locality but the work should be safe duce dio-a.e of pjfshmgs. Tht*-eption is ii.rstu*J!gg;tnagnesium silicate. guarded as in more permanently cstab oooor- `ai : 8& fei>! m ; il- ,il I Sir m l! kA'J " , !: ? 246 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress m i i-V* The inhalation of asbestos dust produces a condition of the lungs similar to sili cosis. The pathology is quite different and the appearance on X-ray films is distinct from silicosis. Asbestosis ap parently does not predispose to tubercuIsis and in this country has not been shown to cause much disability, though a few deaths have been recorded. In the manufacture of construction material, as bestos is usually combined with other substances which, by reducing th e amount of asbestos in the dust, tend to mitigate the hazard. A matter of great concern to the em ployer is what disposition to make of cases of silicosis among his employees. If active tuberculosis is present, it is to the interest of the individual and his fel low workmen that he be removed from his occupation and given proper care. If infection is not present, there will be litt]e or no disability and the employer should protect the individual from further ex posure through methods suitable to the situation involved. The important item to remember is the nature of the material and the process in which it is employed. Consideration of these two items will enable the employer to ascertain whether a silica hazard is present and to act accordingly. Again ' let me emphasize that where workmen are exposed to a highly silicious dust in confined places, the situation is extreme ly serious and calls for energetic and comprehensive measures of control and continued medical supervision of the men. Dust samples should be taken frequently and the men should be examined fre quently so that serious disease will not occur. . On 03e 'Prc joined 20 of t reasons : Torre hirrm One leakiagOre evider larze tumior c Ore v ery n rr.-ir.-n: bat Ore demi h Ore rniL'h l '.vir.h Ore wirth c One witth l One witth 1 One '-h : bk: hid writ One pairtir One antaeit 2 > : geener taVrjr lad ph " v r :cno ' Ore w o c tion voric. An: truer Physical Examinations of Construction Employees on Public Works Programs By L. M. DEARDORF . Superintendent of Construction, W. L. Johnson Construction Company, Hicksville, 0. If there ever was a tunc when em thoroughly demoralized mentally; physi ployees on Public Works projects should cally they have permitted their bodies to be given physical examinations before per be run down about like an old paver that mitting their names on the payroll, it is has been standing alongside the road for now. a corresponding period of years. Any .contractor who secures a Public Our procedure in carrying out physical Works project with the Highways. PWA. examinations for our employees is as fol the U. S. Engineers, or any of the other lows: The contract having been award department of the Federal Government is ed. and the superintendent assigned to required, as a part of the labor regula the project, one of his first important tions. to submit a requisition for his em preliminary instructions is to" talk to the ployees to the Xational Reemployment doctors in the vicinity of the project and ize Service. The Xational Reemployment explain to them the problem which we Service is dominated by the \VPA or face in securing competent .physically- ganization to the extent that all semi able workmen. If the M. D. shows any skilled and common labor are furnished sympathy in our problems and troubles, only from relief lists. In the majority of we negotiate for mass examination of the cases those unfortunate individuals who employees. The price paid for the exam are still on relief arc there only by reason ination is fromSl.OO to $2.S0. of a mental or physical deficiency. They The findnuT? n3\-e been v<fy. interest have done very little work during the ing on the WLfious- projects as the follow- *7*7 past five or six years and are i-retiy in; facts 'vSvje^tify. ; x - '**-* *  -v ' ' If i f rders to await th. ' h>'~ ' imcn's C o r r .^ .f ( F - Marine Section 1 Committee, wi:'-' ' " cases of $e\e.-'-' ! " in these i r . t o r - . ' :ng to be able in ou: l : years can be . Ofncers 1935-36 ~t neglect o: period, the "|,| e.n a; piie'i "accident rr-e.e Cenerai Chairman--E. W. Fiske, J r., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. yiee-Chairmcn (In Charge of Posters and Slides)--Ronutr F. H and, Standard Shipping f-o- 'N*ew York, N. Y. y.:e.Chairman (In Charge of Publicity )--Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer, Sew York, X. yiee-Chairmcn (Forche Pacific Coast)--A. D. Woll, General Petroleum Corp. ot Calif., Terminal Island, Calif, 'Secretary--C arl F. V ander C l u t e , Admiralty Attorney, New Y'ork, N. Y. Sr.es Letter Editor--H enry E i.a c ks to x e, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., 340 Pine St San Francisco, Calif. ' VI miwcritg Committee Chairman--B. C. E dwards, Consulting Engineer, New York, N. Y. e Membership Committee Chairman--E. C. H olden, Jr., United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., '. New York, X. Y. ' pra^am Committee Chairman--H. L. S eward, Y'ale University, Xew Haven, Conn. ^ Ststis'ies Committee Chairman--B e n j a m i n H. S elf, Travelers Insurance Company New . : York. X. Y. 'Sltvtderir.a Committee Chairman--F. C. Grecorv, Waterfront Employers Association, San ; b'r.mcisco, Calif. ' ~ i Y , . Members at Large-- : Prank E. Ames, Likes Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co.. N'ew Orleans, La. -Y';*. P* Btccs. Xavy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, D. C. .'.'-'y.C- T. L lackton, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey City, X. J. <- 0CAX' The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., New York Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co.. Mobile, Ala. G roundwater, Lu.on Oil Co. of Calif.. Los Angeles, Calif. 1. , NSV J- Heidorn, Standard Shipping Co., New York, N. Y. : -T.0."" Hunter. The Alantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. I f'-n F' ^0NE5' Gulf Refining Co.. New Y'ork, N. Y. L* t ' VAN'ACI1- Grace Line, Inc., New York, X. Y. k;:-f if K.' Kru-Y- Yi^e Water Oil Co., Xew York, N. Y. ` ' 1 A^RT ^R" Xcu ^ orL Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, N. J. i n ,Vc:iE-V3ACn' American Bureau of Shipping, New Y'ork, N. Y. ri.viV i . 'f :EaN'' Standard Oil Co. of Caiif.. San Francisco, Calif. . ;* Q ,, p J- M u r ph y , Murphy, Cook & Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. ' -H Iyjon O f E-RSEN"' Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., New Y'ork, .'YA- V > ' :>-nard. Pacific Coast Marine Associations. San Francisco, Calif ^ Y l W N'; ,Smclair Navigation Co., New York, N. Y. '.'V w 'p c"I Marme 0ffice of America. New York, N. Y'. "H Ttom.'ArTTM?sonN'''',9Lollommbitaann SStteeaammsshhiipp CCoo... NXeeww Y1'ork. N. Y. ' i l f v i ; A Y Pt' USX' R~ td" Xew Y"ork State Merchant Marine Academy, N. Y. Xew ^ J*- ??u.th Atlantic S.S. Line. Savvsa.n_n_a_h. G_a_. .... U/T.if^^ihington, D^CTM' iIa^or' ^Sce 01 li:c Chief of Engineers, Munitions Bldg., - ; ^o'lar Steamship Lines. San F - w V Calif. D. 2r.n A' mer,Can. ExPrt Line. Xew Y orkIlli& iSi' --__ ' s~r -, ' e>ated Oil Co., San Francisco, ' . -,.V. r.>-f.. "... s-vV-fX; ; ' 269 llgpk 0 0 0 CS0 >. i --. r;t y4'.' 7 ->* ! M kZ ' fc , K fe "ii;3 ll-'LV a f f i c i ' -, ft .-! . p3 -; i p p -T ta-;<Jr:.. . S*4S<O-.r-w;.-. f e '- ' f if i!:- asssi.4 * "!:: : :.! .1 270 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--E. C. H olden, Jr., United States P. & I. Agency, Inc.. Xew York, X.Y Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Posters and Slides)--Robert F. H and, Standard Oil Co ; _X. J., Marine Dept., Xew York, N. Y. ' Vice-Chairman (In Charae of Publicity)--\V. E. S tewardson, Colombian Steamshio fn Xew York, X. Y. ' ' Vice-Chairman (For the Pacific Coast)--A lbert 0. P egg. Union Oil Companv of Calif Los Angeles, Calif. ' Secretary-- Carl F. V ander Clute, Admiralty Attorney, X'ew York, X. Y. News Letter Editor--H enry B la c k s t o x e , United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Fran cisco, Calif. ' Engineering Committee Chairman--B. C. E dwards, Atlantic Golf and West Indies Steam ' ship Co.. Xew York. X. Y. " . Membership Committee Chairman--E. W . F iskf.. J r., Soconv-Yacuum Oil Co.. Inc \ -TM York, X. Y. ' , A Program Committee Chairman-- B vkon O . P ickard, Pacific Coast Marine Associations cT San Francisco, Calif. ' -? Statistics Committee Chairman--B f.x j a m i x H. S f.l f , Travelers Insurance Company, Xew -* York, X. Y. ' !v Stevedoring Committee Chairman-- F. C. G rf.gorv, Waterfront Employers Association, V* San Francisco, Calif. ' ' <3 Members at Large-- Frank E. A mf.s, Lykcs Eros.-Ripley Steamship Co., Xew Orleans. La. W. P. Btccs, Xavy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, D. C. ` I. C. F. B lacktox, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey City, X. J. ' Fraxk H. Cocax, The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co.. Xew York `A X. Y. J. M. Grisfr. Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co.. Mobile. Ala. H enry J. H f.idorn. Standard Oil Co. of X. J.. Marine Department, Xew York, X. Y. John S. H unter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. W ii.lard F. Jones. Gulf Oil Corp., Xew York, X. Y. T. F. Kavanagh, Grace Line. Inc., Xew York, X. Y. F rank C. Laurie, Lago Petroleum Corp., Maracaibo, Venezuela. Stewart Lee. J r., Xew York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden. X. J. J. L. LuCKENBAcn. American Bureau of Shipping. X'ew York, X. Y. John McGrath, John W. McGrath Corp., Xew York. X. Y. C arl E. P etersen. Xcwport X'cws Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Xew York. X. Y .'.Vf H. W. P room, 1 Broadway, Xew York, X. Y. J. K. Robison, Sinclair Xavicaticn Co.. Xew York. X. Y. -Y' J. A. Rumsey, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Richmond, Calif. S. A. Schramm. Black Diamond Steamship Co.. Pier K, Wcehawkcn. X. J. H. L. S eward. Yale University, Xew Haven, Conn. A. J. S mith. Marine Office of America. Xew York, X. Y. A rthur M. T ode; Consulting Marine Engineer. Xew York, X. Y. G. E. T aylor, Federal Eargc Lines. Xew Orleans, La. J. H. Tomd, Xew York State Merchant Marine Academv. Xew York. X. Y. E lliott V axdevaxter, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Munitions Bldg... Washington, D. C. L. H. W estdahl, Dollar Steamship Lines. San Franc A. 0. W oll, General Petroleum Corp. of Calif.. Termi John W right, American Export L:--ih Xew York, X TUESDAY MORNING SE October 6, 1936 000030 The opening session was called to order engineer, .New York City, by Arthur M. Todc, consulting marine in the absence of E. W. Fiskc, Jr-. cony Vacuum Or City, tl'.e general c V[r. Tode read a Claims and Experience has that the primary claims and ins;most effective m. all description is the principle of ">. organized saiety. . To "organize" partment does n. stitute for the c: mg effort ncccss.' as set forth in t is dependent upc the most import.' 1. It must li: co-cpcration of tl ar.d every depart 2. The progr; that it docs not does not permit 3. Ttere muof loyaltj-^pr t: order thaCtts c free from depar scramble for "c- Xeithcr the d cue individual i cess of such a ; agement and assume the ent viding safe con v living. It then ship's officers tc arc properly r. practices at v\. in n'ii chain is as str . vri ''le officers ca S t -'^rom their men ..conditions by ti --company's safe .-'.Thus saiety mi ^ carried on clow- 'of the entire ui jrcss vo weights. Lighter factory where there is . f tearing against the h'^-0* glove has been develo * aring and is proving y. although some mCn !? lcrcased weight. r 3[hdilnl'ingT flCooUrSsCis flagrUgeal^yd * :ion. Some of the old tiV* I that it is a reflection ! to have to use a guarded } j floors. i brick floors now being n. locations are more slip. Id type. An asphalt floor rnt is about the least slip, far developed. Concrc1ve been troweled to a 1 can be roughened by onccnrratcd sulphuric acid ig with water. Metals Section Officers 1935-36 General Chairman--H. W. D arr, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. ''cc-Chainnan--A. Berquist, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.. East Chicago, Ind. y:-c-Chairman--C. M. A llen, The American Rolling Mill Co.. Middletown, Ohio. V ic e -C h a ir m a n {In Charge of Health)--Dr. R. C. E ngel, Corrigan-McKiuncy Div., Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary and News Letter Editor--R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp , Kokomo. Ind. Contest Committee Chairman-- Robert L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Kv. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. E. Culliney, Eethlehcm Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Foundry Committee Chairman--Irwin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh, Hemphill Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--Mf.ll E. T rammell, Gulf States Steel Co., Alabama ' City, Ala. Posur Committee Chairman--R. H. Fergvson. Republic Steel Corp.. Cleveland. Ohio. Program Committee Chjirman--H. M. Ckc-uhan, Inland Steel Co.. East Chicago, Ind. Fnblieity Committee Chairman--C. W. H snko, Pittsburgh Steel Co., Monesscn, Pa. Rsii-Jtay Car Builders Committee Chairme.---V. J. B rand. Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp., Pullman. Chicago. 111. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. Oaktei., Carnegie-IUinois Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. J. Ireland, Kohler Co., Kohler, \\ is. .Members at Large-- F. G. PiF.NNKTT, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co.. Columbus. Ohio. E. F. Blank. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.. Pittsburgh. Pa. J A. Coi.trin. National Radiator Corp.. Johnstown. Pa. G A. D avis, Carncgic-Illinois Steel Corp.. Giicaeo. 111. M. W. Dt.'NtR 'iE, Beloit Iron Work.- Co.. Beloit. Wis. John P. Em. Carncgic-Illinois Steel Corp.. Joliet, 111. _ W. T. F ilmer. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown. Ohio. A. C. Gibson, Spang. Chaliant & Co.. Inc., Pittsburgh. Pa. O. F. H arvf.y. American Car and Foundry Co., New York, X. Y. S. E. H awkes, MacWhytc Co.. Kenosha. Wis. H. H. Hf.nry, Otis Steel Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. H. G. H f.nsel, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, 111. W. A. Jarvis. The Chase Companies. Waterbury. Conn. F. A. Lacerman, Republic Steel Corp., South Chicago, 111. ' T. H. McK ennev, Chicago. 111. D. Y. Mf.dalie, Interiake Iron Corp.. Chicago. 111. John O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co.. Sparrows Point. Md. C. E. R a lsto n , Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. F r a n k R ow e. Wheeling Steel Corp., Portsmouth, Ohio. H erman S poexer, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Evanston, 111. J. K. Stafford, Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co., Decatur, 111. ' J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp.. Cleveland, Ohio. * Deceatcd. . ..|A e. ., : ?! '. ' I r f t l ;.:Xa| . J * , y :.v m i :: .I * . t *- c N 'i'v'i^Sb -)'asti;, ., i "-y -S . <). > ; Tl.. .wm., n' J.-. -- s > ''<*-' i.'R'V. ./'..'-..i j - ' X .ve ?. . r(*- . 'm f H. iy q L ' r1^1 I-ia-:- : **- 44. i Hi Ii Hiii !!:" -1 ?! , :-1;i: 1 i1, IMS 2J.m nh Sr..- -I 312 Twenty-fifth Xational Safety Co"grass -*Va to think, inability to draw a personal les son from the experience of others, over confidence and a desire to make good on the job. These can only be overcome bv careful and systematic handling on the part of the supervisor. His is the respon sibility of putting over to the worker the value and advantages resulting from a dose observance of rigid safety inspec tions. Systematic Organized Safety Effort There should be little need to make a plea for more concerted action along this line. As safety men, we know how eas ily the small employer could be put out of business as the result of even a few accident losses. The larger 'veil, cannot afford to 0. ; , - - j t.o n -h is losses, through u't ^ money and materials win , S'e <<*2 ^ hts profits and hold h i s Seri0uly the public as a very i n e s S ^ t.on. The ever increasing " , ^ pensatton insurance will ,,T. ?* T .o r i,, forcing well organized safety work ^ I emphasize the side of hum, the dollar and am satisfied from u penence that where humanity ,, u pronts will be satisfactory \Vh ^ sajety program is followed. wi,ho?,` emcency and economy of the high der will also prevail. 50 The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes in Indi By H. B. MELLER Managing Director. Air Hygiene Foundation of America. Inc.; Head, Air PoUir Investigation, Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. i The problem divides itself naturally into medical, preventive engineering and legis lative phases, and includes consideration of the responsibilities of employer and employee to each other and to the public. It is axiomatic that, in case of physical disorder, impairment of function or dis ability, the more thoroughly the cause and course of action are known, the more certainly can possible remedies be applied or preventive measures taken. In the diseases or affections under con sideration, there are facts upon^which pre ventive methods are based, 'and upon which further studies now in course or contemplated are, at least in part, predi cated. During the development of the present state of knowledge of the influence of some air contaminants on health, natu rally many theories were advanced that later scientific work has modified or dis placed. However, not always has the correction been as widely and thoroughly disseminated as was the original theory; this_ condition, perhaps, has led to some confusion in the minds of many who have not followed too closely the evolution of knowledge in this field. Clarification of Dusts There are available different publist classifications of dusts. Included ia classifications are dusts, the exposure inhalation of which are, or are likely be. occupational. Those that are inb ently toxic when inhaled or otherwise" sorbed and which cause systemic poisot ing, include lead, arsenic, mercury, mi ganese. Examples of dusts which hai the ability to penetrate the deep lung sues and to be retained there are qi flint, chert, asbestos, talc, coal, iron, claj slate, and other tj-pes of rock dust. Attention here will be centered upoa^ this last group and upon pneumoconiosis,^ the general term used to designate Iungij conditions caused by dust. .Silicosis, which is caused by the inhalation of free silicaSji has been prominent recently in the publitS press, sometimes in a way that made mis-^jj understanding possible, if not probable _ Aside from silica, many of the insoluble'., mineral dusts may bring about slight 4 the lung tissues, which may be d ott--h.i,M in tg en o g C asi"' ^ uca in the dust that is inhale/ 'Cajp-.is known today, most of thei.,, `"`fvely or entirely harmless;-'. ` ? f of ' Zed Ekngth * accum * V n the said occ 1 '_in sili j havi ^ less to ifita of d' 'jaaH the i vspi. whicl ^oiUr to. ` T|triouS as, \ Isporur ^ dust pa: i^ridtal -'- flltto re Bucrons ft Is the cas"li long as w*ljr do'vr ?->Uncomj ^complicat.i^faapairmei seriously .'^'"iioced greatly ; - <Silico-' * dies, the } ally sonv; don. It r ence of ceptibil: adult ii . eulosis, girdless . It is the reactiva of the lesions possible cotics individ . should " Afte lished not fc ____ -'" 'ift''-' i . . ,,w . h* 7} ifi-% rt ;?c* Metals Section 313 Ability of Dusts to Cause Injury It has been established that the poten- -ility of silicious dusts to cause lung '.'--.age is, with few exceptions, depend- ir.t upon their content of free silica Wj0;). The development of silicosis de fend, therefore, upon the concentration of dust containing free silica in the air breathed. In other words, the total amount of free silica breathed and re mined seems to be the primary factor; the length of time necessary for a suffi cient accumulation is important, but less so than the total load. Silica occurs also in chemical combina- don in silicates. Some of these com pounds have been proved to be relatively harmless to health, some are still in the realm of doubt, and one--asbestos--may cause the industrial disease called asbes- ;osis, which is the result of lung damage similar to, but not identical with nor as serious as, that produced by free silica. Importance of Particle Size. The size of dust partidos in the air which an indi vidual may breathe is important. Not often are particles larger than 10 or 12 microns found in the deep lungs, except in the case of asbestos dust, where fibers as long as 200 microns have worked their way down lengthwise. . of the silicotic process toward the stage of disablement except through limiting or preventing further exposure to silica dust. Nor has medical science found a way to prevent tuberculosis from being super imposed upon silicosis, except through control of contact. The course of silicotuberculosis is chronic and is very diffi cult to influence by treatment, according to phthisiologists. * Medical Control. As a basis for intelli gent determination of the physical fitness of a man for a job in a dusty trade, physical examination, with stereoscopic roentgenograms of the chest, is necessary. Along with this study goes, naturally, the preparation of an occupational history with detail as to the exact nature of previ ous work and of exposure to industrial dust--not a valueless recording of occu pations as "laborer." "machinist," etc. Dr. Sayers, of the U. S. Public Health Service, has developed a method of secur ing information for a proper occupa tional history; among others. Cummings, of Saranac Laboratory, also has worked out a pseful history blank. Standards have been developed for the diagnosis of silicosis. There is also a suitable technic for taking roentgeno grams of the chest in order to bring out the characteristic lung changes. Uncomplicated Silicosis. Silicosis, un From the considerable amount of work complicated by an infection, is more of an that has been done, it is possible to fore- impairment than a disability. It is not cast with a reasonable degree of accu seriously disabling until it reaches an ad racy the silicosis potentiality of various vanced .stage, and does not of itself dusts. greatly shorten the life of a silicotic. . Periodic physical examinations, includ Silico-Tuberculosis. When a silicotic ing roentgenograms, are essential if em dies, the immediate cause of death is usu- ployers are to be enabled accurately to ` ally some type of intervening lung infec learn the effect of individual exposure tion. It is not known just why the pres and intelligently to transfer affected work ence of silica in the lungs increases sus men to lower dust concentrations before ceptibility to tuberculosis, but when an serious injury has been done, or to work adult with silicosis is exposed to tuber out a system of rotation where indicated culosis, an active infection may occur, re as desirable in order that exposure may gardless of the previous state of health. be intermittent. Such examinations are It is thought probable that silica dust can helpful also in showing the efficiency of reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions engineering control methods. of the adult, type; how long after such lesions have healed the reactivation is The ability to place responsibility in Possible is not certain. Exposure of sili- case of claim for injury is no smalt part wtics to tuberculosis or of tuberculous of the value of such initial and periodic individuals to silica dust is serious and examinations. should be avoided. Asbestosis. CliiftjT^B^perieiiue.'i'iCJir * Aiter silicosis has become well estab shown that the inhatjfttafl^f a stt&cScTtt lished in the lungs, medical science has amount of asbestos uses a 'S n o u s not found a way to arrest the progress type oi fibrosis, w h id ij^ 'io t accompanied 0 0 0 C0 3 n * ' ; 4 -;-;a \ i ... . MU i - *i ;-'( ay;' * !*;*:* p ;]:y IlilJj- li; % i:;: f t,.'! - P ft i$fc!?V m v- ifllM fein M x : !' ]' 1 T - . i h ii-ffc Id - i? !'. <R ' V- 314 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress by an unduly high incidence of tubercu losis. Other dusts and silicate compounds so far studied produce, at most, only a mild non-progressive reaction in the lungs, provided there is no significant amount ot tree silica in their composition. While not serious clinically, such conditions mav give rise to considerable litigation. ' Adequate statistics on morbidity and mortality from occupational disease, to serve_as a basis for effectively focussing the etiorts to study and control dust dis eases of the lungs, are non-existent. In concluding this section, the follow ing quotation from a court decision in Wisconsin ,s pertinent (Schaefer v. In dustrial Commission, 265 X. W. 390 (Supreme Court, February, 1936)); . . It will be necessary to distin guish carefully between medickl or patho logical disability and actual physical in capacity to work. The medical experts apparently ignore this distinction, and so increase the difficulty of arriving a just result under the law." tions in air are recorded gravim.,,- , as milligrams per ubic meter a ? (as silica, where size is a factor i r` terminmg dangerous particles) dt" by c--oun-it. Xeciutnher method ghe*8'',^ whole story, but in both cases ft mav u possible to secure the information n P sarj tor the purpose. Ccs* In one of the reports referred to earlier there occurs this statement: "There * no doubt in the mind of anvone fa m r'5 with the present dust-samplfng and^ ! 'ir estimating methods that they i f be amended and changed from time to time At the present writing we would advise the use of the simplest possible procedure where dust control alone is in ques ,i If one wishes to obtain values which can be compared with published data it i. frThl? b' " ' I ' 2530; t0 CP>' Wf'h consid- ' b ' ar% 'he ,echnic used in th' origi- I tilll fh e J h'S 'S an-,her "'ay 0f "liti n the annoying tact that results by one method are usually not comparable to those obtained by another method." _ In another place, the report says- "I t - -i Preventive Engineering It would be needless repetition to dis- * f Ub' ful 'f .any useful PurPOSe is erved by determining accurately ex- remeiy dense dust concentrations-the nha< - ,techn,cal way he engineering onl> excuse tor such data is to show the '1 * Phases ot dust control. AH interested are skeptic that the workplace is much dustier - y' ai.drHatch "I.'?dlJ,strj aI1Dus t" by Drinker with th. " h,ch deals comprehensively wth the subject; U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 6840 and 6848. by Harrington and Davenport, a review oi literature on "Prevention of Dust Dis- f s.es : U. S. Public Health Service Bul- than it should be. . . . - V It is probable that any sampling pro cedure which fixes concentrations in groups 100 per cent apart is sufficient and-.: that the results of any attempts to eome.i c oser to the concentration at the moment ot sampling are simply misleading. Thus on "fh e ' Dy t Bl0Ornfidd lnd Da^aValle. IInndduuestri-ali nDus"t.m; mReapl'o0nrt Zan9dof CthoentAroml eorf ican ^andards Association; and to the U S. Bureau of Mines for a list of ap- pro\ed protective devices. P It may be said that, in general the engineering specialist can and will devise the necessary equipment to meet the con d t.ons specified to him. But the setting ot limits of permissible dust concern^ ranges such as 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40, etc, suffice for dust control." As dust particles in the lungs are of t e order of 1 micron, with rarely -iS particle over 10 microns, dust control for 3 hygienic reasons should be aimed at parti- - w cles in the size range found to have been breathed and retained. Again quoting: ip . . . if one could avoid use of the dusts -,,jv u 1 micrn or less or exclude them from u ft the dust which passes a 325-mesh s c re e n ,^ '1 sibility " Thh * bUt thC Ph>-s-an P re snpon- nearly all dust diseases would be elimi*-^ nated." - kkeeeeopiimngk ddTuhstfi-neenssglntoeerorlsbecloonwcerthneedliwmiitths at present considered satisfactory. Dust Elimination vt Obviously, it is better, when possible.- s Methods of Determining D u-t to p- urcha..s..e.....e.q..u..i.p..m....e.n..t.....a..lr.e..a. dy sufprpl-ie.d^ Some dusts (as lead) are ^yth eexxhhaauusstl-*hhoooodd--,. rraatthheerr--TtTTnnnn;jttoo hhaavvee:; by chemical methods and the concenig22$?;% W i fit one 10 cftaipmerTt not de-^ v me c o n c e n tg ^ jtfc ,, ed to be hooded. Thus the fesponst-j j:lity fr Pte manufacturer ' There is a- information u. tific design 1 Engineering ' poundation it j table of mi ture certain granite cutu spraying, sat welding) - For protec respirators, a helmets, and formation is c of the U. S rcau of Sta Standards A issuing spec equipment i> here appro Of course, ble, dust s. source, and here this a Pt There are and are beir ble dustines It should be were not dquirement, good practii from a safe In South gram per per "cubic ci million per . Dr. Lane Mo, distric Practice, a liters of ai; The U. S study in th vania, foun cubic foot eoarse dus . cubic foot * *atPtapianreedn.tly The figu cubic foot cent quart ... the Vermc k'Pu.blic He oooc;)4 rX* ,r Metals Section 315 ^metrical, ' Othtrj 0r >n de. ' Ve given 8lVes the " may be :'n neces. \! r!ier There. U ne famii;ar and dust ' will be ' e l time ,J'd advise 3rcedurej Question, which can :ala, it is ;h considthe origi. f admitsuits by sparable ethod." says: "It urpose is `tely ex'ons--the show the h dustier ling protions in ::ent and to come moment a. Thus -0. etc.. ; are of arelv a Tirol fer at partive been quoting: -.e dusts m from screen, ; eiimi- ossible. applied p have not desponsi- for potential efficiency is upon the ^ T h e r e is available com paratively little 'tjfii.7 ^ -tio n upon which to base the scien- '^ ttfic design of hoods. T he Preventive "^-'Pngineering Committee of A ir H ygiene ^Foundation includes in its recent report i. table of minimum air velocities to cap sg'Sr-u*i'j?nrra_eni,tc,ec, `rtlaciunttiningdusgtrriaailn duesltesva(tfoorsr, uspeainint [c;/Jprayin2' sand Pulverizin and electric ---irelding)' . . ", For protective equipment such as dust ^respirators, air supplied masks, sand blast j helmets, and goggles, very complete in| \ formation s available, because of the work ;'.5'of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the Buityrtau of Standards, and the American {.; 5tandards Association in preparing and i^rTissuing specifications to be met if the /.'equipment is to be used under conditions J oWhere approval is necessary. >"is.-' Of course, all agree that, where possi ble, dust should be controlled at the .'.source, and protective equipment used ^ where this action cannot be accomplished. V Permissible Dustiness There are various figures that have been and are being used as guides to permissi- ' ble dustiness where free silica is present. It should be noted that many of the data were not determined as the medical re quirement, but as being attainable in good practice and apparently satisfactory from a safety standpoint. In South Africa the figure is 1 milli gram per cubic meter (or 300 particles per cubic centimeter, or approximately 8.5 million per cubic foot). Dr. Lanza found in 1917 in the Joplin, Mo., district that, with good engineering practice, a figure of 1 milligram per 100 liters of air could be attained. The L. S. Public Health Service, in its study in the anthracite region of Pennsyl vania, found that 50 million particles per cubic foot with 5 per cent quartz in the coarse dust and 10 million particles per cubic foot with 35 per cent quartz were apparently satisfactory and often were attained. The figure of 10-20 million particles per cubic foot for granite dust with 35 per cent quartz content is often quoted from e ^ errnnt granite studies of the U. S. Public Health Service. Some metal-mining companies have gone further, setting the maximum of permissible dustiness at 5 million particles per cubic foot. Certainly, there is a degree of air clean liness that is safe, from the standpoint of concentration of harmful dust. But the engineer may find himself in the position of practically being forced to control any dust, harmful or otherwise, if he would protect his employers against suits at common law and the possibility of award of damages to men who have breathed dust containing little or no free silica. A dusty workplace is difficult to defend in court. Neither courts nor compensation boards, and certainly not juries, have seemed to be greatly impressed with a low silica dust count in an otherwise dusty atmosphere. Quoting from one of the reports re ferred to: "Each state is a unit--a sover eign--and it handles its problems in its own way. Uniformity is lacking, although of course the statutes of many states are similar. The courts of the various states follow such precedents as appeal to them: consequently, on any important question, there is likely to be a divergence of opin ion among the courts, and often the courts fall into two or more groups, each group following a different theory with respect to the same legal problem." Workmen's Compensation Acts Workmen's compensation acts have been passed in 46 states (all except Arkansas and Mississippi) and the Dis trict of Columbia. These acts are com pulsory as to private employers in 15 states and elective in 31 states. Insur ance to cover the risk is compulsory in seven states. A state fund, out of which compensa tion is paid, is maintained in 18 states: in two of these the employer may, by proving financial responsibility, carry his own risk with limited contribution to the state fund for the expense of administra tion: in 11 more of this group of states the employer is not required to avail himself of the privileges of the state fund and may provide compensation otherwise. In 23 states ther*^j^ip provision for a state compensation Administration ] is vested in a coni 1! i I I; Hl.-f =3 ;:u- i : '! I -:.i ''i -' ii ill . 1* IMS IKti'i y #SLJ iJlT. / l. * 'e::i-nv'- I eh; ; mn m m- .' it : . r Sfe: * >:ii| jjlji :! . in i: : i PII? Ir .tlMi fi*TjT!t 1;"- ' ' ' d z \\ .1iJ : . BW \ 4 :?r;-s ; Wiliri 516 Tzocnty-fifth Xationa! Safety Congress commissioner in 40 states; in six states the acts are administered by the local courts. Again from the report: "The guiding principle in the early acts was the award ing of compensation for accidental injury, meaning thereby traumatic injury." (Traumatic means of or pertaining to a wound or wounds.) "In those years, the importance of disability due to occupa tional disease was not generally recog nized. It however became increasingly apparent that `injury' might be suffered gradually, and that the result of such gradual breaking down of the strength and resistance of the employee was more serious in many instances than traumatic injury. Courts therefore, in some states, wrestled with the problem of construing `injury' so as to include disease and bring disease within the compensation acts." In one state a diseased condition is compensable under the act if caused by the negligence of the employer. Occupa tional disease is compensable, to some extent, in 16 states and the District of Columbia; in five of these states silicosis is not included among the compensable diseases; in one state silicosis is the only occupational disease made compensable. There is a legal obligation on the part of the employer to provide a safe place to work, and usually the matter of ventila tion is featured. The mining laws ap proach uniformity as to air quantity and as to equipment for mechanical ventila tion. The right, at common law, to recover for occupational disease due.to negligence of the employer, is important. In three states it has been held by the courts that the right never did exist: in three states the right is extremely doubtful; in 12 states it probably exists, although there is some doubt; in 12 other states, the right seems well settled, but is limited in eight of this group; in the remaining states and the District of Columbia, no court de cisions can be found which decide the question as to whether or not such com mon law right exists. It should again be noted that occupational disease is com pensable in three states in this last group. With the adoption of Occqpational Disease Acts, new medical problems arise and more adequate provision is required for medical examination and treatment. This is especially true with respect to dust diseases, which call for diagnosis k,. skilled specialists experienced m ,v ' field." Examination Before Employment 1. Under Compensation Acts- Tk New Mexico Act contains a provision re! quiring the workman, at the time of h employment, or thereaiter at the requtj! of the employer, to submit himself to an examination. . T. h. e. New York Act 0! 1936, covering i silicosis and other dust diseases, provides -h in 'the opening paragraph; ' f "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this state, in enact-5 ing this article, to prohibit through every y lawful means available, any requirement^ as a prerequisite to employment which j compels an applicant for employment in i any occupation coming, within the pur--3 view of this article to undergo a medical i. examination." Inft The North Carolina Act, effective 5$ March 26, 1935. contains a provision rt quiring examination both prior to employ-? ment and from time to time during em ployment. ' In the compensation acts of no others states were found provisions with respect?, to examination prior to the time of em-f ployment. 2. Under Other Statutes: Five states.^ (Louisiana. Maine. New Jersey, Newslj York and Pennsylvania) have statutes) requiring physical examination before an; employee is permitted to work under compressed air or in caissons. Examination During E m p lo y m en t The five states mentioned in the pr**j ceding paragraph Require periodic exam-nations during the course o f e m p l o y m e n t ^ under compressed air o r in caissons. Missouri statutes provide for examma-jCT tion, as often as once a month, by a petent licensed and reputable physip**' of all employees who come into <hr?ct3 contact with certain poisonous agenci** or injurious processes. re sta te s (New Jersey, Ohio and ,-j ..require employers to c*ui 4 ined at ieast'fitli.f-* .Engaged in any work or pf -t t h r m ~ - Hlt<t- d solutions. OOOf Eiandr. )Sn? sis by ' ,n that 3ywent lCts:. The ov*sion re :n,< of ne request ,self to COvering Provides, the policy in enact,JSh every buirernent nt which 5>'ment in the pur a medical effective ision re a employ ring em- Metals Section 317 W: . r^am ination After Claim for Disability Arises Vo two state acts contain identical pro . y s but in all (including the District ` Columbia) that have compensation "* ' ts there is provision for physical ex'rrii^injtion after claim for disability arises. . In five stats (Kentucky, Massachutts New York, North Carolina, and ' iVest Virginia), definite recognition has - been given t0 ,he imPrtance of some 'sort of medical board composed of spe- cially qualified physicians and surgeons, and charged with the duty of diagnosing occupational disease and of advising the administrative board or commission with respect thereto. The laws of these five : ' rates are quite different and should be studied separately for details, but in each occupational disease, including silicosis, is compensable. The importance of roentgenograms in any thorough physical examination for pneumoconiosis is well known. This im portance is recognized in the Acts of New Jersey. New York, North Carolina, and \Vest Virginia. Medical Treatment In the 17 states (including Maryland) in which occupational disease is, to some extent, compensable, the acts usually en title the claimant to a limited amount of medical, surgical, and hospital care, meas ured in money cost or length of time covered by treatment. dis- cussicn following the addresses: 1. How much time is requi for completing a training course? Mr. Davison said that the training course in their plant ordinarily covered a period of one and one-half years, but that some students completed it sooner. The time required depends upon the individ ual. 2. Is it advisable to limit the number oi students per teacher? Ten students per instructor is a good ratio. ' harzards in welding? _ Silicon gases are the most harmful. The risk, however, has largely been over come by manufacturers of welding sup plies. ve states y, New statutes efore an k ' under .I fir-!!* M'H ' i-'iin il'*-3 ' !: jS '.iZr 11 i\!$ t<* *J !, ment the pre c examloyment ons. xaminaa comivsician. ) direct igencies lead THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936 Metals Section Safety Contest Two hundred and two units were reg istered in the 1936 Contest oi the Metals Section. During the Contest period 367,792 employees worked 361.788.379 man-hours with an average frequency rate of 8.030, a decrease of 4 per cent from the 1933 rate of -8.334. Ninety-five units completed the Contest with a fre quency rate below the average, and 8 per cent of the units finished with per fect records. Nineteen plaques and eight certificate* were awarded in the Contest. The plaques were presented by John B. Gibson. Publicity Director. Hawthorne works. \\ c-tern Electric Company, Chi cago. and Vice President for Community Safety Councils. National Safety Council, as follow- Steel Mills Division. Group A--Conti netttal Mcel Corporat sion. Koknino. India hour. 13 njuries. .okomo Divi,806 nr t-i;;; 5^ 000C7 1 ' ongrcss 669,449 man-hours no " cs S*ci Co.. Kokos,. 1 man-hours, no injUri/; oiling Mill Co., Sixth Sir*' ehland, Ky.. 142,948 * juries. " chine Shops Division, Grcu d Manufacturing Com pjJ u illianisport, Penn.. 1,8^ r.<. no injuries. chine Shops Division, Gro"5 -d for first place--C. Ha?"t. 4C M anufacturing Compasr ''Io., 805,007 man-hours, no c 2 Pump and Supply Ccm. Angeles, California, 208,211 io injuries; Xocra Manui'ac- W atcrbury, Conn., 214,79 2 o injuries. " nine Shop Division -- Thre* place--W estern Clock Coe! !c. III., j.309,320 man-hours, U' Electric V entilating Com-' J-_IH-, 370.222 man-hours, no -H ex Metal Hose Company, Jersey. 146,336 man-hours, larding Pittsburgh, Pa. icguarding and ways of proIt included 13 views taken nd Chicago D istrict plants ic-IIlinois Steel Corporation received from other comng the Ashland and Butler he American Rolling Mill e Duluth W orks of the -! & W ire Com pany; the 1 Corporation: the Ford >; the National T ube Com te Pittsburgh Limestone absence of T. H. McKen-r.il chairman of the secunable to attend. Mining Section Officers 1935-36 , f Chairman_J \V Alt, Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co.. Calumet. Mich. l Charge of Ucmhcrship-C. W. Guos. Harwich Coal and Coke Co.. Z -S < o in n a n l Charge of Engineering-C. J. Barrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co.. Duluth, p iS c in i.'O u in Charge of H ea lth -U x L ose Clinchficld Coal Corp Da.itc. Va 9 'rrriory--Daniel H akrincton. United States Bureau of Mines, ashin^on, D. C L-rtainment Committee Chairman-Wv. G. Metzger, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton. Pa. p"10rcm Co..... ittec Chairma,, - R . N. H oslkr, Coal Mine Section. Pennsylvania Com- pen'ation Rating and Inspection Bureau. H arrisburg, Pa. ... Poster and Slide Committee Chairman-J. J. Fordes. United S utes Bureau o. M ire, pfbZT&nnnittee Chairman- M . R. B fra . The Explosives Engineer. Wilmington. De!. S M iJ s Committee Chairman-W. W. A dams. United States Bureau of Mines. Wash .. ir.gton, D. C. Members at Large-- P. M. Artitl-R, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee. Mascot. Term John L. Boardman. Anaconda Copper Mining Co.. Butte. Mont. Angus D. Campbell. McIntyre Porcupine Mines. Ltd.. Schumacher. W. H. Comins. National Pigments and Chemical Co.. Potos, Mo. . T homas E. L igiitfoot. Koppers Coal Co. Pittsburgh, Pa. George Martinson. Pickands Mather & Co.. Cleveland, Ohio. D. D. Moffat, Utah Copper Co.._ Salt Lake City .U ta h . V. O. Murray. The Union Pacinc Coal C o, Rock Springs, \\y o . R B P aul, New Jerscv Zinc Co., New York, N Y. L T. S icka, St. Joseph Lead Co.. Bonne Terre, Mo. Ont.. Canada Canada. V 'A t* Officers Elected for 1936-37 Central Chairman-C. W . Gibbs. Harwick Coal and Coke Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. ^ Vice-Chairman in Charge of Engincering-G. J. Barrett, L . S. Steel Corporation sub sidiaries, Duluth, Minn. _ ,_ Vice-Chairman in Charge of HcaUltr-Lee Long. Clinchfield Coal Corp. Dante Va Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership-Ascvs D. Campbell. M cIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd.. Schumacher, Ont.. Canada. . ... Secretary; and S e w Letter Editor-I.'anifi. H.sRRiNGTOxTWd States Eureau ot Mine.. Washington, D. C. Poster and Siide Committee Chah g fT w _ p. J. H i m e s . U r.fi Suites Bureau ot Planes. burgh, Pa; nH O O O C L '8 , ** ` *r *-. Safety Congress :r the contest had run 11 month* lost-time accident in flic mill erred September IS, 1934. Petroleum Section NG SESSION 936 allin? attention of supervisor to ex''ce of unsafe practice; analysis of un practice; follow-up correction, 'ethods which should be employed to main safety among the personnel : outlined as follows: 'truction, group, departmental and 'dual; inspection; investigation: comemployees to follow safety rules and uction>; compel them to use safety ccs and guards: stunts, contests, etc.; .mining constant pressure on safety m operating problem; acceptance by igcment of responsibility toward :y : maintaining and using cost rec . foreman training program; first aid :c consensus on the enforcement of plinary measures was: :ch measures --kould be enforced by iupervi-or, first by a warning, then l lay-ofT without pay, then by denio. and, if all these fail, by discharge. only one safety activity were per:d. winch should be selected? The : important activities were selected in following order: dividual instruction to workmen by nen, because a job done correctly is lly done safely; education in a gem >cnse, which could embrace a multi* of minor safety activities; training xccutivcs and subordinates; treating .cut prevention as a manufacturing icm. placing it on a par with any - phase of operation. XT Officers 1935-36 . Chairman--R. 13. RoArF.R, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. . Chairman--A. W. Eref.land, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. _ - * - Division Chairman--A rcher A shton', Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.. Paulsboro, X. J. lLakc] Division Chairman--Glenn Byers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Mo. :J({.Continent Division Chairman--R. S. H uffman, Oklahoma Natural Gas Co.. Tulsa, ~hck)kXountain Division Chairman--A. T. Eckwall, Stanolind Oil and Gas Co., Mid- wcs*t \V yo r If Division Chairman--J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. "pLie Division Chairman--R. E. H ecox. Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Taft, Calif. Detter Editor--\Y. B. MuRruv, Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Veneering Committee Chairman--Cu.m. A. Miller, The Texas Co.. Houston, Texas. Health Committee Chairman--Da. V. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, pJs^Committee Chairman--A. J. Martinson. Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, . Program Committee Chairman--G. 0 . Lockwood. The Empire Companies, Bartlesville, Publicity Committee Chairman--]. H. S avacf., Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp., Tulsa. Okla. Stetistiis Committee Chairman--J. W. Myers, Standard Oil Co., (N.J.) New York, N. Y. Past General Chairmen-- ^ R. W. Black. Standard Oil Co. of N. J.. Elizabeth, N. J. R. S. Eonsib. Standard Oil Co. (N. J.) New York, N. Y. Y R. C urrie. The Texas Co.. Houston. Texas. R. E. Donovan. Standard Oil Co. of California. San Francisco. Cain. ' C. L. H ichtouer, United Gas Co.. Houston. Texas. G. 0 . Lockwood. The Empire Companies. Bartlesville. Okla. Geo. F. P russinc, Union Oil Co. of California. Los_ Angeles, Calif. E. j. S f.xne. Soconv-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York. N. Y. C W. S mith. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. D. J. W allace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa. Okla. Secretary--H. N. Eakfslee. American Petroleum Institute. New Y'ork City. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--A . W. B keelaxd. Lone Star Gas Coj f'ice-Chairinan--A. J. Martinson, Union Oil Co. of Cal A ' U tter Editor--]. B k.-w n , Tide Water Oil Ce1 361 00CC9!) __ _-- . . . . . i i SftMi i'fm. -- 1 "-< ^1 " U. U.;v..V .. . h,1'- U .i, . I *i ViI !- oi ; \ i * 'U , ' 'il * .\ j A " 'y 7" :- U . --' Sistft'SurfeirfViX** c<- . riv rW ^ ^ o c " " o . .v ,,,,, 7/?//A Co,,,,,,,-,,tV c , . Texas. f '-'airman--Dr. \ W /% fM jW i -Mid-Continent Petroleum c X' C Ba.ro. Humble Oil a,,d R - ^ ?5 Proi r Cy " c e a , ;^ H _ ' ' HumWe * Reining Mark p,.;,,... C*n::'S C. H^i n T..e.xa. s*' Com""'"c C hairm'anX-V1* fi Kpo*.1" ' P" pleum Co E w'-v ^ .......... ~ R ^ * * on V.V K vr., C-, .. _ S V'- Ho * * * * S Z S 9 * -- ,. Great Lckc. Chairman R. L S tM p J yu ^ Corp s, Lo . .. 0il C- (.V M v C ,, v " P iv- D S r M g "TM " - p R. -VcLepn-, c ^ I s<m . . . VTM V i V0? ' *< OR Co. I,,e V ; ^Continent D r ~ . "" * Jtln c (-oal 5.- Oil r ,, ^ Pacific D H i r 01' C7" '>.-KRA...L...-.e.?P c " ' * " Con,pa">-- *Frt W- ' Calif. ` '' L. K- g Ls E;'*" art. The Texas Co 5 *R` ';y cnk,,.,,it.;m,, ,,a , .. ' uU i"" 00il cc . mpMp,; ; cr s : * : R \V# ........ ... v - o,, Co. n Vl R. C S ? ^ Sf J- Eliralieih, ,\- J, ^ C. GG-. L OO.. hLLooScckkwu\-o^ov,IoJ'vTVUh'enn,?'pfdddi CC2 aarss,,0SSoy>Ms'stoteefmmCaHuiiTof'.ussSm-an"fc^Fmar*nnnc' ci^isco. Cali Geo. F. Prl'ss. vc ,re Companies*, ?' Texai- g. B. Roarn. H u m f e , 0 '1 Co. 0f cilif B,a? J 'ivi'; Okla. Vork. y TUESDaV m o r n in g se ssio n October 6, 1936 ' s.s. dtsrron wclcomri flic progrcii.J year, Accident Investigations Supervisor of SaNtv^ r ^ B R E E L AND . h orc,"--"> or supervisor G- C'' D* " " ' T" ' &&*hc>ac ^ ^ " a"`detailoiJW* ?r ^ uja^sT,,^ai: f OOOiCU 5 fC;:ld be rvewt<| r of the section and * Public Utilities Section warded to the hcadqj- '.a! Satety Council or,' indards Association U' the national commit^ Section, known as log Section Of the hv Officers 1935-36 ancil. m ight join ^ Committee in maJtir^ 'Central Chairman--Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. fice-Chcirman for Telephone and Telegraph Interests--\V. P. Elstun, American Tele ' : phone and Telegraph Co., Hew York, N. Y. ` `,1c " se f this ce* ln tl]e operation d !yitc-Cksinnan for Gas Interests--John J. B arada, The Laclede Gas Light Co St Louis vast amount of ; ' has been expended ij ' y-ee-Chainnan for Electric Interests--\ \ . H. B ro w n , Xorthem States Power Co Mimic- 01 the three ediiiea, . ipolis, Minn. ' roduced to date. Sure ..Secretory--H. A. Ptolemy, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, 111. 'id be_ compensated 7 ion of the recoman -'itn-s Letter Editor--R. B. I nman, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. - to the accident ska-; -.....? .C.o..m...m...i.t.t.e..e Chairman- W . H. M clucan, Hydro-Electric Power Commission a the various industm!'- 0mar,- Toronto, Ont., Canada. the country. __ _ Committee Chairman Dr. H art E. F isher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago, 111 p y 'm ^o u 0/ files with whatever '.av be available? `Aft ; >ry bodies consider;:*, regulations in lid Commi"cc H- D . n sm ore, Wisconsin Power 5: Light Co.. Madi- ' r - --, . C o m m llc c Chairman-- H . W. L ueck. Commonwealth Edison Co.. Chicago, 111. Committee Chairman--R ay A. E dwards, San Diego Consolidated Gas and E 'e c - ?ICCo- San Diego, Cain. c ani COnUSt Com,"ilUe Chairman-Z. L. H ictouer. United Gas Co., Houston, i e S a n bstadn T r i 'e,'i mmiUec " * * - & P. Durkee. Consolidated Gas Co. of Hew York. - .'4 `v ^ 'J ' tajes which are usait: M/'Aaf Representatives-- ' oafetv Codes as tie -'vi' W A Pt-,-,, , nations is const::* ` T Cast L i n ^ r l ? an Elic; ri c ,P " " Co., Welch. W. Va. (E.E.I.). - - * - ; ^ . a l i S s & x j T s i s s : s s 1* Ktbr- prevention so far ; H all Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic City, N. J will not be .. ^ Huxce. Public Service Co. of Colorado. Denver, Colo support is PTM / ry. to the a c c e p t * "d5VA'Y. Consolidated Electric and Gas Co., New York N Y (AG A 1 Central Maine Power Co., Augusta. Maine 1 UA`, ` encies of these Of STnTM0' i >LPPalahiati Electric Power Co., Bluefield, W. Va. codes as the bai --A pam ^ i7iTMpa5'a5Cubapa Electricidad, Maximo Gomez (Antes Monte) No. 1 Chicago, 111. raukee, Wis. Ohio. VtORcr Op. 't.t''*1' oureau ot aatety, C n t. Canada. F. M. Prr,ppplbn,.Dc' roit Edison Co., DEetroit. Mich. - J. R un!f'nI Tn0ls EcI1 Telephone vC_ou., sC_hr.iiccanggo, i1n11.. h '= Vandvr,J ' t ,5 P,2'VCr & Light Co.. Dadas, Texas. IL U 'Vosi PennS " P i t ^ r - h T * TciS?iwne Co- ' Va,hittgton, D. C. ^Etut, Illinois Bell Tlphone o '. '.'hi 111. dr,*;; df>, r >, w ? -.://. .. ': f; E 'f e f - ? . --1 .if f '* -'a**- *. - 406 t c m y p f t i i Xanoiu:! Aj / . vy Cornrcss Officers Elected for 1936-37 Cc^-al a . T / m m . - j o ,, * J. Daraoa. The Laclede Gas Licht Co v Louis Mo 1 u.-Ota-.nr.ii,, j ur Telephone nt.ci T cktira * h I n - , p - ~ ' L ` M pnone and Telegraph Co.. Xew Y e r k A x 'v ' ` U ' P' t `L' Tl' v A w n cau Tcif. r t ^ o r " K Y C<1S /," `W" * - E- P- W Conso,Mated Ed,-on Co. et X. Y . Inc ' ' K S t " O l L t EU'C,nC T H. Eitow'x, X onhern'S tates Po or Co M ; n - bv W ) '" H ' A' Ptolem v- Service Co. of Xorthern Illinois. Chicago. 111. Pin' A t"'j Letter Committee__ Pa. m r:** *v* TfcSVV.: a^vr *. saiss . r^ '* ' **` , ' x V}i--X*F?i' . '; --. '. vjVT.'' V , ; Eivirtp .; * : y9-*-tr r --i:* B Irj .i % i ' ^ 1 *V&2 CSS T O S * ?'.-5. Co nt it:it toe__ " ! l S ^ h ' V' ............ . K-v<lro'Electric Power C o n n , ,,, oi Ornarte. Toronto. Ge.- Xmi L m'l' k LK r r '- P 'V:'r' :CC, l ,' ,01 9 o,orad0- Denver. Culo. . N P M ,(' ' / . ' . U v ' L'T"ral Eon er G , . Altoona. P, L ' . JJ. .\M\. .\\ ws. Yi V, T -til j'i l:---.:,'e-dctrF:cc uani rd AGas>"-CoE..osXtociwi, MYoasrks.. N V to * " i f .....5a|iil Co . nu` wa\ ha\ e I'is-.icl Eiiucc.i-,or. ( """//.V C h a in ,tn n - C . L. HmilTOn kr. United Gas ;or.` T e.\as. : louitun. !:on I'lt `u It 7 Cmi: 'I. C.':a.rm,;,,_R. S. Mr.TCCtP. The Toledo Edison t t:ou i ocf!j G!i;o. the Mcnn't'r.tliip Con.t..:\\-_ T. |I\AX: p Y Y Y ', pm tnioim ealtli Edison C e. Ciitcago 111 \ T `i ^ t T * <,aS vV F CC:rC Co- Eaittntore. .Md ' i-' P Xiac. "'|- ','.'.'11,'Vf1 c,l'"" `1:hL Tf-'Chraph Co.. I.ineoln. Xebr. E V o :-;-.'; '' "hc l'o aer Co Ancusta. Mame. X '-r'C C'iiintv Electric Co, Erie. Pa pile ' to f?CO din; \a tu R ^ n r ' l l C ' - n r ' " " F '.CCj l f c Cu. Rloeehl. W. \ a. p j.- ... I ......... p -1'. `'I F..ectr;c Company. Oldahoir.a Citv O kh ^ P. k . .s.n .t-, l...:T .mia Cabana de Electricidad. Habana. Cuba ' :t is onl *cc ^ r\\'x " ' H. Divsmokf. \Viconsin P oner & Light Co.. Madison. r dec tion ^ V a ^ f f .t 'E'f.V',/,': ' f~ U ' A' Cl'c iia -v a -n'. Appalachian Electric P oner Co., Welch. W.' tfu; jort: C Assocfation. 1 ^ ' KT' khairman. Ace:,!e..t Prevemion Gmimutee. American Ga._ stipi Councilors-- E. S. Cf.avm". r Tiie Pennies Gas Lieht * Coke Co.. Chicago. Ill G A' D nr-:TL V`i us:,, `I uul'd^tcc -bccrrvl'ilccTetf LCoorrpl>.-.. -MMiillwwaauukkeeee.. WWiEs. i t * t u n U / v . . . _ C*. T * I . . . . Rov M GoiA s r Aai ,i.''i-P? i cr * I-(5 ht Co- Dayton, Ohio. E I k'or-r I - i Electric Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. Wm. c \f ' "....Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. B b A cC m ;" .,'Nr `'r'C?1 Engineer. Toronto. Ont., Canada. r` , ot Satcty. Chicago. III. , F M p0Pr,t Company, Detroit, Mich. C i' " ' !;d l Tcl.c:,hne Co., C h ic a g p I *, * i -A **> I 11wer s\: I.igilt Company, li **c*Jfccxas line i:y . cone acc:i iorst their tion thin Th, but - .i F. cirri'- S\ r Htl. F1. W\\F...!r1. -A .'-,, I':r,Cun<Sr yC'sntermc;l,k'SP1i.t3tnsbdurgh, Pa. tJ ^ 6 & 'C 0:, #sl,;,n<on. D. C f i U Uu : -V * f t X ..O tigress Quarry Section oi tongs and wear a pair ,, :s and goggles. The ^ dge hammer does not does not wear gloves, l_s.* jive him a better grip on ti, "ier handle and without goj. Officers 1935-36 able to see more clearly ^ f i T- I Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. struck. ral C hain*'-Alexandf.. Quarrics Co., Columbus, Ohio. Raxkv The Marbte L U ^ ^ york, Pa. operator uses an electric mall piece of work it shod* f^rt/ury a"d -V*" better r-(i,tor ' ` T. Gencral Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. st in a vise. Under no on \% r Committee C/unrm.m-H. '. 110 ^ N ional Crushed Stone Assn.. Washington. should small work be held 'Sttv Committee Chairman-}. K. B '". -it should be either made faa $ C." . _ M), w w Adam*. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, ar clamped to a work-bend, -t/irfi Comm,llee C hairm an-^ . W . -ule applies while filing stral u all times they should t* 1tmbers at Laroi , , prav^l <\smi Washington. D. C. a portable electric grindo. T v P He-\hn. National band and ^ NVu-U-vM H. Baker. J. E. Baker C a^ ^ Easton. Pa. be taken with the leads 1 iping; the man should alwiji Q"arries c * . N" -- c " "- les. An accident occund employee used this type of jropcrly- He made it fast 1 used it to sharpen a tool. Ai away the wheel exploded! Officers Elected for 1936-37 entering his gToin. T* 1 been placed on a board wta 'fc T- To Warner Co. Philadelphia, Pa. to the board. This guard* frra l Ctoin-wii-ALEXASDni F o s TM J ^ a .ff Quarricj ^ Columbus, Ohio. I S oi aluminum and would tut ftt-Chairman--Russexl Rare c j . Baker Co., York, Pa. -ded much protection nt* were placed the opposite ^ gation it was found that te A s not operating and that* he wheel was about t*o un p rio ry and -Veter Letter ^ 7 ^ A Thc General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa. U er Committee C h a ir m a n . * ' v-atlonal Crushed Stone Assn., Washington. SWiiily Committee Chairman--}. K- XD. C. _ . ... ... AdaMSi U. S. Bureau of Mines. Washington. D. C. itoiuiifj Committee Chairman ould have been. limVbe.rPs.atALhaeragrex--. Kauonal Sand ^nd crG.rraav^ello AAsssSnp.^Washington. D. C. William H. Bak , b 0 . M. Graves. The /-r,,eLe<t Stone Co.. Easton. Pa. Association. Washington. D. C. TM Rock Co.. K . Coho. Si m V. W ED N ESD A Y M ORNIN G SESSION r- O cto b er 7, 1936 f;- Vv IThe first session was called to order by S?al Chairman Alexander Foster, j r . "*rner Company. Philadelphia. Pa., " no ,,resided, welcoming the delegates and outlining he activities o L ^ S e c t.o n dur ing the year. --r^ : . v i o Mi j rtrj Jr* V $j Cs t v *^3jVfs.A ; p i J ' * stir- A j ; , fiyjc.0. fes? \m I * 1 ! lii I I Hi ! I 432 Twenty-fifth Xational Safety Coit(tress Hazard? in and about the plant are dis cussed and corrections recommended. A short study of first aid is covered at each meeting. If time permits, some interest ing article from the Xational Safety News is briefly covered or some new safety device is placed on display for consideration. The personnel and safety department issues a monthly "Foremen's Bulletin" which is distributed to all plants. Each issue contains an editorial: a first aid in struction pape: a Voice of Safety experi ence pace, containing illustrated safety devices that foremen have sent in. relat ing to some accident problems and how they were solved. This is followed by several pages showing competitive stand ing of foremen according to severity rates. The last few pages cover a sum mary of all lost-time and reported acci dents during the previous month. Employer-Employee Relations If an employee is happy with his work, his comrades, and general surroundings, he is proud of his company. He has been given a chance to help develop the saiety program. Perhaps the company's house organ has honored him for a note worthy suggestion. Maybe he was in a group picture of no-accidcnt workers. These are subjects of conversation when he is out with lus friends He is not only proud but interested in his sur roundings. He is part of the organisa, tion. and that feeling of responsibility encourages co-operation. Good Housekeeping Every safety program contains a few thoughts on this topic, but it is or.e practice that is seldom seriously consid ered. It is so hard to use valuable time to clean up yard and plant. We have learned differently. About a half hour each day is spent in keeping our plant ship-shape. Our walkways are kept free from sand and gravel, lines, worn plates and screens. The spaces between the railroad tracks are cleaned so that the brakemen and firemen will run no risk of injury from falls while shifting cars. The decks of our tugs, scows, and dredges are kept free of material and lines arc properly coiled and placed to prevent one from stumbling. Where no other protection can be given, hand rails are placed on tugs and barges to prevent men from falling overboard. The plant is thoroughly illuminated for night opera tion. Floors, steps, and other walkway surfaces arc kept free 01 oil. water, ice. and snow. Materials arc piled so that they will not easily fall or be displaced by vlhration. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936 Silicosis: An Occupational Disease Hazard By ROY R. JONES, M. D.* Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service, Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor Silicosis is. in the strict sense of the term, an occupational disr-xs". It has not been reported as affecting any individu- als exce period mosphe those workers who, for a long ' havc<Mka4 -4n. an llfciie thee 7S?5&y breathed * Passed A ssista n t Surgeon. U. S. Public H ealth Service. 000101 m - contained an free sihea. Frequently ffie literature which are c 0f their silic ,re true sta taken to me n these tre fully expose employees i work with silica hazar though all potentially measures a hazard pre more prop; occupation- hazardous" exposure. " A bra Abr: Bias Brie Coa' Con Fou GlaGla Gra Ha; Me Poi Pm Pol Sai Stc Sic Sic Sa T V. In a s dustrial per cent in occu; hazard Vane* e- * Publ are* irt-t' * Lan; upon the *Sa> c imoers o . '1 Departrm * Pub Rer Massacn is not in his sof. the organiza. responsibility ng ntains a few -it it is one ously considvaluable time t- We have a half hour ttg our plant are kept free . worn plates between the so that the run no risk shifting cars. scows, and trial and lines ;d to prevent tre no other and rails are prevent men The plant is night operahcr walkway d. water, ice, piled so that displaced by jor Standards ,o. for a long ed in an at- r.ev breathed Quarry Section 433 contained an excessive concentration of 000 men were then working under condi tions which were harmful to their health if Frequently, reports have appeared in . , literature listing the chief occupations ,h. ;ch are considered hazardous because Tf their silica exposure. These no doubt " true statements, but they cannot be ken to mean that all workers employed these trades or industries are harm fully exposed. In some cases few of the Employees in the cited industries are at ` orfc with processes contributing to a .nica hazard. In other instances, al though all the processes are dusty and potentially dangerous, effective contro measures are in operation and no real hazard present. Perhaps it would be more proper to state that the following occupations arc the "most potentially hazardous" from the viewpoint of silica exposure. Abrasive-powder makers Abrasive-soap makers Blasters (sand) Brickmakers ` Coal miners Core makers Foundry workers Glass makers Glass mixers from the viewpoint of silica inhalation, but such a statement does not mean that this number of men are doomed to die from the effects of such exposure. Many of these workers may in the near future be working under different conditions, either because they sought employment elsewhere, or because the existing haz ards will have been controlled. Occupational diseases are reportable by law in but a few states. As a result, ac curate information regarding the inci dence of silicosis is not available. Based upon.the data furnished by field studies and census reports, various estimates have been made as to the number of workers potentially and actually exposed to a silica hazard. Less than 25 per cent of the employees in the zinc and lead mines in the Tri-State Area,* and of the workers in the hard coal mines of Penn sylvania.* were found to have developed silicosis in any form. In Massachusetts, according to a report of a Special Com mission,* less than 23 per cent of repre sentative granite workers examined and less than 12 per cent of representative t'oundrv workers had silicosis in any form. Granite quarriers Hard-rock miners Causes of Silicosis Metal grinders The mere contact with silica dust does Pottery makers Pneumatic rock drillers not. of course, result in silicosis. The development of silicosis in an individual Polishers is dependent upon: the concentration of Sanders Stone finishers dust in the air he breathes: the amount . of free silica in the dust: the size of the Slate quarriers Slate finishers Sand pulverizers Tunnelers Vitreous enamelers siiica particles: and the length of time the worker is exposed to the dusty at mosphere. Some contributing forces are the presence oi other irritating dusts and active pulmonary infection. The lung In a survey carried out in a typical in dustrial area.1 it was found that about 9 per cent oi the workers were employed in occupations where a potential silicosis hazard is known to exist. Lanza ^and Vane1 estimated, in 1934. that about cOO.- with impaired lymphatic drainage result ing from previous infection can less readily eliminate the silica particles in haled. and thus predisposes to a more ex tensive accumulation of silica in the lung. In the final analysis, only dust containing 1 Public H ealth BuUetiu No. 316. T h e p o te n tia l prooiem m in d u s tria l hygiene in a ty p ic a l in d u stria l *"*= L an za W * * V a n e ^ R o b e rt J . T h e p rev alen ce cl s.iic -is ... the general population and its effect upon tr.e incidence oi tuberculosis. A m erican Review oi ru u ercu .o sis. Jan. 1 S av ers. R. R.. M ertw etner. F . V . L an za. A. J., A dam s U \ \ . Sihi m iners cl the T r i-S ta te D is tric t oi O k lah o m a. K a n sa s, anu M issouri. L. a Q v re a u fit M ines oi the D epartm ent oi C om m erce, T e c h n ic al P a p e r, 3-Jj, 1*23. ` P -h lie H eaito B ulletin No. :21. A n th ra c o -silic o sis a m ong h a rd coal mi ` Report to m e General C ourt oi the Special In a u stria l D isease Com LoC om m onw ealth oi Id astacr.u setts. H ouse No. 13:0, Feb., 193*. oco1 C 5 o -'l m gVrriif, i' mp 1 : i Hi-: j! U H ili ` * t'3 ij.' ill fell M ' -K1? li i5!-' ' :iJ 434 Tieenty-fifth National Safety Congress free silica has been shown clinically and experimentally to be capable in itself of producing the nodular fibrosis character istic of silicosis. Our knowledge regarding the harm which may be expected from working in specific dust concentrations is rather lim ited. The question of mixed dusts has provoked considerable discussion. In field research and experimental studies to date, however, it has been found that the injury produced has closely paralleled the percentage of free silica present in the dust. In a general way, the greater the silica con tent. the greater is the damage. Obvious ly, the inhalation of any dust in sufficient concentrations might exceed the ability of the lung to eliminate it. Fifty million particles of dust per cubic foot of air seems to be a rather excessive concentra tion. However, workers in the anthra cite mining operations who were exposed to air which contained concentrations up to that amount, the silica content of which ranged up to 5 per cent, experi enced no more respiratory trouble than industrial workers generally. Moreover, these anthracite workers did not develop silicosis despite prolonged exposure to such concentrations. In the haulageways of the anthracite mines, where the silica content amounted to about 13 per cent, a corresponding safe limit for workers ap peared to be between 10 and IS million particles of dust per cubic foot. For the rock workers in these mines, where the silica in the dust ran as high as 35 to 43 per cent, a relatively safe concentration of dust was judged to be about 10 mil lion particles per cubic foot. This latter finding compares with the 10 to 20 mil lion particles per cubic foot which was shown to be a reasonable safe maximum concentration for workers in granite, where silica constituted about 25 per cent of the dust inhaled. Only the very fine dust particles can gain entrance to the alveoli of the lung (small terminal air sacs), but these par-icles that do get into these tiny air sacs can be eliminated only by means of the tissue cells (dust cells) carrying them away via the lymphatic circulation. Par ticles of silica longer than 10 microns in their longest dimension (a micron is 1/25,000 of an inch) cannot gain entrance to these small divisions of the lung, and those which may be present in the air inhaled are arrested along the upper res piratory tract and upon the mucous mem brane lining the trachea and larger bronchi. From these areas they are eliminated along with the mucous secre tion. However, research studies' have shown that about 60 per cent of indus trial dust is made up of much smaller particles, with an average diameter of be tween 1 and 3 microns. In fact, only about 7 per cent of industrial dust par ticles are of an average diameter greater than 3 microns. Thus, a large propor tion of industrial dust is of a size which can penetrate to the finer divisions of the lung. The irritating and toxic effect of these fine silica particles retained in the lungs is first to produce an inflammation in the tissues where they accumulate. Following this inflammatory reaction, young fibrous tissue cells, which harden as they ma ture. gradually replace the delicate lung tissue, forming a scar. This dense scar tissue is functionless as far as aiding in' respiration is concerned, and not only decreases the lungs' ability to obtain oxygen to pass into the blood but also, what is more important, lessens the na tural resistance of the lung tissue to in fection. The length of exposure to silica-con taining atmosphere necessary tor the de velopment of silicosis is very indefinite. It would vary with the concentrations of silica to which an individual is exposed. Signs indicating the presence of silicosis might appear more quickly if the worker has previously suffered from extensive pulmonary infection, or if the pulmonary infection develops during the period of employment. Where the exposure is ex cessive, typical silicosis has occasionally developed in such brief periods as 1J4 ,0 3 years. However, except where infec tion has hastened the process, in the ma jority of cases silicosis is seldom estab lished in less than 10 to 15 years, and rarely develops to the point where meas urable disabling effects are noted until after 15 to RS', r*ao' exposure. * Public H e alth B ulletin No. 217. T h e d e te rm in a tio n a n d contri industria! dust. ar; - o o c c ; 435 Quarry Section Considerable discussion has b n cre- n en<ranc* lung, iad in the ^ upper res:ous me~. nd large; they are t, cClSinuiucca.l Siigsn, andl D iasTM . W - 1- mlV '''T h e diagmn0 r d L u k C05T h^ y ^ c ,nn ated by the In tM h e mcjh d/ ab" " d D e t a i l u d S ous secredies' have of indus- :h smaller eter oi be- fact, only `thing. ,n the suggest the disease The jppearance to sugg sh(jrtnMS of breath. cjrdinal syrnp tbjs mav be apparent ways meani that tne abled. Individuals vs11 been sbo\vn to be have Je t0 tbat rea- dust parter greater ;e proporsize which ons of the :t oi these the lur.gs tion in the Following .ng fibrous they maioate lung dense scar . aiding in not oniy to obtain 1 but alto, ns the r.issue to in- si'.ica-cor.or the de- indetinite. .trations ci :s exposed, of siiiccsis the worker extensive pulmonary period oi sure is exccasiona'.iy ; as lvS to r.ere iniecm the ma;om estabvears, and r.ere meastoted unt:. a pulmonary infec- 0 lr ,,,, * - i .. <*>" " manuest up , - t jv established, the silicosis de" " ,tl 1: eathes in a ma, dividual usual whose lungs have characteristic o u the time re- important has oositive diagnosis ,0St elasticity. ^ or1ro; ge; than that re quired to ,n -pie pulmonary fibrosis `uifCd t0/ - n person - t h silicos ideSvelSopeSd mi tthte P ^ c0,, apsc as readily not permit the 1 * The time required iS the normal 'u n g ^ be tw0 or three for brcat.ung " squired for in alone. Sucn is evidence i-T rT I avail- ha.la. t.ionP. ' " 'I, n" thr e. d " phenomenon may m4ark.cdC 0a.s1Ci,n . thhi e. plains ot a Uowinc exercise. The the morning aIU* . be blood-tmced. sputum_may jot -_ere coughtng at- especiany fo lio " 'm, with the rats tacks. Excessive u5uaU>. in. ing of muco-purulen P son wilh dicates inftcection. V"J nTM ^\ svJe complicat- silicosis develops _ . %v;jj usually 5 r 5 ^ " ^ ``'a o T ih e T n ^ : rhr : " n .= . n nt the'3sputum,miuSurnefa ppi'gs "luw " '. ^non wWvviuthh tthnee for.m...a..ll.iinn--ttrreeaaitebdaacislplpiuuittuuhuma.t ^ ^ i nTt r ^r a dyi l v ^Q cer n onn s isi a t^' . ' a o^ thenvisc.. s r when these signs Per.sl * . ' j ser.ous rally be considered >nd, am ^ 5 com.olicating pulmonary n`eetl0"- o{ ^Tne ,lung ,euha5nngiretsi, ..hown by mfeianndsingosi the X-ray are the most P ^ ^ simiUr ^s~ w'"*-S S H sw m0n pulmonary ailments as cau.es pathological changes observed. Prevention of Silicosis The responsibility for the control of i the produced by other to the him change p dia?nosis ot sm. pcouslims oSnhaoryuldlesbieonc-ons-itlered eessttaabblnisshed in the living individual without an - - in t.ie ca.v ti S iiiponsibility. must 'uare some ot | study being made. n -: O C A. ! ty 1 -la 43m Tuvnty-pftl: Xational Safety Congress Silicosis, on the other hand, does not de velop from a temporary or single expo sure. and proper supervision of workers offers the management ample opportunity to deal summarily with the careless of fender before serious damage can result. Effective control may be stated primarily to depend upon the management s atti tude toward a sound comprehensive pro gram of prevention, based upon our pres ent knowledge of the disease. The prevention of silicosis is depend ent upon the application of cooperative medical and engineering methods. Sili cosis itself seldom advances to a degree which becomes disabling, unless the con dition is complicated by pulmonary in fection. Adequate medical supervision requires that provision be made fort 1. Medical staff with special training. It is not enough that the physicians be basically well-qualified in their profes sion. They must also be familiar with industry to such a degree that they know what health hazards are commonly as sociated with specific industries. More over, they must know the fundamentals of engineering control applicable to these hazards, so that they may cooperate ef fectively with the engineering staff. 2. An organized program, including detailed pre-employment physical exam inations; careful periodic physical exam inations. and adequate control and study of respiratory illnesses affecting employ ees; and an effective system of recording and reporting industrial accidents and oc cupational diseases. Pre-employment physicial examinations should be made for the purpose of placing workers in positions for which they are physically fit to carry on with safety to themselves and their fellow-workers. No convincing evidence is available to show that a non-disabling silicosis affecting a worker will progress more rapidly if the individual remains at work tinder condi tions reasonably controlled, than if he is given another type of work. Therefore, those wu.iout evidence of active pulmon ary infection may he saiely employed in any capacity, provided the conditions under which they are working are rea sonably controlled. We have proof that individuals with active tuberculosis will have their condition aggravated by silica exposure, and that individuals with sili cosis are particularly susceptible to pul monary tuberculosis. When management fails to take the necessary precautions to guard against the placing of men with tuberculosis in a dusty environment, thev increase the problem of controlling tu berculosis among the population as a whole. Since any pulmonary iniection may be such an important contributing factor in disabling silicosis, the relation ship of the medical personnel to the em ployee should be such that he is assured immediate advice and early treatment, if necessary, for respiratory infections which may develop during the period of em ployment. Physical examinations made at regular intervals afford an opportunity for early detection of any harmful effects due to working environment. Where they are found, plant conditions may be corrected before serious injury results. The fre quency with which these examinations should be made will depend upon the physical condition of the men and the nature of the process in which they are engaged. For this reason, it is highly important that the medical personnel be familiar with the condition of the men upon entering employment, and with their later physical condition. They must also know the physical requirements ot the occupation, the particular health haz ards associated with it, and the practical means for rendering conditions of em ployment safe. .,:>iieccssc . eeP'nS ,,.-tore s'.weeping |t..-ens t .munatic In sot- other s\ c die dust zone of .articula mg ops work, v -ource r ulatmg ?trongl.' be don. workin. nine iu lowed, with d most i It icertain worker enviropirator must ment the dL tratiot dividu such simph satisi: in u shou'. ^ure -- xv used i I I r con ! legi cou cov jur ne: Quarry Section 43; nrv dust is created by careless ui'"cC?ss 1 edures. Either w etting dots n "'teP"1(; P I f Wore the use of moist cleaning methods. !e n s this source of atmospheric con- H11,i,iation. In some operati sprays and servetokeep ceive periodic inspection to insure that thev are properly maintained and work efficiently. That dust which is collected at its point of origin, and dust removed from the general atmosphere of the work room, should be so disposed of that there is no' chance of its again being circulated in the workroom. :h tr.ecan be work,-ratior.s ant ac.vorkers silicosis dust at semini ere. are accotn- require . When ->es are niterm# srkroom air and serve to ,e meta . Much other "'V'narticles out of the breathing Substitution of Product the dut> P These methods are Frequently, an effort has heeti made to *ne J w , d a t e d ' t o Wasting and load- partlC rS io n s In mining and tunnel inS 0Pwhe e blasting may be the chief { atmospheric contamination, reg50urce 0 atm -P doint. such work is ulatmg the . . This work should strongly commended. 1 h ^ reguUr eliminate tile silica hazard by relying upon substitute materials which contain no silica. While this may in rare in stances be both necessary and practical, in manv it has proven a measure of but little value: furthermore, it can seldom be done ,bct'' ln e th er case, sufficient working hours. should be al- :in,iedf0V c t drilling or the use of. drills be considered a complete solution of the problem. We have seen the results of similar attempts in the use of toxic solv ents. Aside from the. fact that the sub stitute may be less efficient, often its use niOft drilling operations' operate is associated with a health hazard equally It is sometimes i m p e n d ^ ^ difficult to control. Effective and prac tical control methods have been devel "woorrkkeerr acaT V'oid c lsolischu rceondtoitioansd, ursetsy- opproedcestosesinsruerqeuitrhinegsattheeophearnadtiloinngoi0:mosislt ' I ' 1TM" ci an approval U P ' iceous materials. It is a far wiser policy r 5 - to depend upon proper control measures and continue being a material whose toxic qualities, in controllable limit*, arc well nation and t,p c o periods ot understood, than it is to omit the adop tion oi control measures and rdy upon a tvnc oi rc?ptrator mas be 'a't'iifactorv For continuous employment * 3 e 'atm ospheres. the employee should be equipped with a positive pres product concerning which much less is known. It must he remembered that oc cupational diseases develop slowly, oiten only after years oi exposure, and the fact that a substitute material proves safe for sure helmet or an airline .rcsP!rat0^ ices Ml mechanical or engineering devices u/cd as a means of prevention should re a few years is no guarantee that it is altogether harmless. What the E m p lo y e r Should, K n - About Silicosis By TH EO D O R E C. W ATERS MuUikin. StodiSridge * W . n . B.M TM *. Mi. >d=r:> ot " " S " : course of his employment could only re cover from his employer o nines which could be attributed to the negligence of bis emmoycr. cncc. While liable tor nt* o .\n ns = the employer was not .-...e : .r r.e aan- gers oi the employment, a : 4. hat was assumed by the e m p i o . . ..*.: .-.r.trib- utory negligence of tr.vlt .i t and the negligence of lit- T . . 7 / trvants were similarly* avai.a. empioyei. T.ierefore, industrial dispute- r.voi\ rntr : this 0001 > *IV *> *^ * u a rfr, ;l *-V'V2TEMK?, im va r-M 3&1 ji-iri 43S Tzciitx-fifth Xational Safety Congress I m v>\ 1.1 !;vji m legal status, employees resorted to actions at common law to obtain compensation for injuries based upon the alleged neg ligence of the employer. The main purpose of the authors of the workmen's compensation acts enacted by our several state legislatures was to make the remedy granted thereby the exclusive remedy for injuries suffered by employees during the course of their employment. These acts stripped the employer of his common law defenses, including: 1. Failure to prove the employer's neg ligence. 2. Assumption of risk by the employer. 3. Contributory negligence of the em ployee and negligence of his fellow ser vants. In other words, the compensation acts made the employers insurers of the safety of their employees against accidental in juries. On the other hand, the compen sation acts deprived the employee of his right of common law action for accidental injuries sustained by him in the course of his employment. We must bear in mind, however, that the workmen's com pensation acts did not purport to cover occupational disease injuries, but solely accidental injuries, that is. those injuries which occurred at a specific place, at a certain time, and which could be ascer tained and determined coincidentally with the infliction of the injury. Forty-six states and the District of Co lumbia have enacted workmen's com pensation acts: Arkansas and Mississippi alone not having such acts %t the pres ent time. Compensation acts which ex clude compensation for occupational dis eases, either expressly or by judicial in terpretation, have been enacted in thirtytwo states. Fourteen states and the District of Columbia have (a) Work men's compensation acts which include compensation for occupational diseases, either expressly or by judicial interpre tation, or (b) specific occupational dis ease acts. With respect to those courts holding that the workmen's compensation acts do not provide an exclusive remedy to an employee, whereby' the employee retains his common law right of action for in juries sustained by him in the course of his employment, such ruling is based substantially upon the reason that since workmens' compensation acts were jjt signed primarily to compensate f0r traumatic injuries, they replace the em ployer's common law liability solely f0r those injuries sustained by accidental means. Therefore, with respect to those per sonal injuries sustained by other means as for example, silicosis, since it is not compensable under the compensation acts, the employee still retains his com mon law right of action therefor, based upon the negligence of his employer. With respect to those courts holding that the Workmen's Compensation acts do provide exclusive remedy, such ruling is based primarily upon the language of the act and the further ruling that an em ployee had no common law right of ac tion for occupational disease injury. Legal Basis for Recovery The usual form of declaration contains allegations that the defendant manufac turer caused the plaintiff to work in an atmosphere where silica dust existed: that the defendant knew or should have known that certain materials used by the defendant employer contained harmful or dangerous agencies of silica which were destructive to life and health in the human body; that the defendant was guilty of negligence in failing to warn the plaintiff of the danger and in failing to provide the plaintiff with a safe place in which to work or safe appliances with which to work: that thereby the silica became introduced into the plaintiffs lungs and body, causing him permanent injury. The defense pleadings set up the de fense of assumption of risk by the plain tiff. the plaintiff's contributory negligence, the negligence of the plaintiffs fellow servants and a general denial of the al legations of negligence as charged by the plaintiff. It is needless for me to emphasize the seriousness of this type of litigation. Class is arrayed against class. The local press in those places where the causes are tried .will carry sensational headlines with resp] ^ e trial, describing the terror of ^disease and emphasizing each complain st the manufacturer. Suits arc filed. The wli gly, but by the dozens. cQPinmunitv wherein the >n- ocoiio 1justrial pla with the a jy the tirr :<n of the I jgainst th ' ,mpossible Need fc The ult of compe found m will remocommon that worV inated sue some leg: inate sue ease inju- The he compensr to his c: dustrial ; is engag' to. The sires con lered ac: To at' the sub; prevent:' therefor than is certain subject attentio In th licity t! has ser mg pu' eases l control You an that in ployees and ac us by In t is one fort of certair hazarc are a\ elimir. ^capita tion will i P O SS l'l care cVJC iS rnsation acts were <je. to compensate for , they replace the enj. law liability solely f0r ustained by accidental . respect to those per. tained by other means, silicosis, since it is not der the compensation e still retains his com : action therefor, based ence of his employer, nose courts holding that Compensation acts do remedy, such ruling is pon the language of the ler ruling that an em:mmon law right of aconal disease injury. sis for Recovery . of declaration contains the defendant manutacplaintiff-to work in an : silica dust existed; that ;new or should have n materials used by the er contained harmful or es of silica which were u'e and health in the tat the defendant was nee in failing to warn -.e danger and in failing air.tiff with a sate place or safe appliances with that thereby the silica ed into the plaintitts causing him permanent leadings set up the de ton of risk by the plaincontributory negligence, of the plaintiff's fellow ;eneral denial of the algence as charged by the tor me to emphasize the this type of litigation, against class. The local 'laces where the cause* rrv sensational headlines the trial, describing the asc and emphasizing eac. : the manufacturer. Suit cly, but by the dozensmumtv wherein the >n ...trial plant is located becomes aroused. th the attendant industrial chaos, and Z the time trial day arrives, every citi, n of the c o m m u n ity is so prejudiced anainst the defendant that it is almost impossible to procure an impartial trial. N e e d for Compensation Legislation its mechanical improvements for control. However, for their part, those who labor must be educated m the ways and means of protection, to carry out the principles of good housekeeping that employers and responsible State agencies may suggest, and utilize such protective appliances that may be offered for their protection. The ultimate solution of the problem If employers and employees alike rec of compensation for silicosis must be ognize and discharge these duties, effec found in some type of legislation that tive results should be obtained in mini ,,.U remove this dispute from the field of common law suits. In the same way that workmen's compensation acts elim inated such actions for accidental injuries, some legislation must be devised to elim inate such actions for occupational dis ease injuries. _ The honest employer desires to provide compensation for those injuries occurring mizing the hazard and controlling dis eases arising therefrom. Again, with re spect to compensatory legislation, occu pational disease compensation should not be permitted to become health insurance and upon industry should be imposed only those costs which compensate injuries that are peculiar to the particular indus tries in which the employees are engaged. to his employees as a result of the in dustrial processes in which the emplo>ee Form of Silicosis Compensation Acts is engaged and which are peculiar there to. The honest employee similarly de sires compensation only when he has sut- fered actual injury. To attempt any detailed discussion of the subject of silicosis in industry and preventive and compensatory legislation therefor would consume far more time than is available. However, there are certain basic principles relating to the For many who have given but super ficial thought to this problem, it has been somewhat easy to say that compensation for silicosis injuries should take similar form to that for accidental injuries. The vice of such thought is in our failure to recognize the essential differences be tween the two types of injuries, to wit-- that accidents occur at a specific time, at a specific place, in a specific way, under subject to which I desire to call your a specific employer, while silicosis and attention. other occupational disease injuries re the In the first place, the nation-wide pub- result of the accumulation of injurious licitv that has been given to this problem substances over an extended period of has'served a fortunate purpose in mold time in different forms or types of em ing public opinion to eliminate such dis ployment and even under different em eases from industry so far as engineering ployers. control thereof is capable of doing so. You and I. as citizens, recognize the fact that industry should provide for its em ployees a safe place in which to work, and accept this obligation imposed upon us by law. In the second place, the problem itself is one that calls for the cooperative ef fort of both capital and labor. There are certain industrial processes wherein the hazard of silicosis exists, and today there are available mechanical improvements to eliminate or control this hazard. Upon capital rests the burden oi the installa tion of such mechanical equipment as will m:.-.imize the hazard in so far as is Possible. An affirmative duty of constant tare is imposed upon industry to periect Therefore, the practical administration of the thought to compensate silicosis in juries in a manner similar to accidental injuries has not proved satisfactory and some other solution must be found. We have seen that in considerng the national development of compensation acts, their original design was to cover only accidental injuries; in form and in methods of administration they were not designed to cover occupational diseases. It may be true that certain occupational diseases have characteristics strikingly similar to traum att^jjuries, such as an thrax and lead P5k F>tc> w hev-thr difi;, ease develops imggWftily ter exposure and the develojfflMte** the disease 15 r occhi .h amw 3WB&8 ! t `r ! ' *i ` ll ;r ; ! Ui' Iif iH r-S ^ l-'ii r Mf 440 Twenty-fifth National Safety Conpress rapid and become disabling, fatal or cured within a limited period of time. On the other hand, there are certain torms of occupational diseases, for ex may have been, it is net unreasonable hope that intelligent occupational disea! h a l a t i o n may similarly meet with ?h* r i : ",pi-v'r ^ tpi,!; ample. silicosis, where the injuries sus tained represent the accumulation of in jurious substances over an extended pe riod of time and disablement may follow exposure to hazards under successive em ployers. Therefore, in considering legis lation for occupational diseases, we must recognize the fact that the problem with hone' ., Furthe`' rnore' h is reasonable', ,hhrPn hat , SUch leS'sIa"'n mav limina," the possibility of expensive litigation^ T *r'-Se and serve the sociaf needs *0! all parties interested in this problem. The statutes providing compensation r silicosis injuries that have bTen h ' ; ?r'-din C i s which we propose to deal is. of neces sity, different from the accidental injury problem and that the administrative pro visions of such legislation must be de as to term and as to provisions for the administration. In mv judgment tormity of legislation is not onb inipoT signed especially to handle this particu 'sable* hut distinctly inad- lar problem. n ,h i ' - S,nal con<htions varv greadr I am not a professional critic of Work men's Compensation Laws in effect in this country, but one thing is certain, anndd uwCh. adt: nmCaryenb[ eStehCeti0annsswoefr ttoht'hceopuronbS'. ?"J ,HC SIate of N'- York mav be en- none of them is perfect. Some of their Mvcr ,0CP,h 7 :tC d,S.'UICt from the an- provisions are perhaps unjust, cither to le rr il problem ,n California. Any the employer or the employee and. cer tainly, in the administration of these pro visions. the human clement therein may c suitaMe ' be adopttd d.f on, b , he par,icular working con- is o m ,i,=. Particular State in which ,, give rise to certain inequities. However, of thU faPP,,Cab,e- A fnk recognition these acts were the result of the need of transferring the disputes arising between employer and employee to some State contention3"1' T ' e,lmmate unnecessary legislation. t0 SUch P^pos.d agency whereby they might be settled, SO,tn e . of our f i e n d s who pur- other than that provided by our courts of law. From my own observation of silicosis litigation. I believe that from the standpoint of the employer, the employee, cates o f `0r ,'ab0r haVe been ad'-o- ` tupatioiL / S0' ca!led "all-inclusive" oc- : the "all ' Sease,,ac,s- ftt my judgment, the all-,,,elusive" occupational disease and the public, some agency other than our courts of law should be established to determine the liability of employers for and ,nuV,tAbly t0 hea,th insurance the adrrT * 'he Department charged with the administration thereof to award com- ; medical niffn 2T medical existence dustry r The detv Se taken nuisions medical I wish to be th problem, standpoi: be far rr. of their ' ment thr. that hea. plovers, pational small fro pensatio- W ith r cies such Public H industru try may able, to , .'ormatioi most of your par other th plovers, mation. but'Tt- v. compens occupational disease injuries sustained by their employees. * . I have mentioned the possible inequi occur in 1 t0 ,al1 tHe human ills that em ploym ent >eeS the C0Urse f theif The : ties that have existed under our compen sation acts and in the administration of their provisions. However. I believe to day it is fair to state that any attempt to effect the repeal of tho>c compensation acts would meet with the combined re coicntnCr PhaS f the Prhlem of sill- 1 accrued r PKer Sa,'Tn IeSis,ation is that of . silieoc' '* c ,ty'j most '"Stances where -n ha e J ,S ,Und t0 exist- `he employees tthnaatt causemthue"i,redcotnhdeitiionnjurdiuorisngsutbhsetantecrems * brought sistance of employer and employee alike Neither interest would desire to transfer back to our courts administering common law the question of the legal liability of employers for accidental injuries sus tained by employees in the course of their employment. r l r ' mp'0yment before such proposed * c uId become effective. With inen,,-, lm. that liabuiiliii,iy/,. *I obeeulieeve it is 5\1 unoqn d 6 t 0 S a d d le , h e P s e tmheerreeo.f ij n , , , L i u `' y , 3 ', ne s i v e n tim e a n d some this s h o u l d b e f o u n d lor a p p o r t i o n in g this accrued liability. Therefore, in view <>i the past admin istration of our compensation laws, un satisfactory to certain interests as they i A n o t h e t V w w t - m p o r t a n t . e l e a i D J . to be .. n 2 S1 . ` r e ( v? 9 ? b e d r a f t i n g o f s i l i c o s i s coni- i pensation Je f c f c ja tio n s h o u l d b e a p r o v i - ? s i o n o r t f f t - . a ^ b w t m e n t o f a c o m p e t e n t /. 3^ ' i .ft : ' n n n n - j $ ot unreasonably ,0 acupational diseay -ly meet with tl>, r and empl0yt{ t is reasonable ^ -.ion may eliminate isive litigation ihlt he social needs oi this problem. :g compensation for :ve been heretofott ae states vary both provisions for their :y judgment, uni. is not only imposput distinctly inadutions vary greatly ns of the countrv .nswer to the probv York may be entinerfrom the an in California. Any p be adopted mu* cular working conr State in which it \ frank recognition mnate unnecessary t to such proposed friends who purnr have been advo- "all-indusive" oc . In my judement. tcupational disease o health insurance ment charged with / , board. Neither lawyers nor lavs>e<ilC n the position to pass upon edicai questions nor to determine the inee of occupational diseases in m- eX'S nor the disabling effect thereof, ^determ ination of such injuries must Jh takken from lay juries and from com- be taK ,,competent ttoo det.ermimne s.,,ue!h I do not believe that modern society will countenance the continued failure ot manv industries to Utilize such available methods of engineering control as will tend to minimize the hazard and I P that in your industrial processes each of you here assembled will renew your myteorest "anda0ra"accumtivvu'hi.tieivep.secw....mi.t.h.e..n..r,te,spect ,,tot aymou.lr own important departments of industrial "medical questions. Necessity of Prevention t wish to emphasize what to me.seems be the most important aspect ot this hveiene. Labor, for its part, must discharge it, duties with full appreciation or the haz ards that are present in the particular in dustries wherein its ntem bers are en Problem, namely, prevention. From the standpoint of those who labor, they should v far more interested in the maintenance of their health in their particular employ ment than in compensation for injuries to .hat health. From the standpoint ot em ployers. the cost of prevention oi occu pational disease injuries will be but a small fraction of the ultimate cost ot com pensation for such injuries. With respect to silicosis, through agen gaged. There must be no half-hearted use of protective appliances with which labor mav be supplied. Similarly, there must be no half-hearted enforcement o factory rules and regulations with respect to the use of such appliances Again there must be a cooperative o ' 'TM " " of rules and regulat.ons that may be la d down by safety engineers or state official with respect to health conditions in your cies such as your own. the United States Public Hcaith Service and other state and industrial organizations in which indus try may have confidence, there is ^avail able. to you as employers, scientific in formation as to methods of eliminating most of the silica hazard that exists in vour particular industries. If. for none other than selfish reasons, you, as em ployers, should make use of this infor mation. The initial cost may seem great, but it will many times repay the cost of compensation for silicosis injuries. Pl The problem of health must become a major consideration by all interests in volved and I honestly believe that with full cooperation by' employer and^ em ployee alike, industry may be well on its wav to elimination of this hazard an mav relegate the problem 01 tion for such injuries to such sta`"lny provisions as the state may see fit to adopt, reasonable in their provision*, but unnecessary to enforce because of the previous elimination of the hazard. rcof to award com- uman ills that may the course of their he problem of sili- The Thursday morning seision was l?blc dl n Tl'e U ' brought to a close with a general round Quarry Section. gislation is that of ost instances where a d jo u rn m e n t xist. the employees injurious substance? -.on during the term -tore such proposed me effective. With ty. I beiicve it i? .he expense thereof e:t time and some r.c for apportioning I -tant clement to be ir.g of 'licols comshould he a provi ent o: a competent OCi -/rfv Congress .11ul Safety Tablets and Dispensing Equipment. A'is. e. Md. Design Traffic Lenses. Md. plication. ion. Philadelphia. Pa. xtinguishcr.-. .Is. rk City. Safety Equipment Section "" ilonarch Governor Companj, Detroit, Mich. ' Automobile Speed ControlDevices. Rational Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York City. ' Casualty Insurance. `.National Carbon Company, Inc., New York City. Equipment for Battery-Operated Devices. .' National Safety Council. Inc., Chicago, 111. V Poster, Bureau of Information, Research and Education Divisions. ' parkrite Corporation, Houston, Tex. . Parking Meter Equipment. Patent Scaffolding Company, Chicago, 111. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. Protectoseal Company, Chicago, 111. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. . Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation, Brooklyn. X. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Pyrene Manufacturing Company, Newark, X. J. Fire Protection Equipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering' Co., Grecnsburg. Pa. Interlocking Systems. _ Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company, Inc., Columbus. Neb. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rose Manufacturing Company, Denver, Colo. Ladder Shoes, Window Cleaners' Safety Belts. Safeguard Electric Company, Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Best Company, Inc.. New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Company, Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. Safety Shoe Company, New York City. Safety Shoes. W. H. Salisbury & Company, Inc.. Chicago. 111. Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices. . W. W. Sly Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Control Equipment &: Respiratory Protective Devices. Spencer Turbine Company, Hartford, Conn. Heavy Duty Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collecting Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Company, Chicago, 111. Dust Protective and Safety Equipment. Stonehouse Signs, Inc., Denver, Colo. . Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. . Strauss Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts, Foot Guards, Safety Hats. Sugar Beet Products Company, Saginaw, Mich. Industrial Soaps. Surety Rubber Company, Carrollton. Ohio. Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Rubber ^Industrial Equipment. i: i: h iS 5M;i':\ U 7 Ui ' '! . ;j . , ; j `i i` ' ;' ! :i. .1ii i & : .5 - r ^ r s fi'T Textile Section 'fcT *>%; Officers 1935-36 , chairman--M. W. Heiss, Proximity Manufacturing Co., Greensboro. N. C. 'Cf Chain''- in Charge of Program-W. U. Gauoet, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., f ' .**r2v> i>< Chariie of .U rm W . ./-- George C. Shuhord. Cliffsidc Mills, Cliffside, C' w H WiLi.is Dean, Textile School, The Clcmson Agricultural College, Clem- 50n CrJ'! lSr 'Editor--J. T. T rolinger. American Eembcrg Corp.. and North American 'ovon^Corp., Elizabethton, Tenn. , * Committee Chaim,an-VoMtsr H. Shueord. North Carolina Department of , yr p e^htccring CommifL'-' Chairman--Charles H. Forsaitii. Jackson Mills. Nashua Manu facturing Co., Nashua, N. H. 1ten,hers at Large . __ * n . H o Cory The Deacon Manufacturing Co., Swannanoa, is. L. r arles H Eamf.s. I.owcll Textile Institute, Lowell, Mass. Russell T F is h e r . The National Association ot Cotton Manufacturers, Boston. Mass. i w Eos,on' u " s- W H NichV.ls. J r.. Virginia Industrial Commission, Richmond, Va. R W P hillip. F.ditor, Cotton, Atlanta. Ga. ,, e! E. Place, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston. ^?is- <j-` ^ W ilsox. Nortii Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh, N. C. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 The first session was called to order by T. A. Wilson, member. North Carolina Industrial Commission. Raleigh, N. C.. i who acted as chairman m place of M. Heiss, Proximity Manutacturing Co., - Greensboro, N. C.. general chairman of ' the Section, who was unable to be present. Both the Wednesday morning and the Thursday morning sessions were held in the form of panel discussions on Satety j in the Textile Industry." Since no formal addresses were presented, and since nc fritenographic report iu< made of the "/'meetings, it is impossible to give a de tailed account oi the o-ions here. Topics discussed in the W ednesday >es- ' sion included the following: 1. What methods arc recommedcd to prevent or control fires in pickers and other textile machinery? 2. How can the personnel department develop good will with relation to acci dent prevention work? 3. What is the value of a safety com mittee? . 4. Do guards slow down production. 5. How can accident prevention work be developed so that interest is main tained at all times? _ 6. Whaf.,jf f eet does an accident have " iiiutS"of r "- r 'ji"!? ., . direct ways do personal in- yperating costs? r iao- the panel included J. W.