Document G6qMRxqkJ33nekkaRkz0LrD6N

MILK CONTAMINANTS MILK PRODUCTION MQNS 038362 M ilk C ontam inants 038&63 KQ*S MILK CONTAMINANTS Fussion Products, 137Cs 9Ogr 131j ............................................................... 1 Compound 4072: 2-chloro-l-(2,4 - dichlorophenyl) vinyldlethylphosphate...2 3-hydroxycarbofuran.......................................................................................................3 Pentachloronltrobenzene......................... 4 Added ascorbic acid (Inhibition of fat oxidation In milk)................5 Herbicide paraquAt residue...................................................................................... 6 dlchlorlde or the bis (methyl sulphate) salt residue limit in milk: 0.01 ppm Ferric ammonum citrate................................................................................................7 Pesticides: dlcofol and aldren chlordane: heptachlor epoxide, 0.03 ppm in milk legal action level in Montana DDT diallfor, residue limit In milk, 0.06 ppm.................................................................................................. 8 Antibiotic Residue and Enzymes............................................................................. 9 Penicillinase - In milk is adulteration and contrary to law Miscellaneous.................................................................................................................. 10 Bacteria.............................................................................................................................. 11 Library Search Cards........................................................... HONS 038564 1 MGNS 038565 I487J6* Accumulation of <etium-IJ7 end *tront/um-5 by Florid* forage* in * uniform environment. Gerrett, A. R., Jr.; . Cummins*, 5. L.; Reenter, J. E. (Snutheoxt. Kadiol. Health *l.eb., Public Jlealtli Sci., Montgomery, Ala.). Health Phyt, 1871, 2 J {-I), 07-70 (Eng), fixpts, were performed to define the possible role of differences in root uptake of "'Sr ami '"C* among forage crop* in explaining variable milk concns. of these radio* .Jiuctides, particularly mC. Nine forage epcciet commonly used in the Florida area were grown lor 1)5 days under greenhouse con* dilions in soil contaminated with "Sr and ,WC. All species accumulated between 0.4 and 2.0 nCt**Sr/g; no statistically significant interspecies differences were obstl. Significant inter- spccics differences in '"C* accumulation were found, with white clover accumulating about fi5 ttCi/g, bahiagrass (Paipalum notoium var taurae) 48 nCi/g, pangolaitrass (Difitarit decumbent) 28 nCi/g, and dal)i*grass (/*, dilulolum), oats, craburas* (D. Joninino/rr), and 3 Bermuda grass varieties about 35 nCl/g. Pangolagrass did not accumulate more M,Cs than did the other forage species under the conditions of this study. The relation of these results to the previously established influence of patigola* grass on the high l"Ci concnt. in Tampa, Florida, milk is dia* vrusted. ... <..A7y. l!S>Sr 1 7/c/ 1 ~ ", 1057714 Incorporation and rr**trf| pf In* ' ~ Had by livestock. ComarrCynTC.; Wentworth, Kit-Hard A.;' , ...... " LWKiW.Nrffl, J'rcrterlvk W. (l)ep, Phyt. Diol.. New York State " " ' Vet. Coll., Ithaca, N.Y.). U.S. Clrarintkoui* Ftd. Sri. Ttth. ------------------- Inform., 1970. No. 724IWJ, 30 pp. (Bur). Avail. XTIS. -------------- . FromG./fro. Annennre. (l/.S.) 1971,71(14), 02. In feeding 1 ____ tiMi. with dairy cowr. the influence of feed type* upon ttic incor* --------- poration of fallout radionuclide!jntomflkwaVfannul, UDmtvP i' tioni furnithcd fur t tier vcriricnUoitTamctlH>dTor the prediction ` of the total Intake ul M,Ca,"Sr. and **`l from milk by av.members " of a human population following deposition of fallout on ___ -------- -----------paituft. A* n dietary countermeasure against w,Cs* ferric ferro* 1 cyanide reduced contamination levels in cows' milk and in tissues -- of sheep and hugs by IH to DH1,a. Na alginate reduced the rrten*----------- lion of "Sr by sheep and hogs whereat a crude seaweed meal did . pot reduce **Sr incorporation into milk. ---------------- -- -- I f ( ( i \ MONS 038567 I i i I i i j ----- ' 10Tt7?w _BU----------- --------------------- - , ,,,, \ Uy. Harvey, Raymond S. (Savannah River Lab., U. *1. dti ..... Tout dc Nemours and Co., Aiken, S.C.). Environ, Surtvtllanre Vicinity Nt. Fad!., Prec. Symp. 1968 (Pub. 1070), 130-0 (Bn). Edited by Heiiiig, William C. Thomas: Springfield, 111. Environmental rodionclivity was investigated in the areas _ adjacent to the Savannah River plant with emphasis on the " pollution of the atm. by fission products, liq. waste from the re actor, and strrains into which the reactor effluent emptied. "" The program of monitoring included sampling of aquatic plants and fish, migratory birds, and terrestrial animals. Species selected -- included those which had a max. accumulation of radioisotopes as the blucgill sunfish for "Zn and M "Sr, grain for "`'"Cs. ** "Sr. ... / and milk for H and "Sr. Samples were wet-ashed with UNO, 'god U|0t uni] counts taken lor 10 min, unns a well crystal. The _ continuing surveillance program was greatly simplified by the selection ol appropriate specific organisms for monitoring. *0NS 038568 72405m Companion of tho cesium-137 content of mitfc and people from 10 dairy forma ia Utah. Lloyd. Ray'D.; Man - --------- '-Charles W.J Pendleton, Robert C.; Clark, D. O. (Dcp. J Anat., Univ. of Utali. Salt Lake City, Utah). AorfiW. J/ro!:k ----------- Data jo6P, 10(10). 4J7-33 (Eng). "Cs concns. ,rt measured in milk from 10 Utah dairy (arms and in residents from ________ these forms from 1002 through 1000. When ,MCs levels in the milk increased (1002-04), the U,C/K ratios in people *rr< ______ similar to the ratios found in milk on the same dairy farm. ` When the *"Cs levels in milk decreased (1005-60). the rati>i found in humans were 2.5-4-timcs higher than that m the milk. --. --- This is due to differences in biol. half-times of mCs for men, women, and children. Preliminary anal, of the relation bclvrva' ----------- uC levels in milk and body concn. indicates that milk U!Cs data can be used with appropriate human biol. half-times to et. _______ the shape of human IHCs/K curves for the same period. 03 HONS fifty. 7.ar 2-te-butyl-4,6-dinltrophcnol and 1-amlno t aec- butyl-4-nltrophenol In milk and crtam from cowl fed 2ifC-bulyl-4,6-dinltropheaoL McKrllir, R. L. ,, journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry IF (4) 751-760 (1971) 12 raf. EM (Agric. Dept., The Dow Chcm. Co., Midland, Michigan 41640, USA) Holitcin-Frietian cowl were fed rstions containing 2-*ec-butyl-4,6- dinitrophenol (DNBP) at!, 3,10, 30, and 100 ppm leveli. Milk aamplea were collected and analysed for DNBP and a poitibU metabolite, 2-amino-6-tec-butyl-4* oitrophenol (2-ABNP). The method* uied included an acid hydrolysis step to liberate DNBP and 2* ABNP if they were present at glucuronidei. Both Compounds were determined by GLC employing electron capture detection, with DNBP at its methyl ether and 2>ABNP as ice trimethyltilyl ether derivative. No residue of DNBP was found by the methods capable of detecting 0.01 ppm in milk and 0.05 ppm in cream. No 2-ABNP was found uring methods sensitive to 0.1 ppm in milk and 0.1 ppm In cream, AS Dairy product* (P) -------------------------12 p 2011 , Milk surveillance, December 1970. ...... ................. Aqon. . Radiological Health Dbu and Rcporu 12 (4) 191 . .........................201 <19713 [t ref. En) ' / Monthly and annual average concn. of **Sr, *S*Cs ____________ -- and '**1 in raw or pasteurised milk are tabulated for 162 locations in the USA, 16 in Canada ________ _______ _ and 7 in Central and South America. Concn. of were all below the practical reporting level (10 f'Ca/1.) exeept for one (40 pCi/l.) from central ndiana. Monthly average* for W>Sr ranged ______ from 0 to 14 pCi/l. in the USA in Dec. 1970; - - highest 12-month average wa* 17 pCi/l. in Del Norte, California, equivalent to t.5*/e of the -- - Federal Radiation Council's radiation protection guide. Corresponding H7Cs concn. were within the ----------------------- range 0-53 pCi/l.s highest 12-month average was 73 pCi/l. in S.E. Florida, representing 2.1'/e of the . ------------------ Council's guide for this nuclide. Level* of ,9?Ca remained higher in Florida and Jamaica than sc ------------------------ other location*. Sr wa* detected in milk at 4 locations in the USA. Results are given of ________ ______ studies of assessment of accuracy of the determinations. (See FSTA (1970)2 1OP1403 foe ________________ 1969 values.) BEPC 03851 MONS and itront1um*90 tn Florida mill - A fiveyeaf atudy of ilittribution and level*, &oci)er C. E.j William*. E. G.; Nettle*. E. D, Health I'hyiici U (6) Ml-I* (1V69) (10 ref. En} [Univ., Cainrtvillr, I'lurida J260I* USA) Data on 7C* and *Sr content* of milk from throughout Florida in 1963-1.967 were anaJyied. Significant feocraplucal variation* -ere found, with hifhm MSr content* in NV Florid* and the hi|heat l*7C* content* in the central pert of the me. Thcae M'C* level* were the higheft found in the USA and appear to be due to an ummial mechaniim concentrating ,,7Ci in tbo environment, including cattle feed. JMD METHOD FOR REMOVING CATIONIC RADIONUCLIDES FROM MM.I. 0. K. MUBTHY, 13. B. MASUROVSXY,1 an J. E. CAMPBELL Milk'and Food Research, Robert A. Taft 8anitary Engineering Center, Cmriunoii, o , AXP . I*. F. EDMONDSON Dairy Product* Diriaion, U8DA, I)e!t*ril!e, Maryland SUMMARY A new method for the removal of radioactive strontium, barium, and rrsium ti milk hat been developed. Fresh samples of raw whole milk with added Nr*. M.V, Csm were stored at 4* C. for at least 72 hr. The samples were then adjusts! t .i of 6.4 or 6.3 with 0.1 or 0.5 M eilrie acid and passed through a column Dowcx 50W-XB cationic resin in the CaMglvNa cycle. The resin wo* p..... < charged with a mixed salt solution containing Ca, Mg, Iv, and Xa chloride* i -i* roatcly the same rclatiro proportions ns in the milk, but at Arc time* u< eoneentrations, and at the anmo pH of acidified milk. After treatment, the i;..i mixed with Dowcx 2-X8 anionic resin in the Oil' cycle, by the batch process, atii p*H* was `broug.h...t...t.o....6...6.......T..h..e....m....i.l.k was f.i.l.t.e..r..e..d.....t.hrougjh a ehcesc cloth to recmimev : spent resin. Analysis of treated milk indicated that approxxiimmaatteeldy 90-95% <of Sr*, 85-05% of Bn"*, and 75% of CV * were removed by this treatment 'from 25 rc*in-h-<: volumes of milk. The removal of radionuclides did not very with flow rntc* of ml. per minute and the cationic composition of tlio milk wan enciittally uiiflumc i Although the milk wna not eongulnble by rennin, addition of 2-3 ml. of 1 M Cat 1, solution per liter of milk yielded eongylmn cnmparnbjo to that obtained with untreated milk. Further treatment of the final product with a CnMgICXn resin at pH 6.(1 re* sultod in an additional removal of approximately 45, 30. and 00% of residual Sr*, Ba"\ and Cs"' remaining after the initial treatment without further change in the fro*B cationic composition of the milk. Results obtained at pll 5.2-5.3 with milk aholed in vivo nnd in vitro were similar. Since the advent of nuclcnr weapons testing, the radionuclide contamination of foods lias been of eonccrn. Surveillance studies have indicated significant amounts of biologically Importnnt radionuclides such as strontium** (Sr"), strontium*0 (Sr00), iodine'31 (I**1), barium140 (Bo140), nnd cesium11' (Csw) Jin milk (2). Because of the health hazards associated with tome of these con taminants, particularly Sr00, method* have been sought to minimise their levels ^ In marketed dairy products. This problem may be approached either at the point of production on the dairy farm (C, 11) or at the processing plants before the product reaches tin* consumer. Control at the dairy farm may require modification of farm ami animal huHlmudry practices. Although this approach might accomplish an over-all reduction in the concentration of radionuclides thus far observed in milk, It would not be effective in an emergency situation involving higher ex posures. Under such circumstances, treatment of milk would be necessary to reduce contamination to safe levels. This treatment must be simple, economical, ReeelvoO for publication July IS, 1061, * Dr. Mustirnvxkjr*M present niMrcNi it Department of Nutrition, of Tue.liltotoKy, Cninlir nine, MiUMUilmiwUt, SJM Infttltute HONS 038572 to * 2 *QNS 03a5?3 e ,A .7^*7*/^ |743Sr Residue! of compound 4072 in milk snd meet of entile field in burns trailed with recidunl sprnys. I\m'UI\ K.: Minin, II. I>.: Orlilcr. D. I). (Kiilmiml. Kvs. I>iv., Akim,'. Itv*. S,'fv., Kin villc. Tvk.). J. Iintonn*. 1*71. tiIt 11. SiHi -7 (ICuk). wives mill l;u-l;ilin dairy cnivswiiv InM ill morns imilril will* ll.f, if.ft. r ftr,' Compound HIT- lJ-vlU*r**l-iJ,4* iiyDvinyl diitliyl |il*os|ilmtf\:*l n rule *< I i:-d .'uNil'i*. No ri siilnrs f Compound Iil7 wrie found in f;* nr liv>u' sutuple* of oniinaN i xiMsed in (lie n.ft',; spray r in tin* milk *f itnvi held in liny of tin* sprayed mmi*. Tin* small rmliii'i in llu' omental ful f>| chIvi'R exjmsed In tin1 'J.5 mill .V , sprays li;nl disappeared ut it.' liny* posttreulnient. ----------- -- rt0tiS 85li* 03 L ( ' ' . , * , *' '( ( ^C^(A \pg\- ^ ( l VI I 1! / .lugnst l,,/i Residues of Compound 4072 in Milk and Meat of Cattle Held in Barns Treated with Residual Sprays1'* Jamei L. Ekiiu, II. D. Mann, ami D. D. Omilkk* Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., USDA, Kcrrville, Texas 78028 ADSTRACT Reef calves anrt lactoling dairy rows were held hi rooms fixated with 05, 25, or 5% Compound 4072 (2rhlmo-l*(2.4-dirhloiopheuyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate) at a rate of I gal/MW it.'. No residues of Cont[>ouml 4072 were found in fat or tissue samples of animals exposed, to the 0J5% spray or in the milk of rows held In any nl the sprayed room*. The small residm-* in the ohhiUjI fat of calves cximscd to the 2.5 and 5% sprays had ilion. |K'arvd at 32 days posttvratnient. Kilpatrick and Schoof (I9G3) and Mnthts and Schoof (1964) reported that Compound 4072 (2* ehlor-!*(2,4-dichlorophenyI)vinyl diethyl phosphate) was highly effective for control of the house fly, A/nire dotnestica L., when it was applied to the in terior surfaces of structures in and around dairies. Roberts ct ai. (106?) determined the restduet in the milk of dairy cows sprayed with Compound 4072, and Ivey ct at. (I9GG) determined the accumulation of residue in hotly tissues of sprayed beef cattle. However, it was not known whether residues would occur in the tissues of beef cattle or in the milk of lactating dairy cows held continuously in barns treated with residual sprays of Compound 4072. A study was made during 1968 at Kemiiie, Texas. to obtain lids information. Methods and Materials.--//o/ding Enclosures.-- ${R holding pens ranging from 28 to 65 m9 cNch Were" modified to siinulutc fully enclosed barns by enclos ing the sides and ends with new uimidiitcd plywood pnneU. Halters were also covered with plywood panels to form ceilings. An opening about 50-60 cm wide was left around die top atul/or bottom of each room for ventilation. Each room was cooipped with automatic waterers and feed troughs. All floors were concrete. t Treatments end Procedures.--Nine lactating Hol stein dairy cows and 12 Hereford heel calves (weight about 201 kg each) were used in the test. Cows received about 4.5 kg of ground grain and mineral radon cadi day, and alfalfa hay was fed Dee choice. Calves received V.7-3.G kg of a ground grain and mineral mixture each day and about 2.2 kg of alfalfa hay amt 11.9 kg sorghum. Cows were milked with mt'thanical milkers at 7:30 am and G i m daily. Three dalty tows cath were held in each of S of . die rooms, and 3 beef calve* cath were held in cath of the oilier 3 rooms for 1 week before treatment, Then all die animals were held outside the hnihliug while the looms were being sprayed. They were re- nntiid 5 hr {xnitreaimem. 'I he treatments were residual sprays of Compound 4072 applied to the interior walls ami ceiling of each room with a Hudson hand sprayer (3-gnl, pump up, tonipiesscd-nir type) equipp'd with a Hat-spray palh to iio//le that operated at a ptessotc of al*oui 30 50 psi. Sprays wcic prepared by diluting a 21.1% n.MtM-tt i.m Auk. in. unti. *S|<ltli<*i 111 a im ii |Uii|MiiOr|! |,iniliiit ikV nut toll- MiOHi- Mini.......... <( iii.U.iuiiinil In Oh I MM, * Mir HiiOtim m ali i lifts aiti li 'tur tin- Ii . Imn.il 4>m*uomi- nf pa- Ml .in I U.I.I n,1ls M.ntJM III till- J ........ a. u jnh IritiMiMi, 41,it tint lll.llll v |'.lll>l.l. .VHMII.il illl't 1'41.1-Ml' Kt'- SI 41 * ti tllMUnii. ,VI. His. Siis.. I SII.V, ... ......... ll* imiii n sc with w-ater. Feed troughs and waterers were cot ered carefully with polyethylene sheets before ireur ment and were not uncovered until after the spray had dried (5 hr). Two rooms were treated at ihr rate and concentration indicated on the label fnr control of house (lies (1 gal of 0.5% spray/300 It* surface area); 2 were sprayed with 5 times this <tmcciitntiion (1 gal of 2.5%/500 ft*); nnd 2 weir treated with 10 times this concentration (I gal uf 5%/bOO ft*). Each of the 3 treatments was applied to I room that contained 3 milk cows and I that cun mined 3 beef calves. In addition. 3 beef calves wm held outdoors as untreated controls. The animals were held in the rooms continuoimlv thrmiglrom the test period except when the rooms were cleaned (twice daily) and when the cows wmbcing milked. The total estimated time die cows were outside the' rooms was 1 hr/tlav (28-day icm) . that for the calves was 20-30 min/ciay (32-day tew period). Sampling.--Samples were taken from the milk of each cow at I day pretrcaitncm and at 1.1, 8, 12,20. and 28 days post heatment. .Morning and evenin'; milk obtained the same day was combined in nro|*M- lion to the quantity of mdk obtained at each milklug, and a sample from the combined milk was tahn for residue analysis and butterfat determination. .Sample* of omental fat taken bv ooienteilimit were obtained from 1 calf from each treatment group amt I control calf at -I, 8. and 16 days |Histtreaimfiii. Jn addition, at .12 day* posiircatment, 2 calve* (mm Cadi treatment group and 2 untreated calve* weir killed at a commercial abattoir, ami sample* ol omental ami renal fat, liver, heart, kidney, ami mu* lc were taken from each. All sample* "err plated in polyethylene hags, frozen, amt held ha analysis. ttmlyiiml Methods.--Extraction and cleanup of the tissue samples was done by the method ol (-!Imrn anti Ivey (l*>65). Extraction ami tleanup ol die milk samples was clone* by using a mmlilitatioit ol the method of laniglois et nl. (I'.lfil) as follows: a lll-tnl sample of milk was mixed widt 20 g of Moiisil" (dried at I I0'(I for Hi hr and IT'- vvaier addnh. The 20 g of Horisil were plated in a thtomato gi.ipbic tolumn (Shell design), and the milk l Imisil intxime was llanslcm'd to it try using 50 ml ol a sol' vent tiiixiote (50% tm-thvh-oc- < Idoi ide-hesanel m make the hanvler. The lolumit was washed widi l>* ml of the s.nni1 solvent and then with 100 ml >>l mi ihvlem* tldotide. (amt|nmml 1072 was then fluted with Inn ml ol 50% m floor ill br\.mr. the soheot was tomeotiated to 5-10 ml bv -ill*dialnm ilnimgli | a Snyder t cva|*orait-i| was diskol* plitet* of tl< thiomatogi. CJa* tint fam-ll-Ash ll.nne phot. Idler, i he with 80- in 1)<:200* w lector at 17 ihr gas was the tojimiti for hydrugi nil'miii. `| was 2 min. 10% full > method wo |MMiml -1072 nul ppm. nil as little Hxt% at a h Knt'i.rs.th-tecictl in hmml in tli hehl in run I lie only i omental fat uiih 5 anti the lalrel ( eat It of the Jieatment, a of any dcn-i These tlat plied, as i(, tonretmaiio f-e area t< buns for II not art nmol m-ds held in Viw Millin' H,d 2 telatisl MOnTv hv It `soll.ioil.imiti, OMMht *1*0*1. 'I lints- and bu'til* ins** sohn I he Milhm voll.olo* Old SSsliHOt oes .Inapt,, HOHS 036575 J^ / /c Aitfutt 1971 ESCIILE ET AL.: COMPOUND 4072 IN' MlLK AND MEAT Of CATTLE 897 d held tn any ol Ui iIh* omental hays hud dlmji* Irrik were iov, before treat* her like spray itealcd ai till* die label lor spay <500 It' , mtk litit con* and 2 were Soil "(1 gal ol was applied 1 ikJ I that con^ vf s#lm wen* l continuously ] cn ll- oom<i IjhecV writ1 1 uni' the (uw> (SHtlay icm): . (32*i)uy led the milk ol 1.4. 8. 12. 80. am! evening i^kl in urujmi* i earn milk* ilk was taken miiMtion. omentfi tomy illllt'IK RIOHJ* xrtiMtatineMi. j suites Immu , salves mi*' VIMIpIft **l kilim1)', uii'l '*IHpl'> wf**' .ml held (o' sll'.lliup "I iIumI ul C:!* ! i li .intip ol nlihi .<><'" "I .1* (iilliit**: ! .'i# ^ ..I 11< .Hu .oldidt. a ihtmiMio milk I loiiol Mil ol . ** to wo. `...1/ 'i I '" . n .a .-i ..........lood . ll.. o.Um ..........I......... a Snyder column, and die remaining sotvem was rvn|M>ral('il with a jet, of clean dry air. The residue was dissolved in 5 ml of distilled licxum', ami 10 alini'k or tlie final solution were injected into the gat iluomatogruph. Gas cluoinaiography was accomplished with a hmll-AsIt rhrtmi.itugr.iph c<piip|>cd with a Mtlpar (lame uhotomeuie detector using die phosphorous filter. The glass lolumn, f. mm on X 1.22 nt, packed wilh RD- to lODmcsIi Cat Cliroin Qw coaled with 5% l)C2(HK was heated jsoilicnmdly at 205*C, die de* u< lor at 170*. and the injector at 2C5*C. The car* rier gas was preputified nitrogen that flowed ihrougli tlie folunm at a rate of 120 ntl/min. Tlie flow rate lot hydrogen tvas 200 ml/miit and for oxygen 18 ml/min. The retention tune for Compound 4072 was 2 min, and 0.2 ny gave a recorder response of 50% full sente. In a 10 ml sample of milk, the method would detect at little as 0.002 ppm Com* |uiind -1072 and gave recoveries of 97% at a level of ti.UI ppm. In a 2l)g sample of tissues, it would de tea as little as 0.001 ppm and gave recoveries of 84ltgl% at a level of 0.025 ppm. Results.--No residues of Compound 4072 were ilfti'ued in any milk samples. No residues were fuimd in the fat or other tissue taken from animals IkIiI in rooms treated with die standard 0.5% spray. The only residues found were in samples of the omental fat of beef calves held in rooms treated kith 5 and 10 times the concentration indicated on tin* label (Table 1). When beef calves treated at f rath of the 3 levels were slaughtered at 32 days post* t licatincm, all fat and other tissue samples were free j '<! any detectable residues of the insecticide. These data indicate that if Compound 4072 is ap* |<li<il. as mommtmlcd on die label, at a rate and ummttraiioM of I gal of 0.5% spray/500 ft* of stir* area lo the inside surfaces of dairy nnd beef lor lly control, residues of the chemical will .iMiimulaic III milk. fat. and other tissues of ani* '"Uheld in die treated barns. Table 1.--Kvstdsm of Compound 4071 In sampler vf omental fat Oaken by nmenmtnmy from loaf rwlsa-r inniiiMi! in rooms kprayiti with S rttnimirtiiHim of dir Insii tialalr (I sample from cat It treatment Inal ul rjuli sum* pllng duie). 7k coocn *pray Amount (ppm) of Camt|Mmml 4072 In ratiuMcd fat at maliiutid dap }Mi\inraimrni ....---------------------------------------------- 4 I 10 Untreated 0& 23 3.0 0.0* J0 007 .020 0.0 JO .007 .007 0JO .0 JDK .007 0 s <0.001 ppm. REFERENCES CITED Clatborn, if. V, and M. C. Ivey. 1905. Determination of 2-chloro-l* (2.4-dirhloroplienyt) vinyl diethyl plnphatc ami 2.2\4''tTichloioacctonhrnonc in animal tissues and milk. J. Agr. Food them. 13(4): 351-0. Ivey, M. C., H. V. Clnborn, It. A. Hoffman, O. II. Graham, J. S. Fulmer, and R. D. KadelefT. INC. Residues of Shell Compound 4072 in the tmdr litaue of sprayed cattle. J. Eton. Enlontol. j`>: 37'J-R2. Kitpalrlek, J. IV, am! II. F. Schoof. |9G3. Aaiuli lioitse fly control with residual treatment' of six organo phosphorous compounds. Ibid. '>0: 7V-R1. Langloii, 11. E., A. K. Stamp, nml 11. J. Liska. 1964. Kapial cleanup of dairy piuducts for .*uuhsi of ' chlorinated insecticide mhliie bv elecnon capture gas cliromaiograpliy. J. Agr. Food CIm-iii. pj(3): 245-5. Mathis. W., and H. F. School. 1904. Field irsi* of diclilorvoc. Ganaial Chemintl 4072. Hnnlier Cam)|N<ni1 1122. and syncrgiml 1>I>T againsl .Miura dui/iolirat. J. F.con. Kntamiol. 57: 250-P. RolHfis, H. II., K. P. KadelefT, anal II. V. Clatwrn. J06I. Ris.ilues iu the milk of dairy rauvt kpiaaeal with I**'*lalK.'tnl Ccneial Clicmlral 4072. Ibid. 51: 1055-4. The Insecticidal Action of Some Sulfonamides''1 W. N. Uiem.i.v and W. Pm** Department of Paiaihology, Mvrrpmd Sellout of Titipiral Mealkinr. Fembioke Plarv, Uvei|KMtl J.3 5QA. England AWSTRACT uilftMiumiila-y of mctliral and veterinary ini|aH.tmt* U'a'ttahU' |Mm<iar formidatimni of the in'itiiaiibl \ullmi- I'1"' ialai.,1 (.(Ui|n>t<ml\ uaie I'XiimimO for ioM-tliaiilal amialeK. with talc amt sodium lauiyl miII.ik'. ahn hail g<l *'*t`itv li) 4 uisal aimiaal lealuiiapie. Fmil* ia>m|HmmK hise.ii<iilal aeti'ity, amt a\ muIi iu.iv In* umIiiI in die ; "'HomIjimJiU', 'iillaipdOMcalim-, MiU.itlia/im'. anil Millaaa-* lifalineiH of wall <onl.nts in tn.il.nia nmiml |n,^i.im ,<r I n"d*i klmHe.1 aathiiy on filtaT p|Mr at .V IU g/m'. The uv tniKlitutes for ihlinmuiid li)ilMN.otMo. oig.omplm,' I *' d<\< anil Millanmrilinyim- (-' kidl.idtaxim-) ueie uIm |Iioiiis or iaili.ioMle imiuioiliy I ""U hi*. iia id.,) Mlien l.al mn'ipHliH" ill Mlyat ( 'nllini.iiniih y yiilf.iijoinoxaiim', miIIim im thoxine ^'nll.nli.Min ). innl soli.nti.i/ioe ylmw Inoh itiied ' "'temii iiiMiiMiil.il aiiiriiy .ig.iiii'i tlie moM|iii* hi'i/ilu /. i th filnmi I.kKhi ami ./n/. i ' 1 /.I....... ,...l .iim.Hii.ii 1 '' ">( | ',..f I.. .,.|..a...............11 U. I.'. I'l< 1. 1 >l .l k|H tl.ll .l |.IH||. \ ' '> 'III... Ill....... l'j>4>.H>llWt. 4Mll I'tllfl *> lit " '"I........ . . , with .1. ift beiiin i.illo i imoe Miwi'piilde esicy .uni t'i'leis l!"iK, I'eleis .mil Itri'h' I'thn. itid.d ;t( li\ity ;iIm u.i\ deunm><i.Ueil (llo'lri 'll i h.is I n il 'Oggesletl (l`i el .il. PhiH. It.nnk.11.m l rrii'iv ti'rMnii''Uii iii.ii .rii.ioi kiiilim.Oio.li. nt.it fulfill Iliph- nth ul tl) killing in.il.oi.il |Mt.itiiet to die (t in.He ho\i, (L'j pieteoling tit 11 l.'ptnt ol in the MONS 0 3 8 5 7 6 MONS 038577 A--7-'/1.. ^ V tod i " MC01Jj_ Effect of feeding carbofuran on the phyatology of ftit "BltPy cow nd on pesticide residues in milk. Miles, J. T.. PcmoU, It. j., 1 linton. S. A Montgomery, M . J Dcmull, 5, Ji. (Dcp. Umv. Tnimwii', Knoxville. Tcnti.) J. Dairy Set. 1971, 5-1 (<), 47H-HO (img). Oral administration of j g carbotumn (t) to cows caused acute synptomsof toxicity within 30 min, but the cows recovered following otro|iinc (11) admintv (ration. The addn. of U.5-1.0 r 1 to sdaRC caused some miner nervous symptoms in cows immediately following initial (ceil ings. At subsequent feedings, silage consumption was slower and no clin. symptoms were obsd. There was a significant de pression of 0.03 kg of silage intake for every increase of 1 ppm I added over the cxptl. range (IJ-I-I7 ppm). An av. of O.llo', of the amt. of I consumed was excreted in the milk as the only metabolite. 3-hydroxvearbofurnn. *ONS 038578 Ait fiiillP~ 12)98fg * foxiroloelc'and metabolic studies on pentachlorolUirnttora. Ii*<-h ]'..* I-arson, I'anT Jiismli'J1. LCruwf*ru, it. M.i IUunkur, Cordon R., Jr.: Viuiluir, Kdwunl I.; Klein, M. Ilafvcy (Dvp. IMinrmnvnl., Med. Coll. Vifittio, Hlt-hoimo), Vo.) Tnxieoi. Appl. i'liuriHtitot. 1071, IK(it), fi'.'J94 (ting). In studies oil pnitacliluroiiitrobcmtenc (I), in A 9-jjvnrratkm reproduction study on rats, no adverse eflrct on any nommeter nptwated from diet Irvrl* IlirmiKli AHO ppm. Two* yt'Af Jcrilimr l`> UuKlv iU*k* :fcl ppm a* the lilidunt level tested; elintestalie lieputoMs willi secondary Idle * nephrosis win lotmcl in min. ili'iim* on ISO ppm ami in mmlrnir ilciin\ on IOSH ptnn, Imt wiu wiwiik'nil to In* u rwvfyilik' Irtiwi. - Study ol I did not occur in tissue of the rat, dog, and cow, but .tram of apparent I wai found In milk from treated cows. Penta* . - chtoroanalme and methyl pentachlorophcnyt sulfide. roetaboHtea of 1, were found in tissue of treated animal! in >11 3 specie*. * - which toRether with absence of I indicated rapidly metabolism of _ the latter. In contrast, tissue storage of hcxachlorobenaene and - . " pcnlachlorobentene, contaminants of technicaf I, were found in U 3 species, in degrees paralleling their content in the I, indica- "live of a stoaer rate of metabolism of these compds. When I was combined with d-e0iPxy*3*tricb)ofwthyM,2,4-thltdla*oJe - (Terrazole), no potentiation of toxicity was found in acute oral " : test on rats. In acute (24 hr) percutaneous toxicity test in - rabbits, no sign of intoxication resulted from application of 4 g. - * i/ml as a 30*>(i soln. In com oU. ~" HONS 038580 HONS 038581 r ttTuq AT 219 Food processing with added ascorbic odd. [A review] bsuerfeind, J. C; Pinkert, D. M. Advances in Food Research It : 219-315 (1970) {406 ref. En] (Cbem. Res. Dep., Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc* Motley, New Jersey, USA) Addition of t-ascorbic acid (AA) to foods and drinks it reviewed under these headings^ mclodi of addition; AA reactions; and AA as an added nutrient, synergist in protection of fats and oils, preventive of fruit browning and vegetable discoloration, inhibitor of oxidative rancidity in fish, stabiliser of meat colour, flour and bread improver, O* acceptor in beer processing, reducing agent in wine, and inhibitor of fat oxidation in milk, butter. . yoghurt and cheese. The regulations on the use of AA in foods in the USA, Canada and other countries arc outlined. SJR I P !i HONS 038582 i MONS 038583 11164 V' Paraquat} tolerances for mUm, * tSA, Environment Protection Agency Federal Refitler 37 (208, Oct. 27) 22 983-22 964 (1972) (Enj (Washington. DC. USA) Tolerances ere established under the Federal Food. Drug end Cosmetic Act (or residues o( the berbick/c paraquat derived from application of cither the dichlortde or the bit(meihy! sulphate) toll m follows: alfalfa, birdsloot trefoil, clover, pasture grass and range grass, S ppm; meat, fat and teat by-products of cattle, goats, horses and sheep, and in milkj),01 (negligible residue). CAS I U62 Dialifor; tafrranrrs fee mUan, USA, Environment Protection Agency MeaJ/tegbler 37 (206, Oci. 27) 22 982 (1972) )En] (Washington DC, USA) Tolerances are established under the Federal Food, Drag and Cosmetic Act for the combined residues of the insecticide dialifor (S-tt-cMoro-lphthall- midoethyl) O.O-diethyl phosphorodithioare) and its 0 analogue $~{2-chJorol-phlhalimidocthyl) 0,0-dieihyt phosphorothioaie as follows; citrus fruits, 3 ppm; meat, fat, and meat . byproducts of cattle and milk (at (reflecting negligible residues in whole milk) 0.06. CAS 038585 MONS IP II A ehemleal-ofganoleptk Mirfy of boa4cftHM alk nd Ibt bM|ital mUibUHy ol Um Irac Wn(, C.-F. JNufrtofbo Abtnrtt Internt/loami, B 33 (1) 300: Older no. 72-20 794 (1972) (En) (Univ. of Maryland. College Park, USA) Raw milk wai fortified with ferric ammonium eulphatc. ferric ammonium ciuale, ferric choline citrate or FeSOr before pasteuriuiion and homogenization. The fortified milks were tested, after 2 or 7 days at VC, for oxidized flavour (by the 2-lhiobarbituiic acid lest) and for fat, iron, tocopheroli, vitamin A and carotene. Organoleptic tests with espert and oonsumer panels were also made. The milk containing ferric ammonium ciuale (up to 30 ppm of Fc) could not be distinguished from control milk by the taste panels, and no lipid oxidation was apparent from the chemical testa. Milk containing 10 ppm of Ft supplied by any of the 3 other salts developed detectable lipid oxidation which was accompanied by losses of tocopherol, vitamin A and carotene. l3>day*old Hampshire x Yorkshire pigs were given a ration of cows' milk fortified with cream, vitamins, autcomycin and ,yFe-labelled ferric ammonium citrate (to give 20 ppm of Fc). After IS days on the diet, Fc absorption was estimated at approx 30%. lire results indicate that milk fortified with ferric ammonium ciuale is an effective source of Fa supplementation. About { pint of fortified mitt . would provide the average daily requirement of Fo In the human diet. MEG 7 HONS 38586 V 7 K i.bu'v$ *u\ (HleJ \ t 1m sfknowlrdftd 'owmltlee. 1959. SectiV-ailetry. Tbo dc(trtol In ails. food* and '} t, M t Mfi. bee, tad R. A. ChApifvl roplenl of Cana- III use In detecting ff Sri, Hi l. Vilawls content of human and animat COB- Air. Hip. 8ta , Dull. r. m. Hatting. n. a Milk*. 1949. Beatensl mmIa'A toNivAi of Vie* baIiaUbo J. 8el. Ites, if, Kutrllliul invcitf duitng the war, 1939Boc., 51 955. Aath**oii. 1905. Det it ^ Ih A-Virdc. AM. Tbo' protection' of iorlMf a&ponlflcatloo t. Agr. Pood Chcm., I. A Chapman. 10M. ulion of butler with . of tbo tocopherol A> ffilJJM. , od V. II. MeDowaH. .vary of New Zealand eft., 10: 70. hi. Nesbitt. 1901. Tbo In Manitoba. Depart.ft) l'nlmlt; of Maul- I. 0. Armstrong. 1009. be Ktumi-rloh'iigel pro* ^mlnotlon of vitamin E loM, food Teclmo). J-, . D. Hnvw, 1047, The 't vitamin A with Actt* ItlwfviirJfln. J. md. Agriculture. 1947. Hut* illundii A III Ibo dh-t W United Mates. U.8. oM. of |i|i. . Mark I'uUlbbing to, *. T-' rilornln A b4 of i: r. JI. HiuMna) cti 17. Relationship Between Some Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides and Lactic Culture Organisms in Milk ' SUN C. KIM* AND l. O. HARMON Department of Food Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823 Abstract Portion* of sterile milk containing 1 ppta of fttdrifi, DDT, or lindane were inoculated with strains of Streptococcus faefu, Strep tococcus cremorit, Streptococcue diacetilBelie, and ,Lactot>acfIu eases ood incu bated at 32 C for 14 days. When the insecticides were extracted from the milks and the extracts analyzed by fat-liquid chromatography there was no perceptible evidence of degradation or chemical altera tion of the insecticides by the lactic cul ture organisms. L. costs cell* grown in trpyticase soy broth containing 0.01 and 0.02 ppm of ,4C*dicldrin showed 353 and 830%, re spectively, higher rodiouctive counts than corresponding cello grown, in the .&}>"*?* of MC-dicldrin, suggesting that a small smount of dieldrin was either adsorlmd or incorporated by the eelte. Some investigators (6, 7, 8, 12) found that eertain organisms, particularly coliforms and a few miscellaneous gnim-ncgative bacteria, eonvert dichlorodiplienyUrichlorocUione (DDT) to dichlorodiphenyldichlorocthaae (DDD); other investigators (1, 6) reported no degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by several organisms indigenous to toil. Btcnersen (11) observed the conversion of DDT to DDD by cultures of *cAerichta eoJi and Serratia marceeccne. Since organisms vary in their ability to alter or degrade chlorinated hydrocarbons, the pur pose of this investigation was to determine whether certain lactic organisms commonly present in cultured dairy products could change aldrin, DDT, or lindane, and attempt to deter mine whether a typical eltloriimtpd hydrocarbon (dieldrin) was incorporated into a represents"tive"'orgfloiam {LactobaciVa*r cotci) during growth of the organism. Materials and Methods tatrodwetfen Insecticide* druigned to poison target or ganisms have beeoma ubiquitous, frequently roiiinntinitting useful biological systems. Tbo |ir<'riu'u of chlorinutcd hydrocarbons in milk bug i-nuHcd some workers to consider the effect f llirsu inaotticidus on the inetubolic activity uf Iwlie culture organisms. Kim and llnrmon (I) showed thut several insecticides had uo aikeme effect on the growth or fermenting sbility of various strains of lactic culturo vruiiisnw important in dairy product 1`ermcnh'tioiiK. On (ho contrary, Bradley and I>i (2) M|iiilcd thut milk containing 2.1b to 2.27 ppiu l dieldrin und made into Cheddar uhveso Ji'iwcd Nlightly less ucid development during liiiHiiiliictuiu and higher pH after ripening for Ifi diiVN, limn i-orreMpnndiiig ebecsn nmdc from mil. eniitaining no dieldrin. Ilt-vt jved for publication 8i |ilvmlCf lii!, Will). 1 .Virhii'nn Agrb'iilliira) hriN'rltuinl Hlnlku JUri:il Arlich- tin, 4Hr.ll. *l'riwhl inl<ir<'HH; Ilij.urlm.'iit of Kutotm.lugy, L'am-mlly of rulif..rniii, )iiverH<le, (.'nliforitin wii. Effect of Incite culture organism on aldrin, DDT, and lindane in milk. Krlenmcyer flasks containing 25 ml of sterile milk and 25 nS of aldrin, DDT, or lindane dissolved in acetone were inoculated with 0.25 ini of active IB-hour litmus milk eultures of Streptococcne laetis A 254, Streptococcue tactie A (12, Streptocoecuh eremoris E 8, Sfrrpfocorrii* rfturrfi'lrtcfta 18-10, Streptococcus diacvtilucUt DKCf, and L. casei. Nuninoculatcd snmplrs containing tbs iiwcrliciile were used ns loutidls. Mi'lme addi tion of the insecticide, the original milks usu ally contained less than (Mil ppm and always leas than 0.05 ppm of the iasi'.-tindr when tested by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). After incubntiun at 32 C for 1-1 days the inNeeticidctt were extrartiHl Inna (he milk and vlconvd by recommended pnaMHlurea (3, 10). The denned Mimpfei dissuivnl in hrxanu were mmtyr.tHl hy a guK-liqind diromiitogrnph, H|uip|ii'd with *in eh-t-ti-ou capture ihlit-lor. The chriMiiutogi'aiiiK of the pxtracla from the iuoruhtli'd mid iioiiiniH'iilatcd KampieH weru compared, to determine whether the orgnnisms had altered the chemie:il Mruettmt ul' llie inMi-tieideN. The aiiulvtinil t<vhni<pie wn<* M'lixilive to 0.01 of (lie mneetieideii mid related HimlogH per milliliter of KidMlrute. 155 ' HONS 0 3 6 5 8 7 15G KIM AND MARKON Defermiiiitip incorporation of dieldrin into l. catci. in work previously reported (4), several Indio culture organisms were grown fn milk continuing dieldrin, heptnehior, methoxychlor, and mnlnthion. The only pcrceptiblo evidence of inhibition wus n slight decrease in growth rote when L. easci was grown in milk containing 100 ppm of dieldrin. An experiment was designed to determine if dieldrin was incorporated into L. casei cells when it was a component of the substrate. One milliliter of an active culture of L. easei wss inoculated into JOO-inl quantities of Tryptieane Soy Broth (TSIJ) containing approxi mately 0.01 and 0.02 ppm of ,4C-<Iieldrin* with speeilir activity of 72.4 mCi/mg, and incu bated for IS hours at 32 C. Simitar cultures containing no dieldrin were used as controls. Viable eclln were enumerated on plate count gar. One-half milliliter of l4C-dieldrh, 14.5 m) of scintillator solution, and enough Cnb-o-sil4 to form a stable homogenous gel were shaken vigorously and the radioactivity measured using I'acknrd-Tri-Curh Liquid Scintillation Spcc- s HC-dicldrln, Amcrthain/Searlo Corp., Dcs Plaines, llliaola. * Cabosil, New England Nuclear Corp., Pilot Chemicals Dlv., Boston, Massachusetts. tniphotometer Model 3310.* The seintillntias solution contained 0 g/liler of 2a5-li|rHrn> Ioxnzole and 0.2 g/liler of ll4'6is-2-4.iiirtlnl 5-phenyloxiixoltf in toluene. Twenty-five milli liters of the J 8-hour cultures in TSB, with dh<I without ,4C-dicl<lrin, were washed with 2* <! of hexane by shaking for 30 seconds in Mliiiuiesa steel centrifuge bottle. Then the crib were harvested by centrifuging at 10,100 x <t for 20 minutes in a Sorvnll Model KS-2 sal. mntie refrigerated centrifuge. Tlic harvested cells were washed twice with 50 ml of 0.80', XnCI, transferred to a liquid scintillation vial using 0.5 ml of TSB, and the radioactivity measured. The results ere reported ns count' per minute per milliliter. i Results end Ditcuitlon Stability of aldrin, DDT, and lindane in mitt inotnhiic<l with lactic culture oryanitm*. Tin* ehromntogrniii of nldrin extracted from milt coulnming 1 ppm of nldrin, inoculated will* S. lactis A 02 and incubated for H days at 32 C is shown in Figure 1A. A chromatogram of corresponding noninoeuhued milk is shown in Figure IB. When nldrin degrades to diehlrin Packard Trl-Carb Liquid Scintillation Spectre photometer Mode) 3310, Packard Instrument IV. Inc., Downers Grove, IlHuoii. I I I i RETENTION TIME (min ) Km. 1. (hi* liquid chromatogram of cslrnrt from milk containing 2 ppm of nldrin and bii'ulmiail ut 112 V fur 11 days (A, inoculated with 0*. hicfi* A ill, mminoculntedL i SOfr 60)- uT to 301 v> 40| ui 1 oc <E 30; UI Q * o UJ , a to PlO. 5. 15Incubated at 1 or any other nr sldrin ort the dn sew peak indicat will he present, structure ol' nn> Iw aiiniluvly ituli liquid clmmiatog- Figure 2A iho extruded from ami inoculated ' Figure *211 sin*' extract from th milk. Tlie clmimat*1. milk containing ll*d with 4V, he f the cliromatxcr. ponding mminnrc Jit. Kxrept lor : Mwccn Ftgui* diircrctwm itt panwut t*t fig t.V with 3t! rm pair arc virtual <>t the msi | u i. present in in-H and inculmtcd Jov*ni. or Paimv KclcMCt V01, 69, No. 9 SONS 038588 AIM.* The arinlillatioa birr *f i.Vlphi*nyh of U bin iM-methyh roe. Twenty-five tnilli- lure* in TSIt, with ami rtr undid with '/"> hi( fi.r HO second* in a r bottle. Tlon the cells nlugmM' id JO.IO0 X 9 (tall Mmlcl KS-2 autoinloce. Thr harvested r uith fin ml of 0.8(1Ci wmlillnf ion viol ami lh* radioactivity re reported o* counts IWKCTiOIDEt 4HD Z.40TIO OMAH18U8 167 ItT, and lindane in milk ruifure vnjnuinm*, The n extracted from milk Mritt. inoculated with yli;/ for 14 duya nt rJ.V. A ihromuioffram mrululed milk is shown Irin degrades tv dicldrin iuM ftelMltlatlon B|>cctroPackard Inutruna-nt Co., iaals I of Idrln and . owhiiioivlaU'ii/. pio. t. Qai-liquid chromatogram of extract from milk conUlalnf 1 ppm of DDT and Intubated at 32 C for 14 day* (A, inoculated with S. lacti* A-62), (b, aoninoeulated). or any other analog, the peak representing ildrin on the chroinutograra diminishes and a atw peak indicating dicldrin or other analog sill be present. Alteration in the chemical structure of any chlorinated hydrocarbon would he similarly indicated when analysed by gaakquid chromatography. Figure 2A shows tho chromatogram of DDT extracted from milk containing 1 ppm of DDT ad inoculated with B. Icetii A 62, whereas Figure 2D shows the chromutogram of tho nlroet from the corresponding nouinoculalcd Milk. The chromatogram of lindane extracted from siilk containing 1 ppm of lindane and inocu lated with B. luetit A G2 h shown in Figure 3A; the chmmotogrum of the extract from eorre(Minding noninoculntad milk is shown in Figere 311. Kxccpt for a alight quantitative difference between Figure* 1A and HI, attributable to `lilTerciitcH in efficiency of extraction, a com parison of Figurci* JA with lit, 2A with 211, 3A with UII rcveul* that the two figures in each pair nr<! virtually identical, imlinitmg that imuo ol (lie iimcclicido* was altered ill structure when Present in milk inoi-ulabd with A', biclix A 02 *'<1 im-ulmtcd for M days at 112 C. Chromatograms of extracts from milka con taining 1 ppm of aldriu, DDT, or lindane and inoculated with S. Inctis A 254, S. diarrtilactii 18-10, S. diacetilactie DItCI, S. errmoris E 8, and L. eatei were also compared with ckro nmtogroma of extracts from similar nnninoculuted milk*. Figures representing these data are omitted to conserve apace, but tbc configu rations of all of the chromatograms were iden tical to the corresponding coutrol, iadienting tlmt none of the aforementioned organisms altered the structure of any of the insecticides wlirn incubated in milk at 32 ( for 14 days. The mechanism of the toxicity of the chlori nated hydrncnrtKma is not clearly chivUlnted, but the inrMYticulcs arc nerve pontons. Bacteria arc not known to imiwnu nerve system, end there is little experimental evidence to indicate that itiHcctirnlcs lmvc nnti-hactrrial netivity. Aldriu, DDT, am) )imhmc are among the few chlorinated hydrocarbon inseeliviih-s umterptiblr to bimlegrudnlioii hy mono microorganism*. Ill normal degrmlation, uhlrin converts to diehlria, which is an epoxide and more toxic than aldriu. DDT may convert to DIM) hy reductive deehloriaalioti, to diehlorodiphi'iiylethenc (DDV,) hy dchydrodcchlortimlioii, or to dichlorodiphr* ` itylueelic acid (DD.V) hy oxidative iltYhlorlna- JocNHxt, nr laio Kciikck V.m , s:i. n* J HONS 0 3 8 5 8 9 1(8 KIM AND HAKXION lion. Lindane converts to peiitachtorocyclobexane. Tbs degradation of DDT and lindane are detoxication processes. Moat investigations of the modification of insecticides by microorganisms bsvs involved DDT in synthetic broth media rather than in food suhstrules. Langiom (5) demonstrated the ability of E. eoli to dcchlorinate DDT to DDD iu TSB, but when 2?. ooli wns inoculated into kimniilk containing DDT there was little con version of DDT to DDD, suggesting that milk protects the chlorinated hydrocarbon from the action of the bacteria. The results of our research, together with observations of oilier investigators, suggest that lactic cultures arc not upt to modify or degrade chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in milk. Uptake of carbon11 by L. easei grown in a medium containing J*C-diefrfriM. Data in Table 1 ahow the results when L. eaaci was grown for 18 hours at 32 C in TSB containing ,4C-dicldriti in amounts calculated to approximate 0.01 and 0.03 ppm in Trials I and If, respectively. Whet) the amounts of ,4C-dieldrin incorpo rated by the cells are .calculated ha percentages of the amount of ,4C-dichlrin available, the percentages are 0.20 and 0.18 in Trials I snJ II, respectively (Table 1). These perceiringn are relatively smnll. This method of rahulntinuptake is used frequently but is not logiml when there is a surplus of nutrients, beron-r cells do not utilise all of the nutrients in the substrate, and there no reason to autow they selectively utilize the radionctive compo nent. Approximately 0.009 cc of cells were harvested from 25 ml of TSB. If the uptake of 14C-dildrin by the cells was proportion:)! to the amount of 14C-dicldrin in the TSB, thru the eounts per minute should be spproximafrlr 40 in Trial 1 and 81 in Trial II, at indivatol by calculations in Table I. Duta in Table 1 also show that the radioactive eounts prr min ute of TSB containing 0.01 and 0.02 ppm of ,4C-dieldrin wove 353 aud 830% higher, re spectively, than th counts per minute of cor responding cells grown in TSB containing n "C'dichlriu. The aforementioned data suggest that some *4C-dieldrtn was either adsorbed on, or incor porated in, the celts of L. cuaei, but there ii itMufllrichi evidence to conclude that the cell* are metubolizing dicldrin. Obviously, the nmotmi T*si.a 1. Uptake of ** IS hours st 32 C. a) Viable cell run b)J Approximate ' harvested fnm c) CPM of 1 u.l d> CPM of wash' ' no 14C*dieldiii e) CPM of wohln ,4C-dieldrin. f) Per rent of ii ing l4C-dieldr dieldrin (c + g) Anticipated t TSB containi' h) Per rent of n + (c - d) > * The TSn in Tri; respectively. * Assuming an h. applying the formula or 0.009 ee. * CPM r Counts i RETENTION TIME <min) KlO. I. Oiilii|tilil diromstogram of extract from milk i-oiitimiiiig 1 ppm of Ihxhino ivJ iuculmltJ st 3*4 O for 14 duys (A, hiucuiutod with .V. luetit A (-), (II, nomnmul.ited). i>r Iuimv NriHV Vui.. |3, No. U MONS involved is small, as tionx. Certain favtoi of measuring the rs mulls vary with t! organism* are diftleu ciuipleiety eliminate miiv adsorb, but di alnnhl have been rcn tin- cell by the hrxar setivity is lesa effiv: solutions, and error* lion of low ruunt* evils. H' the uptake of '1 determined in tuilk. t hern more useful, ' method of Imrvor-tio: luted milk and tlor* Iwlieve the result* Siiltmi (P) staled prum-pic-itne liacte"rvtinie solvents in* inr'totie, lie staled of .S'lri'/thxiNi-ie ft insoluble, mid lhal Igi'am-uegHliwl w. a*d. Since the rhht ride* are fat hoIiiMDotirptoaled >im) 038590 U: 4 in Trial* I sod Th**-e l`*f<Mil;iRCS Sml nl t-nlruinting Ut M Ihit logivul tlUl'K-dfs, l/ITHUSC e nutrients in the TlMM'H to A-MUUlC JlllM.H Jivf HHl||W iv ol' I'viU were II. If the uptake ** pruprirtmiml i in the TSB, then be approximately kt |l, a* imliriitetl JM* in Table 1 e <huiiIh per min* nil fl.02 p|mi of Silr; higher, re* :vr minute !' eorl SB roiitaining no Miri/ivt dial some rbet *. or inrorruMl ut there is !ui)r iti.it |lc i c!U j'Viti*ly. the amount i f limlnno and INSECTICIDES AND fcAOTIO OROANIBMS 159 Till* 1. Uptake of ,4C-dieldrln by Loctobacillta eat*i cells in iryptlcase soy broth Incubated IS hour* t 33 C. Trial* In ) Visbis ecll count per milliliter. 24 X 10* h) Approximate volume in milliliters of washed and packed eells harvested from 25 ml of TSB. 0.009 .)* CPM of 2 nit of inoculated TSB containing **C-die)drin. i) CPM of washed cells harvested from 25 ml of TSB containing no 14C-dicldrin (background count). 2,118 80 ) CPM of washed celts harvested from 25 ml of TSB containing l4C-dieldrin. 130 I) Per cent of increase in CPM of eells grown in TSB contain ing >4C-dicldrin compared to ceils grown in TSB without J4C- dicldrtn (e + d x 100) 353 l) Anticipated CPM of washed cells harvested from 26 ml of TSB containing l4C-diel(lrin {(b X e) + dj. 49 M Percent of available 14C-dieldrin taken up by eella ({* -- d) + (c - d) X 25). 020 22 x 10* 0.009 6,070 30 379 830 81 0.18 1 Tbe TSB In Triuls I and II contained approximately 0.01 and 0.02 ppm of HC-dieldriu, mpectively. * Assuming an L. cnaei population of 24 X 30* with an average dimension of 0.8 x 3 m *ud applying the formula r* X length, die vplume of cells in 25 ml of broth is approximately 0 X 10V or 0.009 cc. ' ` ....................... CPM = Counts per niinute. involved is small, aa indicated by the calcula tion!, Ceriuin factors influence the accuracy f measuring the radioactivity of ceils and mulls vary with the methods used. Microttfonisms are difficult to wusli sufllciently to rsinplctely eliiniiinte material which the cells suy adsorb, but dieldrin is fat-soluble Slid Wild have boon removed from the surface of tbe roll by the hexune rinse. Measuring radio* etivity U less efficient with eells than with olution*, and errors are opt to bo in the direc tion of low couuta In suspensions containing evils. If the uptake of >4C*d<cldrin could have Wen determined in milk, the information might have brea more useful, hut there is no practical K-ilu,*l of hiirvcHting L. eaxti edit from coagu lated milk and there is no apparent reason to believe tlm results would differ. Suftnn (0) stutnl Unit the cell wells of most Uniii.jMmitivc burterm imi insolulilc ill umny 'rcuiiie. solvents im-liMting iilenholn, ethers, and vlmip. I|,, Ntuteit Unit Uie isolated cell swill of Slrt),toror.cnn fareahn (grimi-positive) was isMilulde, and thut the cell wall of K. coli (irruin.negntivr) was soluble in 00% w/w phes*>l. iSiiii-e the ehloriniited liytlni'iirlmn inrovti* rules ere fut-wduljle, Uiey are more apt to lie bi'-urporutud and probably iiairc apt to be chemically altered by gram-negative organisms which contain up to 20% lipid, than by gram positive organisms containing a maximum of 2% lipid. When hexane was used as a solvent to extract chlorinated hydrocarbons from T8D cultures of S\ lactis and L. cam (gram-posi tive), no orgnotams or cellntar fragments ronld be detected in tlic hexane layer when subjected to microscopic examination. Conduits* Data reported herein indicate that the grampositive lactic cultures were unable to rause any measurable alteration (biodegradation) in the chemical configuration of nldrin, 1)DT, or lindane. RtflUMII (1) ltnrthn, R., IV P. TaintMtotts, and D. Pra* tm<r. 1007. tMnldtity nml I'RVfU of some pesticides tn mII. Appl. Microbiol., 19: 07. (C) Kr.vllcy. ft, L., and C. V. U HHW. Tbs effect of diclilrin os nriil development Ourlot; iimmifui lurc of i'lu'dtlnr eliecno. J. Milk Vouil Tevlmol,, 31: Sn2. (9) Food nml Drug Admliiilru1im, U.8. DepartMeat of Health, },\!uwiior>, *d Welfare. Jptuxii. vr (mar Sinm ii Vot. S3. No. 3 , ^ q * *SBro u |ifd. <4ere Mem jostle 101 . be lurid n< t L>iih Vml . be Residues in Milk Resulting from Ultra-Low-Volume Sprays of Malathion, Mctlioxychlor, Coumaphos, Ronnel, or Gardona for Control of the Horn Fly''''' D. 0. Ooiua,* J. L. EsaiizS J. A. Milur.* H. V. Cuioxn,' and M. C. !vcv4-T . Agricultural Research Service. USDA, Renville, Texas 78028 ABSTRACT S'* irilduu were found in samples of milk from dairy ton* treated twice daily (or 21 days with 1 ml of a mill ipiay of either of 2 eoiuvnnuiotn of maluihion, couinaphot, or Cardona* (2-tliloro l- (2,4,5-tiicli)oroj)ienyl) - ilol diini-lltvl plioipliair). The maximum ntidun of atnliAxyililor' found were 0.006 ]>pm fiom applications of die lou* eoiufiitration (1%) and 0.010 ppm from appli- cations of the high concentration (2ft). The maximum residues of ronnel found were 0.014 ppm for the low concentration (5ft) and 0.057 for the high concentration (10ft). The lower concentrations of insecticides were about the minimum ittjuircd to control the horn fly, Haetnatobia irutam (L.), and the higlicr concentration was twice this minimum amount. fc of l*hIfifti in f*": ( Her- e& A of 1 Uy ft fe ( Ity in dv cr Hit 40, lie m ? iiv rf- K: Residues of homicides in the milk of dairy cows after a single application of conventional sprays and those mulling after daily applications of low.volutne quays have been compared (Claborn ct al. I9G5). That wort showed that daily applications of 80-120 ml f 0.05% DDT, 0.1(1% Compound 4072 (2-chloTl-(2,4- ditJiloropliciiyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate), and 0.29% romu-I fur 14 days caused maximum residues of only 4, 1. and 3 parts/billion, respectively. Subsequently. . (Miller ami Krchtc 1907) an improved sprayer was j developed that automatically ami accurately delivered / I ml of pesticide in a xylene solution as a mist spray i and was uted (ICsthle and Miller 1968) to study con* trol of horn flies, Maetnntobia irritant (L), achieved Jth sever*) insecticides. To supplement the cncourHjihg mulls, the nrcsent tests Were made to deter* ' mine whether 1 ml/tminul mist sprays of malathion, mcihoxychlor, coumaphos, ronnel, or Cardona* (2* diloro*!* (2,4,5-trirlilorophcnyl) vinyl dimethyl phos* phatc) would cause residues in the milk of dairy cows thru the pesticides were applied daily in roncentra* turns that would produce effective control of horn Ik'S. Mati'miai.* and Mtniouc--Two concentrations of the technical materials dissolved in xylene were used for the icvts nr folluwsr mnlmhion 1 and 2%, meih* wychlor 1 and 2%. coumaphot 0.3 and 1%, round 5 util Itl'f, ami Cardona 9.5 and 1%. 'The lower con* (nitration was about the minimum required to main* tsitt t mmol of hum flies with this method of applica tion, die higher cotitniiuiion was about double that amount. 'Two dairy sows were used in the test of each |ie%iktdc. One cow was sptayed twiee daily, immedilily after each milking, with the lower concentra tion: the tidier was Heated in the same manner svith the higher tomt imatioii. The |K-%tlcide wu* applied with the sitigle-no//ie automatic sprayer (Miller and Iwhle 1967) adjusted to deliver 1 ml of the xylene vduihm just In-low the bat k line on I side of the tw user an alea iibont .10 tin wide that extentled bum the witliets in tin- loins. Tour pestniilcs were . 17. I*. alnii itirf liriitmiili Imt'lr ill li |ln i.Idii. mm.!<.* K<s ,xtt tllvKiirti. iiIiiikI I.mhiiiiiiiiik k.Mjiili !, ' |lir *i I non li it||> III!' imi'ljIHr nf H, S'. N>a||, I llUnU'll. Un . >ill> I ,|1 all mill Mill' 0>i n>t IhiiimI.i a, ................... *! <a si, < n,itn>. AkimiiI- Mi( tHlfW*M>K , *u tin M'll>llK I Stmwtio, tin inj'IiIjiihuh *mt ilit'iS* nl. applied for 21 days, but the ronnel spray was applied for 28 days. 1 Samples of milk (controls) were taken from the cows for at least a week before the 1st treatment. Thereafter, at 1, 9, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days, the morning and evening milk from each cow was com bined, and a GOO-ml sample (in a proportion equal to die quantity of milk obtained at each milking) was taken for analysis. Pan of each sample was used for a butterfat determination; the remaining portion was divided into duplicate samples that were Lepc in glass bottles at a temperature of 0-54C until analysed. All samples were analyxrd widiin 7 days after collcc- tior\s Tiie cows, were milked by muvhtne, and care was taken to avoid mechanical contamination. Sam ples were collected at 28 days from the cows sprayed with ronnel and taken at 2) and 2G days (2 and 5 days after the spraying ceased) from the cows sprayed with mctlioxychlor. Analytical Methods.--Gas chromatographic methods were used to analyse for residues of all 5 pesticides. The extraction ami cleanup methods used for moth* oxychlor, countajdtoi, runnel, ami Cardona were simi lar to the method reported by Langlois el al. (1961), but the amount of water added to deactivate the Vlori- sll* ami the concentration of dichloromcihutic in the hexane clmiou solvent were varied. A ho. the 10-mi sample of milk was mixed with 29 g of Florist), and 29 g more Tlorisi) were used in the lower portion of the cleanup column lor all jwtitcidc* except Caidona (only 15 g). An electron capture detector using a helium glow discharge as die electron touire w;i< used in the analysis of all pesticides except maladtion; a Haim- photometric detector was used fur mnlntliion. Metlioxythlor.--For analysis of nicd'owt him, the Flomii used in the lower portion of the ilrannp column was dried for 19 hr at Mf>*G and deactivated with IO% water. The column was washed with fill ml of 15% dithloinmnhime in hexane, and dtc nu-thoxvchlor was eluted with 101) ml of this same solvent. 'The eluate was cvaj*or.mit to thymss. the residue was dissolved in 5 mi of dnuhlcdistiHed Uvv.tm* (dilnlcd nmie if lim-vvity), and a alnpmi was injern-d iiiio the g.i (hrmnatngt.iph. ,\ lieik- man (if.5 t<.ts 4htmiMtnt>t.t|h e|ni|i|xit with an il< litm taputte th'lerttiv was Used Iw tlu* analysis. T'he glass inlinim, 122 tin X li mm <H, was Idled with KO- Itttl timsIi <;.i Clnoni- ni-.itnl with .V' DCl'OO. Ihitiiiii gas at a /low tale of HU ml/min was nx-d as the i.m*ri >.is. Tin- in)M'i.iMM<i l tltr inltimu, ih'iriini, ami inituoi svete 229*. 279*. and 270T, it-spittiuly. U'ilh a t.mgc M-ttitig t 2.5x19* amp, I48( MONS 0 3 8 5 9 2 1482 T)VoI. 62, no. i lirermbt 5-Jitcr injection of a roedioxychlor solution con taining 00) ng/^litcr gnvc * resj>onte of 457* full Kale. The mention time was 4.8 min with these comliiions. Coumaphos.--For analysis of coumaphos, die Flori- til used in the lower portion of the column was de activated with 10% water from umfried material. Tite tmlkTIurisil mixture was transferred to the column with five 20-ml portions of 15% diehloromethanc in hexane, the column was washed with 150 ml of 50% duMoromcdum* in hexane, and the coumaphos was fluted with 175 ml more of the same solvent. The elute was concentrated to 2 ml by cvajzoration on a lifam hath, the remainder of the solvent was removed with jet of clean dry air, and the residue was dis solved in 10 ml ( double-distilled hexane. The sam ples were analyzed with a licckman CC-5 gas chroma tograph as (or mvthoxychlor, except that the column temperature was 230*C. With a range setting of 5x 10'* amp, 0.5 ng of coumaphos in 5 fitter of hexane gave a response of 557* full scale and had a retention time of 5.5 min. With die method. 0.01 ppm of coumaphos was readily detected, and 0.1 ppm gave recoveries of 100%. Round.--For analysis ot round, the Floruit uted in (he lower portion of the cleanup column was dried for 16 hr at ]00*C and partially deactivated with 5% water. It was packed in the column and washed with 100 ml of 25% diddoromcthanc in hexane. The milkFlorisil mixture was then added to the column, and the round was eluted with 200 ml of die same sol vent. The eiuatc was toncemratcd to 5 ml on a sicam bath, and the extract was transferred with hexane <o a glass-stoppcrcd centrifuge tube. The volume was reduced to 1 mi with a jee of dean dry air, and 10 plitcr were injected into the gas chromatograph. The sample was then diluted if necessary. The* samples were analyzed with a Jarrdl-Ash gas chromatograph equipped wills an electron capture de tector. The glass column, 122 cm X 0 mm no, was filled witlt HU-100 mesh Chromosorb* W trouted with 6% SF-VG. The carrier gas was prepurifted nitrogen with a How rate of 275 ml/min. The column was heated Uothcrinally at )K0*C. the injector at I90*C, and the dt-iccior at VOO'C. Witlt a range setting of 10 * amp, I ng of runnel in 10 plitcr gave a resjKmsc of 25-40% full scale dc|>cndiug u|K>n the sensitivity of the detector. With these conditions, the retention time was 2.7 min. The method readily detected 0.WJ ppm of round and gave recoveries of 87%. (iaidona.-For analyses of Gardona, umlried Flori st) de;um;>uil with 10% water was used in the hoitom (Notion of the cleanup column. 'The inilk-Fiorisil mixiuie was added to the tup jiortimi of the tolttmn anil washed with 100 ml o( hexane. The Cardona was then eluted with 250 ml of 50% ditliloiomeilmne in hexane, and the cluaic was tiinceniraied to 2 ml by cvajioration on a steam hath. The remaining sols cm was tuimvt-d with u jet of dealt (fry air. The residue was dissolved in 10 ml of douhlealislilleil hi-Kune, and a 5-plin-r .tliipiot was injected into the gas ilitoiiMlogtaph. The sample was (lieu diluted to u convenient iohinie, judged by the resjmnse. 'Hie saiiiplt-s wete analy/ed with a Heckman GC-5 gas ihioinalogiaph with the same glass lolumn and helium gas How as used lor iiK'ihoxydilnr. `I he tern- pit.Mine of ihe lolumn svas 2111*4 i; the injeitor ami deieitor were eaih held at Sirtr*Ci. With a laoge sel ling id 5/10* amp, 0.05 ng of Cantona in 5 jditer of hexane gave a response of 10-15% full Kale and had a retention time of 2.6 min. With 0.01 ppm, the method gave recoveries of 85% and readily detected 0.00! ppm of Cardona in a 10-ml sample of milk. Maiatlnon.-For analyses of malatftioit, a Jo-mf sample of milk was measured with a pi|>eiie into a 300 ml lirtcnrucyer flask, and 150 ml of acetonitrile, 20 g of sodium sulfate, and 6 drojH ol acetic acid were added. The mixture was healed to boiling, ami the lumps wete btoken up by stirring with a spatula. After the flask was cooled for 10 min in an ice limit, the mixture was filtered into a 500-ml separators funnel, and the filter was washed with 50 ml of acetonitrile. The solution was extracted widt four 50-ml portions of hexane, and the hexane extracts were back-extracted with 25 ml of acetonitrile and discarded. The acetonitrile was added to the main extract and concentrated to 20 mi by distillation through a Snyder column. The concentrate w:is tram, (erred to a icparaioiy funnel, diluted witlt 80 ml of water, and extracted with one 50-ntl portion ami three 30-ml portions of hexane. The combined hexane extracts were washed with two 35-nil portions of water and then dried by filtration ihrooglt a plug of anhydrous sodium sulfate into a 300-ml F.rlnimcyci flask. The solvent was concentrated to 5 ml by dh- tillation through a Snyder column, the extract w transferred to a 10-ml glass-ttopjK-rcd centrifuge mix with hexane, the volume was reduced to 2 ml with j jet of clean dry air, and 10 filter were injet ted im the gas chromatograph {diluted further if ncceuan). . A Jancll AsI) . Model 700 gas chrontau>gT.i|>li equipped with a Mel pur flame' photometric iH-trrtor with the phosphorous filter was used for the analysis. The 2)0 cm x 6-3-mm on siainlcD-md column filled with 60-100 mesh Chroitmsorb W mated wiik 5% SF-9G. rrcpurificd nitrogen at a flow rate of IW1 ntl/min was used as the carrier gas. The How taic of oxygen was 25 rol/mit, and that of hydrogen wa 200 ntl/min. The column tcmpcratuic was 2IUa(; the injector temperature was 250*4', and the dciectur temperature was KH)*C. 'i'fte range setting w.ts 101 amp. A 10-pliicr injection of 1 ng ot makuhioii in hexane gave a rcsjanise of 12-15% full *r;rh- ami h.l a retention time of 3.5 min. With 0.01 ppm, the Table 1,-Rniilun1 of mrthoxyddor and round In mHi of dairy cow* sprayed twite daily with I ml l solution* of the liurrlitiilet. Days after spraying tailed 0 1 S 5 7 0 II !M 21 2li 2H Methnxvihlor in Hutuii 1 in milk (pjmi) mill. U>|.n0 ------------ -- -------- -- ----- --- - 11 .pray 2T spray 5'". puv Ml*. |M8* <0.001 0.001 tm: .003 ,<MMi Jfrtt .INK* AKI'i* ,ih*:i < .001 <0WI turn l .INNi 007 .1X17 .<XW .tNi7 .010* (Ml". .001 <0.001 o.nng .1X1*1 .(MIX .010 .two hi t .01 1 Oil' v IMI ((1% 01" ot: or.ICC .03. no:.'* * All ii-miIu :l.ljllM"! In 4'l ImiIIiMjI. * iwiunmd ,lj, i. method , limit of i! ' Kr.stt.r coumajdi of (Ic-tctt 0.001 ppt ppm. 'I ,i from the (Isbotn, 1 man. A The I (Coqnilb increased powd ot i'stem d> Since IVlIUT. live rvu tvaich | site Rci V.S. Ih sir.il di> A colon (Cntpiil maim.tii tidied ii nr.itinv . rvlnt.ilv* without li('(.Ml he a In stock. .1 'Mate* ( I .tluunt . viinlicv other >| sonic u| . some v* j Msctit : I httctpti ' U.lllNllli j plow I, , "I the i J eio :i.*n , kininn h.niuii ' tugcoiit. ' Iniltm tftf lit., I I III' tt.lllMIU HONS 038593 ( t`ot. 62, no, 4 December J969 Oeiiler rr al.: Insecticide Residues in Milk U93 I HMVl lull sole and ' (Itill. With O.Ol ppm, the HVi and ic.idily ocircccd a Jw ml sample ol milk. > of malathotM, a -I).ml arcs! snh fi{M`nc into a 'tut t&o ml <jI ;ur!t*hrilr, ml i* shops of aieiic acid Wat hiMod to Ituiling, ami . |r\ suiting with a spatula, tor 10 Him in art in1 bath, inti* a .'KHititf separatory 4t fcvdx d wiih Ml ml ot mediod cave recoveries of 92-98%, and the lower limit of detection was 0.001 ppm. Rv.sui.t* and Discussion.--No residues of malatliioo, coumaphos, or Cardona were detected In any milk' samples taken during the 21-tlay test. The lower limit of detection for die methods used were: malathion 0.001 ppm, comnaphos 0.01 ppm, and Cardona O.uol K. Tabic 1 shows the low residues found in milk i the cows sprayed with mcthoxyclilor and round. REVERENCES CITED Osborn, H. V., If. D. Mann, !. L. limy, and R. A. Hoff, man. I905. Comparisons of residues In milk re- luldne from two types of spray application! ol DDT. Shell Compound 40/2, and ronnri. J. Kion. Eniomol. 59(5): 922-5. Eachle, I l~, and ], A. Miller. 1908. IMtra-low-votwme application of mufiiciilri to cattle for cunlrvl of the hutn fly. Ibid 01 (C) j 1017-21. Un^tsU, It. t., A. R. SUN]), and B. J. LKVi, 1904. Cleanup of dairy products for analysis of cMminatetl inscctkidc residues by tletiion capture cliiuniato* graph. J. Agr. food. Cttciu. 12: 211. Miller, J. A., and I. I- Euhlc. 1907. An aummatie ' cattle sprayer for tilini-luw-iolume applications. USDA ARS 42-125. 5 p. s*,i rxoattvd with lo<ir , and iltr hexane extracts Iff' nit of uu'umiitile and > tt.it aMsxt to the main An Improved Larval Medium for Colonized Ctdicoides varuptnnisM In k*n ml by <liti|hiio I'lmiiiii.iit w;u irant ml. diluted with to ml of Robert Henry Jones, Harry W. Potter. Jr., and Stanley K. Barer Entomology Research Division, Agr. Ret. Serv., USDA, Denver, Colorado 00225 !> tun* in ml |ortioti ami 14m', The tnttibitnil hexane tit ixii M-ml itortiont cd ulnarinn ihiough n |>luj{ of into a Sound Eriewueyer mr'Oltjit'il to & ml by dit> it tnhnim, the extract wat centrifuge tube I ABSTRACT The laboratory colony of Culieoidtt voriipennh (Coqullleti) was made more uniform, and ptoduction was increased by using a itandardiied larval mctliuni com* posed of an inert substrate and a broth-microoganitrn intern developed from commercially available products rather than from cow manure. A atamlaid inoculum waa used to initiate bacterial growth In larval pans, ami standard photoperiod of 13 lir of light was adopted for the larval colony. wa* icduced to L' rid nil)) It) pliur wm injvcied tmo , 'Uotid further if mrernry). , TIM* (tat tluomatograph 1 f}.n^ botomvn k ilcicciot t was used for the anulysfi stamlestsirc-l (olunm wat Jtromosotb \V treated wide truipti t a flow rule of 100 artier g.is. Hie flow rate ol and tliat ol hydrogen wat on tcmperacutc was 2I(JC. wat 2il*C;, and the dctectm 'I fie range setting wa* 10 an ol 1 ng of maliUiioii in *f 12-15'.? full code am) hail ndn. With 0,01 ppn, tin rilwtohlur amt lumerl In mW t daily Miih I ml of *)hi* Itin) ill p`**> Ronuc) In milk (ppm) 2`- |M4\ y\ p*jy 1U'V spt*` < II Mil Iim1 IMt .DM* V*' in** ntnk <ou"l t>.<*2 .tRl' ,MtX 4110 .11ttl ntt .DM <0.001 tihD .010 Mi .015 .020 .utf oil* o.o:'- Since I9C2. when tills laboratory was moved to Denver, we have been engaged full time in coopera tive research with the Denver Animal Drsensc Re search Laboratory (of (he Animal Disease ami Para site Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department or Agriculture) on bluetonguc, a vital disease of sheep, cattle, ami ruminant wildlife. A colony of the biting midge Culicoidcs voriipnmit (Lotjiii)lrtt) (Jones 1957, I960. 1901, I9G5) is being maintained at this laboratory. The colony was cstats* fished in December 1957 at the Kcrrvillc, Tex.. lab oratory of the iintomolngy Research Division and was tv-locuti'tl at Denver in 1902; it lias been maintained nithout the addition of wild flics. Ikottisc this species of biting fly has been shown to W a biological vector of bluetonguc (Foster ct al. IM3), fluti lu-causc it It known to.be a ]iesc of live stock, as well as common throughout the United States (Jones 1!M)), V. voriiftennit has been used almost exclusively as the vccior in our transmission Mtidies. Although there is an obvious need to check miter species of Dies us jKHsiblc vectois siml to include xmte of these in future studies, the nevd has also beotuf evident to develop a mote* st.mdaid fly to repvsetit the single spencs that we arc tiling. The interpretation of results of research involving the <i<immmihiliiy of vinises by anliro|>oits may well (Move to be dependent on the physiological condition (the set tor. The virus logically is iniUicmcd by the unjionmc-Mt in wltitli it dcvelojK, and in liglit of Liuwn ddlc-remec that tin omir-for example the dt^matii physiological change dial auoiupanies the ngrstion of a blood meal (Itocvne ami |iucx Ihtiti; Ih/wiie, iinpiiltlished data)--die milieu of the virus in thv inset t becomes extremely tin|>oiiant. 'I lie kiaiidaid fly for our undies at Denver on the ti.iiiMimsioii of hhieloiigDc by f.\ vutiijtsunis is a l 'RiIroMl Nw'V'uMTJI'i.'n'jwh 17. I*JW. coloniied fly 24-48 hr old that has been maintained for the preceding 24 hr on water only. Remusc the conditions of light, relative humidity, and tempera ture (or maintenance of adults ami pupae can be made constant with relative Case, ttandatdtration of the recently emerged fly depends almost emiicly on the conditions under which the larva lias been uared. We therefore attempted to develop, as a uuwc stand ard larval medium lor the colony, nn artificial micro bial-broth system that would lend itself to complete stumhmlimiou through cpiality-control technicpirs. This paper describes the development of such a lar va) medium, as well as some changes in mothodolngv for handling the adult colony. (Some data on the improved medium were presented in a s|>ccch bv one of us (K.M.J.) ot die New York meeting of de Society in November )%7). Development os a Stam>ari>i/i:d I.arv.m. Mum u. --An intiKUiant step in the original culoni/ation of C. vortipennii was the use ol a larva) medium that closely resembled the natural one. llccutixc the wtniaqnatic larvae commonly occur in areas polltm-ct hv livcstock, cow manure was selected a\ the main in gredient, Soil was added to pcovidc a giowth ol microorganisms, and ilie sidnitatc for die mcdtuin liiindated (he naturally occlining one of toft sihv tuud exjKiscd to direct sunlight. The most ini|H>Hani major variable that had pre vented the dcu'lopmcni of a staudatdi/ed fly colnm was the use of hehUnllvtted io\v manure in the lar val medium: liesides being cms|etili/ed and llKiefoucontaining varimis cotitaniiiMiing mictiMiigainsins, tl*e tnanure was saviahlc in nutiitinnal cuntcui. In addilion. "|hmii" in.ininc- komc-tinu-s tesuhed in coiiafiiiniis tlial adreiM'ly aileciccl f.maf decclopuieni. It uas ol>\imis as early as IPaH (when cine d u (It.II.Id tiled limited cx|H'riniciils with a bmdi ssstem for liu hnuhtii tnli as. laical fond) that the sulKiuiiltnu b row mainuc nf an aitihcial nullieni Innth ssstem with a kiinwu llora would he* advantageous. With sr HONS 038594 lawpbf* k.jftyCol lure, 90 lain* leaner From the i* also true more par* her If' ietv .ide. re in briny* In* rrllulnr si n il** <01 (.`it. Since g by h|H*riH egg, phi"* rl<' in I In' iimlngeM*. )* lacidic) .. Ibi* bad* y Science /iiiviTMi.v f Ot ft|d.p* I'jitiy A*i*1 .............. 111*1 * (*>. Mi"1 n.tn i*| (lifiiiwtr 11 >.. n.roiu:i . |;*.-. tun* I.M-KI. flit1' .'"tf . I> V I Ml. I*. *: tv'.i. OUR INDUSTRY TODAY ^ PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND THE DAIRY INDUSTRY 1 H. E. 0. Hkincman and C. D, Miller Pet Milk Rcnenreh Center, Greenville, Illinois There Iiiia been merrmnng nwnreopss mid tom-ern on the part of food and health official* and of the dairy industry nbuut the presenee in milk mid milk products of pesticide residues. The problem in not peculiar to dairy products. All raw agricultural rumimnlitieK Imvu Wen undergoing a similar trend which pnrnllcO* the tremendous increase during the past twenty* five .veers in the use of pesticide* in thin coun try. Agriculture, ns we know it today, eould nut exist without them. More thnn 2U0 hnsio ehemienls arc now being produced nnd offered for side and use on our farm*. The upward trend is cerium lo continue os well os it should. Consumers hnvo come to expect products with quality ond wmitution standard* novel* dreamed of in past generations. Pesticides offer the only economical means of mointaining not only this quality but also the adequacy and sufficiency of agricultural production. IN PACT OP Tills MILLER IIILL Milk production and manufacture became dircrtly .involved in the pesticide residue prob lem with the pnsttKgo in 51)54 of the Miller Hill, Iiimr known as the Pesticide Amendment to the Food, Drug, ond Cosmetic Act, which provides Fond mid Drug Administration with millmeily tnovlaldisfi and rnforce tolerances for pesticide ) chemicals in raw agricultural products. Since . that time, more than *2,tlUU such tolerance* or | *-K*itp(i**rts liifiii the m|itiremcMls of Udi-nmees have been eslablishisl for a wide variety of ; |N'tieiih chemical* in basic ngrieidtural prod- ui'U, There is an interesting aspect to this amend , which may not be generally mdired, I shifh is that producers, processors, or niaiiu- '"tinvrs of ugrieultni'iil products an* not jut ' '"ilud to pelilioii for toleninees for |Hwtieide '-liciiiii-iils, |,r example, in milk or milk prodn,'K The law reserves this right to the tnmiti|:'*'tareis of the chemicals, which must already . >Vc been registered with the S. hcpmlmeilt Agriculture meler tin* Pmlcrat lusm-lieiilc, . ' ungirid,., nod JfiHleiiliciile Act. However, the --I hikI drug Administration at its iliserc ` <no c-liddish tolerances in the absence of 1 Mitimi nm) lm> dime so on frequent occasions. I'H.ii v or HMii i.imuv orru'iAiJi ( It hm Ims-ii the (eielitiumil |Niliy of f*w*d `"I lleidth nllieinls. ilo-liidiog the |-Tdcral |*'ma| "I llnig leiiiii-ltiil iuu. ( u|i|mim- the midi- I'r.sente.J nl, p,- r.i.llt Aiomttl Meeting of live ''""011,1, Science ....................... faiv.TNtl.v "'wiiMsia, Miiiiiwm, Mail. tioti to milk in any amount of poisonous or deleterious substances. In the absence, there fore, of any established tolerances for milk nnd dairy products, Pond ond Drug Administration hint followed an enforcement policy based on tei'o, i.e., that any residues found in milk are violative of the Pesticide Amendment. In con sideration of these policies, mnmifncturera of agricultural chemivids have usually not included milk among the agricultural products for which they have applied for tolerances for their re spective pesticides. There has Wen one notable exception: Tlte manufacturer of Metho-xychlor did include in liis jjetition a request for a tolerance in milk for this particular chemical. Seicntilie evidence of the type generally accepted ns adequate lor establishing safety of chemicals in foods was submitted. At the request of the Food and Drug Administration,.a special commitlit* was immolated by the National Research (,`ouncil to consider this petition. After due cniidernlam, the committee ccemnincudod against the requested toleinilee for" .Ilcliiu.xycliliJrM^oTlk. even at the requvstvil low level of U.'io p.p.in., ami the iM*titiou was denied. The aignilicmit factor here is not the denial of the petition but. rather, is contained in the reasons given by the committee for its recom mendation: . . that bemuse of the unique position of milk in the diet of infants and normal and ill rnlalts. a greater margin of safety must he islahlished in a proposal for a pesticide tolerance petition than was demonstrated (in tile |u*tition for .Metlm.\yehlor) and, in fact, u greater margin of safety thnn wimhl In* the ease for any other foot! item in the limmin diet." Going beyond this statement, the committer rrcnmuirudrd flint I*'DA remove milk from its list of raw agricultural commodities under the Pcstichlc Amendment. This indicated tin* emuloitfcc's belief that there should tie no provision in taw for the establishment of any tolci'aiiee for pesticide eliemini] residues in milk. I'viyer: iswitiox nv xmi.e Most technical men would agree with part of the eomoiiltee's roocin-imi, i.e.. as to the unique |a*>itiou of milk in the diets of .qmvi.il segments ol the population tlnil milk enter* tin* diet more frequently mot in greali'e onmmil* Ilian oilier food* for which tolerances Iiave tieen gruulisl that. I herd ore, a greater margin of safely -tend*! In- idhnvcd io n-^olalmg |h -||. ride r*siilm-. in mill, as mmp;ircil uiili most S 6S B E 0 SNOW 1770 JOURNAL OP DAIRY SCIENCE otlirr food*. On the other hand, It In dIOtcult to discern any fricntiflo basis for tle com mittee's rmnumemhitimi tlmt there 1>e no pro vision in low for tolerance* for these residue* in milk. TIm* reason* nro simple. 1'lmrmarologjsta agree tlmt for every chemical rogiatrrt'ii for agricultural use, there is n wife level which cim he ueicntiileully ileimiititied. More over, even nmlcr the best agricultural practices, it is imjmssible to produce milk in lodny's en vironment which is completely free from pesti cide residue*. With present methodology, it may not always be possible to detect the pres ence of stub residues, but they tire there, none* thcloM. A vast amount of data establishing this is uow available. PIIAOTICAI. eOVSinPHATION* In the intervening years, since the passage of the Pesticide A monument, the dairy industry bas taken a somewhat detached view of the pesticide residue problem. It has been common knowledge that residues are present in milk. But viewed in tho light of tho tolerances estab lished for many other agricultural ytxttJvct*, for example, 7 to 14 p.p.m. DDT xn or on fruits, vegetables, the fat of meat, etc., residues in milk, according to the available data, arc well within or below these levels. Thcro are other factors which in rectal' yours held back action program* to monitor or control the resi due problem. There is no analytical method which cun be Used at the plant level for testing incoming milk for pesticide residue eonteut. Even for the analysis of llnished milk products, methodology is time-consuming and expensive and, up until very recently, the only available me! hod* determined merely totul organic chlo rine which wus, in l'aet, a measure of DDT mat Its h'MHidogues und provided no idciitiilention or quantitative measure of other compounds. Moreover, there had not been general aware ness hi the dairy industry of the behavior of the chlorinated hydrocarbon group of chem ical*, which lmvo tlio unfortunate characteristic of being transmitted through the biological svstem of the cow into milk. They can enter the biological system through the skin, by inliiilalimi, or by ingestion. They ure stable in milk, umifl'crted by bent processing. In varying degree*, they arc stored in the Int of the unimid and above certain threshold* translocate into milk over prolonged period* of lime. 'Thera ure ilnlii which indicate, for example, that ilDT contimte* to up|cnr in the milk of n dairy cow for month* utter the sourca is removed, the timi* ilejM'inhog upon ttie rate of feeding or upon (be rate of depletion of stores of body fnl. !n the lace of son...... .. these obstacle*, little pego-- ua* made in emit rolling [.-Itriilo ie-i- hi<'< in mill.. Nevertheless, however mitigating tltr.c Iai-t'O'H may be. tin- dairy industry imM lace Up to mid acknowledge negligeni*' ill its uppi'oavli to the total problem. The sltimMun was nbanged radlenlly when, in late JU5M and early IJHiU, FDA seixed ship, ment* of dairy product* moving in iiilerstate commerce on the basis of pesticide residue content. The amounts in tho milk were small--approximately 0.2 p.p.m. on tho ilnid milk biui* or 4 to 5 p.p.m. in (he fat as determined by the .Schertir-Jlallci 'Mctiiod. This is the olUriul method, with n reliability probably not' below about 2.5 p.p.m. in milk tat. The method i* probably adequate for enforcement purposr* but not for a technical study of the incidence, type*, levels, or sources of pesticide residues in milk. AVAII.AUI.S METHODS Fortunately, a good screening method is now available, developed by Punl Mills of FDA nmt published in the Journal of tho Attocinlivn of Oflirhil Ayriniltnnil Chemists in November, 1050. It employs paper chromatography and can be used for the identilicntioii and semi- iiumititutive estimation of ehtorinalrd hydrornrlxoNK. It will detect DDT, DDK, TDK. ID'ptnchlor Kpuxidc, Lindmie, Bcnxeuc Hcxaehioridc, .Mcffiuxychlur, Chtordunc, l'rrthaac. lleptucldor, and Toxnphene. The Alills Mcllwd has been given Hist action by the A.O.A.C. f<w the llrst six pesticide residues listed nlwve in dairy product*. Although it was aduptvd sa method Tor identilicntioii only, it dues have Ncmiqumititutivc analytical value. In our tub oratory, tho method has sensitivity tlovwi in roughly 0.3 p.p.m.. in the fat of dairy product-. In the wake of events described above, (be dairy industry under the auspices of its Dairy Industry Committee up|minlcd a Technical Ad* visory Committee to appraise the pesticide problorn and to develop mi action program. Tim committee is made up of 12 technical men iv|>resenting lending eorporato and coo^H'iiitivr manufacturer* of dairy products in the L'nitcd Stales. Here ait some of the question* to which the committee undertook to Jiml answers: Wlint pesticide residue* incur in milk.' What is (lie incidence of these residue*? What lire the level* ? Wlmt, if any, are tin* seasonal in* Ituence* and geographical variationsWhat are Hie source* of these chemical*.' Arc the levels in milk such as to eooslitutc a public health huximlf What i* the best mellmdidogv lor measuring residue*? llow *eusitivv are the nifthodsf )* it )H>*sil>le or practical to produce residue-free milk! On what basis could the residue problem be resolved wtiicb would 1r mutually Htitisfnelorv to food ami health ollicial* mid to the dairy imlnstry? Such a basis would need, obviously, (o integrate (he objective* of both group* in terms of the residue Iciel- in milk which (II an- biologically iu-igoiliraul and (21 arc (be lowest which can In- achieved amice go.l agrinillar.-d practices. mvi \i irm: oimvMjr.vTios The Technical Advisory ('ommittce was or* gaaixeil into six subgroup*: (a) Methodology c data. (b) Source* of }hFD.V* voub-ni poor dniiy-bn of pesticide* I ncir-isarv to I if, on die ol' might be the (c) Toxicology, jd) Survey of tin (e) Liaison with i (f) The Dairy In ing to coitdui ' '* gram fur dai- Thv committee I IIHill, am) thus ha ol' work. It ba* ' lo the writer to nii-til leader* in t so uiutintingiy o interpret inlorma , resenreh mid edit* Twelve Inborat* collection of data have been submit' dairv product* a Ihc I'mlist Statei compleled, whirl I lion*. Source* of been studied. Da' rows are availab i ratio of intake o I lion in milk. A the chlorinated ! and a report pr> Q a* tft CO <*) o <A X O X T I ged rmlirnlty when, \ KMA wired shipfit interstate ,.f iwtliriik r*iduc t..i!k were amnll-- :. the I'.nid tti\k basis ,t tli tniniiMHl by 1Im it the urtlclnl pr.-bably not below t.it. Tlit* method 1* purpose! vly 'S the incidence, residues in TW'I'H nine imMImhI it now i| M ilU ut' HOA mid f fit1 tf M.| iu November, .himmtiogruphy and irhnliMii mid wmi- : ibhlfinntcd hydroIMIT. LlDK, 'rui;, .*nv, llcntvuu llcsti* 'bl'iidi'iic, l'crlhnm*, r. Tlir Mill* Method by |I|> A.O.A.C. for >tu<`* lull'd ubovc in il / adopted a* >i u!u,>< it does have .t,hi,, in our lab- wmitivitv down t` mI of duiry product*. dt'M'i'ilK'd oliuvc. the upmr of itt Dnirv tiled it TiTiinii'iil Ail* -e tin* jH-*tieidc prab* leui jM<^'ruiM. This * tevlmh-iil iiii'U repte mid ivojM'iulivf *)*U in tlir United *f litt* ipm.-tiim* **k to liml answer*: <or in milk I What ir*i'lu***? Wind lire i* iIm* m*h*"m:iI( in* tniinlioti*.* What iln ii.imU .* AIV th* ........ H Pllhlltf '..* h.M iMftli-ihA'i:.'' mw viMtiw iv I hr |Mu> tit'iil It* product' ,uit hn*i I'uiihl the d whiih would l* I mid hi'iiltli odU'mb S*ih ii liioi* would tv Hu* objectives "I hi* M idiM* l.U i .orally itoigniiiciU't < itii In* ncliifVn! U*lM *. v>l?} N CoV .tt*c was or* OUR INDUSTRY TODAY 1777 () Methodology and collection of analytical diitii, (b) Homm of pesticide* in milk. It hat boon poet. The survey of literature now being printed include* some 800 abstract* of pertinent technical articles. HDA'a eoiiti'iition that the chief source ii jxmr dairy-barn practices, i.e., the misiuo of pesticides by the dairy farmer. It was DATA COM.KCTKD BY 1*KT JUiKEAnCIt CKN'TKN nevt-*sary to find out if this were true or A progress report is being prepared for if, on tho other hum], feeds and forage nrcKcnUilion to FDA within hte next lew weeks. might be the major contributor. Therefore, 1 shall not pre-empt that report by (c) Toxicology. (d) Survey of the scientific literature. firesenting the committee's findings here. In ieu thereof, I should like to present a study (c) Liaison with the feed industry. from our own laboratory, which I believe re* (f) The Dairy Industry Cot.... ittco itself act veals with some clarity the present status of ing to conduct a strong educational pro* the pesticide residue problem with respect to gram for dairy funner*. incidence of residues, levels, and sources of The coiiiniillee held its first meeting in May, contamination. ' 1000, mid thus lius now completed a full yettr This particular case study, although repre of work. It 1ms been an inspiring experience senting only a portion ol the total data col In the writer to chairman this group of tech* lected by the eommittce, nevertheless bus err* niral lenders iu the industry, who havo given tain advantages from the standpoint of reliable .mi unstinting])* of their time to develop and interpretation. It includes approximately -1,0(H) interpret informiiliou and to implement Uiis analyse* of dairy products. All of the aunlyscs research and edueutionnl program. were conducted in the some luboratorv, by'the Twelve InlwvuUmus have cullolyorated in the kuiuc personnel, ami by the smite method. The rolleetion of data. Mora Ihnii 2U.0U0 analyses Mills Paper Chromatography Method was him* been submitted, representing ail types of strictly followed. The sampling is consistent, dnirv produets uud all geographic regions in since the same plant locations were repre the United Slides. A lull year's cycle ims been sented. The study covers n complete l'J-nitmth iimpieled, which delineutcs seasonal varia* cycle. The local dairy farmers were subjected | lions. Sources of pesticide contamination have to the same educational program ut all nm- I been studied. Dutn on balance studies in duiry 'pling locations. - - tow* iire available which throw light on the In our laboratory, about 63 separate manipu ratio of intake of pesticides in feed to extra* lations are necessary when the method is ap | tioii in milk. A review of toxicologic data on plied, for example, to evaporated milk. (Quan I the chlorinated liydrocurboiia has liecu made tities ns low as U.2 ng. vnu be identilied. equiva ami u report prepared on this im)>oi-tiitit as* lent to 0.3 p.p.m. on the fat basis. Kceovcry I i i i 0385^7 i SONS t 1778 JOURNAL OV DAIRY C1KNCK *Iu<1hm indicate Hint in our laboratory the method recovers between 00 mid 80% of added pesticide*. The data rc|>ortod Imvc been cor rected, assuming im iivmtge recovery of 70%, Studies )mvu been conducted to evaluate the out the summer months to n jicnk in OcIoImt. then fell off slmrply for tho muniiiiler of tinmonth* reported iiere. Figure 3 tdmw* a cornpa nilile Hituatioa for the southern area--Vir ginia, Maryland, Tomiciwee, Kentucky, Mod* mini III uni nininiiil detectable. An might be ex nippi, anil Arkmam*. It may Im noted that pected, thin vnhic linn ehnngixl over tlie yenr of plulemi wns readied in July and maintaiiud ntmlv n* pci`HoiiiM'1 Ihh-iiiiio moru efficient in the through October. Levels were relatively high tcihuifpu*- Thin shifting; of the lower limit of during this period. detecinbiliiv causes some slight difficulty in Figure 4 reveals a serious problem ares in interpretation of tlie year's dntn, hut this will the United States, i.o., the Mountain and Pm-ifir be explained as we view the following slides. regions--Idaho, Utah, California. Ineidcarr In oil instances where levels of pesticides are was signiflciintly higher than in other shown, the level is the estimated total amount graphic areas. The peak of incidence enmr of residue in the fill. Thix is obtained by adding somewhat earlier here. Levels after the month together all the residues found in each sample. of April show a rather characteristic rise nisi Therefore, the values represent the aggregate fall, with the peak levels appearing slightly of the chlorinated hydrocarbons in the par before the peak incidence. ticular milk product being nnnlyscd. Although one must use caution in druwim: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1 ahows the level and incidence of too narrow conclusions from these data, thenis strong indication in all ureas Hint ineidi-nrr of jicsticidc residue* in milk follows the pnlb-m Eraticide residues on almost a country-wide of the major growing scimoiis. It would folk* his month by month. The seasonal vtiarnc- that this would be tlie time of greatest activity tcrirticH of the residue problem are shown in in the spraying or dusting of ogrirultnrul Uie marked increase in incidence from July crops. through October. The average levels remained It would appear that tittle progress lias Imx'h relatively high throughout the summer and fell made in reducing the incidence of coatnaiihii off sharply in tlie loll, levels found in March, lion of milk with residues. However, it shonM 1(101, arc significantly lower than in the cone* be borne in mind that in this particular study, Kpunditig |K*riod of 19GU. during the last six months, level* were brinr Figure* 2, 3, and 4 depict the same type uf detected that might have been missed in Apr*) information a* in Figuro 1, hut nro grouped and May of the previous year, 1000. according to geographic Kcction* of tins United Importantly, levels of residues found lun* State*. Figure 2 i* the northern urea--Win- definitely decreased when compared to result* eonsin, Ohio, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri. Here & yenr ago. A factor which mar have *'><' imth levels and ineidence ruse slowly through bearing upon the apparent lack of a lowering l i * k-K"' '* ini'idcinc i% the '-nines in llte liid. 'tiidi,*- i,-|,,>it,-d in '"h 11,tin l_*u " l/nm-s. Out mu, , 1 hi it up t.. I. H |M*rtk in October, rrnmioder ol` Ihv . :\ kliuwii a com* uiherii area--;Vir* KrnOnky, Mi*i** |nv Ih* noted tlml )V dim! iitsimtnincd * relatively lirnblcm ami in .Hiiitiiin am) IV-illc ijuniin. Imidcnw ban in other Kw` dl incidence cutnc M* alter tin* month |ariirU`rilic ri*e ond appearing alitfliity eadfloti in ilrnwinit Ut the* data, then' area* tliat incidence i |..||.WM the pattern ai<t. It would foil'**' . ir output activity tng( agririilUtnil lie pnfre* baa been jticr of conlnmini; However, it ahouM bio particular atudv, m, level* were being ami nii^wd in A I*''** year, NHJO. residue* found have ismipured to rcsidl* tirli may have it luck of a loweriiij: vur industry today 1779 1** 'ii'iih-iicc is !),* xin-iiit* iH-rKtxii'Ot'P wf throe ' '!' in Hit- >t*ic.'it system il' the mw. "* * N |Htrl*-<| in Kir lil'Tiituri! kIiow rHcn- '* tlllK-s |MMI JJII lhiV-s 0)1 to H yi'lll' ill WHIM' Our own sillily Ini* kIiiiwii ii retcnliou i'lil' mji In li t) motilits. fmlcr iriiiiu- hIiiim'iw, rtipid cliiniiiiitioM til' dclertnWc r-- W lllllli lllll IIITOI*. Kiuiitv r* hIiiiwh (In' KiNvifir residues round in those 1.000 imo|iIi,s. A OO*, I nil jn*ilive 'inn|*lr rniilaiiied OO'I'; (!', i-*tit: in**l l|)K, ii ltti**li:m* oi nm\ Till' HUNS 038599 1780 JOURNAL OP DAIRY BOIENCB not appear in the milk. Continuing effort la educating the farmer in the proper use of Mcthoxychlor is needed. Figure 7 clarities the situation with resptcl FlO. S in probably the result of U* brrnkdown of 1)I)T, either by weathering or metabolic systerns. Twelve per cent of the samples contained TDK or DDI), which may he tho result of di rect application of these chemicals to crops or can also represent breakdown of DDT. The 29% of positive samples showing Mcthoxychlor will he discussed later. Only 5% of the posi tive snmplcs contained residue* other than the four mentioned above. A few of these were Lindane, some JIIIC, but the majority rcprft- enU'd an uniilenlilled rrsiduc appearing in CotUm-gumiug areas. Effort* to identify this compound have failed. We know only that it is not one of the more commonly Used chlo rinated hydrocarbons. It can he postulated that it is a umtulmlite of a ]K'sticidc or herbu eide used in the production ol' cotton. Figure 0 shows the seasonal use of Methoxy* to DDT residues. At least 00% of all positive samples contained delectable amounts. reflct-lint: the widespread use in agriculture of DDT iihI its long biological retention. It is internting. however, that extensive survey* indicate that tho use of DDT on dairy animals ami in dairy harns is negligible. These are highly sigiiiltennl findings, pointing direeltv to feeds and forage ns being substantial contributor* of DDT mi* dues in milk. Figure 8 shows tho range of levels of total during the j*erti 1001, nggregnlc nilicantiy reduc, study. * Study of the imlieatcM that p tamimifimi of n. itesidue level*. ! re|M,ited here, dues has nut Is the complexity teation of cillor lisheil fuet and this coni ilined : in the milk sii| men with pm various plain * that ni'timl jh rliloHimted hy.l clilor, has virtu; the relatively e of pasture* am rontamimitioii. beyond (hr tvir is indication t the Use ,,f Met I the dairy f;mo The re-Milts realistic nattm* for )>i>tieiiles Is produi'isl it other ngrienltn ride usage is J Tl*e content olHeints |h;it, I diiced frvv i*l` over, the data NM afio. i-Mor. Ttm Hot peak in July verv likely *iinridi-s with (lie maximum lly-|Mipnli4tinn mmi-oii. Tla* mil |H*nk in tMnber is more ditlii-olt to vf*fnin. It may Is* Hie ix*>nit of Usage } |pilet i'ii 11 |e against otlier pest*, sti.'h ns lace ||mi' yonl*. SiiM'i* Meltiosyi'tilin' has a very .loMli"iiiil M'leiilinn linn-, tin* sharp peaks nie le>< HlK'\|M-*'<e>t. <>C all (he itllta gathered, tie.-...........teemiim .M'llio\vi'Moi- are (lie only imlii i.i inn mI iiii-iiM' nf ;i |M"-I ii'idi' mi (he dairy I'm,ii, (i.ita in (he lilernlore, ji- welt a- mr mho ,'N|niliilli-ule, ll.nl .'Vet', licit Metll"\> ,'hlnt' ;in Is* u-ed hi Mirh a manlier that it will residue* in the fat of dairy product*. Tb* rather sudden change appearing in Novrtulr needs interpretation. It was during (htah< that this lalhinitiiry recognized it* ahilily l>* detect lower levels of eimtamtliation a* trek niipies improved. At this jwiint. we carrying smaller Ktandaril nmmiiils on |i:|"''* than pi. .viMudv mid were Hill* llllle t> > tr :* the pa piis d..w a further than in Ihe etoli. ..d.. Vriirii ihi's.* sinallec aoiMiials u. re r oeiitzisl, this .!ihv ioiislv iVsidli'd in "ip! who.(* (!rgreynle rt'shltn* < onlent was ,** ahii'at h twer levels. Although Ihe a.'. iiiii.i ..1 l< .'halt i*> thus sli jhtlv impaired, .I' :i n -uh tin'. ehaociog te. liunpie in (hr ipi.Miin.iti ii.-ili, II Ml(' (he p a per rltr.n aatogenn*. to 1 rl" less the he..;,del m.li.ati.. l |- . leal'. 1..,*.. (1 . j ! J j j I HUNS 038600 \ i i . Jm OUR INDUSTRY TODAY mi nuing fffort Id > prnjwf uc of I .hi uith mprcl I Cl M i; of #11 positive mmmIc. rvflci-tmfr 'jm* of I>L>T and It U interesting, v# indicate that \t\* aiid in doin' iirli* ipniflraut ecdi cl forage iu or HDT fwi* if |m!t of total during the* jieriod April, 1000, through March, ]liyit aggregate residue content has been sig nificantly reduced in nil arcus included in this tudv, * SUMMARY Study of the diita derived from this work indicates tlmt progrc*n in cmitmllmg the con* tiimiimlinn ol` milk hy pesticide* )iu* been uiudo. |[,->j'lue levels have been reduced in the yeur ivjwivtnl hew. The fuel that incidence of resi dues Ii:in not hern nmlerintly reduced indicates llie complicity of the problem, lliologicnl re* ti-uliim of rhtoriimted hydroeurbons is an ckIiibliJied fuel mid undoubtedly is contributing to this continued oppeurnnee of luw-lcvel residues in the milk supply. Personal contact by held men with producers supplying milk to the vurious pluuls sampled in this program reveals (lint actual indium und on-animal usngo or rhlnrinatcd hydrocarbons, except for Mcthoxyrlilor, bus virtmilly been eliminated. This leaves the relatively unknown area of the conditions of pastures and feeds as a route of continuing nnitiimimiliou. Many of these conditions ure beyond the control of the dairy funner. There is indication that more stringent control of the use of Mclhoxychlor should be exercised by the dairy farmer. , The results of the study point to the un ' realistic nature of.an absolute r.cro tolerance' for pesticides on an agricultural product that I is produced in on environment shared with ether agricultural products upon which pesti cide usage is permitted and necessary. The contention of some food ond health iiflkiulM that, hy and large, milk can be pro duced free of residue is not borne out. More over, the data indicate that probably no dairy ing area produces milk completely free of resi due. When a residue is not found, it eon be said only that the sample dot's not contain a suflicieut amount to be detected. It is probable tlmt if (inr methodology were consistently sensi* tive to lower levels, tbe incidence of cmitnmitiatiou would be found higher than at present. There is no Kero for the aualytieiil chemist; there is only an amount heiow which he can not detect n substance. It heroines increasingly dear that n strung educational program directed to dairy farmers on the proper use of pesticide chemicals, mid on selection of feeds mid forage on which pesti cide application is controlled, in a comparatively brief time, i.e., twelve months, can produce significant reduction in levels of residues in milk. Jlowever, we do not have evidence that incideuvc of vuntmiiinution is materially re duced. it is apparent from these studies that under such a program, pesticide residues iu milk and milk products can be controlled at levels untileiently low ns to constitute no hnxard to public health. The data show that feeds and foroge are suspect as major contributors of pesticide con tamination in milk and that action programs in the feed and related agricultural industries arc probably necessary to bring about further improvements. AImivc all, these studies indicate the necessity for a persistent, industry-wide action program to monitor and control pesticide residues from any source which may contaminate dairy prod ucts, so as to preserve the safety and reputa tion of milk and its products, ns major com ponents of the diets of all segments of the population. S \ ", ---yigr IIMM1I *> | pi-Mm-l*. The 1 r.* in November . i'MU'g October d i*. ability !' . ..i. a* psli- | I | I MANS 038601 ^ .'EMM' 'W4-. bll (IM) ( I'fl, 6/, flO. 4 1 IQ 0 *0, Iniaipofilbxi MD\ using eggs.-Specific mg pioitin. otrpa chrmolire ratio of frill/ ' flirt uK . *i Aigusf 1971 Caoallau et au; Protein Synthesis y Rio)oaiu 821 considerably gieaier protein synthesis than ttnfer. tiliml eggs but leu than those of normal fertilized eggs, The eggt of a/iritlinyl chcmostecilizcd flics were ff|M>nul to undergo one or more meiotic divisions More embryonic death ouurrs (I'alimy ;iml l-'nlmty |Wi t, LaOnmcc et al. 1008, Matolm . Since mKN'A is essential for ribosomal aggregate formniion it is jiordblc that imntfitirm or incui ten mUKA nuy !* mudicitcd in the limited protein synthesis and jack of i)NA synllicsis in the cbemosicrilirctl eggs. AtKNOwu:iMSNV.-Wc express appreciation to Dr. Navr Marti for helpful atlvite and to Lliiinc Tillman and Pstrkis Hakcr lor technical assistance- REFERENCES CITED IMleirc, A- II. I66. Insect Cheniosrerllanti. Advances in Pnt Connol Rfcteatch VII. Intcrsciencc, New York. 143 p. Rrltirn, R. and R. B. Roberts. 1960. High resolu* dtm density gradient sedimeniaiion analysis. Science (Washington) 131: 32-33. Campagnonl, T. A., and II. R. Mahler. 1967. Isolation ml ptoiM-rlir* of polysomes from cerebral coitex- lliocbcmisoy 6: 956-67. Fahniy, O. G., and M. J. Fahmy. 1964. A Symposium on Chcmosterilants. II. The chemistry and genetics I the alkylating chemosicriliuit. Tran*. Roy. Soc. Imp. Med. Hvr. 58: 318-20. Gadallsh, A. I,, W. IV. Kilgore, and R. R. Palmer. 1978a. Isolation and identification of housefly (Afusra rtomeuiia JL.) egg ribosome*. J. Insect Physiol. 10 1210-8. IfTOIt. McUlxdism of nurleic acids and proteins of mu mat and themoaierilisetl house flics during talgeiiesii and embryogemu's. J. Eton. Enioniol. 03: 1777-98. Kilgore, W. IV. 1007. Chrmoitn Hants, p. 197-239. In W. \V. Kilgore ami R. J.. Dnntt Jed.) Pert Cmitrtd, limlnginil. I'hystcal and Sctreied Chemical Mtihnds, Anuh-uilr l*it%, New Vmk. 477 p. Kilgore, W. 1V.t and U. R. Painter. 1904. F.fTerl of the chemmiriilaiit a phobic on the synthesis of cellular cnrniHmentK in dctelonhig hoiiseily eggs, flioclicm. J. 92: 353-7. Kilgore, IV. W* R. It. Pulntrr, and A. I. Gadallah. 1971. Characteristic* of the nucleic acids of eggs from home (ties fed ariridtnyl (ottijMiumli. I. Ecuu. Esitoinnl. 0-1: 39-33. LaChanre, L. E., D. T. North, and IV, Klamn. I9C8. Cytogvnic am) cellular basis of chemically imhirvd sterility in insects, p. 99-157. In G. C. I^ltieofne ami C. N. Smith (cd.) Principle* of Insert Startsli/allots. AppIclon Ci-ntury-Crofts. Xetv York, 334 p. Lowry, O. II., N. J. Rosrbrough, A. L. Farr, and R. -8Randall. 1931. Protein measurement with-the Islia phenol reagent. J. Biol. Ciicm. 193: 205-75. Mackintosh, F. R., and E. Bell. 1969. Proteins syn* ihesircti hefoic ami after ferttliration in sea urchin eggs. Science (Washington) 1G); 901-3. Matoiln, S. I9G9. The effect of clirnuistriilanu on the embryonic development of Mutea iomntirm L. Acta Entomol. Bohcmoslnv. GO: 05-69. Mlrhet, P. E. 1970. Protein synthesis before and after fertilisation In (lie eggs of //rrnuM ohtoUla. Exp. Cell. Rett. CO: 115-8. Painter, R. U . ind W. W. Kttgorc. 1967. The rffrtt of apholatc and tldoicpa on intdeic arid syitihcut ml nucleotide ratios in housefly eggs. ). Inuct Physiol. 13: J105-6. TissU*rrs, A., J. D. Watson, D. Xrhlrssinger, and B. ,R. " Hollingsworth. 1939. Kilroimelcoproieius from Ei fheiichia toll. J. Mol. Biol. I: 221-33. mm uumr MM.lt iili/td I pi.nob ,,.ltdd<i) Residues of Dichlorvos. Diazinon. and Dimetilan in Milk of Cows Fed PVC-Insccticide Feed Additives'-' John E. Lt-ovo* and John C. Mattmvut )>e|Mrtment of Entomology, Cornell Univerafty. Ithaca, New Yoti 14850 ABSTRACT biwcticldvs in polyvinyl chloride pellets were Included hi a nimmcrcial dairy protein supplement ami fed to Uity utws at 1.4. 2.0, ami 2.5 mg of dia/inrm/kg: 1.3, 1.9, >ad 2.6 mg of dichlorrm/kg; ami 1.3, 22, and 2.6 mg of diwilan)kg body weight for 2 weeks. No iusvctltidal residues wore found In milk samples collected at 1, 3. 7, 10, or M days. 'V ILr> mg/kg tloctgc would protidv a 5 X margin of safety for PYC-dichloivot or I'YC-ilia/uimi fed in cattle to rontrol face fly. Muira tmtumnnln l>c Cver, larvae in manure. Retint rmarth on the use of feed additives for t*mmd of ily larvae ill manure of cattle has cniph.i''<<1 the mw of compounds and methods that result h> minimal milk and meat residues (I.loyd ami 'UiI\mc 197(1). (Amtjiound* that have received mow "t-mion are holanicds, Untillui illuritigirtnii Jler* h'H*. mmganitA, and org:ino(dmtphalcs resistant to d><Mi|njmi from the alitncniary canal. Our iuciIuh) tkluul mid Maiihyvve IJlMi; width imor|Mir;tie* msec. "hlfs into iMsUtintl thluiole (PVC!) ttlnmed pitHuise V'iira die late (iy. A/irwu nuhttnn/th\ De (Jeer. I'V(i* wttuiilf ]wlU-ls. when led to tattle, were estmm ly >| l a ittitiw liinn Ak4V C.ui|a,oli"ii. Illiwii. *........I l> .................. A.ik )H. (?. Kim.il,I, ................ . Alll.llt. N.V.. ll.ll>ll I In* rillw. I.*-.!,. Mm || |t. .1 |..|.(m. ill t IIIN|I.II|I, .Mialolll, t | ,|,, |,,, t|,iiili.,t,n: lit. I* I. I .C .tml Mi. V ........... 4ioi> < it (tu- .Atuets. hv t!m*itf st tltv (iiitxll 'lV Mi ."till 1-lt.MJt.MS, . I|'lll 4ll.ll. V.. | IllMlIM.I.lKt VllllMI, flll*ll>i( id \V4II .tHH *'MW. effective against face fly larvae at dosages dial weic totally iueflectivc when the tuseciicide was impio- tcctcu (Lluvd ami Matthyssc 1970). Tlmugh most of the insecticides mewuted little ha/rd of resiilm' in tnilk, it was not known whether the in< leased natality impai ied hy |Mi|yincr fonmilatiou would ini tease the liii/;ml. J he oliji'tliu1 of this study was to deinmine wltelher residue* apiwuted in the milk d d.iity sws fed PV(1 foiMiul.itinns daily of .7 inset tit ides. di.i/im>u. (liililtiruis. amI dimetilan, at a |>m|nisnl dovtge oj 2.5 mg ittset lit ide 'kg. Mil*KiAl.s .wit .Mr iinuw.-( Alinihii al |*\C pellets ill in. tliain ami 1 J,i in. long, lontainittg 2.VI i dra/iiitMi, <li( lil.irwis, or tlimetii.it> wrte |iir|*.ited .is tlestiilK'd railin' (l.tosd ,md M.iiiUssm- 197*9. *1 lie pelh'ls wi'ie added to ; piMteiH ti|>|dmeni that ton- lamed IK'i gitsutttl oat*. Hit*i ground tom. 2U*; itnn distillets third giaio.v. I5'.i- In.m. linseed nil meal. It)*;; I.me molasses, r; iodi/td salt. I'i tlit.il 0 3 B *> 0 Z (/) 2 O Journal or Economic Entomology Pi#/. 64, no. 4 citim iriiotpliair. and 0.1% cobalt sail. Tlic itellets were lirti mixed with a small amount ol feed in a l.dtomtury "V" blender, then each treated fed wait mint'll III a ribbon blender. The 10% molasses was (toured in while tlie leal was stirred in the blender. Nine mature Jersey cows were tiled, ami their avciagc weight was 888 Ih. The cows were milked and fed protein supplement twite daily. Protein supplement which contained each different 1*\'C feed additive larvitidc was fed daily at the eve ning milking to 8 cows. Consumption of the ptolcm supplement averaged 5.8 lb/)/* day and ranged from 1.5 to 0.0 lb,'cow and resulted in daily dosages of 1.4, 2.0, anil 2.5 mg tlia/inon; 1.3, 1.8. ami 2.C mg dichlor- vo: and 1.3, 2.2. and 2.6 mg dimctilan/kg body wt per day. . Milk samples were collected from the treated cows and 2 militated tows on 3 prctrcaimcnt days, then I, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after the 1st feeding of treated protein supplement'. Electric milking machines were med, and samples were removed from die machines into l-qt iKtiycihyicne bottles after the machines were removed horn the cows. The samples were frozen immediately and stored until residue analyses could be performed. Recoveries of dhmnon at the 0.1-ppm level were 50, 42, 41, and 41%. The method was sensitive to 0.05 ppm of diazinon in milk. Analysis was with a llarbcr-Cofman Model 10 gas chromatograph with a batu'iv-operutc-d no. A-1071, G ee detector containing 50 jiCi ol ladiurn 220. The detector was operated at G v, A 00,000 megohm resistor added to the electrom eter cave an additional gain of 3000. A 0-50 mv \Vhcelt o recorder running at 10 in./hr was used. T he l'-ihii|K-tl borosiliratc glass column, 5 min ou and G ft long, was packed whit 5% WAl* (Wilkins Innnmicnt and Research). The column, Hash heater, and detector wm< 2IKI, 295, and 235*C. respectively. Nitrogen at GO tt/min was the carrier gas. 'Die column was con ditioned for IG hr at 23U*C before use. 'I'hc milk sample was extrai led into acetone then into benzene. After drying with 2% sodium sulfate, the benzene was injected into the ITAP column. ' The enzyme inhibit ion-sjtectropbometric method (Anmiyuimn I9G-1) was um.iI for diihlorvos analysis. Kctotciics of tlHhlnrvos adiled to untreated milk at tt.l ppm weie Ua, 05, and 100%. 'The limit of sensi tisin' was 0.01 ppm. `I lie aiialythal piiKcdurc for cliinciMan consisted of ileiei mining dimeihylaminc and S-methyl-S-jiyra/o- hme. Milk used lor dimeiliyhiminc deierimnatiun was exttat ied with lll^l HA ethanol in chloroform, l'at Wat tt-mim-d horn the cxtratl by acetonitrile-hexane patiiiiouing. 'I be nieionitiih- solution was evaluated In disness and the lesidne was subjet ted tti column ilnomaiouiaphy to teuime other nuciieiing mateiials. 1 his lolmitu loosisied ol .titivated alimiina (W'oclut. basil) ol Aiihit) (hade A'. 'I wo eluants wen* used, lust ; t-ihvl ether in ir hexane, then 59% ethyl cl t I in i lies.me. 'lire (i.iilion horn lh<* 1st eluant was tits, aided. tile seioml temosed the ditniiil.oi hour the lohiimi. lio.d deieioiinatiou was by Hie MM-llioilol Maigoi and Ni.muiib.uli (Will). `Jlie ioh>rmieiti .ui.itvsis method ol /iih.iiri and f last'd,. fl'lf.'o Was uw-d to di let mine 3 inrlhyf 5 pyi.e Zolonr*. I In iotti|Nmml " mi ibsl 'i psta/oloni* hunts a lid d)e when Mailed with -I Jiiiiunanitpyi inr and suiiseiim Mils osidi/ed. 'Ibis ti-.tt.oh was peilmmed dimity in the milk with no eMi.mion. I lie ed dye was then extracted into chloroform and measitml ipecirophomcirirally. Recoveries of dimctilan added to milk were G2, 75. and <0% at 0.05 ppm; 82, 80, and 91% at 0.11 ppm; and 98, Hi), and 115% at 0.22 ppm. Recoveries of .1mcihyt-5-pyra/oioiic adtled to milk were 117 and 92rl at 0.12 ppm; 117 and 100% at 0.24 ppm; ami % ami !)2% at 0.-18 ppm.- The limits of sensitivity wetc 0.05 for dhnt-liliill and 0.10 ppm for 3-mcthyl-5-pyTa*lom-. Recoveries of dimctilan from milk treated at 0.22 ppm and stored for 2 months were 8G, HU, 82. ami 82%. Rvsrt.rs and Discussion-.--Treated feed given to Jer sey rows for determination of residues in milk was consumed readily with no apparent effect on pm tltiction by all but 1 cow. This cow consumed thclitor vos-l'VC-treated feed for 8 days then stopped eating entirely, and production decreased, by day 13 of tinexperiment, this cow was again eating treated ami untreated food, and milk production was imtc;i*iuu- There was evidence that the molasses added in the treated feed was not evenly distributed. Numerous balls of molasses, ca. 1/4 in. diam and smaller, weic observed in the finished feed. No detectable residues of diar.inon. duldorvm. dimctilan, or S-methvl-5-pyrazolone were found in any of the milk samples from the treated cows. Du beyshire and Murphy (1962) reported no diazinuu residues frt milk from cotvs fed 10 mg/kg for 7 dat*. However, Robbins ct al. (1957) found traces of radio nctivity in a tow's milk G tlnongh 2Mir, aher-a single oral dose of *9lM;d>clcU diar.inon at 20 ntg-kg. Emm 0.09 to 0.5G pg/nil of milk behaved like umltangnl diazinon. Tracey et al. (1900) showed that oalh mlministercd dichlorvos is not likely to produce roi dues in milk of rows at 9 mg/kg. Diazinon-l'VC and dichlorvos-I'VC were both higlils effective larvicide* whets fed at 0.5 mg itm'ttitide kg jicr day (Lloyd and Matthysse 1970). Therefore dent mining hazard of residue in milk at 2.5 mg-kg jcr day provided a 5 X margin of safety. 1 1 I ,* 1 RRPERKXCES CITED Anonymnu*. 1904. Delcrmiiiatum of "\'p|H>na * hint- tiride hi crops and animal products, cu/tmc lion-i>|irrirop)ioMtrtifc method. Shell l>nrln|MiiriH Co. Modc-slo Method Scries, Analytical Mvibod MM> 30/91, 5 p. Derbyshire, j. C, and It. T. Murphy. 1902. Diariiton residues in treated silage and milk ol cows lot ixmdried tliariuou. J. Agr. Pood Cheiu. 10(.*); :ixi-ti. Lloyd, j. E., ami J. C. Mutliysvr. 1900. liiide nuu-nn for use at liintmk feetl additives- ) Eiimi. f.ntnmnl, 59: 393-907. 1979. Polyvinyl dllutide inset t it idf pellets led to tank to totnrol face lly larvae in manure. Iltul. ti3: 1271- H|. Maigoi, A., ami K, .Stanunbndi. 1*9.1. Miouiil.ot. |* I S3 5. Ill (Zweig |ril.| A0.1lMM .il Methods lot P-titide Plant litowllt Itegolalm* amt I.-! Ad.lno.v Vol. II. |mm-< tit tiles. Ai.ulemir Pi ess. N \n.L IUddoo%. TV. r... I. ll-i.Lo.,. and (i. TV. Iddt. I'td. Meiabolivio a oil esmtiou of plMophono :I2 l.il lid di.i/uioo in a tow. |. \i* |mI t hem. ,'n7)'. .'I'" *' Trarev, It. L. J. V. TV.hhImhL. and I*. < hadioll. I i.\.o|..;;oal avpitls ol 2.2'*tuliloioimt .lUH. ilot .................... (im\l*i io >iiit...... - .oi.l uloo- it'* I Imii. .........mil M: `i'll <at|. /ob.iiii, M. V., and ). I'., t ..sid... I'MiT. IUm\h at uhi ili.it.'lil.iM io uhLio.mIio ami l.oii'i' il.es lluil. '* 193 9. Garni Thir (.aouna iiia.liat laitae of 3309 iad (3.1 Lt.o iiad for spting <o tine Sid-siadial -. Seiial set lion* of kiad all slumil tells with pvtuori. fotlide. Male It The E.uro|>e.it munowskv). was 19(0 at New,o (Tasltito et ul. aliom 2t8K) miltmiles9 in die K> ivolatetl areas ih (otations occut vauia. Ohio. M. fatio. (..ifiada. , total of over 3 North America Iced on the hhi a JK'lt of l.lVMls, wutur pain. I larval stage in u u>ili|Niimi)i Kr ftitiu ic-comtini' ante develnpiu. Match (or mini the steiiU-mali Mrc-wwotm. t (knipliog 19> nieiit.iiiim i| t proutisiug lead* tvoik of 1 ImIm i guilt or cotkth. mam as[wt t o l-.uiope.m ih.ili in ibe Niiiiji 9 moitibs t*l i- ilu- si.oliuin m tint ioes. smt. held in itioisi < |m|m-i tejiot Is i sleiili/aii.m Wt inset t M VttMl VI s t toilet led Imm MQNS 036603 g fc{. HJ, i Ht* 11 Uk) Milk Contamination From Low Levels of DDT In Dairy Rations ' j R. C. LABEN. T. E. ARCHER, D. G. CROSBY, w4 S. A. ,E0M1 Departments of Animal Husbandry, Agricultural Toxicology, Physiological Sciences, University of California, Da.. I . j flroiip Abstract Five croups of lactntiug cows were fed ratiuus containing low levels of DDT for 20 wk. Mean DDT concentrations of the ration* were 0.09, 0.24, 0.39, 0.73, and 0.28 ppm. The first group served at control; solutions of crystalline DDT were added to the grain ration oC the nest three groups; and the 5th group received DDT from Held* contaminated alfalfa hay. Maximum milk fat DDT concentrations determined by gas chromatography were 0.38, 0.45, 0.53, 0.92, and 0.33 for the groups of four, three, four, three, and four cows per group, respeelively, An equilibrium point in milk fat DDT concentration was observed. Maximum value* were reached at 18 to 23 wk, but fell slightly thereafter, although intake con tinued through 20 wk. The milk fat DDT concentration of eowa fed flcld-crmtummatcd forage did not differ significantly from that of cow* receiving 'similar levels of supplemental DDT in their present, the analytical methods then avail;.* did not permit accurate measurement* m r lower levels. Williams et al. (9) icmitty . > mined the transfer of wry low dicii.n i-%. of DDT into milk, their maximum I'mlinc he being roughly 0.30 ppm. In a number of instances, milk coiilainii.; levels in California dairy herd* have ex*****. 1.25 ppm of DDT in the milk fat, and hay has contained close to the prrsntih ceptcd limit of 0,5 ppm (7). No puhlidwdd show accurately the effects of feedm? IIT this prnctical range on the milk fat DOT* ccntrations. The present experiment w *..' taken to determine the pattern of DDT .art in the milk fat of row* receiving *urh n < tiiinnl, low-level iulnke of the rmiMiir*tnl Hccticide in their feed' during Iwi-talaa*. ' 1 > ( | > , ) I 1 Mstsrisli sad Malhsdt A nrtly.j>. Blood, milk, and laxly fat were atislvted by the electron-capture >: *! olographic procedure described by I'm-hy Archer (2). The scpnrntv responses l ' [ 1 4 _ ft W eotKrol nilitt **' placed in p, 'Udl'a bay f bDr contnminiM "* ttMis was pi Do* ltd WAR MAl '*d August, |}t `ai n.oiu to (.* 'hmthly rotn^M.-i * the cxfo rimei *fa*e to o,2m; '"`g the e.S{wt ''bur the ). , ' the mntni; 'd tliiin thv . * ...... tUr.M. tM, ' M-n P|M,,. coiimitrntc ration. It ia enticludcd that hirtatiug eowa, continuously provided feed chlorinated hydruciirlxm constituent* wen- ' tftlwl; the term DDT applied hers la tin- * {Willy IVd with a DDT cminmlrution under J.ti ppm, will produce milk fat of a DDT concentra nlvtiett) ttwilta should be interpreted ' ' . DDT women*, DDK r' *{**/ trr,It 1 hv,(,^| n tion similar to that in their feed. The con tinual feeding of licld-rnntammated alfalfa diliim|dlPti,vl}W)iy](>ni'] iMnuny, and TDK dichhiix>-2.2-bitt(d'-4`)ltnt(d>cN,vl)e<)ium') [ to eight ' thoroughly . hay cmilainiug 0.5 ppm DDT will result in merx. *al the 1st1 a milk fut concentration slightly nlmve 0.5 Animal* and fi-td. Whole blood .!'*' M DDT intii ppm hut well below 1.0 ppm. DDT, developed during n previous expo- ' "' to tl.lK*, . (2, 0), prttvitictl a method for delcctim* t>l . ' `be It |,,t. ,J, Mn.'li nf the feed and forage available to tniniiintcd tuiimalH kinder condition* a We ` h.,M,,l.v, day lor dairy production contains very low w>.n(d tic ititlicult or impossible. 1- w'd io 1ml liHcctnlilf imioiiiil* of DDT |1,1,1-ttiililnrn- samples were drawn from a .coup of wn' - un 2,2-bi*H'.rhlovophcM,vl)eth<iiic] nod related chlo rinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Cows that re ceive DDT in their teed store purl of it in their body I'm! and excrete sionll amounts in their milk O, -1,5). The greatest |aniinn of the intake polcotinlly htKh-pmiltii'iiii; Holstein I' nvitilnhle from a commercial tlairy M-pke' source. KinhttH`11 animal* with whole Md levels of 0,1102 ppm <tr less weie ptiivlta-'-: this expcrimeitt. They Were delivered t- ' "ilb t) ' !-.: ,j. /D.o.p d ' t* l|.* II,^ pcohiiMy is passed from the iiiw'r Jaaly in (he fere*; ex-re|ion in milk am) urine accounts for only about U' i of I In- apparent total intake. {(tuition it nl. ( I) and Zwrig el a). (Ml) re ported i.milv ticul data on tin* transfer of dietary DOT (> iioHe of cow* fed itl |h> Luc pads per million ranges. .\Hhniigli mill. tv-idMe* were Itrci-ivvd for |iiil>lt.-atiiHt Jttae }.ri, IfAill. Station, where they received ntfnllw h; ginin avecii^iou lc* than IMi.'t ppm I' They were then dUl.il.tiled inl<> live (Table 1) |tiV|M.ely Itnlamed n* `I*1'' j.i.sviUle for lattly si/ie, stave of hi.tdte' enrly milk yield, l idviii" date- r.ite.'ed Aaonl S to Seji(.'inlte) `.'S !*;I: tu ..oiiHt-.iffd on Seplemher L,s and foiiim"' 2d wk, after uItieli all yroiip' wen- |d:e* .... cow. 4 - :i ' 4 * :t \4HH HONS 03860X (' |ll !.............. .4* DDT IN MILK 1469 I TABLE 1 Experimental groups and treatment* applied over 29 wk of lactation \ sod 1. A. NIOHfS Temcelogy. and ty < CoMoini*, Dam i|hwU then nviiiloble tni'uuremeutit at tin* rI. tfl) rt'i'tnUy *ry fnw dietary level* atimum feeding l**v<*) fa, ni)lk fpiilnmiiiMiil herds have exeeeded tutlk fat, and alUlt* tv the presently a ). N<" published iliilu of feeding DOT m e milk fat' DDT nm> spenmml wurt uiuiir. llrru f DDT output wjj ' kucIi n winf tti< . Nfnmrrt'U) iing Inelatmit. titd UmIv fat sampli-* mi-eaplurcgiH elmno* rilird by Crosby and tr ropMlMe* (if till' emnlitUfliU Were lie plied here to 11m* an - interpreted iih total t,l-iliblMrc'J,2-biH,` *nier, and TDK (M* brttylMbaiip) ino de bhw) Riutlv<.i< for I'AfO'l'MlIi'Ilt l*f 4<-t<'( tioo of *' tvhorr tat or a gti.up of out(oit(. ip iloUi.in lii'itW* aI dairy n-pliieetin'tit a illi wlnde Mmol DDT * urie l`,r delivered |o tbi %*! hILiDii buy met !*# .............. . Hot Group 1 2 5 4 6 Trestmout No. of cow Control DDT added DDT added DDT added Contaminated hay 4 t 4 8 4 Ago Month* *7 29 26 27 27 Group mean* at atart of opurtment Body weight Daily milk Duy of yieldlactation ------------------(*)----------------- 1,158 1,095 1,061 1,023 1.071 18.5 18.4 19.5 19.7 18.5 28 23 44 81 94 the control ration. The heifer that calved last * placed in the control group. Alfalfa bay from areas likely to be low in MDT contaminants was sampled, and a lot of XS tons was purchased for the experiment. Tliii lot was sampled five times between May ml August, 1964, and DDT values ranged from 0.016 to 0.035 ppm (overage 0.024 ppm). K Monthly composite core samples of the boles fed the experiment progressed showed a steady | imresse to 0.200 ppm over s tive-mouth period ranges of the total DDT intake* are shown in Tabic 2 and Figure 1. Actual individual grain allowance and estimated hay intake, bated on the total amount of hay fed the group and pro portioned to individuals by body weight, pro vided an estimate of individual feed intakes. Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were kept in the same during the experiment, then fell to 0.110 ppm during the last month; apparently, the center f the lot contained hay more heavily contamiuted than the surface. Composite values for II hales at approximately monthly intervals 'mv 0.021, 0.022, 0.003, 0.124, 0.206, 0.197, inti 0.110 ppm. Estimated total DDT intakes ' 'ire obtained from the levels in the hny | ntuslly fed. IfVufjVirfr trrulmmtK. The grain to be fed was di'hvi'ivd to a storage tank ftt the milking barn >s live* to eight-ton Iota as needed. Each lot thoroughly sumpled with n graiti-Miiiipliiig tils' am) the DDT content included in the entl- Med DDT intake. Crain values ranged from "ft'io to 0.085 ppm and averaged 0.03-1 ppm Wtlo* )1 lots delivered during the experiment. hvliiiMnl.grade DDT (77% p.p'-iMomcr) din- "'bill in ueetoiic was given to the cowa in / tW.iups 2. 3, and 4 by thoroughly mixing the I-iuiion with their individual morning grain titi'iu, Daily dosage levels were 3.3 to 3.4 mg *"* Group 2. 0.0 to O.fl mg Tor Croup 3, ami | '.'A to 14.5 mg for Croup 4. The means and group of four eows. Uroup* 2, 3, and 4 had sup plemental DDT added in their grain ration; row iiuttiirttTN rri'iv S, 4, and A, Tcwprcttovty. Group 5 ron-ditta of four row* fed ln-ldeoiiliioitanted nlfntfn hoy. TABLE 2 IMimuted roofcotrutinii* iool uioumitM of DDT hi totuJ feed Intiikr of experimental grnop* lot iolo lire bmr- * ns rbiM'ty * lin tdlioii, tool : dote* lauded I'lim* >. I'.Mlt; tmiiwitl i!** *mI < tintiitiX'd ri Mp* Mere pbleed oil Kt. Urtul feed Itl'dit N<t. of Vf DDT during expt. (ppt}_ G.,,p rUM, Menu IJawge 14 ffji'j ujrj i,, t, ),| 2* <*.!M O.J7 to *4 0.311 0.33 tu 0.R8 43 0.73 0.00 la 0.93 ____ 4______0.2S___ 0.20 lo_n,,l7 Kaat. d-'lity iotMke of DDT lmg> _ Knt. dnilr ititake hi *y/kg Unly weighl Mean Itaage M<ini ItaiiKe l.S 6.3 0.4 15.2 5.0 0.3 ta 3..p> a.i \x* tv.7 7.0 In 10.0 J3.9 In 10.7 0.3______ 3.3 u.r* 10.4 31.3 1d.lt t.7 to 0.4 n.H ta 12.0 13.M to IU.1 29,0 to 34.2 9.1 to 12.0 /. llkiMV Mt'IKM.'i. Via.. 41>, S' J HONS 0 3 8 6 0 5 1-MO LABKN, AUCllUH, CROSBY, AND PKOI'LRS rorrat and led tbo same hay; Group & was fed grain from (he common supply, but was kept separate and fed from a lot of ni'ld-cimtnmi- boIihI hay purchased for (ho experiment. Com posite aamples of bule* fed thin group had values of 4.500, 0.4-13, QAH8, 0.478, 0.423, and 0.5U as the experiment prugrvsHcd. Their cti> mated total JVetl emteentration was very close to 0.280 ppm throughout the experiment (Tabic 2 and Figure 3). One of (he early feed sum* pliitpc was made by the Yolo County Agricul f. s- I*. I " .. *. i . : . tural Commmmnrr and portions of three later sampling* analyzed by the Division of Chem istry of lhe California Department of Agri culture. Ht-sulta agreed closely with those of 1st of cows of the group*, a* designated iu * the Station. Milk samples were composited at rnch milking and the composite* analysed weekly for DDT and milk fat (Italieock test). Blood samples were drawn every 2 wk and analysis is still pending. Body fat samples were taken before the start of the experiment and again at irreg ular intervals (Tnhlc 3). The method of sam pling was described previously (6). Rasulti sad Diuutiioa . The aeli-etiun of animals on the basis of very low whole blood concentrations of DDT proved xucei-KsfuI, in that alt of (lie animats started lactation with very low milk fat concentrations of thv insecticide. Values for the first wk of lactation of the individual cows ranged from 0.020. to 0.144 ppm and averaged 0.147 ppm. Tbcxc values tended to drop, as indicated in Figure 2; for the 2 wk immediately prior to the dart of the experiment, DDT ranged from 0.029 to 0.1-15 ppm {average 0.070 ppm) in the milk fat. The eoreelnthm la-twirm the prepartuin whole blood levels and mean milk fat eonrcnlr*tions for the first 2 wk of laeletioa was ---0.17 Eleven cows with whole blood level* < O.IWI'i ppm had milk fat concentrations averstin; 0.109 ppm and seven cows with whole hhl levels between 0.0015 and 0.0020 ppm had milt concentrations averaging 0.100 ppm for thni first 2 wk. Thus, while the whole blood laidv-i. may detect heavily contaminated cows, tth apiienrs to bo a low correlation bctwfrri rt two measures where the contamination i ahg1*' Bhmd aampU'S taken throughout this e\|wrii"' are under investigation and results will la- r* ported later. The relatioiwhip between IkmI.v fat sail ii& fat concentration* of DDT observed in tin**' ]nTiim`nt is revealed in Table 3 mid Figure -< The circular cluster of points tie!ween value* 0.15 ppm for body fat and 0.10 ppm for mi1' fat represent* the data of nil groups fmw anmploH taken the week below the cxpi-riin*1 ' I j | ! j j * i j i J | | J j * J I 4 to. 3. Itinfrihii ha ill relation to darted and at (In "ly a single poi lat 0.24 ppm) f. 'is limit. In the *. 12, and Ifi). Ml ppm. milk i Kmnp. At body there were mi mil ppta. There values aa hotly fa Mo ppm. The *< "av he obtained h The 05rf ennfider l*r*diete4l from a range llwct-n yen '""hi appear that 'iK i-iitnitiMiM in li "'Ik lat at tlu-a* I ill extivniely vari 1* shown nlao'i l,f*pi'iri*| to inerr. TABLE S Averug,' lanly fat ami milk fat concent rat Ions of DDT, their rorrclntUm. ami rt-qr,-wim ml of the experim ""10 ppm a-* pin Weekjif^exjieirlmrat^__________________________ ______'*__*_4_' _a pen'ml of' ( ____ 0_____ ____ 4_ 8 ____ 1?_____ ____ II _ ppm. then ..................... . u,,. ,j No. of Body Milk Body Crimp t-wwa___ fat_____fut_______fat Milk Body Milk Body Milk fut _f fatfat fat Body Milk fut fnl_ `a|. a,, hhmtii-.-tl * '"at. tota t eontrol --<M*)-------------------------- I t 3 4 5 4 3 4 3 4 o.ir 0.11 U.10 1)10 0.10 0.04* fl.OK 0.1O A.07 0.00 0.02 0.01 004 l>. 13 IMIS 0.15 0.13 0.14 II. Ill O. Ml 0.11 0.1(1 0.10 0.10 0.52 0.21 0.33 0.2# 0.31 0.20 O.lfi 0.13 <Ufl 0.37 0.20 0.33 0.30 t.fit 0.H5 0.53 0.30*** o.;s II.3H* 0.42* 0.71 A3" 1.25 "ft 0.K3 ".30 uf illl'IViHsI to * h*e*l Im It.lVjn ,,M- n>ady .o,ii-ril ,r"" thv k||il;i.i' *'"M gii,- valin*'-tiny it, ||n. |,r! Weel ' alM-tvtUa O uml 4 35 0, 4, 0, .......... .. I" HO . 12, ami IK _______ &3____________A4l milk fat an fat 0.53 f. 0.15 O.40 3. 0.07 0.31 0.41* Kale,I votal ih/.t* 'h'- -la. k of Im), . ion ,,f ||,,. |. ',,;ti\.|y , * Oiii- wimple iiownng. " inmi,.,|M,, ). fcTwu mim|*l* I*'k-r wi-k 22. One aaiapln tuki-n wi-t-k 22. I J. L*iV Voi. 4. No. 12 HONS 88606 DDT IN MILK )4>>1 IT in the milk [nalrd in Kifurr : fat concentreion vu --0.17. reels < 0.0015 iotu averagim: b whole IjIihmI ppm had MiilVi ppm * t tlivir blot .nal^ix 4 row*, tlirn* it between Ibe .alien is alight, hit experiment ilia will In? re > fat and milk red in thifl and Figure awarn value* of ppm for niili up* from the ihr experiment l roodon* _ll ... dir Milk .1 Pit . 0.2* .*' M2' `I o.ftn r, o.wi I "> --rra -Jf--B--y-t--f-A-MT^'a a it iMiwiHim T. 8. Distribution of milk fat DDT concentra(lot. in Klitlou to bod/ fat DPT concentration. I started and at the 4th wk. Of the 35 analytics, only a tingle point (body fat 0.03 ppm, milk i fal 0.2<l ppm) for a control cow fell outside | lltu limit. In the next three samplings (weeks t 8, 12, and 18), only a single point (body fat 0.11 ppm, milk fat 0.10 ppm) fell into this group. At body fat values of over 0.15 ppm, liter*' were no milk fat value* of Test tlmn 0.25 ppm. There was a wide scnllering of milk fot values as body fAt values ranged from 0.15 to Ml) ppm. The equation Y = 0.17 +* 0.50 X outy Ik obtained from the 88 points of Figure 3. | Tin- 05% confidence limits for milk fat values |ritllcttd from a body fat value of 0.25 ppm muge between aero and 0.57 ppm. Therefore, it souk) appear that the Association between DPT wmvenlrution* in body fnt, as wimpled here, and milk lit at these low levels of intake is positive l Ul extremely variable. An shown uliove, the level of DDT in hay *|'|Hitred lo inerease steadily until almost the l cl tbe experiment. The 8H-ton lot eontniued *010 ppm ns purchased; this value increased over a peril..! of five monlhs to a maximum of ppm, then di'clineil In 0.110 ppm. Rx* ' mnmitimi of the duta of Willmnw el nl (0) re* J Vfith an iilentien) eireumstnnec. In their experi- \ '"''it, ttitul control feed content ainrlctl nt 0.011 ; I'l"". ineienM-d to 0.000 ppm at 8 wk, then dej dined lo 0.020 ppm. The effect may lie duo to 1 tli" ready colistilltitmii of DDT with water f*'"w the hiitlnee ul' a stink of ImiIi'n, wliieh *"'ild giro vttliifs tower than u*tt*e itrigtiiully I 'VMin in the field. It nIho eouhi lie due In n ' l*nlrd Viihililixalitoi ami eomli'tiHttliiMi within j *!' ln.k ,,r Imli's tv-iilling in an uirreMHing IK'Tmlimt of llte loin) DDT emteeiilntletl at the Mntively miter. I'ul'tM'lumitely. this iViiniiii-Mdll limy have ilew*iire<| the iietual PDT in innii> pieviotis iiiciNtigulioii*; for ex ample, although tbo low-level feeding by Wil* Hams et al. (0) was placed at a value of 0.052 ppm, the control intake at 8 wk was 0.060 ppm. Simple dehydration of the stored hay also may account for fluctuation of pesticide levels in the bales. Jn our experience, newly cured hay may contain as much as 18 to 20% moisture, whereas hay stored in slacked bales in warm climates could contain as little as 8 to J 2% moisture. White the amount of ingested DDT increased due to progressively increased concentrations in the hay of Groups 1 through 4, the intake per kilogram of body weight remained more stable, due to increasing body weight as lacta tion progressed (Table 2). Intakes of Groups 2, 3, and 5 were very similar (Table 2) and their milk fat outputs (Figures 2, 5, 6, 8) not greatly different from the standpoint of statistical signi ficance. From the standpoint of mean intnkr, I '1 vr l: I. a>( * E.' , < i i * sat.unsHti * * * *- Flu. ft. Milk fnt DPT vhIoi-m of iiidiviiticil row* rmtvlm; wi'iiliimiitiit DPT. Mr;m food eoereutrillion (i.L'4 p|im. J, |*IMV Ha'll , 40. su. i: l3 a 6 0 i iA 2 a 1492 LABEN, AHOHKH. CHOBBY, AMD PKOPLEB Mean and mastmui Na. af Orouu cow* 14 39 I4 4a 5_______ 4 DDT intake of Oruoi Group 2, the mean a Group 5 was rln*er I of Group 2 (Table 4 tlsiugli the commonly liral *ignitlciice wn> of the value* doe* *ugg Group 2 (llic lowest supplement group) And Group 5, which received Acid-contaminated buy, Are very simitar (mean feed concentrations 0.24 Bi>d 0.28 ppm, mean milligrams DDT/cow/day 6.1 and 5.0, mid mean y/kg of body weight 0.5 and 10.0, respectively; Tubbs 2). The mean in* take of Gruup 3 was .0.30 ppm (8.4 ing/day, and 10.4 y/kg of body weight), distinctly above the Intakes of Groups 2 und 5. Results of the milk analyses arc presented in Table 4 and Figure* 2 (the group mean concentrations of 1>I)T in milk fat) and 4 through 8 (individual value* oliMTved for each cow). U was ini* pOMtible, in the early weeks, to distinguish be* tween the control group mean and tho means of group* rereiviug udditiumd DDT in their feed. Milk fat D|)T of Group 4 which received 13 mg DDT/row/duy was greater than thai of remain clearly and distinctly above the group* receiving supplemental DDT intake* of 3 t 7 ing/eow/diiy. The milk fat DDT eonccntratios of the control group increased with (hr in crooning background DDT in Die control ha>. mid only after the 8th wk did it remain th~ below that of Group* 3 and 5. Treat ment continued beyond (he 13th wk before He* control and Group 2 became clearly cpnrNh*l in their milk fat concentrations of DDT. An alyses of vurinnee indicate that the mean milk fat DUT concentration of Qruup 1 i flenntly (P <.05) below that of Group - Group 4 i* signilk-unlly (P < .01) higher than any of the other groups, und differences bct'* Groups 2, 3, and 6 fail to mieh the 0.03 lev*1 of signifleunec. ft is noted (hat wherra* Ihe I I tsmimmt of the rouglt effective in raising to the supplementary 111 rutioo (3). Maximum milk fat > take level, a* ciiIcuImI- Figures 4--A. are .4'tt.53 ppm for Group* *iugte w*ek tmiximun o/ifi ppm for Group '. ml 0.04 ppm for Gr* -oidaminated buy: tl '-'(imtioit probably pi lory description of *o*re m> itHimw in weekly eonipoite *; individual * app p(on in the milk I'ut, > -I fell in tlii** range 11 tin* other* in the Gilt und Gtli wk, hut not until lh<> tHU wk of supplement*) DDT intake did it The re|*mo of Gro loahle the DDT i Figure* 2. 4. und ' *'* eht-e to 1.0 ppm. '"`W* exeeedetl thi*> h* and the group mean ' Figure 2). Tile relation lietwee* rj k: B. . j.. . X> I DDT vom-eotmtion Total DDT int .k. i HI |l Ml Ml* Group i i i i * * *.:.*:.* I * 4 ` ` 4 ` t ` * . I'm. 7. Milk fat HUT vului h of Imltvldmil rmv* fi'icivini! supplemental DDT. Mean feed corneaItiitlou 0.7.1 ppm. J. ;>*lv *< *: Vl.. N". Vltl. 0. Kuunnitr.v of DDT input 1 Imily weighl and eurreKpomliag output *"!" of three of the group*. MONS 038608 5 DPT 2* mix y^v!:v' 4"* Iklvr* kI ittdivldusl COWS ftrltl-rmiluiitlnutluu II* r m>T. wily slmvv Hip *r%v\>* |iT InUkra of 3 to 7 r*| DOT eumentralion mrnoM>J with the in- T in Hie runt nil liny, wk *M it PfinniH d"` IH>( .'<! Twji- tin* 13th 'k befurr t*i* i*ip clearly wiHimtvd ,tralHiu* of DDT. Am ate that Ihe ownn '? ,,f Group 1 iH low that of Orw|> -* (1 < .tJ) Jilirbw** ihim . aoil difference* bftwwii | to rrnrli tin* 0.05 level wotm) tlmt where** tlir TADLK 4 Utin ini niasbnum Tiluti of milk fit DDT eonevntratlwim and lime* uf unrhihg Hinlwum value# Group 1 2 2 4 5 No. of cows 4 1 4 I 4 tfl-wk Meau ppm S.D. ppm 0,206 0.330 0.302 0.690 0,377 0.13ft 0.103 0.237 0.340 0.174 Kouatlon maximum ppm Week 0.3*4 0.461 0.520 0.921 0.526 1ft 20 20 21 20 Observed maximum (Figure 2) ppm Week 0.400 0.604 0.673 1.071 0.644 13 14 a >6 13 DDT intake of Group 5 wna close to that of Oroup 2, the mean milk fat concentration of Group 5 wa eloaer to that of Group 3 than of Group 2 (Table 4, Figure# 6 ,0, 6). Al though the commonly accepted level of statis tical significance was not reached, the order f (lie value* does suggest that DDT fed as a con taminant of flic roughage appear# slightly more effective in raising milk fat DDT levels than lli supplementary DDT mixed with the grain ration (3). Maximum milk fat concentrations at each in take level, as calculated from the equations of Figures 4-8, ate 0.45 ppm for Group 2 and tf>3 ppm for Oroup* 3 and 5. The observed ingle week maximum valuer, (Figure 2) are DAO ppm for-Group 2, 0.87 ppm for Group 3, and 0.04 ppm for Group 5, which received the mntsminated hay; the smoothed line of the iH|utiun probably provides the moat mitisfuetury description of the observations. There sere im instance* in Groups S or 6 where the yceklv eonipoKite Mnmpli-fi (14 milkings) of individual rmv* approached or exceeded 1.0 , i>|mi in the milk fat, hut four samples of Group 1 3 fell in tlii* rouge (Figure* 5, 6, fl). The re*j>oi)*r of Group 4, which received shout iiuhlr the DDT do*age of Group 3, is shown is Figure* 2, 4, and 0. Milk fat concentration vss efoKC to 1.0 ppm; samples from individual nnr* exceeded this level nine limes (Figure 7), ml the group mom exceeded 1.0 ppm twice i Figure 2). I The relation between milk yield and milk fill 1 lDT eomentratinn was systematically investi gated and do definite trends of association were found in these dtn. Milk fnt yield from daily milk weights and the Unlwock test* of the wcrkly composite samples avei'agod 253 lb for the 203- dny lactation period, including 1 wk before and 2 wk after the DDT feeding period. The five group means ranged from 232 to 290 lb, and in dividual cow# ranged from 104 to 352 Ih of milk fat in the 203 days. In Groups 1 and 5, the highest producer tended to have a higher milk fat DDT concentration than the lowest. The opposite was true of Group* 2 and 3; the lowest producer tended to have milk fat con- rent rations above the highest producer. There was no difference in the milk fat DDT con centration between the lowest producer, 164 Ih, and the highest, 282 Ih, hi'Group 4. ' " ' Feed and milk fat concentrations show a wry close association. As previously observed (6), there > a greater relative amount of the feed DDT accounted for in the milk fat at low than lit higher feed eoiieentrntioiiR. The mean weekly ratios of milligrams DDT in feed to milligram* DDT hi milk are shown in Table 5; tlmv range from 13.0 for the control group to J.S for Group 4, which received the greatest auinimt of DDT. Although not statistically significant, it is notable tlmt this ratio for Group 5 Is slightly above Hint of Group 2. which had a lower estimated intake. The most significant finding of thi* experi ment is the evidener of an equilibrium point in the milk fnt levels of DDT. Although this ........... . wn* observed with oilier pesticide* by William* et al. (9). they obtained DDT TA1H.R R Tatu) |)t>T Intake In the feed, output In the milk, nod ihi-hii weekly rntnm nf milligrams in feed tn nilltigriiiici in milk ii ' u ' h ' * ,,r r liu'ot hi v-'** Ilf Mi *|mlidilig '"`I**1 Group_ Kstiimited toliil DDT iutiike/ritw 32f 012 1,503 2,724 7,000 I>I>T ftitl|iul/rnw *f uiitliKni' la milk _ ta ihilligr.-u no.* i:t.o :io.4 30.K HONS 036609 LADEN, ARCHED, CHOUHV. AND DEOPLE8 values too low tu provide a significant measure. Kinmiuution of their data, however, suggests (loti the total of DDT aud related compounds had not approached a maximum after the 6 wk of their experiment. The very low DDT levels encountered by these investigators ittuy reflect the fuel that DDT was fed as a mixture with four other insecticides; it is known that the presence of one insecticide may drastically Her the body retention of another (8). ]n our experiment, the times at which the equilibrium point wus attained were calculated from the maxima of the equations shown in Figure* 4 through 8 (Table 4). At higher in take levels, equilibrium is attained more slow ly; the equation for the control group peaked at 18.3 wk; Groups 2 un<l 3 peaked at 10.0 wk, and Group 4 at 20.8 wk. Group 5 was very *)o*e to Group 3 in this characteristic. It is im portant to note that this equilibrium point, whether determined by a smoothing equation or by inspection of group means, occurred while feed concentration wax stilt rising. Concentra tion of DDT in the feed reached its maximum shout the 24th wk; milk fat concentration, how ever, had leveled ofT or nctuuliy started to de cline slightly well before this time. The cyclic nature of DDT concentration in milk fat is shown in the present as well as in the previous experiment (8), although sam pling emu* were greatly reduced by the com* |kmU> technique. These unexplained hut some times violent variations from the ideal curve would he of utmost significance in any attempt tv di'ifi'mine long-term levels of contamination by unulysi* of a single sample. Acknewledgmcfil The authors gratefully acknowledge the teeh* nlrol assistance of Eugene Whitehead and James fHokc* of the Agricultural Tostcolony and Itesi* due Iti'M-arrh l.tilatrutury, John Kinchrloe and Charles tiller* of tlw Department of Animal Hus bandry, and the Department of Food Helene' Technology for conducting the Bnheoek tnti (> milk fat. Secretion of Hep Reference* (1) Alien, N. N., Lardy, A. A., and Wilson, IT. 1' 1940. The Effect of Ingestion of DDT up Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Scl., 29: 830. (2) Croeby, D. 0., and Arclier, T. R 1900. .1 . * Rapid Analytical Method for Pcr.i.i.:: . Pustieides in Proteinaceous Suuiplcs. Itui. t Environ. Contain, and Toxicol., 1: 10. * AAsfr* (8) Ely, It. E., Moore, L. A., Carter, U. II I Twelve cows, fed alt Mnnn, II. D., and Foot, P. W. Tl> j .08 or 0.29 ppm hop Effect of Doango Level and Vorioue Mil! I . rhlnr epoxide fur ode of Administration on the Conccalnti*: of DDT In Milk. J. Dairy Bci., 33: 38A (4) Gannon, N., Link, R. P., and Decker, li. * 1939. Insecticide Residues in the Milk ! l)ulry Cows Fed Insecticide* in Their lb; Ration. J. Agr. Food Cltvni., 7: 829. < 1 * i I their milk an average the intake, respective!- f the epoxide. A hnf h a correlation roeflleiml Mwctni the amount (5) Gvrlsco, G. G., Norton, L II., Triwlrtf I its e|M>xidp consumed O. W., Holland, R. \V,, MeEnorncy. 1' J thru of the epoxide in and Muko, A. A. 1939. Effects of >V4i'f Low !scroll of Insecticide Residues on II.1 to Dairy Cattle on Flavor and Rcni'liv* n Milk. J. Agr. Food Client., 7: 7U*. (0) Laben, R. C., Archer, T. E., Crosby, P. and Peoples, 8. A. 1903. Lactational ` put of DDT X*ed Prcpni turn tu Dairy tV ' J. Dairy Bri., 48: 701. , ' i i . ; in early lactation serrci their intake into th.j in late lactation. Don lar-tatmn produced milt * '.lightly higher cm epoxide than cow* i Jersey eows had a high (7) Rollins, R. Z. 19CS. Division of Clicmim.1 j the epoxide per kilogm Californio Department of Agriculture. I`i * Holstein*, hut the .lev vato communication. (8) 8treet, J. C. 1904. DDT Antagonism ' Dieldria Storage in Adipose Tissue of It **' ` . lower roheent ration tha Tat. Silence, 140: JOftO, ` Hejitarhfor has (m-cm * (9) Williams, 8., Mills, P. A. and MrPow.lt. I K 3904. Residue* in Milk of Con. { |*'r Hu* control of alfalfa Rations Containing Luw Concentration* ` . 'ptachtor ejMixiiio was |. yivs Ch)ur\natci} Hydrocarbon IV-tin- 1 * '"Ik from cows fnl all: J. Assoc. Offlc. Agr. Chemists, 47: ll-l r * DI-, tlic movement of > (10) Zweig, O., Smith. L. M,, People*. 8. A , 'hr niavkiiing cbnimcls Cox, It. 1901. DDT Residues in Milk f; ; 'htnaigh sale of the l*j Dairy Cows Fed Low Levels of DIO ' ...... " * longer permitte Their Daily Rations. J. Agr. Fo*l *'* '* | .... "imrt (i:t) in.li.at.- 26: 210. | ;-*irle, wilt pnsisl in i` 1 >v. The possibility rim* |',,n of crop* from llie-e " M'<'irtit,n patient i * l''*\il.. into milk i* ,,f p,(' Ha* uimnmf <rf fM.p., Hm* milk as the c|h.\ '* several h T to u)m.ui 2:1', ,,t ihv /,........ P,,. O. tt.. II 1 n.t-, . J |/*r V01.. S. No. IX SONS 038610 ... 'O'! fur imMii'iiinni I ! .r ( Contamination of Milk from Different Routes of Animal Exposure to DDT1,a j j. m. win Department of Entomology, University of Arisons, Tuctai f. M, WHITING* United Dairymen of Ariaona, Temp* W. H. BROWN and J. W. STULL Department of Dairy Science, University of Ariiona, Tucson [ | . > ^ * Abrtract than would be predicted from those found in The level of DDT [2,2-bis(p-hlorophe*yl)-],J,)'trichltiroethaiie) and its metabo lites wax determined in milk of cows treated at the aame dosage both for one day and for aix consecutive days in Use following manner: 1) intratracheal infusion of p,p'DDT; 2) alimentary exposure of a com oil aolulion of p,p'-l)DT in a capsule; 9) an aged residue of technieal-grade DDT on alfalfa hay which had been pelleted; end 4) an intravenous infusion of p,p'DDT. It was found that respiratory expo sure of rows to DDT produces a lowerrather than higher level of DDT and its metabolic products in the milk than ali mentary exposures. Administration of DDT in the form of aged residues on alfalfa re sults in a higher residue level than when DDT is administered in solution in oil. Different routes of exposure to DDT result in different ratios of DDT, DDR (2,2- his (p-chlorophenyl) -1,1-dieliloroetliylonc), and DDI) (2,2-bH(p-*h1oruphenyl>-l,l-dichiurorthanc) in the milk. The predomi nant product resulting from intratracheal and intravenuuH (l.V.) exposure, which bypass the rumen, is DDT, hut room* DDK and DDI) are produced from the longerterm l.V. exposure. Alimentary exposure by mcHiiK of DDT in oil solution produces predominantly DDT and |)DI> ill the milk. Alimentary exposure of DDT an an aged residue producer DDT, DDK, ami DDI). the feed (27). A correlation between actual and predicted amounts must be successful, to efTeclively establish permissible levels of pesticide in animal feed. This discrcpeney between artuo) and predicted levels of pesticide in milk eould occur because a) there was an unntoiiitorn! intake of pesticide prior to time of testing or ID the fXjHriinental data on whirl) the pre dictions are based are inadvrjuatu for this purpose. In relation to the possible inspiration of pesticide by cows, it has been shown that aerial ap . plications of pesticides can result in drift fur extremely long distances, in amounts sufhricst to eause significant contamination of forage crops (2(1). It was hypothesized that sneh air borne drifting pesticides may provide an uiimonitored ivspirutorv exposure significantly re flected in the contamination level of Ihe milk. Altfmugh such exposures would be brief and intermittent, they could >>e signilicant if surh pulunmary exposure resulted in a more eflteient absorption than a similar degree of alimentary exjnisure. The propensity for DDT to In- aeeretwl in the milk of dairy cows as a result of eonsmii|. tion of DDT in the feet) has been well estate Imbed (1-4, 0-0, 13, 10, 22-25, 28). Only thr work of Kly et al. ((1) compared the effect of tlilTerent mutes of adniinislrutioii. A study of ('liilmrii et al. (0) noted tlmt treatment of thr bn in with DDT resulted in nceumulntion of DDT in the milk of cows using the hum. bid this was not the result of inhnlation of DDT. IVnIii'mIck an' fmjurntly found as lesidui'H ill milk I'lfiin commercial herds at levels higher No previous study measured the degree of response of a eow to a known respiiutocy do*e of DDT, or compared this rcspmisr to the effort ItcM-ivi-d for imlilinttioM Nuveinlsr 10, lfltiS. 1 A'tKiom Aa'lcultnritl K*|oriouiit Htuliuo Tech nical lht|M-r uu. In!i5. ' Thi* Hi/rk s.-*s siippurlod In fmrl hy Otitnl no. K)* <Mni`.'7 o| from the t'.H.lMI.N. nod by it grunt from tin- t'nited llnir.vmco of Arifotin. * I'M'Ht ot niMica-: llcpnrimrMt of Dairy Hri- of comparable exposures by oilier moles "f administration. To ..... . the response clb- rit'iicy of pulmonary exposure. the level of DDT ami its mi'tidsdites was determined in the milk of eows treated at the same dosage bv It intrs- traehcal infusion of p.p'-DDT; 2) ........alary exposure of a eoru nit solution of p.p'-DIVf i core, t'nivciit\ of Ariroim, Tuition. a capsule; M) an aged-residue of teehnieiil-gradc 170 I I ) | * I I 1 { * ] > | t . l , I | | j * ( , HONS 0386X1 Average vulu- Treatment (One-day) Intratracheal RaHii-ieente-al ARed-recidiie Intruvcauua . (Six-dny) Int.-atracIwMl Ruiiicn-cniuHi' Iwtrnvrnuus DDT on alfalfa and 4) an ini p.pM)DT. KiMdiMRtil Bra Holstein cows dairy herd were Table 1 deseriln mats .lyerc fill i to Morrison's -I and prodiiettou. animats were Li Ini individually gv and eonrei giMHl <|uality al was the noniiaf sic baricy-cotti mixture. Tin- hay wn* feeding to aseei Im'Iow 0.1 ppm tieides and that regard. Kvcry week's sample* lor the weekly a from 0.P0:L* to in roughage a 0 0Pei) i,t the Knur route* intravenous, re in pelleted alia' e*w were a**i. to assure an produeiinti. K of milk were !. line lor etleh eow were rout, to delecmilie I -ample* to del ot vonlamimtl' The do*e wo l rKBTK lllB PONTAUIN'ATIOK 371 J. M. WITT , o< A'nm, Twcton f. M. WHITING* ' l Amon#. Temp# I 1*4 t. W. STULL el Anion#. Tucvon '-hi those found in ts tween actual end -Ul'l">'tul. lo vffeci level* of pesticide ipaney In-tween of* jM-iii-Mle in milk i* waT on unmoiiiir lo time of testing mi which tlii> pre* adequate fur this nspirotimi of prati* wn 'n aerial apm>\ .1 drift for imrtinl* fuflleieut inotoHi of forage nil that such air* y provide an wi re significantly re level of the milk. <ol1 he brief ami *igiiillean1 if such ill a more enicienl .rev of all...... Itry ! In- screled in n**ull of mnsump* * Ini'ii wi'll total)- *. Only the an-'l tin* I'ftti't of lion. A study of ' li'`Httni'iii oi tlir HM iKiilllwlion of it..* tin' hum. hut i.ii'iition ot 00T. I the dcgm- of 0 --piralnry l.e i*<<' lo iht- . irni other route* of lt.< .................. -Mi. . II.. l. v. l ..I HOT Mm <1 in Ihi- milk T;f Hlimi'oiiiiy o. ,..p'-DDT 01 Inlioin|jiimli' * | | j j / | I I * l ! * I i TAHLK 1 Averse# value# describing characteristic* of the three experimental eowa on earh treiitioent Treatment Body wt Doily Day# milk Lacta in lacta pro Fat pro tion no. tion duction duction Daily feed Intake Dose of DDT per day Amt of done se creted in milk (One-day) Intratracheal Rumen-capsule lntruvcnou# <*9) <%) <*9) <7<) 808 1.3 881 18.8 8.7 10.43 43.5 1.31 5H7O7* 8.0 1.0 810 805 18.S 12.0 8.4 8.8 14.28 13.05 56.1 65.0 3.83 7.08 644 1.7 817 6.6 3.8 18.13 48.5 6.30 (Six-day) Intratracheal Rumen-capsule lntruvcnou# m 1.8 US 19.7 2.9 18.07 62.8 8.81 601 8.8 810 18.4 8.6 18.65 64.5 3.21 ess 2.7 65 SO.O 2.7 14.08 67.4 32.07 DDT on alfalfa hay which had been pelleted; and 4) on intravrnoua infosion (I.V.) on p,p'*DDT. Exparlmantal Focidui# Holstein cow# from the Univeraily of Arixono dairy herd were used as experimental animals. Tahir 1 describes their characteristics. All ani* niali were fed in a normal manner, according to Morrison's standards (18) loir maintenance ` and production, and in a healthful state. The aniinuls were kept in a single corral hilt were fed individually weighed portion* of both rough* age and concentrate. Jioughago consisted of good-quality alfalfa hay and the concentrate was the normal herd-grain consisting of a ha* sic barley-cottonseed meal-beet pulp-mineral mixture. * The hay was sampled in 18 sections prior to feeding to ascertain that the pestieidu level was below 0.1 ppm of chlorinated hydrocarbon pm* ticidi*N and that the hale* were uniform in tliia regard. Every hale fed was cored and each week's samples composited for analysis. Values for the weekly analyses fur total pesticide ranged from 0.D03T* to 0.041ft ppm (average 0-0223) in roughage and 0.0203 to 0.0042 (average 0.11100) in the eoneriitmte. Four routes of administration (intratracheal, intravenous, rumen capsule, and aged residue in pcllci.il alfalfa) of DDT wen: studied. Three cows were assigned to each route in a manner lo a**iii<- an even distribution according tn proiluctmii. Four to leu prctn*utmcnl samples "I loilk were tuk.-n, to c*lnhlili a uonnnt base* line lor each cow. |tn-.ciinr values for a single cow won- continued throiiglmiit the cx|M`iimcot. to .htcminc the vnti.lily of using only a lew samples lo dclcrmioc I lie slahility of the level of contitmiiiHtioo with lime. Tin' h>sc wns mliiiioistcMil only once to each cow during the first trial. During the second trial, the dose was administered once a day for aix consecutive days. In all cases, the dose was bated ou the weight of feed consumed (which in turn was based on production) and calculated to he equivalent to 4.0 ppm of the feed. The intratracheal infusion was carried out by a technique whereby a 13-gauge. hypodermic needle was inserted into the trachea ami a section of polyethylene tubing, previously loaded with a weighed amount of a p.p'- DDTYrelite mixture, was inserted 1.V25 em into the trachea by way of the 13-gauge needle. A 1011-ml syringe was then used to blow air through the tube and expel the DDT. The tube was later extiwct.il and analyzed for DDT. to determine the net amount of DDT administered. The intravenous infusion was accomplished by dissolving the appropriate amount of p.p'* DDT in a detergent (polyoxyethylene sorhital esters of mix.il fully aeids. AHox" IM-Ift-A) and injecting this solution of DDT directly into the jugular vein. The injection was a.-...... plish.il by inserting a 13-gnuge needle into the jugular vein and feeding a section of polyethylene tubing through the needle. The lulling was connected to an HHpirntinn*ty|H> syringe whieli pulled the solution of DDT from a test tube and rinsed it into the vein. The ruuH-ii-rnpsule method of administration was .iinducl.il by placing an appropriate amount of a solution of p.p'-DDT in corn oil (about f ml of a eoinmrmnl salmi oil previously .innlyr.ed ...id shown to Ik- fn-e of DDT} in a gelatin cnpMite. and the cow induced to swallow Ihc capsiiie. The agiil-rcsidilc-iM-pellctcd-alfalfa method * **#.;*; p.p'-DDT. Wc wish to express oar uppr.vhitimi to Die Ucig,* tin-oiieol .`or(i.o.ilion for ni.ppl,.ing the DDT for this study. SONS 038612 372 3. M. WITT CT At; wax carried out with commercial alfalfa hay which, prior to harvesting, had been subjected to drift from an application of technical-grade DDT to an adjacent crop. This hay wan liar- vented, haled, ground, and pelleted, with thor ough mixing at both the grinding and pelleting stages, to ensure an even distribution of DDT hi the pelleted ration. The pelleted feed con tained |>|nu of DDT. The pelleted feed was substituted for the normal hay ration in au amount which allowed the animala 4.0 ppm DDT for the entire diet. During the month prior to the trials, milk samples were collected at one milking each day for nix day* per week (three morning and three evening milkings) and three contiguous samples veic eomponited to form a single sample for analysis. Two to four days prior to the dotting and for 1 to 2 wk following (before, during, and after a period where tho DDT content of the milk could be expected to change rapidly) the milk was sampled at both daily milkings and caeh sample analysed individually. In all cam**, milk yield was recorded and per cent fat in the milk determined (Babcock method). ... Kxtractinu and clean-up of the milk samples was accomplished by a slight modification of previously published methods (13, 17). Fet'd samples were ground in a Wiley mill with a 2-mm-uienli screen. After thorough mixing, a 23-g aiibsample was extracted in 2S>0 mi of hexane for 15 min in a high-speed omiiimtxer. An ali(|iiot of the extract equivalent to 5 g of feed wan partitioned into acetonitrile from hex* anc, the acetonitrile driven off by evaporation, the sample taken up in pentane, then further purilfed mi a flnrisil column, as with the milk samples. The purilied, or rlrancd-up, samples of milk nr feed were adjusted to an appropriate volume in hexane and analysed by gas chromatography with au electron capture detector. A .Microtek DSS-102 and Acrogruph dfrli-B with K. C. de tector* were used. The column was f>% Dow 11 precipitated horn ethylaietate on double (11.7 \ lit I) washed W/SlI-mesh rhmmuxorh W. The column* well1 .'I-iniii by lOM-ttm pyrex glass. Currier g* was nitrogen pasMil through a mohsular sieve at u How rate of III nd/miuiiie. The operatiiig temperatures were: inject ion poll, I v*i t '; eolmiiii, 17" t *; detector. ltlfi f. 'I lie sample injected for detection represented <>.`i to <i.o mg of initial milk fat, or 4 to 7 mg of in it in I Iced. I he furl that the three footpounds detected (DDT, DDU, DDI'i) were pn-setit in amounts dllleii'ot Iriot, i hi Ii other hy a fnetor of lit, and that the level- of DDT and DDD in the milk g a i!i: u i a 1i!i H a 3a 1 a u S ifa aa J taa l a3 ua 2S a 1is s a ' *S ! : e> 1--'s.-Sj ;;! oeod8deo 23SS nOd oM vOo' ~3 aa a 3 Ma a tao wu I2 s a sS aa a fa Iu a mf jK a *a- i6 3 a d e> O3 O Sdo3 d3o dned ovs>ndo 'S3do Ce>i ddo vetdeed a *" i U1 L te < % 5t !l S.i ooS8oSoi oe m9t nnSi _Jt S' j II 5 1 ilk i ek- slits iski s 3f Is 3! a if I3 a 3| "* 2 & S381 e do SS5 af 82 SSS * 2$ is. Sf.3 3* ? x 252 fat of control at (tMHrd ppm in l tative analysis ib very low levels ol Mtmnl-i wen* nest htanks, which al* | . lilt. TIi. |Kf- I flirse low level* \ &.'> '><; ; and IMM enco ill concent ru and consequent d ' teetor amplifies! c when the prmlio-l the column (ret' i)DD, 7.0 min: l> the errt*r, as exp Careful control o required to prev. DDD ami DDK Microtek instrui were u*ed in the , (glass liner* wet i graph iiistnimen 1 prevent this deg .. . install a specia (which preclude' system normalU reduce the degr. UKr of the an also reduced the tueeraseil tlu* vs 1 Results and Disc I Average re*)*' | tlie four type* 1 tvpes of six.ds' ' Table .1. The . each of the *ev | ores 1 through 7 1 values obtained i each trial, ev*q Treitlm , < v,,, .1 1 otnil o* ti. ttumni :<(l(Mm. o |N Iiilrtti:..'In Kton. il :t|l1r:tftnut' MONS 03861.3 rv 31 i s ef u 1- : O *. . i 1 e 6 31 ss u. ' 5s2 3e e * | e> o *i m k( iI i : 8SS % ill z i r. e. V] esd k1 i;f,s s: * at H ~' s' a a t tR| tt : it ~ `I' x s ai 1 Z5 Js PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION 373 fit of control animals were near 0.05 p|>m ((l.VU'i ppm in whole milk), inado the quanti tative analysis difllcult. Jtcaponsea from the wry low levels of these products in the control mimaU wen* near I Iiomc obtained from reagent lilaiika, wiiivli aim) made accurate analysis dilll* ruit. Tin* per rent recuverie* of standard* at tli'W low levels were: DDT, 100%; ODD, fi,V3ft; and DDK, 77.5%. The tenfold differ* nice in concentration of the product* detected, and consequent difllculty in adjustment of dclvlr amplification in order to remain on scale when the products are not widely separated on the column (retention time DDT, 8.5 min; IM)D, 7.0 min; DDK, 5.25 min), contributed to tin1 error, as expressed in the recovery values. Careful control of the operating conditions was required to prevent the breakdown of DDT to HDD and DDK in tho injection block of the Microtek instrument. Although glass liners acre used in the injection block of the Microtek (glaHH liners were not necessary in the Aero* graph instrument), (hey were not sufficient to prevent (his degradation. It was necessary to iiiidall a special on-column injection system (which precluded (he use of the dual 'column system normally available in the instrument) to reduce the degradation of DDT to less than 10ft of the amount injected. This difficulty ilsu reduced the lower limit of sensitivity and increased the variance of the results. fttiuhi and Dlieuistsa Average response* of the eows as a result of the four types of one-day exposures and three types of six-day 1`xposurc* are summarised in Table 3. The dosc/rcsponse relationships for rich of the seven exposures are shown in Fig ures ) through 7. The figures represent average values obtained front the three cows used in rich trial, except for the one-day rumen-pellet exposure, in which only two vows were averaged because one cow eousumed only 12 lb of the DDT-trcatcd pellet* (equivalent to 2.4 ppm of DDT intake for a normal day's intake). The basic diet of hoy and grain cimtaiiied an averuge of 0.033 ppm of DDT and its metabolic * products. This level of unavoidable contumina- i tion produced a baseline level of pesticide in / Hie milk which was low and quite uniform. The groups used in the ouc-dosc experiment* had average valne* of 0.07 ppm DDT, 0.50 ppm DDK, aud 0.02 ppm DDD. The question of' whether there are idiosyncratic cows which ex crete much greater quantities of pesticide than similarly exposed cows was not settled by this study, but it was noted that two of the cow* consistently responded to the treatment* with a higher level of excretion of pesticide in the milk through several exposure*. Correspond ing values for the animal* in the six-dose ex periments were 0.21 ppm, 0.50 ppm, and 0.05 pptn, respectively. U is of interest to note that in no rase does the amount of pesticide in the basic diet account for the amount found in any of the pretrvatment milk. This apparent anomaly ta based on tho common assumption that (lie approximate 1:1 ratio of pesticide in milk fat aud in feed can be correctly extrapo lated to thie low-level contamination. All four dosing method* prutluced definite accumulation* of DDT or its metabolites in the milk. It wa* not previously known whether there would la* a measurable response from a Mingle low-level iIimc (0.05 to U.10 mg/kg). The intratracheal or respiratory exposure* did not produce a uniquely high accumulation of DDT in the milk. Under conditions of (hi* experi ment pulmonary absorption of posticide, or at least secretion of pesticide in the milk follow ing pulmonary absorption, neenrs at a tower rather than higher rale than either method of TADLK3 Average half-life ridui-x of the lH-*-iti*-bl.' Rapid >litlinr Tn'kInii'M DDT at sturt of decline Time to Imm-linr llulMIfe fOiie-da.vj hitrNf riirltittl Kumi tt -ii|niiIc ItllHIl'M'JM'lh'lH 1ilri,v.-n.m (tpm) 0.8 o.fl I.S3 0.0 (day) 7.0 0.0 4.3 (day) 2.1 1.0 2.2 o.& (Kii-dur) l(<l.la>'.i rnpoola* lit,vvmmih <IHlT) 1.7 0.0 T.H in 1.3 4.3 It. iitiilt. fi.l Hlow dcHin. DDT at * slurl of Time to ileeMtie Imm'lirii- IlnlMifc (ppm) (day) 0.5 IN 0.7 ; 24 0.3 21 23 X.tt HONS 03861'* 374 9. *. WITT BT AU I ftonn e* a3 1 C e. j ? s. ,,,,, \ i Vld. 4. Klmuigv HONS 0386X5 1. |MI Mlll'tllMttl M tHMItMIM jr of DDT. ( PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION' 375 MONS 038616 ). M. WITT IT XL, Flo. 7. Storiifv MQNS liini-.itaiA ailiniiii^li of DDT ttiil il' mi <lminjr (lie | I'rioil < llo> wn.4 i*.7 ilnx1 n> llti' niim-ii-m ri*K|w*-tiv*ly. Tin* *ix-<lni' intnif ih-nh nn*\itmnn . |miihv iiimlmint liy I* rfpiiHiiii1 \ Itl.'l ]>pin i |i|Mitl. Tlii- ri'tMVM-t for t!i' mmiiw ratio ii: i**|minimv. TIm*** *i\ Im1 hi *.i mitv, Ihinii-r llir ** whim* tin* If t*tMM|iiiriiiH"* Ini iHfinrc hiv miIhI. it ItMirptiiMt ul DDT ' fall'll nn* iilumt Inin of DDT from hii oil * lm aUi Ih`i'11 iiIm'Ivi itii'tvnM'il ii)i<M-|*ti<>ii ri'niilui1 mi nII'hIIh ni.t time |W tl tin* .i|, \Mi.tlii-r l Jii'mlur ul iiilmiiii'ti v mi nrrti t'iili* mi In tin- u'liim i i' hinnlni mliinmt h sinnlnr In mi iijr.l lln- holnl mu nt in'. : 038617 1'KhTIIMMK roNTA 111 NATION Ur af DDT. (. |M -F Dill. Flo. 7. Slomge of DDT in milk fot In rcipomtc to lx dally intmvenoui dooea of DDT. aUmrnlary administration. The concentration of DDT ami its metabolites in the milk fat during tlu- fpriud of maximum response to Hi** 1okv(n) was 0.74 ppm for (lie intratra cheal single dose and 0.87 and 1.84 ppm for llir single rumt'ii-capaular and aged-residua, respectively. Tin* six-dose intratracheal exposure produced a mean maximum response, 03% of the re* spoiisi' produced hy the *ixdow rumm-capsular exposure (1.63 ppm in the milk fat versus 1.75 ppm). This represents an inerease from 85% for the same ratio in response to the one-dose exjmsuiv. These six-dose exposure* ooulil not Is- roinpan'd to a six-dose rumen-pellet cxjm>sure, Is-eause tile rows Were unwilling to euii* Kume the aged-residue for the entire six days. If rum\inrt*iitiH hmmtl solely on a sm/rle ex|sitMe are vuliil, it may In* eoneluded that absorption of Dl)T from agixl residues on ah I nit u ii iv alsiut twice as elllrient as absorption of DDT from uu nil solution. This pheuoinemni lias aNo Ins'll observed by Kly et at. (6). The itiemiscd absorption of DDT from an aged* residue on aJfaJIa may he due In a lunger rumen ........ for the alfalfa as compared to tin' oil. Whether tin' common experimental pi art ire nf administering a dose of iHseetieide b> |ii|M'lfili|' an iieetnoe solution of the tics'clt* I'ide on to the I'laiu mlmii just pi-ini' In Dvdilig i- 'ioiilur In administration in an oil solution or l` -imilar to uu u^i il-n'silili', depend-, oil whether the "Sitiilion of iic-eeth-idc penetrates the grain and remains in the rumen or whether it u washed from the surface of the grain and passes rapidly from the rumen. This ii|M>rlaut dis tinction cannot be made here and awaits further experimentation. Intravenous administration of DDT wai in- eluded, on the basis that maximum res|>onsr would be observed only after a given dose was first absorbed into the blood. Both the onr-dose and six-dose intravenous exposures produced much larger amounts or DDT (and its metabo lites) in the milk fat than any other method tested. The one-done exposure produced a total of 3.24 ppm of DDT product! a) in the milk fat during the time of maximum res|Ninse anil the Kix-dnse exposure produecd S..V1 ppm. These responses are 162 to 525*7 of those obtained by romparabJe doses by oilier mute* of administration. . Hayes (lit) slab's that intravenous adminis. tratiou of an insecticide may not produce a true maximum response (deulh) iiecaiise. if administered as an emulsion of an oil solution, the oil droplets may lie Mocked from passage hi small capillaries or taken up by phagocytic cells am) the fraction of the dose immediately available for distribution to criticiil I issues is unknown (ns in other routes of nilmim-tratio'i) ami probably smnll. In (In- method of mlmiii* istrnliou used in the present work, info-ion of llDT in solution with an effective emol-ilier Would ilol iiei-essiilily tolm oil droplets. toil the iicllinl piirtiele stye is not known. Whether SUNS 038618 378 i, M. WITT BT AL absorption of llio intravenous dose was restricted due to llio nature of the dispersion at the DDT cannot be determined, but 33% of the intra* venous dose was excreted in the milk in von* trust to only 3 to 5% from other methods of administration. The depletion ralo of the pesticide was uni* form for low-lvvel accumulations, but there were two rates for higher levels of storage and for storage resulting from alt six-day exposures, whether or not they reached high levels (Table 3). After the start of depletion, there was an Initial rapid decline for three to eight days. If this rapid decline did not return the level of contamination to the initial baseline values, it was followed by a slow decline whivh returned to the initial baseline in from 0.5 to more than 90 days. Half-life values for the rapid decline were 0.6 to 4.3 days aud for the alow decline, 38 to 24 days. These two distinctly different dissipation rales suggest a two-compartment storage with different rates of exchange. Per haps there is an immediate ttornge in a site with a rapid depletion potential, and with longer exposure there is storage in a less active site. Loss rates in most previous studies have hot been sufficiently detailed or extensive to permit draJitctuw ot half-life values or to distinguish between rapid and slow decline rates. The most recent previous work (13) presents decline rates of 9 to 11%/wk, equivalent to a half-life of 0 wk, which is in agreement with data presented here. However, Bruce et al. (4) found a half-life of about 300 days for DDT in cowa receiving JOy ppm uf DDT in their feed for 84 days. The method of administration employed by Hrarc et al. (4) sei'iioi to Ik* similar to that employed by I-ain'ti et al. (13). Level of dose admin istered and length of time of administration werr aim* similar. Hrnee et at. (4) used row* of the Shorthorn breed rather than Holstein or Jersey, hut it is difficult to see that this factor should cause such a difference in retention of DDT. Parlors which affect the length of time of retention of pi*stieide by cow* must he lie* fined, if rate of decline studies arc to contribute lo dectMotis by producers a* to whether to retain or cull roittMiimmlcd animnl*. Tin- per rent of the dose of imu-rtieide *'- cri'ied in tin' milk may help to understand varia tions in cute of loss. Xwcig ( aI. (2>t) reported finding about <1.3 to 2.2';. of the dose in the milk mid l.sbin el. al. (Id) calculated that 3.11% of Ibc dose wav excreted in the milk and that an additional It to lip; was excreted in Hie urine, tlllirr Workers have Wen cited (It) as recovering ft to 30% of the dose of DDT in the milk. In the present work, the amount of the administered DDT which could ba accounted for in the milk varied from 0.78% in one of the intratracheal oue-dose experiments to 32.2% of the dose, in one of the intravenous six-dose experiments. Thu per cent of the dose recovered in the milk docs not seem to be correlated with milk production, lactation number, stage of lactation, or weight of the cow*, there is, of course, a correlation of the per cent recovery with level of residue in the milk and length of time the decline can he followed. This work has shown for the Ant time that various routes of administration of the DDT change the ratio of the metabolic products of DDT detected in the milk. Studies on the ac cumulation of DDT in milk conducted by total chloride analysis (1, 2A), and studies using alcoholic hydrolysis as a clean-up step prior to detection by electron capture gas chromatog raphy (13), would not have distinguished be tween DDT and DDK. Studies using the Srberbtrr-llalJcr colorimetric analysis (23, 2$) could nol have identified 1)DD, hut could have distinguished the presence of DDE had a full spectral analysis been conducted. All of these aud other early studies reported their result* in terms of DDT. William* et al. (24) analyxed milk samples from feeding experiments hv gas chromatography methods which distin* guhdtcd between DDT, DDK, and 1)1)1), Iwt the levels involved were so low that the data were not presented. Intratracheal admiuistra* tion of DDT increase* the amount of DDT :ti milk, hut increases in level of DDK and DDD arc not significant. Alimentary administration of DDT in enni oil solution increases the amount of Imtli DDD and DDT in the milk. During six-dose exposure, the miitcm-c in the amount of l)l)t) was greater than the inerca-e in DDT. Administration of the d.*c of DDT as an aged residue in alfnlfa pellets im-rea-e* the level in the milk of boHi DDK and l>IH> a* well as unchanged 1)I)T. The increase in DDK exceeded the increase in the other products. Intravenous administration of DDT produml a large increase in the level of DDT in the milk and slight increase* in the level of DDK mid DDD as a result of the our-dose experiment*. hut proditeed significant inerenses in the DDK ami DDD levels during the *ix-dt*e expertiwvik Jl m apparent that d**r* of DDT dministered by way of the rumen--and subject lo mclaldiiii by the rumen tlorn -- are ttielaltnIi/.*s| to a much greater extent Hum d<ces which bypass the rioneii. The ipu-slion a* to wbetlo-r Him Miitt' -as distinct from her symbiotic Horn is capable of proiim iog DDK or DDD mnv have ' I * J f ' i ( * J * I | ' , i , j I [ ) j j j I j [ j J , ( . been answrrrministration significant an be formed. ' formed Iron* did not Hml ' taut to note raphy of sou> of large am difficult aud tion conditio cleanliness. the amount canned by tl graph, woub DDD by tli. the milk fat The exfci DDD by al lent with H which show from DDT. which reveal by rumen I also showed to DDK by level of DD DDT in tin luck of thi* ministered plain. I'rrh in the ninici when dosed a longer a< tional trail of nentieide 2. 27) Iih' ernble IHff in milk. T) to DDK ba by metals*! term stu-li. tlmugb ho*'.' max effect A<knawladf Tile imiII sislunce of kdirM(f* Ml Alien. tliol TU Kit. > of.!-. SONS 0id619 I J. J PEUTICIDB CONTAMINATION 37<) tllf SHIMIIIII *l <>. IVUllI Im> S' ""Ml U-i HI U.TH'I .......... . iwriiiii'iil* I" *.*. . iiilmvi-HHii* ' < >( |be d<**` ... ......... In- rntr.'loh-l 11 t rvx: : - w. *4 tu-:.'|i t-left prior to gn rhmmatufdistinguished be* udif* ' ui*ii>tr the kw*tv** (22, 28) i, M >uld have ltDk iiad a full ml. All uf thcne Ini their results rl al. 124) anaj r\|M>riiiM`iilH ly which distiii- ami HUD. hut .w Dial Die data heal iitiiiiiiotra> m*iiiiI *iC IM)T in IMlK a'nl IM)I> y adimuMctlim* i<n imri-ssi--. the lT hi the milk. m>-* in the `.liaii lIn* itu-rcS'C V .1.........1 DDT pi Hi I* IIM'M'II`*'H hr. im(*i ddd u>* n.> *>- in DDK nth. r |iimi)iii-i. ` Mill' |H imIiiitiI MMT in lb* milk til 111 > K ami f\|i rum-id *. i . in 11 DDK m > H|n .......... I HIT ml rt| ai.il * nil |ri t i ** (in !* Il .... alii.li a, a- (> !!I*r t l<.tll>.(l>- ||mIH ' 4 HDD n>s\ lve ..>inil hv the six-dose intravenous ad * .i,..., i| i)DT, during which ainall but , .n,i ainiimitM of these products norm to ,,<. 1'etcrson ft al. (21) found l)l)M , ,,.i ti.in DDT in the liver of the mt, but ! : i..l )>IH) in the ImhIv lol. It in tmpor- i-iui ileiiviinii by irim rlimmatog- 4,,| II ifiim ! l.HM* ill Die | iv-**iu-i` and Olf-Pluvora In Milk. J. Aft. Pood (Vm, 8: 408. (9) nidilulpli, t'., hutciiiiiu, a. Q., Ilrjson, M. J.. Harris, J. H,, Qrcenwood, 1). A., Itinas, W., Monor. M. L.. Harris, h. E.. and Mudscn, L. L. 19.ri0. DDT in Milk mnl Tiaaiica nf rmiry I'mva Pe.| DPTDuateii Alfnlfu liny. Ailvmirea in I'lieni. Her., u. 1. > J'.im-e. '.V .V . i Ink. li. I*. ....... M-or. | lari- a ' , i;fiiiilt am. ea.:* ' ' '* ;.ii miidilmti*. marei.: main.' an.. -fiiilinrw.. In additioii. an error nf u.,V, in 3i* amount of degradation of 1U>T to DDD. t -ai-cd by the injection block of the chromato* graph, would cause an apparent production of DDD by the cow if there were 10 ppm DMT in 1lelfc. ... Apt. >*oo., 'Hell,.. I if.' riots>n., H. V.. ltrs'kuion, II. V.. ...... M.-IU. . R. \f. l(*5(i. Coiitimiitintinn nf Milk from DDT Sprays Applied to Dairy Burnt J. Ecou. Kntomol., 43: 723. (0) Ely, R. E., Moore, L. A., Carter, R. H.. tbe milk fat. Maim, H. !>., and Poos, R. W. 1952. The The extensive transformation of DDT to Kffcft of Dosiigo Level and Vorious Methods DD!> by alimentary adminiKtration ia conais- of Adnipilalrntion on the Conceiitrntion of tent with the work of Kallman ct al. (12), DDT in the Milk. J. Dairy 8ci., 35:2011. which allowed that microorgaiiiama form DDI) (7) Gannon, N., anil l>crkrr, O. C. 1PDU. The from DDT, and the work of Miskus et al. (16), which revealed transformation of DDT to DDD Excretion of Dichtrin, DDT, him] Heptachlor E)K>xitlc in Milk of Dairy Cow* Pctl oa Pastures Treiitcd with Diehlrin, DDT, 1 by rumen fluid. However, both them* studies and Hcplachlor. J. Eron. Kntuinol., 53: 411. also allowed (hat theft waa ho'transformation ` (8) Gannon; X., Link, K. P., and Decker, G. C. to DDK by microorganisms. An increase in the 1959. InncrOcidr Rcsidura in the Milk of level of DDK as a result of duiinistrntinii of Dairy Cows Fed InncrUmtes in Thvtr Dully DDT in the form of an aged residue, and the lack of this metabolic step when DDT is ad* ministered in oil solution, an* diflleult to ex plain. Perhaps a longer exjwisiire of the DDT in the'rumen when administered on alfalfa than when dosed by means of an oil solution permits nation. 3. Agr. Pood Chcni., 7: 829. (9) Gyrisco, G. G., Norton, It., Trimlierger, 0. W,, Holland, n. P., McKnemey, P. J., mid Mtika. A. A. 1959. Effects of Pceding Low levels of KvuMni'i on Hay to Duiry ('little on Flavor mul licnidu** in Milk. ,1. Agr. Food Chcni., ":7*7. i longer artion by rumen flora ami an addi (19) Hayes, W. .1. 19U5. Review of the Metalui. tional transformation of the DDT. Surveys I Ism of Chlorinated Ifydro-Carlsni lmw*cti. uf peHtieittea of milk in the United Statist (11, !Kl, 27) have revealed the prenetiee of consul- ruble DDK in relation to the amount of DDT in milk. This extensive transformation of DDT to DDK has hern presumed to he neemiiplished by metulttdie systems of the enw. These abort, leini stmlies do not support this liy|m|liesis, vide* KsperinMy In Mnminats. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol., 5: 37. (11) Jlcliieninn, 11. K. O., mid Miller, C. tl. 1 !>*>), Pesticide Residues unit the Dairy ImluHry. J. Dairy tici., 44: 1775. (12) Kidlinau, 1). J., mid Andrews, A. K. 19*t:i. Redarlive Ilechlorhiutli.il of HUT to |H>!> by Yeast. Mricm-c, 141: I*C>H. liiotigb Imigerleriii ex)Msiire and depletion times (13) l.l.i*M. It. C., Archer, T. K.. Crosl.v, 1>. 11.. may eflWt such a change. and Peoples, 8. A. ltMi.%. l.uclaiioiial Out* pat nf DDT Fed Prepnrtiuii to hairv Cal Hr. | AcknewMdfmcn* J. Dairy Kcl., 48: 7**1. (14) Murlli, K. H. 19*12. Chlorinated Hydro- Tlx- initliiirs umli'fiill)4 acknowledge the mi* rarimiis Di.pasiteil in Itiologii-ot Mnterinl. i*lii*n-e of Hi,* |nlr Mrs. Nancy lnrd. II. Anhanl and Animal Products. .1. Milk Pood Tcctimrl., 25: 72. (15) Mills, I*. A. DC.!*. ....................tad 84-mi. < I, All. ii, N. N,, l.iirily, II- A., mill Wltsnii, II. F. I IIMii. The Fffi-ct of Ingi-ation of DDT tipun I Unity (Ws J. Dairy Krl., ill: f.) Uni hr. C. A.. U.vriiii, li. <>.. Port in. K. V. II T11iimMliIvi-ihKIii.'ifii, lKi.. \NVV,,.,lo|o,iI,,kI,t,.|Il.uii.I, FIto. xP,. PH. *I0Ii.i., litliiO of P.i'.li.iK |s.w la-v.'U of lli'iiturl.tur K|.i.\i.b` to Dhiiv t'mva of UrM.hioa |taolilative Kslinmtion of Chloriiiuh-d Or. giittie IVsticiih' Itesoloes in Pim,| l.y P.ifH-r i |ni>H<!ihu*i'o|ihy. J. A.O.A.C , 42: 7^*4. (Id) Misims, R. p.. Illuir, D. |*,, amt Ca-i.la. .1. K. Iim.'i. *`oii\crsioit of DOT to DI>D l.y Ho- vim- Rioiu-ii Fluid, l.ake Wider, mi.I I.V.Iuci-il porpb* i in-.. ,1. .\|r. F.H..I rtua... |.l: 4%l. (17) Mollil, II. ,\. Ittii.t, Itoi.lm- \H:d>.is in the llaiiy Imliistn. h, Anal.4ti.-al f,,r SONS 038620 ( I ( : r, . i. v' i . | _i i , i ` ( 3, M. WITT BT AL Pm(iliWii, Plant Growth Rogulators, and Food Additives. Vo). 1, p. MS. O. Zwrlg, ed. (IB) Morrison, F. II. 1050. Feeds and Feeding. 22nl vd. Morrison Publishing i'ompuv.y, lllmra, New York. (19) Off, L. W., und Mult, L. O. 1943. The Effects af DDT Ailiiiliiltlcn'i] Orally tu Cows, Horses, uml Sheep. J. Eton. Entoinol., SR: 428. (20) Paul, C\, und Merrill, M. II. 1903. Pesticide Uhvmlralu DDT, ODD, DDK In Fluid Milk Product* Resulting from Cummoii Un In Pent Control on Man)- Agricultural Crops. ' Petition to tlie Food and Drug Administra tion, March 1. - (SI) Peterman. J. R., and Robinson, W. II. 1904. Metabolic Products of p,p'-DI>T In the Hat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 0: 321. (32) Shepherd, J. B., Moore, L. A., Curler, K. H., and Toos, F. W. 1949. The Effect of Feed ing Alfulfu Hay Containing DDT Kcalduo on the DDT Content of Cow's Milk. J. Dairy Bel., 32: 649. (23) Smith, Buy Mo-kins, W. M., ami Fullmer, O. H. 1948. Secretion of DDT In Milk of Dairy (!u>v Fed I.ow Residue Alfulfu Hay. J. Keoti. Knloinol., 41:769. (24) WlllimuH, Mills, V. A., and MrDnwvH, II. K. 1994. Residue* In Milk of Uuw* Fed Huttons Uontiihiing U:r UoMrcntriitiwus of Five Chlurinuled IlydroearlMm Pesticides. J.A.O.A.C., 47: 1124. (S3) Wtngo, C. W., ami CrUlcc, O. 6. 1948. Effect of DDT oil Duin t'nltle and Milk. J. Ecoii. Kntomol., 41: 103. (20) Will, J. M., und Qerhardt, P. D. IOCS. CoiHpurlaon of Pesticide Drift Resulting from Aerial Dust and Spruy Application. Unpublished dutu. (27) Witt. J. M-. Wliitlng. F. M., Brown. W. II., and Stull, J. \V. 1905. Ktiideiniolugy of DDT oil Dairy Farms. Unpublished dais. (29) Zwcig, Q., 8mllh, L. M., People*, 8. A., and Cox, H. 1901. DDT Residue* in Milk from Dairy Cow* Fed Law Levels of DDT In Their Dully Nations. J. Agr. Food Chcui., 9: 481. I I Effect of ! of Milk of Short-aet iii}. Idtiitfr lloMei in milk pmdm Itttl IiIimhI glm the perrentatr* protein. The age of the tub during the in to the preti caused a dm alight iucrra-c no change in liifusion of gl lions restored levels amt r ceiitngc to rct The milk fat i during the gh milk tat ami \< aiitiii Instinct lirely by a de HONS 0336^1 l Iiistilin is km* f on the level of l h lion in dairy m f that tin- laliitg in milk prodm-li I centng4> of the in an increase in tl> J intensified |hee { thin to one Mere those of la-iitej. | eonlent of the n insulin ititi* two 1 I and fouml it (> and lueto'e peli , |*rn*iitnm> of u | seiu. Kronleld inject inn* htWetK j Inlraveinoi'* | iu-ttl) restored I author* eoMellid' duel toll pH* n > Hot nl the io-ul't *t tin* noil, w* t It Ini* Ihtii 'l ( lllllii l ' the Mm | lllto lM>hi<ei| l ,'i i . U.een,.t I-ST0 (tlPl) DDT Contamination in Milk Following a Single Feeding Exposure D. O. CROSBT. T. I. ARCHER, and R. C. LAIEkj Agricultural Toxicology Laboratory and Department of Animal Hutbw*! Dote (1909) Sample Univarsity of California. Do 4/10-4/20 P+A) * age, In her eighth month of lactation, an ^ 4/20-4/30 P + A J Abstract 4/30 P' Feeding a single large dose (about 14 ntg/kg) of J,l,l-trehloro*2,2*bis(4'-ohlropbcnyl)ethane (DDT) to dairy eowa weighed 694.2 kg. No. 154 received a sin?!-' dose of 8.5 g DDT (13.5 tng/kg body wcigbi1 and uo. 155 received 8.9 g (15.0 mgAg). D#r 6/1 6/1 0/2 8/2 A P A P caused a very large but transient increase tng the sampling period, the cows were fed ( 6/3 A in blood and milk levels of tbe insecticide. After 8 wk, milk fat levels had docliiicd to a near-plateau of about 6 ppm, and the proximatcly IS kg of alfalfa hay (0.1 pp DDT) and 7 kg of grain ration (0.05 pp DDT) per day. j 5/3 6/4 0/7 6/10 P A P A 4- P total time required for attainment of a 2.5-ppm level was calculated to be at least 16 wk. Sampling. The eowa were milked dry tsv daily (4:15 ah and 2:15 pm), and a two-d* (four-milking) composite was taken imuwd ately prior to DDT treatment. Subsequently 6/1S 6/17 8/10 6/20 0/2 A+P A+P A+P A+P A+P Numerous studies have been made of the transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides from the feed into the milk of dairy cows. samples from each milking were taken for fi> days, followed by am-pm composite ssiiifil taken on the dates indicated in Table 1. Mil 0/0 A + P * Total Isomers of D * a s 4! 18 am: P *: Such experiments generally have involved the samples were held at 4 C until analysis, warn* feeding of known, relatively low innecticide to 40 C, thoroughly mixed, and divided f< * DDT fed immediate C levels over periods of weeks or mouths, ac butterfat analysis (Babcock test) and DP' companied by the . determination of milk analysis. . . .. residues (3, 4). We recently reported (2) the effects of feed ing high levels of DDT [1,1, l-tricbloro-2,2-bis (4'-ehluruphcnyl)cthanc) to dry cows on Die A blood sample was drawn from the jugal* vein shortly before administration of the DPI heparinized, and held at 4 C until nnaly-iSubsequent blood samples, taken at 0:30 . subsequent contamination of their milk. Even on the dates shown in Table 2, were hwiMlI* after a 30-duy withdrawal from tho insecticide in the same way. prior to calving, the milk fat DDT levol of .-lNti/yxis. The samples were analyzed hv tl cows which hud received 300 ppm in their diet elcctron-capture gas chromatographic jir*- was found to he roughly 200 ppm 1 wk after ccdnre dcwrilied by Crosby and Archer (1 motet of hictution, and to avvrago 6.3 ppm Separate values for the chlorinated hydrin* after 37 wk. bon constituents were tolniled and rrpre** The iiImivc cxjieriiucnl* were carried out from thc Mini of DDT isomers, DDE [1,1-didder a range-linding vicwjmint and with the reAliKa- 2,2-hiM(4Vldorophvnyl)(>lliyIene) isomers, >' timi tlnit continued ingestion of such high levels TDK | l,l-diehlro-2,2-bis(4'-cldoroplienyl)i-H of iiiMi'lieiile would he highly improlmhlt-. How aim) isomers. ever, single incidents of accidental high-level exposure may lie expected as long as such Remits sod Discussion pesticide* inti applied to crops. Consequently, Detailed results of the experiment arc * tin! present investigation was aimed at cvuluu- piled iu Tuhl*s 1 uiid 2, mid the gross trends tion of (he milk fat residues of DDT following a single oriit dose of the insecticide. milk fut levels of DDT is shown in Figure 1 Rampling of milk and Idood in the preheaton-: period established a DDT baseline for -* Milolili end Mclhtdi cow; in addition, tlm nieiiii levels of Hie .1 inwoif failinn, Technical-grade DDT (77r,'i. p, p'-isonier) wus dissolved in acetone and thor oughly mixed with appraxioiulcly 10 lb of grain rut ion immediately prior to feeding. Two Hol Mwlii-ide in the feed and milk flit of Inc Nmil's Indore him! uflcr lids cxiH'iiomil *' shown iu Tithle 3. Tluw tlginvs indicate t! liaekgnMiiol levels of DDT on the piemiM-. ' stein cows were treated: No. l.r>l wus ill months of nge, in her eighth month of lueluthoi, uml wi-iulied t;:m.., kg; no. ||V whs :t:l month* nt' it is uppiireal that the DDT levels in both 1 blond nod the milk nonoaHy sere low. At the lime of ndmini'fermt' llie oral wf iiiscctieide, milk nod blood Dill' Icivl- e Ihfitnl for |iiiMii'itiim July '-H, Itllili. ninined nuelmngeil. During the next II' SONS 03S6H  L AtCHtft, 0*d * C. LABKN rMrimtni el Animil Husbandry Univcaity Ol Clilni, 0i I, month of loctotion, ond So. IM received * tingb r (1:13 mg/kg body weight) rd R.0 g 0^ 0 mgAg>* Dm* triod, ttie cowo were fed op* ff ef otfulfo hoy (0.1 j>p*h of groin ration (0.05 ppm tow* were milked dry twi<* ni tfrt3 m), ond o two-diy ,,,,po*.ile woo token immedi* 1)T treatment. Bulm'quenUy. h milking were token for IWe ,y asi.i>u eompooite oomph* 4 indieoted in ToWc 1* MM I at 4 C until onolyoio, wormed Mg' lxd, otid divided for f, ..truck loot) nd DDT e woo drown from the jugulor rr uliiiliiikirMion of tlic DDT, held ol 4 C until onolynta 1 MUiples taken ol 9;30 aU .wn ill Tohle 2, were hondled ! Mmttlf* were molyxed by the go* fbrumotographic P1*0' I by Crnoby ond Areher (I) , fur the ehlorinoted hydroeor* , rru loUlled ond rupraodit T tanner*, DDK (1,1-dicMwiw iien>l)elhylene) tanner*, ond (Mrw*i,-*W(4?i,hlr|d*i>>,l)t,lk* itoo I|. <i| the experiment ore emit* ) If, nml the grow* trend m of DDT ta *hnwn in Figure 1 !k oml blond in Die pret reutmenl l,,,| m DDT liH*eliiM? tor emit Hi, the toi-Oll level* of thi* < tii'il nod mith tut of herd' ml Iter Dio, ex peri.... .. on* it. Thee ltyur'i imlientn the eU of DDT on the peemta**, 0d Dm' 4,'e |DT level* ill liotll ttlC mil irttmlly were low. *f odmiiii'lering Dm* or*I ilo*r milk oml IiIihmI DDT level* re* iigiil. During Do* next I4*hr pj>T JS MILK TADl/E 3 41 MQNS 036623 CROSBY. ARCHBR. AND LAUBN 4> TABUS ` Whole blood level* of DDT* Dete Hr after Cow 164 Cow 16S (1966) eipoeuro DDT DDT S/16 5/19 6/26 6/2 ipph)---- -8 ll.B 7.8 16.6 29.0 17 75.4 69.0 41 28.1 16.2 66 14.9 16.0 BOS 7.8 400 6.9 448 6.6 616 14.6 784 8.4 He required for milk fat DDT levels to rt* 2.6 ppm, and 20 wk would result In 1.26 p| according to the equation derived from tf slope of the regression curve (2): _ 2.303 -- In (ppm) Consistent with our past expcrieuce, bioDDT levels below 2 ppb indicate that the wi fat will contain less than 2 ppm total III* and related chlorinated hydrocarbons. He* ever, both blood and milk data from sinf samplings are subject to violent fluetuatim. presently unexplained, which make a prni- ToUl foomsrs of DDT, TDE. and DDE. mathciuaticai correlation highly improbable. Our data show dearly that a dairy cow v become severely contaminated fay a single l*r. period, however, (be DDT level suddenly ap dose of DDT. The rate of decline folkrve proached it* maximum value and at an unde the single exposure is no slow that serious r termined time during the neat 12 hr (dashed onomic loss would result before milk DDT < line of Figure 1) peaked at over 300 ppm. dined to an acceptable level. Although insBlood DDT increased sharply within (he drst timi of the amount of insecticide employed 2 hr after feeding, then paralleled the milk this experiment (roughly 360 ppm in the fo> values. The levels diminished rapidly after the may not be commonplace, it is to le expedpeak, then continued to decline asymptotically. thnt similar levels encountered in the ink After 3 wk, a near-plateau was established ami tional feeding of certain agricultural bypnthe trial was terminated after.0 wk; iiq attempt ' `W-tsUMbe accidental exposure to freshly *ptsjwas mado to extend the feed-off period to the crops will lead to milk insecticide levels )N)it where milk fat DDT and rrhited com* arc, practically, of equal consequence. pounds reached the presently enfom-d 2.5 ppm applicable in this instance, but it was obvious that an extended period would be required. Analysis of the data obtained between May 10 and June 0 indicated that, as in our pre Acknowledgment Wc grntefntly acknowledge the assistance Charles Slier* with tho milk blood sampl' Kngcnp IVkilt-bcad snd James 8tokc with I vious experiment* (2, 3), the rate of decline oratory analyses, and the Department af f* stabilised at approximately 10% per week. At Science and Technology for Babcock nnstj- this rale, at least 13 wk on the plateau would Tilts work was supported in part by special' oenrrh funds from tt> Director, California Ac cultural Experiment Staticn. TABU! 8 Milk fat and feed background DDT* * DDT level Prc- Post- xperl- espcrl- Treat- Prior men! nient (,'ow wriil feed* milk fut* milk fat* 164 Trrulod 0.09 166 163 Tri'uli'd llntri-titt-d 0.t4 0.1*9 Kit Untreated <UU HllIi'*.' I'ldrewled tint rented 0.73 U.2H 0.31 0.36 0.27 o.:i2 0..7:m 6.40 6.70 0.44 0.37 (M2 o.:m Twin! iMimcrit of DDT, TDE, and DDE. * li-wl ft*r prior 20 wk. * <\.iM|H,siic (H inilkiiiK) amople for wwk end- b.K 4/17/US. * N;..of 0/9/66. Jteferenres (1) Crowby, P. O., and Archer, T. E. I9W. Jbifild Aunlyticnl Method fur Peri-' IVaDt-idco in l'mlvtiimvini* SniHplt-s. 1* Environ. Cnntutn, Toxlrol., 1:10. (2) 1-nU-n, H. C., Arrln r. T. E., Crosby, l>. Ot l'cupli'S, 8. A. IthlS. Lnvtntioiml Oul|*: DDT IVd I'ri'imrtum to Dairy t'aMlr. Dnvin. .1. Dairy M.I., 4H: 7u|. (3) Idibt'H, It. t!,, Ar^fx-r, T. K, (Viwti,*, I* Mild I'mqdca, H. A. UMid. Milk rnd.w tiun From Dm Uivrl* nf DDT is* >' ItnlinnH. 4. Dairy K.I., 49: 14X9. (4) Willlnnw, N.. Mill*, I*. A., mid Mel*-- 14. I1.*. I(Hi I, in Milk of ('*-1 Itiiliun* remaining t**w rom--nirati>*'' J-'ire Chl'it inn led II vdrorni Into ,1. AnMtr. Oflii-. Agr. fln-mUt*, 47iH-' Effect of Oxytoc Tests and Milk AM Quarter samples fr mlhvtrd from the inr frn-|iiu4 of do vow*, iiiec* in milk comm M-muing tt-rds. lle<*n (!'<.U1) in fat. prut'-lit, mastitis serecnii. Iimiiryir rmimitraiin fiiiitid fu-tween nornn f.ir Inelone |ser cent ' tnt fw lm*U. Ksvc} ltitive rom-lathm* town the normal and alt milk rumjHticul# a ir-l rroetioiia. Ium-vI'mih of oxytoc milking for live wii'x-d O' wigmlU-anl r ltd nd protein |rr m-t'iiltfithMi. of milk tt.t-tri-etnirii( *! *-lihrul(> pvt cent i I* Jill n- a rcill Iti.ji'H ji> if ox it* >n-.->-utive milking* t *. . iu fat |H>r cent "Id in-i-um-d Imth ii. t'-tdual Imi'liuiiK. w n b-m-H'\t' wa* p -I'Utal trartiou. II"- ability .f an \ -idiial milk I rum riiMi|mrnli*i< * 1 r* -ilnal milk in trim ` t l";t-ti|j.sv,rniiMi: I* k'MT tt>* nbtniu MN.vtiH-in inji-i-thm * i ftMfH'tit tir mihl i'd Hint it-, wvthw 1 f'*rv dvliri*. irl: ' ' Dm- mu-c >l Nib ||M. w,.rk ir;"M nit'l Tm-kt-r ' *1 for . ........... ' * Milt' tf- HIM iitl'iril j |oav arisarK V'i, SO. No. I MONS 0386iM ( ......... ....................................... ' ... ( l 1 Comparative Excretion and Retention of DDT Analogs by Dairy Cows '' O. r. FXIES. 6. S. MARROW, nii C. N. WIOO. Anlmsl Husbandry Research Division, US.' BeltsviHe, Maryland 20V Akttratt Three groups of three cowe each were fed 25 mgr of jvp'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, or p,p'~ DDE per day tor $0 days, Concentration* of tho compounds in milk fat approached, but did not reach, equilibrium during: the feeding period. From 40 to 00 days, 25.8% of the p,p'*DDE, 7.6% of the p,p'-DPD, and 5.1% of the p,p'-DDT at p.p'-DDT (2.1%) and p.p'-DDD (3.0%) were ex* ereted in the milk. When the feeding of the compounds ended at 60 days, the de* elioa In milk fat concentrations of all compounds could be described ae the eum of two first-order terms. The initial par tial conccnti^tions of the first term were 0.41, 0.01, end.0.41 with rates of decline of 67, 41, end 91% per day for p,p'DPT, pj'-l)DT), end p,p'-DDE, reapectively. The initial partial concentration! of the aecond term were 0.59, 0.00, and 0.59, with rates of decline of 1.3, 2.6, and 1.3% per day, respectively. ftion of either the material fed or is the ; * I produced. Qeneralir.ing these results ta m. tiona involving DDT residues includes the * | sumption that sit of the analogs are trand--- ' from feed to milk at similar rates, Hast ' there are suggestions (5, 6) that the Whan* | of the compounds are markedly different. T! * } the results of individual studies may W * leading when applied to situations ivnh % environmental eontominalton. The purpose of this study wss to the body retention and the milk cxcrcWn 1 the three environmentally important am' .* , p^y'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p.p'-DDE, whn* * as pure compounds. ` Experimental Procedures Nine cowe similar in production level. *'--r of lactation, and body weight were ratal assigned to three groups of three tv** *' t The cows were fed orcbardgrsss sib?' > i libitum and concentrate. Average daily i- j matter intake during the study was 1" ' ; silage and 7.4 kg eoncentrote. The iutt* 1 laherfucfltn Technical grade DDT contains a number of analog* in addition to tba major component, p*p'-J>DT. The composition of the residue from DDT use may also change In the environment due to reactions such as the dechlorination of p,pM)PT to p,p'-l)DI> and p,p'-DDE. A* a comKM|uencc, these three analogs are usually found in varying quantities in environmental situations involving the DDT contamination of milk. Many UNpevts of the uptake of DDT and relnicd organochlorinc compounds (Dl)T-HOC) front feed* by duiry cows and the subsequent appearaw-v of the compounds in uiiIk_have been studied. Tbc studies have employed tcchlih-ul gradu DDT (4, H, 0), pure js,//-UDT (11, 1*2), or iiviromm*titiilly t-ouluminutcd feed (3, 9, 12). Tftc di-liydroclilorHiation analytical method (4, H, 0), or reporting the residue as the total DllT HOt: (!t, V2), does not allow otto to ttNHi'HN the differences in the reMtdue t-ompo* ftmdvt'd for puPdicutlim June tl, 1940. P4>'-DDT, pfp'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE fm1 " feed* averaged 0.19, 0.05, and 0.07 >*; respectively. The study was conducted for 120 d#v. ing the first 60 days the three groups wfr *' 25 mg/day of either p,p'-DDT, p,p'-IHrtr. , p,pr`DDE. The compounds dissolved in a**' ` f were fed by adding appropriate amount* < * portion of (he concentrate and all"*"'-' ' acetone to evaporate before mixing; >t!< " remaining concentrate. Milk sample* w,,f' ' lec(ct) ns frequently an daily hiiim-ilmt*'1' the beginning and end of compound ini-1''1 ns infrequently as every ten days wWa convciilrntiomt of the compound)* were rvW< ` stable, lludy fat biopsy sumplvs from tie : head area were obtained at 20-dnv i"<`' throughout the windy. Milk samples '/ before Ihe beginning of the study, ** * from other rows fed the Maine diet d"rm* ` f study, to determine background levels. Extraction mid eteanup of nil wimple* performed by (wtuhliiiheil methods it) 1 eeiilmtioiiM of the coiiqHiuiid* wen' di*i,,,: by electron capture gas clivomiitograph* DM>0 i`l determinations oq i -..ilr by the Dahcotk m tsvhs sad Dimmlsii When ji,pM)I)D or \nly conqiound found in ii^tiona above backgroe P,t was fed. Doth p. fh1 present in the in .n fed, hut the concent rlmngc significantly Wrvation agree* witl a which p,//-DDT wa* The general sltupe of riirvc was similar f fig. t, 2, 3). The cm i-nmts inercoscd nip `-'ling. At almut 20 `-.mu to level off, but ` n viiiitiimed to im - feeding period. W drclining at a r.> v Ihrmighout the *t I meb compound w. *' perifHl of intake, il'lirom-hing e*|niltbri days but they ! volibrmm within ft * * iotiikc. The fwilut ''MTntions within fit' Tier* lining pure ji ' h- DDT (ff). 1. Mean I., ih,. ; / /'' DDT. HONS 038625 OPT AMALOOt 1801 Tit determinations on ell milk eemplee wore wide by the Bubcock method. tnsht end DUcimlsu . i C. M. OOftDON K Division, USDA f Maryland 20705 fed nr, In the milk * n*HutU to ituA> eu mrhtdea Die kg are transferred ,*r m(n. Hiwvw, > that the bebnvmni 4ty different. Tim*, :wiiie# may be mi* fsBuatioua involving *. "* When ;/,p'-J)DD or p,p'-DDE wee ted, the only compound found in the milk fat et coneenirulioni above background woe the compound that wi fed. Both p,p'-DDT end p,p'*l)DD *rrt present in the milk fat when p,p'-DDT *i* fed, but Urn conecntration of p,p'-DDE did not change significantly from background. This .Jarrvntion agrees with other work (11, 12) in which pjj'-DDT was used. The general shape of the milk fat concentra tion curve was similar for all of the compound* (Fig. 1, 2, 9). The concentrations of the coinpomrds increased rapidly after the start of heding. At about 20 days the concentration Wgan to level off, but the milk fut eoiieeiitrat lien continued t>o increase slowly throughout 1 the feeding period. While milk fat production dy was to compare t milk weretioii f important aiming*. py.DDK, when fed ( reduction level, stage eight were randomly ief three eowe eerli. bardgrsss silage at Average dully dry study wu 30.5 kg trete. The intake of I jmM>DK from H,r i, end 0.07 ing/ihty. ** declining at a rate of about 0.23% per day throughout the Study, the total excretion f each compound was increasing throughout (be period of intake. The cow* may have been ipproscliing equilibrium in the period after `JO days but they had not reached a true *iuilibrium within a 60-dny period of continu um intuke. The failure to reach maximum eonirntrntiuni within 00 days agrees with other svrkera using pure p,/>'*I)DT (11) or technical grade DDT (9). . MIIK AT POT > too* ut pot . MUR TAT POO > loot TAT OOP I'm. 2. liens concentration of p,p'-DDD In milk fat and body fat of eowe fed p,p'-DDD. The large quantitative differences among the compounds in their excretion into milk, os welt as the variability of individual cows within treatments, are presented in Tuble 1. These values are for the period of 40 to 60 days of the continuous intake. While the cow* were not strictly at equilibrium, the values are probubly a close approximation of this state, especially in tiie case of total amount of compound ex creted daily into milk. #4 for 120 day*. l>rthiw group* were fed u'-imT, iy.i)i>n, r I1 * 4* itiMMilved in <*!' rMpriete amounts (> * rale end allowing the lure mixing with the .\1!k wimpb* were oh Iwilv iouui'flwlriy tt''r f tompMiHfd mlokr i'l ry ten duy* when iu|h<uimU were relative!,*' > sumphw lr<im the <'* h| ut 20.,lay interval* MJk *>iuj>)i'4 were taken f the aIiiWv. u* well s* 'ir Kninr diet during th* .igeMuml level*, sup, all MU|itrH were W.I , th..,U tl|. <*" (MumN were th,tefmin>s' e el)rui)iut<>gru|Oiy t1 * rto. 1. Mean concentration at p,p'.I>T)T and In Itiv milk Cut and ImmIjt fat of rows ffl PJi'-DUT. Kio. S. Mean eonrrntnifinn of p.p'-DPK in the milk fat ami body tut f row* fed . i. Daisy Noisncs Vet.. S3. No. tt MONS 036626 1602 FRIES ET AL. Tails 3. Mean concentration and mean daily excretion of DDT analogs in milk fat from 40 u 60 days of continuous intake. Milk fat concentration Excretion In milk fat Cow 1 2 S Mess 4 6 6 Mean 7 6 9 Ifean Milk fat (kg/d.jr) DDE 0.96 0.97 1.16 1.03 1.01 l.oe 1.07 1.06 -- __ -- __ -- -- -- 1.10 0.79 1.02 0.97 6.76 810 6.41 6.76 DDD . n .. V 0.82 0.72 0.58 0.71 1.69 1.86 1.95 1.80 -- -- -- -- DDT DDE DDT Fed 060 0.62 0.39 060 -- -- -- -- DDD Fed ---- ---- ---- ---- DDE Fed -- 665 -- 6.40 -- 6.56 -- 6.44 DDD . Mt DDT 0.78 0.70 0.65 0.71 1.61 9.02 2.08 1.00 _ -- -- -- 0.6c or. 0/d _ - - The moat important feature of these results is the large difference among the compounds in the milk fat concentration and the total amount excreted into the milk. When p,p'DDT was fed, about 6.1% of the amount con* turned was recovered from the milk as p,p'DDT (2.1%) and its metabolite p,p'DDD (3.0%). In contrast, 7.6% of the p,p'*DDD and 25.8% of the p,p'*DDK were recovered in the milk. The 6.1% value for p,p'-DUT ie within the range of values reported by others (0,12) for DDT-ROC in milk when either pure p,//-J)DT or technical grade DDT was fed. Drawn el el. (3) have noted Unit the ep* parent transfer of DDT-ItOC to milk was greater in their work with environmentally eon* (muitiuted feed than in the work of others with p,p'*DI>T or technical grade DDT added to the diet. While no values are given for the in* dividual compounda present in the feed, it is apparent from the milk eomiKMilion that a significant proportion of the rexidue intake must have been ua p,p'*DDK. Thus, the more cfliiiciit transfer of ;,//-1)DK from the diet to I be milk ih one jmssilde explanation lor the ilifferemcs tti>',v have noted. The )M*M*ibilily of differences in ctHM|HHitiou of the residue in either the feed or the milk iiiuhI he considered when <'oin|Hiring different studies. 'I'lie large differences in the tnimdVr of Iheae com].....min from diet lo milk lots an important practical ioipliention. The Food and Drug Ad* ministration (FDA) tolerance lor DDT and its metabolites in milk is 1.26 uigAg f I fat. With cows similar in physiologirid I nutritional state to ours, an intake of appr* I mately 5 mg/doy of DDR would result in tt 1 i concentrations greater than the FDA talma * J On the other hand, if the sole contaminant *1 ( p,/)'-DDT, an intake five times as grmi 1 j approximately 25 mg/day would net pn-f** | milk concentrations greater than the l`l>A ' trance. In the environment the rexidue not occur as a pure compound hut an a *ii*s " with a eompasition which eould vary de|s*ii<! upon the conditions and the length of (In' . process. Predicting the milk residue h'*'! ' be expected from a given feed would n'l" knowledge not only of the total cmirrnlMt hut alao of the analog distribution f ' ' f DDT-ROC in the feed. A second parameter of importance ** ' ' rate of decline in milk fat couccntratfi. the eompnunds following the end of inliA*' of the compounds were aimihir in the n~'. that tiicy art* nde|iintcly descrihcd bv a ' with two open comportments and a 're rate of introduction. This system is ilheu i Figure -I. oml its major features lane ** ileM-rihed by Hcseigim oml Krgre < M>. " precise boiimloriea mount In* placid ' iiy polbet ieal compart meals, t'oinpartiic '1 would approximate tire nmoool of th- ' pound in |bn ciivuliilory system nod t i locut (lie ammint in the depot lot. ll<r' l\,, is a rero ordei' rote biYiinxe of tbr *"' , intake, wherten t tamed to be first In thia type of excreted h mlake would folk C= here C ia the a* Milo milk on any dcm'ribing the an .May 0, m, and m tone in days folltn i the luiae af th the equation k d* tli i terms of the com |*mi idrd tb pool tsrtmn do not va KriiHl in |ueatim The rnnatnnte HO and are pro hnsml on the f -rm to FDA n*j 1Kinre the d ** small, busing hnvr made a ' I \ ami It are m t.ntl log/kilogr The licimvinrs ' th with respect ' * "<ei,tmtinn and ''ted tn ll,r twi 1f-" tieally identic 'alue for m,( .`"iih time. The ' '** Mai pmjeete' ' ''Nervations urn Ho* errors in r Die behavior l ' Om* Imharinr * ' term of Hie ' d'-r eoutributi' t ' 'dk and the si ' 'ht line |||,m j* 'DDK. The I. ai.g 2. ComhIom ! ll)T aiuilogM. ' pound i i. Imihv HeuNia Vim.. $2, Nw. II SONS 038627 LIVESTOCK INSECTS 1T1 ITS ANIMAL AND MSCCT LIVESTOCK IN-aCTS INSECTICIDE TOLERANCE NtriPiN imdtcaui) MN. DAYS FROJ LAST APPLICATION TO SLAUGHTER FOfWULATION AND STRENGTH 1! AMOUNT OF FOM*ULATON PER ANIMAL UNLESS OTHERWISE MOICATEO WHERE ANO WHEN TO AFWLY SAFETY RESTRICTIONS CATTLE, BEEF Screw-worm (CochllooiTla bomialeorud Coumaphos Roanel Tick* Carbary! COUBApbOS Dloxathlon Lindane Malathloo ROOMl Toapbeae Ear tick (Otoblus ' PaBmapho* acgptet) 1 Best nd 2St 4 most 54 21 -T 1 moat cad ct l T 4 BMCt 3#<S> 40 (dtp) 4 meet 7 54 24 1 matt cad Cat 4 BMCt - $%D Dust wetmds and surround ing area thoroughly. Re peat as necessary. See page 173. WP, 0.25% S, 0.125% dtp EC. 0.25%S EC. 0.5% S Depending oo site of ofbclr Spray wounds thoroughly and wet entire body; re peat after 2 weeks if needed. 2.5% livestock bomb - Spray wound* thoroughly. WP, 0.5% S lqt. Spray thoroughly. Repeat as needed. WP, 0.125% S or itip EC, 0.15% dtp or S Depending oo slss of uimcls sad mount of hair EC or WP, 0.03% dip or S EC orWp,0.S%S 4 - 5%D EC. 0.75% S EC or WP, 0.5% dip or S Immerse. dust, or spray thoroughly. Repeat all treatments after 2-3 weeks If needed. 5% D EC or WP. 0.5% S (low pressure) Lightly Inside ears. Also treat adjacent head area. Repeat as neceaaary. Coudnoed MQNS 0 3 8 8 2 5 Ito Pcs&Mb Safely--fotow tit IsW LIVESTOCK BISECTS in ANIMAL AMO MICCt wsEcncioc TOLERANCE <* A- - * Mfcstodl WN. OavS FRBf LAST APPLICATION roSLAUGHTER POfeSULATlOM ANO STRENGTH AMOUNT OP POfeSULATrON PER ANIMAL UNLESS OTHERWISE OIOICATEO WHERE ANO when to APPLY SAPCTV RESTRICTIONS . 1 i { ; . . ; C Z ^ C W o> a rasj CATTLE, BEEF Ear tick (oon.) Bomml It mart _________ 21 2.5% livestock - SAFETY RESTKIC1 IONS Spray into ear to reach infested areas; repeat If necessary. See below. rimifjhnt. aslsfelou, runnel, and Raeleae may also be applied to dry dairy animals, with the Hmtfetlons Observe precautions an product labels as well as those given here. rrwmsphos. rmmal TThoWumi and tTirhViTfnn ire ijefnmlr InserMrtiVis If you Seed rocaal, da not spray, dip or poor-on rooasl, ooumapfaos, Ruelens, or trtehlozfon. Do not feed rooDsl la more tea one farm. If yon are not feeding mmel and yon % spray, dtp, or por-oe one of tees fear tnsertictdss, do not treat te sane animal ' wtth any of te other ferae. _ Do not apply carberyimore often ten onoe every 4 days. Do notone on dairy animals. Do net treat animals leas tea 3 Booths old wife coomaphoa. Spray inlmala 3-0 months eld lightly. Do not nee wife eynerglaed pyreferlns, aUethrln, or synergist. Do not spray --or apply poor-on for 10 days before or after shipping or weaa- lag, or after exposure to disease. Do not apply in conjunction wife oral dronehae or other aedlcetloce, such a phranthlatino, or wife otter organic phosphates. Do not apply to lactaftng dairy animals. Do net ^ply to dry dairy aaimala within 14 days of freshening. Do not dip overheated animals. Do not reapply dlcaattton sprays within X weeks or pour-on wtthta 30 days. dip calves less than 3 months old. De set treat dairy animals. , Do not Do not treat dairy aalaals wife DDT or teaphmo. iv * -- leas than 3 monte old. i i>i--u . Da not treat calves with dips or sprays containing mere tea 0.03% lindane. Do not dip, spray, or dost calves leas ten 3 Booths old with lindane. Do not ase on emaci- ated or animals. Do not uso malathton on calves less than one mouth old. Do aot treat Uctsdng dairy animals; do' not treat dry dairy animals within 14 days cf freshening. Do not use back rubbers on dairy animals. . Do not feed monel to sick or stressed animals. Do aot feed 0.6% roaoel to lactatfag dairy aaimala, or to dry dairy animals within 60 days of freshenbig; or 0.26% la feed within 28 days or S.5% la block or grannies within 21 days of freshening. Do not use roanel spray, back rubbers, or dust on lactatlng dairy animals; do not use n dry dairy m|mI within 21 days of freshening. Do not reapply spray* within 2 weeks. Do not applyto receiving organic phosphate treatment from anyother source. Do not apply Rueieae to lactatlng dairy animals. Do not apply to dry dairy animals within 28 daysof freshening. Do not ess Ruslans poor-on made from EC la extremely hot or hmiM weather; dermatitis may result. Do not apply more often than every 28 days. Do not nsetrichiorfou an dairy mimaU. Do aot treat animals less than 3 months old, sick, convalescent, or stressed animals. Do not treat 10 days before or after shiplag* warning* or after exposure to contagious diseases. Do not apply la conjunction wife oral drenches, other infernal medications, or oter organic phosphate*. in LIVESTOCK OQEC. SHIhUH. AMO INSECT , MSECTlCIOC tolcmamce >* iSwifn k*He< mm. Oats fno* Cast APPLICATION ro scaucmte* FOMULATION ANO STMCM6TN AMOUNT or FONULATIQH rCD ANIMAL UNLESS OTHcmnsc motCATCo WMCXg ANO UMCN TO APTLY SAFETY AESTRICTIONS HORSES Bata JGastemohOan Tricfckrfon - - Tech., 0% 1 packet (S grama) Stogie does orally la feed, See below sp>0 per 250 lb. body oee mouth afterkfUlng weight troot. SAFETY RESTRICTIONS Do oot treat tick or debilitated boreea, eotU leae than 4 mouths old, or mam la the last month of pregnancy. Do not administer tricUorfoD io cooJazMtkm with (or 14 days after tmt--it wkh) other organic phosphates or {hoHiadwin inhibitors. Do not.rwpeat more often Qua ooce rry 30 days. IX> aot adrtrinister lafiarsuom anaethatics, especially muscle relamas, for a period of 2 nooks after using trlchlorfan. Do oot treat horses to be omd for food. SHEEP AMD GOATS Fkecsemrms Cosmsfboe Dtaxafoioe . lindane Reanel Use Coetisuad CledriA IS fat T- --a 94 0.5% D I - X os. Rob into wool ever entire body. WF. 0.125% 3 or dip EC, 0.15% dip orS Depending on else ol animals end amount of heir Immerse or spray thoroughly. 3%(EQ3S5), lpsrt to 9 ports water 2.5% livestock bomb -- Wet infested ares and 3 in. eromd it. Spray infested area aad 3 in. around it. EC 0.5% dip or S Depending oe sis* of And twir'in* of hair Immerse or spray thoroughly. EC, 0.$.I%S EC. 0.tS-9.3%S l-2pt. 1-4 qt. Spray thoroughly. Repeat enoe a week or as necessary. HONS 0 3 8 8 2 7 he tetWte Ik UW S 7B 8F 0 SNOW LIVESTOCK DV8ECT8 ITf HONS 0 3 8 8 2 9 ITS LIVESTOCK INSECTS MWM. AMO INSECT msccnaoc TOLERANCE <*** Mw Nrfftwyft ' Mm. DATS FRO* LAST APPLICATION ; TO SLAUGHTER FOMAULATIOM AMO STREMgTM AMOUNT OF ' FOaPaULATtOM Pda ANIMAL UNLESS OTHERWISE IMOfCATCD WHERE AMO WHEN to APPLY SAFETT KCSTWCTOa SHEEP AND GOATS lice (coo.) Dluiaoo* Screw-worm fCochliomria homlnlrorajd Dtpbeayismlae Undno Romel CwrbM Sheep ked (Sheep tick Maloahara orlnusl DieUrttt* CoB^bN DOT Dlomthlea Coodmed lindane Sheep only- Da act -- wpiH. s.rsaMt ad fat 24 ode T - "" a 94 l man anc fat 0 milk 15 - 90 1 tim ft mr M Q wflfc 1ft 7 I 0 milk 7 90 30<S) 60 fdia) ZCorWp, o.03%S 0.06% 3 (bnr . pressure) 1*^. <*k - See page 173. 35% Samr 62) 9% (BQ 335) . lOEmms necessary to hoot mad Brash or ernesr oa sod aroaodwoaad, twice first week sad weekly until besled. 2.5% livestock bomb - Spray infested axes sod 3 Inches aramd It. EC, 0.5% S Depending on else ol mH kiui8 oCbelr WP, 0.25%Sord*p Immerse or spray wounds thoroughly. Wetostirs body. 5% D -" Dost wounds sad esrroundlng area thoroughly. Repeat as accessary. 1.5% D 1.5-3 os. Duet only once, after hearing. 0.9% O 1-2 os. Rub into wool orwr entire body. WP, 0.125% S or dip EC or WP. 0.25% dip. 0.5% S . EC, 0.15% dip orS Depending on Also ol sminmls md tmomt ci hair EC or WP. 0.0259 do. 0.05% 5 Immerse or eprsy thoroughly. Use DDT obI] ooce, but repeat other treatments after 3-3 weeks If needed. Bsa MbUb SWj--FW Hi UW 1 i i ; LIVESTOCK BISECTS m ANIMAL AMO IMSCCT MSECTICiOC i i tolerance (hP--* M-- lrtuU> WtcrtrA MM. DAYS FKN LAST APPLICATION TO SLAUGHTER rpTBULATlOM ANO STRENGTH AMOUNT or FOntULATION OCR ANIMAL UNLESS OTHERWISE INOtCATEO NNERC AMO SHEM TO APPLY SAFETY RESTRICTIONS SHEEP AND GOATS ghotp tod (9wep tide Mekwhatns ortane) (COB.) Pyrathrlaa 8jnergiaf RhmI Rotenoee Dttdaa** \ Ticks CoemSpbO* Dlocathion UodBBB 2 O Clodrin 2 to Melathioo u> CD l BobmI CD ClMtlMMd i ___ _ Ptperoayl botvddi or eelfaeids. ooly. Doaetaaeeagoela. 4 BMt t silk ECorWP, 0.5% dip or S 4-5%D 0.1% * 1.0% s Depending on die of gad of hair Immerse, spray, or dost tborooghly. Repeat treatments after 2-3 seeks If needed. See pegs 178, -- 14 -T a' and fat M 1 meat and fat 0 mitt IS - r 34(3) !>) Same u tor Uoe. 4 meat 0 milk M EC, 0.25% dip or S 5%WP(8os. per 100 gal. inter) ECorWP, 0.25% dip, 0.6%S ECorWP, 003%S 0.06% S (low pressure) ipi. . 2%D l.Sox. Immedutely after sheering WP, 0.125% 8 or dip Depending a die of <]|[^ wl IIM of hair EC, 0.15% diporS ECorWP, 0.025 0.03% dip or S Immerse or spray tborooghly. Repest after 2-3 weeks, if needed. ECorWP, 0.5% dip orS 4-5%D EC, 0.25-0.5% Depending oo siae of : eaimals end bwwm|n of hair Immerse, dost, or sprsy thoroughly. Repest after 2-3 seeks, if needed. m MWH AMO INSECT uvtnocK bisects INSECTldOt tolerance Cf-p.rn.rn Sliniit 1 MM. OATS { from cast j APPLICATION I TO SLAUGHTE^ rqmsn iTinn _ AMO STRENGTH 1 AWOUNT oa i Pt.t^L^ESS | TO .W.T OTHERWISE INOICATEO( SAFETY RESTRICTIONS SBEKPAlfD GOATS Ticks (eon.) T 23 ECorWP, 0.51 Depeadtsg on size of Immerae or spray See below. dip or S aimak *a*l iin>ml thoroughly. Repeat after of hair 2-3 weeks. If needed. Carfaeryl* Sheen nose hot (Oestru^ Boslane oris) j T WP. 0.5% S 10. Spray thoroughly. Repeat as netdad. , 14 21% emnlelon 2 ec./lO lbs. body Use as drench. weight *Shsep cnly. Do not m on goete. gtftTT RESTRICTKWa Do tmt tick aalmsls. Do aotapply earberylmore often than oottmiy 4days. Do notuse angoei*. Do not apply ciodrtn more often than one* a week. Do not use Mim on emaciated or lactattng animals, except In a smear for craw-worm coatrol. Do not use lindane, DDT, or toxsphens on milk goats. Do not dip, spray, or duet less than 3 months old with lindane. Do not treatyowg ><"'* with dips or sprays *tniy mors than 0.03per- oantof Undone. Do not treat eeimaie lees than 3 months old with coumaphos. Spray animals 3-6 months old lightly. Do notuse with aynergtzed pyrethrlna, aUethrln, or synergist. Doaotsprayanimals lor iOd&yabefore or aftershippingor weaning or afterexpoaors todisease- Do not apply in coojtmctlcnwith oral drenches, or other medication, suchas phenothUxiae, or withother organic phosphates. Do not apply eoumapho# on lactatlng dairy goats or to drydairy goats within 14 days of freshening. Do aot dtp <"> Isas Qua S months old tn dioxathloo. Do not reapply spray ^ or dip within 2 weeks. Do not ase dloothkn on milk gosts. O' ^ U-- A-- a m* aM- Do not uee malathlon on animals less than 1 month old. Do not applyto dairy goals. Do not use methoocyehlor an Isolating goate. Do not reapply roonel within 2 weeks. Do not apply cm lactatlng dairy goats or dry goats within 21 days of freshening. Do aot apply to animals receiving organic treatment from any other source. Do not drench lamb# under 30 poods of body weight with Ruelene. Do not treat which are fed in confinement. Do not treat lactatlng milk goats. Do not treat sick, weak, overheated, or pregnant anlmala within oos month of or Idddlag. te a s e 0 la fetkite Safety--Min the ISd ANIMAL. ANO INSECT INSECT(COC SWINE Uc* Dioxathion 9 o Methoxychlor 9 </> Room! LIVESTOCK INSECTS I TOLERANCE | V- p.m.m I1 oa-^s FROM LAST | ; APPLICATION mdtt**d) To SLAUGHTER AMOUNT OF I } I | FORMULATION < I RCR ANMAL UNLESS| *EN TO APPLY I OTHERWISE INDICATED ! j SAFETY RESTRICTIONS 3<KS) M (dip* ! EC. 0.5 -1% S j EC 0.15-0.3% S EC. Oil-0.25% S | WP. 0.06% S EC or WP, 0.5% dip or S 10% O EC. 0.15% diporS EC or WP, 0.05 0.06% dip or S EC or WP, 0.5% dip or S ! I Do not apply carbaryl more I often than once every 4 days Spray thoroughly. Repeat once a week or as necessary. ! or Clodrin more oftea thaa | once a week. j Do not use coumaphos on 1-2 gal. C cal. 0.25%) Repeat application after 14 days. [ animals less than 3 months j old. Spray animals 3-6 months old only lightly. Do Depending on size of Immerse, spray, or dust ' not use 7'ith syncrgl7.ee! pjrrcthrlns, allc'.hrtn, or animals and amount thoroughly. Use lindane synergist. Do not spray cfhair dusts and DDT dusts and animals for 10 days before or sprays only once, but re after shipping or weaning or peat other treatments after after exposure to disease. Oo 2-3 weeks if needed. not apply In conjunction with oral drenches or other medi cations, such as phenolhia- zir.e or with other organic phosphates. Do not reapply d'oxathion or roonel within 2 weeks. Do not dip animals less than 3 mouths old In dioxathion. Withdraw bedding treated with ronnei 14 days before slaughter. Do not apply ronnei to animals receiving organic phosphate treatment from any other source. EC or WP. 0.5% $ o.s ib./lOO aq. ft. bedding | Do not treat young animals with dins or sprays containing more than 0.03"c lindane. Do Depending on size oil Spray thoroughly. Repeat animals and amount after 2-3 weeks, if of hair needed. not dip. spray, or dust ani mals less than 3 mouths old with lindane. Do not treat owe wtthin 2 weeks of farrow ing or for at least 3 weeks thereafter. LIVESTOCK insects ANIMAL. AMO INSECT msecTiaoc TOLERANCE MIN. OAYS (p.f.m.m FOM LAST APWUCATlOW WicsnW? TO SLAUGHTER FORMULATION AMO STRENGTH AMOUNT OP PO**ULATtON PER ANIMAL UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED WHERE AMO WHEN TO APPLY SAPETY RESTRICTIONS POULTRY Uce or mites Coiwjlw 1 meet and Eat 0 egg* 4 msat eo> -- wp. 0.25% S 91 D 0.5% D WP, 0.25% 3 0.5% 0 3% roost paint I cal.A,000 sq. ft. Thorough coverage. of surface 2oz.A00 sq. ft. of surface or 2 os. per 30 sq. ft. of litter 1 lb./20 sq. ft. of litter 1 Cal. A00 birds lib./K*0 birds Direct oa birds. 11*./ISO It. Paiat roosts thoroughly. EC or wp, 1% s 4-5%D l-Jgal.A.OOO sq.ft, Thorough coverage. Fores Into cracks. lib./so-60 sq. ft. of litter Do not contaminate feed or water, or water utensils or feedtroughs. Do aot spray in a confined, Don-vezEllated area. Do not use coumaphos more often than once a week. Do not use coumaphos dust days of vaccination or other stress Influence or in conjuoc Cion with other organic phoaphates. Provide thorough venttlatioa while dusting. 4% D BCorWP, 0.5% S or 0.2% dip 1 lb.AOO birds 1 gal.AOO birds (l gal./40Q tairda is dip) Direct os birds. Dip only 3 or 4 laches of the tail.* Nsled Csrberyl - 5 moatand Eat m 7 EC, 0.3% S EC, 0.3% S 5% D 1 gal.AOO birds Apply as a light mist to birds, except heads. 3 gal. A.000 sq. ft. Thorough coverage. Do not apply axled direct on chickens under 5 weeks old or on turkeys under 3 Booths old. 1 (b.Aoo bird. Dust birds thoroughly. Repeat la 4 weeks if aesded, hot aot more often. Condoned North#TM fowl ralte tOmithoarssaa STtrUrum). k-- /%^*hes ttraminemi. mi ** iui fMtitmoii pningg) HONS 0 3 8 8 3 3 In Nsticite SiMy--Mb* tk, UM ' j : c z u> LIVESTOCK INSECTS --------------------------------------1-- AMWAC AMO INSECT MSECTiCloe tolerance fp. p. m. m irtlMIM Mcam* urn. Days FROM LAST ARWLlCATlOM TO SLAUGHTER roaeouATiow AMO STRENGTH AMOUNT OW FOOWULATIOW PER AMINAC UNLESS OTHERWISE INCXCATEO WHERE AMO WHEN TO APPLT 181 Safety restrictions POULTRY lie* or ottos (coo.) Cartaryl {coo.) 5 meatsad T fit Oeggs Uc OBlf Nicotine sulfate* ftoteaoao - - Depluming mite only fKftemidokoetes gallinae) Sulfur Fowl tide <Args perstcas) Mafaifctoa Carburyl * Naled '!W for confl^I of PennanTaeuj gaUtsae. _ 4 meet S meet tad fat T "-- 5%D WJ>, 0.5%S 4% water mist pray 4.5% water mist ptuy 1 lb./40 eq. ft. of litter end rooete l-2gal. A.000 *q. ft Thorough coverage. Force into crack*. 1.5 gal.A,000 birds Direct oo birds, rooete, with electric fog and walls. machine 1 gal./lOO birds with cylinder proper 40% nicotine cola. 1 pt./l50-200 ft. M&D 1 lb.AOO birds Paint on rooete only. Direct on birds, rooete. aadaeste. Do Dot contaminate feed or water, or water utensils or feed troughs. Do not spray in s confined, Doa-ventiUted area. Do not apply ctrberyl spray on birds except in a water mist spray. Do not treat asst litter. Ventilate while spraying. 100% 0 1-2 oz. WP/ga1. water dip EC or WP, 3% 3 WF, 2%S EC, 0.3% S - thoroughly. i-2 gal. A,000eq. ft. 1-2 gal. A,ooo aq. ft. 2 gal.A.000 q. ft. Thorough coverage of walls, ceilings, tad floors. Force into cracks. Do act apply nsled direct on chickens oader 6 weeks old or on turkeys under 3 months old. LIVESTOCK BISECTS Bst Hstiato Safdy--FtUtw tto lAd HONS 0 3 8 8 3 5 LIVESTOCK DCSCTS 182 MMH AW INSECT LIVESTOCK AREAS iwsccncioc TOLERAMCC Mtf( ** * " ** : FRO* LAST Ml"" 1 A--UCATIOl* . SmMD1 f; ro SLAUGHTER 1 FOMIULATION AMD STRENGTH amount or FOAAJLATION OCR AMMAL UNLESS OTHERWISE (NOCATED WHERE AMO WHEN TO ARPLT SAFETY RESTRICTIONS House Oy, QCuscsdom cstlcm). face Cy Qf. autumnal!*). andstabk 2Lt IStomona ~ ~ 3.5% dry B - 1.25% liquid B ___________________ 1 Broadcast or sprinkle dally or as needed where files congregate. Do not use any insecticide on crops or grazing areas to tems specified on the container calcttrans)" (eon.) Methoxychlor - -- EC or WP, 2.5- 1 -2 gal./l,900 eq. Thorough corerage of ' fnalda or outside of s%s * resting surfaces. In alng any Insecticide, do . not contaminate animal feed, tr biftti** (eon.) Noted - - l%taoU i a. ox./s.ooo Space spray or fog. water, milk, or milking CB. ft. equipment. 0.5% dry B 0.9% liquid B ~ Broadcast or sprinkle dally or as Beaded where files congregate. spraying bans with insecti cides ether than naiad and synerglzed pyrethrlaa. . Pjrrethrias -- -- 0.1-0.25% + " ijiMrglit"1 i-a%s Space spray. Do not apply oil solution of Baled directly on animals or to poultry bouses when birds Roasnl are present. -- - EC, 0.5-1% S 1-2 fsl./l,000 Thorough coverage of q. ft. resting surfaces. Do not permit dairy animals ' i EC,2%8 - 1% dry B 2% liquid B TrtcUorfcm - - 1-2% dry B - o.i% liquid b Spray poultry droppings wider cages. Broadcast or sprinkle dally or as needed where Hies congregate. for alaughter to graze on areas treated with chlordane, DDT, or tozapbeoe. HQNS C OuMdi of bam only Chlordan* EC or WP, 2 2.9% 8 1-2 gal. S/1,000 aq. ft. Thorough coverage of exterior surfaces, vegeta 5 _DDT Toiaphaoe - EC OT WP, 2-9% S EC or WP, 9% 8 0.5-1 gal. 8/1,000 q. ft. or cn. ft. 0.5-1 gal. 8/1,000 tion, manure, and refuse. Urn DDT also as s apace qpray. q. ft. a Dtchlorro* " " EC or oil sola. 9.tlb./acxe Apply with mist blower to a> 0.5% 8 cattle feed lots, stockyards, Uj pans, serrate. h>iu Ineffective against stable Hits, For face flies, spcsy mamj surfaces at barna, shelters, tod toms where fltea congregate. "Uatry him aunmed to ntrtw| ptrlon* "'lymiyl iKoriji or wtfmdi. 1H uvxri'ou stncn AM1NAL MO MSCCT Hiiemcioc dnvb yif*i FSO*UAST AMNUCATION TOSLAuCmTEN FOUSULATIQM AMO STWCHCTM AMOUNT OF FOtSaULATlQM SC* ANIMAL UNLESS : OIMCWIMSC INOICATCD UMCftC AMO NMCM TO AMPLY safett MEsmcroNS LIVESTOCK ABEAS Imported fir* sat Solenopsfs ssertssiaa richteri) (outdoors ly) miss* licks (otedoors only) CblOXdSSO DDT ^tedsss Tonphaoa - 0.075% B 0.15% B 0.5% B** 10 lb. B/acru 5 lb. B/acrs 2.5 lb. B/acro EC or WP, 1% 8 or 5 or 10% D l-3Ib./aeT* EC or WP, 1% S orl0%D 1-3 Ib./acrs EC or WP, 0.1%8 0.5 Ib./acro 1% D 1 Ib./acro EC or WP, 1% S or 5 or 10% D 1 -3 Ib./acre : ........................... AUWa, -n--aad bsptachlor may be used to tract tedbridual mU. Follow label Instructions. This sppTiratVm is Fsdsral-Btets coopsrstfrs program osjy. Broadcast la Masted trass. Do act ass any laaecttcife oo crops or grazteg areas mlass specified oa the ccotainer label. Once or twice a poar as assdad. la using any insecticide, do . net contaminate feed, water, mlEc, or mlDdng equipment. Do not permit dairy animals or livestock being finished for slaughter to gnaa os ares* treated with eUordans, DDT, Undine, or tornphene. Do not make more than 3 applications of mlrex In any 12-mootb period or store than 1 application la any 4S - 60 day period. (See container label.) ' ie c0 Z Oz </> Safely--Fritav tfct UW SIOKOPBODPCT imui COM*00 ITT, STOftAC.AMO racer raccnooe OR TRCAiraMT roueuMCC tr.fi.mj COrailLATIOM dosage Itrmi mgi tiitM fin 1.909 <*. fL Ww xiinht ut4 how. MCftC. and when to apw\.v SAFETY REOTUCTlOHS mut. b*t to packages DMBMtldt to^action Methyl bromide feproee*sfa plant BMtlMdao(ka bNBtem (ndi) MlllttlOB premium pad*) Pynfttwa * plperouyl butuudde Pyrethrum * synergist 128 Cliunisnln bromide) - -- -- Make certain that do toaecta are oa Ftmipat* should be spplied moltiwall paper bap or to drama or only by a trained operator. barrel* before they are Ailed with dry . Aerate after fumigation with p 1-2 to. * fumigate 12 - 24 hr. methyl bromide. Do not get insecticide in milk or on any utensil, equipmmit. 1 pint 87% EC per 2.5 pi. water 1.8 to. 25% WP per 2.8 pi. water T* petst of ranoff. Apply aa ooarae spiny to all place* where toaecta might hid* or crawl. Spray every month and immediately alter vacuuming tad cleaning, between April 1 and November 1 to edd arena* and throughout the year to warmer arena. break* down rapidly on concrete surfaces. that will oome into direct contact with tbe milk. Aerosols may be used spinet tipieori insects only. D(4-S%) light application. With a blower, blow duet into cracks and or andsraeaifc equipment, or around electrical connections where liquid* would cause short circuits. Otl aola. (0.2 * 2.0%) To paint at runoff. For direct contact with insects; there is little residual toxicity. Spray in areas where insect* are observed. Aerosol* are not recommended. D (0.5-1%) light application With a blower, blow dost into cracks and or underneath equipment, or around electrical ooanecdoas where liquid would cause Mwit circuits. 9C 99C 0 SNOW 1st SifdMrftvtfci *CHs 3*a39 ORDINANCE 1965 Recommendations of the United States Public Health Service us.. c-r.i'Afcr,ti t-'t'l-iIiO Hut.llh :r of 'VM.rA^B ,9u HUNS 038840 GRADE A" PASTEURIZED MILK ORDINANCE 1965 Recommendations of the United States Public Health Service U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control National Center for Urban and Industrial Heolth Environmental Sanitation Progrom MONS 036841 LIST OF PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF MILK ORDINANCES RECOMMENDED BY THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 2024. Ordinance only. Reprint No- 971 from Public Health Report of Novem ber 7.1024. 1920. Ordinance only. Reprint No. 1099 from Public JTeaUH Report* of July SO. 1020. 1027. Ordinance and Code. Mimeographed tentative draft, November 1027. 1920. Ordinance and Code. Mimeographed, July 1929. 1029. Ordinance end Cade. Mimeographed, Septemlrer 1929. 1931. Ordinance and Code. Mimeographed, September 1031. 1033. Ordinance otay. Mimeographed, July 1933. 1033. Ordinance and Code. Mimeographed, July 1933. 1933. Ordinance only. Rotoprlnted. December 1933. 1933. Ordinance and Code. Rotoprlnted. December 1933. 1934. Ordinance only. RotopHoted, August 1934. 2934. Ordinance and Code. Rotoprlnted, August 1934. 1035. Ordinance and Code. Printed as Public Health Bulletin Vo. ttO, 1930 edi tion, July 1935. 1939. Ordinance only. Mimeographed, December 1930. 1930. Ordinance and Code. Printed as Public BeolfH Rullclin Vo. 220, 1930 edi tion, January 1937. 1039. Ordinance and Code. Mimeographed. January 1980. 1939. Ordinance only. Mimeographed, February 1930. 1939. Ordinance only. Mimeographed, November 1939. 1939. Ordinance end Code. Printed as Public Health Bulletin Vo. ItO, 1939 edi tion, February 1940. 1947. Ordinance only. Mimeographed tentative draft, August 1017. 1949. Ordinance only. Multlllthed, April 1W0. 1001. Ordinance only. Multlllthed, November 1001. 1003. Ordinance and Code. Printed as Public Health Service Publication No. 229. 1003. Paatcurtscd JJilk Ordinance. Printed as Public Health Service Publication No. 229. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PUBLICATION NO. 329 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 11IU7 For Mb by Um Sumrlntrndssl of Docunrnti, U.B. Ontramst Pristina OOm Wuhteften, D.C., 3040} Pile* S1JS n HONS 03B84Z tjtj pINANCES RECOMMENDED HEALTH SERVICE ilto IIeelth Rcporti of Notced* IMc Health Rcporti of July 30, to draft, November 1037. 1090. 1031. ft. r 1(83. Mi lift SufJcffn No. HO, 1035 edl- MC. lift RnJJctln No. CM, 1030 edl* 7 IBM. * wo. rft BulletinRe. ttO, 1030 edh fW *t 1W7. RfMlIA Nervlep Rublioation (ORcelNt Scrctec ruMicaHon hON NO. I brrici taiul rrlsUni OOco FOREWORD The milk sanitation program of the United States Public Health Service is one of its oldest and most respected activities. The interest of the Public Health Service in milk sanitation stems from two impor tant public health considerations. First, of all foods, none surpasses milk as a single source of those dietary elements needed for the main tenance of proper health--especially in children and older citizens. For this reason, the Service has for many years promoted increased milk consumption. Second, milk has a potential to serve as a carrier of disease and has, in the past, been associated with disease outbreaks of major proportions. The incidence of milkborne illness in the United States has been sharply reduced in recent years. In 1038, milkborne outbreaks con stituted 25 percent of all disease outbreaks due to infected foods and contaminated water. Our most recent information reveals that milk and fluid milk products are associated with only 2% percent of such reported outbreaks. Many groups have contributed to this com mendable achievement, including public health and agricultural agencies, the dairy and related industries, the several interested profes sional groups, educational institutions, and the consuming public. The Public Health Service is proud to have contributed to the protec tion and improvement of the milk supply of the Nation through tech nical assistance, training, research, standards development, evaluation, and certification activities. Despite the progress that has been made, occasional milkborne out breaks of illness still occur, emphasizing the need for continued vig ilance at every stage of production, processing, pasteurization, and distribution of milk and milk products. During the past decade, problems associated with the sanitary control of milk and milk prod ucts have become extremely complex because of new products, new processes, new chemicals, new materials, and new marketing patterns, which must be evaluated in terms of their public health significance. The Grade A Pasteurized AfWc Ordinance--2965 Rccoinmendaticm* of the United States Public Health Service translates this new knowledge and technology into effective and practicable public health practices. The responsibility for insuring the ready availability and safety of milk and milk products is not confined to an individual community nt 0388^3 HONS IV FOREWORD or * State) or to the Federal Government--it itt the concern of the entire Nation. With the continued cooperation of all interested groups, both Government and industry) engaged in the sanitary con* trol of milk and milk products, such responsibility can be accepted with confidence. Richard 1). Vai'oimn, ChiefT Environmental Sanitation Program. I I HONS 036044 it-- i the concern of the operation of ell interested nR*P*d in the sanitary conponsibiJity can bo accepted I). VAtOIIAN, m/W Sanitation Program. PREFACE The activities of the Public Health Service in milk sanitation began at the turn of the century with studies on the role of milk in the spread of disease. This work led to the conclusion tlmt effective public health control of niilkborne disease requires the application of sanita tion measures throughout the production, handling, pasteurization, and distribution of milk. These early studies were followed by re search to identify and evaluate sanitary measures which might be used to control disease, including studies which led to improvement of the pasteurization process. To assist States and municipalities in initiating and maintaining effective programs for prevention of milkbornc disease, the Public Health Service in 1924 developed a model regulation, known as the ^ "Standard Milk Ordinance." for voluntary adoption by State and local milk control agencies. To provide for uniform interpretation of this Ordinance, an accompanying Code was published in 1927 which pro. vided administrative and technical details as to satisfactory compli ance. This model milk regulation, now titled the Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance--7905 Recommendations of the United States Public Health Service, represents the 13th revision since 1924 and incorporates new knowledge into public health practice. The Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance was not produced by the Public Health Service alone. As with every preceding edition, it was developed with the assistance of milk sanitation end regulatory agen cies in every level of Federal, State, and local government, including both health and agriculture departments; all segments of the dairy industry including producers, plant operators, equipment manu facturers! and associations; many educational and research institu tions; and with helpful comments from many individual sanitarians, citizens, doctors, lawyers, and legislators. More than 5,000 separate and constructivo recommendations were received after the Public Health Service requested critical review of nearly 3,000 widely dis tributed prepublication draft copies. Most careful consideration was given to every comment submitted. A panel of 12 experienced milk sanitation specialists, representing particular competencies in the fields of milk production, processing, administration, education, and technology, assisted the Public Health kons oiaa'.s VI PREFACE Seme in evaluatingthe literally thousands of recommendations relat ing to the revision of the Milk Ordinance and Code--1953 liectrm- mendations of the Public Health Service, Tho counsel and guidance rendered by these authorities in tho preparation of this edition of tho Pasteurized Milk Ordinance are deeply appreciated. Tho panel con sisted of the following members: Harold J. Barnum, Denver City-County Department of Health and Hospitals, Denver, Colo. Georoe Batter, Department of Public Health and Welfare, Springfield, Mo. Paul Corash, Metropolitan Dairy Institute, Inc., New York, N.Y. William A. Dear, Jr., Bowman Dairy Co., Chicago, III. G. A. Hourar, The DeLaval Separator Co., Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Shelby Johnson, Kentucky State Department of Health, Frankfort, Ky. ' Robert W. Metioeh, D.V.M., Dairymen's League Co-operative Association, Inc., Syracuse, N.Y. Alfred . Reynolds, California State Department of Agricul ture, Sacramento, Calif. Elbreoe D. Sullivan, Central Oklahoma Milk Producer's Asso ciation, Lawton, Okla. Clinton Van Devender, Mississippi Stale Board of Health, Jackson, Miss. H. H. Vaux, Indiana State Board of Health, Indianapolis, Ind. K. G. Weckel, Ph. D., Tho University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wia. As of December 1904, the Milk Ordinance recommended by tho Pub lic Health Service (1903 edition) was tho basis of (he milk sanitation law or regulations of 37 States. Its provisions have been voluntarily adopted by 1,435 municipalities and 512 counties located in 40 States. Included are 71 cities of over 100,000 populat ion and 72 cities with population between 50,000 and 100,000. Almost 110 million people in this country live in jurisdictions utilizing the provisions of the Public Health Service recommended Milk Ordinance. The Public Health Service recommended Milk Ordinance is the basic standard used in tho voluntary Cooperative Statc-PIIS Program for Certification of Interstate Milk Shippers. It is incorporated by reference in Federal specifications for procurement of milk and milk products; is used as the sanitary regulation for milk and milk prod ucts served on interstate carriers; and is recognized by the public health MOMS Q38846 i*of 'omnicndaliong rolat00 * Code--1953 Rccom. The counsel and guidance iration of this edition of the ppiucistod. The panel con* Minty Department, of Health ublie Health and Wolfare, Institute Inc., New York, Mliy Co., Chicago, Til. lAfetor Co., Potighkoepsie, Department of Hoalth, m'i league Co-operative lie Depariinent of Agricul- loana Milk Producer's Asso- pi State Hoard of Hoaltli, Her,,H, Indianapolis, lnd. ity i .Wisconsin, Madison, recommended by the Pubeis of Uio milk sanitation .ious have been voluntarily unties located in 40 States, ulation and 72 cities with most- 310 million people in e provisions of tho I'ublic w. d Milk Ordinance is U\o alive Stntc.PIIS Program rs. It is incorporated by urement of milk and milk 1 for milk and milk prod* [prized by Uio public hoallh PREFACE VII agencies, the milk industry, and many others as a national standard for milk sanitation. The Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance--1905 Recommendations of tho United States Public Health Service, adopted and uniformly applied, will continue to provide effective public health protection without being unduly burdensome to either regulatory agencies or the dairy industry. It represents a "grass-roots" concensus of current knowledge and experiences and as such represents a practical and equitable milk sanitation standard for the Nation. William C. Miller, Jn., Acting Chief, Milk and Food Branch, Environmental Sanitation Program. HONS 03S8^T INTRODUCTION The following Pasteurized Milk Ordinance, with Appendixes, is recommended for legs] adoption by Stales, counties, and municipali ties, in order to encourage & greater uniformity and a higher level of excellence of milk sanitation practice in the United States. An im portant purpose of this recommended standard is to facilitate the ship ment and acceptance of milk and milk products of high sanitary quality in interstate and intrastate commerce. This edition of the Ordinance contains sanitary standards for Grade A pasteurized milk and milk products only. Outline of Contents.--As shown by the table of contents, the publi cation consists of two parts and the appendixes. Part I is the unabridged form of the Ordinance, arranged and pre sented in a form which can be adopted as an ordinance or as any other legal instrument. Section I defines milk and those milk products which are to be controlled under it. Communities desiring to regulate oottage cheese and creamed cottage cheese under the terms of this Ordinance can optionally insert these products in this section as defined in footnote 4. Section I also specifies those milkn and milk products which are not intended to be regulated under this Ordinance, such as ice cream, evaporated milk, sterile milk and milk products, butter, etc. Section 7 establishes the sanitation standards for Grade A milk and milk products and specifies, as well, the chemical, bac teriological, and temperature requirements thereof. Section 11 regu lates milk and milk products received from points beyond the limits of routine inspection and supervision. Sections 8 and 13 include requirements relating to animal health and personal health, respec tively. The other sections are largely concerned with various phases of administration and enforcement of the Ordinance; e.g., permits, labeling, inspection, laboratory examinations, future construction, etc. Part II contains the Ordinance, together with administrative pro cedures which are designed to unify the interpretation of the Ordi nance and, particularly in the case of the sanitation requirements contained therein, provide details as to methods of satisfactory com pliance. It will be noted that Section 15 of the Pasteurised Milk Ordinance provides that enforcement of the Ordinance shall bo in nc- vm HONS 038648 >N MM, with Appendixes, is a, counties, end municipals rmity and a higher level of ha United States. An iintard )B to facilitate the shipproducts of high sanitary 5*. no sanitary standards for oU only. Able of contents, the publi- " finance, arranged and pren ordinance or os any other and Uioso milk products lUnitics desiring to regulsto a under the terms of this noducta in litis section as Mas Uioso milks and milk, stud under this Ordinance, j mf tnd milk products, stion alaiujUrds for Grade, is woll, the chemical, bacthereof. Soct-ion 11 regu n points beyond the limits actions 8 and 13 include d persona) hcaltli, respcconied with various phases Ordinance; s,g., permits, a, future oonst.ruct>ion, etc. with administrative pro* itorprotation of tho Ordi- e> sanitation requirements hods of sntisfactory comof the Pasteurised Milk Ontintmcc shall bo in Ac | ' | 1 < ] ,! ] j | INTRODUCTION IX cordance, with the administrative procedures contained in Part II thereof. The A ppandixe* are 12 in number, containing detailed, explanatory material on various aspects of milk sanitation technology and ad ministration--e.g., individual water supply and sewage disposal sys tem standards; pasteurization equipment specifications and tests; industry dairy farm inspector certification procedures: milk produc tion methods; examples of inspection and ledger forms, etc. Where mandatory compliance with specific provisions of the appendixes is referenced in the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance, such provisions shall be deemed a legal requirement of the Ordinance. Appondix K contains the adopt ion-by-reference form of the recom mended Pasteurized Milk Ordinance. The short form reduces the cost of publishing and printing and helps to keep the Ordinance up to date, since it is readily amendable. Jt is suggested for adoption in those jurisdictions where adoption of ordinances by reference to published standards is considered legal. Legal Aspects.--Recommendations concerning legal aspects have been suggested from time to time by the Office of the General Counsel of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and have been incorporated into the Ordinance. Other changes have also been incorporated on the advice of various State and local legal counsel. The Ordinance has been widely adopted and used for many years, and has been upheld by court actions. One of the most compre hensive decisions upholding the various provisions of the Ordinance was that of the district court, Reno County, Kans., in the case of Billings et al. v. City of Hutchinson et at., decided May 1, 1934. In this action, the plaintiffs unsuccessfully sought to enjoin the enforce ment of the Hutchinson ordinance on the grounds that (a) it was un reasonable, (() it conflicted with State statutes, (c) the license fees provided in the local ordinance (but not in the Ordinance recom mended by the Public Health Service) were in excess of expenses, and (d) the milk inspector was clothed with arbitrary powers (Re print No. 3629 from Public Health Reports of June 8,1934). The model ordinance discourages the use of public health regula tions to establish unwarranted trade barriers against the acceptance of high quality milk from other milksheds (Sec. 11). On repeated requests of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officers and of tho National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments, the Public Health Service is cooperating actively in a voluntary program for certification of interstate milk shipiwrs. Sucli a program would MONS 038849 X INTRODUCTION bo impossible without widespread agreement on uniform standards, such as those of the recommended Ordinance. This program of interstate milk certification was supported also by tho Commit (eo on Agriculture and Forestry of thoXJ.S. Senate, which "st rongly recommended" (in its Report on Ulilizat ion of Farm Crops, Aug, 1, 1001), "that the Milk. Ordinance of the Public Health Serv ice should Iks used os the minimum standard for the sanitary rating and acceptance of interstate milk shipments," The value of these standards as a means of overcoming interstate trade barriers was recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court in tho case of the Dean Milk Company v. City of Madison. Tho Court reversed the decision of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, which had sustained an ordinance requirement imposing a 5-milo limit on the location of pas teurization plants selling milk in Madison, and pointed out that Madison consumers would bo adequately safeguarded if tho city relied upon (the provisions of Section 11 of t he Public Health Service recommended Milk Ordinance (No. 258--October term, 1950). The Public Health Service has np legal jurisdiction in the enforcemontof will; sanitation standards except, on interstate carriers. iflsowhere, it nerves solely in an advisory and stimulative capacity. It* program is designed primarily to assist State and local regulatory agencies. Its aim is to promote the establishment of elective and wellbalanced milk sanitation programs in each State, to stimulate the adoption of adequate and uniform State and local control legislation, and to enoourngo U)e application of uniform enforcement procedures through appropriate legal and educational measures. When this Ordinance is adopted locally, its enforcement bocomcq a function of the local or State authorities. Consequently, the Ordi nance should bo adopted only if adequate provision con be mode for qualified personnel and for suitable laboratory facilities. Small mu nicipalities which cannot afford to provide these services should ar range for supervision by the county or State health department, or seek cooperation with neighboring municipalities in organizing a milk-control district or area. Tho charter and the legal counsol of tho government unit involved should bo consulted for information or advice on proper legal pro cedures, such as tho recording and advertising of the Ordinance after passage. Adoption.--In (he interest of national uniformity, it is recom mended that no changes bo mode in this Ordinance when adopted by a State or local community, unless changes oro necessary to avoid con flict with State law. Modifications Should be contemplated with ex treme caution so as not to render the Ordinance unenforceable. HUNS 038050 3N Ewe >11 uniform standards, not. totion wns supported also by 4ry of tbo U.S. Senate, which >n Utilisation of Farm Crops, t of the Public Health Sorv* idord for tho sanitary rating iU" MS of overcoming interstate 3. Supreme Court, in the caso adison. Hi Court reversed tort which hnd sustained an ' limit on the local ion of pasn, and jaunted out. that Modiuarded if the city relied upon Health Service recommended lflCO). 1 jurisdiction in the enforceon liiterrt ate Mirricr^ Klsod stimulative capacity. Its State and local regulatory iahment of effective and well* Mch Stale, to stimulate tho and local control legislation, onn enforcement, procedures 1 me tor. V. its . .iforrement. becomes a * Consequently, tho Ordio jirovision con iio made for `afory facilit ies. Small mudo theeo Rorvicos should ar*>t*te health department, or liioipalitics in organising s o government, unit involved idvioo on proj>cr legal pro<*>ng of tho Ordinance after 1 uniformity, it is reoomrdhusnee when adopted by a are nerwwury to avoid cond lie contemplated with extumce unenforceable. INTRODUCTION XI Amendment of Existing Regulations.--States and communities that have adopted the 19f3, or an earlier, edition of tho PIIS recommended Kfilk Ordinance are urged to bring such Ordinance up to date in order to take advantage of the most, current developments in milk sanita tion and administration. States and communities whose milk sani tation, law or regulations are not. based on past PIIS recommended milk sanitation ordinances are urged to consider tho attendant public health benefits, as well as those economic in nnture, which can accrue upon adoption and implementation of t lie Pasteurized Milk Ordinance. Acknowledgments.--The basic responsibility for the preparation and publication of this Pasteurised Milk Ordinance was assumed by the Milk Sanitation Section of the Milk and Food Rmnch, Environ mental Sanitation Program, under the direction of Dnrold W. Taylor, Snnitnrinn Director, with invaluable assistance from the operational mid research milk and food consultants of the Public Health Service. Particular credit is due to Luther A. Hlack, Ph. I)., Robert R Carson, Frederick O. DcSieghardt, Joe L. Perrin, Richard W. Peterson, Ken neth L. Pool, and Irving II. Schlnfmnn for their very substantial contributions. *0t*s 03&8*V f*r- t /(H** <T /c> // t'C , T>-V juL~4(*<Sy ' * I c*~ / *d -j/ tti^^vx^i' ^*^**-^*v _ </<P AU^J jf c+~p^~*~ 17 f*U<-Y /.?jr /a^u^ y --- --------------- ^ "*-...........^ jjjy rtONS 0388^ I CONTENTS Prt I. Grad* A Paeteuriud Milk Ordinance--1985 Recommendatione of the Vnittd State* Public Health Service (unabridged form)................ II. Grade A Poetevriud Milk Ordinance wilA Admmtilrefis* Procoduree--1965 Recommendatione of 1A* United Slatee Public phi 1 Health Seme*........... ............................................................................ Section I. DeAnitions-------------------------------- ------- -------- ------- -- 8eoUon 2. Adulterated or Misbranded Milk or MUk Produets. *4 M 29 "* Section 2. PermMe.................................................................................... Bectlon 4. Labeling........................................-............................ Section 6. IospocUon ot Dairy Farms and Milk Plante... 15 Section A* The Examination of Milk and Milk Produete....... Section 7. Standards tor Milk and Milk Produete................. ... Cbomical, Bacteriological, and Temperature Standards (or Gr.de A MUk >nd Milk Product............................................... SO 12 -- 37 --* 39 40 Sanitation Requirements for Grade A Raw Milk for Pasteur isation.......................................-..................................... -............. Ir. Abnormal MUk--.............................. 9r. MUking Barn, Stable, or Parlor--Construction........... Sr. MUking Barn, Stable, or Parlor--Cleanliness............... 40 40 II 42 41. Cowyard.......................................................................... Sr. Milkhouse or Room--Construction and Facilities-----Or. MUkhouac or Room--Cleanliness.................. 42 43 45 . 7r. ToUat........... ......................................................................... Sr. Water Supply........... .............................................................9r. UtensUs and Equipment--Construction.......................... lOr. lltansUs and Equipment--Cleaning..----................ Ur. Utensils and Equipment--Sanitisation........................... 13r. Utensils and Equipment--Storage.................................... 18r. Utensils and Equipment--Handling--......................... 14r. MUking--Flanfca, Udders, and Taata.................. 16r. MUking--8urclngles, Mllkstools, and Antikiekera.-- lOr. MUking--Transfer and Protection of Milk.................. 17r. Peraonnel--Hand-washing Facilities--......................... 18r. Personnel--Cleanliness........................................................ 46 46 48 49 49 80 61 SI 81 82 62 82 19r. Cooling..................................................................... -............... 20r. Vehicles.................................................-................................ 21r. Insect and Rodent Control............................................... Sanitation Requirements for Grado A Pasteurised MUk sod 53 83 63 Milk Produets...................................................................... --84 lp. Floor*--Construction.......................................................... 88 2p. WaUs snd Ceilings--Construction............................ 85 Sp. Doors and Windows......................... 60 4p. Lighting and VentUstion......................... 66 6p. Separate Rooms--.............................................................. 57 znx HONS 038853 SSSSS 5 SS S S S 8 E C S 8S S 3S 3S C S 2 8 8 8 8 8 5 5 S 835S S XIV CONTENTS Part II. Grad* A PotUuHied 'Milk Ordinance milk AMsblraiiN Proe*> <fu ree--Con tin ued Section 7. Standards for Milk nod Milk Product*--Continued Sanitation Requirement* for Grade A Pasteurised Milk and Milk Product*--Continued Op. ToUct-Sewsge Disposal Facilities.................................... 7p, Wster Supply.......................................................................... gp. Hand-wasbing Facilities__________________.......... Op. Milk Plant Cleanliness.................................................. ... I Op. Sanitary Piping....................................................................... Up. Construction snd Repair of Containers and Equip* meat......___ ...................... I3p. Cleaning and Sanitising of Containers and Equlf* ment._____ ___ .........___ ..........___ ...... Up. Storage of Cleaned Containers and Equipment. Up. Storage of 8ingle-8crvice Containers, Utensils, and Materials................................................. .......... ............... ISp. Protection from Contamination..___.............. lOp. Pasteurisation.......................................................................... 10p.(A). Datoh raeteuriaation.............. IBp.(B). High-Temperature, Short-Time Conttnu* . oua-Flow PaateuHsatlon............. 10p.(C). Pasteurisers Employing Milk-to-MUk Regenerative Heating....................... ... Idp.(D). Temperature Recording Charts, Equip ment Testa, and Examinations....... I7p. Cooling of MUk......................................................... ........... 18p. Bottling and Packaging___ .....--................... .......... Ifip. Capping________ _________ ____ ____________ _ 0p. Personnel--Cleanliness_______________________________ Sip. Vehicles...___ ____________ -- 22p. Surroundings..------------------------------- -----------------------------Section 8. Animal Health..................... ............................................. Section 0. MUk and MUk Product* Which May Be Bold____ Section 10. Transferring*. Delivery Containers: Cooling...... Beotion 11. Milk and MUk Products From Points Beyond the Limits of Routine Inspection.................. ................. Section 12. Future Dairy Farms and MUk Plante...___ _____ Section 13. Personnel Health......................................... ........ ............ Beotion 14. Procedure When Infection is Suspected................ Section 16. Enforcement.____________________ ... Beetion 16. Penalty------ ------------------------------------- ---------------- --------8eoUon 17. Repeal and Date of Effect.................................... .. Beetion 18. Unconeitutlpnallty Clause_____.... Appendlxee to Pasteurised MUk Ordinance..................................................... A. Animal Disease Control.................... ............................................................... B. MUk Production, Hauling, Industry Inspection....................... ............... I--Dairy--Construction and Operation.............................................. 11--Farm Bulk Milk Hauling.................................................................. Ill--Certification of Industry Dairy Farm Inspectors...................... C. Construction Standards for Toilet and 8cwage Disposal Facilities.- 101 03885'* Afc a Hutratipt Prom- Ofc Produete--Continued A l'utouriud Milk and UUse.................................... Containers and Equip* Container* and Equipp and Equipment loBlalnera, Utensils, and I**-. tlen.............................. 1% BhorlTime ContinuuutaaUon......................... nploying Milk-to-MUk Isating............................ oarding Charts, Equipd Rsaminationa............. FWeh May He Sold____ ntalners: Cooling........... >iem Points Beyond tbo otfon................................ \10k Plant#..................... la Suspected. 58 58 00 60 01 62 64 65 06 60 68 68 73 77 70 80 82 83 84 85 85 85 87 87 80 80 00 00 00 00 01 01 I ion. ii laapoetora...................... .( Disposal PaelllUos.. 02 03 04 04 08 09 101 i i ; i ` ! ' ! ' ' CONTENT8 Appendix** to Pasteurized Milk Ordinance--Continued D. i 1--1vocation of Water Sources______________________ ...... II--Construction.._____ ____ ................___ ....... III--Disinfection of Water Sources______ _____ ... ..... IV--Continuous Water Disinfection........................................... E. Examples of S-ouUof-5 Compliance Enforcement Procedures.. F. !8anitisation............__________...................................... .. I--Methods of Sanitization________............ ...... II--Sanitization of Assembled Equipment.---------- --------------III--Sanitizer Strength and Water Hardness Teste................. G. < H. ]--1IT6T Pasteurisation.......................................................................... II--Air Under Pressure--Milk and Milk Product Contact Surfaces. III--Culinary Steam--Milk and Milk Products.................................. IV--'Thermometer Specifications....-- ............ j.:Pasteurization Equipment and Controls--Teste.................................... I--Testing Apparatus Specifications.. .......... II--Test Procedures.............. ..................................................................... J. 1Sanitation Guidelines for the Manufacture of Single-Service Con tainers for Milk and Milk Products..........................................*............. K. Adoption-by-Rcference Form of tho Grade A Paeteuritei Milk Ordi nance--1966 Recommendation* of the United Statee Public Health Berviee......................................... ............................................. ........................ L. )Reports and Records_____________ ___ ................-- Index 100 IOC 107 116 -- 120 125 120 ** 120 A 130 I 131 133 130 130 141 143 140 162 152 153 104 105 107 169 M0NS 038855 ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. Bored Well with Driven Well Point.................. 2. Drilled Well..................................................................................................... 8. Dug Well.......................................................................................................... 4. Typical Valve and Box, Mantiolo Coven, and PipingInstallations. 6. Pumphouse...................................................................................................... 6. Spring Protection....................................... |()8 109 110 ill )13 lift T. Cistern............................................................................................................... 8. Positive Displacement Chlorinator........................... 8. Suction feeder.......-------- -------------------------------------------------------- .... 10. Milk-to-Milk Regeneration--Homogeniser Upstream from Holder....................... .......................................-................. ....................... 11. Milk-to-Milk Regeneration--Surface Cooler...................................... 12. Milk-to-Milk Regeneration--Booster Pump......................................... 13. Mllk-to-Milk Regeneration--Homogeniser and Vacuum Chambers Downstream from Flow Diversion Valvs___________ 14. Individual Blower*Type Air Supply............... 16. Individual Compression-Typo Air Supply............................................. 16. Central Compression-Type Air Supply......... ........................................ 17. Individual Fan-Typo Air Supply...............:........................ '-------____ 18. Culinary Steam Piping Assembly (or 8tesm Infusion or Injection. 19. Culinary Steam Piping Assembly for Airepaoe Heating or Defoaming................. 117 ]22 123 137 138 139 140 M2 ` M3 Ml M4 M6 H7 xn HUNS 038856 .......................................... .............................................. .............................................. and Piping Installations- .............................................. ................................... ..... ............................................................. .............................................. alter Vpiimn from .............................................. star.............................. p...................................... ir and Vacuum Chambers W......................................... .............................................. r............................................ .... ............................................ in Infuiion or InjeoUon. Alnqiaoe Heating or ............................................ I'm 108 I0D 110 11 j m 115 117 122 133 137 135 130 140 142 143 144 144 145 147 To use this INDEX TINDER, bend publi cation and locate the desired subject by following the black markers. 247-400 0-67-2 1 Definition! Adulteration............... Permits-------- ------- -----------------------Labeling.............................................. Inspection*.......................................... Laboratory Elimination*............ . Bacteriological Standards............. . Farm Sanitation Standards........... Plant Sanitation Standards........... (A) Batch Pasteurisation -___ (B) HTST Pasteurisation____ (C) Regenerative tieatlng.... (D) Charts; Equipment Teats. 8 Animal Health......... ....................... 10 Transferring and Dispensing-----11 "Outside" Milk Supplies.............. 13 Personnel Health.....------ ..... Animal Disease Control.............. Bulk Hauling; Industry Inspection. Toilet-Sewage Disposal Facilities.. Water 8uppty..................... -............ 8anltlsatk>n Chemical it Bacteriological Teats.................... Pasteurisation Equipment--Proocdurea.... I HTST Pasteurisation........................... II Air Under Pressure............................... III Culinary Steam...................................... IV Thermometer Specifications............... 1 Pasteurisation Equipment Teals.................... J Single-Service Container Plants------ ----------- xm MONS 038857 Past I GRADE A PASTEURIZED MILK ORDINANCE1965 RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE | An ordinance defining "milk" and certain "milk product*" umiUc ! producer," "pastevrization," etc.; prohibiting the idle of adulterated and misbranded milk and milk products; requiring permits for the sale of milk and milk products; regulating the inspection of dairy farms and milk plants, and the examination, labeling, pasteurisation, distribution and sale of milk and milk products; providing for the con struction of future dairy farms and milk plants, the enforcement af ! this Ordinance, and the fiaeing of penalties. 1 Bo it ordained by the--------------------of-------------------- M as follows: 1 SECTION 1. DEFINITIONS 1 Hie following definitions shall apply in the interpretation and the , enforcement of this Ordinance: , A. Milk.--Milk is hereby defined to be the lacteal secretion, prac tlcaliy free from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows, which contains not less than 8^4 percent milk solids-notrfat and not less than 3% percent milkfat. (Milkfat or i butterfatisthofatof milk.) A-l. Goat Milk.--Goat milk is the lacteal secretion, practically free . from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of healthy goats. The word "milk" shall be interpreted to include goat milk. B. Cream.--Cream is the sweet, fatty liquid separated from milk, with or without the addition of milk or skim milk, which contains not leas than 18 percent milkfat. B-l. Light Cream, Coffee Cream, or Table Cream.--Light, cream, ooffoo cream, or table cream is oroam which contains not less than 18 percentbut less than 30 percent milkfat. B-2. Whipping Cream.--Whipping cream is cream which contains not less than 30 percent milk fat. B-3. Light Whipping Cream.--Light whipping cream is cream that contains not less than 30 percent but less than 36 percent milkfat. * Numbered footnote* are nmmbled on p. 91. 1 MONS 038858 2 SECTION 1 B-4. Heavy Cream or Heavy Whipping Cream.--Heavy cream or heavy whipping cream is cream which contains not less than 36 percent milkfat. B-5. Whipped Cream.--Whipped cream is whipping orcam into which air or gas has been incorporated.* B-6. Whipped Light Cream, Coffee Cream, or Table Cream.-- Whipped light cream, coffee cream, or table cream is light cream, coffeo cream, or table cream into which,air or gas has been incorpo rated.* B-7. Sour Cream or Cultured Sour Cream.--Sour cream or cul tured sour cream is a fluid or semifluid cream resulting from the sour ing, by.laclic acid producingbactoria or similar culture, of pasteurized cream, which contains not loss than 0.20 percent acidity expressed as lactic acid.* C* Half-and-Half.--Half-and-half is a product consisting of a mixture of milk and cream which contains not less than 10.0 percent milkfat.* C-l. Sour Half-and-Half or Cultured Half-and-Half.-Sour half-and-half or cultured half-and-half is fluid or semifluid half-andhalf derived from the souring, by lactic acid producing bacteria or similar culture, of pasteurized half-and-half, which contains not lew than 0.20 percent acidity expressed as lactic acid.* D. Reconstituted or Recombined Milk and Milk Products.--Re constituted or recombined milk and/or milk products shall mean milk or milk products defined in this section which result from the recom bining of milk constituents with potable water.* * E. Concentrated Milk.--Concentrated milk is a fluid product, unsterilizod and unsweetened, resulting from the removal of a consider able portion of the water from milk, which, when combined with potable water, results in a product conforming with the standards for milkfat and solids-not-fat of milk as defined above.* E-l. Concentrated Milk Products.--Concentrated milk products shall be taken to mean and to include homogenized concentrated milk, vitamin D concentrated milk, concentrated skim milk, fortified con centrated skim milk, concentrated lowfat milk, fortified concentrated lowfat milk, concentrated flavored milk, concentrated flavored milk products, and similar concentrated products made from concentrated milk or concentrated skim milk, and which, when combined with potable water in accordance with instructions printed on the container, oonform with the definitions of the corresponding milk products in thiB section.* E-2. Frozen Milk Concentrate.--Frozen milk concentrate is a frozen milk product wit)) a composition of milkfat and milk solids not 038859 HQNS g l jm.--Heavy cream wnMiru not less than SG ii whipping cream into ram, nr Table Cream.-- In craun ia light cream, or gna has been incorpo- im.--Sour cream or culi resulting from tho sourlar culture, of pastourizod want acidity expressed as product consisting of a sot less than 10.5 porcont I Half-and-ilalf.--Sour lid or semifluid half-sndId producing bnclcria or I, which contains not less id.' nd Milk Products.--Iteproduols Blin.ll mean milk h result from (ho rocomr.' ilk is a fluid product, un ite remora] of a eonsidor0), when combined with g with the standards for above.* lioanlralod milk products Milled concentrated milk, skim milk, fortified conilk, fortified concentrated noentrated flavored milk made from concentrated h, when combined with printed on the container, onding milk products in n milk concentrate is n ilkfnl mid milk solids not SECTION 1 3 fnt in such proportions that when given volume of concentrate is mixed with a given volume of water the reconstituted product con forms (o (he nulkfut nml milk solids not fnt requirements of whole milk. In the mmmfnrturing process, water may 1h used to adjust the primary concentrate to the linul desired concentration. The adjusted primary concentrate is pasteurized, packaged, and immediately frozen. This product is stored, transported, ami sold in the frozen state.5 F. Skim Milk or Skimmed Milk,--Skim milk or skimmed milk is milk from which sufficient milkfat has been removed to reduce its milkfat content to less than 0.50 percent1 G. Lowfat Milk.--Lowfat milk is milk from which a sufficient portion of milkfat has been removed to reduce its milkfat content to not less than 0.50 percent and not more than 2.0 percent1 H. Vitamin D Milk and Milk Products.--Vitamin D milk and milk products are milk and milk products, the vitamin D content of which lias l>een increased by an approved method to at least 400 U.S.P. units per quart.* I. Fortified Milk and Milk Products.--Fortified milk and milk products are milk and milk products other than vitamin D milk and milk products, the vitamin and/or mineral content of which have been increased by a method and in an amount approved by the health authority.* J. Homogenized Milk.--Homogenized milk is milk which has been treated to insure breakup of tho fat globules to such an extent that, after 48 hours of quiescent storage at 45 F., no visible cream separntion occurs on the milk, and the fat percentage of the top 100 milliliters of milk in a quart, or of proportionate volumes in containers of other sizes, docs not differ by more than 10 percent from tho fat percentage of the remaining milk as determined after thorough mixing. The word "milk" shall be interpreted to include homogenized milk.* K. Flavored Milk or Milk Products.--Flavored milk or milk products shall mean milk and milk products as defined in this Ordi- nance to which has been added a flavor and/or sweetener.* K-l* Eggnog Flavored Milk.--Eggnog flavored milk is a milk product consisting of a mixture of at least 3.25 percent butterfat, at least 0.5 percent egg yolk solids, sweetener, and flavoring. Emulsifier and a maximum of 0.5 percent stabilizer may be added. K-2. Eggnog.--Eggnog is n milk product- consisting of a mixture of milk or milk product of at least 0.0 percent butterfat, at least 1.0 percent egg yolk solids, sweetener, and flavoring. Emulsifier and not over 0.6 percent stabilizer may be added. L. Buttermilk.--Buttermilk is a fluid product resulting from the manufacture of butter from milk or cream. It contains not less than 8V4 percent of milk solids-not'fat.* 1 . i ' ) ' i , | ' : ' | ' ' , 038860 HONS 4 SECTION 1 L-l. Cultured Buttermilk.--Cultured buttermilk is a fluid product resulting from the souring, by lactic acid producing bacteria or similar culture, of pasteurized skim milk or pasteurized lowfat milk.* M. Cultured Milk or Cultured Whole MUk Buttermilk.--Cul tured milk or cultured whole milk buttermilk is a fluid product result ing from the souring, by lactic acid producing bacteria or similar culture, of pasteurized milk.* N. Acidified Milk and Milk Products.--Acidified milk and milk products are milk end milk products obtained by the addition of food grade acids to pasteurized cream, half-and-half, milk, low fat milk, or skim milk, resulting in a product acidity of not less than 0.20 per cent expressed os lactic acid.* O. MUk Products.--Milk products include cream, light cream, cof fee cream, table cream, whipping cream, light whipping cream, heavy cream, heavy whipping cream, whipped cream, whipped light.cream, whipped coffee cream, whipped table cream, sour cream, cultured sour cream, half-and-half, sour half-and-half, cultured half-and-half, re constituted or recombined milk and milk products, concentrated milk, concentrated milk products, skim milk, skimmed milk, lowfAt milk, fortified milk and milk products, vitamin D milk and milk products, homogenized milk, flavored milk or milk products, eggnog, eggnog flavored milk, buttermilk, cultured buttermilk, cultured milk, cultured whole milk buttermilk, and acidified milk and milk products.3 5' This definition is not intended to include such products as sterilized milk and milk products hermetically sealed in a container and so proc essed, either before or after sealing, as to prevent microbial spoilage, or evaporated milk, condensed milk, ico cream and other frozen des serts, butter, dry milk products (except as defined herein), or cheese except when they are combined with other substances to produce any pasteurized milk or milk product defined herein. P* Grade A Dry Milk Products.--Grade A dry milk products are milk products which have been produced for use in Grade A pasteur ized milk products and which have been manufactured under (he pro visions of Grade A Dry MUk Products--Recommended Sanitation Ordinance and Code for Dry MUk Products Used in Grade A Pas teurisedMUk Products. Q. Optional Ingredients.--Optional ingrodients shall mean and in clude Grade A dry milk products, concentrated milk, concentrated milk products, flavors, sweeteners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, acidifiers, vitamins, minerals, and similar ingredients. R. Adulterated Milk and Milk Products.--Any milk or milk prod uct shall be doomed to be adulterated (1) if it bears or contains any poisonous or deleterious substance in a quant ity which may render it MOWS 033661 uUfii milk is s fluid product during bacteria or similar jrized lowfat milk.1 1 Milk Buttermilk.--CulIk is a fluid product, resultluring bacteria or similar --Aridifiod milk ond milk ed by the addition of food 3-ha)f, milk, lowfftt. milk, of not loss than 0.20 per* la cream, light crenm, cofht whipping cream, heavy am, whipped light cream, our cream, cult ured sour utairod half-and-half, re. iducUt, concentrated milk, mined milk, lowf&t milk, * milk and milk products, iroducts, eggnog, eggnog k, cultured milk, cultured id milk products/3 * uoh nroducts ns sterilisod > a i ainer and so proc* rent microbial spoilage, m and other frozen desiofined horoin), or cheese Libstauoes to produce any nain. A dry milk products arc use in Grade A postourj{atfured under the pro. **eotmncndcd Sanitation i Ved in Grade A Pa*- dients shall mean and in> tod milk, concentrated f, emulsifiers, aeidiflora, -Any milk or milk prod* it bears or contains any ity which mny render it SECTION 1 5 injurious to health; (2) if it bears or contains any added poisonous or deleterious substance for which no safe tolerance has been estab lished by State or Federal regulation, or in excess of such tolerance if one has been established; (3) if it consists, in whole or in part, of any substance unfit for human consumption; (4) if it has been pro duced, processed, prepared, packed, or held under insanitary condi tions; (5) if its container is composed, in 'whole or in part, of any poisonous or deleterious substance which may render the contents injurious to health; or (6) if any substance has been added thereto or mixed or packed therewith so as to inerwiso its bulk or weight, or reduce its quality or strength, or make it appear belter or of greater value than it is. R-l. Misbranded Milk and Milk Products.--Milk and milk products are misbranded (1) when their container(s) bear or accompany any false or misleading written, printed or graphic matter; (2) when such milk and milk products do not conform to their definitions as contained in this Ordinance; and (3) when such products are not labeled in accordance with Section 4 of this Ordinance. ( S. Pasteurization.--The terms "pasteurization," "pasteurised," and similar terms shall mean the process of heating every particle of milk or milk product to at least 145 F., and holding it continuously at or above this temperature for at least 30 minutes, or to at least 101 F., and holding it continuously at or above this temperature for at least 15 seconds, in equipment which is properly operated and approved by th health authority: Provided, That milk products which have a higher milkfat content than milk and/or contain added sweeteners shall bo heated to at least 150 F., and hcld continuously at or above this temperature for at least 30 minutes, or to at least 106" F., end held continuously at or above this temperature for at least 15 seconds: Provided further, That nothing in this definition shall be construed as barring any other pasteurization process which hns been recognized by the United States Public Health Service to be equally efficient and which is approved by the State health authority. T. Sanitization.--Sanitization is the application of any effective method or substance to a clean surface for the deslruct ion of pathogens, and of other organisms as far as is practicable. Such treatment shall not adversely affect the equipment, the milk or milk product or the liealth of consumers, and shall be acceptable to the health authority. U. Milk Producer.--A milk producer is any person who operates a dairy farm and provides, sells, or offers milk for sale to a milk plant, receiving station, or transfer station. V. Milk Hauler.--A milk hauler is any person who transports t w milk and/or raw milk products to or from a milk plant, a receiving o. transfer station. > j I 1 , j j : ! j | j MGNS 038862 6 SECTIONS 3 W. Milk Distributor.--A milk distributor is any poraon who offers for solo or soils to another any milk or milk products. X. Health Authority.--The health authority shall mean the ..of the1 or his authorized repre* sentative. The term, "Health Authority," wherever it. appears in this Ordinance, shall mean the appropriate fluency haring jurisdiction and control over the matters embraced within this Ordinance. Y. Dairy Farm.--A dairy farm is any place or premises where one or more cows or goats are kept, and from which a part or all of the milk or milk product (s) is provided, sold, or offered for sale to a milk plant, transfer station, or receiving station. Z. Milk Plant and/or Receiving Station.--A milk plant and/or receiving station is any place, premises, or establishment where milk or milk products nre collected, handled, processed, stored, pasteurized, bottlod, or prepared for distribution. Z-l. Transfer Station.--A transfer station is any place, premises, or establishment, where milk or milk products nre transferred directly from one transport tank to another. AA. Official Laboratory.--An official laboratory is a biological, chemical, or physical laboratory which is under the direct supervision of the State or a local health authority. BB. Officially Designated Laboratory.--An officially designated laboratory is a commercial laboratory authorized to do official work by the supervising agency, or & milk industry laboratory officially designated by the supervising agency for the examination of producer samples of Grade A raw milk for pasteurization. CC. Person.--The word "person" shall'mean any individual, plnnt operator, partnership, corporation, company, firm, trustee, or association. DD. And/or.--Where the term "and/or" is used, "and" shall apply whore appropriate, otherwise "or" shall apply. SECTION 1 ADULTERATED OR MISBRANDED MILK OR MILK PRODUCTS Ho person shall, within the municipality ofof ____ _,* or its police jurisdiction, produce, provide, sell, offer, or exposo for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell any milk or milk product which is adulterated or misbranded: Provided, That in an emergency, the sale of pasteurized milk and milk products which have not been graded, or the grade of which is unknown, may bo authorized by the health authority, in which case such products shall bo labeled "ungraded." Any adulterated or misbranded milk or milk product may be imixmnded by the health authority and disposed of in accordance with applicable laws or regulations. ' ' MONS 038863 is any portion who offers duels. hority shall mean the or his Authorized reprelorovor it. nppenrs in this having jurisdiction and Ordinance. 96 or premises where one i a part or nil of (lie milk i for talc to a milk plant, A milk plant nnd/or lUblishtncnt where milk rd, stored, pasteurized, n is any place, premises, are transferred directly oratory is a biological, or the direct supervision An officially designated rood to do official work itry laboratory officially exai ilion of producer ion.............. - in any individual, plnnt my, firm, trustee, or used, "and" shall apply dy. [>ED MILK OR MILK of .....of , produce, provide, sell, % with intent to sell any - misbranded: Provided, milk and milk products which is unknown, mny Inch ease such products milk product may bo <od of in accordance with SECTION 4, t 7 SECTION S. PERMITS It shall be unlawful for any person who does not poeecas a permit from the health authority of theof1 to bring into, send into, or receive into theof* or its police jurisdiction, for sale, or to sell, or offer for sale therein, or to have in storage any milk or milk products defined in tliis Ordi- nance: Provided. That, grocery stores, restaurants, soda fountains, and similar establislunent-s where milk or milk products are served or sold at retail, but not processed, may be exempt from the require ments of this section. Only a person who complies with the requirements of this Ordi- nance shall be entitled to receive and retain such a permit Permits almll not bo transferable with respect to persons and/or locations. The health authority shall suspend such permit, whenever lie lias reason to believe that a public health hazard exists; or whenever the permit holder has violated any of the requirements of this Ordinance: or whenever the permit holder has interfered with the health authority in the performance of his duties: Provided. That the health authority shall, in nil cases except where the milk or milk product, involved creates, or appears to create, nil imminent hazard to the public health: or in any case of a willful refusal to permit authorized inspection, serve upon the holder a written notice of intent to suspend permit, which notice shall specify with particularity the violntion(s) in ques tion and afford the holder such reasonable, opportunity lo correct such violation(8) ns mny be agreed to by the parties, or in the absence of agreement, fixed by the health authority,before making any order of suspension effective. A suspension of permit shall remain in effect until the violation has been corrected to the satisfaction of the health authority. Upon written application of any person whose permit lias been susjxuided, or upon application within 48 hours of any person who has been served with a notice of intention to suspend, and in the latter caso before suspension, the health authority shall within 72 hours proceed to u hearing to ascertain the facts of such violation or inter ference and upon evidence presented nt such hearing shall affirm, modify, or rescind the suspension or intent ion to suspend. Upon repeated violation (s), the health authority may revoke such pormit following reasonable notice to the permit holder and an oppor tunity for a hearing. This soction is not intended to preolude the institution of court action as provided in Sections 5 and 6. SECTION 4. LABELING All bottles, containers, and packages enclosing milk or milk products defined in Section 1 shall be conspicuously 'abeled or marked with (1) the name of the contents as given in the definitions of this Ordinance; HONS 038864 8 SECTION 4 (2) the word "reconstituted" or "recombined" if the product is made by reconstitution or recombination; * (3) the grade of the contents; (4) tho word "pasteurized" if the contents are pasteurized and the identity of the plant where pasteurised; (5) the word "raw" if the contents are raw and the name or other identity of the producer; (6) tho designation "Vitamin ft" and the number of U.S.P. units per quart in the case of vitamin ft milk or milk products; (7) the volume or proportion of water to be added for recombining in the case of con centrated milk or milk products; (8) the words "nonfat, milk solids added" and the percentage added if such solids have been added, ex cept that this requirement shall not apply to reconstituted or re combined milk or milk products; (9) the words "artificially sweet ened" in the name if non-nutritive and/or artificial sweetencrs are used; and (10) the common name of stabilizers, distillates, and in gredients: Provided, That (a) only the identity of the milk producer shall be required on cans delivered to a milk plant which receives only Grade A raw milk for pasteurization, and which immediately dumps, washes, and returns the cans to the milk producer; (b) the identity of both milk producer end the grade shall bo required on cans delivered to a milk plant which receives both Grade A raw milk for pasteuriza tion and ungraded raw milk, and which immediately dumps, washes, and returns the cans to the milk producer; (c) in the case of con centrated milk products, the specific name of the product shall be substituted for the generic term "concentrated milk products," e.g., "homogenized concentrated milk," "concentrated skim milk," "con centrated chocolate milk," "concentrated chocolate flavored lowfat milk"; (d) in the case of flavored milk or flavored reconstituted milk, the namo of the principal flavor shall be substituted for the word "flavored";* and (e) in the case of cultured milk and milk products, the special type culture used may be substituted for the word "cul tured," e.g., "acidophilus buttermilk," "bulg&rian buttermilk," and "yogurt" All vehicles and transport tanks containing milk or milk products shall be legibly marked with the name and address of the milk plant or hauler in possession of the contents. Tanks transporting raw milk and milk products to a milk plant from sources of supply not under the rout ine supervision of the health authority are required to bo marked with the name and address of * TV* Mcral rood Drug UDltlitmttt toniMtti (M term "(ksctlitt tlk" alv leading nnleu (be fleTorlng Ingredient need le "chocolate," "meet chocolate," er ''Mill ebecniete" conspiring with tbe appropriate iiiudtrdi of Identttj for tbeee product*. Milk end Milk products devoted *itk Moek" Bit be Ubeled "chocolate Steered." HONS 038865 SECTION ft 0 \ Iw if (ho product is made the milk plant or hauler and shall bo sealed; in addition, for each >o grade of the contents; such shipment, a shipping statement shall be prepared containing at are pasteurised and tho least the following informat ion: ) the word "ran " if (he (1) Shipper's name, address, and permit number. tity of the producer; (0) (2) Permit number of hauler, if not employee of shipper. of U.S.P. unit s per quart (8) Point of origin of shipment. fuels; (7) the volume or ' (4 ) Tanker identity number. doing in (lie case of on- (6) Name of product. ord* "nonfat, mlllc solids (6) Weight of product. lida Imvo been added, ex- (7) Grade of product. f to reconstituted or re (8) Temperature of product. words "artificially sweet- (9) Date of shipment. artifietariweetcncrs are ! (10) Name of supervising health authority at the point of origin. liners, distillates. and in- ! (11) Whether the contents are raw, pasteurized, or otherwise it-ity of the milk producer plant which receives only i heat treated. Such statement shall be prepared in triplicate and shall be kept hich immediately dumps, duoar; (b) tlio identity of equired on oons delivered on file by the shipper, the consignee, and the carrier for a period of 8 1 months for the information of the health authority. The labeling information which is required on all bottles, containers raw milk for pasteurize- | or packages of milk or milk products shall be in letters of an acceptable nodiatcly dumps, washes, size, kind, and color satisfactory to the health authority and shall ; (c) in the case of con- contain no marks or words which are misleading. of the product shall be itod Hit products," e.g., Urtu** skim milk," "conhocolato flavored lowfat ivored reconstituted milk, substituted for the word I milk and milk products, itutod for the word "culIgarian buttermilk," and \ SECTION 5. INSPECTION OP DAIRY FARMS AND MILK PLANTS 1 Each dairy farm, milk plant, receiving station, and transfer station whose milk or. milk products are intended for consumption within 1 or its police jurisdiction shall be inspected by (ho health authority prior to the issuance of a permit. Following the issuance of a permit, each dairy farm and transfer station shall bo inspected at least once every 6 months and each milk plant and receiving station shall be inspected at least once every 3 months. Should the violation of any requirement set forth in Section 7 be found to exist on an insj)cc- ng milk or milk products addroas of the milk plant tion, a second inspection shall be required after the (imo deemed neces sary to remedy the violation, but not before 3 days; this second inspec tion shall be used to determine compliance with the requirements of products to a milk plant > supervision of the healUi the name and address of Section 7. Any violation of the same requirement of Section 7 on such second inspection shall call for permit suspension in accordance with Sect ion 3 and/or court net ion. One copy of the inspection report shall be handed to tho ojxsrator, IS* ifra "ftiorelUf ailk" It." "twttl cbecolalr." or "nltk Stalllr for thru proSurto. Ullfe "tSoroloio tkvorod.'' or other responsible person, or lx* posted in a conspicuous place on an inside wall of the establishment. Said inspection report shall not be defaced and shall be made available to the hcullh authority upon MQNS 036866 10 SECTION 6 request. An identical copy of (he inspection report shall bo filed with the records of the health authority. Every milk producer, hauler, distributor, or plant operator shall, upon request of the health authority, permit access of officially de signated persons to all parts of his establishment or facilities to determine compliance with the provisions of this Ordinance. A dis tributor or plant operator shall furnish the health authority, upon request,, for official use only, a tmo statement of the actual quantities of milk and milk products of each grade purchased and sold, And a list of all sources of such milk and milk products, records of inspec tions, tests, and pasteurization time and temperature records. It shall bo unlawful for any person who in an official capacity ob tains any information under the provisions of this Ordinance which is entitled to protection as a trade secret (including information as to qunntity, quality, source or disposition of milk or milk products, or results of inspections or tests thereof) to use such information to his own advantage or to reveal it to any unauthorized person. SECTION 6. THE EXAMINATION OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS During any consecutive fl months, at lenst four samples of raw milk for pasteurization shall be taken from each producer and four samples of raw milk for pasteurization shall be taken from each milk plant after receipt of the milk by the milk plant and prior to pasteurization. In addition, during any consecutive 0 months, at least four samples of pasteurized milk and at least four samples of each milk product defined in this Ordinance shall be taken from every milk plant. Samples of milk and milk products shall be taken tvhile in possession of the pro ducer or distributor at any lime prior to final delivery. Samples of milk and milk products from dairy retail stores, food service establish ments, grocery stores, and other places where milk and milk products are Bold shall be examined periodically as determined by the health authority; and the results of such examination shall be used to deter mine compliance with Sections 2, 4, And 10. Proprietors of such es tablishments shall furnish the health authority, upon his request, with the names of all distributors from whom milk or milk products arc obtained. Required bacterial counts and cooling temperature checks shall be performed on raw milk for pasteurization. In addition, antibiotic tests on each producers milk or on commingled raw ini Ik shall be conducted at least four times during any consecutive 6 months. When commingled milk is tested, all producers shall be represented in the sample. All individual sources of milk shall be tested when test re sults on the commingled milk are positive. Required bacterial counts, Q30afa1 Mi report shall be filed or plant operator shall, t access of officially doUhment or facilities to tins Ordinance. A dishealth authority, upon of the actual quantities rolinsed and sold, and a duels, records of inspecarehire records, i an official capacity obf this Ordinance which ichiding information as milk or milk products, um such information to Uiorized person. Nl> MILK PRODUCTS ur samples of raw milk oducer and four samples i from each milk plant prior lo pasteurization, at. least four samples of ich k product defined ^ilk pJant. Samples of !n possession of tlic pro1 delivery. Samples of a, food service estublishmilk and milk products termmod by the health n alinll tie used to deterProprietor# of such ca l', upon his request, with Ik or milk products nro endure checks shall bo In addition, antibiotic fflcd raw milk shall lie utivcO months. When 1 be represented in the bo tested when test re quired bacterial counts, , SECTION T 11 I' ** j col)form determinations, phosphatase and cooling temperature checks shall be performed on pasteurized milk and milk products. : Whenever two of the last four consecutive bacteria counts, coliform | determinations, or cooling temperatures, taken on separate days, exceed | tlio limit of the standard for the milk and/or milk product, the health | authority shall send a written notice thereof to the person concerned. ) This notice shall Ik*, in effect so long as two of the last four consecutive 1 samples exceed (he limit of the standard. An additional sample shall bo taken v ithin 14 days of the sending of such notice, but not liefore J (he lapse of 3 days. Immediate suspension of permit in accordance ! with Section 3 and/or court action shall he instituted whenever the standard is violated by three, of (he last five bacteria counts, coliform determinations, or cooling temperatures. Whenever a phosphatase test is positive, the cause shall he deter- I mined. Where the cause is improper pasteurization, it shall be corrected; and any milk or milk product involved shall not be offered Ifor sale. . Samples shall be analyzed at an official or appropriate officially : designated laboratory. All sampling procedures and required labo: ratory examinations shall be in substantial compliance with the --------- Edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Prodvcts S 1 of the American Public Health Association, and the-----------Edition / i of Official Methods of Analyses of the Association of Official Analyti cal Chemists. (Insert edition number current at time of adoption.) / Such procedures and examinations shall be evaluated in accordance i with the methods of evaluating milk laboratories .recommended by I (he (U.S.) Public Health Service. Examinations and tests shall be conducted to detect adulterants, including pesticides, as the health authority shall require. Assays of vitamin D milk or milk products and/or fortified milk and milk products shall l>e made at least annually in a laboratory acceptable to the health authority. SECTION 7. STANDARDS FOR MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS All Grade A raw milk for pasteurization and all Grade A pasteur ized milk and milk products shall be produced, processed, and pas * teurized to conform with the following chemical, bacteriological, and temperature standards, and the sanitation requirements of this section. No process or manipulation other than pasteurization, processing methods integral therewith, and appropriate refrigeration shall be applied to milk and milk products for the purpose of removing or deactivating microorganisms. HONS 038868 / 12 `BBC. T: ITEMS lr, 2r, 8r Chemical, Bacteriological and Temperature Standards for Grade A Milk and Millc Products 0n4t A raw milk lor pasteur* ItattOO. Temperature............ Cooled to to* P. or lee* and maintained thtfaal ontn professed. Bacterial Units........Individual producer milk not to sicced lOO.fon per ml. prior tocoinmlneimr with other producer milk. Not eicce dluc 30P.<u> per ml. ai eermutnBltd milk prior to nasteufiutlon. Antibiotics.............. Lew than o.uiunlt/mi. by the BtrtUui mcUwd or equivalent. Orada A paslrurtred milk nil milk product* (rierpt cultured product!). Qrade a posleurlied cultured products. Temperature............ Cooled to 4S* F. or lev and maintained thereat. pseterial Kmlu........Milk and milk products--M.tno per ml. t'olllorm Until.......... Not eiceedlne 10 per ml. Phosphatase.............Use than per nil.. Or Stharef Rapid Method (or equivalent by other meant). Temperature............ Same a* above. CoUtorni Droit......... Do. Phosphatase............. Do. Bacterial Umlu........Eiempt. SANITATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADE A RAW MILK FOR PASTEURIZATION ITEM lr. ABNORMAL MILK Cows winch show evidence of f lie secretion of abnormal milk in one or more qunrters based upon bacteriological, chemical, or physical examination, shall be milked last or with separate equipment, and the milk shall be discarded. Cows treated with, or cows which have con* sumed chemical, medicinal or radioactive agents which ore capable of being secreted in the milk and which, in the judgment of the health authority, may be deleterious to human health, shall be milked Inst or with separate equipment, and the milk disposed of as the health au thority may direct. j '/l***'' ITEM 2r. MILKING BARN, STABLE, OK PARLORCONSTRUCTION A milking barn, stable, or parlor shall be provided on all dairy farms in which the milking herd shall be housed during milking time opera tions. The areas used for milking purposes shall (1) have floors constructed of concrete or equally impervious material; (2) have walls and ceilings which are smooth, painted or finished in an approved mnnner, in good repair, ceiling dusttight; (3) have separate stalls or pens for horses, calves, and bulls; (4) be provided with natural and/or artificial light, well distributed for day and/or night milking; (6) provide sufficient airspace and air circulation to prevent condensation and excessive odors; (0) not be overcrowded; and (7) have dusttight covered boxes or bins, or separate storage facilities for ground, chopped, or concentrated feed. ITEM 3r. MILKING BARN, STABLE, OR PARLORCLEANLINESS The interior shall be kept clean. Floors, walls, windows, pipelines, MONS 038869 krtU for Gride A Milk and Ot Im and milntalord Owmi onii) limr Bilik not ie nwd 100.000 twr ntnlnfllti' with oilwr fwcdum milk. MO.OOO |w( al. m comiiilnilvd milk 5l)L|. I*> ibr llttlUut tublill* method . m kM and milnuinfd ihcralrradwrm-n,00u tr mi, I iwr ml. Ml., by Manor Xapld Method aibtt mwni). B A RAW MILK FOR J1UC of abnormal milk in one , chemical, or physical rate equipment, and the >r cows which hnvc coniU which are capable of judgment, of the health i, ihfll) be milked Inst or d ir the health an- 5, OK PARLOR-- vided on all dairy farms ing milking time operaft ahull (!) have floors naterial; (2) hnvc walls ed in an approved tntinje separate atnlla or pens I'd with natural nnd/or 'or night milking; (5) to prevent condensat ion and (?) hnvc dusttight. facilities for ground, 5, OK PARLOR-- ills, window*, pijielinos, j ! . ` ' j } | SBC. 7: ITEMS 4r, Br jg and equipment shall be free of filth and/or litter and shall be clean. Swine and fowl shall be kept out of the milking bam. ITEM 4r. COWYARD The cowynrd shall be graded and drained and shall have no stand ing pools of water or accumulations of organic wastes: Provided, That in lonfing or cattle-housing areas, cow droppings and soiled bedding shall be removed, or clean bedding added, at sufficiently fre quent intervals to prevent the soiling of the cow's udder and flanks. Waste feed shall not be allowed to accumulate. Manure packs shall be properly drained and shall provide a reasonably firm footing. Swine shall be kept out of the cowyard. ITEM 5r. MILKHOUSE OR ROOM--CONSTRUCTION AND FACILITIES A milkhousc or room of sufficient size shall be provided, in which the cooling, handling, and storing of milk and the washing, sanitizing, and storing of milk containers and utensils shall be conducted. The milkhouse shall be provided with a smooth floor constructed of concrete or equally impervious material graded to drain and main* tained in good repair. Liquid waste shall be disposed of in a sanitary manner; all floor drains shall be accessible and shall be trapped if con nected to n sanitary sewer system. The walls and ceilings shall be constructed of smooth material, in good repair, well painted, or finished in an equally suitable manner. The milkhouse shall have adequate natural and/or artificial light and be well ventilated. The milkhouse shall be used for no other purpose than milkhouse operations; there shall be no direct opening into any bam, stable, or into a room used for domestic purposes: Provided, That a direct open ing between the milkhouse and milking bam, stable, or parlor is per mitted when a tight-fitting self-closing solid door(s) hinged to be single or double acting is provided. Water under pressure shall bo piped into the milkhouse. The milkhouse shall be equipped with a two-compartment wash vat and adequate hot water heating facilit ies. When a transportation tank is used for the cooling and storage of milk on the dairy farm, such tank shall be provided with a suitable shelter for the receipt of milk. Such shelter shall be adjacent to, but not a part of, the milkroom and shall comply with the requirements of the milkroom with respect to construction, light, drainage, insect and rodent control, and general maintenance. MONS 038870 14 RKO. 7: 1TKMR <lr. 7r, Sr, Or, lOr. Hr W^TlTF-M 6r. MILKIIOUSE OH ROOM--CLEANLINESS " Tho floors, trolls, ceilings, windows, tnbips, shelves, cabinets, wash vats, non-product contact, surfaces of milk containers, utensils, and equipment, and other milkroom equipment shall be clean. Only articles directly related to milkroom activities shall be permitted in the milkroom. The milkroom shall be free of trash, animals, and fowl. ITEM Tr. TOILET Every dairy farm shall be provided with one or more toilets, con veniently located and properly constructed, operated, and maintained in a sanitary manner. The. waste shall be inaccessible to flies and shall not pollute the soil surface or contaminate any water supply. ITEM 8r. WATER SUPPLY Water for milkhouse and milking operations shall be from a supply properly located, protected, and operated, and shall be easily accessible, adequate, and of a safe, sanitary quality. ITEM 9r. UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT--CONSTRUCTION All multiuse containers, equipment, and utensils used in the han- vlAlling, storage, or transportation of milk shall be made of smooth, non- ^absorbent, corrosion-resistant, nontoxic materials, and shall bo so *-/ - 1 constructed ns to bo easily cleaned. All containers, utensils, and equip ment shall be in good repair. All milk pails used for hand milking and stripping shall be seamless and of the hooded type. Multiple-use woven material shall not be used for straining milk. All singie-9crvice articles shall have been manufactured, packaged, transported, stored, and handled in a sanitary manner and shall comply with the applicable requirements of item lip. of this section. Articles intended for single service use shall not. be reused. Farm holding/cooling tanks, welded sanitary piping, and transpor tation tanks shall comply with the applicable requirements of items lOp. and Up. of this section. ITEM lOr. UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT--CLEANING .. r The product-contact surfaces of all multiuse containers, equipment, ~y*' A'^aJid utensils used in the handling, storage, or transportation of inilk ^^'y^'shall bo cleaned after each usage. ITEM Hr. UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT--SANITIZATION The product-contact, surfaces of all multiuse containers, equipment, and utensils used in the handling, storage, or transportation of milk shall bo sanitized before each usage. l HONS 038871 . Hr. Hr JM--CLEANLINESS bins, shrives, cabinets, irash Jk containers, utensils, and hull be clean. Only articles ill be permitted in the milkish, animals, and fowl. BT illi one or more, toilets, con* d, operated, and maintained iiiacccosible to flics and shall te any water supply. UPPLY lions shall be from a supply nd shall bo easily accessible, BNT--CONSTRUCTION d utensils used in tho hantail be mode of smooth, non* materials, and alioll be bo tUutm, utensils, and equip* tails *'*od for hand milking h<* J type. Mult iplo*use mg milk. AU single-service ckaged, transported, stored, 1 comply wit h the applicable Articles intended for single* tiitory piping, and trnnspor* `able requirement* of items j 1 I ; i j j ; j PMKNT--OLKA NJ NG tiwse containers, equipment, > or transportation of milk UKNT--SA KITIZA TION tiuse containers, equipment, , or transportntion of milk sec. 7: JTKMS 32r. 13?, Ur, 13r. JOr, 17r. 38r Jg ITEM 12r. UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT--STORAGE All containers, utensils, and equipment, used in the handling, storage, or transportntion of milk, unless stored in sanitizing solutions, shall be stored to assure complete drainngc, and shall bo protected from contaminat ion prior to use. ITEM 13r. UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT--HANDLING After sanitization, all containers, utensils, and equipment shatl bo handled in such manner as to prevent contamination of any productcontact surface. ITEM 14r. MILKING--FLANKS, UDDERS, AND TEATS Milking shall bo done in the milking bam, stable, or parlor. The flanks, udders, bellies, and tails of all milking cows shall be freo from ,, *<rrvisible dirt. All brushing shall be completed prior to milking. The udders and tents of all milking cows shall be cleaned and treated with a sanitizing solution just prior to the time of milking, and shall to relatively dry before milking. Wet hand milking is prohibited. ITEM 15r. MILKING--SURCINGLES, MILK STOOLS, AND ANTIKICKERS Surcingles, milk stools, and antikickers shall be kept clean and stored above the floor. ITEM IGr. MILKING--TRANSFER AND PROTECTION OF MILK Each pail or container of milk shall be transferred immediately from the milking bam, stable, or parlor to the milkhouse. No milk shall bo strained, poured, transferred, or stored unless it is properly protected from contamination. ITEM I7r. PERSONNEL-HAND-WASIIING FACILITIES There shall be provided adequate hand-washing facilities, including running water, soap or detergent, and individual sanitary towels, in the milkhouse and in or convenient to the milking bam, stable, or parlor. ITEM 18r. PERSONNEL--CLEANLINESS Hands shall be washed clean and dried with an individual sanitary towel immediately before milking, before performing any milkhouse function, and immediately after the interruption of any of these activi ties. Milkers and milk haulers shall wear clean outer garments while milking or handling milk, milk containers, utensils, or equipment. 247-400 0-67--) HONS 0388 li. 16 8EC. 7: ITEMS lOr. 20r. 2Jr, 1(> ITEM 19r. COOLING Raw milk for pasteurization shall be cooled to 50 F. or loss within 2 hours after milking and shall bo maintained at that temperature until delivered. ITEM 20r. VEHICLES Vehicles used to transport milk in cans from the dairy farm to the milk plant or receiving station shall bo constructed and 0]>erated to protect their contents from sun, freezing, and contamination. Such vehicles shall be kept clean, insido and out; and no substance capable of contaminating milk shall bo transported with milk. ^ ITEM 2Ir. INSECT AND RODENT CONTROL <1'*J Effective measures shall be taken to prevent the contamination of milk, containers, equipment, and utensils by insects and rodents, and y chemicals used to control such vermin. Afilkrooiqs shall he free of * insects and rodents.. Surroundings shall be kopt neat, clean, and free of conditions wliiclt might harbor or be conducive to the breeding of insects and rodents. SANITATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADE A PASTEURIZED MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS A receiving station shall comply with items Ip to 15p, inclusive, and ]7p, 20p, and 22p, except that the partitioning requiiement of item 5p shall not apply. A transfer station shall comply with items ip, 4p, 6p, 7p, 8p, 9p, lOp, lip, 12p, 14p, 15p, 2Qp, and 22p; and as climatic and operating conditions require, the applicable provisions of items 2p and 3p; Pro* vided, That in every case, overhead protection shall be provided. Facilities for the cleaning and sanitizing of bulk transport tanks shall oomply with items Ip, 4p, 6p, 7p, 8p, 9p, lOp, lip, 12p, 14p, 15p, 20p, and 22p; and as climatic and operating conditions require, the applit cable provisions of items 2p and 3p: Provided, That in eveiy case, i overhead protection shall be provided. ITEM lp. FLOORS--CONSTRUCTION The floors of all rooms in which milk or milk products are proc essed, handled, or stored, or in which milk containers, equipment, and utensils are washed, shall be constructed of concrete or other equally impervious and ensily cleaned material; and shall be smooth, properly sloped, provided with trapped drains, kept in good repair: Provided, That cold-storage rooms used for storing milk and milk products need not be provided with floor drains when Lite floors are sloped to drain \ HONS 038873 T. 21 p ING >)od to 60* K. or less within tabled at that tem|>orature LIES from the dairy farm to the Niftractod and ojKsraled to and contamination. Such ; and no substanco oapablo with milk. >RNT CONTROL vent the contamination of y insects and rodents, and hfjjkgnon^p ghnll bo free of e kept neat, dean, and freo adueive to the breeding of B A PASTEURIZED MILK 7TS tn Ip to I Dp, inclusive, and ing uimnent of hem 5p enu lp, 4p, p, 7p, 8p, 9p, 1 aa climatic and operating ia of items 2p and 3p: Protaction shall bo provided, f bulk transport tanks shall .lp, lip, I2p, 14p,15p, 20p, nditiona require, tlio applividedt That in every case, vritucnoN r milk products are proccontainers, equipment, and f concrete or other equally J dial! be smooth, projxsrlj in good repair: Provided, ilk and milk products need ' floors arc doped to drain BBO. T: ITEMS 2p, 8p, 4p, Bp, 6p, 7p jy to one or more exits: Provided further, That storage rooms for storing dry ingredients and/or packaging materials need not l>o provided with drains; and the floors may be constructed of tightly joined wood. ITEM 2p. WALLS AND CEILINGS--CONSTRUCTION Walls and ceilings of rooms in which milk or milk products are handled, processed, or stored, or in which milk containers, utensils, and equipment are washed, dial] have a smooth, washable, light- colored surface, in good repair. /'?/V ~ ITEM 3p. DOORS AND WINDOWS Effective means shall be provided to prevent the access of flies and rodents. All openings to the outside shall have solid doors or glased windows which shall bo closed during dusty weather. ITEM 4p. LIGHTING AND VENTILATION All rooms in which milk or milk products are handled, processed, or stored nnd/or in which milk containers, equipment, and utensils arc washed shall be well lighted and well ventilated. ITEM 5p. SEPARATE ROOMS There shall be separate rooms for (1) pasteurising, processing, cooling, and packaging; (2) cleaning of milk cans and bottles. In addition, plants receiving milk in bulk transport tanks shall provide for cleaning and sanitizing facilities. Unless .all milk and milk produces are received in bulk transport tanks, a receiving room, separate from rooms (1) and (2) abovo, shall be required. Rooms in which milk or milk products are handled, proc essed, or stored, or In which milk containers, utensils, and equipment are washed or stored, shall not open directly into any stable or any room used for domestic purposes. ITEM 6p. TOILET-SEWAGE DISPOSAL FACILITIES Every milk plant shall be provided with toilet facilities conforming with the ordinances of the--------------------of...........................1 Toilet rooms shall not open diroctly into any room in which milk and/or milk products are processed. Toilet rooms shall be completely en closed and shall have tight-fitting, self-closing doors. Dressing rooms, toilet rooms, and fixtures shall be kept in a clean condition, in good repair, and shall bo well ventilated and well lighted. Sewage and other liquid wastes shall be disposed of in a sanitary manner. ITEM 7p. WATER SUTPLY Water for milk plant purposes shall be from a supply properly MONS 038874 is SBC. 7: ITEMS So.Sp, Up. 12p located, protected, and operated, and shall be easily accessible, adequate, and of a safe, sanitary quality. ITEM 8p. HAND-WASHING FACILITIES Convenient hand-washing facilities shall be provided, including hot end cold and/or warm running water, eoap, and individual sanitary towels or other approved hand-drying devices. Hand-washing facili ties shall be kept in a clean condition and in good repair. `ITEM Op. MILK PLANT CLEANLINESS ^.11 rooms in which milk and milk products arc handled, processed, or stored, and/or in which containers, utensils, or equipment are washed or stored, shall be kept clean, neat, and free of evidence of insects and rodents. Pesticides shall be safely used. Only equipment directly related to processing operations or to the handling of con tainers, utensils, and equipment, shall be permitted in the pasteurizing, processing, cooling, packaging, and bulk milk storage rooms. ITEM lOp. SANITARY PIPING All sanitary piping, fittings, and connections which are exposed to milk or milk products, or from which liquids imiy drip, drain, or be drawn into milk or milk products, shall consist of smooth, impervious, corrosion-resistant, nontoxic, easily deanable material. All piping shall be in good repair. Pasteurized milk and milk products shall be conducted from one piece of equipment to another only through sanitary piping.* 4 ... ITEM lip. CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR OF CONTAINERS AND EQUIPMENT All multiuse containers and equipment with which milk or milk products come into contact shall be of smooth, impervious, corrosionresistant, nontoxic material; shall be constructed for ease of cleaning; and shall be kept in good repair. All single-service con tainers, closures, gaskets, and other articles with which milk or milk products come in contact shall be nontoxic, and shall have been manu factured, packaged, transported, and handled in a sanitary manner. Articles intended for single-service use shall not be reused. ITEM 12p. CLEANING AND SANITIZING OF CONTAINERS AND EQUIPMENT The product-contact surfaces of all multiuse containers, utensils, CBBnliln deilrtoi to nptati cottage ebrm and creamed cottar* chooac aader ibt tome of tbU OrdtRonoa ahoutd odd the foltovlag: "fravided, That cottage chooa*. 4rotator*, or cbeeae lorrodloata Mr ho tramported hjr other Method* which pr*tet tha prodact from coBtamtaatiOB." HONS 030873 * P I ojl bo aaoily ooceaslbla, FACILITIES provided, including hot , end individual sanitary a. Hand-washing faciligood repair. IANLINESS ta are handled, processed, mails, or equipment ore and free of evidenoe of vuaad. Only equipment to Die handling of conniUed in the pusleurising, k storage rooms. 1P1NG one which are exposed to la may drip, dmin, or be at of smooth, impervious, la material. All piping and milk products shall to ^ her only through UR OF CONTAINERS r rith which milk or milk h, impervious, corrosionmstructad for earn of All einglo-scrvice conwilh which milk or milk id shall have been manu al in a sanitary manner, not bo reused. Q OF CONTAINERS l* liuas containers, utensils, 'PttMffl collate cbecae n4tr tbo Tbit college cbccec, cbttH Ifcar atiMt vblib protect tbo I BSa 7: ITEMS Up. 14p. 15p, 16p, 17p And equipment, used fn the transportation, processing, hnndling, and storage of milk or milk products shalT be effectively denned and __ shall be sanitized before each use. /y, ^^ * >h.'< ITEM 13p. STORAGE OF CLEANED CONTAINERS AND . EQUIPMENT After cleaning, all multiuse milk or milk product containers, utensils, And equipment shall be transported and stored to assure com plete drainage, and shall be protected from contamination before use. ITEM Hp. STORAGE OF SINGLE-SERVICE CONTAINERS, UTENSILS AND MATERIALS Single-service caps, cap stock, parchment paper, containers, gaskets, and other single-service articles for use in contact with milk and milk products shall be purchased and stored in sanitary tubes, wrappings, or cartons; shall be kept therein in a clean, dry place until used; and shall be handled in a sanitary manner. ITEM 15p. PROTECTION FROM CONTAMINATION Milk plant operations, equipment, and facilities shall be located and conducted to prevent any contamination of milk or milk products, ingredients, equipment, containers, and utensils. All milk or milk products or ingredients which have been spilled, overflowed, or leaked shall be discarded. The processing or handling ol products other than milk and milk products in the pasteurisation plant shall be performed to preclude the contamination of such milk and milk products. ITEM 16p. PASTEURIZATION Pasteurization shall be performed as defined in Section 1, Definition (S), of this Ordinance. ITEM 17p. COOLING OF MILK All raw milk uml milk products shall be maintained at ftO F. or less until processed. All pasteurized milk nnd milk products,except those lob cultured, film)] he cooled immediately prior to filling or packaging in approved equipment to a temjieniture of 45 F. or less. All pas teurized milk and milk products shall !>c stored at a tcmpentt wit of 45 F. or less. On delivery vehicles the temperature of milk ami milk products shall not exceed f>0 F. Every room or tank in which milk or milk products are stored slml) lie equtpiwl with an accurate thermometer. HONS 038876 20 8BO. 7: ITEMS 16p. 19r 20p, 21p, 22* SBO. 8 ITEM 18p. BOTTLING ANI) PACKAGING Bottling nnd pncknging of milk and milk products shall be done at the place of pasteurization in approved mechanical equipment.4 ' ITEM 19P- CAPPING clapping or closing of milk and milk product containers shall be done in a sanitary manner by approved mechanical capping and/or closing equipment The cap or closure shall protect the pouring lip to at least its largest,diameter. ITEM 20p. PERSONNEL--CLEANLINESS Hands shall be thoroughly cashed before commencing plant func tions and os often as may be required to remove soil and contamina tion. No employee shall resume work after visiting the toilet room without thoroughly washing his hands. All persons engaged in the processing, pasteurizat ion, handling, storage, or transportation of milk, milk products, containers, equipment, and utensils shall wear clean outer garments. The use of tobacco by any person engaged in the processing of milk or milk products is prohibited. ITEM 21p. VEHICLES All vehicles used for transportation of pasteurized milk and milk products shall be constructed and operated so that the milk and milk products are maintained at 45 F. or less, and are protected from sun, from freezing, and from contamination. ITEM 22p. SURROUNDINGS Milk plant surroundings shall be kept neat., clean, and free from con ditions which might attract or harbor flies, other insects, and rodents, or which otherwise constitute a nuisance. SECTION 8. ANIMAL HEALTH All milk for pasteurization shall be from herds which are located in a Modified Accredited Tuberculosis Area as determined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Provided, That herds located in an area that fails to maintain such accredited status shall have been accredited by said Department aa tuberculosis free, or shall have passed an annual tuberculosis test. *Ctuumtln Itilriar to rteulite the mIc of cottage ebeesa and creamed cottage ebeesa under the terioi of tbit Ordtnone* should add tbe following: "/'roHdad, Tbal cottage obeoae aod creamed cottar* cbeeae may be transported la sealed containers In protected, sanitary aaanaer from one plant to another for creaming and/or packaging." 03887? a* S8CL OkIvoINO vducta ihall be done at ieal equipment.4 net container* shall be anieal capping end/or rotoct U>o pouring lip INIJ NESS nannieneing plant funo>*e soil and conlnniinw,'iatl.ing mo toiloi room potions engaged in the 'transportation of milk, anails ahull wear clean person angagod in the died. S ouriaed milk and milk tint the milk and milk are ^ tcctcd from sun, NOS eon, and free from conaer insects, and rodents, -ds which are located in letormined by the UJ5. erdslocated in an area ill have been accredited I hevo passod ah annual ss as* crvameS callaac cSmm !: "Pr9ri4*4, Tbat cotUfe iM Mtolwn ! i preioctod, 4/er MCklilRl '* SECTIONS 9, 10 21 All milk {or pasteurization shall be from herds under a brucellosis eradication program which meets one of the following conditions: 1. Located in a Certified Brucellosis-Free Area as defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and enrolled in the testing program for such areas; or 2. Located in a Modified Certified Brucellosis Area aa defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and enrolled in the testing pro gram for such areas; or 8. Meet U.S. Department, of Agriculture requirements for an individunTly certified herd: or 4. Participating in a milk ring testing program which is conducted on a continuing basis at intervals of not less than every 8 months or more than every G months with individual blood tests on all animals in herds showing suspicious reactions to the milk ring test; or 8. Have an individual blood agglutination test annually with an allowable maximum grace period not exceeding 2 months. For diseases other than brucellosis and tuberculosis, the health authority shall require such physical, chemical, or bacteriological testa as he deems necessary. The diagnosis of other diseases in dairy cattle shall be based upon the findings of a licensed veterinarian or a veteri narian in the employ of an official agency. Any diseased animal dis closed by such test(s) shall be disposed of as the health authority directs. SECTION 9. MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS WHICH MAY BE SOLD From and after 12 months from the date on which this Ordinance is adopted, only Grade A pasteurized milk and milk products * shall be sold to the final consumer, or to restaurants, soda fountains, grocery stores, or similar establishments: Provided, That in an emergency, the sale of pasteurized milk and milk products which have not been graded, or the grade of which is unknown, may be authorized by the health authority; in which case, such milk and milk products shall be labeled "ungraded." Note.--Certified puteorlKd milk li derived from certified raw milk wblek meela Ue latest requirements of tbe Americas Association of Medical Milk Com missions, lac., 405 Lexington Ave., New York, N.Y., 10017. SECTION 10. TRANSFERRING; DELIVERY CONTAINERS; COOLING Except as permitted in this section, no milk producer or distributor shall transfer milk or milk products from one container or tank truck to another on the street, in any vehicle, store, or in any place except a Communities wliblsf to proTide (or tb solo of certified psotesrlsed milk abosld IselsAt sscb product In this section. MONS 038878 22 SECTIONS 11, 12. IS milk plant, receiving station, transfer station, or milkhouso especially usod for that purpose. The dipping or ladling of milk or fluid milk products is prohibited. It shall be unlawful to sell or serve any milk or fluid milk product except in. the individual, original container received from the die* tributor, or from an approved bulk dispenser: Provided^ That this requirement shall not apply to milk for mixed drinks requiring less than one-half pint of milk, or to cream, whipped cream, or half-andhalf which is consumed on the premises and which may be served from the original container of not more than one-half gallon capacity, or from a bulk dispenser approved for such sorvioe by tho health authority. It shall be unlawful to sell or serve any pasteurized milk or milk product whioh has not been maintained at a temperature of 45* F. or lees. If containers of pasteurized milk or milk products are stored in ice, the storage container shall be properly drained. SECTION II. MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS PROM POINTS BEYOND THE LIMITS OF ROUTINE INSPECTION Milk and milk products from points beyond the limits of routine inspection of the_____ ...____ of,* or its police juris* diction may be sold in,l or its police jurisdict ion, pro vided thoy are produced and pasteurized under regulations which are substant ially equivalent to this Ordinance end have been awarded an acceptable milk sanitation compliance and enforcement rating made by a State milk sanitation rating officer certified by the U.S. Public Health Service. * ........ SECTION 12. FUTURE DAIRY FARMS AND MILK PLANTS Properly prepared plans for all milkhouses, milking barns, stables, parlors, transfer stations, receiving stations, and milk plants regulated under this Ordinatice which are hereafter constructed, reconstructed, or extensively altered, shall bo submitted to the health authority for written approval before work is begun. SECTION IS. PERSONNEL HEALTH No person affected with any disease in a communicable form, or while a carrier of such dieeaee, shall work at any dairy farm or milk plant in any capacity which brings him into contact with the produc tion, handling, storage, or transportation of milk, milk products, con tainers, equipment, and utensils; and no dairy farm or milk plant operator shall employ in any such capacity any such person, or any person suspected of having any disease in a communicable form, or *ONS 030679 ( , or mUkliouso especially ng of milk or fluid milk Ik or fluid milk product reocived from tlio diser: Provided-, That this ed drinks requiring less ped cream, or half-andhldi may bo eorved from half gallon capacity, or service by the health >tttouriRfld milk or milk lemporaturo of 45 F. or nilk products are stored rained. ROM POINTS BEYOND iPBCTlON od the limits of routine ___,* or its polico jurispolios jurisdiction, proisr regulations which are Id have been awsrdod an `iifo: uent rating made ifloi uj tho U.S. Public ND MILK PUNTS a, milking hams, stables, 4id milk plants regulated astruotod, rooonsl-ructed, the health authority for EALTH oommunioable form, or i any dairy fann or milk oontacl will) (ho producmilk, milk products, conairy farm or milk plant any euoh person, or any i eommunicablo form, or i . j |' \ ! j ! ] I I j | j ; | i I \ | ! ; , 8K0T30N8 14, 15. 10, 17. 18 23 of being a carrier of such disease. Any producer or distributor of milk or milk products, upon whose dairy farm, or in whose milk plant any communicable disease occurs, or who suspects that any employee hes contracted any disease in a communicable form, or has become a carrier of such disease, shall notify the health authority immediately. SECTION 14. PROCEDURE WHEN INFECTION IS SUSPECTED When reasonable cause exists to suspect the possibility of transmis sion of infection from any person concerned with the handling of milk and/or milk products, the health authority is authorized to require any or all of the following measures: (1) the immediate exclusion of that person from milk handling; (2) the immediate exclusion of the milk supply concerned from distribution and use; and (8) adequate medical and bacteriological examination of the person, of his associates, and of his and their body discharges. SECTION 15. ENFORCEMENT This Ordinance shall be enforced by the health authority in accord ance with the Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance with A dminisirotive Procedure*--1966 Recommendation* of the United State* Public Health Service, a certified copy * of which shall be on file at the municipal clerk's office.* Where the mandatory compliance with provisions of the appendixes is specified, such provisions shall be deemed a requirement of the Ordinance. SECTION 16. PENALTY Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this Ordinance shall bo guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $------, and/or such persons may bo enjoined from continuing such violations. Each day upon which such a violat ion occurs shall constitute a separate violation. SECTION 17. REPEAL AND DATE OP EFFECT All ordinances and parts of ordinances in conflict with this Ordinance shall be repealed 12 inontlis after the adoption of this Ordinance, t which time this Ordinance shall be in full force and effect, as providod by law. SECTION 18. UNCONSTITUTIONALITY CLAUSE Should any section, paragraph, sentence, clause, or phrase of this Ordinance bo declared unconstitutional or invalid for any reason, the remainder of this Ordinance shall not be affected thereby. *0NS 038aao Past II GRADE A PASTEURIZED MILK ORDINANCE WITH ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES-196S RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE An ordinance defining "milk" and certain umBk products" "milk producer" "pasteurisation," etc.; prohibiting the sale of adulterated and misbranded milk and milk products; requiring permits for the tale of milk and milk products; regulating the inspection of dairy farms and milk plants, and the examination^ labeling, pasteurisation, distribution and sale of milk and milk products; providing for the construction of future dairy farms and milk plants, the enforcement of this Ordinance, and the fixing ofpenalties. Do it ordained by theof** as follows: SECTION I. DEFINITIONS The following definitions shall apply in tho interpretation and the enforcement of this Ordinance: A. MSUk.--Milk is hereby defined to be the lacteal secretion, prac tically free from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows, which contains not less than 8^/4 percent milk solids-not-fat and not less than percent milkfat. (MUkfat or butterfat is the fat of milk.) A-l. Goal Milk*--Goat milk is the lacteal secretion, praetioaUy free from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of healthy goats. The word "milk" shall be interpreted to include goat milk. B. Cream.--Cream is the sweet, fatty liquid separated from milk, with or without the addition of milk or skim milky which contains not less thanJ8 percentmilbfat. B-l. Light Cream, Coffee Cream, or Table Cream.--Light cream, coffee cream, or table cream is cream which contains not less than 28 percent but less than.30 percent milkfat. B-2. Whipping Cream.--Whipping cream is cream which contains not less than 80 percent milkfat. Nnmbertd foolnolra *rc iwnbM p. ]. U | ! \ HONS 039001 ( i i i ILK ORDINANCE ROCEDURES--19G5 E UNITED STATES pi "milk product*" "milk 19 the tale of adulterated igniting permit* for the f the inspection of dairy , labeling, pasteurisation, duett; providing for the k plants, the enforcement .......... M as follows: >N8 Imp | ' *irprotation and the he lacteal secretion, proa- ' p complete milking of one etc than 6% percent milk nt milkfat. {Milkfat or ted secretion, practically piete milking of healthy led to include goat milk. ptid separated from milk, % milk, which contains not r Tabic Cream.--Light which contains not less .' P'in is cream which contains j ; : , | 1 ! \ < , SECTION 1 25 B-3. Light Whipping Cream.--Light whipping cream is cream that contains not loss than 30 percent but less than 36 percent milkfat. B-4. Heavy Cream or Heavy Whipping Cream.--Heavy cream or heavy whipping cream is cream which contains not less than 36 percent milkfat. BS. Whipped Cream.--Whipped cream is whipping cream into which air or gas has been incorporated.* B-6. Whipped Light Cream, Coffee Cream, or Table Cream.-- Whipped light cream, coffee cream, or table cream is light cream, coffee cream, or table cream into which air or gas has been incorporated.* 5-7. Sour Cream or Cultured Sour Cream.--Sour cream or cul tured sour cream is a fluid or semifluid cream resulting from the sour ing, by lactic acid producing bacteria or similiar culture, of pasteurised cream, which contains not less than OJBO percent acidity expressed as lactic acid.* . C. Half-and-Half.--Half-and-half is a product consisting of a mixture of milk and cream which contains not less than 10 percent milkfat.* C-l. Sour Half-and-Half or Cultured Half-and-Half^--Sour half-and-half or cultured half-and-half is fluid or semifluid half-and- half derived from the souring, by laotic acid producing bacteria or similar culture, of pasteurised half-and-half, which contains not less than OJtO percent acidify expressed as lactic acid.* D. Reconstituted or Recombined Milk and Milk Products.--Re constituted or recombined tnilk and/or milk products shall mean milk or milk products defined in this section which result from the recom bining ofmilk constituents with potable water.*'* E. Concentrated Milk.--Concentrated milk is a fluid product, t*n- eteriUsed and unsweetened, resulting from the removed of a consider able portion of the water from milk, which, when combined with potable water, results in a product conforming with the standards for milkfat and sollds-not-fat of milk as defined above.* E-l. Concentrated Milk Products.--Concentrated vxilk products shall be taken to mean and to include homogenieed concentrated milk, vitamin D concentrated milk, concentrated skim milk, fortified con centrated skim milk, concentrated lowfat milk, fortified concentrated lowfat milk, concentrated flavored inilk, concentrated flavored milk products, and similar concentrated products made from concentrated milk or concentrated shim milk, and which, when combined with potable water in accordance with instructions printed on the container, conform with the definitions of the cort'csponding milk products in this section.* HUNS 038882 26 SECTION 1 -?. Frozen Milk Concentrate.--Frozen milk concentrate it a frozen milk product with a comfut*Hion of milkfat and milk *oliff* not fat- in nuclt proportion* that when a given volume of concentrate 1* mixed with a given volume of water the reconstituted product- eon forme to the milk-fat and milk solid* not- fat requirement* of whole milki In the manufacturing process, water may he used to adjust the primary concentrate to the final desired concentration. The adjusted primary concentrate is pasteurized, packaged, and immediately frozen. This product is stored, transported, and. sold in the frozen stater F. Skim Milk or Skimmed Milk.--Skim- milk or skimmed mWe is milk from, which sufficient milkfat has been removed to reduce its milkfat content to less than OSO percent.* G. Lowfat Milk.--Lowfat milk is milk from which a sufficient por tion of milk-fat has been removed to reduce its milkfat content to not less than OSO percent and not more than $& percent.* H. Vitamin D Milk and Milk Products.--Vitamin D milk and milk products are milk and milk products, the vitamin D content of which has been increased by an approved method to at least 400 UjSJ*. units per quart.* / Fortified Milk and Milk Products.--Fortified milk and mUk products are milk and milk products other than vitamin D milk and milk products, the vitamin and/or mineral content, of which have been increased by a method and in an amount approved by the health authority.* J. Homogenized Milk.--Homogenised mUk is mtJ-k which has been treated to insure breakup of the fat globules to such an extent thaty after 48 hours of quiescent storage at,46* no visible cream separation occurs on the milky and the fat percentage of the top 100 milliliters of milk in a quarts or of proportionate volumes in containers of other sisety does not differ by more than JO percent from the fat percentage of the remaining milk as determined after thorough mix ing. The word "milk" shall be interpreted to Include homogenised mUk} K. Flavored MUk or Milk Products.--Flavored milk or mitt products shall mean milk and milk products as defined in this Ordi nance to which have been added a flavor and/or sweetener} K-l. Eggnog Flavored Milk.--Eggnog flavored milk is a milk product consisting of a mixture of at least 36 percent butlerfat, at least OS percent egg yolk solids, sweetener, and flavoring. Emulsifier and a maximum of OS percent- stabiliser may be added. K-2. Eggnog.--Eggnog is a milk product consisting of a mixture of milk or milk product of at least 0.0 percent butterfaty at least IjO percent egg yolk solids, sweetener, and flavoring. Emulsifier and not over OS percent stabilizer may be added. L. Buttermilk.--Buttermilk is a fluid product resulting from the HONS 03S3 ( milk ctmecnlraie. is a kfat and milk solid* not zhtme. of concentrate m instituted product eoti- requirements of whole ay be used to adjust the ntmtion. The adjusted and immediately frozen. ft #/mi frozen state.2 nOk or skimmed milk it nosed to reduce its milk- n which a sufficient por t milkfat content to not oent.* --Vitamin I) mUk and ie vitamin 1) content of ad to at least 400 VjSJ3. Certified milk and milk bn vitamin I) milk and content, of which have approved by the health Ok. mUk which has tbuL to each an extent 6* Fn no visible cream voentage ef the top 100 Ue volumes in containers JO percent from the fat ned after thorough mixto include homogenised Flavored milk or mUk as defined in this Ordiror sweetener.* farored milk is a milk MS fteroont butterfat, at d favoring. Emulsifier V< added. consisting of a mixture it butterfat, at least 1J0 >ng. Emulsifier and net duet resulting from the " t SECTION 1 27 manufacture of butter from milk or cream. It contains not less than 8% percent of mllksolids-not-fat.* L-l. Cultured Buttermilk.--Cultured buttermilk is a fluid prod uct resulting from the souring, by lactic acid producing bacteria or similar, culture, of pasteurised skim milk or pasteurized lowfat milk.* M. Cultured MUk or Cultured Whole MUk Buttermilk.--Cul tured milk or cultured whole milk buttermilk is a fluid product result ing from the souring, by lactic acid producing bacteria or similar culture, of pasteurized milk.* . N. Acidified Milk and Milk Products. -Acidified milk and milk products are milk and. milk products obtained by the addition of food grade acids to pasteurized cream, half-and-half, milk, lowfat milk, or skim milk, resulting in a product acidity of not less than OJBO percent expressed as lactic acid.* O. Milk Products.--Milk products include cream, light cream, coffee cream, table cream, whipping cream, light whipping cream, heavy cream, heavy whipping cream, whipped cream, whipped light cream, whipped coffee cream, whipped table cream, sour cream, cul tured sour cream, half-and-half, sour half-and-half, cultured half- and-half, reconstituted or recombined milk and mUk products, concen trated milk, concentrated milk products, skim milk, skimmed milk, lowfat milk, fortified milk and mffle products, vitamin D milk and milk products, homogenized milk, favored milk or milk products, eggnog, eggnog favored milk, buttermilk, cultured buttermilk, cul tured miUc, cultured whole milk buttermilk, and acidified milk and milk products * *4 . . .. This definition is not intended to included such products as sterilised milk and milk products hermetically sealed in a container and so processed, either before or after sealing, as to prevent microbial spoil age, or evaported milk, condensed milk, butter, ice cream and other frozen desserts, dry milk products (except as defined herein), or cheese except when they are combined with other substances to produce any pasteurized milk or milk product defined herein. P. Grade A Dry Milk Products.--Grade A dry milk products are truffle products which have been produced for use in Grade A pasteur ized milk products and which have been manufactured under the pro visions of Grade A Pry Milk Products -Recommended Sanitation Ordinance and Code for Pry Milk Product s Used in Grade A Pasteur ised Milk Products. Q. Optional Ingredients.--Optional ingredients shall mean and include Grade A dry milk products, concentrated milk, concentrated milk products, flavors, sweeteners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, acidificrs, vitamins, minerals, and similar ingredients. R. Adulterated MUk and MUk Products.--Any milk or milk product shall be deemed to be adulterated (7) if it bears or contains HONS 038884 28 SECTION 1 any poisonous or deleterious substance in a quantity which may render , it injurious to health; () if it bears or contain* any added poisonous or deleterious substance for which no safe tolerance has been estab ) lished by State or Federal regulation, or in excess of such tolerance if \ one has been established; (3) if it consists, in whole or in party of any substance unfit for human consumption; (4) if it has been pro ducedy processed, prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions; (6) if its container is compostdy in whole or in part, of any j [ poisonous or deleterious substance which may render the contents in* furious to health; or (6) if any substance has been added thereto or mixed or packed therewith so as to increase Us bulk or weight, or reduce its quality or strength, or make it appear better or of greater value than U is. R-L Misbranded MUk and Milk Products.--Milk and milk prod ucts are misbranded (/) when their container{s) bear or accompany any false or misleading written, printed or graphic matter; (0) when such milk and milk products do not conform to their definitions as contained in this Ordinance; and (3) when such products are not labeled in accordance with Section 4 of this Ordinance. S Pasteurization.--The terms ttpasteurization," "pasteurised and similar terms shall mean the process of heating every particle of milk or milk product to at least 246* F., and holding it continuously at or above this temperature for at least SO minutes, or to at least 3619 F., and holding it continuously at or above this temperature for at least j | j 26 seconds, in equipment which if properly operated and approved by I the health authority: Provided, That milk preduets which have a - | higher milkfat content than milk and/or contain added sweeteners shall be heated to at least 160* F., and held continuously at or above this temperature for at least 30 minutes, or to at least 160* F., and ` held continuously at or above this temperature for at least 16 seconds. Provided further, That nothing in this definition shall be construed as barring any other pasteurisation process which, has been recognised by the United States Public Health Service to be equally efficient and which is approved by the State health authority. T. Sanitization.--Sanitization is the application of any effective { method or substance to a clean surface for the destruction of pathogens, and of other organisms as far as is practicable. Such treatment shall not adversely affect the equipment, the mHk or milk product or the health of consumers, and shall be acceptable to the health authority. j I V. Milk Producer.--A mtlh producer is any person who operates I a dairy farm and provides, sells, or offers milk for sale to a milk plant, receiving station, or transfer station. ; V Milk Hauler.--A milk hauler is any person who transports raw , MONS 038885 (. I , SECTION 2 20 tfify which may render mdk and/or raw milk produete to or from a milk plant, receiving or w any added- pouonou. 'aranct hoe been ettah- iron*for elation Wa Milk Distributor,--A milk distributor ie any person who offers hm of aueh tolerance if for sale or sells to another any mUk or m ilk products. t whole or m part, of (4) if it hoe teen pro A'. Health Authority.--The health authority shall mean the of the1 or his authorized representative. aider inoanitary condi- , The term, "Health Authority," wherever it appears in this Ordinance, Me or in part, of any , shall mean the appropriate agency having jurisdiction and control render the contents th- 1 been added thereto or over the matters embraced within this Ordinance. Y. Dairy Farm.--A dairy farm is any place or premises where one alh or weight, or reduce or more eowe or goats are kept, and from which a part or all of the ter or of greater value milk or milk produces) ie provided, sold, or offered for sale to a miIk plant, transfer station, or receiving station. e--ifiUt and mill prod- Z. Milk Plant and/or Receiving Station.--A mUk plant and/or (e) hear or accompany receiving station is any place, premises, or establishment where mUk iphic matter; (S) when ' or mdk products are collected, handled, processed, stored, pasteurised, > to their deftnitione ae ; bottled, or prepared for distribution. ` ouch products are not Z-/. Transfer Station.--A transfer station is any place, premises, nlinanoe. | or establishment where milk or mdk products are transferred directly cation"paiteuriaed," from one transport tank to another. eating every partiela of \ AA. Official Laboratory.--An official laboratory is a biological, holding it continuously chemical, or physical laboratory vJhich is under the direct supervision metes, or to at least 101 ! of the State or a local health authority. <ei>( ature for at least BIS. Officially Designated Laboratory.--An officially designated orated and approved by | laboratory Hs a commercial laboratory authorized to do official work prvduole which have a | by the supervising agency, or a milk industry laboratory officially des ntein added Sweeteners ' ignated by the supervising agency for the examination of producer mtinuoutly at or above to at least 100 F^ and samples of Grade A raw milk for pasteurization. CC, Person.--The word uperson" shall mean any individual, plant > far at least IB seconds, operator, partnership, corporation, company, firm, trustee, or iiian shall he eanetrued Joh has been recognised association. DD. And/or.--Where the term uand/or" is used, "anrf" shall ap he equally efficient and ply where appropriate, otherwise "orn shall apply. ity. {oction of any effective : SECTION 1 ADULTERATED OR MISBRANDED MILK OR MILK PRODUCTS eetructUm of pathogen*, . Such treatment shad So person shall, viithin the municipality of _____ ..._____ of or mQk product or the ________ ____ ,* or its police jurisdiction, produce, provide, sell, offer, the health authority. or expose for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell any milk or Hy pereon who optratee milk product which is adulterated or misbranded: Provided, That tn for ealc to a milk plant, an emergency, the sale of pasteurized milk and milk products which have not been graded, or the grade of which is unknown, may be au can whe traneporte raw i thorized by the health authority, in which case such produete shad be labeled "ungraded." V MQNS 033836 80 SBOTION 8 Any adulterated or misbranded milk or milk product may be im pounded by the health authority and disposed of in accordance with applicable laws or regulations. . ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This section of the Ordinance shall be used in impounding the prod ucts of, or preferring charges against, persons who adulterate or mis brand their milk or milk products or label them with any grade designation not authorized by the health authority under the terms of this Ordinance, or who sell or deliver ungraded milk or milk products except as may be permitted under this section in an emergency. An emergency is defined as a general and acute shortage in the milkshed, pot simply one distributor's shortage. SECTION S. PERMITS It shall be unlawful for any person who does not possess a permit from the health authority of the _of m. to bring into, send into, or receive into the___________ of or its police jurisdiction, for sale, or to sell, or offer for sale therein, or to have in storage any milk or milk products defined in this Ordi nance: Provided, That, grocery stores, restaurants, soda fountains, and similar establishments where milk or milk products are served or told at retail, but not processed, may be eaempt from the require ment* of this section. Only a person who complies with the requirements of this Ordinance shall be entitled to receive and retain such a permit. Permits shall not be transferable with respect to persons and/or locations. The health authority shall suspend such permit, whenever he has reason to believe that a public health hazard exists; or whenever the permit holder has violated any of the requirements of this Ordinance; or whenever the permit holder has interfered with the health authority m the performance of his duties: Provided, That the health autlu>rity shall, in all cases except where the milk or milk product involved creates, or appears to create, an imminent hazard to the public health; or tn any case of a willful refusal to permit authorized inspection, serve upon the holder a written notice of intent to suspend permit, which notice shall specify with particularity the violation's) in question and afford the holder such reasonable opportunity to correct such viola* tion(s) as may be agreed to by the parties, or in the absence of agree ment, fixed by the health authority, before making any order of suspension effective. A suspension of permit shall remain in effect wUU the violation has been corrected to the satisfaction of the health authority. MQNb 038887 ImAfe product may be im ped of in accordance with awitBs i in impounding the prod* ms who adulterate or mis* :1 them wilh any grade thority under the terms of ded milk or milk product* ion in an emergency. An shortage in the milkshed, m does not possess a permit ---------- */....................--1 ................. of....................... * It or offer for tale therein, iuote defined in thin Ordittauranls, soda fountaine, tilk products are served or mem.pt from the require- iw| *4 of Ordinance perL.*. Permit* shall not rrr location*. *. permit, whenever he hae rd twists; or whenever the foment* of thi* Ordinance; d with the health authority s That the health authority or milk product involved aonrd to the public health/ tuthoriaed inspection, serve to suspend permit, which idation(tt) in question and nity to correct ewh violaor in the absence of agreerrt molting any order of mit shall remain in effect f satisfaction of the health SECTION S Upon written application of any person whose permit has been sus pended-, or upon application within 48 hours of any person who has been screed with, a notice of intention to suspend, and in the latter case before suspension, the health authority shall within 72 hours proceed to a hearing to ascertain the facts of such violation or interference and upon evidence presented at such hearing shall affirm, modify, or rescind the suspension or intention to suspend. Upon repeated violation(s), the health authority may revoke such permit following reasonable notice to the permit holder and an oppor tunity for a hearing. This section is not intended to preclude the institution of court action as provided in Sections 6 and 6. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES Issuance of Permits.--Every milk produoer, milk distributor, milk hauler, and each milk plant, receiving station, and transfer station operator shall hold a valid permit. Milk producere who transport milk or milk products only from their own dairy farms and employees of a milk distributor or milk plant operator who possesses a valid permit, shall not be required to possess a hauler's permit. Grocery stores, restaurants, soda fountains, and similar establishments where milk Or milk products are served or sold at retail but not processed, may be exempt from the requirements of this section. Suspension of Permit--When any requirement^) of this Ordi nance is violated, the permit holder is subject to the suspension of his permit The health authority may forgo suspension of the permit, provided the product or products in violation are not sold or offered for sale. Hearings.--If a State or municipal administrative procedure act which provides procedures for administrative hearings and judicial review of administrative determinations is available, the act shall be made applicable by reference to the hearings provided for in the Ordi nance. It such administrative procedure act is not available, appro priate procedures, including provision for notice, hearing officer, and his authority, record of hearing, rules or evidence, and court review shall be established by appropriate authority. Reinstatement of Permits.--Any producer, distributor, hauler, or plant operator whose permit has been suspended may make written application for the reinstatement of his permit. When the permit suspension has been due to a violation of any of the bacterial, coliform, or cooling-temperature standards, the health authority within 1 week after the receipt of a written application for reinstatement of permit, shall issue a temporary permit after deter mining by an inspection of the facilities and operating methods that 347-400 0-67-4 MONS 038888 82 SECTION 4 the conditions responsible for the violation hnve been corrected. Samples shall then bo (nken at the rate of not more than two per week on separate days within a 3-week period, and the health authority shall reinstate the permit upon compliance with the appropriate standard ns determined in accordance with Section Oof this Ordinance. Whenever the permit suspension hos been duo to a violation of a requirement other than the bacteriological, coliform, or coolingtemperature standards, the application shall contain a written state ment to the effect that the violntion(s) has been corrected. Within 1 week of the receipt of such an application, the health authority shall make an inspection of the applicant's establishment, and as many ad ditional inspections thereafter as are deemed necessary, to determine that the applicant's establishment is complying with the requirements. When the findings justify, the permit shall be reinstated. SECTION 4. LABELING All bottles, container*, and packages enclosing milk or milk prodacts defined in Section 1 of this Ordinance shall be conspicuously labeled or marked with (7) the name of the contents as given in the definition in thie Ordinance; (0) the word "reconstituted" or urecom bined" if the product is made by reconstitution or recom bination; (J) the grade of contents; (4) the word "pasteurised" if the contents are pasteurized and the identity of the plant where pastcuriecd; (5) the word "rote" if the contents are raw and the name or other identity of the producer; (G) the designation "vitamin /?" and the number of U.S.P. unite per quart in the case of vitamin l) milk or milk products; (7) the volume or proportion of water to be added for recombining in the case of concentrated milk or milk products; (8) the words "nonfat milk solids added" and the percentage added if such solids have been added, except that thie requirement shall not apply to reconstituted or recombined milk or milk products; (5) the words "artificially sweetenedP1 in the name if non-nutritive and/or artificial sweeteners are used; and (10) the common name of stabi lisers, distillates, and ingredients: Provided, That () only ths iden tity of the milk producer shall be required on. cans delivered to a milk plant which receives only Grade A raw milk for pasteurisation, and which immediately dumps, washes, and returns the cans to the milk producer; (ft) the identity of both milk producer and the grade shall be required on cans delivered to a milk plant- which teethes both Grade A raw milk for pasteurisation and ungraded raw milk, and which immediately dumps, washes* and returns the cans to the milk producer; (c) in the case of concentrated milk products, the specific name of the product shall be substituted for the generic term "con centrated milk products" e.g., "homogenized concentrated milk" MQNS 036889 SECTION 4 33 n have been corrected, mom than two per week )d the health authority a with the appropriate lion 0 of this Ordinance. duo to a violation of a , ooliform, or cooling* contain a written stateboon corrected. Within he health authority shall hmont, and ns many ad* necessary, to determine g with the requirements, winstnled. fr uconcentrated skim milkTM "concentrated chocolate milkTM "concen trated chocolate flavored lewfat mMkTM; (<) in the cate of flavored milk or flavored reconstituted milky the name of the principal flavor thall be substituted for the word "flavoredTM,* and () in the cate of cultured milk and milk products, the special type culture used may be substituted for the word "cultured,TM e.g., uacidophilus buttermilkTM "bulgarian buttermilkTM and "yogurt.TM All vehicles and transport tanks containing milk or milk products shall 6c legibly marked- with the name and address of the mUk plant or hauler in possession of the contents. Tanks transporting raw milk and milk products to a milk plant from sources of supply not under the routine supervision of the health [ authority are required to be marked with the name and address of the mUk plant or hauler and shall be sealed; in addition, for each such shipment^ a shipping statement shall be prepared containing at least the following informationt ttfnff milk or milk prod shall be conspicuously content* at given in the eoonstilvtcdTM or "reeom- (/) Shipper's name, address, and permit number. () Permit number of hauler, if not employee of shipper. (5) Point of origin of shipment. (4) Tanker identity number. constitution or reeom* (6) Name of product. 4 word upaetourieedTM if of the plant where pasare mw end the name or no/ Mv7ffwwn J>TM and (d) Weight of product. (7) Grade of product. (d) Temperature of product. (P) Date of shipment. oose.of vitamin. P milk, (10) flame of supervising health authority at the point of origin. ion of water to be added t (//) Whether the contents are raw, pasteurised, or otherwise heat milk or milk produett; treated. l the percentage added, if Such statement shall be prepared in triplicate and shall be kept on fe requirement thall tiot fie by the shipper, the consignee, and the carrier for a period of 6 milk products; {9) the months for the information of the health authority. if non-nutritive and/or The labeling information which is required on all bottles, containers common name of stabi- or packages of milk or milk products shall be in letters of an accept That (a) only the iden- able sue, kind, and color satisfactory to the health authority and shall i cone delivered to a milk contain no marks or words which are misleading. *. for ystevrisation, and me the cent to the milk ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES fueer and the grade thall Emergency Supplies--Labeling.--When the sale of ungraded milk ant which weeivet both or milk products is authorized during emergencies, under the terms ungraded raw milk, and of Section 2, the label must bear the designation "ungraded." When ms the eon* to the milk ilk ptvducts, the tpeeific r the generic term "con eed concentrated milk/'1 *Tho Federal Food and Drug Admlolatration convldera the term "chocolate milk" laklllai snleae the flavoring Ingredient lifted la "ehoetlilr," "aweet chocolate,*' or "allt chocolate'' complying with Ibe appropriate euoderde ef Identity fee these predneta. Milk and aallk products Savorod with "cocoa" nay be labeled "chocolate Savored." *ONS 038890 i 34 SECTION 4 such labeling is not available, the health authority shall take immedi ate steps to inform the public that the particular supply is ungraded, and that the supply will be properly labeled as soon as the distributor can obtain the required labels. Identity Labeling.--"Identity," as used in this section, is defined as tho name and address of the milk plant at which the pasteurization takes place. It is recommended that the voluntary national uniform coding system for identification of pasteurization plants at which milk and milk products ore packaged, be udoptod in order to provide a uniform system of codes throughout the country. In cases where several pasteurization plants are operated by one firm, the common firm name may be utilized on milk bottles or con tainers: Provided, That the location of the plant at which the contents were pasteurized is also shown, either directly or by a code. This requirement is necessary in order to enable the health authority to identify (lie source of the pasteurized milk. The street, address of the pasteurizing plant need not be shown when only one plant of a givon name is located within the municipality. The identity labeling requirement may be interpreted as permitting plants and persons to purchase and distribute, under their own label, milk and milk products processed and packaged at another plant, pro vided, that, the label reads, "Processed at---------------------(name and ad dress)," or that the processing and packaging plant is identified by a proper code. Misleading Labels.--The health authority shall not permit the use of any misleading marks, words, or endorsements upon the label. He may permit the use of registered trade designs or similar terms on the bottle cap or label when, in his opinion, they are not misleading and are not so used as to obscure the labeling required by the Ordi nance. The use of super grade designations shall not bo permitted. Grade designations such as "Grade AA Pasteurized," "Selected Grade A Pasteurized," "Special Grade A Pasteurized," "Premium," etc., give the consumer the impression that such a grade is significantly safer than Grade A pasteurized. Such an implication is false, because the Ordinance requirements for Grade A pasteurized milk, when properly enforced, will insure that this grade of milk will be as safe as milk can practicably be made. Note.--Milk or milk products shall be labeled in accordance with the provi sions of Section 4 of this Ordinance and, wben skipped Interstate, ahall fulflll tho applicable requirements of the Federal Food, lirug, and Ooametlc Act, aa mended. ' MONS 038891 (i . ority thill take immedixlmr supply is ungraded, * toon u the dist ributor i this oodion, is defined irbich tiio pasteurization mUry national uniform isatfon plants at 'which ptod in order to provide toy. to ire operatod by one on milk bottles or conint it which tin contents tly or by i code. This the luiith authority to Hn street address of the nly one plant of a given nterpretod u permitting a, under their own label, ad at. another plant, pro- (nemo and adig plant ia identified by - a)j. -lot ponnit tho um lento updn the label." He igna or aimilar terms on they are not misleading >g required by the Ordi ahall not bo permitted, uriwd," "Selected Grade rind," "Premium,'' etc., ;rado is significantly safer tlion is false, because the iced milk, wiien properly k will bo as safe as milk i iccorrtnurr with tlir provl* lpj*A ItileraUte, slull fulfill Urns, and Oosiuptlc Act, . SECTION S gg SECTION ft. INSPECTION OF DAIRY FARMS AND BULK PLANTS Each dairy farm, milk plant, receiving elation, and transfer station tchose milk or milk products are intended for consumption unthin -------------- --* or its police jurisdiction shall be inspected by the health authority prior to the issuance of a permit. Following the issuance of a permit, each dairy farm and transfer station shall be inspected at lease ones svsry $ months and each milk plant and receiving station shall be inspected at least once every 3 months. Should the violation of any requh'cmcnt set forth in Section 7 be found to exist on an inspec tion, a second inspection shall be required after the time deemed neces sary to remedy the violation, but not before 3 days; this second insjwction shall be used to determine compliance with the requirements of Section 7. Any violation of the same requirement of Section 7 on such second inspection shall call for permit suspension in accordance with Section J and/or court action. One copy of the inspection report shall be handed to the operator, or other responsible person, or he posted in a conspicuous place on an inside wall of the establishment. Said inspection report shall not be defaced and shall be made available to the health authority upon re guest. An identical copy of the inspection report shall be filed with the records of the health authority. Every milk producer, hander, distributor, or plant operator shall, upon reguest of the health authority, permit access of officially des ignated persons to all parts of his establishment or facilities to de termine compliance with the provisions of this Ordinance. A distributor or plant operator shall furnish the health, authority, upon request, for official use only, a true statement of the actual quantities of milk and milk products of each grade purchased and sold, and a list of all sources of such milk and milk products, records of inspections, tests, and pasteurisation time and temperature records. It shall be unlawful for any person who in an official capacity ob tains any information under the provisions of this Ordinance which is entitled to protection as a trade secret (including information at to quantity, quality, source or disposition of milk or mUk products, or results of inspections or tests thereof) to use such information to his own advantage or to reveal it to any unauthorised person. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES Inspection Frequency.--One producer inspection every 6 months or one plant inspection every 8 months is not a desirable frequency; it is instead a legal minimum. Dairy farms and milk plants ezpe- KONS 038892 SECTION 5 noticing difficulty meeting requirements should be visited more fre quently. Inspections of dairy farms shall be made at milking time aa often os possible, and of milk plants at different times of the day, in order to ascertain if the processes of equipment assembly, sanitizing, pasteurization, cleaning, end other procedures comply with the re quirements of this Ordinance. Enforcement Procedure.--This section provides that a dairy farm or milk plant shall be subject to suspension of permit, and/or court action, if two successive inspections discloso violation of the same requirement. ' Experience has demonstrated that strict enforcement of the Ordinance lends to a better and friendlier relationship between the health authority and the milk industry than docs a policy of enforce ment winch seeks to excuse violations and to defer penalty therefor. The sanitarian's criterion of satisfactory compliance should be neither too lenient nor unreasonably stringent. When a violation is discov ered, the sanitarian should point out to the milk producer or plant operator the requirement that has been violated, discuss a method for correction, and set a time for correcting the violated requirement. The penalties of suspension or revocation of permit, and/or court aet-ion, are provided to provent continued violation of the provisions of this Ordinance but are worded to protect the dairy industry against unreasonable or arbitrary action. When a condition is found which constitutes an imminent health hazard, prompt action is necessary to protect the public health; therefore, the health authority is authorized, in Soction 3, to suspend the permit, immediately. However, except for such emergencies, no penilty is imposod oil the producer or distributor upon the first violation of any of the sanitation requirements listed in Section 7. A producer or distributor found violating any require ment must bo notified in writing and given a reasonable time to correct the violation(s) before a second inspection is made. The requirement of giving written notice shall be deemed to have been satisfied by the handing to the operator or by the posting of un inspection report, as required by this section. After receipt of a notice of violation, but before the allotted time has elapsed, (he producer or distributor shall have an opportunity to appeal the sanitarian's interpretation to the health authority or for an extension of the time allowed for correction. Certified Industry Inspection.--The health authority may certify industry personnel to carry out cooperatively the provisions of this Ordinance with respect to the supervision of dairy farms. Reports of all inspections conducted by such personnel to delermine compliance with the provisions of this Ordinance shall be forwarded to tho health authority. All punitive actions and all inspections for the issuance *GNS 038893 C- I d bn visited more Ire>adc st milking time es nt times of the day, in it assembly, sanitizing, oomply with the re- vidcs that s dairy farm I permit, and/or court violation of the same 1 ' enforcement of the lafionehip between the ns a policy of enforce* defer penalty therefor, lienee should bo neither n a violation is discovnilk producer or plant d, discuss a method for dated requirement. t permit) and/or court ation of the provisions \ dairy industry against ndition is found which i ar'' >n is necessary to utl ify is authorised, ; However, except for produoor or distributor i requirement* listed in violating any requireasonable t ime to correct nade. The requirement ve lwen satisfied by the in inspection report, as notice of violation, but er or distributor shall *t interpretation to the tallowed for correction. i authority may certify ' the provisions of thia dairy farms. Reports o detennino compliance forwarded to Lho hoalth lotions for tho issuanoa j ' 1 ? | I . , , i ....... * 1 ) . f ^ a* section 37 or reinstatement of permits shall be performed by the health authority. Industry porsonnei shall be certified annually by tho health authority in accordance with the provisions of Appendix B, p. 99. Inspection Reports.--A copy of the inspection report shall be filed by the health authority and retained for at least 12 months. The re sults shall bo ottered on appropriate ledger forms. The use of a com puter or other information retrieval system may be used. Examples of field inspection forms are included in Appendix L, p. 1G7. SECTION S. THE EXAMINATION OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS During any consecutive 0 months, at least four samples of raw milk far pasteurisation shall be taken front each producer and four samples of raw milk for pasteurization shall be taken from each milk plant after receipt of the milk by the milk plant and prior to pasteurization. In addition, during any consecutive 6 months, at least four samples of pasteurized milk and at least four samples of each milk product defined in this Ordinance shall be taken from every milk plant. Samples of milk and milk products shall be taken while in possession of the pro ducer or distributor at any time prior to final delivery. Samples of milk and milk products from dairy retail stores, food service establish ments, grocery stores^ and other places where milk and milk products are sold shall be examined periodically as determined by the health authorityi and the results of such examination shall be used to deter mine compliance with Sections B, 4,10. Proprietors of such establish ment* shall furnish the health authority, upon his request, with the names of all distributors from whom milk or mtih products are obtained. Required bacterial counts and cooling temperature checks shall be performed on raw milk for pasteurisation. In addition, antibiotic tests on each producer's milk or on commingled raw milk shall be con ducted at least four times during any consecutive 6 months. When commingled milk ie tested, all producers shall be represented m the sample. All individual sources of milk shall be tested when test re sults on the commingled milk are positive. Required bacterial counts, coliform determinations, phosphatase, and cooling temperature cheeks shall be performed on pasteurised milk and milk products. Whenever two of the last four consecutive bacteria counts, coliform determinations, or cooling temperatures, taken on separate days, exceed the limit of the standard for the milk and/or milk product, the health authority shall send a written notice thereof to the person concerned. This notice shall be in effect sc long as two of the last four consecutive samples exceed the limit of the standard. An additional sample shall be taken within H days of the sending of such notice, but not before MONS 038094 38 SECTION 6 the lapse of 3 days. Immediate suspension of permit in accordance with Section 3 and/or court action, shall be instituted whenever the standard ts violated by three of the last five bacteria counts, collform determinations, or cooling temperature*. Whenever a phosphatase test is positive, the cause shall be deter' mined. Where the cause is improper pasteurization, if shall be cor rected, and any milk or milk product involved shall not be offered for sale. Samples shall be analyzed at an official or appropriate officially des ignated laboratory. All sampling procedures and required laboratory examinations shall be m substantial compliance with the______ Edi tion of Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Product* of the American labile Health Association, and the_____ Edition of ftflirlnl Methods of Analyses of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (Insert edition number current at time of adoption.) Such procedures and examinations shall be evaluated in accordance with the methods of evaluating milk laboratories recommended by the United States Public Health Service. Examinations and tests shall be conducted to detect adulterants, including pesticides, as the health authority shall require. Assays of vitamin D milk or milk products and/or fortified milk and milk products shall be made at least an nually in a laboratory acceptable to the health authority. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES Enforcement Procedures.--All violation* of bnctoriu, coliform, and cooling temperature standards shall Ik*, followed promptly by inspection to determine end correct the cause. (See App. E, Examples of 8-out-of-5 Compliance Enforcement Procedures.) Laboratory Techniques.--Procedures for the collection and hold ing of samples; the selection and preparation of apparatus, media and reagents; and the analytical procedures, incubation, reading, and reporting of results, shall be in substantial compliance with Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products and the OfficialMeth ods of Analyses. The procedures shall be those specified therein for: (1) Standard plate count at 82 C. (2) Simplified methods for viable counts of raw milk at 82 C. (8) Coliform lest with solid media at 82 C. (4) Pise assay methods for antibiotics (5) A PHA or AOAC phosphatase tests _ The phosphatase tost is an index of the efficiency of the pasteuri sation process. In the event the laboratory phosphatase tost is posi tive, the cause shall be determined immediately. AVhere the cause is improper pasteurisation, it shall be corrected. When a laboratory ) \ HONS 038895 C f permit in accordance wfltutcd whenever the ctcria counfu. conform $ oause shall be detersotion, it shall be eorshall not be offered for propria/e officially desind required laboratory O toUK the______ Edin of Dairy Products of the ...... Edition of n of Official Analytical at time of adoption.) valuated in accordance tet recommended by the factions and teete ehdU eeeticidee, u the health milk or milk product* % be made at least anmUhority. of bacteria, colifonn, follows! promptly by (St* App. K, Examples lure*.) lit colled ion and hold* it apparatus*, media and rotation, rending, and nplianc* with Standard It and Iho Official Methespecified therein for: T raw milk at 82 C. i fieitney of th pasleuriphoephatam lest is posidy. Whore the caueo is id. When a laboratory BBOTION 7 phosphatase test is positive, or if any doubt should arise as to the compliance of the equipment, standards or methods outlined in Sec* tion 7, item lCp., the health authority should immediately conduct field phosphatnso tests at the plant (App. G, p. 183). The direct microscopic count is useful as a screening test to detect suspicious tanker loads of milk for subsequent official examinations, and to determine the possible presence of abnormal milk. Sampling Procedures.--When samples of raw milk for pasteuriza tion are tAken at a milk plant prior to pasteurization, they shall be drawn following adequate agitation from randomly selected storage tanks. When bncterinl counts nnd temperature determinations are mnde of several samples of the same milk or milk products collected from the same supply or processor, on the same day, these values are nvemged arithmetically, and the results recorded as the count or temperature determinations of the milk or milk product for that day. AH counts nnd temperatures should be recorded on the milk-ledger form PUS 1784 (or a similar form) for dairy farms, nnd form P11S 1782 (or a similar form) for milk plants ns soon ns reported by the laboratory. A computer or other information retrieval system may be used. See Appendix G, page 184, for & reference to antibiotics in milk and the conditions under which a positive phosphatase reaction may be encountered in properly pasteurized milk or cream. Hole.--The Industry should be encouraged by the health authority to acbleva day-to-day compliance with the foregoing standards by performing teste on each producer's milk. Including platform teats for odors, temperature, and sediment. Bacterial counts should be conducted following laboratory pasteurisation as a chock for thermodurlc organisms. Examinations for the presence of peychroptalllc bacteria are also recommended. Periodic screening teats for pretence of added water, antibiotics, and pesticide residues should be performed on pro ducer milk. Plants should reject milk of abnormal odor and high temperature at well as milk that la found to be unsatisfactory by the sediment teat. Followup tns|>ccUons on the dairy farm should bo made by tbe plant fleldraan to determine the cause and to Institute corrective measures whenever milk Is rejected by the milk plant. SECTION 7. STANDARDS FOR MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS AU Grade A rave milk for pasteurisation and all Grade A pasteur ised milk and milk product* shall be produced, processed, and pasteur ised to conform with the following chemical, bacteriological, and temperature standards, and the sanitation requirements of this section. No process or manipulation other than pasteurisation, processing methods integral therewith, and appropriate refrigeration shall be applied to milk and milk products for the purpose of removing or deactivating microorganisms. HONS 038896 40 , BBC. 7: ITEM lr Chtmlttl, Barttrkriojrtari, and Temperature Standards for Grade A Milk and Milk Produete Orad* A raw Mil* for potarlialien. TrapvMurr............ Cooled to BO* F., or lm and nlaiilatd tboroot until procemed. Sectorial limit*........Individual producer milk not to tiomd 100,000 pm ml. prior to cooimiftftllnff with other produrrr milk. Not oireedlin 900,000 per ml. ao eommlnilod milk prior to potieurlutlon. AallMotleo............... Lot* thaa&OS unll/ml. by lb* Aarltfw tuMMt nwtbod or tqulrtlrol. Offtde A pMleurliod milk and milk products letcepi uliurtd product!). Temperature............ Cooled to 40* F., or Icm end maintaind thoroat. 10Bacterial lloilu........Milk *ud milk ya uducu--90,000 per ml, Conform limit..........Not eiroedloi per ml. rheaphatat*........... Lot* than l per ml. by Sehenr Rapid Motbod (at equivalent by othor doom). Orado A pattoorlud eulturtd predueti. Temperature.........................Romo M above. Collforra Umll....................... Do. Fhaephatw*.......................... Do. Baettrlalllmlla......................Biempt. SANITATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADE A RAW MILK FOR PASTEURIZATION ITEM lr. ABNORMAL MILK Cows which shew evidence of the secretion of abnormal milk in one or more quarters, based upon bacteriological, chemical, or physical essamination, shall be milked last or with separate equipment; and the milk shall be discarded. Cows treated with, or cows which have consumed chemical, medicinal or radioactive agentswhich are capable of being secreted in the milk and which, in the judgment of the health authority, may be deleterious to human health, shall be milked last or with serrate equipment., and. the milk disposed of as the health au thority may direct. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: / 1. Milk from cows being treated with medicinal agents, whieh are f capAble of being secreted in the milk, is not ofTorod for sale for such \ period as is recommended by the attending veterinarian or as indicated on t he package label of the medicinal agent. $. Milk from cows treated with or exposed to insecticides not ap* f proved for use on daii^ cattle by the U.S. Deportment, of Agriculture [ is not. offered for sale. \ 8. The health authority requires such additional tests for the detec tiou of abnormal milk ns he deems necessary (see App. A, p. 98). 4. Bloody, string)', off-colored milk, or milk that is abnormal to sight or odor, is so handled and disposed of as to preclude the infec* lion of other cows and the contamination of milk utensils. MOWS 038697 (. mi far Gndi A Milk and m ud tMinUl&td (tMrwt s_mh,.Jn0tf|wt MrMnbl tlM.l*mitirMMp*rm4*d1i0nu0l,i0if|0l0n*d\lmUB.nillk. ISuK^tV tbi /lartfliM ihMIN* mlbod ,W,*dluwcla-nld0.0mooal|nnttfemlnlt.d Ifatml. 45S""ItapW Mmm (*r lB A RAW MILK FOR MILK of abnormal milk in one if, chemical, or physical orate equipment; and the th, or cows which have 90* which are capable i fuagment- of the health UtK, shall be milked loot Usposcd of as the health |durkb dlcinal agents, which are offered for aalo for auch 4erinarian or aa indicated jod to insecticides not apApartment of Agriculture Uiona) toats for the detec* (aocApp. A,p. 93). milli that is abnormal to f aa to preclude the infec' milk utensils. i * 8EO. T: ITEM 2r 4J 3. Cows secreting abnormal milk are milked last or in separate equipment which effectively prevents the contamination of the whole some supply. 6. Equipment, utensils, and containers used for the handling of , abnormal milk are not used for the handling of milk to be offered for | sale, unless they are first cleaned and effectively sanitised. ! ITEM 2r. MILKING BARN, STABLE, OR PARLOR-- j CONSTRUCTION A milking bam, stable, or parlor shall be provided on all dairy farms in which the milking herd shall be housed- during milking time operations. The areas used for milking purposes shall (7) have floors constructed of concrete or equally impervious material; (ff) have walls and ceilings which are smooth, painted or finished in an approved manner, m good repair, ceiling dusttight; (d) have separate stalls or pens for horses, calves, and bulls; {4) be provided with natural and/or artificial light, well distributed for day and/or night milking; (6) provide sufficient air space and air circulation to prevent condensa tion and excessive odors; {6) not be overcrowded; and (7) have dusttight covered bosses or bins, or separate storage facilities for ground, chopped, or concentratedfeed. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES . . This item is deemed to be sat isfied when: ( 1. A milking b&m, stable, or parlor is provided on all dairy farms. { 2. Gutters, floors, and feed troughs are constructed of good quality concreteor equally impervious material. Floors shall be easily cleaned (brushed surfaces permitted) and shall be graded to drain and main tained in good repair and free of excessive breaks or worn areas that may create pools. 8. Walla and ceilings are finished with wood, tile, smooth-surfaced .. concrete, cement plaster, brick, or other equivalent materials with light ' colored surfaces. Walls, partitions, doors, shelves, windows, and 1 ceilings shall be kept in good repair; and surfaoea shall be refinished | whenever wear or discoloration is evident f Whenever feed is stored overhead, ceilings shall be constructed to I prevent the sifting of chaff and dust into the milking barn, stable or I parlor. If a hay opening is provided from loft into the milking portion of the barn, such opening shall be provided with a dusttight | door which shall be kept closed during milking operations. ; 4. Bull pens, maternity and calf stalls, and horse stalls are par : titioned from the milking portion of the barn. Such portions of the "L I HONS 038898 42 ~ , 880. 7: ITEM 8r, 4r barn that are not separated by tight partitions shall comply with all requirements of this item. 6. Tho milking bam is provided with natural and/or artificial light to insure that all surfaces and particularly the working areas will be plainly visible. The equivalent of at least 10 foot-candles of light in all working areas shall be provided. 6. Air circulation is sufficient to minimize odors and to prevent con densation upon walls and ceilings. 7. Overcrowding is not evidenced by the presence of calves, cows, or other barnyard animals in walks or feed alleys. Inadequate ventila tion and excessive odors may also be evidence of an overcrowded bam. 8. Dry feed storage rooms and silo approaches are separated from the milking portion of the bam by tight partitions. Direct openings into the milking bam shall have tight-fitting doors which are kept closed. Metal or wooden feed storage containers shall be of tight con struction with dusltight covers. ITEM 8r. MILKING BARN, STABLE, OR PARLOR^ CLEANLINESS The interior shall be kept clean. Floors, walls, windows, pipelines, and equipment thall be free of filth and/or litter, and shall be clean. Swine and fowl shall be kept out of the milking bam. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. The interior of the milking bam, stable, or parlor is kept clean. 2. Leftover feed in feed 'mangers appears fresh and is not wet or soggy. 8. The bedding material, if used, does not contain more manure than has accumulated since the previous milking. 4. Outside surfaces of pipeline systems located in the milking bam, stable, or parlor are reasonably clean. 6. Gutter cleaners are reasonably clean. 6. All pens, calf stalls, and bull penB, if not separated from the milk1 ing bam, stable, or parlor, are clean. 7. Swine and fowl are kept out of the milking bam. ITEM 4r. COWYARD The cowyard shall be graded and drained and shall have no standing pools of water or accumulations of organic wastes: Provided, That in loafing or cattle-housing areas, cow droppings and soiled, bedding MGNS 038899 n lilions sliall comply with ur*l and/or artificial light tin working areas will be 10 fool-candles of light in odor* and to prevent con ' pmence of calves, cows, llajs. Inadequate ventila* w of an overcrowded barn, oacliea are separated from rtitione. Direct openings ing doors which are kept .iners shall 1 of tight con- LK, OB PARDOB-- 1 <eolit, window., pipelines, fitter, and thdU he clean. Wnpham. iDUn-s la, or parlor is kept cloan. * fresh and is not wet or not contain mors manure Iking. eated in the milking bam, . t separated from the milk* king bam. JtD d and shall have no standniccastes: Provided, That opings and soiled bedding , BBO. 7: ITEMS Sr 43 shall be removed, or clean bedding added, at suffiently frequent inter vals to prevent the soiling of the cow's udder and flanks. Waste feed shall not be allowed to accumulate. Manure packs shall be properly drained and shall provide a reasonably firm footing. Swine shall be kept out of the eowyard. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. The eowyard, which is the enclosed or unenclosed area adjacent to tlte milking bam, in which the cows may congregate, including cattle housing areas and feed lots, is graded and drained; depressions and soggy areas are tilled; cow lanes are reasonably dry. S. Approaches to the barn door and the surroundings of stock watering and feeding stations are solid to the footing of the animal. 8. Wastes from the bam or milkhouse are not allowed to pool in the eowyard. Cowyards which are muddy due to recent rains should not be considered as violating this item. 4. Manure, soiled bedding, and waste feed are not stored or per mitted to aocumulate therein in such & manner as to permit the soiling of oows* udders and flanks. Cattle-housing areas (stables without stanchions, such as loose-housing stables, pen stables, resting bams, holding bams, loafing sheds, wandering sheds, free-stall housing) shall be considered a part of the eowyard. Manure packs shall be eolid to the footing of the animal (see App. B, p. 94). t>. Cowyards are kept reasonably free of cattle droppings. Cattle droppings shall not be allowed to accumulate in piles that are accessible to the animals. ITEM 6r. MILKHOUSE OB ROOM--CONSTRUCTION AND FACILITIES A milkhouse or room of sufficient site shall be provided, in which the cooling, handling, and storing of milk and the washing, sanitising, end storing of milk containers and utensils shall be conducted. _ The milkhouse shall be provided with a smooth floor constructed of concrete or equally impervious material graded to drain and main tained in good repair. Liquid waste shall be disposed of in a sanitary manner; all floor drains shall be accessible and shall be trapped if connected to a sanitary sewer system. The walls and ceilings shall be constructed of smooth material, in good repair, well painted, or finished tn an equally suitable manner. The milkhouse shall have adequate natural and/or artificial light and be well ventilated. HQNS 038900 44 BBC. 7: IT811 Sr ( The milkhouse shall be used for no other purpose than mUkhouse operations; there shall be no direct opening into any barn, stable, or into a room used for domestic purposes: Provided, That a direct open ing between the mUkhouse and milking bam, stable, or parlor is per. milted when a tight-fitting self-closing solid door(s) hinged to be single or double acting is provided. Water under pressure shall be piped into the mUkhouse. The mUkhouse shall be equipped with a two-compartment wash vat and adequate hot water heating facilities. When a transportation lark & used for the cooling and storage of milk on the dairy farm, such tank shall be provided with a suitable shelter for the receipt of milk. Such shelter shall be adjacent to, but not a part of, the mUkroom and shall comply with the requirements of the milkroom with respect to construction, light, drainage, insect and rodent control, and general maintenance. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when . 1. A separate milkhouse of sufficient sizo is provided for the cooling, handling, and storing of milk and the washing, sanitizing, and storing of milk containers and utensils. . 2, The floors of all milkhouses are constructed of good quality con crete (float finish permissible), or equally impervious tile, or brick laid closely with impervious material, or metal surfacing with im ( pervious joints, or other material the equivalent of concrete and main tained free of breaks, depressions, and surface peelings. 8. The floor slopes to drain so that there are no pools of standing water. The joints between the floor and the walls shall be watertight. 4. The liquid wastes are disposed of in a sanitary manner; all floor drains are accessible and are trapped if connected to a sanitary sewer. b. Walls and ceilings are const ructed of smooth dressed lumber or similar material, well painted with a iiflht.-colorad washable painty and are in good repair. Surfaces and joints shall be tight and smooth. Sheet metal, tile, cement block, brick, concrete, cement plaster, or similar materials of light color may be used; the surfaces and joints shall be smooth. 0. A minimum of 20 foot-candles of light is provided at all working areas from natural and/or artificial light for milkhouse operations. 7. Windows and solid doors are closed during dusty weather. 8. The milkhouse is adequately ventilated to minimize odors and condensation on floors, walls, ceilings, and clean utensils. 0. Vents, if installed, and lighting fixtures are located to preclude the contamination of bulk milk tanks or clean utensil storage areas. i ( HONS 038901 ( purpose than milkhouse into any larn} stable, or ided, Thai a direct opcn, stable, or parlor it per* i door(s) hinged to he the milkhouse. o-eempartment ioath rat i# oooling and ttorage of provided with a suitable shall be adjacent to, bat ly with the requirements n, lights drainage, imeet DURBB provided for Ihe oooling, >g, sanitizing, and storing toted of good quality eonin|mrvjouB tile, or brick nel( urfacing with inifont of concrete and main* >oa peelings. are no pools of standing walls shall bo watertight, sanitary manner; all floor nected to a sanitary sower, jsnoot-h dressed lumbor or olorod washable nalntj and hall be tight and smooth, nereis, cement, plaster, or d; the surfaces and joints is provided at all working for milkhouso operations, tiring dusty woathor. ed to minimize odors and lean utensils. res are located to preclude olean utonsil storage areas. i 8B0. 7: ITEM 5r,ftr 45 10. The milkhouse is used for no other purpose than milkhouae operations. 11. There is no direct opening into any bam, stable, or room used for domestic purposes; except that an opening between the milkhouae and milking barn, stable, or parlor is permitted when a tight-fitting self-closing solid door(s) hinged to be single or double acting is provided. 12. A vestibule is used, it complies with the applicable milkhouae construction requirements. 18* The transfer of milk from a bulk-holding/cooling tank to a transport tank is through a hose port located in the milkhouae wall. Tho port shall be fitted with a tight door, which shall be in good repair. It shall be kept closed except when the port is in use. 14. Water under pressure is piped into the milkhouse. 15. Bach milkhouse is provided with facilities for heating water in sufficient quantity and to such temperatures for the effective cleaning of all equipment and utensils (see App. 1), p. 00). 16. The milkhouae is equipped with a woah-and-rinse vat having at least two compartments. Each compartment must be of sufficient size to accommodate the largest utensil or container used. The cleaning-in-place vat for milk pipelines and milk machines may be accepted as one part of tho two-compartment vat: Provided, That the cleaning-in-place station rack in or on the vat and the milking machine inflations and appurtenances are completely removed from the vat during the washing, rinsing, and/or sanitizing of othor utensils and equipments ........... ' ] 7. A suitable shelter is provided for a transportation truok used for cooling end storing milk. Such shelter shall be adjacent to, but not a part of, the milkroom and shall comply with the requirements of the milkroom with respect to construction, light, drainage, insect and rodent control, and general maintenance. Sec Appendix li, page 94 for suggested plans and information on size, construction, operation, and maintenance of milkhouses. ITEM 6r. MILKHOUSE OR ROOM--CLEANLINESS The floors, walls, ceilings, windows, tablet, shelves, cabinets, tooth vats, non-product contact turfaces of milk containers, utensils, and equipment, and other milkroom equipment shall be clean. Only arti cle* directly related to milkroom activities shall be permitted in the milkroom. The milkroom shall be free of trash, animals, and fowl. MGNS 038902 46 SEC. 7: ITEMS 7r, 8r ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES Tins item is dccmod to bo satisfied when: 1. The milkroom structure, equipment, and other milkroom facilities used in its operat ion or maintenance are clean at all times. 2. Insecticides, rodenticides, antibiotics, medicinals, etc., are not stored in the milkroom. A. Vestibules, if provided, are kept clean. 4. Animals and fowl are kept out of the milkroom. ITEM 7r. TOILET Every dairy farm shall be provided toit-h one or more toilets, con veniently located and properly constructed, operated, and maintained in a sanitary manner. The waste shall be inaccessible to flies and shall not pollute the sail surface or contaminate any watersupply. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. There is at least one flush toilet connected to a public sewer system or to an individual sewage-disposal system or a chemical toilet, earth pit privy, or other type of privy. Such sewerage systems shall be constructed and operated in accordance with plans and instructions of the State health authority and comply with the standards outlined in Appendix C. 2. A toilet or privy is convenient to the milking barn and the milkroom. There shall be no evidence of human defecation or urination about the premises. 0. No privy opens directly into the milkroom. 4. The toilet room, including all fixtures and facilities, is kept dean and free of flies and odors. 6. Where flush toilets are used, doom to toilet rooms are tight and self-closing. All outer openings in toilet rooms shall be screened or otherwise protected against the entrance of flies. 6. Vents of earth pits are screened. ITEM 8r. WATER SUPPLY Water for mWehouse and milking operations shall be from a supply properly located, protected, and operated, and shall be easily accessible, adequate, and of a safe, sanitary quality. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. The water supply for milkhouse and milking operations is HONS 038903 tr (. r liltits other mUkroom facilities itilllimeB. _ nedicinals, etc., are not kroom. one or more loifctty eonr ppcraicd, and maintained ooeteible to flifii and tKall > watersupply> IURKS 4 to a public sewer system ir s chemical toilet, earth worage systems shall be plans and instructions of It tl^c standards outlined ilking bant and tho milk* n defecation or urination nd facilities, is kept clean oilet rooms aro tight and some shall be screened or PPIrfY bus sftaft be from a supply \d shall be easily aoeo*sibley OURB8 td milking operations is 8E0. 7: ITEM Sr 47 approved as safe by tho State health authority, and, in the case of indi vidual water systems, complies with tho specifications outlined in Appendix D and the bacteriological standards outlined in Appendix , Q, page 1,33. , 2. No cross-connection exists between a safe water supply and any ' unsafe or questionable water supply, or any other source of pollution. . 8. There aro no submerged inlets through which a safe water supply ' may be contaminated. I 4. The well or other source of water is located and constructed in i such s manner that neither underground nor surface contamination I from any sewerage systems, privy, or other source of pollution can ; reach such water supply. i 6. New individual water supplies and water supply systems which have been repaired or otherwise become contaminated are thoroughly disinfected before being placed in use (see App. 1), p. 110). The sup ply shall be made free of (lie disinfectant by pumping to waste before any sample for bacteriological testing shall bo collected. 6. All containers and tanks used in the transportation of water are sealed and protected from possible contamination. These containers and tanks shall be subjected to a thorough cleaning and a bacteriologi- | cal treatment prior to filling with potable water to be used at the dairy . farm. To minimize the possibility of contamination of (lie water dur ing its transfer from the potable tanka to the elevated or ground water storage at the dairy farm, a suitable pump, hose, and fittings * . shall.bo provided.. When the pump h.ose and fittings are not being used, the outlets shall be capped and stored in a suitable dust proof enclosure so as to prevent their contamination. The storage tank at the dairy farm shall be constructed of impervious material provided with a dust and rainproof cover, and also provided with an approved- 1 typo vent and roof hatch. All new reservoirs or reservoirs which have been cleaned sliall be disinfected prior to placing them into service 1 (scoApp.D, p.116). 7. Samples for bacteriological examination aro taken upon the | initial approval of the physical structure based upon the requirements i of this Ordinance and when any repair or alteration of the water sup ' ply system has been made: Provided, That when water is hauled to the dairy farm such water shall bo sampled for bacteriological exami nation at the point of use and submitted to a laboratory each month. Bacteriological examinations shall be conducted in a laboratory ac ceptable to the health authority. . 6. Current records of water test results are retained on file with the health authority or asthe health authority directs. |1 247-400 0-6?--J MQNS 038904 48 ' , SBC. T: ITEM Or ITEM r. UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT--CONSTRUCTION All multiuse containers, equipment, and utensil* used in the han dling, storage, or transportation of milk shall be made of smooth, non absorbent, corrosion-resistant. nontoxie materials, and shall be so constructed as to be easily cleaned. All containersutensils, and equip ment shall be-in good repair. All milk pails used for hand milking and stripping shall be seamless and of the hooded type. Multipleuse iooven material shall not be used for straining milk. All single service articles shall have been manufactured, packaged, transported, stored, and handled in a sanitary manner and shall comply with the applicable requirements of item Up of this section. Articles intended for single-service use shall not be reused. Farm holding/cooling tanks, welded sanitary piping, and transpor tation tanks shall comply with the applicable requirements of items top and Up of this section. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES' This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. The milk-contact surfaces of all multiuse containers, utensils, equipment, piping, and fittings are Bmooth and constructed of: s. Stainless steel of the A1SI (American Iron and Steel Institute) 800 senes, or b. Equally corrosion-resistant, nontoxie metal; or c. Heat-resistant glass; or d. Plastic or rubber and rubberlike materials which are relatively inert-, resistant to scratching, scoring, decomposition, erasing, chip ping, and distortion, under normal use conditions; are nontoxic, fat resistant, relatively nonabsorbent, relatively insoluble, do not release component chemicals or impart flavor or odor to the product, and which maintain their original properties under repeated-uae conditions. 2. Single-service articles have been manufactured, packaged, trans ported, stored, and handled m a sanitary manner and comply with the applicable requirements of item lip. 8. Articles intended for single service use are not reused. 4. All containers, equipment, and utensils are free of breaks and corrosion. 6. All joints in such containers, equipment, and utensils are smooth and free from pits, cracks, or inclusions. 6. Cleaned-in-place milk pipelines and return-solution lines are self-draining. If gaskets are used, they shall be self-positioning and of material meeting specifications described in (1) (d) above, and shall be of such design, finis)), and application ns to form a smooth, flush HONS 038905 (, <T--CONSTRUCTION dentil* wed in the hanbe made of emooth, nonterlals, and shall be. no inerty utensil*, and equips fa wed for hand milking hooded- type. Multipleaining milk. All tinglef, packaged, tram-ported, %d ehall comply with- the otion. Article!intended wry piping, and tranrporile requirement* of items tDURES lilta* containers, utensils, ind construclod of: Iron end Steel Inst itute) eta(,or riels which sro rclntively imposition, erasing, chip* ditions; ere nontoxic, fat. f insoluble, do not release h* odor to the product, irties under repeated-use fact ured, packaged, trans manner and comply with * ere not reused. ill are free of breaks and fit, and utensils are smooth return-solution linos are all be self-positioning and in (l)(d) abovo,and shall [at to form a smooth, flush \ I SEC. ITEM* lOr. Hr 49 interior surface. If gaskets are not used, all fittings shall have self positioning faces designed to form a smooth, flush interior surface. AH interior surfaces of welded joints in pipelines shall be smooth and free of pits, cracks, and inclusions. 7. Detailed plans for cleanod-m-place pipeline systems are submit ted to the health authority for written approval prior to installation. No Alteration or addition shall be made to any milk pipeline system without prior written approval of the health authority. 8. Strainers, if used, are of perforated metal design, or so con structed as to utilize single-sorvioe strainer media. 9. Seamless hooded pails having an opening not exceeding one-third the area of that of an open pail of the same size are used. 10. All milking machines, including heads, milk claws, milk tubing, and other milk-contact surfaces can bo easily cleaned and inspected. 11. Milk cans have umbrella-type lids. 12. Farm holding/cooling tanks, welded sanitary piping, and trans portation tanks comply with the applicable requirements of items lOp and lip of this section. Note.--$-4 Sanitary Standard*.--S-A Sanitary Btaodards for dairy equipment or* promulgated Jointly by the Sanitary Standards Subcommittee of tbe Dairy Industry Committee, the Committee on Sanitary Procedure of the International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians, Inc., and the Milk and Food Branch, Division of Environments) Engineering and Food Protection, Public Health 8ervice, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Equip ment manufactured in conformity with S-A Sanitary Btaodards complies with the sanitary design sod construction standards of UUs Ortftaonoe, (>i / ITEM lOr. UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT--CLEANING The product-contact surfaces of aU multiuse containers, equipment, and utensils used in the handling, storage, or transportation of mUk shall be deemed after each usage. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. Hie product-contact surfaces of all multiuse containers, equip ment, and utensils used in the handling, storage, or transportation of milk are cleaned after each usage. ITEM Hr. UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT--SANITIZATION The product-contact surfaces of all multiuse containers, equipment, and utensils used m the handling, storage, or transportation of milk shall be sanitised before each usage. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to bo satisfied when: 1. A11 product-contact surfaces of multiuse containers, utensils, and MOMS 038906 60 8BC. 7: ITEMS Hr, 12r equipment used in the handling, storage, or transportation of milk are sanitiRcd before each usage by one of the following molhods, or by any method which lias boon demonst rated to be equally effective: *. Exposure to steam for at least 15 minutes at a temperature of at least 170 F., or for at least 5 minutes at a temperature of at least 200 F., in a steam cabinet equipped with an indicating thermometer which is located in the coldest zone. b. Exposure to an enclosed jet of steam for not less than 1 minute. . Complete immersion in hot water at a temperature of at least 170 F. for at least 5 minutes, or exposure to a flow of hot water at a tem perature of at least 170 F. as determined by use of a suitable accurate thermometer (at. the outlet) for at least 5 minutes. d. Exposure to hot air at a temperature of at least 180 F. for at least 20 minutes in a properly designed oven or hot-air cabinet which is equipped with an acceptable indicating thermometer located in the coldest sons. e. Complete immersion for at least 1 minute in, or exposure for at least 1 minute to a flow of a chemical sanit izer of acceptable strength. All product-contact surfaces must be wetted by the sanitizing solu tion, and piping so treated must be filled. Sanitizing sprays may be used. Chemical solutions, once used, droll not be reused for sanitizing but may be reused for other purposes. (See App. F, p. 120, for further discussion of approved sanitizing procedures.) ITEM 12r. UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT--STOKAGK A ll containers, utensils, and equipment used in the handling, storage, or transportation of milk, unless stored * sanitising solutions, shall he stored to assure complete drainage, and shall he protected from con tamination prior to use. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. All milk containers, utensils, and equipment, including milking machine vacuum hoees, are stored in (he milkhouso in a steam or hot air cabinet, in a sanitizing solution, or on racks, until used. Pipeline milking systems which are clenned-in-place may be stored in place when such pipelines and appurtenances terminate in the milkhouse or are closed to the atmosphere during storage. 2. Means are provided to effect complete drainage of equipment when such equipment cannot be stored to drain freely. 8. Clean cans or other containers are 6(ored in the milkhouse within a reasonable time after delivery to the dairy farm. .4. Strainer pads, parchment papers, gaskets, and similar single- MONS 038907 *( transj>or(alion of milk are lowing methods, or by any equally effective: ites at a temperature of at wn|>ora4 uro of at least 200 iceting thermometer which for not less t han 1 minute. em]Kuiituro of at least 170 low of hot water at a terny un of a suitoblo accurate nutea. of at least. 180 F. for at n or hot-air cabinet which Jiormoinoter located in the note in, or exposure for at iierof aoceptablo strength, od by the sanitizing solu- Sanilizing sprays may bo not be reused for sanitizing ion of approved sanitizing pLt-stouaqe . *d to Me handling, storage, cmltising solutions, shall he all he protected from con- |WURES iipment, including milking liilthouso in t steam or hot* icks, until used. Pipeline oo may be stored in place minate in the milkhouse or re. te drainage of equipment Jrain freely. ed in the milkhouse within farm. takets, and similar single- * * BEC\ 7: ITEMS 13r, 14r. 15r gj service articles are stored in s suitable container or cabinet and pro tected against contamination. ITEM 13r. UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT--HANDLING i After sanitization, all containers, utensils, and equipment shall he ! handled vn such manner as to prevent contamination of any product | . contact surface. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when.: 1. Sanitized product-contact surfaces, including farm cooling hold ing tank openings and outlets, are protected against contact with unsanitized equipment and utensils, hands, clothing, splash, condensa tion, and other sources of contamination. 2. Any sanitized product-contact surface, winch has boon otherwise exposed to contamination, is again cleaned and sanitized before being used. ITEM 14r. MILKING--FLANKS, UDDERS, AND TEATS Milking shall he done in the milking ham, stable, or parlor. The flank*, udders, bellies, and tails of all milking cows shall he free from visible dirt. All brushing shall be completed prior to milking. The udders and teats of all milking cows shall be cleaned and treated with a sanitising solution just prior to the time of milking, and shall be relatively dry before milking. Wet hand milking is prohibited. , ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. Milking is done in a milking barn, stable, or parlor. 2. Brushing is completed prior to milking. 8. Flanks, bellies, tails, and udders are clipped as often as necenary to facilitate cleaning of these areas and are free from dirt. I 4. Udders and teats of all milking cows are cleaned and treated with ! a sanitizing solution and are relatively dry just prior to milking. 1 5. Wet hand milking ia prohibited. | ITEM J6r, MILKING--SURCINGLES, MILK STOOLS, AND ANTIKICKERS Surcingles, milk stools, and antikickers shall he kept clean and stored above the floor. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES ! This item is deemed to be satisfied when: | 1. Milk stools are not padded and are constructed to be easily I cleaned. HONS 0389GB i 52 5SP. 5:: iM*- I1^ ( 2. Milk stools, surcingles, -end .^nt^ic^ers ,aip jtapt ^lean And :** stored tbove the floor in * dean place, ^either jin tt;l\e ,milking ihflTTh stable, parlor, or milkhouse, when jnptin.use. ITEM ICr. MILK INO--TRANSFER AND OF mm Each past or container of mUk sfudl pp {rantfprred immediately from, the mOking barn, stable, or parlor to fhe milkhouse. No mitJc shall be strained, poured, lransfpfppdi gr stared pfiless jt it properly protected from contamination. i ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to bo satisfied when: 1. The receiving receptacle is raised above the floor (as on a dolly or cart), or placed ata distance from theco>vs to protect it against manure and splash when milk is poured and/or strained in the milking bam, Such receptacle shall have a tight-fitting coyer yrhich shall be dosed except when milk is being poured. fi. Each pail or container of milk is transferred immediately from the milkingbam, stable, or parlor to the milkhouse. 8. Pails, cans, snd other equipment containing milk are properly covered during transfer and storage. ' ITEM 17r. PERSONNEL--HAND-WASHINQ FACILITIES There shall be provided adequate hand-washing facilities, including running xoater} soap or detergent, and individual' sanitary towels, in the milkhouse and in or convenient to the milking bom, stable, or parlor. I ADMINISTRATIVE procedures This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. Hand-washing facilities are located in the milkhouse and ip or convenient to the milking bam, stable or parlor, j 2. IIand-washing facilities include soap or detergent, running water, I individual sanitary towels, and a lavatory fixture or separate water J * tap. Utensil wash and rinse vaU.shall not bo considered as.hand-. | washing facilities. j ITEM 18r. PERSONNEL^CLEANLINESS Hands shall be washed clean and dried with an individual sanitary towel immediately before milking, before performing any milkhouse function, and immediately after the interruption of any of these ac tivities. Milkers and milk haulers shall wear clean outer garments HONS 038909 r. I8r E arc kept cloan and era er in the milking barn, AND PROTECTION 9 transferred immediately the milkhouse. No milk tend unlets it is properly EDURB8 -* the floor (as on a dolly or to protect it against manure rained in the milking barn, eover which shall be closed ntfcrred immediately from lkhouae. nUining milk are properly ASHING FACILITIES wasf j facilities* including dividual sanitary towel** m he milking ham* siabU* or iCEDURES n: In the milkhouse and in or r parlor. or detergent, running water, ry fixture or separate water ' not be considered as hand* cleanliness l with an individual sanitary v performing any milkhouse irruption of any of these ac'l wear eUan outer garments SEC. 7: ITEMS lOr. 20r. 21r 53 while milking or handling milk* milk containers* utensils* or equipment. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. Hands are washed clean and dried with an individual sanitary towel immediately before milking, before performing any milkhoune function, and immediately after the interruption of any of these activities. 2. Milkers and milk haulers wear clean outer garments while milk ing or handling milk, milk containers, utensils, or equipment. ITEM I9r. COOLING Raw milk for pasteurisation shall he cooled to SO9 F. or Use within t hours after milking and shall he maintained at that temperature until delivered. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. Raw milk for pasteurization is cooled to 50 F. or less within 2 hours after milking and maintained at that temperature until delivered. ITEM 20r. VEHICLES Vehicles used to transport milk in cans from the dairy farm to the milk plant or receiving station shall be constructed and operated to protect their contents from sun* freezing* and contamination. Such vehicles shall he kept cUan* inside and out/ and no substance capable of contaminatingmilk shall he transported with milk. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to bo satisfied when: 1. Vehicles used to transport milk in cans from the dairy farm to the milk plant or receiving station are constructed and ojierated to protect their contents from sun, freezing, and contamination. 2. Vehicles have bodies with solid enclosures and tight, solid doors. 8. Vehicles are kept clean, inside and out. 4. No substance capable of contaminating the milk is transported with the milk. 8ee items 9r and lOr for information on the construction of trans portation tanka ITEM 21 r. INSECT AND RODENT CONTROL Effective measures shall he taken to prevent the contamination of MONS 038910 54 8FC. 7: ITKM 3Ir milk, containers, equipment., and utensils by insects and rodents, and. by chemicals used to control.such vermin. Milkrooms shall be free of insects and rodents. Surroundings shall be kept neat, clean, arid free of conditions which might harbor or be conducive to the bfcedr ingof insects and rodents. "' * ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when : 1. Surroundings are kept neat, clean, and free of conditions which might harbor or be conducive to the breeding of insects and rodents. During fly season, manure shall be spread directly on the fields; or stored for not more than 4 days in a pile on the ground surface, and then spread on the fields; or stored for not more than 7 days in an impervious-floored bin, or on an impervious-curbed platform and then spread; or stored in a tight-screened and trapi>ed manure shed; or effectively treated with l&rvictdes; or disposed of in any oilier manner which controls insect breeding. . 2. Manure packs in loafing areas, stables without stanchions, pen stables, resting bams, wandering sheds, and freo-atall housing are properly bedded and managed to prevent fly breeding. ~ '' 9. Milkrooms are free of insects anu rodents. 4. Milkrooms are effectively screened or otherwise protected against the entrance of vermin. 6. Outer milkhouse doors are tight and self-closing. Screon doors shall open outward. ' 6. Effective measures are taken to prevent the contamination of milk, containers, utensils, and equipment by insects and rodents, and by chemicals used to control such vermin. . .. ............... : . "f. Only pesticides approved for use by the health authority and/or registered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture are used for insect and rodent control. (Sec App. 11, p. 97, for further information about insect and rodent control.) 6. Pesticides are used only in accordance with manufacturer's direc tions and are used so as to prevent the contamination of milk, milk containers,equipment, utensils, feed, and water. Note.--A convenient Inspection form for producer dairy farm*, which earnmarlsee the applicable aanttatlon requirement*, l* found in Appendix L, pace 107. SANITATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADE A PASTEURIZED MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS A receiving station shall comply with items Ip to I6p, inclusive, and 17p, QOp, and tSp, except that the partitioning requirement of item bp shall not apply. A transfer station shall comply with item* Ip, Ip, 6p, 7p, 8p, 9p, MOMS 038911 ey iJ Is and rodents, and L Jduorooms shaU be free In be kept neat, clean, and be conducive to the breed- BDURES id free of conditions which ling of insects and rodents, d directly on the fields; or on the ground surface, and tot more then 7 days in an ft^urbed platform and then I trap)>od manure shed; or and of in any other manner In without stanchions, pen and froe-ataJl housing are V breeding. us. 1 otherwise protected against 1 self-closing. Screen doors even he contamination of by S.^octa and rodents, and the health authority and/or gjicult uro are used for insect >r further information about a with manufacturer's direoontamination of milk, milk star. Swr dairy farma, which ram. a foend In Aj|*dli U page 107. DE A PASTEURIZED MILK )CT8 items Jp to ISp, inclusive, Uioning requirement of Horn toms Ip, Ip, Gp, 7p, 8p, 9p, SRC. 7: ITEMS Ip. 2p 55 JOp, Up, 12p, lip, ISp, BOp, and Sip; and as climatic and operating condition* require, the applicable provision* of item* ip and 3p: Provided, That in every cate, overhead protection shall be provided. Facilities for the cleaning and sanitizing of bulk transport tanks shall comply with item* Ip, Ip, Gp, 7p, 8p, 9p, lOp, lip, Up, lip, ISp, iOp, and Up; and as climatic and operating conditions require, the appli cable provisions of items Bp and 3p: Provided, That in every ease, overhead protection shall be provided, ITEM lp. FLOORS--CONSTRUCTION The floors of all rooms in which milk or milk products are processed, handled, or stored, or tn which milk containers, equipment, and uten sils arc tcashed, shall be constructed of concrete or other equally impervious and easily cleaned material; and shall be smooth, properly sloped, provided with trapped drains, arid kept in good repair: Pro vided, That cold-storage rooms used for storing milk and milk prod ucts need not be provided with floor drains when the floors are doped to drain to one or more exits: Provided further. That storage rooms for storing dry ingredients and/or packaging materials need not be provided with drains: and the floors may be constructed of tightly joined wood. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. The floors of all rooms in which milk is handled, processed, or stored, or in which milk containers or utensils are washed, are con structed of good quality concrete, or equally impervious tile or brick laid closely with impervious joint material, or metal surfacing with impervious joints, or other material which is the equivalent of good quality concrete. The floors of storage rooms for dry ingredients and/or packaging materials may be constructed of tightly joined wood. 2. The floor surface is smooth And sloped, so that there are no pools of standing water after flushing; and the joints between the floor and the walls are impervious. 8. The floors are provided with trapped drains. Cold-storage rooms used for storing milk and milk products need not be provided with floor drains when the floors are sloped to drain to one or more exits. Storage rooms for dry ingredients and/or packaging materials need not be provided with drains. ITEM 2p. WALLS AND CEILINGS--CONSTRUCTION Walls and ceilings of rooms in which milk or milk products are handled, processed, or stored, or tn which milk containers, utensils, and equipment are washed, shall have a smooth, washable, lightcolored surface, in good repair. 03591^ 56 BEC. 7: ITEMR 8p. 4|> * ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. Walls and ceilings are finished with smooth, washable, light' colored painted wood, tile, smooth-surface concrete, cement plaster, brick, or other equivalent materials with washable, light-colored surfaces. 2. W&IIb, partitions, windows, and ceilings are kept in good repair and refinished as often as the finish wears off or becomes discolored. ITEM 8p. DOORS AND WINDOWS Effective means shall be 'provided to prevent the access of flies and rodent*. Alt openings to the outside shall have solid doors or glased windows which shall be closed during dusty weather. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. All openings to the outer air are effectively protected by (a) screening; or (b) effective electric screen panels; or (c) fans or air curtains which provide sufficient air velocity so as to prevent the en trance of flies; or (d) properly constructed flaps where it is impractical to use self-closing doors or air curtains; or (e) any effective combina tion of (a), (b), (c), or (d),or by any other method which prevents the entrance of flies. 2. All outer doors are tight and self-closing. Screen doom shall open outward. 8. All outer openings are rat proofed to the extent necessary to prevent the entry of rodents. Note.--The evidence of Insects and/or rodents in the plant eball be considered under Item Sp. ITEM 4p. LIGHTING AND VENTILATION All rooms in which milk or milk products arc handled, processed, or stored and/or in which milk containers, equipment, and utensils are washed shall be well lighted and well ventilated. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: I. Adequate light sources are provided (natural, artificial, or a combination of both) which furnish at least 20 foot-candles of light in all working areas. This shall apply to all rooms when milk or milk products are handled, processed, or stored, or where utensils, containers, and/or equipment are washed. Dry storage and cold stor age rooms shall be provided with et least 6 foot-candles of light. MONS 038913 IcKDim&s jlh smooth, washable, lightloe concrete, cement plaster, Hth woshoblo, light-colored Ings are kept In good repair IV off or becomes discolored. 1 WINDOWS Mwnf the acorn of flic* and iff have solid deers or glased ip weather. ICRDURES t affectively protected by (a) n pnnels; or (c) fnns or air oelty so as to prevent the en id fla)M where it is Impractical or () any effective combineOthar method which prevents f-cl^ Sg. Screen doors shall Id to the extent necessary to Ms in tbe |>Uot ahall be considered D VENTILATION oducts ore handled, processed, m, equipment, and utensils or* itilated. tlOCKDURBS n: ided (natural, artificial, or a t least 80 footccsndlos of light )y to all rooms where milk or 1, or stored, or where utensils, ted. Dry storage and cold storeast 3 foot-candles of light. I BBC. 7: ITKM fip 67 ft. Ventilation in 'all rooms is sufficient to keep them reasonably free Of odors and excessive condensation on equipment, walls, and ceilings. 3. Pressurized ventilating systems, if used, have a filtered air intake. ` ITEM 5p. SEPARATE ROOMS There ihaU he separate room* for (7) pasteurising, processing, cod ing, and packaging/ and (8) cleaning of milk cans and bottles. In addition, plants receiving milk in bulk transport tanks shall provide for cleaning and sanitising facilities. Unless all milk and milk products are received in bulk transport tanks, a receiving room, separate from rooms (7) and (3) above, shall 6c required. Booms in which milk or milk products are handled, proc essed, or stored, or in which milk containers, utensils, and equipment are washed or stored, shall not open directly into any stable or any room used for domestic purposes. . ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES* This item is doomed to be satisfied when: 1. Pasteurising, processing, cooling and packaging are conducted In a single room (), but not in the same room (s) used for the cleaning of milk cans and bottles. All rooms shall be of sufficient size for their intended purposes. ft. All bulk milk storage tanks are vented into a room used for pasteurization, processing, cooling, or packaging operations, or into .a Storage tnnkjpillcrv room, provided that vents located elsewhere which are adequately equipped with air filters'so its W prccludo the contamination of the milk, shall be considered satisfactory. 3. Solid doors installed in required partitions are self-closing. 4. Facilities for the cleaning and sanitizing of bulk transport tanks are properly equipped for manual and/or mechanical operations. When such facilities are not provided on the plant premises, these operations shall be performed at a receiving station, transfer station, or separate tank washing installation. (Items relating to facilities for cleaning and sanitizing bulk transport tanks are listed on p. 50.) 5. Rooms in which milk or milk products are handled, processed, or stored, or in which milk containers, utensils, and equipment are washed or stored, do not open directly into any stable or any room used for domestic purposes. * Ceamoaltlee deetrlng to regulate cottage cheese aad creased cottage cbotcc coder the tome of thta Ordinenee should Include the following to tbe administrative procedure* of ItM 6p.: Count* cbeooe vote eball be located In a separate room, maintained fret fro* Sion and other vermin, nod kept to a eltio condition: Provided, That la ailatlng tactalla* float, cottage ebeece rate map be located lb the proceeding room when there to a* eeldeaeo ( overcrowding, excessive traffic, condensation, or aplaab. Cottage ebeeae vote located la processing room* ahall be equipped with mulll-oerrlce or Isgie-eerele* eovere whleh eball bo kept to place at all time* during the "cotttog*' operation. HONS 038914 58 8KC. T: ITKM ft j>, 7p ITEM 6p. TOILET-SEWAGE DISPOSAL FACILITIES Every milk plant shall be provided with toilet facilities conforming with the ordinance* of the .....of .....____________ Toilet rooms shall not open directly into any room in which milk andfor milk products are processed. Toilet rooms shall be completely enclosed and shall have tight-fitting, self-olasing doors. Dressing rooms, toilet rooms, and fixtures shall be kept in a clean condition, in good repair, and shall be well ventilated and well lighted. Sewage and other liquid wastes shall be disposed of in a sanitary manner. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. The milk plant is provided with toilet facilities conforming with the ordinances of the _of.* 2. Toilot rooms do not open directly into any room in which milk and/or milk products are processed. S. Toilet rooms are completely enclosed and have tight-fitting self dosing doors. 4. Dressing rooms, toilet rooms, and fixtures are kept in a dean condition, in good repair, and are well ventilated and well lighted. 5. Toilot tissue and easily cleanable covered waste receptacles are provided in toilet rooms. 6. All plumbing is installed to meet the applicable provisions of the State or local plumbing code. 7. Sewage and other liquid wastes are disposed of in a sanitary manner. . ......... 8. Non-water-carried sewage disposal facilities are not used, except where the health authority determines that the use of waler-carried- sewage facilities is impractical. 9. A chemical toilet, earth pit privy, other type privy, or sewage- disposal facility is provided, they are constructed and operated in accordance with plans and instructions of the health authority. Such facilities shall comply with the stnndnrds outlined in Appendix C- ITEM 7p. WATER SUPPLY Water for milk plant purposes shall be from a supply properly located, protected, and operated and shall be easily accessible, ode* guate, and of a safe, sanitary quality. i MGNS 035915 p. 7p tPoLaL facilities l totfef facilities conforming ... of_____________ 1 Toilet niniohich milk and/or milk 9fo completely enclosed and wo. Dressing room*, toilet m condition, in good repair, td. Scutage and other liquid mmr. Cnu/KES si facilities oonforming with ito an; room In which milk 1 Mid have tight'fitting self Fixtures sue kept in & clean rsntilsted and well lighted. wared waste receptacles are i applicable provisions of the a dutposod of in a sanitary aUlties are not used, ezoapt iat tile use of wster-earried- riJicr tyj>c privy, or sewage`Oiistructcd and operated in i the hcslth authority. Such de outlined in Appendix C. SUPPLY be from a supply properly stf be easily accessible, ode* 8B0. 7: ITEM 7p 69 ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURESk This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. Water for milk plant purposes is from an adequate supply, properly located, protected, and operated. It shall be easily accessible end of a safe, sanitary quality. 9, The water supply is approved as safe by the State health au thority, and, In the esse of individual water systems, complies with at least the specifications outlined in Appendix D and the bacterio logical standards in Appendix G, page 133. 8. There is no cross-connection between the Bafe water supply and any unsafe or questionable water supply, or any source of pollution through which the safe water supply mighL become contaminated. A connection between the water supply piping and a make-up tank (such as for cooling or condensing), unless protected by an air gap or effective backflow preventor, constitutes a violation of this requirement. 4. Condensing water for milk evaporators, and water used to pro duce vacuum and/or to condense vapors in vacuum heat processing equipment, is from a source complying with 2 above: Provided, That when approved by the health authority, water from sources not com plying with 2 above may be used when the evaporator or vacuum heat equipment is constructed and operated to preclude contamination of such equipment or its contents by condensing water or by water used to produce vacuum. (Appendix D describes means of preclud ing contamination when noncomplying sources of water are usod.) 6. Now individual water supplies and water supply systems, which have been repaired or otherwise become contaminated, are disinfected before being placed in use (see App. D, p. 116). The supply shall be made free of the disinfectant by pumping to waste before any sample for bacteriological testing shall be collected. C. Samples for bacteriological testing of individual water supplies an taken upon the initial approval of the physical structure, semi annually thereafter, and when any repair or alteration of the water supply system has boon made. Bacteriological examinations shall be conducted in a laboratory acceptable to the health authority. 7. Current records of water test results are retained on file with the health authority or as the health authority directs. *Caanmoulttea deilrlug to retulata eotUft ebeeae and ernati cottage cbeeae nitr lb Ifmi of tbie Ord(nonet ikouM ladude the followlnf li the idolntaintlti procedure# of Item 7|i.: "Water i*p|1y outlet* ere provided Immediately available to the catlate cbeeae tato. Tbt boat far transport of water for vubtai cottage checoe curd aball be arraofad 1b aueh a way aa to preclude the poialbtllty of tbe boaa touching tba Soar or the product.'* 038910 60 SEC. 1 \ ITEMS Bp. Op * ITEM,8p. HAND-WASHING FACILITIES Convenient hand-washing facilities shall be provided, including hot and cold and/or warm running water, soap, and individual sanitary towels or other approved hand-drying devices. IIand-washing facili ties shall be kept in a clean condition and m good repair. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is doomed to be satisfied when: 1. Convenient hand-waflhing facilities are provided, including hot and cold and/or warm running water, soap, and individual sanitary towels or other approved hand-drying devices. 2. Hand-washing facilities are convenient to all toilets and to all rooms in which milk plantoperations are conducted. 8. Hand-washing facilities are kept in a clean condition and in good repair. 4. Steam-water mixing valves and vats used for washing bottles, cans, and similar equipment are not used as hand-washing facilities. ITEM Op. MILK PLANT CLEANLINESS AU rooms in which milk and mUk products are handled, processed, or stored, and/or in which containers, utensils, or equipment are washed or stored, shall bs kept clean, neat, and free of evidence of insects and rodents. Pesticides shall be safely used. Only equipment directly related to processing operations or to handling of containers, utensils, and equipment shall be permitted in the pasteurising, proc essing, cooling, packaging, and bulk milk storage rooms. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES Tins item is deemed to bo satisfied when: 1. Only equipment directly related to processing operations or the handling of containers, utensils, and equipment is permitted in the pasteurizing, processing, cooling, packaging, and bulk milk storage rooms. 2. AH piping, floors, walls, oeilings, fans, shelves, tables, and the nonproduct-contact surfaces of other facilities and equipment are clean. 8. No trash or solid waste is stored within the plant, except in cov ered containers. Waste containers at the packaging machine or bottle washer may be uncovered during operation of such equipment. 4. AH rooms in which milk and milk products are handled, proc essed, or stored, and/or in which containers, utensils, or equipment aro washed or stored, are kept clean, neat-, and free of evidence of insects and rodents. HONS 038917 Ito i> 3 f( 1 LI TIES U be provided, including hot top, and individual sanitary ices. Hand-washing facilir hi good repair, CSDURBS ars provided, including hot tap, end individual sanitary ifiooa rent to all toilets and to all onduoted. . clean condition and in good \M used for washing bottles, as hand-washing facilities. XEANLINESS Uiots are handled, prooessed, uiensQs, or equipment are mt, and free of evidence of tfely used. Only equipment r to handling of containers, nd i( e pasteurising, proo- : storage rooms. . CSDURBS processing operations or the ulpmonl is ponnitted in the jing, and bulk milk storage ana, shelve*, tablos, and the anilities and equipment are ;hin the plant, except in oovpackaging machine or bottle ton of such equipment. products are handled, proora, utensils, or equipment are id froo of evidence of insects 1 i SBC, 7: ITKM 10i 61 6. Pesticides are used safely. 6. Only pesticides approved by the health authority and/or regis tered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture shall be used for insect and rodent control. Such pesticides shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturers* directions and shall be prevented from contaminating milk, containers, equipment, and utensils. ITEM lOp. SANITARY PIPING AU sanitary piping, fittings, and connections xohich are exposed to milk or milk products, or from which liquids may drip, drain, or be drawn into milk or milk products, shall consist of smooth, imper vious, corrosion-resistant, nontoxic, easily cleanable material. All piping shall be in good repair. Pasteurised milk and mUk products shall be conducted fromone piece of equipment to another only through sanitary piping.1 ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. All sanitary piping, fittings, and connections which are exposed to milk or milk products, or from which liquids may drip, drain, or be drawn into milk products, consist of smooth, impervious, corrosion- resistant, nontoxic, easily cleanable material. 2. AU sanitary piping, connections, and fittings consist of: a. Stainless steel of the A1SI (American Iron and Steel Institute) 800 series, or b. Equally corrosion-resistant metal which is nontoxic and non absorbent, or c. Heat resistant glass, or ' <L Plastic, or rubber and rubberlike materials which are relatively inert, resistant to scratching, scoring, decomposition, erasing, chip ping, and distortion under normal use conditions; which are nontoxic, fat resistant, relatively nonabsorbent; which do not impart flavor or odor to the products; and which maintain their original properties under repeated use conditions. 8. Sanitary piping, fittings, and connections are designed to permit easy cleaning, kept in good repair, and free of breaks or corrosion. 4. All interior surfaces of demountable piping, including valves, fittings, and connections are designed, constructed, and installed to permit inspection and drainage. 5. All cleaned-in-plsce milk pipelines and return-solution lines are rigid, solf-draining, and so supported to maintain uniform slope and alinement. Return solution lines shall be const ructed of material meet- 10railtln <tilriB| to cottage cherw and creamed cottage ebeooe aider the term of thle OrAntaei ibould add the following: "PfviSti, That cottage cbwat, cbccaa drvaataga. r cbeeeo Ingredient* mag be traaaported by other methoda wbkb pretact tbe prodoet from contamination." HONS 038918 62 8EC. 7: ITEM lip mg the specifications of 2 above. If gaskets are used, the/ shall be eolf-posiUoning, of material meeting the specifications outlined in 2d above, and designed, finished, and applied to form a smooth, flush interior surface. If gaskets are not used, all fittings shall have self positioning faces designed to form a smooth, flush interior surface. All interior surfaces of welded joints in pipelines shall be smooth and free from pits, cracks, or inclusions. In the case of welded lines, all welds shall be inspected by the use of a borcscope or other appropriate available inspection device as they are made; and such welds shall be approved by the health authority. Each cleaning circuit shall have access points for inspection in addi tion to the entrances and exits. These may be valves, removable sec tions, fittings, or other means or combinations that aro adequate for inspection of the interior of the line. These access points shall be located at sufficient intervals to determine the genera] condition of the interior surfaces of the line. Detailed plans for welded pipeline systems shall be submitted to the health authority for written approval prior to installation. No alteration or addition shall be made to any welded milk pipeline system without prior written approval from the health authority. 6. Pasteurized milk and milk products are conducted from one piece of equipment to another only through sanitary milk piping. The health authority may waive this piping requirement for specific milk products when small quantities are handled as to make the require ment impractical, and when such handling is performed so as to preclude product contamination. ITEM lip. CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIROF CONTAINERS. . AND EQUIPMENT AU multiuse containers and equipment with xohich milk or milk products come into contact shall he of smooth, impervious, corrosion' resistant, nontoxic material; shall he constructed for ease of oleaning; and shall he kept in good repair. All single-service containers, clo sures, gaskets, and other articles with which milk or milk products come in contact shall he nontomo, and shall have heen manufactured, packaged, transported, and handled in a sanitary manner. Articles intended for single-service use shall not he reused. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. All multiuse containers end equipment with which milk or milk products come into contact are of smooth, impervious, corrosionresistant, and nontoxic material. 1 ' * HONS 038919 3)> JtrU . e used, they shall bo e specifications outlined in lied to form a smooth, ilush , all fittings shall have self90th, flush interior surfaco. ipelines shall bo smooth and hall be inspected by the use hie inspection device as they red by the health authority, points for insjaction in addi* lay lie valves, removable secations that are adequate for Phtse access points shall be t (lie general condition of tlto emi shall bo submitted to the v to installs*ion. No alter*' welded milk pipoline system iealUi authority, ara conducted from one piece sanitary milk piping. The requirement, for specific milk lied as to make the require* lling ia performed so as to I5PATR OF CONTAINERS ENT rU wfrA which milk or milk 'toothy knperviousy corrosionntructcd for ease of cleaning; 'togU'Scnicc containers^ ch` *hich milk or milk products toll have been fnenvfactursd, a sanitary manner. Articles ", reused. >CEI)URE8 Lent with which milk or milk lootlif impervious, corrosion* ^ fetofr **bm lio q3 fi. All milk'CohUcL surfaces of multiuse container* and equipment consist of: u. Stainless steel of the AlSI (American Iron and Steel Institute) 800 scries, or b. Equally corrosion-resistant, metal which is nontoxic ami honnbsorbcnt, or C. Heat resistant glass, or d. Elastic or rubber and rubberliko materials which are relatively Inert, resistant to scratching, scoring, decomposition, crazing, chip ping, and distortion under normal use conditions; which are nontoxic, fat resistant, relatively nonabsorbent, and do not impart flavor or odor to the product; and which maintain their original properties under re)>ctod use conditions. 8. All joints in containers, equipment, and utensils are flush and finished ns Binooth as adjoining surfaces. Where a routing abaft is insoiled through a surface with which milk or milk products come Into contact, the joint between the moving and stationary surfaces Shall bo close-fitting. Whore * thermometer or temperature sensing element is inserted through a surface with which milk or milk prod ucts come into contact, a pressure-tight 6cal shall be provided ahead of all threads and crevices. 4. All Openings in covers of tanks, Vats, separators, etc., are pro tected by raised edges, or otherwise to prevent the entrance of surface drainage. Condensation-diverting aprons shall be provided as close to the Utnk or vat as possible on all pipes, thermometers, or temperature Sensing elements, and other equipment extending into a tank, bowl, Vat, or distributor, Unless a watertight joint is provided. 8. All surfaces with which milk or milk products come into contact She easily accessible or demountable for manual cleaning or are de signed for mechanical cleaning. All product-contact surface* shall bo readily accessible for inspection and shall be self-draining. Wing huts, bayonet locks, and similar devices shall be used whenover pos sible in lieu of bolts and nuts, to promote easy disassembly. 6. There are no threads used in contact with milk or milk products except where needed for functional and safety reasons, such as in clarifiers, pumps, and separators. Such threads shall bo of a sanitary type. 7. All multiuse containers and other equipment have rounded corherg, are in good repair and froo from breaks, crevices, and corrosion. Milk cans shall have umbrella-typo covers. 6. Strainers, if used, are of perforated metal design, and so con structed as to utilize single-service strainer media. Multiple-use woven material shall not bo used for 6train ing milk. 247-4000-67*6 HUNS 038920 ^P, ^^single-service containers, closures, gaskets, and other articles, witK.wliich milk or milk products come in contact, are nontoxic. `j 10...The manufacture, packing,, transportation, and handling of FP,inglo-sor\'ico containers, closures, caps, gaskets, and similar articles (.?jpioply with the. requirements of Appendix J, Sanitation Guidelines ^for; the Manufacture of Single-Service Containers for Milk and Milk jjf'^oducts, prepared by the Division of Environmental Engineering ( tnd Food Protection of the U.S. Public Health Service. Inspections ^nd. tests shall be made by the health authority or by any agency Authorized by him. . ,Npte.--S-A Sanitary Standard!.--A. Banltary. Standards for Dairy equip ment are. promulgated Jointly by the Banltary Btundorde Subcommittee of the jDolry Industry Committee, the Committee on Banltary Procedure of tbe Inter'oAfiphal Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Banltarlaoe, loc., and 'tbe.Milk and Food'Branch, Division of Envlromncntai Engineering and Food 'protection, Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. ^Equipment manufactured in conformity with 8-A Sanitary Standards complies jrlth Lho unitary design and construction standards of this Ordinance. JTKM-12p. CLEANING AND .SANITIZING OF CONTAINERS ......... ............ " AND EQUIPMENT The .product-contact surface! of all multiuse containers, utensilsy find equipment used in the transportation, processing, handling, and storage of milk or milk products shall be effectively cleaned and shall .he sanitised before each use. administrative procedures -This item is deemed to'be satisfied when: 1. All,multiuse containers and utensils are thoroughly cleaned after each.use, and all equipment is thoroughly cleaned at least once eaeh doy used: Provided, That storage tanks shall be cleaned when emptied Add shall be emptied at least every 72 hours. 2. -Pipelines and/or equipment designed for mechanical cleaning thect the following requirements: ' a. An effective cleaning and sanitizing regimen for each separate cleaning circuit shall be followed. - b. -During processing, pipelines and equipment used to contain or conduct milk and milk products shall be effectively separated from .tanks or circuits containing cleaning and/or sanitizing solutions. e. A temperature recording device, complying with the specifica tions in Appendix II, page 151, shall be installed in the return solution ^ine to record the temperature and time during which the line or Equipment is exposed to cleaning and sanitizing. * HONS 038921 M gas'^ f and olhor articles, contact, aro nontoxic. rUlion, and handling of aketa, and similar articles i J, Sanitation Guidelines Uinors for Milk and Milk iviromnonta) Engineering MltJi Service. Inspections thority or by aiiy agency f Standard* for Dairy equiplands rda Subcommittee of tbe aitary Procedure of tlic InteriSMmtal Sanllarian*. Inc., and mental Englnrprlni and Pood leallb, Kdueition, and Welfare. Sanitary Standards complies la of Ibis Oriintnoc. 1ING OF CONTAINERS TT Umse containers, utensils, prooetsing, handling, and Ifectivclg cleaned and shall BDI^ S re thoroughly cleaned after eleanod at least once each 11 be cloanod when emptied I for mechanical cleaning regimen for each separate jipmonl used to contain or effectively separated from /or sanitizing solutions, iplying with the specifics' ailed in the return solution during which the line or sing. f 8K0. 7: ITEM 18p Qg d. Temperature recording charts shall bo identified, dated, and retained for 8 months. a. During each official inspection, the health authority ahall examine and initial temperature recording charts to verify the time of ex posure to solutions and their temperatures. 8. Plants in which containers are washed manually are equipped with a two-compartment wnsh-and-rinse vat for this purpose. Such plants shall also provide a steam cabinet or individual steam-jet plate with hood for sanitizing of cleaned containers, or, if sanitizing is done with chemicals, a third treatment vat. 4. All multiuse containers, equipment, and utensils are sanitized before use, employing one or a combination of the methods prescribed under item Hr. Assembled equipment must be sanitized immediately prior to each day's run. At least once each 8 months, the health authority shall determine the efficiency of sanitization in compliance with the procedures of Appendix G, page 133. (See App. F, p. 120, fora more complete discussion of sanitizers and sanitizing techniques.) 8. The residua] bacteria count of multiuse and single-service con tainers used for packaging pasteurized milk and milk products shall not exceed one per ml. of capacity or not over 50 colonies per 8 square indies (one per square centimeter) of product-contact surface in 8-out.*of-4 samples taken at random on a given day. All multiuse and single-service containers shall be free of coliform organisms. ITEM 13p. STORAGE OF CLEANED CONTAINERS AND EQUIPMENT After cleaning, all multiuse milk or milk product containers, uten sils, and equipment shall be transported and stared to assure complete drainage, and shall be protected from contamination before use. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. All multiuse containers, equipment, and utensils, after cleaning, are transported and/or stored on melal racks or in clean cases elevated above the floor. Containers shall be stored inverted on racks or in cases constructed of relatively nonabsorbenl, corrosion-rcaisiant, non toxic materials, or otherwise protected from cont amination. d. Floors are not flushed or washed when crates of clean bottles are stacked on them. HONS 03892* EEC. 7: ITEMS lJp. ISp K|:r ITEM Hp. ST'RO:RAGE OF SINGLE-SERVICE CONTAINERS, ' prMsiiis.'AAND MATERIALS "1 KASILv. . Singl-c*cfyico caps, cap stock, parchment paper, containers, gaskets, and other single-service'articles for rise in contact with milk and milk product* shall be purchased and etored in sanitary tube*, wrappings, or carton*; shall be`kept' therein in a clean, dry place until used; and shall be handled in a s'aiiilkry manner. ........' " " *"hirv ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item js (feemed to be satisfied when: 1. Sjngle-sofvice caps) cap stock, parchment paper, containers, gas* kets, and oilier single-service articles for use in contact with milk and milk products aie purchased and stored in sanitary tubes, wrappings, or cartons; ajrc kepi lit H clean, dry place until used; and are handled inasawlarymanner.'" ;i ' <i>. ( ft. Paperboard containers used to enclose plastic bags are used only once. '' ii.- 8. Tubes pr cartons are not refilled with spilled caps, gaskets, or parchment papers. ` 4. Cartons or boxes from which contents have been partially re moved are kept dosed;' ..... \ 6. Suitable cabinets aro provided for storage of tubes after removal from the large outer b6x,' and for storage of opened cartons, unless other satisfactory mentis are approved by the health authority. ITEM )5p- PROTECTION FROM CONTAMINATION Milk plant operations', equipment, and facilities shall be located and conducted to prevent 'any contamination of milk or milk products, ingredients, equipment, containers, and utensils. All milk or milk products or ingredients which have been spilled, overflowed, or leaked shall be discarded. The processing or handling of products other than milk and milk products in the pasteurisation plant shall be per formed to preclude the contamination of such milk and milk products. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES M>:,=; This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. Equipment and operations are so located within the plant as to prevent overcrowding and contamination of deaned and sanitized con tainers, equipment, and utensils by splash, condensation, or manual contact. " ...... l,;....... . HONS 038923 k 1ft)' Vl( - CONTAINERS, ;kials toper, container^ gasket!) mtoct with milk and milk onitary tubes, wrapping*) dry place until used/ and tDURBS nt pa|>or, containers, gasit hi oonlact with milk and isnUary tubes, wrappings, tti) used; and aro handled plast ic bogs are used only i spilled caps, gaskets, or s have been partially re age of tubes after removal of opened cartons, unlen lie )^n1t}i authority. QONTA MIN ATION oilitics shall be located and a/ milk or milk products, tonsils. AU milk or milk Wed) overflowed, or leaked andling of product* other vacation plant shall be peroh milk and milk product*. BDURIB itod within the plant as to T cleaned and sanitised oonl, condensation, or manual BBC. 7: ITEM 15j. gy 2. All milk and milk products which have overflowed, leaked, been spilled, or improperly handled are discarded. Milk and milk products drained from processing equipment at the end of a run, or collected from a defoamer system which does not continuously return such prod uct to the filler bowl, shall be repasteurized only if such milk or milk products are handled in a sanitary manner and maintained at 45 F. or less. When the handling and/or refrigeration of such milk and milk products are not in compliance with this requirement, they shall be discarded. Returned packaged milk and milk products shall not be repastcurized for Grade A use. 8. All product contact surfaces of containers, equipment, and uten sils are covered or otherwise protected to prevent, the access of insects, dust, condensation, and other contamination. All openings, including valves and piping attached to milk storage and transport tanks, pumps, or vats, eta., shall be capped or otherwise properly protected. The application of suitable Biters to the manholes of transport tanks dur ing unloading shall bo considered satisfactory. Receiving and dump vats shall be completely covered, except during washing and sanitizing, and when* milk is being dumped. Where strainers are used, the cover for the vat opening shall be designed to cover the opening with the strainer in place. 4. Whenever air under pressure is used for the agitation or move ment of milk, or is directed at a milk-contact surface, it is free of oil, dust, rust, excessive moisture, extraneous materials, and odor, and shall otherwise comply with the applicable st andsrds of Appendix H. The use of steam containing toxic substances is expressly prohibited. Whenever steam is used in contact with milk or milk products, it shall be of culinary quality and shall comply with the applicable standards of Appendix H. 6. Standardization is done before the pasteurization process is started, unless pasteurized milk or milk products are used for stand ardization. Such pasteurized milk products shall be protected against contamination. In no case shall pasteurized milk or milk products be standardized with unpnsteurized milk unless the standardized prod uct is subsequently pasteurized. Standardization of Grade A milk and milk products with milk and milk products of other than Grade A quality is prohibited. This Ordinance permits standardization as a process of adjusting the butterfat of milk in a milk plant by the addi tion or removal of cream or skim milk. 6. The processing of foods and/or drinks other than Grade A milk and milk products are performed to preclude the contamination of such milk and milk products. ( MOWS 038924 66 BBC. 7: ITEMS 10m lOp(A) 7. Cleans are provided to prevent contamination of milk containers, utensils, aud equipment by drippings, spillage, and splash from over head piping, platforms, or mezzanines. 8. AU ingredients and nonproduct-contact materials used in the preparation or packaging of milk and milk products aro stored in a clean place and are so handled as to prevent their contamination. 9. Pasteurized milk is not strained or filtered except through a per forated metal strainer. Multiple-use woven material shall not be used for straining milk. ITEM 16p. PASTEURIZATION Pasteurisation, shall be performed as defined in Section /, Definition (S)tofthis Ordinance. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: . 1. AU milk or milk products are heated to at least 145 F. and are held continuously at or above this temperaturo for at least 30 minutes, or to at least 161 F. and held continuously at or above this tempera* ture for at least 15 seconds in proporly designed and operated equip ment which is approved by the health authority: Provided, That milk products which have a higher milkfat content than milk and/or contain added sweeteners shall bo heated to at least 150 F. and held continuously at or above tins temperature for at least 30 minutes, or to at leak 160 F. and held continuously at or above this temperature for at least 15 seconds: Provided further, That nothing in this defini tion shall be construed as barring any' 6lh6r pasteurization process which has been recognized by the United Slates Public Health Service to be equally efficient and which is approved by the State health authority. 2. The design and the operation of pasteurization equipment and all appurtenances thereto comply with the applicable specifications and operational procedures of subitems (A) through (D), as follows: 16p(A). BATCH PASTEURIZATION All indicating and recording thermometers used in connection with tha batch pasteurisation of milk or milk products shall comply with the applicable specifications set forth in Appendix II. (Specifications for test thermometers and other teat, equipment appear in App. 1, p. 152.) MONS 038925 S) nation o( milk containers, ge, and splosh from over* cl materials used in the ; produces ore stored in s their contamination. red exoepl through s per* materia) shall not bo used JATION ed in Section /, Definition DUKES 0 at Ionst 145 F. and are lire for at least 80 minutes, at or above this temper*igned and operated equipirity: Provided, That milk ontent than milk and/or 1 at/ it 160" F. and hold for mv lenst 80 minutes, or or abovo this temperature Tial nothing in tins dofiniher pasteurisation process atat Public Health Service oved by the State health teuriontion equipment and te applicable specifications ) tlirough (D), as follows: UUZATION ore used in connection witli >roducta shall comply witli pendix H. (Specifications ipmcnl appear in App. 1, (SEC 7: ITEM H)li(A) 1. Time and Temperature Controh for Batch Paetcurlzert a. Temperature Difference.--The pasteurizer shall bo so designed that the simultaneous temperature difference between the milk or milk product at the center and the coldest milk or milk product in the vat will not exceed 1" F. at any time during the holding period. The vat shall be provided witli adequate agitation, operating throughout the holding period. No batch of milk or milk product shall be pasteurized unless it covers a sufficient area of the agitator to insure adequate agitation. b. Location and Required Readings of Indicating and Record* ing Thermometers.--Each batch pasteurizer shall be equipped with both an indicating and a recording thermometer. The thermometers shall read not less than the required pasteuriza tion temperature throughout the required holding period. The plant operator shall check daily the temperature shown by the recording thermometer against the temperature Bhown by the indicating ther mometer; this comparison shall bo noted on the recording thermometer chart. The recording thermometer shall not read higher than the indicating thermometer. No batch of milk or milk products shall be pasteurized unless it is sufficient to cover tho bulbs of both the indicat ing and the recording thermometers. c. Insurance of Minimum Holding Periods.--Batch pasteurizers shall be so operated that every particle of milk or milk product will be hold at not less than the minimum pasteurization temperature continuously for at least 30 minutes. When milk or milk products are raised Co pasteurization temperature in the vat, and cooling is begun in the vat-, simultaneously with or before the opening of the outlet valve, the recorder chart shall show at lenst 30 minutes at not less than minimum pasteurization temperature. When milk or milk products are preheated to pasteurization temperature before entering the vat, the recorder chart shall snow a holding period of at least 30 minutes at not less than the minimum pasteurization temperature plus the time of filling from the level of the recorder bulb. When cooling is begun in the holder after the opening of tho outlet valve, or is done entirely outside the holder, the chart shall show at least 30 minutes at not less than the minimum pasteurization temperature plus the time of emptying to the level of the recording-thermometer bulb. When tl)e recorder time interval on the recorder chart at the pasteur ization temperature includes filling and/or emptying time, such inter vals shall be indicated on the recorder chart by the operator, by removing tho recording-thermometer bulb from the milk for a suffi cient time to depress the pen, or by turning cold water into the vat MONS 038926 70 BEO. 7: ITEM 10p(A) jacket at (ho end of the holding period, or by inscribing the holding lime on the chart. The filling time and the emptying time for each holder 60 operated shall be determined by the health authority, initially end after any change which may affect those times. No. milk shall bo added to the holder after the start of the holding period. 2. Atrtpace Heating a. Means shall be provided and used in batch pasteurizers to keep the atmosphere above the milk and milk products at a temperature not )es9 than 5 F. higher titan the minimum required temperature of pasteurization during the holding period (App. H, p. 147). b. Each batch pasteurizer shall be equipped with an airspace ther mometer. The surface of the milk or milk product shall be at least 1 inch below tho bottom of the thermometer bulb when the vat is in operation. o. The temperature shown by the airspace thermometer shall be recorded on the recording thermometer chart-each time the pasteurizer is in operation. S. Inlet and Outlet Valves and Connections a. The following definitions shall apply to inlet and outlet valves and connections: (1) "Valve stop" shall mean a guide which permits turning the valve plug to, but not beyond, the fully closed position. (2) "DO6 stop" shall mean a stop so designed as to prevent turning the plug more than 90. (8) "120* slop" shall mean a stop which pryents lurping the plug more than 120. (4) "180 stop" shall mean a stop which prevents turning the plug more than 180, but which permits two fully closed positions, each diametrically opposite the other. (fi) "Valve with an irreversible plug" shall mean one in which the plug cannot be reversed in the shell. (6) "Single-quadrant stop" shall mean a 90 stop in a valve with an irreversible plug. (7) "The fully open position" shall mean that position of the valve seat which permits the maximum flow into or out of the pasteurizer. (8) "The closed position" shall mean any position of the valve seat which stops the flow of milk into or out of the pasteurizer. (9) "The fully closed position" shall mean that closed position of the valve seat which requires the maximum movement of the valve to reach the fully open position. M0NS 038927 > (. >y inscribing the holding i emptyuig time for each hesltli authority, initially imoR. the start of tho holding > pasteurizers to keep lets at s temperature piirod tuin]>craluro of ! H, p. 147). nriUi on airspaco therduet shall bo at least lib when the vnt is in thermometer shall be | Co in:hletitmaendthoeuptuleKttcvuarlivzeesr i'hkli permits turning the lpo*`,''on. 'ned . to prevent turning prevents turning tho plug prevents turning the plug ally elosod positions, each tall moan one in which the a 90 stop in a valve with a that position of the valve or out- of the pasteurizer, y position of tho valve seat tho pastourizer. osn that closed position of i movomont of the valve to BEO. ?: ITEM iep(A) 71 (10) "The just-closed position" shall mean that closed position of a plug-type valve in which the flow into or out of the holder is barely stopped, or any closed position within five sixty-fourths inch thereof as measured along the maximum circumference of the valve seat. (11) "Leakage" shall mean the entrance of unpasteurized milk into a batch pasteurizer during the holding or emptying period, or the entrance of unpasteurized milk into any pasteurized milk line at any time. (IS) "Leak-protector valve" shall mean a valve provided with a leak-diverting device, which, when the valve is in any closed position, will prevent leakage of milk past the valve or, in the case of batch pasteurizers filled or emptied by suction or compressed air, will pre vent leakage of milk past the valve or the leakage of milk due to the leakage of air past the suction valve or the compressed air valve, as the case may be. (18) "Closed-coupled valve" shall mean a valve, the seat of which is either flush with the inner wall of the pasteurizer, or so closely coupled that no milk in the valve inlet is more than'l F. colder than the milk at the center of the pasteurizer at any time during the holding period. A close-coupled valve which is not truly flush, shall be considered as satisfying this requirement when (a) the vat outlet is so flared that the smallest diameter of the large end of the flare is' not less than the diameter of the outlet line, plus the depth of the flare, and (b) the greatest distance from the valve seat to the small end of the flare is not greater than the diameter of the outlet line, and (c) in the caae of batch pasteurizers, the outlet and the agitator are so placed as to insure that milk currents will be swept into the outlet. 4, Design and Installation of Valves and Connections All valves and connections shall comply with the following require ments: a. Valves and pipeline connootions shall meet the requirements of item lOp. b. All pipelines and fittings simil be so constructed and so located that leakage will not occur. Dependence shall not be placed on soldered joints to prevent leakage. c. To prevent clogging, and to promote drainage, all leak-protection grooves shall be at least three-sixteenths inch wide, and at least three thirty-seconds inch deep at the center. Mating grooves shall provide these dimensions throughout their combined length whenever the valve isin, or approximately in, the fully closed posit ion. All single leak grooves, and all mating leak grooves when mated, shall extend HONS 038928 72 SDO. 7: ITEM ISp(A) throughout the entire depth of the scat, so as to divert leakage oc curring nt all points throughout the depth of the seat, and to as to prevent air bindings. Washers or other parts shall not obstruct leak* protector grooves. d. A stop shall be provided on all plug-type outlet valves and on all plug-typo inlet valves in order to guide the operator in closing the valve so that unpasteurized milk may not inadvertently be permitted to enter the outlet line or the holder, respectively. The stop shall be so designed that the plug will bo irreversible when the plug is pro vided with any grooves or their equivalent, unless duplicate, dia metrically opposite grooves are also provided. In the case of 2-way, plug-type valves (i.e., those having only one inlet and one outlet), a 180 degree stop, or any combination of stops permitting two fully closed posit ions, may be substituted for a 90 degree stop, provided that there are no air-relief grooves in the plug and that all leak grooves are located symmetrically with respect to the valve inlet Stops shall be so designed that the operator cannot turn the valve beyond the atop position, either by raising the plug or by any other means. e. Outlet valves, in addition to the requirements listed above, shall be so designed as to prevent the accumulation of unpasteurized milk in the milk passages of the valve when the valve is in any closed position. f. All inlet pipelines and outlets from vat pasteurizers shall be equipped with leak-protector valves: Provided, That installations not equipped with leak-proteotor inlet valves shall be accepted when the piping is so arranged that only one vat can be oonneeted to the inlet line at a time, and such piping is disconnected during the holding and emptying periods. g. Inlet and outlet connections other than through close-coupled valves sIirII not enter or leave the pasteurizer below the level of tho milk therein. h. In cases where the inlet line enters the holder above the milk level, and in which the inlet line may be submerged and thus prevent its complete emptying when the inlet valve is closed, the inlet line shall be provided with an automatic air-relief, or vent located either ai the valve or elsewhere, and bo designed as to function in every cloeed position of the valve. A vent may bo provided by drilling a hole at least one-eighth inch in diameter in the vat pipe, below the vat cover, but above the maximum milk level. i. All leak-protector valves shall be installed in the proper position to insure the function of the leak-diverting device. Inlet valves shall not be located in vertical pipelines, unless they can be so installed HONS 038929 A> . ifto j divert leakage oc- b of the scat, and so as to irU shall not obstruct leak' ype outlet reives and on all bt operator in dosing tli inadvertently be permitted tive!y. The stop shall be Able when the plug is prolent, unless duplicate, dieded. In Uie ease of 2-way, one inlol and one outlet), stops permitting two fully 0 degree slop, provided that 1 end that all leak grooves the valve inlet. Stops shall n the valve beyond the stop y other means. iromenta listed jtoove, shall klion of unpasteurized milk the valve is in any dosed > ' 1 > n vat pasteurisers shall be ied with leak-protootor inlet is m( ranged tliat only one , a time, and such piping is . > ring periods. than through close-couplod riser below the level of the ; the holder above Die milk submerged and thus prevent live is dosed, the inlet line relief, or vent located either as to function in every eloeed -ovided by drilling a hole at at pipe, below tho vat oover, 1ailed in tho proper position * ig devioc. Inlot valves shall sas thoy can bo so installed SBC. : ITEM 1Ui<B) 73 that one of tho groove systems is at the lowest level of the valve; and pipelines between the inlet valve and the pasteurizer shall bo as short as practicable and shall be sloped to drain. ). All outlet valve shell be kept fully closed during filling, heating, and holding periods; and all inlet valves shall be kept fully eloeed during holding and emptying periods. 5. Recording Chart* All recording thormometer charts shall comply with all the appli cable requirements of item 16p (D), page 70. ITEM 16p(B). HIGH-TEMPERATURE, SHORT-TIME, CONTINUOUS-FLOW PASTEURIZATION 1. All indicating thermometers and recorder/controller instruments and devices used in connection with the high-temperature, short-time, continuous-flow pasteurization of milk or milk product* shall comply with the applicable specifications set forth in Appendix H, page 147. 2. Each high-temperature, short-time, eontinuous-flow pasteuriza tion system shall be equipped with an automatic milkflow control of the diversion type, which complies with the following definition, specifications, and performance requirements: a. The term automatic milkflow controls shall mean those safety dovices which control the flow of milk in relation to the temperature of the milk, or heating medium and/or pressure, vacuum, or other auxiliary equipment Milkflow controls shall not be considered as part of the temperature control equipment. Milkflow controls include (1J milk pump slope; (2) milk pump stops and spring-operated valves which automatically start and stop the flow of milk at legal and sublegal pasteurization temperatures, respectively; and (9) flow-diversion devices which automatically cause the diversion of tho milk in response to a subleg&l pasteurization temperature. At sublegal temperatures, flow-diversion devices return the milk to the raw milk side of the heat ing system continuously until legal pasteurization temperatures are obtained; at which time, the device restores forward-flow through the pasteurizer. b. All flow-diversion valves and other milkflow stops used in continu ous pasteurizers shall comply with the following or equally satisfactory specifications: (1) Flow-Divenion Valves.--(a) Forward flow of subtemperature milk, due to the omission or looseness of (he connecting clip, shall be prevented by making the valve and its actuating mechanism inte gral; or, where there is a connecting device, by making it impossible to assemble the valve and its actuating mechanism, except in such HONS 038930 74 VSft V: tfJm >fepfB> minnw that U wilY Unction property i'o^ whert there U mconnecting dcrriofe which may be Omitted oraliaken loose by'providing for pushing, instead of pulling, the Valve'to'the diverted position ; or by providing that the pump will shut down when themilk is below the pasteuriza tion temporeture and -tho valve is:not inthefully diverted position; rby any other equally'satisfactory means. (b) It shall bo impossible to tighten the stem pnekiug nut to such n csrtent ns to prevent the valve from assuming-the-fully diverted position. <() A leak escape'shall be installed On the forward-flow side of the valve seat. However, when back pressure is exerted on the forward* flow side Of the valve seat, while the milkflow is boing diverted, the leak escape should lie between two valve seats, or between two portions <yf thosameseat, one upstream And the other downstream from the leak escape. The leak escape shall be'so designed and the valve so in stalled as to drain all leakage to the outside. *(d) The closure of the forward-flow seat shall bo sufficiently tight so that leakage past it will not exceed the capacity of the leak escape device, as evidenced when the forward-flow lino is disconnected; and, xn <ordcr that proper seating mny not be disturbed, the length of the connecting rod Bhall not be adjustable by the user. (e) The flow-diversion valve shall be so designed and installed (that .failure of the primary motivating power shall automatically divert the flow of milk. '(?) The flow-diversion valve shall be located downstream from the holder. The flow-control sensor shall be located in the milk line not snore than 18 inches upsl ream from the flow-control device. f(g) The pipeline? from the diversion port of the flow-diversion valvotthall be self-draining, and shall be free of restrictions or valves, unless such restrictions dr valves are so designed that stoppage of the diversion line cannot occur. ((2) Milk-Flow Controller ltutrumentatlon.-~The following re quirements shall be met with respect to the instrumentation of the unilk-flow controller: (a) The thermal limit controller shall be Set and sealed so that forward flow of product cannot start unless the temperature at the (controller sensor is above 161 F. nor continue during descending temperatures when the temperature is below 1G1 F. The seal shall ibo applied by the health authority after test, and shall not be removed without immediately notifying the health authority. The system 'shall be so designed that no milk can be bypassod around tho con troller-sensor which shall not be removed from its proper position MGNS 03B931 > rht( re is a connecting by providing for pushing, I position; or by providing Ik in below the pnstcuriaate fully diverted position; i stem parking nut to such Burning the fully diverted he forward-flow side of the is exerted on the forward* flow is being diverted, the its, or between two portions r downstream from the leak gned and the valve so in- it shall be sufficiently tight capacity of the leak escape * lino is disconnected; and, liiturbod, the length of tho ft user. o designed and installed power ahull automatically Cited downstream from the )oc{ ' in the milk line not low-control device. port of the flow-diversion roe of restrictions or valves, jaigned that stoppage of the itaHon.--The following retho instrumentation of the I bo set and scaled so that tins the temperature at the continue during descending low 101* F. The seal shall wt , and shall not be removed lilt authority. The system o bypassed sround the con ed from ita proper position , ) x ' % ' BEG. T: ITEM I0p(B) 75 during the pasteurization process. The cut-in and cut-out milk tem peratures, ns shown by the indicating thermometer, shall be deter mined nt the beginning of each day's operation and entered upon tho recorder chart dnily by the plant vjwrutor. (b) Manual switches for the control of pumps, homogenize!*, or other devices which produce flow through the holder, shall be wired so that the circuit is completed only when the milk is above 161 F. or when (he diversion valve is in the fully diverted position. (3) Holding Tube.--(a) Holders shall be designed to provide for the holding of every particle of milk or milk product for at least 16 seconds. (b) The holder shall be so designed that the simultaneous tempera ture difference between the hottest and coldest milk in any cross sec tion of flow at any time during tho holding period will not bo greater than 1 F. This requirement may be assumed to have been satisfied without test in tubular holders of 7 inches or smaller diameter which are free of any fittings through which the milk may not be thoroughly swept. (c) No device shall be permitted for short circuiting a portion of the holder to compensate for changes in rate of milkfiow. Holding tubes shall be installed so that sections of pipe cannot be left out, re sulting in a shortened holding time. (d) The holding tube shall be arranged to have a continuously up ward slope in the direction of flow of not less than one-fourlh inoh per foot. (e) Supports for tubes sliall be provided to maintain all parts of holding tubes in a fixed position, free from any lateral or vertical movement.' . (f) The holder sliall be so designed that no portion between the inlet and the flow-control temperature sensor is heated. (4) Indicating and Recording Thermometers.--(a) An indicat ing thermometer shall be located as near as practicable to the temper ature sensor of the recorder controller, but may be located a short distance upstream from the latter where milk between the two tlier- mometere does not differ significantly in temperature. (b) Tho temperature shown by the recorder controller sliall be chockod daily by the plant operator against the temperature shown by the indicating thermometer. Readings shall be recorded on the chart. The recorder controller shall be adjusted to read no higher than the indicating thermometer. {c) The recorder controller charts shall comply with tho applicable provisions of item IGp (1)), page 79. MQN5 036932 7?6 K]BRO. 7; ITEM 1P(B) (if)j~FlouhPrompling Devices.--(a,) The pump, .or pumps, end (.olhcr. equipment which may produce flov through the holder shall be )joented upstream from the holder, provided that pumps and otlior flowppyomoting devices may bo located downstream from the holder if n{peans aro provided to eliminate negative pressure between the holder , and the inlet to such equipment. When vacuum equipment ib located ( downstream from the holder, an effective vacuum breaker, plus an nAutomatic means of preventing a negative pressure in the line between j tho flow-diversion valve and the vacuum chamber, shall be acceptable. , (b) The speed of pumps or other flow-promoting devices governing , the rate of flow through the holder shall bo so controlled as to insure , tho holding of evory particle of milk for at least 15 seconds. In all ccoses,, the motor shall be connected to the metering pump by means c,of a common drivoshaft, or by moans of gears, pulleys, or a variable< speed drive, with the gear box, tho pulley box, or the setting of the variable-speed protected in such a manner tliat tho holding time ean not bo shortened without, detection by the health authority. This shall ^.Accomplished by the application of a suitable seal(s) after tests :by;tho health authority and such seal shall not be broken without , immediately notifying (he hcnlth authority. The provision shall npjply. to nil homogenizers used ns timing pumps. -Variable-speed drives used in connection with the metering pump sBhall bo so constructed that wearing or stretching of the belt results jjn a.slowdown, rather than a speedup, of the pump. The metering or timing pump shall be of the positive displacement ttyp- . ` ,(c) '{The holding time shall be taken to mean the flow rime of the jfasUst particlo of milk, at or above 161 F., throughout the holder fScbtion; i.e., that portion of tho system that is outside of the influence <qf the heating medium, and slopes continuously upward in the down stream direction, and is located upstroam from the flow diversion .valve. Tests for holding rime shall be made wht all equipment and (devices are operated and adjusted to provide for maximum flow. a homogonixer is located upstream from the holder, the holding jrime shall be determined with the homogenizer in operation with no .pressure on the homogenizer valves. Whore bypass lines are provided, (either upstream or downstream from the the metering pump, the holding time shall be tested with both the regular and bypass line ^pen, unless the bypass valve is so designed that both linos cannot ,bo open at the saino time. Tho holding rime shall bo tested during both forward and diverted .flow. If necessary to lengthen the holding timo during diverted flow, HONS 038933 '< ,, e pump, or pumpR, and trough the holder shall bo hat pumps and other flow* ream from the holder if retttire bet ween the holder euum equipment is located vacuum breaker, plus an treasure in the line between amber, shall bo acceptable. omoting devices governing e so ooutrolled as to insure it least 15 seconds. In all metering pump by means urn, pulleys, or a variable* box, or the setting of the that the holding time can- oalth authority. Tins shall - suitable sI(s) after tests tall not be broken without y. The provision shall tipups. n with the metering pump retching of tho belt results ha pump. if t( lositivo displacement noan the flow time of the fc, throughout the holder I Is outside of tho influence usly upward in the downfrom the flow-diversion s when all equipment and vide for maximum flow. m the holder, (he holding leer in operation with no bypass linos arc provided, |he the metering pump, the the regular and bypass line igned that both linos cannot . ig both forward and diverted og time during diverted flow, < ^ / , : ' ' j j j j ' \ V ' I i I I I | I . 8KL\ 7: ITEM 1Ui(C) 77 on identifiable restriction may be placed in the vertical portion of the diversion pipeline. When vacuum equipment is located downstream from the holder, tho holding time shall be tested with the metering pump operating at max imum flow, and the vacuum equipment adjusted to provide for the maximum vacuum. The holding lime shall be tested in both forward and diverted flow by the health authority initially, semiannually thereafter, after any alteration or replacement that may affect tho holding time, and when ever the seal of the speed setting has been broken. (6) Prevention of Product Adulteration With Added Water.-- (a) When culinary steam is introduced directly into the milk or milk product downstream from the flow-diversion valve, means shall be provided to preclude the addition of steam to the product, unless the flow-diversion valve is in the forward-flow position. This provision may bo satisfied by the use of an automatic steam control valve with temperature sensor located downstream from the steam inlet, or by the uso of an automatic solenoid valve installed in tho steam line and so wired through the flow-diversion valve controls that steam cannot flow unless the flow-diversion valve is in the forward-flow position. (b) When culinary steam is introduced directly into the milk or milk product, automatic means shall bo provided to maintain a proper temperature differential between incoming and outgoing milk to pre clude dilution with water. (c) Where a water feed line is connected to a vacuum condenser and tho vacuum condenser is not separated from the vacuum chamber by a physical barrier, meanB shall bo provided to preclude the kackupand overflow of water from the vacuum condenser to the vacuum chamber. This provision may be satisfied by the use of a safety shutoff valve, located on the water feed line to (he vacuum condenser, auto matically actuated by a control which will shut off the inflowing water, if for example, the condensate pump stops and the water level rises above a pi*edelenmned point in the vacuum condenser. This valve may be actuated by water, air, or electricity, and shall be so designed that failure of the primary motivating power will automatically stop the flow of water into tho vacuum condenser. ITEM ICp (C). PASTEURIZERS EMPLOYING MILK-TOM1LK REGENERATIVE HEATING Pasteurizers employing milk-to-milk regenerat ive heating with both sides dosed to the atmosphere shall comply with the following or equally satisfactory specifications: MQNS 038934 78 8ECL 7! ITEM 10p(C) * 1. Kegrneralors shall be constructed, installed, and operated so that pasteurized milk in the regenerator will automatically be under greater pressure than raw milk in the regenerator at oil times. 2. Tho pasteurized milk, between its outlet from the regenerator and the nearest point downstream open to the atmosphere, shall rise to a vertical elevation of 12 inches above tho highest, raw milk level down stream from the constant-level tank and shall be open to the atmos phere. at this or a higher elovation. 8. The overflow of the top rim of the constant-level raw milk tank shall always be lower than the lowest milk level in the regenerator. 4. No pump or flow-promoting device which can affect the proper pressure relationships within the regenerator shall be located between the pasteurized milk outlet from the regenerator and the nearest down stream point open to the atmosphere. 5. No pump shflll be located between the raw milk inlet to the regen erator and the raw milk supply tank, unless it. is designed and installed to operate only when milk is flowing through the pasteurized milk side of the regenerator, and when the pressure of the pasteurized milk it higher than the maximum pressure produced by the pump. Tliis may be accomplished by wiring the booster pump so that it cannot operate unless (a) the metering pump is in operation, (b) the flow-diversion valve is in forward-flow position, and (c) the pasteurized milk pres sure exceeds, by at least 1 pound per square inch, the maximum pres sure developed by the booster pump. Pressure gages shall be installed at tho raw milk inlet- to the regenerator and the pasteurized milk outlet of the regenerator or tho outlet of the cooler. The accuracy of required pressure gages shall be checked by the health authority on insUllotion, quarterly thereafter, and following repair or adjustment (see App. I, Test. 9, p. 15f>). 6. The motor, casing, and impeller of the booster pump shall be identified, and suoh records thereof maintained os directed by tho health authority. 7. All raw milk in tho regenerator will drain freely back into the constant-level raw milk tank when the raw milk piunp(s) are shut down and the raw milk outlet from the regenerator is disconnected. 8. "When vacuum equipment is located downstream from the flowdiversion valve, means shall be provided to prevent the lowering of tho pasteurized milk level in tho regenerator during periods of diverted flow* or shutdown. An effective vacuum breaker, plus an automatic means of preventing a negative pressure, shall be installed in the lino between the vacuum chamber and the pasteurized milk inlet to tho regenerator. 038935 muns v*- 10) toll!., and operated so that (omatically bo undor greater * st nil times. lot from tho regcnomlor and atmosphere, shall rise to a ighcsl raw milk level down fall bo open to tho aUnos- onstanMovel raw milk tank ilk level in the regenerator, which con aHod. the proper fctor shall be locnlod between isrator and the nearest down- e raw milk inlet to the regonett is designed and installed Ugh the pasteurized milk sido re of the pasteurised milk is teed by the pump. This may imp ao that it cannot operate tlion, (b) tho flow-diversion a) the pasteurized milk pres tare inch, the maximum pres'assure gages shall be installed nd th* pasteurised milk outlet ler. ( .ic accuracy of required llh authority on installation, |ir or adjustment (see App. I, |^f the booster pump shall be mintainod ss directed by the vill drain freely back into the raw milk pump(s) are shut regruonU-or is disconnoeted. d downstream from the flow ed to prevent the lowering of -ator during periods of diverted im breaker, plus an automatic re, aliall be inst alled in the line < pasteurised milk inlot to tho SBC. 7: 1T1SM ]Gi(l>) 79 (Sec Appendix Hf page 137 for further discussion concerning meth ods of achieving the required pressure relationships within the regenerator.) ITEM 16p(D). TEMPERATURE RECORDING CHARTS EQUIPMENT TESTS AND EXAMINATIONS 1. All temperature recording charts shall be preserved for a period of 8 months. The use of such charts shall not. exceed the time limit for which they are designed. Overlapping of recorded data shall be a violation of this item. The following information shall be entered on tho charts as applicable; (a) Batch Pasteurizers: (1) Date. (2) Number or location of recorder when more than one is used. (8) Extent of holding period, including Ailing and emptying times when required (item 16p(A)). (4) Reading of airspace thermometer within the holding period at a given time or reference point as indicated on the chart (item 10p(A)). (6) Reading of indicating thermometer within the holding period at a given time or reference point as indicated on the chart (item lflp(A)). (6) Quarterly, the initials of the health authority opposite the required readings of the indicating thermometer and airspace ther mometer (item 16p(A)). . 1 (7) Quarterly, the time accuracy of the recorder, as determined by tho health authority (App. I, Test 3, p. 185). (8) Amount and name of pasteurized milk or milk product repre sented by each batch or run on the chart (9) Record of unusual occurrences. (10) Signature or initials of operator. (11) Name of milk plant (b) High-Temperature, Short-Time Pasteurizers.--Recording thermometer charts shall contain all the information specified in (a) above, except (3), (4), and reference to airspace thermometers in item (6), and in addition, shall include the following: (1) A record of the time during which the flow diversion valve is in the forward flow position. *47-400 0-61-7 MONS 038936 80 8Et*. 7: ITEM 17|> (2) The cut-in and cut-out milk temperatures recorded daily by the operator at the beginning of the run, and initialed quarterly by the health authority (item 16p(B) ). Note.--Tbo recorded temperature shown on the controller chart ahall be used to determine that the required temperature for milk product# containing higher fat nd/or sweetener* has been achieved. 2. Equipment Teat* and Examination*.--The health authority shall perform the indicated tests on the following instruments and devices initially on installation, and at least once each 8 months there after, and whenever any alteration or replacement is made which may affect tho proper operation of the instrument or device: Provided, That tho holding time test shall be conducted semiannually. Instrument or device Saleh pMlcurtur indlcallni thtrmomtlcr.. Batch iwitiurlur rtwdini thermometer... Ainrow thermometer...........Velvet........................................ . HTST IndlMtlnt thermometer. HTSTrooordtai thermometer.. IITST recorder controller......... HTST flow dlvendon valve........ HTST auilUary (booater) pump. UT8T ayatema....... ..................... ApprnJU I Test objective Tt*t No. Poft 1 163 Accuracy. Tcmpcreture aeeoracy. Time accuracy. Check readlot of recording tbmaomtui againal Indlratloi uiermomet*. Accuracy. Leakage In ptu| (ype leek-protector valvee and poppet typo velvaa. Accuracy. ' Thcrmomrtrfe rerpoow. Tcmticraturo occuraey. Time accuracy. Temperature accuracy. CbecV readier ol record* OoeUoQrr acalnat Indicating thermometer. Thermoineirle rrepoor*. Confirm cut-to and cut-out tamperaturM. Asawnbty and function. Function ol tutomailc eonuol devtaaa. Accuracy of |*euuie cattfw. Chock holtUng time. ITEM I7p. COOLING OF MILK All raw milk and milk products shall he maintained at 60 F. or less until processed. A11 pasteurized milk and milk products, except those to he cultured, shall be cooled immediately prior to filing or packaging in approved, equipment ton temperature of 16 F. or less. All pasteur ized milk and milk jwoducts shall he stored at a temperature of jo0 F.or lets. On delivery vehicles the temperature of milk and milk product* shall not exceed 600 F. Every room or tank in which milk or milk products are stored shall he equipped with mi accurate thermometer. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. All raw milk and milk products are maintained at 50 F. or less until processed. HONS 030937 ftivrv* recorded daily by the 1 initialed quarterly by the ' cetrolW chart than bo used to s product* roataJolo; higher fat >im<--The health authority following instruments and ft onoe each 3 months thereoermcnt is made which may uoonl or device: Provided, cied saroiannually. . Test abjective ("mISSm *f rwordini OimoiMUr MIIM IIWUttMlW. re. plus iri* U*k.prol#ctor ?!* t*t iri *** S2nHtto wponw. rtur MearMy. ImUMtbrrBwnwtw. mfeukui uvpmtum. ........... 'UI Ft OF MILK t maintained at f>0 F. or lew d milk product*, except, thote / prior to fiUitiff or packaffinff orient. All pastcurdat a temperature of F.or rt of milk and milk productn tank in which milk or milk Ith an accurate thermometer. xttmmEs n maintained at 60* F. or leas &B0. 7: ITEM 17p 81 2. All pasteurized milk and milk products, except those to be cul tured, are cooled immediately in approved equipment prior to filling and packaging to n temperature of 45 F. or less. All pasteurized milk and milk products shall be stored at a temperature of 45" F. or less. On delivery vehicles the temperature of milk and milk products shrill not exceed 50 F ^ . 3. Each refrigerator room in which milk or milk products are stored is equipped with a thermometer which complies with thoappli- cnblospecificntionsof Appendix H,pnge 150. Such thermometer shall be located in the warmest zone of the refrigerator room. Each storage tank shall be equipped with a thermometer, the sensor of which shall be located to permit the registering of the temperature of the contents when the tank contains no more than 20 percent of its calibrated capacity. Such thermometer shall comply witli the appli cable specifications of Appendix H, page 130. 4. All surface coolers comply with the following specifications: a. The sections of open-surface coolers shall be so installed as to leave a gap of at least one-quarter inch between the header sections to permit easy cleaning. b. Where header ends are not completely enclosed within the cooler covers, condensation or leakage from the headers shall be prevented from entering the milk or milk products by so shaping the exposed header faces, above and below all gaps, that condensation is directed away from the tubes, and by using deflectors at the bottom of the headers, or by shortening the bottom trough, or by some other approved method. ... ... c. The location of supports of cooler sections shall prevent drip from entering the milk or milk products. d. All open surface coolers shall be provided with tight-fitting shields which protect the milk and milk products from contamination by flies, dust, drip, splash, or manual contact. 5. Recirculated cold water which is used in coolers and exchangers is from a safe source and protected from contamination. Such water shall be tested semiannually and shall comply with the bacterio logical standards of Appendix G, page 133. Recirculated water sys tems which become contaminated through repair work or otherwise shall bo properly treated and tested before being returned to use. Freezing point depressants, when used in recirculating systems, shall be nontoxic. HONS 038938 82 BBC. 7: ITEM 18p ITEM 18p. BOTTLING AND PACKAGING SottVmg and packaging of milk and milk products shall he done at the place of pasteurization in approved mechanical equipment} ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item is doemod to bo satisfied when: 1. All milk and milk products, including concentrated milk and milk products are bottled and packaged at the plant where final pas teurization is performed. Such bottling and packaging shall be doue without undue delay following final pasteurization. 2. All bottling or packaging is done on approved mechanical equip ment The term "approved mechanical equipment" shall not bo inter preted to excludo manually operated machinery but is interpreted to exclude methods in which the bottling and capping devices are not integral in one system. 8. Bottling or packaging machines aro designed to minimize the need for adjustment during operation. All pipes, connections, defoam ing devices, and similar appurtenances shall comply with items lOp and lip. 4. Bottling or packaging machine supply tanks and bowls have covers which are constructed to prevent any contamination from reach ing the inside of the filler tank or bowl. All covers shall be in place during operation. 5. A drip deflector is installed on each filler valve. Such drip de flector shall be designed and adjusted to divert condensation away from tho open container. 6. Container infeed conveyors to automatic bottling or packaging machines have overhead shields to protect the bottles or packages from contamination. Such shields shall extend from the bottle washer dis charge to the bottle feed star or, in the case of single service packaging machines, from the forming unit discharge to the filling unit and from the filling unit to the closure unit. Overhead shields shall be required on can infeed conveyors when the cans are fed to the filler with covers off. Communities dnlrini to repilit** tb ule of codas* cbeese nd creased cottas* ebeena under the trrni of thla Ordinance should add the following: Proetdvd, That cottage ebeeee and creamed cottas* ebeeee msy be transported In sealed containers to a protected, sanitary maooer from one plant to aootber for creaming and/or packaging. * Communities desiring to regulate the aal* of cottage cbccee and ereamed cottage ebeeae under the terafs of tbts Ordinance should add tb* following to tb* Administrative Proce dure* of Ilea Igp: MCottage cbeeee and creamed cottage cbecse are protected fa a sanitary manoer; they may be transported In eenled container* from on* plant to another lor ereomlng and/or packaging.*' MONS 038939 PA^ AGING fc products shall be done at 'chanical equipment.* DUKES* Dg concentrated milk and the plant where final pasid packaging shall bo done riaation. pprovod mechanical equip* lipmrait" shall not be inter* liner}' but is interpreted to id capping devices are not designed to minimize the pipos, connections, dofoamol) comply with items lOp ply tanks and bowls have ' oonMmination from roachAll covers shall bo in place filler valve. Such drip de> divert condensation away latio bottling or packaging the bot tles or packages from from tho bottle washer die* of single service packaging rgo to (lie filling unit and Ovorhoad shields shall be jhe cans are fed to the filler L tkrtN and mtMrt wii*i* cbteee I following i Aovtded. Thai cottage |1 In aealrd NnltlMN In i prolwlid. Iilng and/or packaging, pt (btew and creamed college Amm Hewing In Um> Admlulilratlve Prore tro protect'd to e eanltary manner! mb lit pint lo mother for creaming | l. . I i : 1 I | j Ij i j 1 SBC. 7: ITEM ISp 83 7. Container fabricating materials, such as paper stock, foil, wax, plastic, etc., are handled in a sanitary manner and protected against undue exposure during tine package assembly operation. 8. Bottling and packaging machine floats are designed to be adjusta ble without removing the cover. 9. The filler pipe of all bottling and packaging machines have an apron or oilier approved device as close to tho filler bow) as possible to prevent condensation or drip from reaching the inside of the filler bowl. 10. Filling cylinders on packaging machines are protected from contamination by the use of overhead shields. Wien any lubricant is applied to the filler pistons, cylinders, or other milk contact sur faces, the lubricant shall bo nontoxic, sterile, and sliall bo sparingly applied in asanitary manner. ITEM 10p. CAPPING Capping or closing of milk and milk product containert thaU be done in a sanitary manner by approved mechanical capping and/or eloiing equipment. The cap or closure shall protect the pouring lip to at least its largest diameter. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES1 This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. The capping or closing of milk and milk product containers is done in a sanitary manner on approved mechanical capping/closing equipment. The term "approved mechanical capping and/or closing equipment" shall not exclude manually.operated machinery. Handcapping shall be prohibited: Provided, That if suitable mechanical equipment for the capping or closing of specific contniner(s) of 8 gallons or more is not available, other methods which eliminate all possibility of contamination may be approved by the health authority. 2. All mechanical capping or closure mechanisms are designed to minimize the need for adjustment during operation. ' CemmnnMtee deilrlog to regulate the atle of cottage cbeeee and creamed cottage Awn under the terme of tbl# OrStnunct ehvuld add the following to (be Indicated administrative procedure* of Item lap: Avoided further. That If tollable equipment la aot available for eopplof cottage Atm nl creamed cottage cbeeee, other method* ot capping whtcb eliminate poselble chance of contamination may be approved by the heollh authority, 4. Cloeurea for cottage cbeeee and creamed cottage cbeeee container! ahalt eslend ever the top edgee of the container eo a* to protect the product from contamination during tobaequeat handling. f. Avoided, That ttale requirement (a) ahall not apply to cottage eheeor aad creamed cottage cbeeee container cloeurea. when aucb cloeurea are aapplled In a totally enclosed package, or wrapped eo aa to protect the closure*. I I HUNS 038940 mrtit- ^,84 , aWWitejm aop * 8,..,pottles and packages which have boon imperfectly capped or 1 closed. are emptied immediately into approved sanitary containers. t'{Such inilk or milk products shall be protected from contamination, j ' 'h maintained at 45 F. or less, Snd subsequently repasteurized or dis carded. . . ... . 4. All caps or closures protect the pouring lip of multiuse containers at least the greatest diameter. Single-servico containers shall be r.so constructed that the product and the pouring and opening areas protected from contamination during handling, storage, and when ( the containers are initially opened. 5. Caps and closures are handled in a sanitary manner. The first cap from each tubes, the first lap(s) from each roll of cap or cover .stock, and the first sheet of parchment or cover papor slmll be dis carded. The subsequent use of loose caps which are left in the cappers ' at tho end of an operating period after removal from the cap tubes ] * shall be a violation of this item. ITEM 20p PERSONNEL--CLEANLINESS Hands shall be thoroughly washed before commencing plant fune. lions and as often as may be required to remove soil and contamina. tjon. No employee shall resume work after visiting the toilet room without thoroughly washing his hands. All persons engaged in the processing, pasteurization, handling, storage, or transportation of , milk, milk products^ containers, equipment, and utensils shall wear i ^clean outer garments. The use of tobacco by any person engaged in ' the processing of milk or milk products is prohibited, ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 4 .-This item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. Hands are thoroughly washed before commencing plant funotions and as often as may be required to remove soil and contamination. 2. Each employee washes his hands following a visit to the toilet .room and prior to resuming work. Z. All persons engaged in the processing, pasteurization, handling, storago, or transportation of milk, milk products, containers, equip ment, and utensils wear clean outer garments. 4. Tobacco is not used by any person while engaged in the process ing of milk or milk products. HONS 038941 0 imperfectly capped or prod sanitary containers, otod from contamination, ropaaiourizod or dis- Jip of multiuse containers ervice containers shell be firing and opening arcaa ndling, storage, and when olUry manner. Tho first each roll of cap or oover over pnpor slmll bo dielid) ore loft in the cappers nova! from the cap tubes J5ANLJNESS $ commencing plant funomove toil and eontamina it visiting the toilet room U persons engaged in the rga. * transportation of t% k. utensils tHaU wear by any perlon engaged to ohibited. JPURES tforo commencing plant irod to remove soil and owing a visit to the toilet , pasteurization, handling, roducla, containers, equipa tie engaged in the prooees- BBO. 7: ITEMS 21p, 22p, BBO. 8 85 ITBM 21p. VEHICLES AU vehicles used for transportation of pasteurized milk and milk products shall he constructed and operated so that the milk and milk products are maintained at 15 F. or less, and are protected from fun', from freezing, and from contamination. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES Tills item is deemed to be satisfied when: 1. All vehicles are kept clean. 2. Materia] which is capable of contaminating milk or milk products is not transported with milk or milk products. 8.. Vehicles have fully enclosed bodies with well-fitted solid doors. ITEM 22p. SURROUNDINGS Milk plant surroundings shall he kept neat, clean, and free from conditions which might attract or harbor flies, other insects and rodents, or which otherwise constitute a nuisance. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES This item ib deemed to be satisfied when: 1. There no accumulation of trash, garbage, or similar waste in areas adjacent to the milk plant. Waste material stored in suit able covered containers shall be considered in compliance. 2. Driveways, lanes, and areas serving milk plant vehicular traffic are graded, drained, and free from pools of st^nding water. . 8. Outdoor areas for transport tank unloading are constructed of smooth concrete or equally impervious materia), properly sloped to drain, and equipped with trapped drains of sufficient size. 4. Only pesticides approved for usa by the health authority and/or registered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture shall be used for insect and rodent oontrol. Note.--A convenient Inspection form for milk plant*, receiving station*, and transfer stations, which summarises the applicable sanitation requirements. Is found In Appendix L, page 107. SECTION 8. ANIMAL HEALTH All milk for pasteurization shall he from herds which are located tn a Modified Accredited Tuberculosis Area as determined hy the UjS. Department of Agriculture: Provided, That- herds located in an area that fails to maintain such accredited status shall have been. MGNS 038942 SECTION 8 accredited by said Department at tuberculosis free, or shall home paued an annual tuberculosis test. All milk for pasteurization shall be from herds under a brucellosis eradication program which meets one of the following conditions: i. Located in a Certified Brucellosis-Free Area as defined by the UJS. Department of Agriculture and enrolled in the testing program for such areas; or f. Located in a Modified Certified Brucellosis Area as defined by the UJS. Department of Agriculture and enrolled in the testing pro gram. for such areas;or 3. Meet UJS. Department of Agriculture requirements for an in dividually certified herd; or l. Participating in a milk ring testing program which is conducted on a continuing basis at intervals of not less than every 3 months or more than every 6 months, with individual blood tests on aU animals in herds showing suspicious reactions to the milk ring test; or 6, Have an individual blood agglutination test annually with an allowable maximum grace period not exceeding 9 months. For diseases other than brucellosis and tuberculosis, the health au thority shall require such physical, chemical, or bacteriological tests ae he deeme necessary. The diagnosis of other diseases in dairy cattle shall be based upon the findings of a licensed veterinarian or a vet erinarian in the employ of an official agency. Any diseased animal disclosed by sueh test(s) shall be disposed of as the health authority directs. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES Tuberculosis.--All tuberculin tests and retests shall be made, and any reactors disposed of, in accordance with the Uniform Methods and Buies for establishing and maintaining of Tuberculosis-Free Accredited Herds of Cattle and Modified Accredited Arons, as approved by the USDA at the time of the adoption of tins Ordinance, For tuberculosis test purposes, the herd is defined os all adult cattle 24 months of age and over, including any commingled beef animals. Dairy cattle less than 2 years of age and already milking, shall be included in the herd test. A letter or other official correspondence attesting to the accreditation status of the locality in which the herd is located, including the date of accreditation, or a certificate identify ing the animals tested, the date of injection, the date of reading of the test, and the results of the test signed by a U.S. Department of Agriculture accredited veterinarian, shall bo evidence of compliance with the above requirements and shall bo filed with the health au thority (see App. A, p. 98). HONS 038943 it /red, or shall hove patted i horde under a brucellosis 9 following conditione: ro Area at defined by the fed m the testing program etlosis Area at defined by nroUed in the totting pro * requirements for an in- rogram which it conducted *$ then every 3 rnontht or ' blood teste on all animate W milk ring test; or ton test annually with an ding $ rnontht. uberculcsis, the health avr ml, or bacteriological tests 'her diseases in dairy oattlo wed veterinarian or a vetwy. Any diseased animal of at the health authority bbJL* .... retests shall bo made, and ,ith the Uniform' Methods ling of Tuberculosis-Free ied Accredited Arms, as idoplion of this Ordinance. . defined iui a)) Adult cattle oommingled boof animals. . already milking, shall bo hor oflleial correspondence locality in which tlie herd mi, or a certificate identifyon, Uio dnto of reading of I by a U.S. Department of bo evidence of compliance filed with the health au- SECTIONS 0. 10 g7 Brucellosis.--All brucellosis tests, retests, disposal of reactors, toccination of calves, and certification of herds and areas shall be in accordance with the recommendod Uniform Methods and Rules for brucellosis eradication. All reactors disclosed on blood agglutina tion tests shall be separated immediately from the milking herd; the milk of these reactors shall not be used for human consumpt ion. A certificate identifying each animal, signed by the veterinarian and the director of the laboratory making the test, shall be filed as directed by the health authority: Provided, That in the event the herd is subject to the milk ring test, the record shall be required to show only the date and results of such test. Within 30 days following the expiration of an official milk ring testing program or, in the case of a herd subject to annual blood tests, 13 months following the last annual blood test., the health authority shall notify the herd owner or operator of the necessity to comply with the brucellosis require ments. The failure of the herd owner or operator to comply with the brucellosis requirements within 80 days of written notice shall result in immediate suspension of the permit (see App. A, p. 03). SECTION 9. MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS WHICH MAY BE SOLD From and after It months from the date on which this Ordinance it adopted, only Grade A pasteurised milk and milk products 9 shall be sold to the final consumer, or to restaurants, soda fountains, grocery stores^ or similar establishments: Provided, That in an emergency, the sale of pasteurised milk and milk products which have not been graded, or the grade of which is unknown, may be authorized by the health authority; in which case, such milkai^dmilk products shall be labeled "ungraded." SECTION 10. TRANSFERRING; DELIVERY CONTAINERS s COOLING Except as permitted in this seotion, no milk producer or distributor shall transfer milk or milk products from one container or tank truck to another on the street, in any vehicle, store, or m any place except a milk plant, receiving station, transfer station, or milkhouse especi ally used for that purpose. The dipping or ladling of milk or fluid milk products is prohibited. It shall be unlawful to sell or serve any milk or fiuid milk product except in the individual, original container received from the die "Ctunvoltln vliklsi to provide for the eele of certified paetearlsed milk ehould In clude such product In tbte oectloa. Mete.-- Certified peeteurleed Milk > derived from certified raw Milk which aeete the teleet requirement! of the Inrilun Auodetlon of hledlcel Ullk CobmImIou, Inc.. 4OS Leilnfton Ave.. New York, H.L 1002T. HONS 038944 ^8 '' SECTION 10 tributor, or from on approved bulk dispenser: Provided, That this requirement shall not apply to milk for mixed drinks requiring less than one-half pint of milk, or to orcam^ whipped cream, or half-andhalf which is consumed on the premises and which may be served from 'the original container of not more than one-half gallon capacity, or from a bulk dispenser approved for such service by the health au thority^ It shall be unlawful to sell or serve any pasteurised milk or milk product which has not been maintained at a temperature of IS0 F. or less. If containers of pasteurized milk or milk products are stored in ice', the storage container shall be properly drained. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES .Transferring.--The dipping or ladling of milk and fluid milk .products is expressly prohibited, except for immediate cooking pur poses. Milk and milk product containers which have been filled and sealed at a milk plant shall be used for the delivery of milk or milk products. Caps, closures, or labels shall not be removed or replaced during transportation. ' .Bulk Dispensers.--Bulk dispensers, approved by the health au thority/shall satisfy the following sanitary design, construction, and operation requirements: 1. All dispensers shall comply with the applicable requirements of Section 7 of this Ordinance. 2. Product-contact surfaces shall be inaccessible to manual contact, droplet infection, dust-, or flies; butthe delivery orifice may be exempted ; from this requirement. 1 8. All parts of the dispensing device with which milk or milk prod ucts come into contact, including any measuring devico, Bliall bo thoroughly cleaned and sanitized at the milk plant: Provided, That dispensing valves which are applied to the dispenser subsequent to its delivery to the retail vendor may be cleaned and sanitized at such establishments. 4. The dispensing container shall be Ailed at the milk plant and shall be so sealed that it is impossible to withdraw any part of its con tents, or to introduce any substance without breaking the seal(s). 5. The milk or milk products shall bo thoroughly and automatically mixed with each dispensing operation, except for milk or milk prod- nets which remain homogeneous. 6. All cons shall bo thoroughly cleaned and sanitized. Milk and milk products Bliall bo kept at or below* 45 F. at all times. The dis- penscr lube Bliall be integral with the dispensing container, shall be *0*4$ 3s*5 mter: Provided, That this nimed drinks requiring less 'hipped cream, or half-andd which may be served from tnc-half gallon capacity, or i service by the health ati- y pasteurised milk or milk t a temperature of 45* F. or nr milk products are stored erly drained. :rduues ng of milk and fluid milk for immediate cooking pur i which Imvo boon filled and ho delivery of milk or milk not be removed or replaced approved by (lie health aury design, const ruction, and a applicable requirements of ioaf lo to manual contact, very orifice> mny.be,cxeippt^d ith which milk or milk prodmeasuring device, shall be milk plant: Provided, That < the dispenser subsequent to leaned and sanit ized at such filled at the milk plant and withdraw any part, of its ooniou( breaking (he seal(s). horooghly and automatically xoepl. for milk or milk prod- ad and sanitized. Milk and 15* F. at nil times. The dfelispcnsing container, shall bo SECTIONS 11. 12 protected, end shaft bo under adequate refrigeration during transpor tation and storage. SECTION 11. MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS FROM POINTS BEYOND THE LIMITS OF ROUTINE INSPECTION Milk and milk products from points beyond the limits of routine inspection of theof,* or its police juris diction, may be sold in_____________ ,* or its police jurisdiction, pro vided they are produced and pasteurized under regulations which are substantially equivalent to this Ordinance and have been awarded an aeoeptable milk sanitation compliance and enforcement rating made by a Slate milk sanitation rating officer certified by the VJS. Public Health Service, ADM1N1STRAT1VE PROCEDURES The health authority should accept, without hia actual physical inspection, supplies of milk and milk products from an area or an indi vidual shipper not under his routine inspection: Provided, That (1) upon arrival, each shipment of raw milk for pasteurization shall comply with tho bacteriological, chemical, and temperature standards of Section 7; (2) after receipt, pnetourized milk and milk products shall comply with the bacteriological, chemical, and temperature requirements of Section 7 as determined in accordance with Section 0; (8) the milk or milk products are produced and processed under regu lations substantially equivalent to those of this Ordinance; (4) the supplies are under routine official supervision; (5) the supplies have been awarded, by the State milk sanitation rating officer certified by the U.S. Public Health Service, a milk sanitation compliance and enforcement rating equal to that of the local supply or equal to 90 per cent or higher; and (6) all ratings are made on the basis of procedures outlined in methods of making sanitation ratings of milksheds recom mended by the Publio Health Service. Note.--Namea of Interstate milk shippers and their ratines, as reported by State milk control authorities, are contained In Sanitation Compliance end Enforcement Ratings of interstate 1HU- SMppcr*, imied quarterly by the Public Health Service for the Information of Interested persons. Copies of this list may bo obtained from the State milk control authority or from the Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., 20201. SECTION 12. FUTURE DAIRY FARMS AND MILK PLANTS Property prepared plans for all milk houses, milking bams, stables and parlors, transfer stations, receiving stations, and milk plants reg- Q38946 HONS W- SECTION 818, 14. 15, 1ft \k)atcd'undcr this Ordinance which arc hereafter constructed) recon structed, or extensively altered, shall he submitted to the health Authority for written approval before work is begun. SECTION IS. PERSONNEL HEALTH Wo person affected with any disease in a communicable form, or While a carrier of such disease, shall work at any dairy farm, or milk plant in any capacity which brings him into contact with the produc tion, handling, storage, or transportation of milk, milk products, con tainers, equipment, and utensils; and no dairy farm or milk plant Operator shall employ in any such capacity any such person, or any parson suspected of having any disease in a communicable form, or of being a carrier of such disease. Any producer or distributor of milk Or milk products, upon whose dairy farm, or tn whose milk plant- any communicable disease occurs, or who suspects that any employse has contracted any disease in a communicable form, or has become a carrier of such disease, shall notify the health authority immediately. SECTION 14. PROCEDURE WHEN INFECTION IS SUSPECTED When reasonable cause exists to suspect the possibility of transmis sion of infection from any person concerned with the handling of milk and/or milk products, the health authority is authorised to require any or all of the following measures: (l) the immediate exclusion of that person from milk handling; () the immediate exclusion of the milk supply concerned from distribution and- use; and (3) adequate medical and bacteriological examination of the person, of his associates, and of his and their body discharges. SECTION 15. ENFORCEMENT This Ordinance shall be enforced by the health authority in accord ance with the Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance will) Adminis trative Procedures--1965 Recommendations of the United States Public Health Service, a certified copy * of which shall be on file at the municipal clerk's office.* Where the mandatory compliance with provisions of the appendixes is specified, such provisions shall be deemed a requirement of ike Ordinance. SECTION I ft. PENALTY Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this Ordinance shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $, and/or such persons MQNS 038947 "( eaftcr constructed, reconsubmitted to the hsalth fc is begun. HEALTH communicable form., or tt any dairy farm, or milk 9 contact with the produo ' milky milk products, confairy form or milk plant t any such person, or any communicable form, or of tear or distributor of milk >r in whose milk plant any ots that any employee has rm, or has become a oarrier rUy immediately. 3TION IS SUSPECTED Ad possibility of transmis? with the handling of milk y is authorised to require Ke immediate exelusion of mm "ate exclusion of the nd\vc,` and (S) adequate ^ person, of his associates, KENT health authority in acoordOrdinnnoc with Adminians of the United Slates |f which shall be on file at mandatory compliance with , such provisions shall be TY revision* of this Ordinnnoe *1 conviction thereof, shall , and/or such persons SECTIONS IT, 18 gj may be enjoined from continuing such violations. Each day upon which such a violation occurs shall constitute a separate violation. SECTION 17. REPEAL AND DATE OF EFFECT AU ordinances and parts of ordinances in conflict with this Ordi nance shall be repealed 12 months after the adoption of this Ordinance, at which time this Ordinance shall be in full, force, and effect, as pro vided by law. SECTION 18. UNCONSTITUTIONALITY CLAUSE Should any section, paragraph, sentence, clause, or phrase, of this Ordinance be declared unconstitrUIona) or invalid for any reason, the remainder of this Ordinance shall not be affected thereby. FOOTNOTES In the Interest of clarity and to provide easy accwn to their Information, all numbered footnotes hare been removed from the body of this publication and are assembled in this section. A numerical reference In the text will altraya relate to Its like-numbered footnote In this section. Substitute proper ligil Jurisdiction bare ul In all aliaUar places throofbeut the Ordlnenoe. `Optional Ingredients at defined Is Section 1, Definition Q. nay be seed In this product. Where State Ian doea not permit the aale of reconstituted or recombined milk and/er milk products, Definition D and otber corresponding references should be omitted. Communities deelrtog to regulate cottage cheese and creamed cottage eheeae ander the tame of this Ordinance should Insert tbc following definitions: -- Ceffcpe Cheese: Cottage cheese Is tbe soft uncured eheese obtained by adding lactlc-aeld-produclng baeteria, wltb or without ensymatlo aetlon, to paeteurlsed eklm milk, psetc.irJted lowfat milk, or pasteurised reconstituted skim milk.* It shall centals net more than 60 percent moisture. Cottage cheese may be seasoned with salt. --- Creamed College Cheese; Creamed cottage cheese Is prepared by mitlng cottage cheese with a pasteurised creaming mixture consisting of paeteurlsed cream and milk, dry milk products, concentrated eklm milk, aklm milk, or lowfat milk, to wbteb aslt, lactle add, and fiavor producing bacteria, rennet, lactic add, citric add, phosphoric add or stabiliser may be added. The quantity of mllkfat added In the creaming mlsitirt shall be not lees than d percent by weight of the finished creamed cottage eheeae. Dry milk products or concentrated skim milk may be added, prodded tbe amount of added solids does sol exceed I percent of tbe weight ef tbo eresmlng mixture. Creased cottage eheeae hull contain not more than (0 percent motetnre. A certified copy may be secured from the Department of Health, Bdueatlos, and Wel fare, Public Henlth Berries, Washington, D.C. HONS 030948 -blor' nnmilnlioD iro Indl(iiu> j starch-iodide Imprttg* d. loterioratioo, especially if they IronmraL Their accuracy also sclally if the operator's hands or ehcmlcaUy active substances, VP0VND8 . f accurate readings within the k, eaea of handling; others make cm la essentially dear and free I teat procedure* will moesure ' present during or after uao. onced by doudlnoai in tho aanl bolting for at leaat S minutes, lb water and then removed for differentiate between tho total metoHeldailjr active.* if there inatormry eolation from which my procedure eucb me that of should, If pertinent, be within `nlatlon to he used la effectiva. naea by Calculation klelhod or imontnm buffer procedure), ton of Water and Wosfetesfer, on, 0( uneed effect on the activity of l be maintained in the pH range In meet caeca, the pH of the of the compound need. The led tlectrometrlcaliy, uaing the ntlrlc uethoda are more applioailone are available coiameraediately, brcaoae of the tend* indicator. Such indlcatora ae ora ere satisfactory, depending vAnv If Chrmfeol iwr ef the ImIIMM detatleiu. klaaofae* natter file Ltd, Loedea. < , _ , ' ' l APPENDIX G. CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL . TESTS SINGLE-SERVICE AND MULTIUSE PASTEURIZED MILK AND MILK PRODUCT CONTAINERS--UACTERIOLOGI.CAL Reference.--Item 12p. Application,--To single-service and multiuse pasteurised milk and milk prod* net containers and closures. Frequency.--At least once each S-iuonih period. Criteria.--All multiuse containers shall be effective]; subjected to an ac ceptable bactericidal process, producing containers having a residual bacterial count of not more than 1 per ml. of capacity or not over SO colonics per 8 square Inches (1 per square centimeter), in 3-out-of-d samples and shall he free of collform organisms. Alt single-service containers shall bare, just prior to use, a bacterial count of not more then 1 per ml. of capacity, or not more tban ] colony per square centimeter of surface area in 3-ou(-of-4 samples, and shall be free of conform organisms. . Method.--Bacteriological swab and/or rinse counts. Apparatus and Procedure.--Conforms with Standard Method* for Ecamina- lion of Dairy Product* tor required swab and rinse counts. PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES AND RECIRCULATED WATER--BACTERI OLOGICAL Reference.--Items 8r, 7p, and 17p. Application.--To private water supplies used bj dairy farms, milk plants. receiving stations and transfer stations, and to recirculated cooling water used In milk plants. Frequency.--Initially, and after repair, modification or disinfection of private water supplies of dairy farms and milk plants and thereafter, semiannually for all milk plant water supplies. Recirculated cooling water in milk plants shall bn tested semiannually. Criteria.--An MPN (Most Probable Number of coliform organisms) of lesstban 2.2/300 ml., or Its membrane Alter equivalent. Apparatus, Method, and Procedure.--Conforms with Standard Method* for Eratnlnafion of Wafer and Wa*tcicatcr, Corrective Action.--When the laboratory report ou the sample Is unsatls* factory, the water supply In question shall again be physically inspected and necessary corrections made until subsequent samples are bacteriologlcally satis factory. PASTEURIZATION EFFICIENCY--FIELD PBOSPBATABE TEST Reference.--Section 0. Frequency.--When any laboratory phosphatase test is positive, or any doubt arises as to the adequacy of pasteurisation due to noneompliance with equip ment, or standards of item J6p. IBS gg | I [ 038949 HONS 134 aWPendi^q (Criteria^-I/ess, than \ pg-..pcr ml, by 8charcv Rapid Method toi|. equivalent (brother means). Bee Standard Methodt far iho kramtnation af Dairy ProductI. /Apparatus.--Field phosphatase. teat kit (obtainable .from Applied^ Research UnslltULC, 2 Enst 23d St., Now York 10, N.Y-; slnndnrdii, axira test Lillies. And stoppers, or other approved phosphatase equipment 'Method.--The lest Is based on the detection of the phonphntase enzyme, a eon- tttUuenl that la inactivated by pasteurization at 145* F. for 80 minute* or 101* F. Tor'10 seconds. When pastourlz^itiou Is faulty, sonic phosphatase remain* and it* detected through it* action on pbosphorlcphcny.l esters, releasing phenol, which ^measured quantitatively by the addition of dlbromo or dlchloroquinonecblorlm- iide to form an Indopbcnol blue color. l|*roeedure.--Sec Standard Itcthodi for Examination of Dairy,.Product! tor (details on phosphatase tests. (Corrective Action.--Whenever a phosphatase test.Is positive, the cause shall be (determined. Where the cause is Improiicr pasteurization, It shull be corrected; (and-any milk or. milk products Involved shall not he offered for sale. WU08PI1ATA8D REACTIVATION IN UT8T. PASTEURIZED PRODUCTS '.Tbs presence of an appreciable quantity of phosphatase in milk and cream (After boat treatment has been traditionally regarded as evidence of Inadequate ipatteurixstion. However, with the advent of modern blgb-tempcraturo abort.Ume metboda, evidence has been accumulating that under certain conditions, ithe relatlonshlp between Inadequate pasteurization sod the presence of pbosipbstase does not bold. /Ainotnbcr of investigators who have studied, high-temperature short-time ^pasteurising methods have concluded that while a negative test can be obtained Immediately after pasteurisation, the satno sample may yield a positive test rafter a short period of storarc, particularly If tbe product la not continuously <or adequately refrigerated. ' This phenomenon has come to be known as reactivation. `Reactivation may occur in 11T8T pasteurised products after storage at temIperalurcs as low ss 50* F. although 03* F. is optimum. Products of high fat (content generally produco relatively more regcUvatahle phosphatase. `Reactivation la greatest in products pasteurized at about 230* T. but miy (occur In products pasteurized at much higher temperatures and as low as IdS* F. 'It has been noted that an Increase In holding time during pasteurisation will :reduce reactivation. Tbe addition of magnesium chlorldo to IlTST processed milk or crcsm, after ! pasteurisation but before storage, accelerates reactivation. The difference In (activity between an adequately pasteurized sample stored with and without :-tnagneslom and an Inadequately pasteurized sample stored with and without imagnesium, forma the basis of a test for differentiating reactivated from residual (Inadequately pasteurised) phosphatase.* WBMOTION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN MUC 'The problem of aotlblotlcs In milk is associated with their use in the treatMnent of mastitis and other diseases. Failure to withhold milk from the market ; for sufficient length of time after treatment la responsible for tbe presence of t antibiotics In milk. Such milk is undesirable for two reasons; first, it originates iin an unhealthy cow, and second, U Jsadulterated. 11 Campbell, ]. I., sod UeFirnn, B. F,, CtllahriNvi Tut for Hiaetlvatai and KmMhI ' Phoiphoiat* <n Psiry produeti. Journal of the Anoclttlon of OfBdtl Agricultural Cbsa- tots, 44; s August Ml. MQNS 038950 lapl' ethod (or equivalent mb! fH at Dairy Product). able from Applied Research idards, extra test lubes, and e phosphatase enrrme, a con F. lor SO minute* or SOI* F. me phosphatase remnlna and aters, releasing phenol, which do or dlrbloroqulnonecblorlm* afte* ef Dairy Product) tor la positive, the cause shall be laallon, It shall be corrected; he offered for sale. TBUHHKD PRODVOTB vphataac In milk and cream ed as evidence of Inadequate darn hlgh-tcmpcrature short* iat under certalu conditions, a and the pretence of phoa* hlgh-temperature short*tlme negative teat can he obtained la map yield a positive test r product it oot continuously atlon. eoduete after storage at tem* Jmui Products of high fat iiatm..nosphalaee. d at about 280* F. but. mi7 ersturoa and as low as 308* F. me during pasteurisation will roertarfl milk or cream, after ellvstion. The difference In ile stored with and without pie stored with and without ting reactivated from residual . d with their use In the treat* llhhotd milk from tbo market sponsible for the presence of wo reasons ; first, It originates rest far SsmUwm end SmUmi Um ef Oflleisl Agricultural Cham* ' ' , , . t / ^ , APPJ0NU1X O 135 The allergenic properties of certain antibiotics in common one make tbetr prooence In milk potentially hazardous to consumers. Also, substantial kieses of byproducts may be austalued by the milk Industry each year because of tho Inhibitory effects of sotlbloUce on the culturing process. DETECTION OF PESTICIDES IK MILE Any bealtb agency wbicb has adopted this Ordinance should operate under a control program which will insure that milk supplies are free from pesticide contsminntlon, In conformance with Definitions R and R-l, Section 3, "Adul terated Milk and Milk Products" and "Misbranded Milk and Milk Products." Pesticide coirqtounds gain accen to milk by various routes. Insecticide con* lamination may result from any of the following: (]) Application to the cows; <2) Inhalation of toxic vapors by the animals following application of Insecti cides to tbelr environment; (8) Ingestion of residues In feed and water; and (4) accidental contamination of milk, feed, and utensils. Ilcrbiriile contamina tion may result from residues on the cows' feed and In their m*ater supply; rodcntlcidcs mny be present in milk os a result of accidental contamination. At the present time, chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are the chief concern. While there are other pest control comiounde which are more toxic than the chlorinated hydrocarbons, many of the agents In this latter group tend to accumulate in the body fat of both cows and humon beings, and are accreted In the milk of contaminated cows. The accumulation of these toxic agents In persons continually consuming contaminated milk may reach boaardona concentrations. Recent advances In residue analyses have resulted In a radical decrease In the use of paper chromatographic screening procedure for milk because of Ha rather limited sensitivity. Regulatory agencies can now routinely detect resi dues as low as 0.01 p.p.m. of many of the chlorinated organic pesticides. Batle- factory acrecnlug procedures should, therefore, attain this level of sensitivity which usually necessitates the use of gas chromatography or thin layer chroma togrsphy. General screening procedures of the latter two types are described and dls^ cussed lit Volume 1 of the Potichfe Analytical Manual published by the Federal Food[and Dyjtg Administration. " The need for closer scrutiny of milk supplies for pesticide residues has stimulated considerable research in detection technology.* The health author ity entering upon a surveillance program should carefully check tho available equipment In relation to its adaptability to the indicated need. While a schedule of testing comparable to tlint for microorganism* (four tests of Individual producers milk during any consecutive 6 months) would bs desirable, broad spectrum procedures are too time consuming to render such a schedule feasible. As a more practical approach, the following procedure Is suggested: (1) Test one load of milk from each tank truck route every 6 months by a broad spectrum method, and trace positive samples, or (2) Test each producer's milk four times every <1 months for the most common chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, by available instrumental methodology. Mote.---The above luting discipline! may be applied conveniently to res milk tuppltee. Where plea (1) It need, eamptea of commingled milk from known eenrcM are drawn from receiving station storage tanks. Sampling for plan (S) may be dose directly from the weigh tank. a Schafer, If. L., Buib, K. A., and Campbell. J, B., Jtoptd Beraening Mathai /or DDT fa Jftfk With Ou CSreMetofrepby. 7. Dairy Selenee, 48:1025 (ISOS). 038951 moms HONS 038952 MONS 0 3 8 9 5 3 Milk from farm to family 7 lech tank truck rushes $ CMtedndki* checked and sampled before it is pumped from the farm took into the refrigerated stainless steel tank Veterinarians check each cow's health 'SoUrly. milking equipment is washed 1 denlued for each miHdng; tam tank, after each p**Np ^S 6 B C 0 SNOW A The Co** Everyone knows that cows five ns the milk w drink, but can you imagine what a cow is really like? A cow is gentle and makes very little noise. She moves about leisurely and spends most of her time browsing and resting. StiU, her body is always busy making the milk you drink. A rather large animal, a good milk cow weighs about 1200 pounds. Each day a cow drinks from 10 to 20 gallons of water. In a year she eats about 3100 pounds of mixed grains and concentrated feeds such as seed oil cake. Added to this are 2% tons of hay and 6' '> tons of silage, mostly made of chopped green corn and grasses. She also eats the grass from two or more acres of pasture. A cow has not one, but four stomachs to help her digest all this feed. When a cow tears off grass, she swallows it only half chewed. This partly chewed feed goes to her fust stomach. Here the feed is softened by liquids. It then moves to her second stomach. In her second stomach the feed is softened more and formed into small balls. Each ball of feed is called a cud and is about the size of a hen egg. Later, the cow gulps the cud back up into her mouth. She chews the cud 40 to 60 times before she swallows it again. This finely chewed feed goes into her thinl stomach and is broken up still more. Finally the feed passes to the fourth stomach and is digested. In return for all a cow eats, she will give around 3500 quarts of milk in a year. Of the 305 days each year she is milked, she gives about 11 quarts of milk a day. A cow is not milked 60 days of the year for a good reason. This period gives her time to rest her body and to store body materials just before her calf is born. She gives birth to one calf yearly. Besides giving milk and having calves, the cow has created jobs for thousands of men and women. Perhaps you know someone who works in the dairy' industry or helps manufacture equipment or products used in a dairy plant or cm a dairy farm. abN(Mit Ar' /l^ tefruitwiew WSAcWwwi ft ft ft ft ft ft ft H ft ft ft ft ft ft ft When you realize what a cow can do, you will know that she is quite a special animaL The story of milk begins with the cow. Do you know what happens to her milk on the dairy farm and in the dairy plant? To start you on your search, first study the chart on the other side. This will answer some questions you have. You will find other questions you want answered. About how much milk it takes to make: 1 pmd bettor S% qeorts whole mAh 0000000003 1 pom* American cheese 4% qearta whole mfSt 00003 ||^| 1 poend itsnfat dry milk S qeerts sWm milk 00000 ^ ^ 2 ceps cottage cheese S qeerts skhn eKh 000 ||j^| 1 quart Ice crown Itt qeerts ehsls mHk oa ^ ^ 2 ceps saapsiats* mWh > 1 qeeri while milk 0 HONS 030955 MMtTCO I* U S A DDT ANAD008 1803 Utilk fit from 40 to oa in milk fat imo _ ,, , DDT 0.7fl 0.48 9.70 O.CO 9.05 0.45 9.71 0.5) 3.01 9.02 2.09 1.99 -- -- -- _-- -- ( 3 6 mgAf of m phyriological ami Intake of appro*'would mult in milk ttir FDA tulrrmw'iiotp contaminant was (Him m great >r would not produH' r limn tlio FDA tolal the residue would utid but mm m mixture mild vary depending . k nr tiii- mt'mg itilk residue level b* i tWd would rtiptiiv * total rmrentrati"' di-trihiiliuii f Ibe f iioportmiec in 'I"' ftit wrtimitriitMUt "* li< cimI intake. All imilnr in tin* rexpc*1 fitted by n viil* mill on*ti*xJ in illitNlriiW r leulure* have l*l'M I Ki-wrif 4IU). Wl1' l Id' pllM't*l| Mil |M, I 'IH|lltrtMM*llt I .Mi,h/ r ......... Ohl. iM him! ......I'"*1 d. |.t lilt. Tin* r'h' *aus of tin* riHi^l*1'1 . atke, whereas the remaining rates are as* * tsmfd to be tint order. la thin .type of eyetem the amount of a com pound excreted in the milk after the end of intake would follow the form of the equation k0 -m I * I C s= Ae 1 +Be * here C ii the amount of compound excreted iaio milk on any day, A and D are constants farribing the amount excreted into milk on thy 0, mi and m3 are rate constants, t ia the iHne in daya following the end of intake, and e a the baae of the natural logarithms. While tW equation is derived for the amounts of the kj nmpounds, the results can be expressed in terms of the concentration of the compounds, provided the pool sixes and the milk fat pro Flo. 4. System with two open compartment! tertian do not vary significantly over the time and constant rate of introduction. period in question. The eonatniits were estimated graphically second term for p,p'-DDD formed from p,p'- 110) and are presented in Table 2. The values DDT, relative to the rate of decline for per ire based on the milk concentrations, to con formed p,p'-DDD, ia probably due to tbe contin form In FDA regulation and the usual prac uing formation of small amounts of p,p'-DDD tices. Since the decline in milk fat production from p,p'-DDT as the p,p'-DDT is removed til small, baaing the values on amount would from the body fat. ....................... .... ail have made a significant difference. Values The rate constant m3 for p,p'-DDT and p,p' f A and B are normalised to that CsA + B DDE of our work is similar to analogous values = 1.00 mg/kilogram. reported for the total residue decline. The The behaviors of p,//-DDT and p,p'-DDE, value 0.013 day*1 corresponds to a t,/j of 53 Mb with respect to the rates of decline in milk days. Lahen et al. (8) and Croiby et al. (4) mnrentrntion and in the partial concentrations reported declines of the total residue from tinted to the two terms of the equation, are technical grade DDT os 10% per week, which I'rartically identical. The only difference was | <He value for ni|, but this difference ia of little MgaifWanre. The first term contributes little to corresponds to a tj/j of 49 days. In contrast, Witt et al. (12) reported a t,/* of 23 days, but the cows had received p,p'-DDT for only a , 'hr tots) projected excretion and the number six-day period. It is also of interest to note that , *( Iwervations used in estimntiiig m, are amnll Braund et al. (2) found t,/S's of 47 to 410 days | mm| the rrmra in cstimnliunN may be Inrge. for the decline of dirhlriu in body fat of cows. { The behavior of p,p'-DDD differs markedly The practical significance of these values is : the behavior of the other compounds. The to provide estimates of the time rei|uired for I term of the equation provides a much milk to return to a concentration below FDA renter emitrilmtion to the total concentration toleranres alter the cows have been fed feeds u milk and the second term 1ms a greater rate producing n higher concentration. Some esti ' hv|im> Urn,| the note with p,p'-DDT mid mates an* presented (Table 3) lor two condi - : *' l>I>K. The lower rate of decline of the tions. These arc the situation when cows are I ^"1.1: 2. CuiiHlanU for the normalixnl equations describing the decline in milk fat eoneeutratiou I * 1>I)T analogs. Com|M>und in milk A m, n nr, (iiiB/kit) iliiy ) (mgAg) (day ] itT DDT 0.41 0.07 o.rfi non Dim 11.01 0.48 u.on non Dill) 41.11) Oil Hi: DDK 0.41 on turn O.ujli or,n nl:i J. Juinv Knsitot Voi. No. 11 038638 2604 rates xt xu Tabl* S' Estimated time required to reduce various Initial milk fat concentrations of U\> analogs to less than 1.25 mg/kg when eows are fed unconUminated feed. Initial concentration , Ak Time since cows consumed contaminated feed 0 days > 14 days DDE or DDT DDD DDE or DDT Dill) 2 42 86 in 8 27 8 67 34 4 40 3 89 45 5 66 4 107 M 20 219 7 160 80 26 150 9 191 M 20 174 14 213 107 lentlen of !> J. Dulrjr Bri <n Fries, 0. F.. Oerdnn. 10* !*,/> -DDT |>. Afr, Food 1 IN) Labcn, sml 8. A. ]' put of Dl rattle. J. 1) IP) Dnl.cn. H. C.. ami 8. A. 1 nation from consuming the contaminated feed and when the consumption of eontaminnted feed has ended at least 14 days previously. In the sec ond ease, the first term of the equation is in* significant and the decline ia described by the second term. The estimates for p,p'-DDT and p,;AI)DD were practically identical and have been combined. ., , The time required for any realistic initial concentration of /?,//-l)DD to decline to leas than the FDA tolerance is short. Therefore, the amount of time required to reduce total DDT-JIOC wilt depend almost completely upon the sum of the concentrations of p,j/-DDT and p,j/-I)I)K. If the total DDT-HOC concen tration Is less than twice the FDA tolerance, and the cows arc consuming contaminated feed, the lime required for (lie return to the FDA tolerance will be e few duys. On the other hand, when the total concentration is much greater than twice the FDA tolerance, or when the eon's arc not consuming contaminated feed, grenlly extended periods of time will be re quired because of the low rate of removal of the pesticide from the body fat. The limited data on the concentration of the compounds in l*ody fut during the experiment are presented in Figures 1, 2, and 3. In gen eral, the result* parallel results from milk with the concentrations of p,pM)|)K considerably greater than the other compound*. The in- emote of compound concentration in body fnt wns slower than in milk. It would appear Unit the cows were not to equilibrium nt the time Unit the intake ended at till days. Similarly, the decline in body hit coiiceiilriilHiiis of the compounds did not show the initial rapid drop which occurred with milk fat concent rations. Tim decline in body fat concentration* from (JO to 120 days paralleled the decline in milk t. |>ISV Mouses Vim. S3, No. 11 fat concentration during the second pirns* * the decline. The observations are rmoi-i'" with the model (Fig. 4), if one assume* it Comportment 2 represents body fat ami >. b large compared to kt nnd ly J * The relationships between the eoncentrnii--* of DDT-ROC in milk hit and in body fat h been positive but quite variable (8,. ID. .1;'. predictive usefulness of this type of coinpv son would be limited except st two tar'' j The first would be when the cows are "> 1 > continuous intake nnd are at equilibrium. T 1 second would be when the cows are on s >1* r feed nnd the time of rapid decline of milk ! } concentration has passed. Under any>'' situation, the concentrations of milk fid " body fnt would be changing nt different r-'" so that the relationship between them wuUI ' continuously changing. { . References j (!) Association of Official Analytics! 1900. Changes In tho Official Mrili-b Analysis. J. Ass. Offie. Agr. Ch-". 49j 222. (2) Draund, D. O., L. fi. Brown, J. T. Il-'' N. C. Lceliug, and M. J. Kxcrctiou ami storage of dleldr'is i* cow* fed thyroprolcin anil different '' of energy. ,T. Dairy Sri.. 52:172. (3) Brawn, W. If., J. M. Witt, F. M. mid J. W. Blull. 1900. Seerctlim of ' in milk by fresh eows. Bull, l-'11 ' Contain. und Toxicol., 1:21. (4) Crosby, P. O., T. K. Arriicr, and S hnlicit. 1007. l'l>T eiii*tioniwn**,,,` ' milk following n Mingle feeding fM"*J. Dairy 8,-L, OOj 40. (5) Fries, (1. Y., W. 1*. Platt, and U A. '> ` IOlin. Kncrgy Inilaaee and the of DDT Into milk. J. Dairy Kri., (0) Fries, O. F., and K. A. Kane. 1 * ' 1 ' HONS 038619 Llktni of I)DT 1M i4 :*>' m>T iidd -- 18 s< 45 64 80 M 107 DDT ANAD008 1605 tontlon of DDE and DDT by the bovine. J. Dairy 8cl., 60; 1612. (7) Frici, 0. F., 0. 8. Marrow, and C. H. Gordon. 1009. Metabolism of p,p'- and pj> -DDT by rumen microorganism. J. Agr. Food Cbem,, 17:900. (I) Lnbcn, H. C., T. K. Archer, D. O. Crosby, and 8. A. Peoples. 1905. Lactational out* put of DDT fed preparation to dairy cattle. J. Dairy Scl., 48: 701. (9) Labcn, R. C., T. R. Archer, D. G. Crosby, and 6. A. Peoplrs. 1900. Milk contami nation from low level* of DDT in dairy rations. J. Dairy Bel., 49: 1488. (10) Rcaoigno, Aldo, and Giorgio Scgro. 1900. Drug and traeer kinetics, pp. 82-35. Dluledell Publishing Co., Waltlium, Mao*. (11) Williams. B-. P. A. Mills, and R. E. Me- Dowell. 1004. Residues in milk of cows fed rations eontninlng low concentrations of five chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. J. Ass. Offlc. Agr. Chemists, 47: 1124. (18) Witt, J. W., F. M. Whiting, W. U. Brown, and J. W. Stull. 1900. Contamination of milk from different routes of animal si* posur* to DDT. J. Dairy 8ei., 49:870. second phase of a arc consistent me assumes tlmt sdy fat and i r* jlie # rntralton" r tut linvr bMr (B, ). Tbr |yp ,f Mil|>nn- bt tw . ,ow. or. n" * ,tlilil*riuin. Tin' yrt or* o* * flriin irrtin* of .**"* ,11'nilrr .>>>' of lollli W "' ilillrrriit rl i--n 111.'i> wmbl I-- I lift. I1 *f. Agr. CIicimW*. j T. ' y.uhlk. I'""' a-hlrin l dl0 diffcri ut t 172. , \ m. widf^;: rflhm Hull. Afthfr, *' ` I. .. ....... II,. . I- * . ...I III' n.,lir Nrl., A. K.O. IB**'* I I f t 038630 WON* 3. Diav BciiMOs Vsu 19, No. II ^ . /]m- ^ Umv\ - VLdm) 1 J`>4 Mil.I.t AMS, HT Ah (IlMtlllV \ M, livlyu-Kujaku, II, II (1053); thru O., Xavod Lab., 27, 1453 (1063); tl,< | ftacttlmra (7,o/i. Abrtr^ 47, 9180 (1053). Anal. Abttr., 9, 2067 (1002). Sixteen Holstein cn>, a (3) Keller, H., llorliwcher, M., anti Hallmn, (6) Johnson, L.. ThU Journal, 45. 303 UW.' | mimals nnd in the lOOth-'.'l' II., Hclv. ChiM. Acta, 29, 513 (HMD. (0) Krn'flm, M. I-'., Jr,, ibitl., 40, 881 (ltNU> . iiii, were divided ittfn 4 , (4) Kcmiiln, W., nnd Kricminski, K., ('him. Analit. iriifwiu1, 5,011 (1000). <5) Knsnmtyi, E. S., and Bldyupuk, 8. (, (10) Iturkc, J., ami Cioffrida, L, ibid.. 47, x* (1080. " ( i rows curb. All animaU eon-istiug of apfirovim.ilei Vap. pilau, 22, 83 (1003); thru Dairy (11) Walls, J., ami Klein, A. K., tbul., 45. h'.' , iHicentrate, HPJ hav, K1 `y, Sn.AbsIr., 25, #3026 (1003). (1002). * .Vt',* corn silage. Tlic dad (6) Mlt*er, H., Nacluitibl. Deuiteh Pfian- (12) Official Methoih of AnalyiU, Olh K.l , A* > imhi of each rmv was den tcimclttitl8, 80 (1054). swisliun of Ofliciul Agrirultural Chcmi-- . .'Hick period prior to the - (7) Unmitttinovich, N, P., ami Deration, K. Washington, D.C., 1900, aec. 24.109<di I and this figure was used 1 Residues In Milk of Cows Fed Rations Containing Low Concentrations of Five Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticide* lly B. WILLIAMS and P. A. MILLS (Division of Food Chemistry, Food and I)nig Admit Miration, Washington, D.C, 30204) and It. E. McDOWELL (Animal Husbandry Ilex it. Division, Agricultural Research Serviec, 1)5. Department of Agriculture, RelUville, M ! amount of pesticide to hi1 ;r i in Group A were used as n me the feeding jK'rnsI (fn I fcl an ntldeil 0.05 ppm, (it and (irnnp I), 0,'tfl ppm i (-I ickles. Ait alcohol solution of 1 as mldeil to the grain r. at the morning nnd evem 20705) A feeding study Involving 16 lsdt* Ing dairy cow* was carried out In which mixtures of 5 pesticide* (heptaclilor epoxide* dlcldrln, endrln* lindane* and DDT) were fed at levels of approxi mately 0.05* 0.15* and 0.30 ppm of each |HMillcidc hatted on total feed eonsumption. Analyses showed that heptuchtor epoxide uml dlcldrln transferred lo the milk In much higher roncentrulions than did the oilier pesticides. Next In order of conrenlratlon were cndrln anil lindane. Smull hut definite Increases of DDT and TDK in the milk were noted with inereuRed feeding levels of DDT, hut the DDK concentration was apparently not affected hy the feeding of DDI' at these levels. A imitilrfT of stndii* have )ht muile of tin' Haieder of chlorinated |>esticide resi due* from the feed to the milk of cmvs. Camion, i t nl. (1) fed ilichlrin to . rows at |rvd. nf 0.1 to 2.25 ppm, ami, using it ridnriioHii,' aoitlytiriil pnieednre, found dicldrin in their milk. Camion, if /. (2) ;ilx /ni.-iIvwd milk from nms fed uldrin, diehlrio, liept;ii'tdor, DDT, 11 Mf niethiivyelih/r .-1# levels of 1 to TtMHi ppm amt again (mind residue* 0/ the jtestieides or their metabolites in tl * milk. ................ j* Zcig, H ttl. (3) fed DDT to ro*> I lewis of 0.5, 1.0,2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 ppm. 1'* r a colorimetric method sensitive to about ppm they did not find any DDT in tm from Die cows fed nl (lie 0.5 ppm level, b" did find DDT in (he milk of the row* at the higher eoitrentrurioti*. Hardee, rt of. (4) added heptaclilor ip*' idc and TcllrittlS' to the feed at . ' levels nf ft ami 20 ppb (0.006 nod ,,M-V ppm) ami, rising electron Affinity g.** rl/tmatography, foiiml measurable residin' each in (he milk. The present stmiy was undertaken lop" vide additional information on the teste"* ttf chlorinated pesticide residues from f< to milk, when feil at low concentration' D Itcsticidcs used were lindane, heptacldur cp"' ide, dieldrin, p.p'-DDT, and endrin. Th" live were chosen IsTausc of lla'ir fn-*t"*:' occurrence in dairy animal finals and (" awl/or l*eeaiise of their toxicity. Fi<cditnt I' 1 eh were set at 0.06,11.15, and 0. ppm '* hash of aoliripaled lolal fvd i-on^oo)'"" ' i . 1 ` < ; , , ; , ' i . This WMH Hi I tie Seotil eifltlli Ainund Mi'Hinu I.t llie Akmm-iiiI... '' llltoeil l'h.llti*U<*. On. to 'SJ- nl WiiHliiHipoii. I"'. , tironp A: Control* Hrimpll: UW |>pin Feeding |s*vel drimp ('; tU6 p|*m Fnstiag (4 V1I bonp D; tail ppm Kia-dioe i. x>l HONS 038631 I f. (V"M7, No. (I, lf"U) ,, tl. 1453 (IV03); Hint , J,,Hcot, 45, 363 (Ittt). r, 46. WU <U). iMflrnlu. I*., ibid., 47, 336 A. K . ibid.. 45, 107 */ A*>dp<iilr Oil) Kd., An> M| Avrit-wllurul OhmiunI", 1400, see. 34.100(d). Inlng Low boM-Pcsticldvs Fwal UIHl Dpi* Adminim! Iludiaiwlry Hrecarch iftillurr, Itclfsvillc, Mil- tlieir metalKtliles -In *lw - fed DDT to cows at .3,0, ami 5.0 ppm. IVing |4 sensitive to nlxuit 0.01 find any DDT in milk i the 0.5 ppm level, Init e milk uf I lie cows fed added IwptuvUlur ppb (O.IXI5 ami 0.020 eirnti iillinity gas ehm- tiH';*'*irabli- re-idties uf wu* undertaken In pm* rsti:fion mi the transfer idr residues frtan feed low f-Miit-fiiiration*. 'IIhllH|.it"\ li>-plaelilur e|iu\* DT, mid einlriu. Thee MM* f ilu ir fre|iieiit nmmal hsd* and milk sal Mibieiiv. Killing lev* i |.*, msl O .'JO ppm uu tl"' tola! hi-d eriiomnptio" r*-*e t lln* K.v..n- mu |l" iHtMM " WILLIAMS. JTf A/..i CHLOMINATKI) HYntlOTAnUON rKsTICmKrt IN MILK or mWN 113/* FrtKfdur* Sixteen Holstriu cows, all first lurlution .-uiimals mid in tlic )00lh-200lh duy of lactnlion, were divided into 4 similar group* of 4 rows each. All animals were fi*d h did eimrUHting of approximately 20%% grain rviirentrnte, 10% imy, $%% huy pellets, and 55% corn ftiliigc. The daily feed consump tion of each cow was determined during a 3-week period prior to the start of the study, and this figure was used in calculating the amount of jiestfcide to be added. The 4 cows in Group A were used us controls, while dur ing the finding period Group B cows were fed nn added 0.05 ppm, Group C, 0.15 ppm, and Group I), 0.30 ppm of each of the 5 IHKticides. An nleohol solution of the five pesticides *'n8 added to the grain ration of each cow at the morning and evening feeding. After the entire groin ration was consumed, the enw was given the rest of its feed mid any remaining imeonsmned feed wiis lemoved and weighed. The entire grain ration was always consumed but some of ihe roughage was at times rejected. Since the feed enn* sumption varied somewhat during the ronr^-e of this study, the actual level of added pcutirides in ppm was not identical for all cows in cnrli group. Table 1 shows the body weight, average daily feed consumption, actual level of adder! pesticides, and average duiiv milk production with fat content for each. cow. A sample of each feed ingredient was taken at each feeding, and weekly composites of each ingredient were analyzed for pesticide residues. Table 2 shows the pesticide content of the total feed calculated from the analyncs of tho individual components. Milk samples from each cow were collcrlcd Table 1. Data for Individual cowa b.Ay WV;*U. lb Attnw rfu#i*baVC'iooa.. lb U' L*v*l t M ile Pr.~ Milk. 1 irvi-.*, !b <Uy Hmoitii (iruup A: Controls 670 OCO 067 008 Group Ay. 1146 1104 1130 1020 itoa 58 70 01 04 >7.3 28.4 30.0 35.0 4.6 4.7 4.2 4.4 0 31.7 4.6 iii (ruup B: .077 00 0.057 41.4 0.05 ppm Feeding Ive1 oou 40 0.051 28.5 450 54 0.051 31.) 002 1004 04 0.0&I 38.6 Group Av. nut) 50 0.052 34.0 ---- -------------------------------- -- ------------ -- -- -------------- . Ormip C: 004 1250 at o. i :t!i 33.3 tt.tfi ppm PeodiiiK Istvel 402 1082 04 II. 142 3:1.2 073 I0IK 05 0.130 37.0 005 t i:ik Ol 0.140 30.0 Group Av. 1123 04 0.142 35.11 4.2 4.1 3.7 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.5 4.1 4.1* 4.2 tl; 064 UIM oo tt.antv 35.X 3.0 0.30 ppm Kmling l<evel 457 1140 K4 0.2KK 47 0 40 two <140 70 0.211) 28.7 4.4 050 toot) 00 0,318 111. K 4.3 t Iroiip HONS 03b63i 1120 JUtUlNAI, OFT1IK k.O.K.V. (Vol. 47, No. n, I'Kip TMf 2. I'fulirlilp content In ppm mt lotut feed before addition of imwIIpIiIm (rolrolulPil from liiiulysee of Individual feed roiu|iuiiente--weekly coni|NMtitn) I'lrfrtOing Prtlkidt W**h Wrrk Wk Ktstiw IWImI wrk Wk ti* Atl> w**x Kuiamliw Uret llepluchlor r|K>xide Dicldrin Kmlriu Mmlnnc s.p'-DDT p.p'-DDT p,p'-TDK p.p'-DDK 0.0U& 0.005 -- -- 0.001 0.007 -- 0.003 0.000 0.002 -- <0.001 0.002 0.000 -- 0.005 0.005 0.00:1 -- <0.001 0.001 0.010 -- 0.004 o.ooi 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.004 0.013 0.002 0.004 0.003 -- <0.001 0 010 0.021 0.002 0.004 o.oot 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.014 0.015 0.003 0.005 0.001 -- 0.001 0.022 0.023 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.003 -- 0.020 0.040 0.002 0.004 O.tKII <0Utll <U0UI o.txw 0.011 0.002 U.H 7 " 5 < I ft'IM.IAM*. KT A/,.: fill | nmid have turn ihn I earlier Ingrsiion of fit * contaminated, j llerriducfl of endrin in the milk at all t f ifiongh ut lower row | i-hlor e|H>\ide and *. luolane was found ii f ind animals. every Sunday and Wednesday. Milk from ture gas chromatographic determination >' I he morning awl evening milkings was com- ccpt for about 1% of the results; in (In loHiicd, fat eontent determined, and the cases because of interference or iib*** I milk then Analyzed for pesticide residue*, errors, the electron capture result wa< !Milk samples were extracted and cleaned up carded and the microcoulometric gas * b- ly the rapid procedure of Onley (5), feed inatographie and/or thin-layer Hirnm.*'1 samples hy the procedure of Mills, cl al. (0). graphic result was wsed. No rorrerimn- lie All samples were examined by the electron been made in any of the reported n*ulo i> ' capture gas chromatographic procedure of tltc rcskhtef found in the milk of the conn Hurke and GinfTridn (7), which is capable animals. of delecting as little as 0.001 ppm of these During the prcfrrding jkthkI, n-t*l" )x%lii i<to residues. Most of the milk samples found in the milk of all froiijw, mwM** . were also checked hy the micraeoniometric the controls, were about the same. g:tn chromatographic procedure of ihirkc and Figures 1-4 show changes with tin* i * t Ta YT Johnson (fi) and the thin-layer chromato tho eonrent ration in the milk of rendu*- graphic method of Kovac* (0). These loiter heplachlur epoxide, dicMrin, rndrin, and I1' determinations were made on the sample ex dam-, plotted on Mtuiulogarithum* graph- 1 fi9 *--la ( tract used fur the electron capture gas chro is apparent that for any one feedinc l"' matographic determinations. Analyses were made for the entire duration of I he .-a inly, which consisted of a I'-wirk prefeeding |*riiul, a 5-wrrk feeding |rcriud, and a 3-week isKl-feeding |M*riml. Tims, n total of 320 milk samples were analyzed, each I wing ex amined for 7 pesticide residues (the 5 cnles that were fed, m well * TDK and r>r>K>. ItcKultH and l)irUHiun Altlmogh all analyses were made on milk Imm individual rows, ihc IVnh* fur each sample day have turn averaged by groups of four according In feeling level. Tabulalinns have Urn based on the elec*run cap considerably more licpt adder epos*!*iliehlrin earned through to the milk >1 did the other jK'nlirides. At the Ib5* l`l feediug level, hrptarhW epoxide in the " had reached a concentration of :d*mt " ppm and appeared to Ik* still turn the end of 115 days' feeding. lb-sidnc* of U>th hcptaehlor epiM'l* dicldrin, averaging alsmt O.IXVi ppm * were found in ail samples of milk ii*>" ' control animals. There ap|**arcd * * grathial decreuw from about 0.11*' pi*" Mig the pictccd perittd to about O'1'! I at the elid of the feeding period h ' ' tile that iIicm* residues w-re not -p*"relateit to the intake during tin- Table 11 lists tin foe each of the rv*i IwptswUhw ep*\idr Uig levels, the e**n* at milk had appar* 'V tin* end of the I The residue* of l 'he nnlk w'ic >o l* b* nitnmanc. V I Were small but !*' "l U.ih p.p'-DPI hfitlUg |l'\'l II*** t*m*l nriv -nil on re*tdue* .* n> i|m- eoiurtiU . dtmnghonl the *0* HONS 036633 kr.lVol. 47.No.fl. Wrt4> tlllon of pesticide* wnnwllftl . U.IMtt -- m ! II.INKI 0.001 T - . - <o. e. | > - <0.Wi 1 or o.ir.'u o.uov < vjtl O.tMO 0.011 J rtf . 0.002 0.002 * AM 0.001 0.004 H'tl.I.lAMr*. AT S/.: OtlU>NINATKI> IlYPJHM'AHlION I'KHTM'IIlKrt IN MII.K OK COH'i I could have Wen due, ut least in part, f | earlier ingestion of froils that may have broil I contaminated. I Residues of emtrin ond lindane were found t in lltc milk nt nil throe fasUng levels, nl| though ut lower concentrations limn heptuj fltlor epoxide and dieldrin. So endriti or lindane wan found in the milk of the eon* I irol animal*. hcftachlo* croxiuc PICLDRIN Inwsl 111*7 rulthic iletrriniimlmn cxof the rmdti; in tlww Init-rfi-rcnoc nr obvitm* capture ri'Milt wit* dix* rrm'' 'omrtric gaw chru* *r V -liyr dimmntn* mnI. No correction* have ,f Ok* reported roMi)l# fr in On* milk of the cwitml fasting jieriml, residue* of wit groups, inchnhnx iIkmii Ok* Miiim*. v ehsiniP* with litwe f"r it On* milk of residue* f dieklrm, eudrin, and h"' iiiikwnritlimii* graph*. I* ,1 any otw feeding k*vel, beptnehlor epoxiile and numb in Om* milk Own aide.. At the o;( |I,iu nt*tv epoxide in tin* mill 1-liif.ihMM of 0-14 U- r I til iueremiUK lot dllitf. hept:ieltlr efioxid'' alid i.U.ii' IMSi`i ppm t-.-it'li. mpl*. of wdk fi m*i 11" : Vie :*j|MMtl !* I"` .III al*"t tHXlO p|*ll dm- ;hhI it* almut (HUH jieiiod. h i* I"'**1 lip*, *e not imtiImmII' ,i- (. ,.k On* nly. I"1' fi. K--Chnnpni In xoncwnlrnllnn nt Clwtdfln In milk will* Hmw. Table 3. "Plateau** levelwi prutlcIHe renlduen In milk at end of feeding period, ppm Ilf. I--ClwKfi In concwntratinn of XspICKhlor if. Id* In milk will) llm. Table 3 lists llio `'plateau" concentration for each of lltc residues in milk. Kxcept for heptuehlor f|M>xiilo at llie two higher fecdiOR levels, tin* rmnTJilruliO)) of enrh residue in milk liml apparently rearhed a maximum | Ity tlw end of tin* 115-day fa-ding j>er>d. 'Hit* residues of DDT, DDK, and TDM in ! the milk weu* ho low that graphs would nut ! I* minimal ive. An slimvn in 'I'aMi! It, liters* | H.'tv MOidt Iml dt'liuile iwreiws in n-sivloes J f IniiIi p/*'-DI)T and TDM at the liigVr | iHillOU level*-. However, file hieltest. residue* | IxiiimI were Mill Milder (Mil ppm. i Dili; re*idoes HVi-r.'iKvil td*>i|l. O.tXM ppm ! lor tin* ennirol* and for all fitilintf levels Of liMf.- . Appaleiith ill** Hrptw-lilor ciwxlde Dleldrin Kudrin UndniH' p.p'-DDT ji,(i'-TI>K ptp'*D|)M | O.tXM v.mi 0.1172** 0. H j U.(KM :0 ;0 o.utr> 1 U.UUI U.OtM o.trji O.tXH u.otu u.wu IMKI2 O.tMM O.tlT.H OOP) O.tXKI O.tXM 0.INKI O.tXM 0. >1 0.0IK 0 015 .; 0 KU O.tXM * A|>ev.tl to I* < ill in.r<-aaiu itI t-n.l l irrHil. |M*sli(<itli*s mldwl In tin* feed dnl not alfeet the DDM eoneentralion in tin* milk. Meed eonsMiMpiion ami milk pi-odinnmi Wert* very imilomt for the eotne ilnr.tlnm of this study. Allliont'h llie individual rim* hIiiiucvI Hiitif daily valiativm, ivvi vlvatvuv' mold In- milelalwl with llie level of |n*li jde intake. Il *lii>u|.| Im- v.itl Iliai ilii i. -m)|. ple.enleil uele ol.I.iMied l.v t<->Jlln/ loiv MOWS 038634 1128 CNDRIN jouhnai. or thk a.o a.c. (Vol. 47, No. A. i*;i | KLMN. AT I Metabolite | Isomeric 7 * Hy A. K. K(. | (Kisnl ami |)ru t Feeding p,/ ratcly at of ruts rouse of DDT t D woe found ii ndvrd f<> tire log o,f/-DDT rniiversioii to The proporfi to the o./r'-iHintely 7*1. Ptg, t CK9t in uMintralltn wlih t(M. tndrin In milk Pig. 4--Ckongci In (wontiotb* at Mtw li '* with lima. lures of fivcpesticidcs. ll ispowiblc that tint transfer rale of each individual |xtdiride was influenced by the presence of the other four, and that different results might be obtained by feeding only one pesticide to a row, Also, although the curves in Fig*. J-4 were drawn to the end of the study period, the 3-week post-freding period during, whirh milk unin pies were analysed u too short to permit accurate Urlenmnation of the rates of deeny. Summary This study lists shown that even very low runcentralions of hcptachlor cjwxide or diehlrin in u cow's feed will result in meas urable residues in its milk. To n lesser de gree, this is also true of emlriii and lindane, noil to a still smaller degree of DDT and its metalsilite, TDK. ArknowIritRiiieiiii This study was carried out by tlie Division of Food Chemistry of the Food and Drug Administration, Div Department of Health, Kduealiou, aud Welfare, ami the Animal Husbandry Itesearrli 1 )ivision,. Agrindl oral Jlcsoareh Sendee, DX. Department of Agrirullure, with the roo|eruliiMi of tin* l)ivi*inn of Veterinary Medirine of the Fond and Drug Administration. The tremondous amount,of. anjilythiil. involved was carried out by the fnllwaa; Fowl and Drug Administration rlteniM*: I* C. Host wick, W. Holswade, L. Kovarlt, ^ F. Kovacs, Jr., J. H. Onlev, H. Simem. and H. Wiseman. The planning and design of this cosi was, in large part, the work of J. Al|rn. 1 \V. Cook, and H. A. Jones of the hl ' Drug Administration. Thanks arc due to all of the almve-nait" individuals. Rtar.KVNCt* (1) Camion, N., Link, H. IV. mid Deeler ' C,. J. Agr. *\..n/ ('> , . 7. KM HU* (2> Damien, N'., J.mk, It. 1*., nod 1 )'! r 1 C , dm/., 7, 820 (3) Zweig, 0., Smith, h. M.. Pen|.h*. s t .ind Cox U , i/nd.. 9, 481 (JUfitl 14) Harder, D. I)., i7 !.. J. Knm. */"" 56. 401 (1004). (5) Onlry, J. H., TUU Jourwtl. 47. 31" lPfcl /> Milk 1*. A., Onlev. J. II.. and Hods' ' A . dm/.. 46, IKO (l`)03), (7) Itinke, J., and (JmUrida. 1.. dad . 47. t i*Nvn. <H) llni'ke, J., mol Johavim. I... ihiil.. 45 (It) Kitvitcs, M. *.. Jr. 46. SSI (l In a survey six fnmi salt Adminjsi ratine luit W.'idily drtieide, DDI phenyDethani' hiimI than hi oietaimlitc of tirmiiml i>v 'craphy ami hmmatoffra|d heeked by th ii*). The pn-Miw ml siirpri^tiu.* ported in m.o 1 'nan anim.il - | however, wa ' biajiM'iuly mi ' HiorniUT, II, '"ps. Til. ; "*b eould |,i.* j otial to mdti-1 | from the di. ' mil*| I... f,,n, ? >f >T m 1 1 Torn : r. pMti MQNS 038635 h Li Btlfttr' h4 brack far tj wiimob, u. r. a of PUT opoii St MO. T. J00. A for Persistent gtoipU's. Moll, [tool., U X. Carter, H. H. V. IMS. Tho l| Yorient Nolle lie Cwnoeiilrutivn Bet., Hi COO. 4 Ih-ekcr, G. C. . In tin* Milk of L |R Their Polly -120. Trlmbcrgar, rKfr,Vi P. J.* Vella of Feedln* NroldMOB on Huy OMi Ilvaidooo In Tt ?U?. ... (. v, P. 0.. Lih\ mol Outto Polry Cntll*'- OS of Chemistry. Agriculture. Prl- Anlufonltm l L tinmio of iiuia- Secreh'on of Hentechfor Epoxide in Milk 9. i. DIMOTT, J. T. MltCS, and S. A. HINTON Dairy Department and L. HARDtM Agronomy Department The University of Tennessee, Knoxville AVmiki Twelve cowa, fed olfolfo hoy containing 0.08 or 0.29 ppm hcpUchlor end Septaehlor epoxide for 35 days, Merited into their tnilk on average of 37 ond 9% of the intake, respectively, oil in the form of the cfmxide. A log-log relationship with o correlation coefficient of 0.97 woo found between (he amount of heptoehlor plus its epoxide consumed ond the concentra tion of Die epoxide in the milk fot. Cows in corly loclolion secreted slightly more of llieir intake into their milk than cow* in late lactation. However, cows in late lactation produced milk ond milk fot with o idightly higher concentration of the epoxide thou cows, fa ..coijy Uctatiuu. Jersey cows hod o higher concentration of the epoxide per kilogram of milk than did Jlnlxteinft, hut the Jersey milk fot hod o lower concentration than did Holstein milk fot. Heptoehlor lion been used in several states for Him control of alfalfa weevil, hut when the kcptachlor epoxide wax found to he present in milk from cows fed alfalfa from the treated (kills, the movement of aueli milk into the regUr marketing rhannrla vn prohibited (1). Although sale of Die beptarlihir for this pur* l*"'f is no longer permitted in the Unili-tl States, 'Hie report (13) itidieutes toxic residues, mostly V`xhlc, will peraial fa the soil for oh long ns Vr. Tim possibility thus exists for roiitiiminn'"ii of crops from lhi*xc liebls. For this reason Ibi- HS'ielion pntleni of lieplnelilor Olid its T'*iilv into milk is of public hcutUi significance. The aiooiint of hcptuchlor intake secreted !"(` Die milk as the epoxide has been rejxjrted U M-verol investigator* (2-7, 12) ami ranges In shout 2H% of the intake (7). Feeding "f the e|Hixide to eows n-sillted in o log-log vUtion.||jp la-tween Die eoneentrulioli of pes''bk- in tin' diet and the concentration in (he -uller fat. with a greater per cent of the intake ;"l"g into tin- milk when the intake wan muuII H. ttn-i-lvi-d for puhliruliim July 525, IMG. The present study was undertaken to de termine the secretion pattern of heptaehlora (heptach)or and its epoxide) in milk from ani mals in different atagea of lactation when fed hay containing different amounts of the heptachiora. Experimental Procedure Six Jersey and six Holstein eows were fed atfslfa hay containing 0.08 or 0.29 ppm heptachiora for 5 wk. llay was iimiled on aome animals and grain was fed according to milk production. At the end of the feeding trial all cows wore given a standard ration of clean hay, silage ad lib., and grain according to milk production. Milk samples were collected from each cow at every milking during the feeding trial and for six days after completion of th trial. Residues of heptaehlor and its rpnxidc in the hays fed in the trials were determined by a modified procedure, based on that used in the Nutrition and. ............... Laboratory of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and at the Yir- giuia Department of Agriculture Laboratory at Richmond, Inter published by Samuel (11). The hay was prepared for annlyaM by ehop- ping, mixing, drying, ond grinding in a Wiley mill, tiMing a 2-mm screen. A l.Vg sample was transferred into a Waring Hlrudor jar, mixed with 50 ml of 0;>rf ethanol, then again mixed after addition of 50 ml water. Ninety milliliter* of purified hexane (S) wax added and the inixtuiv agitated for .*1 min at high speed. The blemhd Kample wn* centrifuged for l. min at 2,000 rpm in a 17.S-rni-diumeter centrifuge. The hexane layer wan withdrawn by aspiration ami Iranafemsl into a 4iM)-iol In-aler. The residue waa n-sUspomUnl with DO ml of hexane, eentrilnged, and this extract removed and fMMihinrd with the first. A alfanot of Dir eoinbiiied extract, riplivalrnt to the extract from 111 g of bay, was eoueeiitiuled to about 10 ml, and placed on n elimioatogiHpIde ,-( limn that eotilnined 10 g activated Flui-rx (10). covered by about 2 cm of sodium sulfate. Alter elution with 225 ml of a mixture of six parts rill*I ether and 0| parts p,-<rnh-iMn ether, the HONS 03B 636 /* p 1400' DEMOTT, UILE8, HINTON, AND HARDIN eluale vu evaporated to wear dryness and ad justed lo exactly 10 ml with hexane. This extract, containing 1 g of umplc per milliliter, was analyr.cd for hcptachlor And heptschlor rpuxidc residue* by electron-capture got chro matography, using a 0.3-ctn by 1,500-cm Pyrex column pocked with 5% Dow 11 silicone gresse on flW-80-wesh Chromosorb W. The instrument used was a Wilkcna Aero graph lliKi Model 000. Typictl operating parameters were: oven temperature 385 C, injector 235 C, atanding current 308 MV, range ), atteutuation 10, nitrogen carrier gas 60 ml/minutc. The recorder was a I/eeda and Xorthrup Model 12 (Spcedomax). Recovery factors of 00 to 100% were obtained against alfalfa hay spiked with hcptachlor and hep- tacblor epoxide. epoxide in milk fat The pesticide residue content of the milk determined by a modillcation of the iihHIhx! of Longlois et al. (9). A glass chromatograph* column 61 em by 3.0 em was packed with 25 r ftorisil supported by a tinnll plug of Pyrrt glass wool. The Ooristl was covered by a !> of 5 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate. The rot 'unin 'was washed' with '60 ini of 3% ethyl ather-07% petroleum ether mixture, leaving enough of the liipiid on top of the column prevent it from drying. Ten milliliters of mid. 25 g of florisil, aud 6 g auhyiirvus *wd" sulfate were mixed in a beaker and pound "> to the column, which was tilt'll eluted itl sou of the 3% ethyl ctber-07% petroleum eik*-r mixture. The eluant was then evnjmratcd t10 ml. Five mierolilers were injected iota gas chromatograph, using an cU*otn*n-rapiw detector and a 0.02* by 322-rm nihnim park'd with 6% silicone grease DC 11 on C mesh ciiromosoih W. Other condition* am1 injection port tcmitcrature, 200 C; oven !* pemturr, JS5 C; detector temperature, 21" * gas used, 95% argon, 5% methane. To determine the precise secretion palo n of heplnrhlor aud hcptachlor epoxide given " relatively high dosages, a Holstein eow * crcting uisiut 10 kg of inilk per day was if*1'' f0 mg of well chemical* (09.4% pure) per 'Is for nix days. The doses were dissolved in r"r" 011 and administered orally in two eap*u.*each day (Figure 3). >'jo, ). Cmio ntmliun of Iti'plin-lilor rpnxidc in milk mill milk fat an r.lulcd l lir<i-il, triage of irtilatinii, anil rumratnitiiMi nf lic|itirlitir>, in the feed. J. |sar Niimi't Vni, No. IS Results The amount of heptaehlors consumed in hay during the .`16-dny feeding trial no-" 1'iiim l.'I.S to H7.S nig per cow. The dal* '* enlitled on an average per day hied* an" in Table 1. Although Die analytical lerlo. ' Prmlio't of Vetsi.nl . ....... lint t'onipssv. HONS 038637 Coav. I> heptachlur alfalfa (tf f Jersey*, tale I. 0.09 0.29 Average Jersey*, eartv 0.20 ' 0.09 .:*p Average Average, all Jer* Hwlsteias, Into 0.29 o.int n.2 0.20 A veragr llelsleias, earl 0.0H 0.21* Avi>rg, Average, all II..1 Avg rill ,.* Ag nil late Ij. t it. Avg all r .il,. I *, t , Avg all on* on o Avg nl! eons....... M NM M latake af tart* ea t>f hcpUcblor wl ttTv milk man wf Ihr itit'tbod brumatographle liked with 25 g plug of Fy*** *rvd by a layer ilfa* The rol1 A ft ethyl tUture, leaving f Oh- column l illilitvr* v( milk, hydrous Milium and poured en tihtl with 300 ml pHmli'Uiii ether i rvn|mratcd l Injected into a ltl*tRlnrl>lun, > nitiimn parked n Oil W-l* MUllitHHIl 0 (*; oven InnH-ratuiv, 210 4`: llianc. itrHHMi pattern > given iu ..M.in ew r day wa given ; pun-) |M'f day li.tulinl in *** >, !.. >!> rniiiil in d"' imc tnal ranged * 1 !.* tlula >l * l. aci* li-*'1'1 HKfTAOHLOK fci'OXIUE IN MILK 1497 used was suitahie for hoth forms of heptarhlor, only the epoxide was found in the milk. The percentage of the intake secreted into the milk ranged from 4 to 22, with an over-all average of 12%. Those cows on the alfalfa that con tained 0.29 ppm hcptachlors secreted an av erage of 9% of the intake in their milk, whereas those on the alfalfa with 0.08 ppm of the hcptmlilors secreted 17% of it into tlieir milk. The difference in secretion rate as in fluenced by concentration in the feed has aUo been observed by other workers (3). Concentration of the epoxide in the milk continued to increase as the cows continued to consume the contaminated alfalfa (Figure 1). Williams aud eo-workers (14) found the heptaehlor epoxide concentration in milk to be about 0.14 ppm, with the trend still upward after 35 days of feeding his cows a diet con taining 0.30 ppm heptaehlor epoxide. Those cows in the latter part of their lacta tion produced milk of slightly greater concen tration of heptaehlor epoxide than those in IS ! T*SMIIItMISIJ early and mid-lactation. Milk fat produced by MVS I'ld. I. Sveretien pattern of hcptachiur epoxide ' Ui)li>lcii]R toward the latter par^.of, (ho .feeding b mil It from a eow given capsules of heptaehlor*. trial contained a higher concentration of the TABLE 1 Intake and secretion of lioptaeklor epoxide tone, oc , Avorage dolly heptaehlor -.......................................... ............ heptaehlor in Con- Secretion . alfalfa_____________ sumption In milk Per cent Cone. In Avg In fut milk (pelt) Jersey*. Into tnctatten 4.20 0.08 0.20 Average Jereeyi, early lactation 0.20 0.00 .2p Average Averuije, all Jerseys HoUteini, late lactation 0.20 0.0* 0.20 Average IMutelna, early lactation (Mi* Avi-mjfc Avt-nigv, all lIulHlelns Avg all rown ' 1A'k nil liitc'lurtntlun rows Avg nil -url)`iiH' nlimi iowh Avg nil eown on U.ON ppm hay A*g nil i'uwo^ok ppm liny (*t) 1*47 400 1,024 082 804 1,200 (pe> 00 70 107 108 72 1)0 028 088 2.029 1,100 893 1,740 no 01 ns 01 120 1*0 -- 4 17 12 11 10 18 10 14.7 12 19 5 0 0 tt 11 12.1 M.7 19.4 17,0 1M (pt/e) 0.24 0.17 0.93 0.24 (fff/lfi) 12.0 0.7 17.9 19.fi 0.20 11.7 0.13 (1.7 0.2.1 12.8 0.18 10.4 0.21 11.9 0.20 8.0 0.20 7.9 0.98 14.1 0.29 0.8 0.24 0.0 0.1T 0.7 0.90 no 0.29 0.24 0.0 0.21 0.20 o.lll .. ,i:ii 0,20 J. IMINV Metkmi Vim. 411. n:> 1IEMOTT, M1LBH. HINTON. ANl> HAKDIN epoxide tlmii diil the Jersey milk fat. Oh the basis of concentration per kilogram of milk, the Jereey milk contained more heptachlor epox* i<Ie than the Holstein milk. The average euiieciitration of epoxide in the milk fat am) the total amount consumed hy an animal during the trial arc shown in Figure 2. The logarithm of the average concentration in the fat and the logarithm of the total intake during the 35*day trial had a correlation co* rfllcicnt of 0.97. llrucc and co-workers (3) showed a simitar relationship between feed and concentration in the fat. In the present invec- tigation, the correlation cocfllcicnt between the log of the average concentration of epoxide in the milk and the log of the total heptachlors intake was 0.0b. The data indicate that hay containing ap proximately 0.0$ ppm hcptaehlors can be fed for a month without the milk fat exceeding 0.25 ppm, but hay containing 0.29 ppm of the hep tathlon will cause the milk fat to exceed the 0.25 ppm level in about ten days. Lalcdactntion cows secreted slightly more of the hcptuehlorp intake into their milk than cows in early lactation. However, 'cows m late lactation produced milk and milk fat of a slightly lower concentration of the epoxide than cow* in early lactation. Jersey milk hnd a slightly higher concent ration of the epoxide than Hulaleiu milk, but Holstein milk had a slightly higher concentration of the epoxide per gram of fat. At the end of the feeding trial the milk fat from the high- and low-level intake groups contained 0.34 and 0.22 ppm epoxide, respec tively. After completion of the feeding trial those cows still producing milk were supplied o forage of unknown, but supposedly low, con centration of heptachlor epoxide. 6ix days later levels of residue in the milk of the two groups were 0.27 and 0.M ppm, respectively. Figure 3 shows the gradual upward trend of the eniirehli'Hlioii of (he epoxide in (he milk 1st during the doling period, as well as the closely reintcd curve of total heplaehlor epoxide io the milk from the row given capsules of heptuehiors. Although eijuul amounts of heptm-ldor and its epoxide were administered (300 mg eueli), no heptuehlor was found in the milk. Assuming the heptachlor to be eonverled into the epoxide in Ihe eow, the portion se creted into the milk during the 17-dny collec tion period was |.2*.{, 'Hus relatively low or* nelioH lute, compared to Ihe heptuehlortreated alfalfa trial, might he due to the time over whirli the dose was given (six days, com pared ( Xi days in the nlfalfn liinM. The amount of the dose Is also a likely factor. The administered dose was 009 tug total heptachlors, whereas in the hay trials the maximum con sumed by any eow was 88 mg. Further ev idence of the sir.c of dose effect was fmimi with the eows which received different amount* of the heptachlors from their feed. The rntiw between the average concentration in the fit and the intakes of hcptaehlors was grratvr at the low levels of intake. The low ronrrn(ration of the epoxide on Day 5 (Figure 31 probably due to an abnormally high fat jutcentnge in the milk, 3.2, compared to an over all average of 2.6%. Acknowledgments ` The authors are indebted to Marvia fryer and Miss Julio Glover for their aid iu snnlyiit *f hcptaehlors In the hays, to Clyde Holmes for handling the animals on tho feeding trial*, trl to Mrs. Hnchcl Eskew for determining the rrm ccntration of epoxide in the milk nmfliw References (1) Anonymous. 1904. What Maryland 1hv ommendi to Prevent Pesticide |lc*ldu.. Hoards DaJrymun, 109:1304. ... (5) Boehe, C., Gyrisco, G. O., Fertig, 9. N.. Huddleston, E. W., Llsk, D. J., Fox. F. X Trimhcrger, O. \V., and Holland, K. F. HN'-" Effects of Feeding Low Level* of H'C*1 eidor Epoxide to Dairy Cows on Kci-I".* and Off-Flavor* in Milk. J. Agr. M Chcm., 8,: 408. (9) Bruce, \V. N\. Link. K. P., end Decker, C,. 1905. 8torngo of Heptaeldor Epoxide in nBody Fat and It* Krtrition in Will d Dairy Cows Fed Heptuehlor inTheir !>>''* J. Agr. Food Chcm., 13:03. (4) Dnvidow, h., Itmlurnaki, J. L. and Kly. 1953. Excretion ofHeptachlor Epai'l I Milk of a Dairy Cow Fed Hepl/whl"* 8elcnce, 118:383. (5) Ely, H. E., Moore, L. A., Hubonk*. ? Carter, K. H., and Poos, F. W. ltr*.i. I * erction of Jleptm-htor Kpoxldc in the '*' of Dairy Cows Fed J|i-pr.i* )dir Sj' ' . Forage and Technical llvplavhlor. J. l'-"" 8ei., 381AU9. (0) Hardeo, D. D., Guteaihami, W. 1I-, Kwim' (I. I., Gyrisco, O. U.. l.isk, l>. J. ' y. 11., Trimtmrger, O. W.. and H-"-' It. K., 1904. Iteniduca of llcptarhlnr Id-- amt Telodrin hi Milk from Cow* i'"1 _ 1'urt per llilliaa InwelU'idc >->* Kt-on. Kntoinol., 90: -tut. (7) Halier, J. T., and ltila.|., J. I. It"*- % ereti.......... KtM.xi.U- in On V ' of 4'uwm Fod Podd-Pured Hay ....... > Vrented wilii lleptn.-hlur. .1. Pair.' ' 4o:79. (M) Jorgeniwn. t*. R. I9.17. import mi H i' ehlor in .......... J. A.tl.A.r., I 1 ) . f | j | > ( < . 1 t j . ? f * > ' (9) lotnoloio, It. B. J. 1904. nets for An t-ido JtcxidtH- inatwgruphv. (IU) lo|en, P. B. Private ranm (II) Mioouel, It. Method for < Organic las, J. A.O.A.C.. (PJ) Storhcrr, ](. J. F. 19C.C. HONS 038639 DEMOTT, MltKH, HIKTOX. AND HAKDIN epoxide lltfeti did the Jersey milk fat. On the ba*i* of concentration per kilogram of milk, the Jersey milk contained more hcplachlor epox ide than the Jfohdcin milk. The average concentration of epoxide in the milk fat ami the total amount consumed by an animal during the trial are shown In Figure 2. The logarithm of the average concentration in the fat and the logarithm of tho total intake during the 35-day trial had a correlation coellicient of 0.97. Hrucc and co-workers (3) showed a similar rclntioiiship between feed and eonceutratiou in the fat. In the present inves tigation, the correlation cocfllcicnt between the log of the average concentration of epoxide in the milk and the log of the total hrptachlov* intake was 0.05. The data indicate that hay containing ap proximately 0.08 ppm heptachlors can be fed for a month without the milk fat exceeding 0.35 ppm, hut hay containing 0.29 ppm of the hep- taehlor* will cause the milk fat to exceed the 0.25 ppm level in shout ton days. tatc-laclation cows secreted slightly more of the heptachlors intake into their milk than rows in early lactation. However, cows in late lactation produced milk and milk fat of a slightly lower concentration of the epoxide than cows in early lactation. Jersey milk hod a slightly higher concentration of the epoxide than llulstein milk, hut Holstein milk had a slightly higher concentration of the epoxide )er gram of fat. At (he end of tho feeding trial the milk fat from the high- and low-level intake groups contained 0..TI and 0.22 ppm epoxide, respec tively. After completion of the feeding trial llmxr cows still producing milk were supplied a forage of unknown, but supposedly low, con centration of lieptaehlor epoxide. Six days later levels of residue in the milk of the two groups were 0.27 and 0.M ppm, respectively. Figure 3 shows the gradunl upward trend of the eoneentration of the epoxide in the milk tat during the dusing period, as Well as the clo-ely related curve of total lieptaehlor epoxide io die milk fiom the cow given cupsnles of hrpliirbJojw. Although iijunl amount* of heptnchlor ami it* epoxide were administered (31*0 mg eucli), no lieptin-hlor was found in the milk. A--liming tin- hi'ptuililui' to he converted into (lie epoxide ill the row, the portion soereled into Ilie milk during the 17-day enlleclion period was l.'i'J.. This relatively low se cretion rate, compared (, the hcptitclilor- treated alfulfil trial, might lie doe to the time over wfdrh the d*-c wan given Chix days, com pared to 3.'. days in dm alfalfa trial-). The ,1 IMIV Ki ls Ml*. 13 amount of the doao Is slao a likely factor. Thr sdminiKtcrcd dose was 000 mg total heptachlors. whereas in the hay trials the maximum con sumed by any cow was 88 mg. Further ev idence of the nitts of dose effect was fmiail with the cows which received different amountof the heptachlors from their feed. The rutin between the average concentration in the fst and the intakes of heptachlors was greater at the low levels of intake. The low conme tration of the epoxide on Day 5 (Figure I) prohaldy is due to an abnormally high fat percentngc in the milk, 3.2, eompared to an on-r ail average of 2.6%. Acknowledgments Tho authors are indebted to Marcia Fryer sad Miss Julio Glover for their aid in analysis f heptachlors in the hays, to Clyde Holmes f*w handling tho animals on the feeding trials, > to Mrs. Itndicl Eshew for determining the rm centrndon of epoxide in tbs milk sample* 1 t 1 * lllirinus (1) Anonymous. 1904. What Maryland lli omniends to Prevent Pesticide ltcsidw*. ' Hoard's Dairyman, 100:1304. .. , (2) Bnchc, C., Gyriseo, O. Q., Fertig, 8. N. Huddleston, E. W., Lisk, D. J., Fox. f*. H. Trtmbcrgor, O. W., and Holland, K. E. lb#* Effects of Feeding Low Lcrcis of Jt'H-* chlor Epoxide to Dulry Cows on Hi*sM* and OlT-Flavors in Milk. J. Agr. I'<--* Clicm., 8< 406. (6) llruco, W. X., Link, R. P., and Derher. 0. *' 1005. 8torage of ifcptochtor Eposidi* in 0* llody Fnt and Its Excretion in M*0* Dairy Cow# Fed llcplnrhlor in Their I***'- J. Agr. Food Chem., 13:03. (4) Duvidow, B., Rndomski, J. L., and Ely* *: 1953. Excretion oflieptaehlor Ejioxid.- Milk of n Dairy Cow Fed Heim****1"' 8cieiice, 116:363. (5) Ely, R. T... Moore. L. A.. HubfinVi. P. Carter, It. 1!., and Poos, F. W. ll'V . rret ion of Heptuehlor Epoxide in Ihc ' of Dairy Cow* Fed llvptnehlur Np'-'V * Foruge and Teehaii'al lleptnchlor. J. Gel., 36:000. (0) Hanieo, fl. I*., Gufenmmm, W. If., O. 1., Oyrm-o. O. O., Lisk, !>. J. > ' F. II., TrljiiWrgrr, 0. W., and H"** ' H. F., 11*04. Remind of Iteptaehlnr fl'" ami Teludrm in Milk frnin Cws I1*1 Part per llillum IiihoI aide Lv** Mum. Kntmmd., 50:404. (?) flutter, J. T,, mu) Hidmi*. ,1. L. I*M- * erelitm of liepliwMi'r Mmixi.le in v' tif (Wn F.-d Field twd lliiy fr.. s Trented wllli llepluelilur. J. Iiiir.* v 4-".: 71*. <H* .1 NiKi iin-ii, P. K. t!l.*7. Ifepi.rt M' ' rttkir in Fm.di. .1. AO. A.O.. . j , ` < { ; 1 s / 1 . - ' (0) In|liiU, II. H. J. )t>04. nets fur An. ride Residue ffuifflgritphv, CIO) Pideli, P. It. Private roma (It* Kumui`1. Jt. L. Method fur t Organic In* J. A.O.A.C., ()-') Slorlicrr, J(. ' J- F. lthgi. HONS 038640 likely fftctor. Thr total hcptsehloM, > maximum eonmjj, Further er* effect was found different mount* r livd. The ratio in the fat tor* win greater The low concern ay A (Figure II) ally high Ul |>crpatcd to an over* HSPTACIIDOIl EPOXIDE IN lflLX 14M (9) ]>anflola, B. E., fltcmp, A. R, and Liska, D. J. 1904. Rnpid Cleanup of Dairy Prod ucts for Annlysis of Chlorinated Iniectlride Residue by Electron Capture Got Chro matography. J. Agr. Food Cbcm., 12:20. (10) Polen, r. B. (Vcliirol Chemical Co.) 1902. 2`rlrate communication. (11) Samuel, It. L. ]9liG. An Improved Screening Method for Chlorinated and Thiophosphatv Organic Insecticides In Foods and Feeds. J. A.O.A.C., 49:340. (12) Starkcrr, K W., Tighe, J. F., and Bykcs, J. F. 1900, Residues la the Milk of Cows Orally Administered a Mixturo of Hcptaelilor and Heptacldor Epoxide. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists. 43:731. (13) Wilkinson, A. T. 8., Finliiynoii, I). O., and Morlry, II. V. 1904. Toxic Residues on 8vil 9 Years After Treatment with Aldrin and Ht-ptocldor. Science, 143:081. (14) Williams, 8., Mills, P. A., and McDowell, R. E. 1904. Residues In Milk of Cows Fed Ratione Containing Low ConcentTMUone of Five Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, 47:1124. Murvls Fryer and hi la aaalysls of Clyde Holmes far feeding trials, and termiulnf the eonilk samples. at Maryland ReeProt h ' '' Residurs. :lr( Q. Frill*. & . 1>. J., Fes, F. H., lolleinl, It. 19iin. . levels *f Jlepln- C'vas on Residue !l. J. Agr. Food ., oad flecker, 0. 0. blur K|toahle In the tvtWu in Milk f t.lor ia Their llhd* *4. J. L., ami Wy, It twhlor K|Hilde la |Vd lleplaiddof. .. Hubuaks. P. >- . W. IM5.V v.%` |Mi\i<l" in the Milk Hi |d.M hlnr Nprn>c.l "ptmlilm. J. Ihiy .a, W. II., K*va.. l.i*h. ! J-. I'*"* W,, and Hdl"-h ||.-|>lurhlur from Cows l'ed nt ' In i>k la vvlt. M. J. I. mi. * |m<b- in *h` M'14 . .1 11.1 v f ** *il* Itaity I4*'1-' N>-|Htrt mi ll`,pt;* K.S.V., 4: - 4l. I j I f I I I i . | : \ t : ' MONS 038641 1. Daisy Octanes Vw. 40, No. 10 Jet 1 (|(1 Kj Excretion and Storage of Dieldrin in Dairy Cows Fed Thyroprotein and Different Levels of Energy *' * All cows received ,tilfa-grasa bay, 13.f .iftimul concentrate airemeiit. Adjuatme t>. O. BRAUND.* L. D. BROWN.* J. T. HUBER. N. C. LEEIING. ni M. j. IAI mIc every two week Department* of Dairy and Entomology, Michigan State Univeriity, East lm-. *.U'tkm for the prec Brighta were obtained Abstract Two trials investigated the effect of dietary energy and thyroprotein on re tention and excretion of dieldrin fed to Relating cows and pregnant heifers. Six teen Holstein eows (Trial I) and 18 heif ers (Trinl 1!) wore contaminated for 56 to 60 days with about 0.1 mg/kilograin body weight of dieldrin. In Trial I, treatments during decon tamination furnished 75, 100, and 160% of the recommended allowance for total digestible nutrients. A fourth treatment included the highest nutrient level and 22 mg thyroprotein/kilogram body weight. In Trial II, heifers were contam inated starting 00 days prepartura. Post partum treatments were: 1) medium ener gy, 2) high energy, and 3) high energy plus alfalfa pellets. Varying dietary energy did not alter the rate of dieldrin decontamination, but thy- found in the milk long after intake of v chemical baa censed (2, 4, 0, 8, 6). llnv.i. little information is available concerning m agement praoticca which might enhance d>< tamination of lactating eows. Increasing tlie rate of dccontaminatimi 1 depleting body fat stores with low*-energy 4* has been suggested (6). Conversely, no-?. intake in excess of requirements might ih mine body fat turnover, thereby reducing |b cido release and concentration in milk fat. 1 creasing the rate of fat turnover in the with thyroprotein in conjunction with a W energy intake also has been suggested. 1* designed to depress milk fat, thereby redu* * the rate of pesticido elimination in milk, pr* ent another method for reducing eotm-HV: . (ions below detectable ley*]*, , , 4 The objectives of these investigation* to establish a normal dieldrin excretion n" and ascertain whether exrrrtion pattern* n bo altered by dietary changes. ti two-week interval* m and dccontamim* At ttit end of the #riod the four grnn indumly axxignvd Mary treatments: n) 75% of *u N h) 150% of the N e) 150% of the > piux 22 mg o ntonc)' daily p I) 100% of the : (control) lluy and com tint throughout th -iw-rgy ration in w -otionally to aeh train intakes wvr hlitinnal energy i ntx. Matin capsule* *l thyroprotein wc toprotcin decreased the time for residue In milk fat to reach 1.0 ppm (12 compared Experimental Procedures , miueii with a hall id* thyroprotein to 10 weeks). In both trials, concentrations Trio!'7. Sixteen lactating Holstein hinges in body ' dropped to one-half their initial levels after four weeks of deeontuiiiinntinn and to one-third after six weeks. Dieldrin in averaging 39 months of age and 11.1 days |" partum, were assigned to one of four oat*1 groujis based on daily milk production .Mi<|Uot milk f '*M|Kr-ited daily f *ciouutiou, on till whole milk did not change when milk fat stage of lactation. illumination, an was decreased by pelleted hay. Adipose For 56 days each animal wan eontamm*'* M*r until the 1> in eows fed thyroprotein contained higher with technical dieldrin in grain at the daily n "la* milking mac! levels of dieldrin than the eonlroR The of 0.11 mg/kilogram body weight. The '- stir lifter each data suggest that the hormone mobilised nieal dieldrin contained 88.4% active in?''* 1 ' eoiitaniinnti body fnt without stimulating release of a proportional amount of dieldrin. ent f l,2,3f4,](l,)0-!iexaehluro-fl,7-cpuxy-l,4.b 6,7,R,8n-oetahydro-l, 4-emlo-exo-.r.S-dimetl' the Baln-wh Milk Humplex h naphthalene (IllCOI))}. Because the n*h! niHvted the fol Once a dairy animal is contaminated with procedure measured 11KOT), imt dieldrin. 1 chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, residues are intake and analytical data reported Urna'' I'.i.qwit-H of ex will be expressed an HROD equivalent. I!l g were renwn Received for publication October 10, 1001. of HKOl) wiih equivalent to 1.04 ppm mi ^ .. rnw ill ee * Journal Articlo no. 4510 from tbo Michigan total diet or 3.25 ppm in the dev matter Il,,` t eMtitumitialiiMi Agricultural Kxprrinirnt Station. Work aupported in part by U8DA Contract no. 12-14100-81U5(44). Uata taken from by the scalar author in partial fulfillment of tin* rcmnrcmctit* for the (li'Krcc. Miclii*<ii*i Utntc University, January, 1908. j'rcw iit liOdreMM: I)o|HirtiMCiit of Animal 8el- enei'H, UnU'cmlty of Kentucky, Irficliigton. * 1`rewnt mMrcim; l><*|mrtii.eiit of Agriculture, Western Kentucky University, liowling Grwn, ronxuined and wax lmxel on Imdv weight* ' niWK obtained two consecutive dnyx ,in-t b1 " contHmiimtioii. During emitHmiuntion, TUX wan furni*1, to provide ]IHt% of the National Kc-*;'' Council (NltC) mpiirement (10) for ` tr-muire and milk production. The m|mo' ' for growth inxteud of niriiulemmce wax ., ealrulate TUN neetied hy (irst-htctnlmli t**<:*. . kn of dvcmr 1*e..,| |,| plu.tl til extracted I hiring the t ''al tree*, and lr 1* ` Xn|.|tie| fn 171 MONS 038642 ( DIELDRIM EXCRETION AND STORAGE 173 M .til eows received a ration of 4.5 kg of :i(fa-grass hay, 33.0 kg of corn silage, and Jricnt concentrato to balance tiie TDN re- jrement. Adjustment! in concentrate were LIMO, w4 M. J. XAllK dt every two week* hosed on the milk pro- IMivcrtity, Cait laming ation for (lie preceding seven day*. Body riflita were obtained on two consecutive days l after intake of th :l*o-wcck intervals throughout the contamina- 4. 0, 8, 9). However, and decontamination periods. ilnbtr concerning man- .U (lie end of (he eight-week contamination might enhance drro. rfivd the four groups of four eows each were fOi tudomly assigned to one of the following f decontamination liy jHiry trcslmcnta: t with low-energy din* i) 75% of the NBC requirement for TDK J. Conversely, enMgv b) 150% of tiie NKC requirement for TDK Irtiurnls mijrbi mini- e) 150% of the KllC requirement for TDN thereby reducing perti- plus 22 mg of iodiuated casein (Prota- ration in milk fat. In iuoiic)' daily per kilogram of body weight turnover in the IhhIv 4) 100% of the KKC requirement for TDK tjtnirliou with a bvb- (control) * been suggested. Piet ; fat, thereby reduem? nina in milk, prrr rt. ^cinfc onccntratrain. ` Kay and com silage levels remained contint throughout the trial, except for the low* i*rgy ration in which each was reduced proiwtionally to achieve 75% of requirement. * investigation* were elilrin excretion curve irretiim pattern* wsM uwges. 'rxin intakes were increased to furnish the akliiiHital energy requiri-d on the 150% treatJrttts. , Gelatin capsules containing the daily dose 4 tliyroprutvin were delivered directly into tiie wimis with a halting gun. At biweekly inter* tating llolMem eowe, igr and 115 duya pot> j one of four ouIcmhc milk production and <iU Uiyroprotcin dosage waa adjusted for kangm in body weight. Aliquot milk samples were collected and "ai|Hili'd daily from each cow just before COU*Mfaiioti, uu the third and sixth day during mat wan contaminated grain at the daily rn(e dy weight. The trek* bS.4<} active ingreiliiM.(J.ej*Mxy. 1,4,1a.-v iniiiex.rlK.diniettnii'"> lWu*e (be analytea) itM, tint dietilrill. all 'Humiliation, and at weekly intervals thereHit until the lHtli week of decontamination, tkv milking machine buckets were rinsed with 'tier after each cow was milked, to reduce contamination. Milk fat was determined V tln> Ralx-uk method after the rat milking, . 'hlk sample* were refrigcrulcd overnight and | 'Ainaefi-tl tiie following duy for 1IKOD imalyI ilu repMi'(<i| In-riiiHvr HO equivalent. Intake l Ut I U t ppm Jn fix' |Jir Wry iimMi-r (PM* I mi ImnIv wriclil' mI wlive days jll-t lieteie * hiojisii'K of exlernul body fat weighing 5 to | | j I11 g were removed from the whoulder area of Ug n,wH in each treatment group at the end "t''"otHmioclion and during tin* eighth ant) Itilh *<vli of deeuiiluiniimtiiui. Fat nauiple* were i I'Iki-nI ii( p|u,(ir bug* ami attired at --15 C , TIV m |'iir*lii ! In* ' i<nI ItewMieli *wnt till) jt,r nininli<n. '/'In- mpiimnint J i-xtiHi-ted for 1IKOI) ntMit>*MM. baring (h third Week of <leeon(m>milii>) | t-lal IWvh ami urine were eollreW-d for live `h>- I root two rows ill riirli tu-iit meut group. I doleuimer whk lived l*' Ibst laetnliMii heifer*. J | *Soit].t'u'l by AgriTis-h, (nr., Khiiniin City, 'towuri. Feces were collected in metal pans, and urethral catheters were used for shunting urine to eon-, tamers. Prior to and at monthly intervale during the entire experiment, hay (1 kg), com silage (2 kg), and grain (1 kg) were sampled for 1IKOD analysis. All samples were placed in plsstie bags and refrigerated until extruded for 1IHOD analysis. Concentration of JIEOD in the various sam ples and tissues waa determined by electroncapture gas chromatographic analysis. A de tailed description of procedures is given by Braund (2). Trial JJ. Eighteen pregnant heifers utilised in this trial were fed technical dicldrin in grain at the daily dose of 0.11 mg/kilograra body weight for 60 days immediately preparturn. If parturition had not occurred by the expected date, dicldrin was fed until the ani mal calved. The dicldrin was mixed in the grain, and contamination was accomplished as dvscriiwd for Trial I. Based on total feed consumption during contamination, ITEOD .intake.was equivalent to about 5.4 ppm of the total diet. During contamination all beiTem were fed hay at 1.5 kg/100 kg of body weight. Grain was fed in su/llcicnt amounts to bring TDN intake up to 115% of the National Re search Council requirement. The following dietary treatments were employed after par turition: . a) Medium energy (six animals). Alfalfa hay was fed at 2.0 kg/100 kg body weight and grain at 1.0 kg/3.5 kg milk produced. b) High energy (six animnls). Alfalfa hay was fed at 1.5 kg/100 kg body weight nnd grain at 1.0 kg/2.0 kg milk produced. e) Depressed milk fat (six animals). Fed similarly to Group b, except tiiat de hydrated alfalfa pellets replaced Jong hay. It was assumed that no diehlrin wa con sumed by any of the animals before contami nation periods in both trial*. !<a-k of pre. treatment exposure to the pesticide is sub stantiated by its absence in bay nm) gi-alu fed during treatment. Retain Tilil I .lniMiil jmt/i/iiiiiiiMf. Energy intakes for t-tn-h treatment during eontnininnlinn mid decniilitKiiiiNtn<11 wen- <nl<iib(led ji* per rent of Hie UMiU Nutimml Itesi-iireli ('miinil require ment fur TI>X nml hii* hIiuwii in ThIiIc 1. }, IIAIHV KeivdCt ViH. K< a x 0386*3 174 BRAUND IT AL Tawa 1. Tots! digestible nutrient InUkt of tout m pot esat of tba Notional Research CouaeU'i * qulrrmont.* Contamination Week of decontamination Treatmeat leeki 0-4 8-8 9-12 18*19 17-12 ------------------------------------- (%)----------------------------------- 168% NRC 75% NRO 100% NRG 150% NRO + thyroprotein101.4 97.7 09.5 101.0 llOA 90.2 104.9 98.7 115.4 79.1 100.9 106.4 115.2 70.4 100.8 127.1 125.2 72.9 98.1 128.4 1S0.S 72.9 90.8 128.0 * 6ce Reference 10. AH cows were offered 100% of the Council's requirement during the eight-week oontamina(ioti period. During decontamination it wns intended to feed two groups 150%; but, be cause of appctilo limitations during the first eight weeks, actual intakes for these groups were only slightly higher than the Council's requirement. This was especially true for the eowi fed thyroprotein, because increased milk production resulted iu a correspondingly high* r requirement. During tho last ten weeka of decontamination, lower production resulted in a decrease in energy needs; thus, intake was considerably higher than requirement for both high-energy groups, hut it never reached the desired 150%. Thyroprotein administration caused a rapid losa of body weight of cows (07 kg in four weeks) (Fig. 1). Thereafter, weights levelled and small gains were noted between 12 and 38 weeks. Body weight remniued constant for the control' cows until late in the treatment period, when slight increases were noted, whereas the 160% group exhibited early and sustained increases. Weights of the 76% group decreased slowly during the entire decontaauaitiou period. A sharp initial increase in milk produrliwi Wat obtaiued for the thyroprotein treatment, with a smaller increase for the 160% group (Fig. 2). The decline in production of all groups during the third week of dccontaaiiaation and subsequent recovery wt due to lat eral days of extremely hot weather. OrealM decreases in milk yields, which preceded tl body weight losses, were noted for the Vtr, group. The precipitous decline in products* for the 160% group during Weeks 9,10, snJ 11 occurred because Die highest-producing to* in tho group suffered an udder injury and scab mastitis. Excretion of 2IE0D in milk fat. The |*r cent of the HEOD intake excreted as the schanged compound during the eontamiuatka period is shown in Table 2. A sharp inert*.* in the per cent of the ingested dose of HE0P secreted in milk was noted between the 5m and eighth week of contamination, which mav . ; j "ifffil-i-iCCWTMOMATlOM van Fto. 2. Aver*** dally routaiiiinatlon ami tWuni Miyroprotfm ami dlfferen' reflect partial aatumtioo tissues. By the end of Hialrly 19% of the lota' excreted in the milk fat Residues of IIKOl) ' samples fluctuated rom rapidly to about one-thi after five weeks of dre> Thereafter, rate of d apparcut plateaua in v> between Week* 6 to 1* contamination. Kightev tirm of dirUlrin feeding the 19 cows still ront;i f HEOD (>0.01 p|" Kr<**ion eoefllrients f"r milk fat showed that i at an exponential rate. During the IS week* average of about If***; intake was excreted in 1 There was no signifiesi in tlir |t cent of 11KO rn-tmn of IIKOD w.-m Tahi.k 2. Weekly exereth Km. I. Roily wi-lglil rliutiRp* during dcroiilnJiiimitiuM of vuws fed Ihyntiirvlcin nml different !'<' of t hi 'KJ. J. I**mv Vm., 4*. No. t HONS I'er rent vf ;V%- K.icreted vu-ckl*' Eicrrtrd |u date 038644 Research Council* re aitasltaa IS-I0 17-11 ) 11# 01.1 1.11.4 100.9 73.9 90.0 130.0 (ibis of the 75% group he entire deeootaroint* wjto milk production yroprotein treatment, for Dip 350% group in prmlurtlou of #1) week of dccotiUmiua|*overv was duo to ter* bof fetfirr. Greatest It* uieh preceded the n unfed for the 75% decline iu production iring Weeks 0, 30, and btoighmriitllk-prfaotd.ucTinhge cpoewr [nkueddeexrcrientjeudryonenfdlicacuunte'ring lice ooniiiruination hie 3. A sharp increase Ingested dune of 1IEOD noted between the flrri luilammaliun, which may 79% NRC DirtLDRIH IXCRSTION AND BTOKAOt 175 Flo. t. Average dally milk production during contamination and decontamination of eowt fed Ibjroproteln and different levels of energy. reflect partial saturation by HEOD of certain tissues. By the end of contamination approxi* mstely 19% of the total HEOD fed had been excreted iu the milk fat. Residues of HEOD in milk fat of weekly samples fluctuated considerably, but dropped npidfy to about one-third of the initial levels sfter flve weeks of decontamination (Fig. 3). Thereafter* rate of decline was slower, with apparent plateaus in eunernlrationi occurring between Week* 5 to 19 and 12 to 1ft of de contamination. Eighteen weeks after cessa tion of dieldrin feeding, Uie milk from 12 of the 1C cows atilt contained measurable levels of 11KOD (>0.01 ppm). Calculation of re gression coefficients for the UKOl) levels in >ilk fat showed that residues did tint decline at an exponential rate. During the IB weeks of decontamination an arerage of about 19% of the total HEOD intake wan excreted in the milk fat (Table 3). There was no significant treatment difference in ihc per cent of HEOD intake excreted. Ex'"him of HEOD was almost etpmlly divided between eight weeks of contamination and IS weeks of decontamination* with a total 37% of that ingested accounted for in the milk fat (Table 9). Body fat J1EOD and excreta. At tbe end of contamination, HEOD in external shoulder fat averaged 10 ppm* but declined exponen tially to approximately 5 ppm at Week S and 1 ppin at Week 10 (Fig. 4). Although the eowa fed thyroprotcin declined at the fastest rate, numbers were insufllcicnt to detect a signifiviml difference. After 18 weeks of decontamination six cows were slaughtered for various reason*. By coincidence, three animals were from the thyroprotcin group and one from each of the three other treatments. Pals for rows which did not receive thyroprotcin were pooled; mean value* are pmumlwl in Tnhlc 4. Rcsidnc* in whole Iihkim* from the kidney, Hver* and udder showed litllw difference due to thyroprotcin feeding. However, residues in fat separated from the shoulder, kidney, aud omcntuui were three to flve limrr higher for the thyroprotein-fed eows. The difference for conccnthitlous in omental fat were highly sig nificant (P < 0.01) and levels in the kidney fat approached significance (P < 0.10). Urine and feces collected during the third week of decontamination showed trace amounts of HEOD (<0.001 ppm) in the urine of flve eowa and none in the other three. No HEOD was detected in the feres from any of the eight animals collected. Trial II Animal performance. Heifers rereiving the highest level of energy reached a minimum in body weight at six weeks postpartum* but regained post-calving weight between 22 and 24 weeks (Fig. 5). Ivosscs in weight for other groups were greater in magnitude end more persixtent. Although milk yields were highest for Ilia high-grain, peHrlcd hay ration, they were not significantly different among (lie treatment groups (Table 5). Milk fat percentage* for the nnrnml group were higher (P < 0.05) than for the high-grain groups; and pelleting the fui'itge (Group C) rminril an even greater de- Tssts 2. Weekly excretion ot HEOD In milk fat during contamination. Week of conlnniltmtion ___ _______ 'I 2 S ___ 4 5 0 7 S Percent of intake: tpMHn amt dlfferml Icrrb j r.ttnud weekly Eirrted to Onto . 1M 10.0 10.3 18.4 10.* St.R 23 0 24.4 11.7 10.0 15.0 10.4 10.7 16.7 17.7 lX.fi j. iu........... . v- a I MONS 038645 176 ftftAUKB BT 4.L Tutu 9. Tcll HEOD excretion in milk fat during contamination nod decontamination. Treatment group HEOD intake Intake excreted during i 6 weeks of 18 weeks of eontsmlnation deeontamination 6 weeks total 160% NRC 10% NBC )00% NBC 150ft NBC + tbyreprotslu 8E of mean Over-nil mens (mt) 9,970 t.coa 2.939 8,939 100 *.885 SO ns 19.4 14.7 ld.9 8.6 18.0 1.7 --<%)------------- 19.0 19.9 16.6 21.0 2.8 19.0 1.4 41J 99.6 11.8 87J 5.4 :17.4 2.7 r pression (P < 0.06) in fat oontent Milk fat Ration effects on pesticide excretion ait yields (or the normal group ware higher (P < shown in Table 6. Animals fed pelleted bar 0.06) than for the group receiving pellets. had exereted a higher percentage (P < 0.03) Excretion of JiEOD in milk fat. Concentra of the ingested pesticide in milk fat by 18 awl tions of I1ROD in milk dropped rapidly for all hoifers, with patterns similar to those noted for Trial 1 (Fig. 0). As with Trial I, HKOD levels in milk fat did not decline at an expo nential rate. Hclfera fed pelleted fonige ex hibited the lowest fat content in milk hut the 24 weeks than those on normal or high-grata diets. Excretion of 1IEOD in feeet mnd urine. Te investigate possible excretory pathways st II ROD, total collections of urino and tree* highest (P<0.01) concentration of IIROD were made for fire days at 30 days postpartum in that fat. At SO weeks poalpnrtuin, milk fut in two heifers from nil groups. At shows is residues had declined to'less titan 1 ppm Tor ' 'Tabid1 7; only'small amounts of HKOD w' all groups. ` eliminated in feces and traces in the urine; j * *Y ' . ol 0 yjo. 4. Levprotein sad dl: whereas, milk was f the pesticide 1 Discussion Two distinrt r are suggested b.v staled that DDT exponentially aft* however, a semih shows levelling iKltnly. Also, tlie not inilicNte stall T.tsi.K A. Itmlilwe* IM tm-k* *f dermt Menu for. three Mt-nn fi*r thu-t- it' Kt`. nf *,.. Until*: Tli* rii|>rnlrin nolitin ri<|''"liiti l*io. 9. !#vvcls vt IIKOIt in milk fat of row* roiilamhiutcd during tuvtation uuj fv*l tbyte* protein un J ili flcroiil leu'li of vwig}-. ' J. |>isv Hi'itni'i Vi S3. Kv. 3 MQNS 030646 * k Jil1 r-iuv iif ' * Mi-iin* are i| itainlnatioa. Jrled iorlagt if inalioa SO weeks total 41.5 11.5 111 17.1 h.4 *7.4 7.7* 1 DIILDKIN BHORITION AHt> ITOKAOI 177 pesticide excretion am rituals fed pelleted hsy percsntsgo (P < 0.05) r in milk fat by 38 and normal or high-grain in frctt and urine. To serriory pathways of is c' vine and fern all Jay* |H>Hlpartuin 1 groups. Ai ahowo in iMwnfa of Jf h'OD were d Iraeft In the urine; IOTCIN % NRC J n 16 16 Immi *wd fed tliyrce Fjo. 4. Laval* of HKOD In external body fat daring decontamination of eowa fed Ikyroprotein and different level* of energy. Inhere**, milk mat the major excretory pathway f the pesticide from laeiating animals. | Obceiilen Two dialinet rates for dleldrin elimination are suggested by these data. Loben *t al. (8) titled that DDT residues in milk fat declined exponentially after cessation of DDT intake; however, a acmUogarilhmie plot of their data shows levelling similar to that observed in our study. Also, Iho California workers (8) did sot indicate statistical treatment of regression lines to test If the rate of residue decline ob served In their studies eould be described by other than linear function. Other workers (4, 0, 9, 13) have found that after discontinuation of DDT intake, levels in the milk fat fell rapidly for the first three to live weeks, then levelled, and thereafter declined at a slower rate. Witt ct al. (13) reported that the depletion rale of DDT was uniform for low-level ac cumulations (<2 ppm in milk fat), but found two disappearance rales for higher levels of T*si.r. 4. Itcaiduee of 1I1SOD la tissues and body fat of euwe fed Ihyroprotcin or no thyroprotcln oiler IS wffVs of decontamination. ___ __________________________________ _______ Wholo tissue Tiwuo ft Kidney Liver Ldilvr Shoulder Kidney Omental Mean fur three iiontliyroprotcincows fur three thyruprutvineowt ef uiuun tUiiu: Tiiy(u|irulfin 0.03 0.03 O.OI 1.0 - (mg/kg)-------------- 0.13 0.0T 0.10 0.10 0.0.1 0.02 Id! 1.4 -------------- (mg/fcg)-------------- 1.24 3.00 0.57* 2M* 0.73* 2.42* 1.20 3.0 0.H0 4.0 0.20 3.4 tlvulhyrujinO'-in * k Difference n|>|irinrhe tiKitillruneo '*Miiiiih uru NigMilii'milly diHVrcnl (I* <.U1). 180 BftlDND XT Alt T*sut 7. Daily excretion of IIEOD lu feces, urine, and milk SO day* postpartum of lielfera contaminated during Uio Iasi 60 days of gestation. Peeas Milk Treatment. group* I)M produc tion HEOD Coae Excre tion Urino Produe HEOD tion cone Produc tion HEOD Cone Excre tion Total HEOD excre tion (H> (mg/hg) (mg) <i> (mg/kg) at) (mgAg) (mg) (mg) A 4.T .08 .38 7.1 <.001 20.7 .13 3.47 3.80 I) 4.0 .18 .52 7.2 <.001 27.1 .12 8.28 3.80 C 2.7 .17 .46 5.1 <.001 30.8 .06 1.72 2.18 * Two bsifcrs per group. on the low-energy diets. Miller's (9) cows were fed hay (9 kg/day) as the sole energy source from the seventh through 42nd day of lactation, and Utile decrease in milk produc tion was noted compared to previous lactations. Energy for maintenance of milk yields in these cows very likely came from mobilisation of body fat, thereby increasing pesticide release into milk. The cows in our study averaged six months poKtparlum at initiation of the low- energy diet and responded with decreased luitk yields. _ . From the available data, it appears that low- energy diets may enhance elimination of chlori nated hydrocarbon pesticides from dairy cows during early lactation, when there is a greater stimulus to use body fat stores. However, any regimen which substantially decreases milk yields will prolong the persistence of pesticides. Despite the marked depreasion in milk fat content for the group receiving pellets, it i* noteworthy that the mean residue level in the whole milk was not different from the other groups. Heifers fed the pelleted hay produc'd the most milk (Table 5), which contributed tv a greater removal of total pesticide. Since it is generally accepted that HKO!> is associated with the lipid portion of milk, the observation that a depression in per rent tuilk fut did not alter the residue level in wlmle milk indicates that HEOD excretion via the bovine mammary gland is related to farfon other titan the total amount of fat synthesised in the glnnd. It is possible that HEOD concentration in milk, can be altered by relative amounts of the different fat precursors taken up by the mam mary gland. Labim et al. (8) suggested that TAIII.K 8. Milk fat JIKOD during decontamination for oil dietary treatment*. Trial 1* Per cent of TON requirements 150 + thyroprotein normal Trial IP Diet High grnin 0g/g)- 1 24.9 18.2 21.0 24.0 11.8 17.4 2 19.9 19.1 10.2 10.0 13.4 9.9 3 1.1.4 11.8 11.8 10.7 7.3 8.2 4 9.7 11.7 3.8 12.2 8.4 10.3 Q 8.0 0.9 9.1 g.G 7.0 9.0 0 0.4 7.0 8.8 12.2 C.2 0.3 7 4 0 0.4 7.4 8.0 OS 7.7 G.5 8.U 4.5 3.0 it 7.1 10.0 s. 0.5 10 7.2 7.7 8.0 N.N 4.0 3.9 12 l. 4.2 1.0 l.U 4.0 3.4 14 2.2 2.H 1.9 0.4 * 1.2 2.0 0.1) 1.0 i <t 3.3 IN l.:t 2.0 0.8 0.2 20 1.1 1.0 21 1.0 1.2 30 U.S * l-Viir hnIioiiIh |n-f In-iiliiM-ul. * Hm iHiimuU jtrf treatment. Pelleted hay 21.9 11.4 12.5 11.9 10.0 8.8 8.1 7.3 7.8 01 2.8 1.7 U.1 I various pools or fraction widely In their concetiti that a particular lipid \ portnnt precursor of mi a disproportionate con than would be revealed analysis. HuIht et al- t lipids contributed to a V total milk fat in rows t roughage rations than ration. As" the pesticide w body via secretion in t! external shoulder fst ! malt in each group of fat residue analysis in ' based on these dots i drliniU trends were uot lions in samples taken weeks of decontaminate lisl decline. Itegresshm Hjwftive treatment* of 1 plus thyroprolein were Y = 11 .c,-*"*', V aihI Tims, residue levels ile< to 2.24^ per day (12..' Although body tat lew protein-fed cow* deelin numbers were msuftivivi- difference. Expericnec gained fr every nnimnl in Trial 11 body fat stmlysis. lb*!) in Trial U decreased Ireatiucuts after lartuti grvsxioti equation* for were v = loo.-*'",,. r = 13.2. The three group-, thee* of 1.10 to l.-H'l- per . week). Thi'-e elituimii parable to tlne repoth when iiiitinl 1**dy fat I253, ami .'>00 ppm f"1' The differetire in the of llKOtl from body i fut |o\poiinilint ihrli' ritaM might he e\pi:iii the eight-week inter\.i. might |m\r an' vouventrutioit- wlinh tug the inten oiog et al. (SI look biop-x 1 Intuit' Hfifchfi Vwt. 63. No 3 HONS 038646 DIBLDMN EXORETION AND BTORAOB 181 La of brlfrrs eoDUmlaatod !ilb 11 ROD Esert- sec ties ( 147 ! 3.21 5 1.72 Total IfROD eierc* tlosi () 3.68 3.30 2.21 depression In milk fat receiving pellets, it it teiu`residue level in Die llfferent from Die oilier if pelleted limy produced ft), which oontributed to olal petliridt, y accepted that HEOD Jin" portion of milk, di'i lion in per cent lie residue U-vflirt whole*' KOI) exerclion via (he id in related lo factor* iniutil of fat synthciixcd IIKOD eoneeiitralion in | relative amount* of ,lhc i* taken up by the mam* It al. (8) suggested that Trial 11* Diet ~ High ruin Pelleted hny 17.4 23.9 3.3 11.4 4.2 12.0 10.) 11.9 3.3 10.9 C.3 3.8 3.0 h i 3.0 T.3 3.4 7.0 3" 0.3 1... tA 1.2 1.7 0.2 0.3 various pool* or fraction* of body fat may vary widely in their concentration* of residue* and that a particular lipid fraction may bo an im portant precursor of milk fat and also contain * disproportionate concentration of pesticide than would bo revealed by a total carcass fat malysis. Huber et al. (7) reported that blood lipids contributed to a larger percentage of the total milk fat in cows fed bigh-grain, restricted roughage rations than in those on a normal ration. A* the pesticide was eliminated from the body via accretion in the milk, residue levels in utirnil shoulder fat declined. Only two am* wals in each group of four were biopsied for fat residue analysis in Trial I; thus, estimates bawd on these data are not complete, but definite trends were noted. Residue concentra tions in samples taken at aero, eight, and 16 vccke of decontamination showed an exponen* till decline. Regression equations for the re* pective treatments of 150, 75, 100, and 150% plus thyroprotcin were "T lLO.-"**', 10.0,-"*\ and Y = 10.0.'+mm'. Thus, residue level* declined at rates of 1.78 to 2.24% per day <12.5 to lfi.7% per week). Although body fat levels of HEOD in tbyroprotein-fed cows declined st the fastest rate, numbers were insufficient to detect a significant difference. Experience gained from Trinl I dictated that every animal i Trial II should bo biopsied for body fat analysis. Body residue eonrentrationa in Trial 11 decreased exponentially for all treatments after lactation was initiated. Re* irmiun equations for Groups A, 1), and C *vre y m 10.0.- "" Y 10.0,-"-"and T = 13.2,--***, respectively. The three groups, therefore, declined at rates of 1.10 to 1.47% per day (8.1 to 10.3% per week). These elimination patterns are omptrahle lo those reported hy Labcn et al. (8), when initial body fat levels of DDT were 10, 253, and filM) ppm for three treatment groups. Tim difference in the disappearance pattern f HKOI) from body fat compared with milk fut (exponential decline versus pWlcau peritMls) might be explained in two way*. First, the eight*wrek interval between fut biopsies "light liuve masked any plutcuu in tissue residue comt-iiUnlion* whieh could have occurred dur* big the intervening Week*. However, IjiIm-h rt al. (H) took biopsy samples at two-week* intervals and did not find a levelling of DDT residues in body fat. Secondly, a doorcase is residue concentration* of shoulder fat might might not accurately describe the decline of total pesticides in the body. Limited evidence for differential storage and mobilization of 11 KOI) was obtained with tia* sues removed from the six cows at slaughter (Table 4). Residues in shoulder fat were higher than those in kidney or omenta! fat. Moreover, thyroprotein-feeding appeared to mobilise fat without uniformly stimulating' release of stored IIEOD, * indicated by tb* observation that residues in shoulder, kidney, and omeutal fat were three to five times higher in HEOD for the thyroprotein*fed than eon* tn>) com'*. The higher conccntrMion of HEOD in fat at slaughter of the thyroprotein*fed cows might be explained on the basis that (hyroprotein differentially stimulated mobiliza tion in the two*eompnrtmcn( fat cell or at various fat depots. Thus, the residual HEOD was more concentrated in the lipid remaining in the fat cells of the tliyroprotcin-fed com**. ' The appear*tite 'bf HEOD hi Tceee 3ft days" after contamination (Table 7) indicate* a metabolic origin and recycling of the pesticide. Cook et al. (3) have demonstrated that dicldrin is recycled and appear* in the bile, pancreatic juices, and saliva of goats. These were probable pathways through which dicldrin appeared in the feces of heifer** during decontamination. These data show that neither alteration in energy intake nur thyroprotcin feeling offers any practical vulue for decontaminating dairy eows previously contaminated with dicldrin. References (1) Aronovaky, R, Levari, W. Kemblueth, and E. Wertheimer. 2903. Comparison of wvliilwlie activities of orbital fat with thorns of other adipose tissue. lMvcsiigntlve Ophthalmol., 3 <259. (2) llraum), D. O. lOtil. Farters offorting the sleruae, excretion and placental transfer of dieldrin tu dairy faille. Ph.D. thvelf, MirUpn Statu University, East lamning. (3) Cook, H. M., J. W. Thomas, It. S. Emery, and J. T. Ihils-r. IWI*. Iiichtrin recycling from ltiu liloud to the gat ia nomnimt*. J. Aitii*). Hci., 20: 14HU. (4) (`rushy, IV <1., T. K. Archer....... .. II. C. l.nlx-it. 11107. IHIT riml:imiiiHlioM in wiilk fallowing n single feeding fvpoMtre. ,1. Hairy Kci., ?>(': 40. (6) Fries, . K., W. I*. Hull, and I.. A. Moore. ItUi?. llmly fut Ions Mild the acvrrtt'nn of J. lAlV ai'IKMVS Vl.l. H.V Vo. * i HONS 0 3 8 6 4 9 182 aiUCXD ST Ah DDT and it* urUbolltN lilt atllk. J. Dairy Btl., 501 991. (<) Oanaoa, N\ and 0. C. Decker. 1060. Tb* eirretioa ot dicldria. DDT and beptnehJor epoilde in milk of dairy tow* fed on pas ture* treated with dleldrln, DDT and hop* taeblor. J, Econ. EotomOl., 09:411. (T) Huber, J. T., K. S. Emery, J. W. Thom**, ad I. M. Youaef. 1900. Milk fot *jathesli en restricted roughage ration* wd< talnlng whey, N*HCO, and MgO. J* Dairy Bel.. OS: 04. (8) Laben, A, C., T, E. Areher, D. 0. Crosby, and 8. A. People*. 1905. Lactational out' put of DDT fed prepertum to dairy cattle. J. Dairy Bei., 48:701. (9) Miller, D. D. 1007. Effect of thyroproteln ad a low-energy ration on removal of DDT from lariating dairy row*. J. Dairy M, 50:1444. (10) National Academy of Science*--NationJ Research Council. 1905. Nutrient Require aientt of Dairy Cattle. Publ. 1149. (11) Stull, J. W., W. D. Brown, F. M. Whltinj, L. M. Sullivan, Mary MHbratb, and J. R, Witt. 1905. Secretion of DDT by 1st tating row* fed thyroproteia. J. Pair; 8cl., 51:56. (18) Wertheimer, H. B. I960, latroduetle*- A perapcetlvo. In Handbook of Phyelalofj. See. 5. Adipooe Tissue. Amer. PbytU 8oe., Washington, D.C. (18) Witt, J. M., F. U. Whiting, W, B. and J. W. StuU. 1800. Contamination ef milk from different route* of animal pour* to DDT. 5. Daivy Set., 49:979. J UiM Miliki* Vet So. 9 MOMS 038650 % .. Enzyme and Adipose Tissue / Compared to ' were fed three* t> eurred in the acti ated with fatty aei lion in adipose t< enzyme level* we The proportion ol presumably ariaii waa significantly response group I ion) but not in (moderate milk : ence* in dirlnrv intennediary rm't e high and low re relatively lower mammary glamlx spouse group wl number of chum: tabolite level* uv fed animals, the twofold increase :< in the high renpo: lions were voin*it gestion Unit acv> ran be attributed, the availability < for milk aynthr* mary glaml mei;. though no signi' occur in mmmmi percentage h dep PreviouH xtiKlit'. 1 fat ili'|mi<uiiin oh*' high i-tMiccntrnlo :ln due, in pari, to all >1' ti*Mc. in 13, 14. 111). The*, evahiiitioitrt of tlilTV' Itecvlvvil for puM * I'ri'limimifv r. |... Here prewalot ;ii t!i IV.IiT.tlion A*m i.. iMiuthil * in 1111UHmiiil tiuclmi: of A>Mri:ilion in .* . ' Sji|*or>> in |.<< sire tinuit no. AM '' HONS 038651 PiiuibuilM of organocblortnt peilitidn Mnoof iome milk cpmponeni*. Jl33ife&S32,M^^.jtoi)P4 rl. En) [Dept, ol Food Set., Unt.. Madiion, Witcontin 53706, USA) . ,, . Distribution it siren of peine`del in frictions of the lipid phate of templet of It) millt n.turtlly conlammated with dicofol or Idrin in the court' diet mixed with (n) milk contaminated artificially with other peitieideu The higher concn. found m the high-dentity tat dobule membrane fraction obtained by ultracentrifueation of the mixed buttermilk and butter terum fraciioni of (i + u) and rentInot ' electrophoretic of the membrane fraction of (11) indicated preferential attocianon ol the penicidet with the membrane protein. Ine . effect of removal of portion! of the membrane during reparation wat ttudied. Concn. ol dieldrin on a fat bant did not appear to be altered but there wat an increate on a lipid P batitl value! (g dieldnn/a lipid Pl.forraw cream, wtthed cream and ikim-milk were 0.17J. 0.201 and 0.tS9 retnectively.No evidence wat found to indicate that photphohpidt bind with . petticide retiduea in ihc membrane but the high reiiduct/g fat in ikim-milk and their apparent emultificationby lecithin inttudieton tolublllty indicated that phoipholipid-pelticide miccllci could exitt in the terum phtte. It wat contidrred that .referentialconcn. in the membrane could explain the variation! in pelticide/g fat found in dairy producti. Mott of the retiduet are atwciatcd with aha . .. triglyceride! in the interior of the fat globulet. ( ( 0AIS Fletd^Mudy of chlordane residue problem In o'ytU.C. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology $ (4) 2V2*y9 (I97C) ref. i;| lAnimal Sci. Dept., St. Univ., Ikitnntn. Montana, USA) Following discovery of unacceptable level* of heptachlor epoxide in the milk supply of the Gallatin Valley, Montana, extensive investigations into the vtr ot cltiorJane on lucerne, tlimtnttivm of residue (tom milk, and production of reliable analytical mulct, were carried out. Results suggested that the ) out of 5 Simple procedure would be more realistic than taking a single taenpla. It wtt found chat chlordane residues in hay of >0.065 pom could ha tolerated without the apparent heptachlor epoxide exceeding the legal action level of 0.5 ppm in milk, but (hat hay reriduet of 3.45 ppm would result in rctiduer exceeding it. Chlordane did not build up to very high levels in the animals, and was dissipated relatively quickly once the contaminated feed was stopped. FEG HONS 038654 W CMl) d? OUR INDUSTRY TODAY AN INQUIRING I,OOK AT ANTIIIIOTIC ItESIDUB CONTROL' * F. V. ICosikowski , Department of Dniry aim! FimhI Science, Cornell University, Uhavn, SVw York U.lity ' j I ,1.1cm t* . i.l < Antibiotic residuea in mnrkefc milk wont a real live subject a year ago, Imt the l'uror nbout nnlibiotio icNiilucH in milk has quieted down n liltlti now ml thin mny ho pood or bn<l. It menus cither that nothing is bring done nbout nntibiotio control or that certain objectives hnve been attained. Tlio Achievements of tlic dairy industry will bo briefly reviewed, but netmilly tlio mnin theme is Ic.su concerned with Achieve ment* tlmn with the new problem* nrising from our attempt* to rid milk of mitibiotie residues. Practical menus (o nmfrot (be antibiotic men* act'. The only practical way to institute midue control for mitibiotien is to institute a solid Most of the aignitknnt result* are oih.k . ir.cd in Table* 1 mid In. A nation-whir nv.r... ' incidence of (1.0bar dropped to Oat'-; i-. ` deuce. Thi* is a reinnrknblc reduction .. loiide possible only through the full con|r,ii. \ of nil parties concerned. Rome highlights gnrnered from this m.. ] nrn of interest. Dairy industrial Inborn!..r } rather thanstato units cArrivd out most ut' | TABLE 1 t The national incidence of sntiblotle mider* - producer milks | , .-enWid. .... l> \ / . ..... . |. |>< Im iI' - i ubiih . dural Mt. T iu> > Tlw p' dk ..I the test program. Once milk producers ore mvnre of the existence of such n program, it serves ns n psychological deterrent to their breaking tlte wgulnlmn*. Tenting for Antibiotic* is one of the miwt incxjwnsivo programs of the vnvhnw test program* emuluetod hy the dniry industry, ns such test* cost only n few cents each. Onee-A-month tenting muonp producer* j* generally xiifllcient, but the testing mind be regular urn) pood record* must be maintained. The Slide of lVmmylvimm now bus n Inw re* suiting the tiling of nil producer milk* once it month. A positivo antibiotic test HuUmmlivnlly rxehtdes tbe producer for two days. Another stole, Wisconsin, is considering it similnr low. Hdneotioii should follow up closely |mxitivc (January 1 to October IS, 1W0) Orgnaisntions reporting Number Number of jo#itivc producer for milk* nnti- nnnlyxcrt hiotic* Inri .U-mv 17-dnlrlrs IlirouglT- oat tbe Uuitt'd Statce CSS,*03 3,040 ini 0.50 SO filnto llculth itml Stnlo Agrlenlturo Ovtmrimcnta tlirouabmit the United Stales 112,708 Total 403 S.44 j ! | -I Uncivi l l-i.iue In i.n<dii`i' " 1 ...I.lie lil< i I'idv > In It >* jw,. Wttmg ii limit m .mlibit'lic 'll....... Inium j. I tent results in tbe Held, for /it this point edu cation, usually through personal remark* by the lirhlnmti, becomes most effective. All pt*i- tives should first be roiilirinrd by pt'Oirilliuu*<! oi' bv healing techniques nml regul;ii' offender* should bo given the full penalty previously de cided ujHin. Simple tests bused mi tile disc usHy principle nr on test tnl/c activity outlined in tbe II tli edition of the American I'uhlie Heiiltli Handbook of Standard Mclhods (l) art? the most suilul/le id (lie gm-*-ro,,t.s pro dileer level. Hut for those puldii! health olHct.ils elieeki/lg bulk tonks nml concerned will* the strirtesl interprelntiou of preseut-duy regubi- tnnis, the best test, Imm-ousc of its greater sensi- tivitv, is tbe S'ttttiuu //* disc. assay test colt- dm-tcil ut ~'tu <\ for IS hr. ( I). ' 48 Cooperating organuntions 702.408____ 4,133 0.51 TABLE la Tlio New York Stato iiwidrtwo of Ktuibiste residues In producer milka (January Number of producer milks levied 1 to Oetolwr IS,llhh Nmnbi*t luiHilive for nnti- biotic* I m i.I.imt !' ) ISK.'Jtd Oit.1 (Ml > | ! j l I j | l-harnia. it- n-* p. flier lb. -dl rl.a' |" iin dl1 'I'/*'* in tl . Curfat tttltit i'iiiivnlK. Nim-c .Jniiiiarv, ItdiM, the etTorls to bring antibiotic- residue* umler eonlrol lone giiim-d miieii moioeotom. N'i.w, almost it yeur Inter, some nreoiiiil mg of Ibis nation-wide effort is possible from vrrent Mir. veys mode fry ConieM l imei-Hy (Table I). ' I'urtitmi of this iii.miumoipt wvio |ir.-.iil,.d i I fie I Hi in Slate dairy <'..m.o tivv, l\- Innil.ii-, III...., ('.nil, an.I die Niv >mh Stale Kaiillil lad'.1 Al.'.-t ing. Syi.n..... , New \"lk, Imlll. testing, nml this in a* it shnubl W, The mh-' widely s'd test by lhe emtn*r!it*ig lids-rnl"'" wih tin* Ittit'illm rnlitilii <|i--<* a*siv tct < dcM-iibcd in the Itttb cd.li"ii of die Itandh--* of Nland.-ml .Mclliod-i nl tin* Aiimth.im I'ub* lleallli Mcialioii. 'flie iueitlortee ri-|>oihd by vl.de liealdi ne' i.gi u ullmal UdiovntoiTc* \l. ll,-J. and d ,s by Kie uulil'liial dairy laUv,.*' Tins is a giMd ebrek, giving viib-iaii.I" ' I ?.*r4 HONS 038655 OUR INDUSTRY TODAY l rr5 M'K CONTROL* w ItliMon. New York mlii'iint results are Mitnmnrnil In. A nation-wide average hflrf dropped l*> th.rir* n*'i* remarkable reduction and y through tin* full cooperation ernvd. , garnered from (liw attnly Dairy industrial laboratories . uikD earned out most of tl"` TAMMS I .Ivni-tf f natlblotie reslducti in UiwJucrr tnilki____ _____ ,, "Y ! October 15, 1000) Nunilwr NiimWr producer wiilt- ftitH for null- Mill Ir* Intiilcno 033,703 .ml :ur ' 113,705 3,040 0.50 493 0.44 7rtn,404 _ 4,133 0.04__ TAHl.K la Sinlv incidence of nullhlotlr ,,> in prodm-cr milk* __t v l lit <M<ili<T 13, HM10) Number i fi.r i,hi i ............... lari' denee lrM . i.. ii Jimiiii in-. Tin* 'r;' bv lln* i-HHpcniting ..>,1,1,- disc n--ay ti'-l .. imiIi ............. . lln- iIiumI'*'-;* '.fbi.cl* <( (in> American I'**'1* ` ... i '.m| iiv -date health u.}|i; anil i1' ,1 !., in |,,*,-.i.il'it n-> win *'' ( . , !,< 11,. v""'- "ii'fln"*'* l'* validity of these data. Slate laboratories perhM|M exercised greater cure in guarding against brW poxilivi'H, thus lending to a lower incidence. Improvement., then. in our antibiotic residue (irublcm in marked. Yi>t, from n public health |H>inl of view, doe* tbis lowered unlibiotie in* i-idcure mean our tniiiltlcs /ire over and that, in general, (lie problems tlmt remain arc minor? Tin- answer in No--mi both mints. A consider- MtitHi uf (lie more signilirant ia presented. ludsc positive* in anuhttieul lestiiu/. Natural iitliiliitory substances of milk inevitably renr up to bedevil (be unwary. Differing from blood, lor wbieli early tests were designed, milk shows untnrul inhibitory substances in greater pro lusion. These give nones on disc unsay wbieh liave no relation to pharmaceutical antibiotics. The problem of false positive* it not an aunginnry oho and the closer otic gets to the milk of'the individual producer's cows, the imiiT the likelihood exists of encountering false l>itivev. Also, raw milks with certain strains biieterin or with total high counts arc more I'roin* to show false positives on disc. assay. A iiuiiihpr of such instances nrc cited in the sei- fiitilk literature (5*7). False positives result from a variety of 'Auset, .but their appearance is unpredictable. It is jHwsiblc to run n number of works witliout 'I'l'Umg nnv, but then suddenly n few mny Hpimir. Heating to 180* F. 2 to 5 min. in- uiriahly eliminates all of these falsa positives ibioHt materially affecting the pharmaceutical antibiotic* tlint might reside in that milk. The existence of even one fulso positive among la.iKH) producer samples dors a grave injustice ('some individuals if no healing or other con ciliatory check is applied. This is heenuse tlmt 'ne must be taken ns bona tide evidence of Ibo 1'fVMun-e of either penicillin or some other | I'Wiiiucctilicitl imtiliiotie. Without heating and Use of penicillinase there is no svieutillc I "sins to fully clmrnclerixe the positive umo i ";W (bun penicillin. The Federal laws indict I d[ pharmaceutical antibiotics, ami not simply > '.nirillln, ns milk adnlterimls, so that j siwm' alone is not Nnllieient. , in milk. The Fo<wl and Drug j,,n js eognixnut ol` the remote pns- , l,ditv (hat initk producers may bo using the "'Mur, i*onirillimise. to destroy penicillin rcsi' ia milk. The addition of pctiicilljmisc is ! 1`"tiiltinitiun and contrary to law. o i' an extremely easy task to check milk 'I'tics lor the rny.ynir, penicillinase, hy sim* ` 'cM-rsiag the pris'cilnre for delecting peni* " To the milk in i|uestimi a small amount t'Hri- penii-illin HI.I l.U/ml) is added and "l the disc assay test is applied. The pres- ! pruicillinnM' is imliealeil by the aliTiicc ' ;l clear zone. uf ,,,,,l a* sim,,,, riisj Iritiv-lrr of pcooiDio in e.ovs Inis ''l,'i much eimliisimi. Transfer means that ' " 'Ilia I io one <|iiiiiti e of an imiinal may travel, hy udder tissue or blond, into ad joining untreated i|unrters. If large amounts transfer, a milk producer mny unknowingly ship milk to market containing detectable amounts of penicillin. Dairy scieulisU have rc|wrtrd since Iflol that fwoieiJIm trnnvt'rr thw* lint occur readily, Imt a nmidiec of Held workers are under the impression that massive transfer of |Hidnllio is a common occurrence with many cows. Hecause of tile avnilainlity of more sensitive ana lytical methods, ii certain justification c\i-N for re-examining this subject. Dr. Hlobct of the University of Wisconsin, iti a recent excellent study, reported tiuif 14 of 17 cows inserted with llio.OOU 1.1*, peiiirilliu showed transfer (2). His method of studytna, however, was the ultrasensitive Sonina Intrn teat mid not the standard diac nsany teat. Kven by tliift methofl, the nmouotH transferred were exceedingly small, 0.005-0.01 I.U., and were dcteetahlc for onlv about 24 hr. At Cornell University, in a recently com pleted cooperative study between the College of Agriculture and the College of Veterinary Medicine (3), an investigation on 50 rows re vealed only two cows transferring |veiiicillin, and these were at very low levels |0.U1 l.l\) lasting only two milkings. Tii both of these large-scale experiments, if the standard dine assay lest with 0.05 l.l\ sensitivity were used, no detection of penicillin would have been possible. Most scientific evidence to date indicates that transfer of penicillin in terms of coneentrntimt and persistence is not n problem of serious pt'o|MM>tiot>* with our present system of testing. .1 ilinilile slumlord of eoaijmn'sna. A mere serious aspect of antibiotic coiilamittulinn in milk Ims been overhstked, however. This as)H*ct is readily apparent hy miymte familiar with the signiliriuit ]>lulsi's of milihintir cimtnd. It is illustrated bv the fact tlmt im the identical 17 rows studied by Hlulul and with the ntlr-.isensitive Nammi liilin method, the |H'nicillin in milk from Ihr treated umuters persisted ni to 120 hr. Kaeh ipmrler was treated witit Iim.lllto 1.(1. ))enirillin (J, erystalline. wnler-io * oil. If is t!u` |amiciUin pivparntmo mii-| wt.li-h U>ed ami considered hy many In tie the iim-t cHVrtive against must it is, IS'liy didn't it clear np in "2 hr.? Tin- simple rcn-mi is that in applying a .... re >cnilne atm- Ivtical mellmd to show up transfer, it was jhs. siblf nmv to observe lIn- lror<-s ,,| pi-uieilhu persisting ill mill; from the Itciiled ipiartcr lor tom; prciods. Ai-eordiug to IDA leutilntioos, evidem-e of sin-h tom; tom* i( ii uunld rule out the U-e of ibis pruuidui piep.inloio, be cause !ili hr. of ntiuluoi i- Pie boot allowed iiiiv preparation. Most present ell,elite petit- eillin )ire|>;irii1 ions, parhenlurly i.nitnieiit-. fall in tbis eulegory if an ullra vensitue method is ued at the imlnidii.il ion leiil. I'eihaps HONS 038656 I 1556 JOURNAL or DAIRY SCIENCE tit'll long-lasting drugs eaa be pluecd under prescription rules. Factors observed in the recent Cornell study (4), which contrilmtcd antibiotic residues to fluid milk, in order of importance were: (1) persistence of cmmm'rcinl drugs in treated quarters well after 72 hr.; (2) careless con tamination of milk from untreated cows stand ing next to treated rows; (3) intmmuscular injections, and (-1) transfer. The lutlcr two factors were relatively minor in importance. It was calculated (lint about 40 times more antibiotic found its way into milk for con sumption through persistence in treated quar ters than from transfer. Kxtcntion reronintentlationa for antibiotic residues and their meaning. Recommendation differences between extension departments of state universities are readily apparent (Tahlo 2). Some extension services simply recommend TABLE 2 Recooioirodations for antibiotic residue control by state extension services in tbs United States (As of October 8, 2000) A. How Jong should aiUk be withheld after treat* metil with antiUotle iDtraniasimarv lufurlonf No grucral reeom- uicoda* lion For 72 hr. For 90 hr. For three days or nix milk* Jugs For lx to' eight days water* in-oil or oil 0 34 1 3 3 U. Milk should bo hold from entire treated cow or treated quarters only. Milk All milk from Jtcreiomeo- from trenteil diitiun treated quarters not clear CUtt'H only 1 24 12 C. How long after iiitnnmseulnr injection of nntibiutirn should uiilk from the entire cow withheld} No rectum iiicmla- linn Kor 72 hr. Thrco to livo days Five day* Nix days Seven diiy* l>. >iliii(il<{ milk Ini withheld wfter feeding vow feed containing antibiotic*} Nil .JH1* Antibiotic I'.-.-.l* lli.llhl that milk bo withheld only for 72 hr. (*. j treatment; others require that milk should >. retained from the cow for eight days, or Imilkings. Twenty-two extension servim roiutnend rejecting milk from the entire , while 11 others recommend holding out n.n from tlio treated quarters. 1 > { ; 1 It is interesting to point out Ihnt (Mh.ostate* which recommended rejection fr vtreated quarter, and those recommetului;: r jeetion of milk from the entire cow, tin- t.:of incidence after 1 yr. was similar. j i ' There are some who feel that nil milk it- n treated cow should be withheld for !,* even if only one quarter has been treated. T' is despite the fact that the milk from tlie itrented nuarters tuny bo normal in every < spcct and that by this practice a heavy !> > such normal milk will ensue.' It is tiiiM-d the laudable principle that no milk from diseased cow should be included in tlie > supply. ; : i j > , . 1 Unfortunately, from the point of vies objectivity, even among highly qualified ' erinuvums and ether public health > there is uo unanimity of agreement iw . definition of a diseased row. Most early t- ommrndntions for antibiotics were to witb1. ' milk from the treated quarter only. Th*- treud to withhold milk from the estirv * : resulted mors from tears of possible Iran-'- I of penicillin through quarters tlmn ...... " consequence* of using milk from disease*! r*..- < Actually, with the present system of witWi--' iug milk from the entire cow, there i* > guarantee Hint milks from diseased r> not reaching the consumer. Treatment > - antibiotic* mid withholding all milk iW *2 '* may satisfy the legal rulings, hut it t!ir biotic* arc ineffective, this milk still turn ' coming from diseased iwi unless good * t ing is conducted by the producer or * ' * qualified jhmmjos, I'rolVssioiml groups, such as the Auicr-. Veterinary Medical Society, are Jnrimik' their own recomnieiidatimi*. Piffomto"- ,M ' neisen Im'ciih.hc many Ih lievc promt K*'"'' reeommend.-iliims ure incomplele and :ii>- 1 based on the best information huding bhdie-fjvc milk. Poorly detim-d and o'.' ticai rccnmmcndatiim* between state- v:o mine the eimlidence of I be naipernlin-.: ' producer in any autibiotic-cmiliol )< ' sci'ii.n.-ly nlfect him eeoiwMoieally bv * - sacily heavy of milk, mol alt 1 fit's wi" inllncm-ing the tvrlfmv of Hie -ii*un.cr Sitrum/iithltiUlii af cent tniirmin-. Tie- l mol iMug Admim-tcnlimi in-i-l- mi lb*- ' ciple of Zero tnlci .nice fur ant do. ( i. m ' N'a one. liM.-t ol all thi- wnt.v. ' d-i...'.I:ty ..I mo!, a vuliug it' it i* to protect the von-umcr. Put m |*'' '* * i- lu-cMiiiu' i. -it t! ..t a ti :.: ' .VI.. i:. i- I!ic>`-'.'.i: y.l himI Im H-mlnlioOH mi ben>e. Mel lit ii.t widely u>* ..like the 72 ! ;*rcfiitrMtnn .,-ilmd* are b a (can's imo I.......Me. Tin. a.hwniire. It i strict miller ir antibiotic illintali' ilium. |`V melt-UK1 ..illbiotic pc. ti.l> the \- ml. if inter, .old accept ! I . peiiieiUt oiimiioi bo. m ivcmuti..' o.nbl be ,.!i 'iug Admiir- Id with tbi lii-licve tli. 1 it off point I'liitlu- ii)t * of minute 'o. writer'- :i truly -cn port* "u t'u dv n few * nlnd-. If t! " |*;i.-t \c;ir '|ei'MlieHN ...... mtmer*>o'l by Imve b* loHiinl to a ' for e\tc:i -o lew iod wbiil h ' ' 'tnlile a .......... w.iI b.'-c Ih iIiIi pc. 'tl*{H.-al blly ..,* Miner. p ' -i;ite- I ..... . :i < .Inc hif o,i'i. ,i!l\ . SONS 038657 fc vj UUK lKUL'HTItY TOlMY 1557 .befit only for 72 hr, offer require that milk should bo r*tr for right tiny*, or 1C two extension nervier* rec. ' milk from tike entire cow rniitiiiviid holding out milk unrtew. to (mint out that between .ua-mled rejection from the <i>l the** recommending rr- it the entire cow, the rnte 1 yr. vm similar. who fetd (hut nil milk from aid be withheld for 72 hr,, gorier bn* hern (rented. Thin (hut the milk from the un* nay Ik* mu'Hinl in every rethi* .^rm-(in' n henvv long of . will It m based on ijilr tlml no milk from a ,:!d le included in the milk from ihe point of view of otilling highly qnnliricd vet- :lier public health -mil; * agreement on to the . *e:o. row. Most eitrly rec. antibiotic* were to withhold nted i|uurter only. The (tiler j milk from (lie cnliro cow tear-* of jnmihio transfer ugh quailcr* ihnti from thr -imr milk from diseased row*. pre-ent system of withhold- fie entiro vow. (here in m* . ilk* from <iien*ed enw* arc roii-nim*r. Treatment with Miloililim* nil milk for 72 hr. Kill rulings hot if the and* live, t(ii< milk still omy be :i*ed eiiM'K utile** good elin1*- hy the producer or other ni|K, viii'li ns the Atnarwui 'hi Society, urn lormultdU''.,' 'ii-mhitii.iis. |hlTermiees iui'c :ioy hi'li.-vi- |o'....... Federal nil- itn*iii)l*-ti* and are ( ' lot'iiki.itmu lending |o nun- l`*w'tly !ior.| unit impr:"' ;-'ii> hi'.wii-u state* von umli - ' '*1' (he enoperatmu "'* hMlilo"lii*-i-iiiiiroi I'll I'rHOtiiMfhJJy by tllllicc** "t iiiiJh, and nil Uiin with**'' hill*' ' r),. **!Hioi'i*. ' tif ,,ri. b'l. f,i, *. The IV* d.'Mill..|| |||.|,(. (In' (IK" too Iaif .`iti(<bitn'. U'llr I'"-.1nulls !i wdiov* it it hi-imii. i. Kill in |i;*-t:* ** i. *il th.it n *'.' t in''*1'-1...... III..III.|>;.ti'rt.' with I"' Komi and Drug iilid nm*t university recom- recognition must he made of this fact, Wean** wciidnlionn on the use of antibiotic* for entile otherwise (he broad plans to eradicate diseases disease. Methods of analysis now available, but in cattle an* threatened, a result which ton may nut widely used, Imvc beeonic so sensitive ns to affect public health. The tuluve of nalihiotu? ninke tlio 7'2-hr. limitation on most nntihiotio therapy for cattle diseam*s is dependent U|mui |MV|inrn(ioiis obsolete. Utlier more sensitive ii wise interpretation of the cousHpiemeH of methods nre bound to follow, making detection minute truces of antibiotics in milk and sub. ut truces imirh easier mid longer tluiii now sequent realistic control recommendation*. [nihsible. This is the ultiioiite emirse of zero lulrrnnce. It has no ending. HI M MAHY Strict adherence U> n |>o)iev of r.ero toleinnee lor nnlihiiKirs in milk enn only lend to the The great dilfcrrures in rrroumirudatious hr* ultimate nbomlimment of ontihioties us n tlier- tween extension service* about retention^ of -i|iy meiijiim* lor rattle disease, hrenuse most antibiotic pi1**] hi nil ion**, even todny, cun not milk from treated cows; the lack of good data on the effect of minute concentration* nf imtt. swlisl'y the legal requirements. On the other biotic residues on public health, and the incon Iliniid, if interested workers mid henllh officials sistency of federal laws which insist on rero mild accept the limiting sensitivity of 0.05 tolerance hut which have not been able to : l.U. penicillin per milliliter ns the pructienl eliminate all commercial drugs leading to in j minimum level for enforcement and for exten* fractions of zero tolerance principle* are till | >mn recommendations, most of the problems there for us to ponder. j uld Ik* solved, liimniinch ns the rood and A solution to these problem*, |H*rltp*. lie* llrng Administration ]M*rsonnrl use tests iti the in the bringing together of the divergent group*, iield with this sensitivity, there is every reason followed hy the formulation of uniform and ; I" Ikclicvc (lint they consider it ns the pructienl realistic control proposal* that arc acceptable ( nt-idl' point for action. to the dairy industry and to regulatory group*. Public hrnffh ospetT*. The public health men* 1 .<* i.f minute (ruees of iintibioiies in milk, in HEFKHRXIKS this writer'll opinion, him never been studied . 'ii a truly scieuliiic basis. The skimpy research i n*iH.rts on this subject concent themselves with * "iilv a few eases mid generally lack projH-r ! "'iitniU. If the Width problem is so acute, why j ' past years have no large, wel]*cnti|roiled < *'i|N>i'imea(s licru conducted in hospitals under . ur mimei-ous public health research grants f I "hv have health deportments generally Imen (1) Amuhican Pi'iu.ic ]1r.vLTit Association. Stamlnrd Mellonla fur the KsaiHiaiithm of Kairv Product*. 11th ed. New York. X. Y. 1'HiO. (2) Itl.OliKI., M. Cvureiitratioas of Pcuicillin hi Milk Secretion amt ltlua.l Menoa of Cow*. J.A.V.M.A.. i;*7: 1IU. IPUa. (.1) Kintiikm, M. it., (Utiinik, It. S.. .Iohxmox, 8. If., A.vIf KOSIKOWSKI, P. V. 1*npilliHslieil data. Carncil t'aivenity, Jtli.ica, X. Y. ' '''liU'lmit to iiHsign personnel mol proper I'neili ' lor extensive eheekiug of violul irx, nr why -ire mi few viMtatiMW lieco l*Kally |M*onlixelf hid shot has happened to milk with known j I'liH'tahlc amounts of penicillin.' Into what i.aioets was It dimitedf ( These ijuestioas are raised because, if a pub* , v Is'idth problem does exist, all the means at (-1) >'oo AX 0 A DM l.xisTKA'rioX. Tentative . .Methods for the Jletcrnnnation of Aali* (duties in Milk. Mimeographed pul.licalioo. Knud and Drag A'lmiuistration, iVashing- loll, 1). 1 Itee. Aug ust, t**:W (5) P IXfX, J . J., K IMIK, M., Ilotisox, M. . A v o Thomas, 8. It. The 11 nci.leto e of Pi'tiicilha In Milk Sii|qdl .1. 8ik'. 1 airy Tec haul., ; ;r dts|Nisul must bn nstsl to prevent even 1 -htlv mntnmimited milk from reaching the * '"muter. Present utieoullrmeil medieal evi' '"* dates that the smallest traces still found 1 '"ilk nre 5<l to Kit) times greater than tin* !l*'live human ran tolerate, hut if it enn be '"tilhiiby proved that no public health proh- ltd: HI. i?'.*.;. C > Wins, P . S., \ x o Mr l.i'im, l< It. The INii million i if I'clii rill IH m ItloOil S, -lintl and Milk of Itovillc * After lot lamiiscolaif hr i.-clioiM, .1. fo mp. ;Pathol.. :.di ;`a. IIHil. (7) \Voux, A . J,, AS If Kosikows Kl, K . V. Por mnlhoi <I<f Mac leliiil lol.ilo tore XlOles in Whey Agar by Kaw Milk. t.` I airy Sci., "* ''lisls al our present new low levels, then 41: :t4. ItfAH. 03^8 0386^ HONS t1 .Da/ r* st; S2(%Jt Di-io i t)~i& Previously Unrepnried-Jdorout Compounds In Jterile .Concentratedjklmmilk O. W. PARKS and C. ALIEN. JR. Dairy Product* Laboratory, Agricultural Research Servlet U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 20250 Abstract Odorous compounds in acidic and nonacidic fractions of a diethyl ether ex* tract of sterile concentrated skimmilk were investigated by gas-liquid chroma* tography and mass spectrometry. Twelve compounds not previously observed in - ftyfila milk* are reported. Reactions ether than Dioio usually-associated with changes in sterile milks during produc tion and storage may form off-ff*vors In theso products. Introduction Identification of compounds in the stale fla yer which develops in sterile milk during stop go has been the subject of numerous investi gations. Evidence implicates products of the Mafllford reaction and compounds of nonoxidative lipid origin in the ofT-uavor of tftls product (8). In several studies, compounds have been identified whose origins cannot ho explained readily on the basis of accepted chemical path ways (1, 3, 0). This study was undertaken to identify further odorous compounds In sterile milks with the ultimate goal of better under standing reactions to these products during manufacture and storage. Experimental Procedure Stcrilo concentrated skimmflk, purchased at looal retail outlets and having flavors typical of this product, wus dried with a Virtis Freeze Drying Unit (Virtis Research Equipment, Cardiner, New York1). One hundred grams of the dried slerilo skimmilk were added to 500 ml of diethyl ether (distilled over sodium hydrox ide pellets) in a 2-litor round bottom Unix. Hw mixture was stirred magnetically while 10 ini of distilled water wero added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 10 min, transferred to a Soxhlct extractor, and extracted for 4 Itr. Sr;uiroiioR Info acidic and nonacitHc free- ItiTrlwl for publication September 8, 1072. ' Tiado name* ro mentioned for identification, Implying tut rmlorM-mvrtt. tioru. The diethyl ether extracts of four 100 g batches of freeze-dried sterile skimmilk were extracted with 100 and 50 ml of a 102 aque ous solution of sodium carbonate to remove acfdlo compounds. The pooled diethyl ether layers, containing the nonacidic components, were dried overnight with sodium sulfate and reduced to volume to approximately 10 ml to a flash evaporator (Bucluer Instruments, Inc., New York, N.Y.) at 25 C. The nonacidic com pounds were separated from the residual skim milk lipids in the reduced ether extract with a variation of the method of Wong and Parks (15). The reduced ether extract was added in 5 ml portions to 5 g of Celite 545 to a mortar, and toe ether was allowed to evaporate at .room temperature. The residual lipid end fla vor extract were mixed thoroughly with the Ccllte, packed into a 1.2 X 20 cm chromato graphic column, and tlve nonacidic compounds eluted with redistilled acetonitrile. The first 10 drops (ca .4 ml) of acetonitrile eluting from the column contained a sufficient concentration of compounds for gas chromatographic analy ses. Tlie sodium carbonate extracts were acidi fied to approximately pH 2 with concentrated HCt ana extracted three times with a total of 250 ml diethyl etlier. These ether extracts con taining the acidic fractions from the four 100 g batches of powder were combined, dried with sodium sulfate, ami evaporated to dryness to a flash evaporator at 25 C. Immediately af ter cvoporation of the lost traces of ether, tho acidic fraction was dissolved to 25 ml of methylene chloride (dried with sodium sul fate) and evaporated under a stream of nitro gen to a volumo (ca .3 ml) suitable for gat chromatographic and mass spectral analyses. When feasible, weakly acidic compounds were separated from the stronger acids on a Cclilo column containing 2 g analytical grade Ccltie Impregnated with 1.6 ml of a saturated aque ous solution of potassium l>ic.ul>on;ttC. A methylene chloride solution (5 ml) of tho add fraction was |wreohted through the Oelilc-hfcarbonuto column. Tho column was washed with an additional 5 nil of methylcnu chloride, and tin* total diluent containing the weak 328 KONS 038660 adds i under Acil' from 4 mnnnc Cos kr sep. tire r. LKD ' wnd 3 respot Comp stated thylei ado o don, ( ABS. tiw f The flame stream part t lowed collect tnatog splitti and tl min o Th. Monii 20 ev speett poum const, flash maint Tam.!' Non** 1-Oct. 6-Tra* birth MVCiniu Elhvl Skato* Arid 1 Sain* Mvtir Ktlnl Phem o-c.. , AiLEN, Jit Wareh fiorvlca 0. C. 20260 of four 100immllk wci* * JOS aque to removo ielhyl ether components, sulfate and ly )0 ml in mrots, Inc* leddlc com* sJdua) skim* extract with g and Parks -as added in ins( ftar, -vapdtate. at pin and fla* ,!y with llte in chromato compounds The wit 10 hiting from oncentration jphic analy* were acidl* onerntratod li a total of streets oon* <o four 100* ined, dried J to dryness ptdi.iiely af* J t-ihcr, tlio 2T> ml of mnIiiimi sul* mi of nit/o* 4ile for gas i*l analyses, .'muds weio mi a Celito ,',m'!i Celtic r-trd squolliiUl-ltc. A (*l; Itld was w.i\U-d in- iUmihIi-, the wriik M.AVOM IN CONCXNTAATXD 9KIMM1UK 329 acids was evaporated to approximately .3 ml under a stream of nitrogen. Acidic and nonacidic fractions extracted from 400 g of freeze-dried raw skimmilk in the manner described served as control samples. Cor liquid diromatography (CLC) and mast tftcctrotnciru (MS). Cas chromatograph* ic separation of trie extracts was pcrfoimcd on the I'crkin-Ehncr Model 900 CLC and the LKB 9000 CLC-MS with 1.52 m X .32 cm and 3.04 m X .32 an stainless steel columns, respectively, and helium as the carrier gas. Components of the nonacidic extract were sep* arated on column packings containing 7.56 ethylcno glycol adipate with 2% phosphoric add on Anakrom ABS (Analabs, Inc., Ham* den, Conn.) and 106 Apiczon L on Anakrom ABS. Separations of tho acidic fraction used tho former diromatographic material. The Perkin-Elmer 900 is equipped with a flamo ionization detector with the hdium stream split 15 parts to the exit port and one part to the detector. Tho splitter assembly al lowed for odor evaluation and. wlicn required, collection of compounds eluting from the duomatogiwpldc* column. The flash heater and splitter assembly were maintained at 230 C and (lie column was programmed at 2.5 C per min over a range of 90 to 190 C. 7110 LKB 9000 uses a Total Ion Current Monitor to detect the compounds (ionized at 20 ev) eluting from tlto CLC Column. Mass spectra were obtained on the eluting com pounds at an electron energy of 70 ev and a constant accelerating voltage of 3.5 kv. The flash heater and molecular separator were maintained at 220 C and the column was pro grammed from 00 to 190 C at 2 C per m(o. Result* and Discussion Preliminary studies detet mined those odor* out compounds common to various samples of stcrilo skimmilk. This was accomplished by smelling the effluent of the gus chxomatograpn during analyses of the acid and nonacid frac tions of extracts of four different commercial brands of the product. Based on these initial studies 20 areas corresponding to retention times of odorous compounds, common*to all four samples, were selected for further analy ses end identification. Table 1 lists compounds in tlto selected group which have been identi fied positively or tentatively and have not been reported previously in sterile milks. The presence of l-octen-3-onc and 6-trani* noncnal in sterile conccnlr.itcd skimmilks sug gests that low lipid oxidation occurs in spite of the reducing conditions in these products (8). Insufficient sample was available Tor posi tive mass spectral identification of these two compounds, and they were identified tentative ly on retention data mid their highly character istic odors. Although l-octen-3-onc and 6-trnns-nonenal were not observed in extracts of freczc-dricd raw skimmilk, their formation during freeze-drying and extraction procedures cannot be ruled out completely. Identification of mcthional further supports the role of Strcckcr degradation in the olf-flavors arising in heated daily products. Shocker degradation products previously reported in heated milk systems include mcthylnropana), isobutyraldchyde, phcmlucctaldclivne, and bcnzaldchyde (8, 10). The latter compound Taklk 1. Compounds Identified In ethyl ether extract of sterile concentrated skimmilk. Nonacid fraction Retention times* Apiczon L ECA-M.PO. Mass spectra* Odor* l-Octen-3-ono 0-Trans-noncni) Mcthional 2-1'ltcitykihanol Cinnainaldehydo Ktliyl dnnamato Skutulu + + ... j. ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ T + .. .* + ++ ++ ++ ++ Avid fraction KnliL-yhiliMiyde Mrtliyk-yclpcntane-I,2-dione ]'.(l>)'l->('lu|M-ulanc-).2-dione I'lH'MyliiccUu acid* O-Cnsol + ++ + ++ 4* + + + ++ + ++ * Agn-vim-nt with aut)H`i>tic compounds. * Iiuiiilulcnl sample* available for analysts. * l'i*M-Mt in raw skimmilk. Jovinm or Dauv & unci Vol. M, No. ) HONS 0 3 8 6 6 1 330 PARKS AND ALLKN Apparently alio can arise at a product of tho carumclizaUon of sugars (5). Skatol and O-cresol have been reported in various manufactured dairy products (4, 12). Although the origin of tliese compounds in the products investigated is not known, skatole is present in fresh milk of animals consuming various cruciferous plants (6, 7), O-crcsoH considered by Ferretti and Flanagan (4) to Ire a significant part of the stale flavor of dry fkimmuk, lias not been observed in fresh milk and apparently appears during heat treatment and/or storage. Phenolic compounds have been observed in products of sugar caramels Ration, but other precursors and mechanisms for their formation in sterile milk cunnot be ruled out (5). 3-Methylcyclopctanc-I.2-diono and 3ethytcyclopcutanc*l,2dione occur in sterile milks as a result of sugar caramciizntion reac tions (5). It it questionable if these two com pounds aro of major significanco in tho off-fl.ivors of sterile milk since tlicy oppurenlly luive relatively high flavor thresholds (10, 14) and occur at low levels in sterile milks. Positive identification of' 2-phcnvlethanoh phcnylacctic ucid, sulicylalddiydc, ethyl china* mate, and the tentative identification of cinnnmaldchydc is the interesting aspect of this study. Following identification in those areas of the chromatogram selected, further studies revealed that cinnamic and benzoic acids also were present in tho sterile skimmilks. However, tlvcsc two acids, in addition to phcnylacctic acid, were normal constituents of raw skimmilk. Presence of salicylic acid in sterile or fresh milks was not cstabiislied. However, based on its presence as a glycine conjugate in fresh milk (2), it is reasonable to assume that the free add also may bo present. identification of aromatic adJs, aldehydes, alcohol, uml oxter reported hi this study, in ad dition to identification of benzuldehydc (1, 11, 13), benzyl alcohol (11), and phcnylacctalde- hyde (13) reported in previous studies, sug gests that rend ions other than (hose previously proposed (8) for formation of flavor com pounds may be operative in landed milk sys tems. References (I) Arnold. H C., 1.. M, I.IMm'v, ami ft. A. Day. 10(10. Iih-nlkfu-alion of coni|>nncti In the stele flavor fraction of sterilized concentrated milk. J. Food Sd., 31:566. (2) Booth, A. N.. D. J. Bobblnr, and W. U DunJdey. 10(32. Oiccurrenco of tiJicylurio add In milk. Nature, 194:200. (1) Cobb, W. Y., S. Patton, and It. CriU. 1903Occurrence of vanillin in heated milks. J. Dairy Sd., 40:500. (4) Ferretti, A., and W. P. Flanagan. 1072. Steam volatile* of stale nonfat dry milk. The role of tile Maillard browning in staling. J. Agr. Food Ci*em., 20:005. (5) Hodgo, J, E. 1967. Pages 405-491 fn Sym posium on foods, etiemtstry and physiology of flavors. Edited by If. \V. Schultz, E. ADay, and L. M. Libbey. Avi Tublidxine Co., Westport, Conn. (6) Park, It. J. I960. Weed taints In dairy pro duce. I. Lcpidlum taint. J. Dairy Re*-30: -- (7) Park, R. J., and J. D. Armitt. 1908. Weed taints in dairy produce. It. Coronopiu or bird cross taint in milk. ). Dairy Res., 30: 37, ---------- (8) Turks, O. W. 1007. Pages 200-314 in Sym posium on food*, chemistry and physiology of-flavors. Edited bv H. W. Schultz, E. A. Day, and L. M. Libbey. Avi Publishing Co., Westport, Conn. (9) Parks, O. W., D. P. Schwartz, and M. Kee ney. 1904. Identification of O>aininoacvto plxenone as a flavor compound in stale dry milk. Nature, 202:185. (10) Fillet, A. O., P, Rilterslucher, and R. Muralidlioru. 1970. Flavor proper!(e* of com pounds related to mnhol and isomaltol. I. Agr. Food Ctiem., 18:029. (11) Ramslmw, E. 11., and E. A. Dnnstone. 1069. Volatile compounds associated with the ofTflavor In stored casein. I. Dairy Res.. 30: 215. (12) Ramriinxv, E. H., and J. Lean*. 1971. Volatilo components in casein after exposure to UV light. IRtli Intern. Dnlr)' Coitgr. lEfsre. A.21):(M. Sidney, Australia. (13) Sranlan, It. A., R. C. Limhay, L. M. l.ibbey, and E. A. Day. I96S. HiMt-indurcd volatile compounds in milk. J. Dairy Sri, 51:1001. (14) Shaw, P. E., J. If. Tatum. T. j. Kew, C. J. Wagner, Jr., and R. E. Berry. 1070. Tasto evaluation of non-enzynuc Ixroxxnhxg comoimds from orange powder and use of inIhilors. J. Agr. Fora! Clu in, IN: D13. (15) Wung, N. P.. and O. W. I'.i.U lOtifl. Simple lciiiiil([iic for extr.M'ting fl.ixnr (xnnpimnib from fatly foods. J. Dairy Sri, 51:17(18. )tw*H4i. or Omu Some* Voi. M, No. % HONS 03B662 Comparisor Somatic (e Tlie chi * program should be natc betxx below the bmlt. Berk been ad.ij) dclvnninc test achicx milk samp* cent of m. that critic method to pic pojml. various set. pie k>ad ro procedure, ' and the Di Count as a lowest tost tests In the The Imu percentage sis are di*' produce dc Introduction Murphy (S Whiteside Tvt chronic bovine N (16) deviv rapidly aceejv searelxer* Mn entntaxe aclixi! were undeig'U* 21). In theV./' tent as a i|iu shifted emphas tu l.ilntrattirv v for cmirniMilv x Tlio rexidt xx .ix Rccrixrd fur | * tnxiniMXM.il | I Mix tin-4 ext i' cinlten, Virgini r thmt tMit, lU.it l MQNS 03U663 j ..flurVy -Su' Factors Influencing the Production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A in Milk S. *. TATINI and J. 1. JtZISXP Department of Food Science nd Industries, University of Minnesota St. Peul SStO) w J. C. OLSON. JR., and E. ft. CASMAN Division of Microbiology, Bureau of Science, Food and Drug Administniim Washington, D.C. 2020< limit |0 |. grntt 1 tiili i Idub. M mil ...tilt. TIi. Abstract The influence* of the initial bacterial count and heat treatment of raw whole milk and the initiul pH of sterile reconstituted nonfat dry milk on growth and enterotoxin A production by Staphylococcus atirctis were evaluated. In milk relatively free from competing microorganisms, an 5. aureus population of 2 to 3 million per milliliter was associated wills delectable cnli-nitnxin A. It was detented after <1 to tl liours in low-count raw milk or Hterile re constituted nonfat dry milk inoculated itiitially with HP to 105 S. aureus per milliliter. Though S. aureus reached 2 to 3 million per millitilcr in eommereinl raw milks, no enterotoxin A was detected. Growth inhibition of S. nerctij in raw milks may or may not always result in simulta neous inhibition of enterotoxin A produc tion. Good growth and detectable cnleroto.xiu A resulted in heal treated raw milk (pnstourixed or heated at Gfl.fl C for Id sec). Knlorotoxiit A was produced in storile reconstituted nonfat dry* milk tit initial pH'a of 4.5 to G.5 (adjusted with JICI). At pH 4.5 lectio nciil was bnclcri* ctdnl to S. aureus. Though cheese and dry milk were implicated in outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning Received for publication September 18, 1870. 1 ]*i)icr 77.94, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Kxperiment Station, St. Paul. * Taken front datii tuibinittcd to tlic Ortolan!* School faculty nt tho University of Minnesota by the Mentor uulltur in p:tr(i:i) ftitlilbociiL of tho rv|ulrcitifuts for the J'li.D. dourer. 3 This research project w:in Niipportnl in part by Kraut fU > from the National renter tor Vrl.ait mill Imln-aintl Ifoalilt, I'SIMtS, < I'poM-nt mlilr.ss: Deportment of Itotany mid Microbiology, Montano State I'nivervify, Pozemim 6U7IS. (2, 3, 20), fluid milk Jo only very rarely im plicated in such outbreaks (10, lft) . [lue to latk of a reliable and practical in vitro test .V detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin*, nutrh of the early research was directed toward fee . tors that influence growth of stnphyloroeri, in eluding enterotoxigenic Staphylocoeeui aurr>. , Recent development of serological procedure* for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxin* is rw tributing to knowledge on factors which in flucncc enterotoxin production in food produri- i Depending upon production iiml *onitalt-'i | practices on farm* a* well as the stomp* lew- J pbrrtturc, tho baetcrial plate fount (SPO >.i | raw milk may vary from few thousands up I" | 1 X 10 per milliliter or more for Grade raw milk to 3 million per milliliter for maw: fucturing grade raw milk. $. uureus cotiUtaim lion of raw milks mny vary; Guido A milkmay contain few S. aureus cells, 10 to 3.3** per milliliter (D), whereas, manufacturing pr:nl-' raw milks mny contain over 1 x It**1 *i*3,,f milliliter. Poor growth of S. aureus in mixol populations (7, 14, 17), the hick of growth *i common storage temperature* of raw or tcumod milks, ami the low inrulrmr of enh'rtoxigenie S. aureus in the dairy environin'''(0, 11) may have contributed to the rare i< volvement of fluid milk in staphylococcal poisoning. While there may Im* no growth S. aureus in milk stored nt below 4 0, dnrir; processing of milk products nt higher 1"' pern tares, there is ample opportunity i> growth of thin organism. Heat treatment milk is very common in processing dairy pr.-' net*. Heating mny vary from I'm (I i* for !' Kccmids to 121 0 for 15 minute*, dependi*-: upon the intent of heating. Abo, pH may lrf important and limy vary from nlmnt pit *> in iloid milk to below pll 5,0 in enllured products. There is very little information sv.r' able on the clFoctx of natural envitotoi" 1 factors mi enterotoxin A production hv ' >n milk. In I he only report of i-otvioto\in A pro-'"* tion in mil*- *'-o.-tlv et nl. (12) otacrvol p"'' , SIS -tit a' l-xin ip* Tv -: \ i,U I'V-t 0. mul 11.. nt. r. t SONS 038664 I STAPHYLOCOCCAL RXTEROTOXIX A 313 *. J. 1JKXfSKt nf S. rtiirrnr in row milk* of gmtlrv , )lt* SIT per milliliter a* compared to ..r milliliter. Further, they observed good of S. anrcus nod vnterntoxm A prodne- w lower SIT raw milk* a* wall ** in min) wn* dour lit n water hath wlillo the high* temperature short-time (IIT.^T) method was done with n (`herry-Hum*!! pasteurixafion unit. Rlemniiig of milk was performed in u steam ekest with free flowing steatn. Y Minr *. Pu! 5b i; i. t. CASMan \Atfminhn,o D.c. ?o; vry rarely o l. Dm* In 1> vitro test >, olu.vhis, mu. ` t ..unit rnw milk* after pasteuwathm. at .5. mirmi population* of about 50 n (Mr milliliter am) a minimal incubation liMiira ol 35 C were required to result A in milk. < purpose of this investigation wax to i aiMitioonl information relative to efforts >.itini lini'tcml fount ami lirnt treatment of ' .. lift: mnl (lie initial |>I1 of sterile reeon,ii.| iinnfnt dry milk on growth nml cnloro: t. A iMoilndiim l>v two strains of S. aitreif*. lit experiments involving the eflYrt of the initial pll of sterile nonlat dry mill;, the pll was adjusted alter sterilization (just before use) with sterile x JIC1, 10% lactic neid, or x XnOlI. The pll of milk was measured with a Corning, Model 12, or llcckmnn, Model 11-2. j>1l meter. Krom 400 to 750 ml of the test milks were placed in sterile, 1-liter, cotton-plugged Krlcnmeyev flasks containing about 150 glass heads (4 mm diameter) to help break up bnrlerinl clumps during the enumerating procedure* and >1 (owned in. diylocoeei, ii '.piimtnfal Pfterduret were tempered to 32 or 37 O before inoculating with the S. oitmin culture. "Off Hi* rtr. !. a) proredui.* toxin* it. r* which ii. _ t. rairroto.vin A producing strains of S, Mli'Higuntrd JOCK and K2U5 (phage pnt* ' 0/47/53/54/77/83A/84 + and 53/54/75/ * \ >1+) W the test organism* which dif- Pluling procedure*. Counts of S. mireos were ohlained by giulaee plating, in duplicate, 0.1 ml of the appropriate dilutions of sample onto prepoured and dried plates of Staphylococcus mihI |hiuIin i ii! 'l.ih-'i ti'ir. H (NIT) i iiinmU up I:'r Oriole A r for iiihhii n* roMtomiim 'Nilv A milk* jo to :!.> i*ltirr*ir K'1"1, X 10* |H- Hx in mive.! of growth * row or |mi* <T Of CtlletN" environment lilt* ;iv in orm-i'iil f"l i growth i'l 1 (\ iltlMM! !n:;her I*'"' itimiiy l"1 H-flfllir|d *( iliiiiy prod Ili C ('( , l|*-f tfllallllpll may he lit |*lI i "l in their sensitivities to heal nml penicillin. ' ii.- rUOu won more sensitive to heat than . K. being inaetivnted in eight minutes an j i-itn-il to 3K minutes for J0GK in whole mill: '*(*. Culture F203 was also more sensitive inni.illiii (bun llluM, being inhibited hy 0.5 h an vinnparcd to over 50 units for 100R. culture* were routinely propagated and ntnim'il in sterile reennstituted nonfat dry ' ll(l% solids w/v) with transfers at thru** i;ili intervals' using KJ imK'iilmn into 100 f rlerile m/mstitutod nonfat dry milk in 'w U|i dilution buttles for transfer. After (IK hour* incubation at 32 or 3? C, these tim-s wen* stored at 4 ('. At least two run* siiive trunsl'ers were made prior to iimciilnltiig niitnroH into lest milks. The amount of ilium to uhtiiin the desired initial S. ttttrnti 't in the test milks varied from 0.1% to !; fv/v). 'nr tintl lnitlUntf o/ test w/lfr. With the ''I'h.rti of eoiitioereial ruw milk, raw wlmli; , siis nhiuiind from individual cows at the ivci.itv dairy held. lyOW.eount WW milks 'O* "htuiiied rnnii individual rows by either i.d or Mm.'bine milking lifter eiirefull.v sun* aiy the inlder and diveiirding the (lr-l feu* ''`.me of mill.. Maw milks of high initial SKC * btaihed by ineiibalint? tile hw-e.,init raw ' k :rjIII ..I- :i7 t l*.r three to eigbl hours aimltier |iMrtim id the Imv i-.iiiiit mw milk t * o-hiterated. At the end of ineiibiiliou the I .........ant taw milk wsi\ stored along with tlie Medium 110 <SI 10}. After spreading the inoculum, the plates were incubated nt 37 C for 43 hours nml an additional 24 hours nt room temperature to promote' pigmentation of 9. oarea* colonies. The two test strains of ft. amcnn {JJUJI'J and V205) produced deep orange yellow colonies on (he Si 10 medium. The stun* ilanl plate counts were done according to Standard Methods (1) using pour plates and plate count agar (l)ifco). Sample* of milk laken at t)ii*<o plating intervals were cooled immediately in mi ire water hath and then stored at --20 C until tested for cnU'iotoxin A. J'rovrihties for iletrctiug ruh roto.iin .1. The extraction procedure of I'aMium and Bennett described hv Zeliren mid Jtehren (20) was u*ed to separate vnterotoxin A fmiu lOfl.nd volumes of milk. The microslide iimniino.blfnsion teebnif|tie nf Oismnu and Itenuetl (5) was used for assaying enlemloxin A. Tin* ipumlilulivc recovery hv this extraction pi.n-r.lurc fur si-paruting enleroloxin A and (be assay by the mien.slide terhniipie wim estimateil to he about ott'I. Tin* Kciisitivily nf extraclion and H-say fur the smallest mmnmt nf eiitmuinxin in 1OO ml milk which gave a positive entcroloxin (e| was 0.25 pg. Rctwfft To determine the minimal tff. aarea* pnpttlu- li.oi ami miiiimal lime le|uired to revolt in deterl:dde eiit.lotoxiii A, sterile iceom-titnted ilmi'l tl.iii' '"Hit i.i>c milk ;i( t (' until u*ed. /miil.'d <!*> milk was inoeidafcd uilb a 15- f> ' atmn avail- )) ! lempi'iMtun* long lime un tliod !' 1<li..iir ciillmc ul X. Mio.ih f jii.'i nt diricieiit 111 ii iitl ) t. n.i/uli.m mill. < I/I I/!*. Il'J S (' for 311 iiiili.d p.ipuliiti.ois nf Ml', lit', |i- pci* milbliter ii..i >' *: V.m .* I No. :< . .t j.| .tir- < M is <o O <o o 314 TATINI ET AL. nnd incubated At 33 C for 24 hotir*. Ths r anils ore in Figure 1. A plus sign ( + ) indicates detectable enterotoxin nnd a negative sign { --) iinliintca none. Tin* absence of a sign At any plotted point indicates no enterotoxin test was performed. Enterotoxin A was detected after 4 hours with the high initial inoculum of 10s per milliliter. Willi lower initial inoculn of 104 or JO'1 per milliliter, enterotoxin A was de tected after eight hours. Enterotoxin A was detected with nt least about 3 million S. aureus per milliliter regrndless of time (4 or S hours) to reach that population or of the initial inoculum of 10a to 10s per milliliter. The earlier appearance of enterotoxin with n greater initial inoculum ns compared to lesser inocoln may have been due to the highest numbers of S. atiretit in the shortest lime or the carry-over of more enterotoxin from the souiec inoculum or of both. Kcsulfs simitar to S. aureus F'Jfi.) for mhiinml population and incubation required to result in detectable enterotoxin A were also observed with S. aureus 19GB. With initial inoculn of 10* to 10s per milliliter, at 37 C enterotoxin A was detected after six hours of incubation nl n minima) S. aureus 1PGE popula tion of about 3 million per milliliter. Minimal &. aureus F2G5 populations associ ated with detectable enterotoxin A in reeonntituted nonfat dry milk per milliliter was about 3 million on 81J0 medium, about 4.6 million on pinto count agar, and about G.5 million cells by the direct nmroscopic procedure. To determine minimal incubation time and minimal population of Si. aureus associated with delectable enterotoxin A in raw whole milk, both Htrnihs were inoculated separately at two I'd.. J, Crnulli noil enleniliisin iirniluclliin liy .S', annus (I'.'iift) in Ntcritu iccniimilutcii m.iifat dry nrifl. at Jg C\ Juvkku, or Jmih Ken *': Vui., f.t. No :i Flo. 2. Growth and catcrotoxia prodm-timi ' S. aureus lit nseptlciillv drawn raw whulc in > (SO per ml. 8PC) at 37 C. -- lfl'Ji:: A A F2G5. ' ! j initial populations (103 nnd 10J per milliliht I into raw whole milk of SO SPC per uiillihi- from two individual cows. Growth curves :v. times nt which enterotoxin was detected an- : Figure 2, Beginning with high initial cihim of both S. aureus strains, enterotoxin A r detected after 4.5 hours and after six I....: with low initial inoculn. These results similar to those for sterile reconstituted mm!..: dry milk in which minimal population* a- sociofcd with enterotoxin A were a bout 2 mrllr-: with strain F205 ami 3 million per miililiv with strain 1P0K ns enumerated on SI I" medium. Tlius there was no mensurable di:` fercnce in enterotoxin A production in *hu- reconstituted nonfat dry milk or in low-cote.', raw whole milk. Ileal treatment of raw milk is widely tm-! in processing dairy products. Pasteurization raw milk at G2.S C for 30 minutes or 71.7 <' for 15 seconds is mandatory for public In-oil reasons; whereas, steaming or sterilization i- Used to further extend the keeping qunlit) to provide other elmmclemtifs in the prodm: Also, high heat treatment may be usnl (> >" prove the physical and Davor chnrnetei jstics certain dairy products. Depending upon lb extent of healing, there can he varying d*gfo- of hint.induced changes such a* reduction `` viable bacteria, in:u tivnlion nl' eiiz>mr*. d< Maturation nl' proteins, deslruetinii nt sonic senlial aminn arid-., Tlie degree of lo -t imlined changes im-icascd in Ihc follow e.' order: heating nt lf.ti f tor U In tli second . jms|eui'i/al ion at H2.S (' for 311 miunt'- 71.7 t* lor 15 seeonds, hl.-aining, and sieiili-' lion at l'JI (' for 15 minutes. )l is m>t ),mm- f \ j : | . . ' j j law Kio. 3. Effect of )i milk on growth and X. (itm-iur f F2U5) a' :'.5oo/ml SI'O: c SI'C): A--A Milk minutes; Mil' 1--O Milk outovhiM hw certain of tin-- eiilc-rutoxin A prmh The effect of he.i tileroloxin A prod low-count raw whole *ws. 4>'. iircn* l-'J' mid its heated mil!.I' paw milk of 2.m> these were incubated "i Figure 3. 5. ur. !1 i - a------------ >4-- lit* Via. 4, (ininiii ntmle mtlti al ' "'I *1*0 ; ;\ A X' ndnuies i I,::.......' s.i '-r to .. ,-. . H it. ''awed u>r :: mo HONS 03A666 BTAl'IIYbOCOCCAT, KNTKUOTOXIX A 3)5 -* II it (i.MluHion by mu 'wind* mil* ; A--A * per millilitei) (' per milliliter wilt curves him! Jet -I lire in i h, ,1 count* mlnxii) A wiii ifler nix IhmU'k i* result* won' f1 it tilt'd iMint'll! mpuliitiunt Hi' 1 ub<nl 2 million i |M>r milliliter iltlll on Stlf iti'ii> itnitile rlit u-limi in tdcrih' rr in low-cmml U w iili ly used a-tHti iioitiiiii <' iiiti'< or T1.7 l r public health *|i'n!i*!iti'*n * niii',* qmihty ill |*H |lM**lll` I I,.' II* 111 ....... . i;u !i | i-ti**** l!l|.; UpOU I1"' vary it*'- dogrre<* rtin*tiou i" l` 11,/Mtll*. Ml lit ***"' ............... iu. riOi"'"1 ' I.. Hi ......",!*;m in*' ,r . nil" : ';:v It H ll't fl - *---- 1 1 -Aj--i * t II Ml Tmt el incebalien (heuit) Flo. 3. I'/Terl of host treatment of raw whole milk on growth and cntcrotuxin production by 5. aunua (K2t5) nl 32 C. O--G Haw milk <S,f.O0/rnl 8rc)j 0--0 Hnw milk (2,000/ml SI*C); A--A Milk heated nt 02.8 C tor 30 nihmtn; -- Milk steamed for CO minutes; D--O Milk autoclaved (121 C for J5 minutes). taw certain of these heat treatment* influenre tiitfiotoxin A production in milk. Tlie clTcet of heating milk on growth and enlevutoxin A production was determined in luw.counl raw whole* milk from two individual ' raws. S. aitrcn* F2tl5 was inoculated into raw ' sad it heated milks (nil from the same hatch 1 if raw milk of 2,000 SI'C per milliliter), and ilnsf were incubated nt 32 C. The results are j in Viptm* 3. S. anrrn* grew much hrttor in the , IM. fliuHlh Mini i-nl ril'!<iii (riMliivlion by ` Ok.'Uf,) in raw mid Jicaicil rMinercial ' ' ini Ik :i| 3" 0. O O h'aw milk (tt.fi millinh/ ' A A Milk in-iit.d m *>2.m r for an , " *,s M.aiiMAut sro); n n Milk twated 72 < I'' (1 .iiiin/ml xi'O): - Milk lut ::u mimit.-M (<ao/ml K!`C). 1 healed milks, reaching a maximum of over 10" per milliliter but only 7 X 10u in the raw milk. There were no mensurable differences of prac tical significance in growth of S. utirciin among the heated milks. Knlerotnxin A was detected in at) heated milks after 12 hours. No citterntoxin emild he detected even niter 3(1 horn-'* in raw milk even from nt) S, annus population of 7 million per milliliter earlier associated with entcroto.viu A (Fig. 2). It in possible that the cnlcrotoxin may have been destroyed or more likely Us synthesis whs inhibited bv competing microorganisms in the raw milk. Kntcrotoxin A was detected in another hatch of raw milk of 2,500 RFC per milliliter in which $. minus reached a much higher population of ) -X 10* per milliliter than that cited nhovc. Thu most common heat treatment of raw whole milk lor cheese nmking is pasteurization nt G2.S C for 30 minutes or 72 C for J j seconds, the latter being most commonly employed. Heitor ot nl. (17) reported a heat labile inhibitor in raw milk that was not inactivated by pas teurization nt 71.7 C tor 17 seconds hut was inactivated by flowing steam. Consequently, it would be desirable to a-scss the inllnenee of paaicnri-Aalion of raw milk t C2.S C for 30 mintiles (LTLT) or 72 C for Id second.-- (11TRT). or of steaming for 2U minutes on growth and entcrotoxin A production by S. aim ns. Com mercially produced raw whole milk was cmployed. Two dill'emit initial itmcnln of 11 < and ltV* 5. immr.* per milliliter were used in the raw milk and only one initial level of |u per milliliter for p:i*lrurized and steamed milk-. The results nve in Figure *1. e>\ nnreas grew well in pasteurized or steamed milks, hut there was no growth in raw milk. It reached a maximum of over 10s* per milliliter in the ptrnvi/cd milks regardless of method, LTLT or 1ITST. S. /i* grew belter early iu the steamed milk ms compared to IITRT pnifenvi/iNl )nilk. This may have been due to dilferenec iu initial SIV of these milks prior to inoculating S'. nr,<; < 3<t per milliliter in the steamed milk ver-ns 1,00't in the pasteurized milk. Fnterotoxiu A w* detected in pasteurized and steamed milks niter eight hmica, hut mote was drterted in raw milk even after 21 hours. A 2-fold inerease in S. tinnns in raw- and n ft.Vftdl itwvvttse in steamed milk after Vonr linniN xvere similar to n-alU of Iteitrr et al. (17) who reported a 2-fold inerea-e of lliiorgnni-nu in raw milk mol a 7tM'dd im iea-e in steima'd milk after live Inatr-*. t'ontiary to (heir results, we obtuined a J2 foM im rea-e of ,*C. min n* iu 11TRT pa-temi/rd milk as .-empai.'.l (o tin* 1.5-fold inerease olt-erved tv them, JueHNO.or i>aihv Sen:vet Voe. 5|. s,, x ^a66 * 31(i TATINJ ET At. Though .S', (imen* inemi*ed snuiewhut t*f in rinamed milk in the flint Tom' Imnrx, the eventual extent ol' itn growth xviis eomparahlc in 1ITST pasteurized innl *t earned milks. Luck ol'growth reported hy Jteiter et til, (17) in 1ITST pas teurized milk may have been due to u Rhnrt incubation of live hour*...... to possible presence of numerous tlieriundurir* in the raw milk ns well ns tlu* strain ol' S. ohicuk. ] lent treatment imieh lower tlmn puHlnms'U- tion is commonly employed fur Cheddar and ('o)hy cheese manufacture because flo.tl C for ft to ](I seconds substantially milieu* or com pletely climinntes S. aurrtt* in the raw milk inul liors not pruhmg ripening of choose such ns with pasteurized milk. Thu*, it wnuh] he of interest to determine whnt effort thin type of lient treatment nmy Imve on growth nml enterotoxin proilnrtion hy 8. amrii* in commercially produced milk. S. mireus J9CE was inoculated ul 10* nml 105 per milliliter in raw milk am) at 10* in the honied milks and inouhntod at 37 C. ItcsuKn of growth and enterotoxin pro duction nre in Figure 6. It grew better in hunted milks than in rnw milk even with the higher initial inoculum of 10s per milliliter. Kiitorotnxiu A wns. detected in bulb heated milks after six hours. Though S. anrcim reached about 8.5 million per milliliter, no enterotoxin A wns detected in the raw milk even after 21 hours. llernuse enterotoxin A wns detected in rnw milk of low SPC (Fig. 2) and not in rnw milk of higher RPC nt about the name S. wiwus population, this suggest* that competing micro organism* in rnw milk in kuihc way inliibited enterotoxin production. wlml,- mdk III :i7 t;. o O tinw milk (I.'.o.umo/ ml ; n-r I Milk healed at Im.II i: r..r hi .......... It Mil.'Hio/nil SIT): A A Milk healed ul l` for hi SIT). Jill IIN w. nr l< OKI Ml II. S. .. Vnt, f, I. No a j have been due t tion temperatur. 1 of competing Tamle 1. Sunrni: milk nml hoito Type of milk KlO. 0. Effect of Hie Initial hartcrlul rwn? (SPC) of milk on growth nml cntciotoxia Unit hy S. aureus (1'205). Trial 1 (32 0 Incubation) 0--0 Haw Milk (10/ml SPC): --O Incuhiiled rnw milk (P.nOO/ml BPO; -- liieuhntcil raw milk Iwnled nl li'J.< ' for 30 minutes (<30/nd UPC). Trinl 2 (37 C Incubation) 0--0 How Milk (tloO/inl SPC): Q--Q Iaeubnted raw milk {9 million/ml 8IV- The effect of the initial SPC of milk growth and enterotoxin A production w.e determined hy inoculating 5. nitreii.* K-v' into the following milks which were obtain'-*! from (he name batch of raw* milk: (u) l"* count raw, (b) high-eomit raw obtaiai'd In incubating (n), and (e) heated milk ol' low fount obtained hy boating (b). Figure show* the result* of two separate cxprrimrnl one in whifh tlu* milk* were infuliatcd at !- ' and the other at 37 C. S. ami'll* grew ooieh better in raw milk wit!. 40 RPC per milliliter than in raw milk 0,000, reaching over It)* and 3.5 X 10* >' narcMi* per milliliter, respectively. It aho go*-* belter ntid reached over 30* per milliliter rheated milk of <30 RPC per millilibr Kiiterotoxiii A was detected ill the low<C"*rnw mid heated milk* alter eight hour*', when-none could he delected in tlu* higher mind raw milk even niter 24 horns. Though if. iimrux showed growth in tow ami high-count raw milk* similar t- 'I'rial l, the magnitude of difference in man mum population attained in llnuc milk- * greater in 'I'rial 1. In low-coilut raw of holli trial*. .S', immu reaehi'd almat if* value maximum population. llo-pitc the he.'l-' initial SIV of high-count raw milk of Trial S', omrii* grew heller in thi* milk than >' high ..... ... raw milk of Trial l. This Knw Knw Knw Knw Iltnw Knw Knw I Iw* S Khw* / Kaw J Sterile nonfat d Sterile nonfat ! 1 Heated at Co.d t ItTST pnMcuri (heated at 72 for 10 sec) I.T1/T patenri. (heated tit 02 for JO min) Strained milk (100 C for t;` (100 C for J Sterilized 1121C for I * Mo\imu"> b'\il| t-t. '* ami * w,< . (-) Kit*., f l P.nt. HONS 038666 STAPHYLOCOCCAL KNTKROTOX1N A 317 i * -&sX 1 tu U.v diffarencc in the incubn* of both. Entcrotoxln A was detected after 13 * ,,.| u,uni'l-'.wd or possibly the type hours in the higher count raw milk of 9 million [ ef iv.iuj.r'in- n.iii\K'iL;:mism(s) involved or SPC per milliliter in which the S. eureta i in J. ci.,.ni,aiy yf icsults of cnteroloxin A production by S, aureus in raw or heated whole mu! }ii-jIi ! j u"i!jlilutcd nonfot dry milk. iitllihV LnvIvihiJ I,||ll Vltli'lvfaxfa lamlui- ! W'Ol ,,v .Ik SfO); iillk hvatvd al ,: '.S 0 KIT;. ml h. v') i ,!k : ini $PC of milk ' t A produvliun wii* ilip S. flurrM* KJIki vllil'll MVIV I'M ruw milk: O') l'*"' nut raw olitaiMitl hv I liiiitvil milk <r I'"'-.ting (). l'iuHYT 11 M-|i:irati' r.\|*vi iinviil^*. im-tihiiti'il l !'* 0 `hIIit in raw m*'1' than ill law I 'ilk 1,1 i- .....I 3,* X 10* >' |nt|hi'ly, ll l'" tfr,'w r )l) jar iniltiliUT i S|*C l*f mil!ilil``r- ... t. J in !* .1 i":,lil limn "In'iv '* I in tin* liitfli''*' ImiirH. mwiil uv*will vip*,>ni 1 miw milks t-iinil.ir I" |.| iliffi'tri.'i' in ill tin-- milk* ' Id k.H'1'..iiiil in" ' ulti-il ntuml ' ...........filli* III" lmm"' Hit inn milk "1 I rM* " in this milk llii'n 1 | ..I Trial I. Tliin Tjjwof milk 1 Haw Raw Raw Haw1' Raw* Haw ' In ilv iiiaifiil dry milk S|i i i|> miuftil dry milk Raw* . Iliatid nt cr>,6 C . I *a' ] C SCC* 11T&T jui`-tciirir.edfc { Miralcil At !' C \ farJGaoe) * i ,* ' k'H.T j.i.sfaiimed (Invited nt G2.SC far 30 min) 1 ,c 1 *i nnt'il milk , f10O C fur GO min) (100 C fur 30 min)* ^'riUjwd M:>1 C fr 15 min) Initial SPC (per ml) 40 80 80 950 2,000 2,500 9,000 350,000 6,500,000 9,000,000 0 0 16B.600 10,000 10,000 10,000 6,300 6,300 1,000 1,000 3,000 <30 <30 <30 1,300 1,300 <30 <30 <30 <30 0 0 Initial S. aureut inoculum S. aurM9 (per ml) 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10 (F265) (196E) (F205) (106E) 10* (F265) 10* (39GE) 10* Maximum* or minimum S. aurtut count (per ml) (millions) 22 2 3 62 7 110 3.5 33 0.6 IS 23 3 . 816 Entero* toxin A + + + + -- + -- -- -- + + 4* -- 10 + 73 -- 12 + 30* 10* (F205) 10* 10* 10* 88 + 75 + 1.9 -- 71 + 17 + 30* (F265) 10* 10* 30* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 30* 3.9 12 90 6 92 100 400 1 100 39 620 + + + -- + + + -- + + + * M i\ii-iiiin lumil with a ncgnlivc cnteroloxin tent nml miniimini vomit with a punitive cnlcm. win test. *' :i*.| <* \V11(. iivi, difTcmit biiti'h*** of eoimiM-rviRlly produced raw milk. ' ) K<iT< i->.t**N in A not dctecti'il. 1 ' ' ) lit.;..vlii A detected. Soummai. or lUmr Ki irsi t Vm . Si. N.i s l HONS 0 3 8 6 6 9 SIS TATIK1 ST Alt. reached 13 million per milliliter. The uninocu lated raw tuiik of 0 million SPc (control) which showed a maximum indigenous 8. aureus count of about 0 million did not show enter* otoxiii After 24 hours. . To sec if any trend was evident, the results of entcrotoxin A production in raw and heated milks m well as in honied reconstituted nonfat dry milk were summarized in Table 1. Enlerotoxin A was delected in alt the hented milks (pasteurized, steamed, or autoclaved) in which 8. aureus grew well. Among the heated milks, a minimal population of about 3 million per milliliter was associated with enlerotoxin A. Entcrotoxin A was also detected at about 2 to 9 million S. aureus per milliliter in low-count rAW milk of 00 SPC per milliliter where 8, aureus grew free from the influence of competing organisms such as in some heated milks. Hut entcrotoxin was not detected at 3 million S. aureus in some raw milks of 2 to 10 or 150 thousand SPC per milliliter. Entcro toxin A could be detected even in n very high count raw milk of 9 million SPC per milliliter but only at a higher 8. aureus population of about 13 million. These results suggest that the competing microorganisms in some way inhibit entcrotoxin A production. >'lo. 7, KfTret of (ho Initial pH of sterile re constituted nonfat dry milk on growth and entcrotoxin production by S. aureus (20013) nt 37 C. Initial 8"8 K 0-- 6.5 A--A 9.0 A--A 6.0 V--V 4.5 X--x 4.5 Final 6.5 6.5 5.5 6.C 6.i <nci) 4.5 4.7 (HCI) Jwvsnal or t>*iv RniKfi Vu 14, Xu. The pH i another factor that influeiirn the growth of microorganisms} tophylonxri grow within the pH range of 4 to 10. As initial pH of 6 or 0.5 was optimum for entemtoxin A production (15). Since the pi! ef cultured dairy products may vary from 4i> t< 0.5 and is in the growth range, the influrnrr of the initial pH on growth and enlerotexm A production in sterile reconstituted ncriUt dry milk was determined. Since principally- luetic acid is produced by the starter baetcriu in cultured dairy products it was used to adjust the pll of sterile rvcwi- stituted nonfat dry milk. In certain prodmu manufactured hy direct acidification, HCI msy be used. Consequently, IICI was also used to adjust the pH at 4.5 and 5.0. As shown in Figure 7, S. aureus 10CE grew well in milks of pH 5.0 or higher exceeding 10T per milliliter after 24 hours. Even at pH 4.5 adjusted with HCI, there was delayed hut distinct growth of 8. aureus to about 4.5 million per millililrr after 24 hours. In contrast, at pH 4.5 ohtninnl with lactic acid, S. aureus did not grow; ia fact, there was destruction. 8. aureus drrmi'l from about 104 per milliliter to about 10 afhr 24 hours. Even at pH 5.0, the rate of growth of 8. aureus was slower in milk adjusted with Inetie acid than with HCI during the earl? growth period. There were tenfold difTercmr. in 8. aureus populations after 4, 0, and 8 litmn between the two acids used, higher population* with HCI. With the exception of milk of pH 4.5 adjusted with lactic acid, enlerotoxin A was detected in all milks of pH 4.5 to 6f* after 24 hour*. The reason for no enterotexin in milk of pH 4.5 (Inetie aeid) is obviously the lack of growth of 8. aureus. Similar trsuits also were observed with 5. aureus F2AY ! ' 1 i : j j . { . J j I . t . ' bhtonhs Stnphyloeoeci, including enterotoxigenic $ aurcHft, grow poorly in mixed populations i* raw milks of higher bnclerinl count. This lu been variously attributed (12,14) to the hi;')' numbers of competing organisms present and by others (17) to some natural iuluhileff present in raw milk. Our data provide somewhat more dim! evidence for the growth inhibition of S. aurtu* by the more competing organisms present is the higher count raw milks. In Figure 0 growth inhibition of S. aureus was observed in ra milk of higher bacteria! count a* compared x> the same batch of raw milk but of t**,r bacterial count. Also, when high-count m* tuilk was heated prior to Inoculation, growth of aurtnf occurred to the *amo extent 1 ' . ' J { I in the lower count milks (high and be were from the tarnto contain the ae therefore, growth pcctrd to occur > according to the t Kcdiii'tion in baitremoval of growt' higher count raw similar growth j>: low-count raw am same lot, Indicate in higher count r. whs due to the lr organism*. The < nwrcHS attained in the level of initio A); higher number Commercially pi vided more growth shown iu Figures obtained from indi practically no gro milk of 0.5 millii in another raw n milliliter (Fig. 6). extent of 40 millim doe to possible di: those raw* milks. .V w under the gmemployed here " of few genera sue! cms, and few dip! "mall numbers. O' raw milk, in nddv of genera such as . Mebacter, Tread* quentty, commern. to show a greatc S. aureus than mi *ows under snnita Falter (16) ob#er microorganisms A production hy , The results of gi pasteurized comm* 5) were contradict. U7) who report*', which wits not ii; Our results as w. clearly showed Mu' ^-mlted in reoiox.i These data furth.heat treatment tba better growth of mnvol of the inh<` by the low heal I HONS 038670 H. atAI'HYLOCOCCAL BKTKIIOTOX JN A 319 . fA(tvr tbst Influence! *rgain*mi staphylococci range of 4 to 10. was optimum for fntno* 15). Since the pH of a nmv vary from 4.5 to ,th range, tW Influciuc prowll) m) VMtO!\tOXlu ilf reconstituted nonfat Ilk ariil is produced by {cultured dairy product*, kite |t)l of sterile rreonrk. In certain product* acidification, HCI may . )ICI wus alao used to and 5.0. A* shown in I;K grew well In milk* of *0ing 10' Jcr imiWit'r ; pH 4.5 adjusted whh but distinct growth vf wHllon per milliliter [ra*t, at pH 4.5 obtained ,*#> did not ftrow; in ion.( inrvu# decreased [Ultie .0 about JO after i., Uif rule of growl*' r tn milk iidjUHtcd witli jJICI during the curly jn-cro tenfold difference, al ter 4, (I, and 8 Imum ,*), higher p|Mi)ntln*i iv'Cpt M*n of milk of pH (it arid, Mittroloniii A ilk* of pH 4.5 to V' imn fnr no Mltrolox` die arid) in obviously !. SUulkr re* with S. uwrcM* iltl> rntemtoKicrnii' *' mixed poptil*****101* m teri.il count. Thi* b"' (I2.U) to the In. ' present natural hihdntor* |w,mc*hiit more &'"x inhibition of fi- -M" wrpnnism* present " *. In figure <i P*"'1 *- observed i '* could s enmpu"'` ' V , llllt of I*'1' nh. nigh-count |,, iiMinili'tion. It'"*'1 III |Ilf MIMIC C.HtfMl In (tie lower count raw milk. Since the** three did not consider the competing organisms as a milks (high and low-count row and the heuted) potential inhibitory factor because no mention were from tho anmc lot, they would ho expected was made of the bacterial counts of their milks. to contain the name inhibitor, if any; and It is quite possible that (be raw milk employed therefore, growth of S. aureus would bo ex by them contained u high population of thermo, pected to occur similarly in ell three milka duric microfiorn which could have accounted according to tlie report of Hotter et nl. (17). for the simihir growth patterns of S. aureus Hnluction in bacterial count and simultaneous in row and pasteurized milks. removal of growth inhibition of 8. aureus in As for enteroloxin A production in milk, tho higher count raw milk by pasteurization plus data (Tnh)c 1) showed that in utilk relatively limilur growth pattern* of ihit organism in free of competing organisms, such as in sterile low-count row and pasteurized milk from the roconsititutcd nonfat dry milk or low.eount mine lot, indicate that Us growth inhibition raw milk, growth of S. aureus to only 2 to 3 in higher count raw milk, in all probability, million per milliliter resulted. in detectable Mil duo to the higher numbers of competing enterotoxin A. However, thnt population, when organisms. The maximum population of S- attained in the presence of high numbers of tureus attained in raw milk was dependent on competing organisms, was not accompanied by the level of initial contamination (Fig. 3, 4, enteroloxin A. It was detected in high-count 5); higher number* with higher initial morula. raw milk only at a population of 13 million Commercially produced raw herd milks pro S, aureus per milliliter. Apparently, the com vided more growth inhibition of $. aureus, ns peting organisms in some way alter the rate ihowo in Figures 4 and 5, than the raw milks and extent of enteroloxin A production by obtained from individual cow*. Also, there was S. aureus. Mo attempt was made to cfuridalc l practically no growth in one commercial row the meehanisin of inhibition of cntcrotoxm A j milk of 0.5 million SPC (Fig. 4); wlicmi* production by tbe competing organisms. There I m another raw milk of 0 million SPC per ` fore, it eon only be speculated a* to why | milliliter (Fig. 0), there was growth to the rnterotnxin A was detected in some raw milks meat of 40 million per milliliter. This may be and not others in nil of which the S. aureus ( liie to |>0KMihlc difference* in the urivroflwr* of reached at least 3 millhm per niillilitcr. iImmc raw milks. Milk* obtained from individual Thnlrber et nl. (39) reported enteroloxin ' rnwR under the good sanitary milking condition* production by two strains of S. aureus in shred 'wployed Imre would contain only specie* Canadian bnvk bacon (at 37 C) in atmospheric | f few genera such at Micrococcus, S/rri>toeoc- air, 6% CO* to Os mixture, or nitrogen at } n, end few diphtheroids (13) and these in atmospheric pressure, but in only small amounts . 'Mali numbers. On the other hand, commercial under anaerobic conditions. Similurly, Chesbrv ' '* milk, in addition, should contain species and Auborn (S) observed enteroloxin A pro Rencru such as Bacillus, Escherichia, Achro duction to be substantially reduced under '-<!>nffcr, Pseudomonas, ete, (13). Conse* anaerobic conditions. Koto ct al. (Jo) also ,'unlly, commercial milk would be expected observed better enteroloxin A production *kow a greater degree of inhibition of through an increased rate of shaking of the *' caress than milk obtained from individual growth medium. Thus, it seems that a re ( under sanitary conditions. McCoy and duction in the oxidation-reduction (Oil) !dcf (10) observed variable effects of food potential of the growth medium might result "iMrgunimim on growth aud enteroloxin in redneed enteroloxin A production. The 1 l production by S, aureus in meat. competing microorganisms present in milk , H'c results of growth of S. aureus in JITRT change the O-lt potential by their growth. *>ii'iiriml eommereial herd milk* (Fig. 4 and Since microorganisms differ in their ability In '*vrr contradictory to those of Jteiler el ah alter this potential (some reduce the potentiu) , '*1 win* reported an inhibitor in raw milk more limit other*), the number *h Weil a the ' - b Won not inactivated by pasteurization. type nl' organisms present can vnnvcivnMy ,:i results as well as those of other* (12) mllocm-c the extent of this change. '*!> Hhiiwed that pindriirixiitioii of raw milk Our data as welt as those of PonucUv et ul. . -t'd in removal of its inhibitory property. (12) indicate that the minimal 5*. uurrus popula ' data further allowed that n less severe tion rispiieeil to result ill the procncr of ' veatment than pasteuri/.ntion resulted in enteroloxin A in raw milk may be iultiieuenl ' ^ruwUi r .V. aureus, indicating the iv. by high numbers of competing microni'^iinUin.H. "f Hu> inhibitory propfity of raw milk The lower mininial 8. tiurriis populations and ^ Inw heat treatment. Itciier et 1. (17) the shorter im-uhation times reijuireil |..r the IUO.V V, SI. No. 9 HONS 0 3 8 6 7 1 820 TATINI XT Ah. presence of enterotoiin A observed is this study At compared to those reported by Don* nelly et al. (12) could be attributed to the better recovery nod sensitivity of tbe enter* toxin A detection method used in our study (0.1 versus 0.0025 pg for our method) and possibly to the difference in the strains of S. aureus employed. Etiso of cntcrotoxin production in heated milks emphasise the danger of post-heat treat ment contamination and subsequent exposure to growth temperatures adequate for S. aureus. Though 8. aureus growth was reduced at tbe pH of the reconstituted sterile nonfat dry milk was decreased below 5.0, cutcroloxin A could still be produced ot pH 4.5 despite the relatively poor growth of S. auretts to a maxi mum of only about 5 million per milliliter. Also ot pH 4.5 lactic acid was bactericidal to S. ttreua. Bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of weakly dissociating organio acids and some volatile fatty acids are well known. References (1) American Public Health Association. 1000. Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy products, 12th ed. 1700 Broadway, Mew York City. (2) Anderson, P. B. Jl., and D. M. Stone. 1955. Staphylococcal food poisoning associated with spray>dricd milk. J. Hygiene, S3: 387. ()) Armijo, It., D. A. Henderson, It. Tlmothcf, And II, B. Robinson. 1057. Pood poisoning ' outbreaks associated with spray-dried milkon epidemiologic study. Amur. J. Public Health, 47:1003. (4) Barber, M. A. 1014. Milk poisoning due to a type of atapfiyfoeoccNS N*ns occurring In the udder of a healthy cow. Philippine .7. Bel., 0: SIS. (6) Cuomun, B. P., and R. W. Bennett. 19CS. Detection of ataphyloeoeeal cntcrotoxin la food. Appl. MicroUat., 13:101. (0) Casman, K. P., It. W. Bennett, A. K. Dorsry, and J. A. lmm. 19C7. Identification of a fourth ctaphylococenl cntcrotoxin, enlorotoxin D. J. ltnctcriol, 01: 1870. (7) Cnsnian, 15. P., 1>. W. McCoy, nd P. J. Brumlly. 1903. Staphylococcal growth and cntcrulvxln production in meat. Appl. Microbiol., 1!: 498. (g) Ohosbre, W. B., und X, Awborn. 1147, Entymolle detection of tho growth ot Staphylococcus aureus in foods. Appl Microbiol., 151 1150. (9) Clark, W. &, and F. E. Nelson. 1901. Multiplication of coagulnso positive staphylococcl in grado A raw mlik samples. 1. Dairy Bci., 44: 232. (10) Daucr, C. C. 1901. I960 summary of disease outbreaks end a 10 year resumo. Public Health Rep., 78: 915. (11) Donnelly, C. B., J. E. Leslie, L. A. Black, and K. H. Lewis. 1907. Serological identifi cation of enterotoxigenic staphylococci free cheese. Appl. Microbiol., 15:1382. (18) Donnelly, 0. P., J. E. Leslie, and L. A. Black. 1908. Production of entcrotoiln A In milk. Appl. Microbiol., 10: 917. I ; ' 1 j . | , ( (18) Foster, E. M., F. E. Nelson, M. L. Sfwrb. R. N. Doctseb, and J. O. Olson, Jr. 1057. Dairy Microbiology, Prentice-Hall, Inr.. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. ( j (14) Jones, A. C., O. J. Q. King, H. Fennell, eml D. Stone. 1957. Growth of gfopMocomi ourens In milk with spceiul reference it food poisoning. Mon. Bui). M!. UealiK Public Health Scrv., 10: 109. (15) Kata, E., M. Khan, L. Kujorich, und M. 8 liergdoli...2PG0. FroditcMan. of epterotww A. Appl Microbiol., 14:900. (10) McCoy, D. \V\, and J. E. Faber. 10CC. T* Auence of food microorganisms on staphj!eovcnl growth and entcroto.vin products* is meat. Appl. Microbiol, 14: 372. | I j I ( j l j ' (17) Reiter, R., B. O. Fewtns, T. F. Fryer. s*J E. M, Sharpe. 1904. Factors affeeiing tie multiplication and survival of coagids'' positive staphylococci in Cheddar chew J. Dairy Res.. 31: 201. 1 (18) Stecde, F. D. F., M. O. H. Buxton, J. L. G. Irednle. 1902. Staphylococcal > feetions of raw milk at a cause of f'*` poisoning. Mon. Uni). Min. Health, PuM;* Health Lnb. Scr. 21: 122. (19) Thatcher, F. 8., J. Robinson, and I. Krdw 1002. Tlio "vacuum pack" method pm-liaging fond* in relation to the tinn of the botnllnutn and staphy!*"-'**toxins. J. Appl. Baeteriol., 25: 120. (20) Zehrvn, V. L., oml V. F. Zehr.u. I?*'* Examination of large quantities of cV*for slnphylococcal cntcrotoxin A. J. I>;* Sei., 51: 025. Bacilli in M: c Growth ehnrn tion, release of Activity of Bart itt unhealed $ci .. without sodium Sweet rtird iV exponential gr>and not with sp tinn. Release t< casein from eul time of conguln? were in the vej. lark lea in the phnrotie patten crystalline reur dent by the db appearance of ngttlation of sh from ease was influenced phutf. Inere.v <*et eurd for introdoefton The "sweet errr alvtl with modern *! milk producttn organisms be! particularly Bov. and (label (3) 'lu> to n rennin-li farming organ!*) additional inform 1,1 milk HARpcinte h>` II. rerruf, f*primentsl Pro* bn/inn'M|, fl.n Uted from a raw f'), wna used. ` P'*'tmivd as dr*, l^d of vegetal JOVbNxi. or t>jav tcliwes Voi.. SI. No 3 *'"1 1U)ili.p,,i,n! Ih p.irl Mi ff,,,,, ,) "e r>r.-ioii. Kill'd MONS 0386 n ASSOCIATION Arrnms 373 ), respectively, ntf anddcairi ihf wnliotimii oratory exprriiftl under emu- eoliform rg1 transfers. The icreass *mt the xlrnl to which f desirable mill m manufacture tabbed produd lion. continuous fsrmtanfMUr* of > J| antonle,' ,|lh) .snissippi ocintcil with It"' red curd t'hr.1- mrled by r draw stage *i td |o atari were 1 and 5`. tll Inoculation* runrlli Mitwm of iminincd Millin' ndnry Irmisi*' pro used. ' the end *f l" :' red nit nvi'i during the ' ........ l'*r *>!* ..... ulnlion* " ,VJ iw i ; >*.*'*!> '' curt Omml" rilurt -it.v *f G'-o'. ..dnln*ilh ' M I.. lit* in r. ...... . 1 tiiiilo bsrtcris count after VJIT pnateurlantlon of the milk in paper enrtnmi was critlei<H*d fnr &* only 60 per ml. Similar fonnulnt prepared this defect. The shc!f*)ife of milk In pkpstie ilb low Uiermotluric count milk solids and containers was usually less than milk in jfaper tulijfrlfd to U1IT treatment for three seconds coiiluincrs. / kt t'33, 137.6/ and 340.0 C had a ahclf-lifc at M C of two, Hirer, and flvo months, respecturly, before visible spoilage occurred. Spores >( unidentified Raci'Ra# species isolated from .|milrd formulas and inoculated into raw fro- >n tlnwprt mixes in numhera of from 48 X 104 :< 10 x 10* spores per milliliter were decreased than 20 per milliliter by U31T heating at 'I'Hl C for three seconds, and the hc!f-)ifo of I:'<- imKtcuriscd product was more than eight vU st 4.4 C. Results indicate that improve. Eleetrophorette snalyata of akimmilk lipase. L. C. True* 1 and J. D. Mieklc, Oklclromn State Univcrnily, Stillwater. / A modification of the procedure of Pox and Tarn.suk (J. Dairy Sci., 61:520, 1908) m used to obtain purified akitumilk lipase. These modifications included: a) filtering the sample through Scplmdez 0-25 rattier than removing the (XH)tS04 by dinlysif and b) concentrat ing the sample with Lvphogel. Some of the fractions from a DEAhJ-cellulose column were - rut in shelf-life depends on quality of the I r.. luodiifts as well as the temperature of ] '-irurixatum. Types of bacteria are more i Uisn total numbers. further studied by concentrating them with Lyphogel and rcchromstographing them on Sephndex G-200. The proteins were eluted from the DEAE-yclIulose column by a step* wise NnCI gradient, in 0.1 M increments from ' Dttrlopmont and consumer evaluation of a 0.1 to 0.6 M. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis nft itrvt frostn dessert. William J. Bell* was performed,by the method of lilattler (Anal. I Morrison Locwenstcin, University of Biochem., 27 j/73, 1000) usiug a 7.0% gel and "rein, Athens. 0.5 X 10** >i sodium phosphate bufifer. Tiie purpose of this research was to develop Sepbadev G-200 gel filtration of the lipase- < >1 miiimle several soft-serve frozen dessert active protein peak from the DEAK-crllulose ' '"ludfl containing various kinds of fat. The column iiiuieated a mole wt be 200,000. The ' * rmiiponition desired in the product was: polyacrylamide gel showed two major protein 1 ft. 10% solidH-not-fat, 17% sweetener, bands fn tins' peak) each with a mole wt be ' H ti.7% fttiibilifcor-cimilirifier. ` ' 50,000: Tims, the lipaee-activo protein appeared '`hvtiim of one vegetable fat from the 20 to lyf dissociated into at least two different ` `'I. with acceptable tactual and flavor prop- snb/nits. Four of these subunits would have "ti * * an* of paramount importance. A num- a Jaolcculnr weight close to the 200,000 esti i ' Imttcr-fluvor compounds were evaluated. mated for the lipase-active protein before" | "ml sweeteners were investigated; a 00:40 Electrophoresis. 'I cf sucrosc-dexlrose syrup proved most uhle. D.p final samples submitted fnr consumer 'untilm consisted of: a) all milk fat, b) a ' -! <>f otic port milk fnt to three parts vege- fat, him] e) ail vegetable fnt. The coil* r pmii'l consisted of nearly 000 randomly 'd patron* of soft-serve store. Results rnimumer scce|>tnnce study indieiiled : tin* three product* received equal accept* Growth of psychrotolerant bacteria in raw milk tinder variable conditions of refrigerated storage. J. IT. Martin,* 15. G. Bailie, and 1C. S. Su, University of Georgia, Athens. Sixty raw milk samples from bulk tank milk supplies were analysed fnr total bacteria ami aplit into two portions; one was stored at 4.4 C. the other at 10 C, and total hm-term count after seven days was again determined on each of the milk smnph-K. Thirty samples were labora ' ***r of homogenised milk packaged In paper - plastic containers. .1. .1. Jimxcu, Clemson Heimoni, South Carolina. " '*' uf moulded plastic milk hot tint is ' >.)> remit, but has made eonsiilerabln ' "J various market* since 1 thill. Most of `11- marketed tit moulded plastic Imltles in guilt,a and half-gallon eontuinrr*. !' r mu) pluKti..... mtainer* uf homogenised uliliiihi-il in (lie market place. Organ* `'uiii'iiutiiiiis wen- iiinile within hours ' "V- -'ll milks were kept iced ill transit ';'"l flavors wen? determim-d. l-'lavor "'if made mi nil milks initially : "ti..- m,i| twn-wm-k intervals. The initial tory pasteurized ut 03 C for 30 minutes and Iho unoiber uf surviving bacteria determined. Immediately after pick-lip from the farms, nil C the milk samples except three complied with the 100,000 per milliliter limit fnr total hue- leriu. However, after storage for seven days at 10 C, total haetcria counts were in the millions iti sll samples, and only 22 of Hiokc stored at 1.4 (* complied with the legal maximum of 300,1100 pec inillilili-r ut the pasteurizer. Pas teurization *hvre:tsed bacteria to below lltc Irisil limit of 1.7,000 pec milliliter in W.' of the ^itioples, nod to 700 pee uiillilili-r or below io Otl'r- of Dm- samples. Tlie nsulls imlicate that oiiitiy of the liio-fi-ria in bulk tank milk are ' tin- milks was mllii-r striking. Ap* _ uf all (In* niill,- ill plastic run. 1 r.,-M-nl iiJ.lir... Sl:.l|. l-iii'.i.ilT' * * *"< critii-iKcd as heing nsiiti/cil. Nmir SONS 0 3 3 6 7 3 374 JOl'llNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE psychrotolcrnnt, and prolonged told storage of raw milk could rnmlt in tremendous inrronsn of these bacteria. However, in most instance* the organisms ore not thermodnrir, and pas* tcurizution effectively decreased numbers to be* low the legal maximum. Hydrolytic changes in milk lipids under re* frigerated conditions. 0. W. McKirnhnu* and C. W. Dill. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station. Hydrolytic rancidity was induced in ruw whole milk by Iiomogcnir.nl inn, frccze-thnwing, and momentary healing at 00 F, Hates of hydroly* sis were diiTerenl for tho treatments, as would be expected from the difference* in the disrup tion of the fat globule. Some differences in lipid claHKCS were nlso noted as a mult of tho different treatments. Influence of mastitis on total and free concen trations of major minerals in milk. 1*. T. Tullnmy* and H. K. Randolph, Texux A&M University, College Station. Individual-quarter Wisconsin Mastitis Test negative (WMT < 10 mm) and positive (WMT > 20 mm) milk samples were obtained from cows in the University herd. The total and unbound concentrations of eight minerals in skimmilk and nltrnsupernatanl (344,S80 X 0 3*hr) obtained from the milk samples were determined by atomic almorption spectropho tometry and Autonnnlyscr techniques. Minerals present in the ultrnsupcrnntnnt were consid ered to be in the five form. Total potassium, phosphorus, mid calcium eowentrutioMS were lower in the WMT-pusitive Hiiiiipl'-K Ilian in the negative sample-. Tim \VMT*po*itiv mi tuples contained higher total eotitrtilriiti'iHH of inn, copper, xine, magnosiuin, and sodium. Total enldum-phosphorus ratios were higher in the WMT-potutivc sam ples. Similar trends wpre observed in the min eral ronrcnlrntioim of the ultrusupernntnnts. Unbound caleinm and phosphorus were trignifirnnlly lower in the WMT-pnsitive samples. Itesults indicate that mastitis onuses changes in the eoiioentration ami distribution of some of the major minerals in milk. Influence of mastitis on buffer capacity of milk. 31. L. Lane,* R. L. Richter. and II. K. Randolph, Texas A&M University, College Station. Iiidividiijilitnnvter Wlxcinixin Mmdil Is Test tiegntivr (WMT < 10 mini and positive l\V MT *- 20 mill 1 milk samples wen obtained t'lom rows in (he Fninrsilv herd. The sam ie -.lorcd ill 1 <1* until tisnl Van imr i|imul it irs (0 to 11 mh O f n.-.* x Nut'll or Ilfl weir in Med to ml port ions of (he'sampli-i at *'> \ The samples wcic lived u,-lilv. at ton ml I o stand I.', miuul rs, mill the ) ,11 deter- iiihtcd. Tilnilioii .mcrcH w..... I.I..U.-I .... 1 Imf. tW riipnrilv enlrnhited in the arid range. The pit of (In* WMTpnsilivr and -negative samples was relatively fomdnut tlm-ts. titmtioii curves. An identical tnnvit- . value (0,0.12) was obtained far the p. . negative samples. The maximum lei'* it.v of the WMT-pnsitive sample* a... in a slightly higher pH range. ........ proved to he related to a higher e The results indicate that mastitis d-.nilteimtly alter the buffer rnpm-itv Pressing point of milk s affected ! abnormality. J. J. Janzen, Chin-:, sily, Clcmson, South Carolina. Somatic cells in the raw milk - currently being used as one enter- nmlity. The Wisconsin Mnxtito is a widely used tcrcenhtf: indirect estimation of snmntir relN milk supply. Freezing point deter,. also used routinely to detect at....t - tioiiH such as watering of milk. Twenty individual quarter km, th rown were analyzed for Ircera.; WMT at 0-, 24-, 4S-. 72-. ami * vals using two methods for hand' . The milk was stored At 4.4 P, lu V>' same unit of milk was analyzed. ' re-analyzed at the designated inter, out the 00-honr period. In ample was .divided jntn live -,,i. separate unit was then n*rd !* ' observations. All quarter-milk also analyzed for chloride and la.; - There was a significant diiTmt -- tlie freezing point between } '* freezing ]Mint between iimnM-. ` ' row were not significant. men i ` ` values varied e.,>,idertibly. Tin " leant fI' .hi ) d'-<-reuse in vmnuiic . with time of storage. Chloride ienntly between eows (I* .I'll md .01). Lactose did not vary tween eows or quarters, The n>n-' 1 eients of chlorides and lactose ( lr" were +0.42 and --0.42, respect net* Effect of somatic cell concentrate" ' ' life of finished product, Calvin l' amt .7. J. Jnnzen, CIemoti ri'et- * ann. South Carolina. Casual observation of milk possible correlation of pi-oblem* - ' innatitix have oeenrivd as the rc-uilt * milk survey*. Five plants with " givi-s of oecnnvurn of almormal *>: ` ' rated by somatic roll counts oMai" Wisconsin Mastitis Test iWMU Field sen ire. si v, and intrrvf >' m.i-l it is on the farms varied. W tills 'rests were run b> cenlr.d us well ns two of the plants, -hotinrj period of cirr two jean at ' \ a Is Milk samples ditrimr tin* tr! ' ....... the raw producer milk rlariliraliou. and the p.i-tc-iri . imi. er iMim Hcit:*i-K Vui.. AX. No .1 MOMS 038674 irflhAfcl I I I i MULTIPLICATION OF COAGULASE-POSITIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI IV GRADE A RAW MILK SAMPLES1'8 W. 8. CLAltJt, Jit.* axd T. S. NELSON* Department of Dairy and Pood Industry, Town Agricultural and Roma Economics Experiment Station, Amos 8UMHART Conculase-poaltivc staphylococci could be recovered from all samples of raw milk examined. The initial counts ranged from 25 to 3,300 per milliliter. CoagulaRC-poaitivo staphylococci did not multiply in naturally infected milk held at 4*C. for seven days. In milk Isold at J0`C. for seven days, these organism* did multiply. The extent of multiplication varied from sample to wimple mid was 1,000-fold in the sample where the greatest percentage increnso occurred. The greatest staphylococcus count obtained was 300,000 per milliliter. At the 4 and 30*C. holding temperature*, the standard plate count increased much more than the count of congnlosc-positivc staphylococci. Particularly at 10*C.t the milk usually became unpalatable because of microbial activity before the staphylococcus popu lation became high enough to be of positive concern as a rnusr of food poisoning. A mo ing comp 5 g. JV 5 g. K,dl was prej 1,000 ml. cooled to mately l tion at 3 A mi dilution were iu<" staphyhs color. Dilut Rceordnu except th Numerous accounts of staphylococcus food-poisoning outbreaks may be ylodvcii* c found in the literature. Some outbreaks occurred as a result of consuming milk Ttmi or other dairy produets. The first staphylococcus food-poisoning outbreak as in the 1 a result of drinking milk was reported by Darker (3) in 1914. This outbreak 'Sample* occurred in the Philippine Islands from the consumption of raw milk from an Storage apparently healthy family co>v. The exact incidence of staphylococcus fowl approx in poisoning as a result of consuming dairy products is unknown. However, a respevtiv 1 number of workers have reported that staphylococci are commonly found in norma! raw milk (4, 5, 9). t 'flic presence of staphylococci In raw milk is not justification for incriminat ing the milk ns a potential cause of food poisoning, for not all staphylococci am The i raw milk capable of producing the enterotoxin responsible for staphylococcus food jmismi- li.-h) lit 4 lug. Evans and Niven (G) reported that most enterotoxigenic staphylococci if staph? were members of the congnlnsc-posilivc group, On the basis of this and similar imimiiy rc|K>rts, only eoagulose-posilivc staphylococci were considered potentially entcro- sample*.. toxigenic and were examined in this study. Wild Those strains of staphylococci capable of producing enterotoxin must gmw vtuphyhw extensively to produce enough enterotoxin to he n*s|wmsib)e for food poisoning. live stnp This study has been made to determine the extent to which these organisms ran |.UWUd' grow in milk held under refrigeration. lm-r. Th Jlncclvcil for publication July 20, WOO. *nt till*. v; Ult* utUrt 'Journal Paper No. J of the Jown Agricultural amt Homo Economic* Ex|*efi*',,,t *.nnpl.-s Station, Arne*, Jown. Project H21. ll` 0;|U* TbU niu-i>i*n!ii'U u-im in part by rcftcnrcb grant 110 5502, National A'bi-*"* Health Comii'il, PilMir lbnlth Service. Dairy Iintiintrlul lb*-nrcU V'etbiw, auppnrteit by Dairy ] nitnut rim Supply A*m*c.. I"' 1 Mi'u-rno*- ( Priwul uiblrcM: Department nf Dairy ttcirtice, Viiivcruity of Arirona. Tur*'. Milt f MOWS 030675 k'LOCOCCK IN U pin of tv* wtlk t4 milk 1W t tn* 4WI multiplyl.WO-fold in the lih.vjorofcui eounl t iiiMMftrd inueb t 10'C,f the milk .tyloeocetti populowming- irruk* may be >on( ina tilk '\s outbreak a* Thin outbreak v milk from on i.vbrowtm food ii. However, a .mdy found in 1 fur iucrimluataphylvoeei nre I.m1 poison staphylococci hi* him) similar micro* \it* must jfvow f* ! poisOHlUg. OlgrtllWlttH Will 4i.i. |; OTAPIlVLOCOCCI IN HAW MILK 233 BXrSRIMSNTAJL PROCEDURE A modified Tellurite-glycine agar medium (D) was employed for enumerat ing: coagulnse-positive staphylococci. This medium consisted of 5 g. Tryplicase, 6 g. Proteose Peptone, 5 g. yeast extract, 8 g. glycine, 15 g. mannitol, 5 g. KjlIPOi, 5 g. LiCl, and 15 g. agar. A 1% solution of potassium tellurite was prepared and sterilised; 20 ml. of the solution was ascptically added to 1,000 ml. of the medium after it had been autoclaved at 121 C. for 20 min. and cooled to 50 C. The agor was poured into prossod-glass petri dishes in approximatcly 15-ml. amounts, allowed to harden, and then dried by overnight incuba tion at 87 C. before use. A surface plating technique was used wherein 0.1 ml. of milk or a suitable dilution was smeared over the dry surface of the Tellurite-glycine agnr. Plates were incubated at 37 C. for 48 hr., after which time typical coagulase-postlive staphylococcus colonics appeared smooth, convex, glistening, and jet-black in color. Dilutions were prepared and standard plate count determinations mode in accordance with Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products (2), except that shaking was continued 50 times to more thoroughly break up staph ylococcus clumps. Twenty raw ipilk samples were collected from producers using bulk tanks in the Iowa State University milkshed during the period June-August, 1959. Samples were plated initially and after two, four, and seven days of storage. Storage temperature* of 20 and 4 C. were chosen because they most closely approximated holding temperatures under can and bulk-tank holding conditions, respectively, RESULTS The number of eoagulase-positive staphylococci initially found in Grade A rsw milk samples ranged from 25 to 3,300 per ml. (Table 1). The milk samples held at 4 C. for periods of two, four, ami seven days showed no definite growth of staphylococci, with highest eoagulnac-pouitive staphylococcus counts occurring initially in six eases, after two days in one sample, after four days in ten samples, and after seven days in three samples. When these same milk wimple* were held at 20 (\, definite multiplication of staphylococci occurred (Table 2). In every sample, the count of congnhise-)>0)live staphylococci increased at least twofold. In one sample, the increase was 1.000-fohl. The highest count of atapliyhs-oeei obtained was 300,000 per milli liter, This was a 200-fold increase over tin* initial staphylococcus count obtained nil this sample. The lowest level of cuitgiilnse-positivc staphylococci pvt- milliliter "as obtained initially with IK of 20 samples. The lowest level in the two other maples was obtained after seven days of si mage. In both of these latter samples, the standard plate conn! (Nl'('.) was greater than 30 X 10*' per milliliter after t'li-jigc for two days. Also, one of these samples was heavily eoulaiiiinaled with itii.-rorocei which grew abundantly on tin* Tellurite-glycine agar. Tbe maximum ''uni of eoitgulase-iMtsiiive staphylneoeei per milliliter was obtained after four MOSS 0 3 8 6 7 6 234 W. ft. CLARK, JR. AXl> F. K. NELSON Multiplication of cooinil&BO-pooltloe .tnphjloeocci In row nilUc hold >t .torn,. lomperolorm . . of 4 0. for ocvcu day Initial eouot/ml Count/ml nt two Sample StophyNo. . loi-ocd 8P0* Staphylocoed SPC 1 70 7 X 10* 2 1,000 8 8,100 4 400 5 1,200 700 16 X 10* 7 1,300 68X10* 8* 1,100 8' 000 IO4 760 11 1,100 15 150 IS4 220 14* 220 16 120 18 330 17 760 18 440 S8 4 200 25 <30 X 10* 600 250 3,000 500 1,100 1,900 1,100 1,100 400 100 1,100 200 25 250 600 400 00 15X10* 12 X 10* 18X10* 10 X 10* 51 X 10* <30 X 10* 35X10* 05 X 10* <30 X 10* <30 X 10* <30 X 10* <30 X 10* 14 X 10* 13 X 10* <30 X 10* 20 X 10* doxio* 00 X 10' 13 X 10* 30X10* Count/ml at four day* Staphylocoed SPC 760 >80 X 10* 460 11 x to* 3,500 31 X 10* 620 >30 X 10* 2,000 >30X10* 1,300 <30X10* 2,000 io x io* 600 >30 X 10* 1,000 10 X 10* 850 21 X 10* 1,000 30 X 20* 370 11X10* 26 88 X 10* 100 88X10* 820 12 X 10* 680 >30X10* 1,700 10 X 10* 1,200 93 X 10* 210 75 X 10* 00 33 X 10* Staphylocui'd 450 700 2,100 610 2,200 1,200 50 200 500 1,100 250 140 200 60 95 1,500 1,200 300 140 8PC k 12 10* 10* 24 10* 45 10* 38 X 10* >30 10* 19 io* >30 10* 23 * Standard plate count at 82*-C. " * Determination not made. * llavy growth of micrococci on all Tellurito-glyeme plate*. 4 Initial plating at 0 hr. Multiplication of conculnio-pofltiTo ttaphylococci in raw milk held at torags temperature* * of 10 C. for iOTcn day*____ ______ Initial eount/n>1 Sample BlaphyNo. locoed SPC* 1 70 10* 2 1,000 30* 3 3.100 4 400 C 1.200 10* 8 700 7 3,300 10* 8* 1.100 l>4 noo 10* 750 11 1,100 32 150 10* 1U* 134 220 144 220 1C 120 10* 10 MO 17 7.r,n 10 304 440 2<>it 504 <30 X 10* Coun(/n<I at two tiny* Staphy lococci SPC 3,400 3,100 3,300 020 13,000 its,000 5,-100 3,000 0.300 ?,!> ] 4,1100 3,00*1 l.ono 2,21*0 3,10*0 2.500 4,41*0 4*i(l pm >30 X 10* 14 X 10* 31 X 10* 23 X 10* 30 X 10* <30 X IO* >30 X IO* >30 X lit* 60 X 10* IP X JO* 40 X 111* >31 X 10* 47 X 10` 23 X 10* 34 X 10* 24 X 10* 10 X 11** 48 X 111* 50 X IO* 11 X 111* Comit/miat four !> Counl/m) ut even day* Staphy lococci SPC Staphy* 7,000 10.01*0 5,100 8.000 18,000 20,000 11,000 3,410 20.000 15,000 120,000 7,OoO 650 20,000 23,000 3,300 31,000 7,30(1 18,000 ....* >30 X 10* >30 X 10* >30 X 10* >30 X 10* >;su X io* 5,000 0,000 12.000 2,000 27,000 21 x 10* >30 X 10* 12,000 >30 x io* 360,000 >30 x io* >*<* X )0* . 23,000 >30 X10* 13,000 >30 x io* 1*S X 10* >30 X 10* >50 X ll* 21,01*0 >30 X 1'** >30 X io* >;o > P*' Standard plate count at .02* C. MVMininatioM ll.vnv growth >f n.iT<u'Hv on all Initial p'.at;i'C at i* hr. , MQNS 038677 days of samples. At t> the SPl 30 x 10'1 at 4 C. proporti UYe in days, th for the 61*C vvi pro|H)ti Cob i at 4* C lightly period, to detei is one i' ing far Dttr cent of was If*. Mul at 30f was 1.1 temper devreu* count, presem Mowcv even if No diipliv tivv hi; liter. . lih-tUfi for *..'1 Th. worthy Silt,.1 to* |>;i l l\o . Iroatti (' cwpvraturti * <*.*_____ PC__ ~% itx'itf >ss >10*10' 5XW it x 10; >10 X 10* io x io' v xio' 1 :io' ^.XIO* , . ml Nt * it !:* 6 . K|*C . ' .p / !< . JM* . ' <* 1 STAPHYLOCOCCI IK RAW MILK 290 days of storage with nine samples and after seven days of storage with 11 samples. At both storago temperatures, the SPC increased considerably. At 10 C. the SPC on every sample plated after seven days of storage was greater than 30 X 10 per milliliter. By comparison, the SPC on eight of the 11 samples held at 4 C. and plated after seven days was less than 30 X 10 per milliliter. The proportion of coagulase-positive staphylococci to the initial SPC ranged from 14% in two samples to less than 1% io others. After storage at 4 C. for seven days, this proportion was less than 1% in every sample. After storage at 10 C. for the same period, the proportion of cOogulase-positive staphylococci to the SPC was greater than 1% in only two.samples (1.2 and 1.1%), while .this proportion in the remaining samples was far below 1%. -- DISCUSSION Coagulase-positive staphylococci did not show definite growth when held at 4 C. for periods up to seven days. As shown in Tublc 1, the counts varied slightly, some showing an increase and some a decrease duriug the storage period. The factors responsible for this variation in the viable count are difficult to determine. The tendency of this organism to dump in raw milk undoubtedly ' * is one factor. Smith (10) has demonstrated the presence of a heat-labile clump* ing factor for Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk. During storage at 4 C., `tlm standard plate count increased so that the per cent of the total count which these staphylococci comprised after seven days was less than 1% in all samples. Multiplication of conguluse-positivc staphylococci did occur in samples held at 10 C. for periods up to seven days. The greatest increase which occurred was 3,000-fo)d. In spite of the definite multiplication of staphylococci nt this temperature, the percentage of the standard plate eount which they comprised dccrcuml. This was due to the very nuirkcd increase in the standard plate count This is in agreement with those workers (7, 10, 11) who staled that the presence of other bacteria appeared to rest rain the growth of staphylococci. However, staphylococci undoubtedly would inercuse rather slowly at 10 G. even if they were in pure culture and in heiit-trontcd milk. Xo correlation was observed between the initial and final populations of staphylococci. The sample which gave the highest final level of coaguluse-positivc staphylococci, 300,000 per milliliter, had an initial eount of 1,100 per milli liter. Another sample which Initially contained 1,100 coagulase-positive staphy lococci per milliliter showed less than UK) per milliliter after storage at 10 C. for seven days. i The mere presence of eongulusc-posilive staphylococci in raw milk is note . worthy, beiuusc some organisms of this group are known to be enterotoxigenic, j 'Since these organisms can multiply in milk held at 10 C., mismanagement on ! the part of cither the producer or the processor to permit temperatures to rise ' Ivfotc pasteurisation, or contamination after pasteurization followed by mis1 treatment of the product by the proecssnr or the consumer, could result in n * -.............. HONS 038678 V. t.23C W. S. CLANK. Jit. AND NELKON fiual milk product capable of producing food poisoning. Barber's report (3) of a staphylococcus food-poisoning outbreak from drinking raw milk lins clearly demonstrated that milk is a good substratum for enterotoxin formation. Other studies in more recent years have confirmed this observation. The increase of congulaso-positivc staphylococci in milk held at 10s C. is important, but should not be connidcrod as a probable direct cause of food poisoning, for several reasons. Not all coagulnsc-positive staphylococci are en terotoxigenic, and although Allison (1) suggests 500,000 per gram as the mini mum number of viable congulase-posttive staphylococci as supporting evidence - for staphylococcus food poisoning, no enterotoxin will be formed, even by large I numbers, of noncnterotoaigcnic coagulnsc-positive staphylococci. The three j highest staphylococcus counts obtained at a storage temperature of 10 C. were after a holding period of seven days. This is not a common holding period, and these milk samples had become rancid by this time. This would usually preclude using the milk for human consumption. REFERENCES (1) Allison, V. D. Discussion on Pood Poisoning. Pioc. Roy. 8oc. Med., 42: 210. 2949. (2) American Puulio Health Association. Standard Methods for the Examination ef . Dairy Protects. 10th cd. Am;'Public Health Amuu., Inc* New York. 1053. ........... . (8) Barjier, M. A. Milk Poisoning Duo to a Typo of Stuphylococeut albut Occurrinc in the Udder of n Healthy Cow. Philippine J. 8rl., (ill (Trwp. Mnl.l; 515. 11>14. (4) Dolman, C. E. Ingestion of Staphylococcus Exotoxin by Homan Volunteers with BiHTial Reference to Stnphylororvlr Food Poisoning. J. Infectious llm-nscs, 5a: 172. 1034. (6) Evans, A. C. The Bacteria of Milk Freshly Drawn from Normal Udders. J. Infectious Diseases, 18:437. 19)0. (0) Evans, J. B., and Niven, C. F., Jr. A Comparative Study of Known Food Poisoning Slnphyloeoeri and Pointed Varieties. J. Bneterlol,, Cfl: 515. 1050. (7) Jones, A. C., Kino, O. J. O., Fennell, II., and Stonc, D. The Orowth of Stoph. srr# in Milk with Special Roferonso to Food Poisoning. Monthly Bull., Ministry Health and Publte Health Lab. Serv., 10: 100. 19.17. (8) MlNwrr, F. C. Studies on Bovine M:i>tilii. XII. Mastitis Duo to Staphylococci. J. Comp. Puthol. Thmip., SO: 101. 1937. (9) Moork, T. D. Department of Dniry mid Food Industry, Iowa Stato University of Rtdenee and Technology, Ames. IVrKnnnl romniimienlion. 1950. (}it) Hmiiii, ||. \V. The Mtill)|>lirnti<Jn of Sh>t>lmlt>ri>rv>i annum in (`im1 Milk. MnnlMy Hull., Ministry Jlciilth nml 1'ublJe Health lab. Kcrv., Id: 30. 11*57. (11) Takaiiakmt, I., axii Jmiixk, C. K. Sluphiilwiucui aurcmt in Chcddnr Cheese. J. Dairy Bel., 42: 1032. 1959. ; . i ' I i | | ' , 1 Depart T Strtfii lysing actit i pepth flgunt WAM I. media tlieiw Sill'll > Of |>f; c fiizyi and : of til orgiu HUlist prtfrt VII III. plan. Ilti'l'i milk tide-* l.-l.'ll I'tilll; in vi vjdii rii Hu V I., I 11t* ' lip.. til.. 03b 1< HONS 038660 IOC 229 duh*frenu.Anlfc w report, *ni other ~ Sujnmcre, D. K i Rmiclm.nn, R.; Nickel, Vfi 5fiiin, B.j Kihlttrum, E.; Sncncer. S. B * Atlicrton. H.; Arfedne, W. L. * *"i Pi Tccknolojy JJ (7) 271-IJ ' ' W` The reportof this committee of the International . Allocution of Milk. Food and Environmental Sanitiriant. Inc. includes section! on (i) the widespread use of antibiotics and pesticides and consequent contamination of milk and milk produce# 1recommendations to eliminate this problem arc itted), (ii) the adulteration of milk by water, detergents, sanitizers and other chemicals, (iii) an investigation of in-place cleaning and sanitixing of dairy farm equipment (while strongly 1 approving tbit method, recommendations arising from (heir findings are listed}, (iv) a survey of the application of plastics on the farm (the type of plasties used for equipment, its - performance and tuggrstions for improvement arc tabulated), (v) the improvement of milk quality with special emphasis on the sediment test, (vi) the compatibility of detergent with farm water lupptSes (the water problems encountered and corrective treatments are tabulated), (vil) the effect of (aim water supplies on milk quality, (viii) a survey carried out by the Dairy Farm _ Management sub-committee to determine the natiooal practices followed from the time a cow enters a oarn for milking until she leaves. MPH _____________ '^svuv /____________ _ _ ,>Y &> ___ *-<ywa- _____ __ _________________ 10 P 90) Residues In milk from cowi fed funlno-)A(* . irichloropicolinic acid. Kuttchintki, A. H. journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 17 (2) 2M-V0 (1V69) {7 ref. En) (Residue Res., Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan 4B640, USA] 4 HoUti-in-Frirsian dairy cows were used in an '*< eapt. on residues in milk alter feeding with the K v salt of the herbicide 4-amtnO'3,S,&- . *, Irichloropicolinic acid. After a 2 wk conditioning period, 2 cowt remained on the basal control ration and 2 were fed the compound at a 10 ppm Irvrl for 6 days, followed by a 30 ppm level lor t days. Subsequently 3 cowt (t control remaining) were fed at levels of 100,150, 300 and 1000 ppm for J wk consecutive period*. Using t related analytical procedures giving 97*/a and 99*/r ? recoveries respectively, the compound was r. detectable in milk at a feeding level of ICO ppm and significant residues (0.05 ppm) found at the 150 ppm level. On average, at the higher feeding levels 0.02V# of the concn. in the diet appeared in the milk. After withdrawal of the herbicide,J residues were not detected in the milk of any cow after 51 h. JMa 03*bla 3 j 10 D SIC Miliiklom tolerance* for residues. Anon. Federal Register >4 (154, July IS), 11519-90 (1969) fEn] The following additional toierancet aro established under the US Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act for the title iniecticide (0,0* dimethyl dithiophosphate of diethyl mercaptotuccinate) (from preharveet application unlessotherwiic specified): US ppm in or on cowpea forage and hay, lespedeaa hay and straw, lupin hay and straw, peanut forage and hay, soya bean forage and hay, and vetch hay and Straw; SO in or on almond hulls; t in or on lentils, okra, soya beans (dry and succulent) and sugar ben tops, and peanuts (from ore* and postharvest); l in or on almonds, chestnuts, lilbmi, macadamia nuts, papayas, sugar beet roots, snd tweet potaiors; 0.2 in or on safflower seed; O.S in milk fat reflecting negligible residue in milk from application to dairy cows; 0.1 in eggs from application to poultry; and 0.6 in refined safflower oil from application to she growing plant. CAS -- . ... ______ * " 10 D 517 O.O-Dimethyl 2,7,2-trichloro-l'hydrosyethyl1 phosphonatc; tolerances for residues. rer.i Register J (134. July IS) 11590-91 (IH9) `EtL T.ie following tolerances are established for residuM of the title insecticide under the US Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act: 4S Km m or on lucerne and clover hay; 12 in or on sh lucerne, barky (green fodder and straw), iresh clover, flax straw, eats (green fodder and straw), sugar beet topi, and wheat (green fodder snd straw); 2 in or on bananas (of which <C.2 is present in the pulp); 1 in or on bean and cowpea vines; 0.1(neg)icib!e residue) in or on artichokes, barley grain, dried beans, garden hruticls sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, collards, maize (fodder, forage, and kernels plus cob without husk), cottonseed, cowpeas, flaxseed, lettuce, lima beans, meat, fat and meat byproducts of cattle, oats (grain), peppers, pumpkins, safflower seed, snap beans, W btV** "ITM110"-ind whest (grain); and 0.01 (negligible residue) in milk. CAS 'J ' ' 7 D 426 Food additives. Tylosln. " Anon. Federal Register 54 (61, March 29) $929*50 (1969) fEn) . , Tvlossn, 0.I-1.0 kg/ton, may be used in broiler chicken feed under the US Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act to aid in the control of chronic respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma galliscpticum. The tolerances in edible product! of treated animals are changed from aero to the following (negligible residues)] fat, muscle, liver, and kidney of chickens, turkeys, cattle, and swine, 0.2 ppm; eggt, 0.2 ppm; milk _._.0.0$ppm. CAS 7 D 429 #. Dicamba; tolerancca for residues. Anon. Federal Register 54 (66, April. S) 6259 (1969) lEl.he following additional tolerance! arc established under the US Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act for residues of the herbicide dicamba i),6-dichloro*o*anisie acid) and its metabolite ' ,4~dtchloro*$*hydroxy*o*tnUic acid*. 40 ' ppm in or on grastrs (pasture and rangeland) and / glass hay; 0.0S (negligible residue) in milk. CAS * HONS 038682 ----------------- 4T> 210 > Coumaphot tolerance* for rcilduca. *......... ' Anon. ( Federal Reciter 14 (12, Jan. 17) 726-27 (1969) fn) JJj'i* hf U Federal Rood, A for Che title imechcide * . .... ----------------- (O.O-diethyl v0j0-c-enMioororo-4-4-m-meeihthyyI-|-22--oojrjroo--22HH--N ............... ero . ""WPJn"*n1'--J''--)y;"l'Pp,hh"o*ipphh'>i,i*r>) iiil rmtvimirdtfh,, Sr urn lo 0.5 ppm in mill fit rtfltcung nrgligibl, rniduci in milk, md 0.1 ppm in eggs. CAS I ( i 4D2II Pinikien or lt methyl bomologue; tolerance* for Anon. reoera A*Ii*ter 34 (15, Jan. 23) 1014 (1969) (En) . a/5of 0.2 ppm it established under the US Federal Food, Drug and Cotmetic Act for miduet of the insecticide parathion (0,0-diethyl O-p-mtrophenyl thiophotphate) or it* methyl fcomoloKue in or on sunflower teed. CAS 11D905 Anm*ddi"''"' ThUb">Jnol.. JtaCT, nCSbX?^j' *"H I'fiSig "* *nd 0S0S rin.TriIdill,cb "",d, and twine, lndic*'i,M",n anTMd < MONS 038683 ttllto ' Metabolism and excretion of Bromacil in milk of " dairy cow*. Gutenmann, W. H.;Lisk, D. J. . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ]| (1) 121-29 (1970) (I rf. En) [Pmicide Residue Lab., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York 14150, USA] . . The herbicide, Bromacil (5-bromo3-sec-butyl-4- methyl uracil) wa< fed for 4 days to ({) a 1550 to Holstcln-Friesian cow at the 5 ppm level (bated on a 50 lb daily ration) in the evening grain and to (ii) a 1450 lb Holstein-Frietian cow at the 10 ppm level. Subiamplet (a.m. and P-m.) of the total daily milk were taken from (i) and fit) at well at tamplet of total daily urine , and faeces from (i) only. Bromacil wai not . detected in urine or faecet (lower limits of detection 0.04 and O.Ot ppm, respectively); small quantities were found in milk tamplet, rising to 0.13 and IJ0 mg/day for (i) and (ii) respectively, the herbicide being predominantly fecrcted in the p.m. milk. Bromacil was not decomposed in vitro in 7 h in the presence of rumen fluid or when incubated for 1 h with a 10 000 X g homogenized liver fracrlon supernatant. BEPC ,, * . . 4 P 317 Slalui ofiodiiK in milk 'treierved with aodiura metabisulphuc and formaldehyde. Jot"r.",J Selei; 52 (1) 124-25 (1969) [7 Kl'.hk1 Vcbl"trii '"'"""l Ohio! USA)' P"b`C He,l,h Scr,,"' I JJl* ;d<,',lon of NwS0 `o freah raw kolt mill labelled in vitro with n<| maintained the I in the reduced lute during ttorage it 23-26C, but did not prevent apoilagc. Reconitituud dried milk, also labelled m vitro with was lioj. Dairy Sci. (1966) 49 (10) 1190-96.) RWS 2P164 Direct addition of tocopherol to milk for control of oxidised flavour. * King, R. L. . Journal of Dairy Science 31 (10) 1705-07 (IMS) [6 M^&A, ry Sei- U"!v- C"'" r"k- > 0.1 >nd 0.5 ppm Cu ,r. idd.d to i.mpltt of miitd mila from a cows followed by tocopherol (from d-> tocopherol in hexane, ethanol and various liquid emulsifiers) at concn. of 12.5-400 ngf% milk fat. Alter 2 davs refrigerated storage, samples were evaluated for oxidised flavour by thiobarbituric acid and organoleptic method*. Non-emuliified lormi of tocopherol did not prevent development of oxidised flavour. Addition of 25-100 ug emulsified tocoeherol/g milk fat prevented oxidised flavour development. The amount of tocopherol required, with level of Cu contamination and was Within the same range as naturally incorporated vitamin E, but due to poor transfer of vitamin E Itoin lted rations to milk, amount of tocopherol added'to milk was I*/* of that required in ration*. Addition of tocopherol to milk at the farm it recommended. CDA 2P1SI Radioactive lactose In skim milk following administration of carbonyl->*Ocarbaryl to a lactating cow. Baron, R. L. \ journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist* 51 (5) 1046-49 (1961) (10 ref. En) _ _ (Division looa Chemistry k Technology. l:ood tc Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204, USA] Administration of 2 g carbonyl-* *C-carbsryI to a lactating cow resulted in radioactive residues in milk of <v)Vi of the administered dose. Analysis of the distribution of radioactivity in skim milk showed 13 and 17V* of the radioactivity present as organic-soluble and water-soluble components, respectively. CrystalliratSon of lactose from the water-soluble components resulted in removal of 90-95*/* of the1 <C radioactivity. The data obtained Indicate that following hydrolysis of the carbonylUC-carbaryl, a small quantity of l*COt waa Incorporated into lactose. AS Compound* in milk *ccompftyin| feeding of ' '"Tfli<iayqum. _ ~' DunkH-y. W. I..; Frankc, A. A.; tow, E. journal of Dairy Science SI (I) 1215-11 (19(1) (> rrf. r.n) (Dept. Food Sci. Ac Trchnol., Univ., Davit, California, USA) ..... A feeding (rial was conducted on a Holstein* Frirtim cow* to determine if ethoxyquin, or itl residues, it uantfrmd to milk when fed at O.OISV* of dry matter intake. Feeding ethoxyquin did not increate milk tocopherol, hut wai accompanied, 1 day after feeding, by appearance in . milk of an unidentified compound that interfered with determination of ethoxyquin by a fluorometric method and of tocopherol by a sprctrophoiometric method [tee Analyt. Chant. i(: 103$). Max. concn. of ethoxyquin detected in milk, after aeparation from interfering compound* by hexane and acid extractions, was < 7/tg 71. (See alto j. Dairy Sea. (1967)50(4)492-99.) CDA Insecticide tftidoet in the milkof dairy COW 'treated for control of ectoparasites."' " Kawar, N. S.; Bostanian, N. J.; Dadawi, S. M. journal of Dairy Science SI (7) 1023-25 (I96t) (7 ref. En) (American Univ. of Beirut, Lebanon) BHC (!,2,3,4,S,6>hexachlorocyciohexanc).chlordane (2,3,4,$,6,7,8,8*octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro- 4,7-mcthanoindene), and ronnel [O,O*dimethyl-0- (2,4,5-trichlorophenyI) phosphorothioate) retiduet were determined quantitatively in milk samples obtained from 21 Holitein-Frivtian cows at regular intervals for 22 days following treatment. 3 wk after application, 0.006 and 0.016 ppm BHC were found in whole milk of cows sprayed with 0.03 and 0.06*/a BHC, respectively. Similarly, the _ utilization of 0.2$ and 0.5'fe chtordane resulted in residues of 0.232 and 0.319 ppm, respectively. Application of 0.38 and 0.75*/* ronnel resulted in undetectable levels 4 days after application. All reported concn. of insecticides were on whole milk basis. AS ........ <0 58 0,0-Difihyi 0`3-<fcloro>4-methyl'2oxo*2H*1 bentopyran>7yl phosphorothioate} tolerances for residues. ' Anon. Federal Refiner (It9, Auf. 19) 12117-1, (1961) (En) ,, *nc< f 0*5 PPm of the insecticide it established under the US Federal Food, Drue and Cosmetic Act in milk fat, reflecting negligible residues in milk from use on dairy cows. CAS * 038<>86 HONS  N, 9U .' Environmental surveillance around a nuclear fuel *v* *.*. reprocessing Installation, 1965-1947. Xelleher.W.J. Radiological Health Data and Reports 10 (t) 329-59 (1969) (9 ref. lip] (Bureau of Radiological Health, Dept. of Health, Albany, New York, USA) The repot t summarises data obtained during 1965, 1966 and 1967 on levels of radioactivity in air 1 r and milk samples, liquid wastes, local watersheds, silt, deer and fish in the area surrounding a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, which began operating in April 1966. No changes in the - ` levels of 8i, tatCs or 9Sr in milk were detected during the test period. - Levels of *MCs in the soli tissues of deer increased significantly in 1967, probably as a . result of drinking contaminated water. Similar, high levels of *Sr were found in fish. These .. level* are considered sufficiently high to cause possible health hazards. MEG .. TW- - ?**.. 6Fe7t9e0o6f orgenoehlorinc pesticides during processing of milk Into dairy products, LLJoii,,uCCrn.. aFFl..ojj BBf trrhaaeddlleeAyyts,, oKKc..iaLLt.,,i,oJJnrr..,,o;;|fSaoOecfnhfffuuiiccnltiisza,,lLA.nH,a..lytical Chemists 5J(I) 127-19 (1970) (>1 ref.En] IUept, of pood Sci., Univ., Madison, Wisconsin >G70r6o,uUpsSAo)f 2 lactating cows were fed (i) diefdr,in, (it) tosaphrne, (iii) chlordan, (iv) endotulfin, (v) dico/ul, or (vi) a mixture of ncptachlor, DDT end lindane. Milk from each group was manufactured into pasteurized whole milk, >C*/i cream, butter, spray-dried or condensed whole milk and Cheddar cneetc. The pesticides remaining in these dairy pruducti, and in skim-milk, buttermilk and Cheddar chme whey, were determined by gas-liquid chromatography in freshly prepared and stored * samples, (n general, the pimridis present in the milk were unchanged by the manufacturing processes, (i), (iii) and lindane, however, showed a 27,11 and >4Va decrease, respectively, In spray-dried products and concn. of (i) and fas) increased slightly on storage. Most of she . ' - . pesticides, particularly (i), /iii) and heptaehlor had some bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect on ' I the cheese starter organisms. The pesticide content/g fat was generally higher in skim-milk, buttermilk snd whey, possibly because of the affinity of the residues for the lipoproteins present in these products (Sec also FSTA (196) I 17106.) MEG Kg ^-- ' HONS 038687 4P74I Offsite radiological surveillance for Project Gasbuggy, June 1967-July 19(1 McBride, J.R.; Hill, D. Radiological Health Data and Report! 10 (12) MS* 46 (1969) [2 ref. E] (Southwestern Radiological Health Lao., Las Vegas, Nevada, USA] 7$ samples of milk were taken front 22 dairy locations up to a radius of ISO miles from ground taro during 4 periods of 'Project Catbuggy', an eipt. in which an underground nuclear explosion on Dec. 10,1967 was used to stimulate production of natural gas. was below the detectable limit Ci/1.) in all samples before and after the . ision; the number of samples giving results above the detectable limits of w*Ct and *Sr (10 ft 5 pCi/1., respectively) was insufficient for the average of all samples to exceed those limits. Average valuet for wr were 6 and 4 pCi/1. before and after the explosion, respectively (detectable limit 2 pCi/l.). Samples were nor taken when the gat well wit re*drilled Hun. D-Jul. 22,1961) since by this time all radio*lodines had decayed below significant levels. BEPC6 ( 6 P 747 Mixed sample tests for extraneous matter la milk. Maloney, P.; Armstrong, J. G. Journal of Milk and Pood Technology 32 (II) 455-67 (1969) [7 ref. En) (Dairymen's Association Re*. Unit, Drpi. of Food Sci., Univ,, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) In 149 individual cans of milk extraneous matter was measured by 2 methods, (ii the 'off;thebotcom' method in which 16 tl ox of milk are drawn from the bottom of the can and forced through t filter pad and the amount of sediment is attested on a scale of I to 4, and {ii) the 'mixed milk' method in which the milk is mixed before the sample is taken. For each of the scores I to 4 assessed by (ii) the score! by (i) varied widely; r.g. for thr 30 samples scored 1 by (ii), representing an average of 0.0$ mg sediment/16 11 ox milk, the amount of sediment by (i) ranged from 0.) to 2.5 mg. Similar results wrrr oouined with milk from the cans of cash of 74 producers tested by (i) in the cans and by (ii) after pouring into the dump-tank. The causes of variation by (n) are discussed: (i) is superior in several rnpat* and is recommended fur adoption as the standard method for both bulk milk and milk in cans. SjR 5 MOWS 030668 2 rut Ridiikiodini in the milk of cowl tad |Mti after oral administration of radioiodatf and radioiodide. * Lenccmann, F. W. Health Phytic* 17 (4) 545-69 (1969) ft ref. EnJ v [Dept. of Chytictl Biology, St. Vet. Coll., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York *14850, USA] 2 lactating cow* and 2 lactating goats were each given a singfe oral doie of Na,9>l and Nal-&lO|. During a 7-day collection period, amount* of i*M recovered from cow* and goats, respectively, were 3.1 and 43.7V* in milk, 49.2 and 11.7V* in urine, 27.1 and 14.5V* in faeces, and 7.4 and 14.3*/* in thyroid tissue; values for the recovery of IWI were similar. In a 2nd rapt. 3 lactating cows and 2 lactating goat* were given daily doses of Na***l and Na*-'10.-for 14 day*. Average level of excretion of ,3,f and <Mf into milk on days 10*14 was 0.42 and 0.44V* in cows and 48.7 and 40.9*/* in goat*. Small difference* in the excretion of **'1 and indicated chat NalOa i* not abtorbrd from the digestive tract as efficiently as Nal. SIT . 9 P 7222 Road dust as a source of sediment in milk and y/ cream, Armstrong, J. C. ' journal of Milk and Food Technology 33 (3) 109*10 (1970) (4 ref. En] [Dept, of Food Set., Univ., . Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) Average sediment (mg/16 fl oz) found in tests using tap water transported under various conditions in 12 (| full) milk cam of various ages with 'mushroom' tops and 12 (J full) milk cans of various ages with inset tops were, respectively: cant in open truck, 0.02 and 0.02| cans in truck covered py tarpaulin, 0.02 and 0.02; individual plastics cover on each can with truck top open, 0.01 and 0.02; and waxed paper placed under lid* of cant with truck top open, 0.04 *nd 0.03. Differences between average amounts of dust found in individual cant at an average of 4 tests were (mg/16 fl oz): 10 cans, 0.01; S cans, O.C2;6 cans, 0.03; 2 cant, 0.04; and 1 can, 0.0$. It was concluded that road dust was not the most important source of contamination of milk delivered in cant to manufacturing plants. Individual covrrs for cans are effective where dust protection teems desirable. BEPC MONS 038689 Carbon-14, tritium, and pluionium-2)9 In milk and total diet July IMS to December 196S. _ United State* of America, Public Health Service, bureau of Radiological Health Radiological Health Data and Reporti 10 (11) 500- OS (1969) [3 ref. F.n) [Washington, DC 20201, USA) Results obtained from the examination of milk aampics taken at II location* from Jan. 1966 to June 1962, when sampling w*s discontinued, ^ indicated that ?:l,,Pu wai not present in detectable mounts; total diet samples taken in the same period contained low but detectable amounts with a max. of 7.9 fCi/kg. Mean >*C concn. in milk and total diet samptes taken at 9 selected geographical locations during the period July-Dee. 1965 were 570 and 1120 pC/kg, respectively. For semi-annual samples from lan. 1966 to Dec. 1961 the mean for atl locations tor total diet samples (pCi/kg) increased to 1300 in Apr. 1967 but decreased to 1030 in Oct. 196S; values for milk were about the tame at in 1965. Ranees of detectable values (nCi/kg) of *H in food and milk samples respectively for the following years weret 1966,0.4-9.9 and O.K-5.9; 1967,0.4-27 and 0.3 3.6; 1961,0.4-2.2 and 0.5-17. Corresponding average values (nCi/kg) for eleetrolytically enriched samples were: 1966,1.2 and 1.4; 1967, 0.7 and 0.6; !96t. 0.6 and 0.5. The number of samples with concn. below the lower limit of detection increased markedly between 1966 and 1961. BEPC 10 P140) Milk surveillance, December 1969. Anon. Radiological Health Data and Reports It (4) 117-97 (1970) [12 rtf. En) Monthly and annual average cone, of ^Sr, i*U and iHCs in milk are tabulated for 176 sampling jjrsiiom in the Western Hemisphere for 1969, Concn. of >a*l were below the practical reporting hvel in all simples except 4 taken in the title of Pennsylvania in Dec. (max. value II PCi/L). Annual averages for <#$r and WCs for the 63 sampling stations of the pasteurized milk riwork in the USA were 7 and 9 pCi/l. 'ttptciiydy. [See 1STA (1970) 2 11*1049 for comparison of raw and patteurirrd milk sampling aworks,) Highest 12-month average for *Sr *as 19 pCi/l. at Del Norte, California, jjuivajent to 9.5/ of the Federal Radiation Council's radiation protection guide. Highest 12month average for ,a7Ci was 90 pt'i/l. in southcan Florida, representing 2.5*/aof the guide for I ,h" '"C. level, ,969 , ,onn.tentl, h]|h.r in Florida ,nd j.nuica *re" w,t" *he other locations. (See FSTA (1969) 1 10P905 for 1961 values.] BEPC 3P2II Comparative excretion nod retentioo of DDT analoguci by dairy cows. ' Fries, G. F.; Marrow, G. S.; Gordon, C. H. (ourna! of Dairy Science 52 (II) 1100-05(1969) 12 ref. Enl [Animal Husbandry Res. Division, ISDA, Befisville, Maryland 20/05, USA) 3 groups of 3 cows each were fed 25 mg of p,p'- DDt, p,p'-DDD, or p,p'-DDE/day for 60 days. Concn. of the compounds in milk fat approached, but did not reach, equilibrium during the feeding period. From days 40 to 60,25J*/e of the p.p'-DDE, 7.6*/s of the p.p'-DDD, and 5.1V# of the p.p'-DDT as p.p'-DDT (2.1V#) and p.p'-DDD (3.0*/#). were excreted in the milk, when the feeding of the compounds ended at 60 days, the decline in milk fat concn. of all compounds could be described as the sum of 2 first-oruer terms. The initial partial conrn. of the first term were 0.41.0.91, and 0.41 with rates of decline of 67, 41, and 3l*/*/day for p.p'-DDT, p.p'-DDD, ando.p'-DDE, respectively. The initial partial concn. oi the second term were 0.59,0.09, and 0.59, with rates of decline of 1.3,2.6, and l.3*/a/day, respectively. [See alto FSTA (1969) 1 ICJ92.J AS HONS 038690 iam Vitamin Bo components in ome meats, fish, dairy products, and commercial infant formulas. Polinsky, M. M.; Tocpfrr, E. W. {eurnal of Agricultural and Pood Chemistry 17 (6) <*7 (196V) 115 ref. En] fHuman Nutrition Res. Division. Agric. Rrs. Service, Beltsvillc. Maryland 20705, USA] Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and total vitamin Bo values for meat, fish, dairy products and infant formulae were determined microbiologieally mine Saccharomyces carhbergeniii. The hydrolysed food extracts were separated by chromatography on Dowex 50 resin column prior to microbiological assay. Total vitamin Bo concn. (/ac/g) were as follows: in meat, from 2.17 in chicken leg to 8.21 in ox liver; in fish, from 0.5 in oysters to 3.78 in tuna; in dairy products, from 0.01 in buttermilk and homogenised milk to 0.12 in blue cheese; in dried egg. 4.00; and in infant formulae, from 0.37 in Similae to 3.95 in Bremil. Pyridoxal and Kyridoxamine were the predominant forms of vitamin t; only small amounts (generally <10*/t)of pyridoxine were present. Vitamin &t in fully cooked or canned food consisted of >70*/t pyridoxamine. 5PT 3P3I0 Metabolites of 2,3,5-trliodobeniolc add la cows' milk. . McGee, C. B.| Born, G. S. Christian, J. E.} jiurr'.l'ol'D.lry Scltnc. 51 (11) II54-W (1H I ref. Enj [Purdue Univ., Lafayette. Indiana 47907, USA] In this investigation, which was performed concurrently with that of Ice et at. [J. Pharm. Sci. (1961) 57 (3) 399-4041, 100-g samples of milk from a 3-yr-old 477-kg Holitein-Fnesian cow whim had been orally dosed with 1.197 g of 2lIlA- , triiodobcntoic acid (TillA), were subjected us caa- chromatographic analysis. T1BA and 7 metabolites were detected in the milk; 4 of the metabolites were identified, but only T111A and the major metabolite, 2-hydroxy-3,5-diodobenioic acid could be quantitatively determined. Levcla, in milk, of T1BA and its major metabolite respectively, at various times up to 54 h after dosing were (mg/kg): 6 h,0.42 and 0.0f; h, 0.48 and 0.19; 30 h, 0.79 and 0.23; 42 h. 0.75 and 0.27; 54 h.0.43 and 0.21. CDA . MQNS 038691 --------------- c ------ -- -..._____ ,,. . _____ IDM> Food additives. Sulphadimcthoxine. Anon. ,, .. Federal Register 35 (35, Feb. 19) 3141-42 0'7C) lie previous regulation under the US Federal ( Pood, Drug and Cosmetic Act is revised toekisj* the toe of ilie title drug in the drinking water chickens ami turkeyi at a level of 0.931 g/g*l (0.025V*) and to revite the existing rero tolerance! to the following negligible residue tolvrancei: 0.1 |*|*n in cliickem, turkeyi and cattle; 0.01 ppm in milk. CAS ( Environmental levelr of radioactivity at atomk energy commission installations. I* Haoford atomic products operation calendar year 1947. Radiological Health Data and Reporti 10 (9) 401-16 (1949) 19 ref. Enl [Uatttlle Memorial Inat., . Richland, Washington, USA) .. Data on radionuelidcr from monitoring reports gee summarixed for the Hanford plant area (1300 km*), hi environs, the Columbia River flowing through h, and 3 town* directly downitream. Milk from local farm! irrigated wi*> water downitream contained fen and I ai we I ai fiu.on product* from fall-out. Average level* of -P and Zn were 320 and 200 pCi/l. respectively againtt none detectable in the commercial nuik available. *aU level wat the same as in commercial milk, averaging 4 pCi/l. Level* of MU in fresh vegetable* from local farmi and market! were <0.0$ pCi/g, the prescribed i limit. From the specie* distribution and ' analyst* of fish caught in the Columbia River it 1* calculated that intake by the max. contumer of the fish (200 meals/yr) would be 14 iiCi <*P and 0.4 ^Ci Zn. 10V* of max. permuted intake. Average levels of Zn and P in oystere . were 30 and 3.3 pCi/g respectively. Date arc given alto (or drinking water of river origin. SJR I j HONS 038692 Milk wnrlllinrr, December 1971. Am*. RatMnfion (htla and Report* 13(4)195-203 <1972) |rf ref. l:n) An wliinc is given oC the continuing monitoring t4 radumuclidcs in milk in USA. Canada and parts <4 Central ami S. America. For 1971. the average daiS for the paMrurired milk network in USA were 7 p('i and V pCi *'7Cs/l. milk; the ranges (or Canmla and Central + S. America respectively ere 5-17 and 0-5 pCi *Sr and 11-33 and O-flOpCi '"(VI milk. |See I STA (1971)3 I2P2088 for 19711 results.) JMD Irnien, D. J. usaV D<"' C1''n'ic,, <*! chfoconL'l"' *`'7 V r*'ion` coniaiftini: tcnloropironnic Icid. the principal rocubol;.T.( mi.^0Jnnh>)py,,Ji,`t (Do*co 163). Samples of U d br f f"W"? "* for 6-chloropicoTnic hvdmltM 7^" 'l1 W ,K'^ sample was hydrolysed wuh sulphuric acid to liberate the compound from possible conjugates. The free a. gteatfW* * cx.ricud Wicl.ether. ...... ?""h!po" I J"`rn"i"r1J hr GLC cmplnvind , LAC- 446-HaPO column ,nj electron ctptorc Jruction Rrcovcrtci were W. milt .,,pj , t. . f "!TM` CK`"` l"""(<0 0`n " 'hti' '' ">TMmWc rolJuci wifil,5. pPnI)|,|,p'?,'r mi,k Dr cow. m ^WS^JTSs*,eid ' Kv,l` ____ Enrichment of pasteurized wholo milk with Iron. ( .................. Edmondson, L. F.j Douglas, F. W., Jr.j Avants. J. K. Journal of Dairy Science 54 (10) 1422-1425 , 11971) (5 ref. En) [Dairy Product! Lab., E. Marketing and Nutrition Rea. Div., USDA, - Washington. DC 20250, USA) j Organoleptic evaluation ofwhole milkt showed ' that addition of FcJ * lain to raw whole milk increased the heat miuancc of lipase, resulting in rancid flavour! in milkt heat-treated for 16 tec at below 79PC; this defect wat overcome by increaiing the treatment temp, to llC to inactivate the lipate. Addition of Fe* Its cautrd development of an oxidized flavour when added before heat treatment. Thit could be overcome by de-serating the milk before adding the ft** tilt. The degree of rancidity increated during ttorage at 4.4C for up to 14 days whereat that of oxidized flavour decreased. Of the 2 compounds extensively studied for use in iron- fortification of milk, ferric ammonium citrate added prior to heat treatment for 16 sec at 8lC was considered more suitable than ferrous sulphate added between de-aeration and heat treatment. CDA (. 2PI93 Fate of polychlorinated blphenylt in dairy products processed from the milk of exposed cows, ' Platonow, N. S.: Funnel!, H. S.; Bullock, D. H.t ' Arnotl, D. R.; Saschenbreckrr, P. V.j Grieve. D. G. ournal of Dairy Science 54 (9) 1305-1301 (1971) iIt rrf. En) [Dept, of Btomeo. Sci.,Univ., uelph, Ontario, Canada) 2 lactating Jersey cows received a single oral w.10 ,or m* polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)/ke body wt. Concn. of PCB (mg/kg) re?.?vel . ,n<* product! processed from the milk or the cow receiving 10 and 100 mg PCB respectively were as follows: whole milk. 3,193 and >6.099: cream, 21.J21 and 262.172; tkim-milk, 0.456 and 1.522; heated skim-milk, 0.165 and 0.427: dried skim-milk, 1.677 and 4.t)f; Cottage cheese, 1.486 and 5.930; and whey, 0.284 and 1.621. PCB tended to be lipophilic and the concn. were proportional to the fat content m whole msHt and cream and nearly proportional in Cottage cheese and dried skim-milk, but the whey contained "tore unt than did any other sample. GLC of PCB from the different products showed that the metabolic form was not significantly altered by processing except in cream, which contained significantly less of the lit of the 14 chromstographic fractions, when compared with a standard shremaiouram, CDA 38694 | . .............. V ........................ _ ..................... ................... ... ....___ -- ... ........... ............. ...... - -- -- a.. 10P 1590 ,. Trwufrr lo milk of InjCTleJ tedioleed. Slknlcv. R. E.; Mullen, A. A.; Brculinuet, E/W21(2)211-215 (1971) (6rel.&.) |SW Radiological Health Lab., Los Vegas, Nevada 4 laetating cows were etch given orally 1.5 mCi 3#,Pb as nitrate; J0?Pb was estimated in milk, W|ne and faeces for the neat 5 days. Peak activity aorwared in the milk 30 It after dosing and the netmty declined with a halMifc of 70 h. Less than 0.02% of the ingested dose was secreted In tire milk, turfietting that radiolead that may result from noclear explosions is ofitttfe direct significance to man. JMD -------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------- MiH.- T r 1014 ,.............................ref* Fnl --------------------[2H- * - ... . . . In,f *"<< " "boKi. . tlletoxln M| in milk. To etubliih the rrletionlhip between in|eurd end milk-lecreted . tentitive method |, ,,JS,/,. '"d determine ifl.toxin. 0 end M, in milk A JSSitter"""!1 ^ W,hicl' ood eeeoveriei within Ike lirniu of xiiurl comptriton, were oblemed Irom templet conttinine 0.5 pern eiu o,. n,, thpwend million. ftprot,i,,i,,d mill (IW. metbenolie fi|t,,M1) v,, edio,ted tolwlfc? tddition of 4,,|, lolution end de/,,,,d be ^ eeireetion with be.tne. All.toxint partition column of Cehte coated with <l '*> for fddition.J cleanup ?d`m Tl r" in end potted on TLC plates for fluorescence companions. AS M0NS 0386,5 f> . 9 f 1583 Responses from row* fed diet* containing fentUen or lenflrofWoa. Johnson,J. C., Jr,; Bowman, M. C. JournalotDairy Scirnet $5(6)777-782 (1972) 112 ref. En) (Animal Sci. Dept., Coastal Plain Sin.. Tilton, Georgia, 31794, USA) Diets containing 0,2$, $0 or 100 ppm of either fenthion (O.O-dimcthyl 0*|4-(meihytthio)-m- tolyljphosphorotliioaie) or fenitrothion (0,0- dimethyl 0.4-nitro-m-tolyl phosphorothioatc) were led to pairs of lactaiing Jersey cows lor 28 days. Although fenthion depressed dietary intake (P<0.05) when fed at 50 or 100 ppm, neither insecticide affected milk yield. Levels of fenthion and its metabolites in milk of cows receiving 25, SO and 100 ppm respectively were 0.010,0.043 and. 0.078 ppm after 7 days and 0.018,0.049 and 0.099 ppm after 28 days feeding. With fenilrothion, only the amino analogue was detected in the milk, corresponding levels being 0 002,0.004 and 0.020 ppm after 7 days and 0.002,0.006 and 0.017 ppm after 28 days. No residues of either insecticide were detected in milk 7 days after the feeding of them was terminated. CDP ( ..cl 9C226 lie eicretton of heaaehlotophene in the dairy cow, St. John, L. E., Jr.; Utk, D. J. ' Journal of Agricultural and Food Cheatistrj 20 (2) 389-391 (1972) (7 ref. En) (Pesticide Residue Lab., Dept, of Entomology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York 14850, USA) , On feeding hexachlorophene (2.2,-mcthylene-b(3,4,6`trirhlorophcnol)) over a period of 4 days at a level of S ppm in the daily ration (22.7 kg) to a lactaiing Holsicin-FHckian cow (body art. 572 kg and average daily milk yield 16 kg), no detectable residues of the haetcrickle were found in milk samples taken daily throughout the feeding period and lor 6 days thereafter. SAC C 227 . , Metabolism of aenobfolks In ruminants. IV. V Storage and easetion of IIKOI) in Holstein eowi. WiImhi, K. A.; Cook. R. M. Journal of Agricultural aad Food ChrmUtry 30(2) 391-394 (1972) |ll ref. En) jl>uiry Sci. Dept., Michigan St. Univ., East Lansing. 48823, USA| lli:OD(1.2.3.4.10,10-hcxuchioro-6.7-cpoar i.<Mii.5,6,7,H,Ka-octuhydro-l,4-cndo,cxo*S,K- dimcihsnonitphOmlcnc) was administered orally in gelatin capsule* to groups of 2 luctutmg 1 lolstcinl iH'sian uiw* at a level of 0.1 mg/kg body wlVUay . for 3 or 6 wk. 'I he main route of 111:01) elimination was not (litough milk but ((trough faeces. Peak concit. of <0.14 and <1MI*|pin, respectively. were (ouml in milk. 4 Kher cows, mil.ily led, also received phciioliarlxtai at the rale ol 10 my./kg liMly wt./ilay ilnmi)>limit the fi-wk permd, tins icsulted in sliglnly lower 111:01) levels, in milk during the 4th-6tli wk, regardless of 111:00 treuiim-ni SAC* ................................ " .................................... ' . .. ... '' " ' ' ' ----- ...................... . HONS 038696 1 >?_______________________// 3'/C. 6 U 38? ElhJyn; loJerenrt far residues. ^ i Anon. *' brdrrml Reghlcr 37 (38, Feb. 2S) 3988 (1972) |En| The following additional tolerances are established under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act for the title insecticide (0.0,O',O'* tetraethyl S,S'-methyl bisphosphorodithioate) including its O-analogue ( (|(dii.-llK>xypimvpimiolhioyl)ihio}mclhyl}0,0- diethyl phosphorothioatc): cottonseed and milk fat `(reflecting negligible residues in milk). 0.5 ppm: eggs, meat, fat, and meat by-products of goats, pigs, horses, poultry and sheep, 0.2 ppm. CAS ' 6 U 390 .......... "* Copper; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance. . Anon. Frdtnl Reghter 37 (3|, Feb. 15) 3352-3353 ... 0972) |En| Cu Is exempted from the requirement of a . . tolerance under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act in eggs, fish, meat, milk, irrigated . >/ crops, and shellfish when it results Irom the use of CuS0<.5H;0 as an algicide or herbicide in irrigation conveyance systems and bodies of waters in which fish or shellfish are cultivated: and basic . .CuCOj (malachite) as an algicide or herbicide in impounded and stagnant bodies of water. CAS I P9I A residua study of phenoxy herbicide* in milk and cream. ~~ - 1 Bierke, E. L.; Herman, J. L; Miller, P. W.: Wetter*, J.H. Abstracts of Papers. American Chemical Society 162: PEST >7 (1771) lEn) (Residue Rea,, Agrie. Dept., Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan 48640, USA) ., Cows were fed a complete ration containing 2,4* diehlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5- trlchlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). 2-(2,4,5- trichlorophenoxylpropionic acid (silvex). or 2- methyl-4-chlorophenoxyaeetie acid (MCPA) at graduated levels from 10 to 1C00 ppm for 2-3 wk at each level. Milk and cream samples were collected at predetermined intervals during feeding of the respective herbicides and for 7 days following withdrawal of the highest herbicide level fed. Free phenols and acids, as methyl esters, were determined by electron eapture or microcoulometric gas chromatography after the acids and their respective phenolmoieties were separated by liquid chromatography on acidic alumina. Details of the analytical procedures and results of these studies are presented with respect to the analytical correlations that can be drawn from these data. AS MOMS 038697 5 U 277 " Food additive. y,4M)ichlornproptnonUldct tolerances lor residue*. Anon. Federal Reghter 37 (2. Jan. 5) 74 & 78 (1972) (fin/ (Environment Protection Agency. Washington DC. USA] . Tolerances arc established under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act for residues of the title herbicide (i) and its metabolites (calculated at (i)) as follows: rice straw, 75 ppm; rice bran, hulls, polishings, and other milling fractions resulting from the application of (i) to the growing crop, 10; rice, 2; meat, fat, and meal by-products of cattle, goats, hogs, horses, poultry, and sheep. 0.1 (negligible residue); and eggs end milk, 0.05 (negligible residue). CAS I 4 IU 179 Jalapea sodium tall} tolerances for residues, knon. Federal ffetfsfrr 36 (244 Dec. 18) 2406S-24Q66 11971) [Enj The following additional tolerances are established under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act for the title herbicide (calculated as dalapon, 2,2-dichlaroprofnonic arid): kidney nf poultry, 9pptn; sorghum forage. 5; meat of poultry, 3; beans, bran straw, macadamla nuts, sorghum, soybeans and soybean straw, f; egg*. 0.3; meat and meat by-products of cuttle, goats, hogs, and sheep. 0.2; and milk, 0.1 (negligible residue). 5 VJ 356 Piperanyl butoxide; tolerances (or residues. Anon. Federal Rethter J? (11, Jan. 16) 737-738 (1972) fEn) (Environment Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USAJ Tolerances of 0.25 ppm are established under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act for residues of the title insecticide (butyl carbityl; dpropyl pineronyl) in milk (negligible residue) and 0.1 ppm (negligible residue) in the meat, fat, and meat by-products of cattle, goats, hogs, horses, and J U 302 Diphenamld; tolerances for residues. Anon. FederalRegMer 37(If, Jan. 16)738 (1972) (Enf {Environment Protection Agency, U'erhington DC, VSA) Tolerances are established under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act for the title herbicide (N.N*dimethyl~2,2-diphenyIacetamidc) including its desmethyl metabolite (N-mcthyl-2,2diphenylacetamtde) as follows: 2 ppm. peanut hay and forage; 0.5, peanut hulls and soybean hay and forage; 0.2. cotton forage; 0.1 (negligible residue), apples, cottonseed, okra, peaches, peanuts, soybeans, and sweet potatoes; 0.05 (negligible residue), in meat, fat, and meat by-products of cattle, goats, hogs, horses, and sheep; and 0.01 fnrfilieibic residue) in milk. CAS , HONS 038698 4P538 ' Excretion of o,p'-DDT in milk of coni. Fries. G. F.; Morrow, O. S., Jr.; Gordon, C. H. Journal of Hairy Selene* 54(12) 1X70-1872 (1V71 > |9 ref, En] (Animal Sci. Res. Div., USDA. Beltsville. Maryland 20705. USA) 2 groups of 4 mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows were fed 100 mg/day of (i) o.p'-DDT or (ii) p.p*-DDT for 20 daysf Average concn. of residues in the milk fat for days 10>20. when levels of all analogues were fairly constant, were: after feeding (i), 1.82 1 0.30 mg o.p'-DDD and 0.41 i 0.0S mg o,p'-DDT/kj; after feeding (ii). 7.68 2 0.69 mg p.p*- DDD and 2.47 0.41 mg p.p -DDT/kg. Total residue excreted during this period, based on an average fat yield of 0.77 kg/day, was (i) 1.7% and (ii) 7.8% of intake. 15 days after DDT feeding ceased, residues of (i) were no longer detected, but cows fed (ii) were Mill excreting 0.72 i 0.23 mgp.p*- DDD and 0.73 2 0.05 mg p.p'-DDT/kg milk fat. It is concluded that o.p'-analogucs are not a significant contributor lo tool DDT residues in milk. (Sec also FSTA (1970) 2 3P281J CDA 4 P 537 fmlUinn of Phnwrl in corn Ufegp imt tlittU -- of feeding dairy cows the treated silage. Johnson, j. C., Jr.; Bowman. M. C ; Lcuck. D. B.; Knox, F. E. Journal of Dairy Science 54(12) 1840*1847 (1971) J10 ref. En) (Dept, of Animal Sci., Coastal Plain Sta., Tifton. Georgia 31794. USA) Maize treated in the firtd with Plunvc) |0(4bromo-2-5-dichlorophcnyl) O-methyl ' phenylphotphonothsoale) at rates of 0.0.S6. 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha was ensiled I day later and subsequently fed to 16 floating cows (4/treatment). Silages produced from treated maiic and fed for 8 wk commencing 62 days from ensiling contained 56-66% of the ensiled Phosvel. Ingesting Phosvel and its phenol at averages of 0.41 to 1.71 mg/kg body wt. did not affect (P>0.05) silage DM intakes even though Mood cholinesterase was measurably, but not criiically, lowered (P<0.05). Cows fed silage from the high treatment had greater hodv wt. gains (P<0.0S) but produced less milk (P<0.05) than eons fed control silage; thus, Phosvel residues seemed to effect a preferential formation or utilization of nutritive metabolic products or both for synthesizing body tissues rather than milk. Residues of Phostel were present in milk, faeces, and urine of all cows fed treated silage, but the highest mean residues in milk at any sampling were 0.244 0.12 ppm Phosvel and 0.030 0.003 ppm its phenol. Except for an average of only 0.012 ppm Phosvel in milk from cows fed the high residue treatment, the milk, urine and faeces were free of residues within 1 wk after feeding of the treated silage was terminated. AS 1 C 20 Pesticide miduet In foods. V. Residues of BHC Isomers and other brganochlorine pesticide# in fatty foods of Japan. . _ Uycia, M.; Taut, S.; Nishimoto, T. ournal of the Food Hyglenie Society of Japan iShokuliin Eiscigaku Zasshi) II (4) 256-263 (1970) 18 ref. En) (Kochi Prefecture! PubJtc Health .ib., Koehi-shi, Japan] Residue measurements were performed for persistent reanochlorine pesticide* in 56 sampler of milk and milk products and in 40 sampler of meat and eggs produced in Japan. The ' levels and whole milk basis in market milk ranged 0.059*0.356 ppm for total BHC, 0.006-0.037 ppm (or total DDT. and 0X02*0.010 ppm for dieldrin. Levels on fat barir in milk products and meats respectively were; 0.25-2.43 ppm and 0.50-13.68 ppm for total BHC; 0.41-1.46 ppm and 0.29-0.56 ppm for total DDT, and 0.01-0.09 ppm and 0.01-0.25 ppm for dieldrin. B-DHC predominated to the extent of ~7CVs of total BHC reridues. This is of concern because B-BHC is reported to have a lower acute toxicity but a higher chronic toxicity than the other isomers. TM ' HONS 031*699 Effects on flavour of fortifying milk with Iron ond absorption of the iron from intestinal tract of rati. Demote, B. 1. ournal of Dairy Science 54 (11) 1609*1614 (1971) j25 ref. En] (Dairy Dept., Univ., Knoxville, Vnnetiee 57901, USA] Ferric pyrophosphate, ferric phosphate, ferrous sulphate, ferric ammonium citrate, ferrous gluconate and ferrovi lacute at 5.2-12.6 ppm elemental Fc were evaluated for their influence upon the flavour of whole milk and skim-milk. Ferric pyrophosphate and ferric phosphate caused only minor off-flavours. Whole milk fortified with either of these 2 compounds was fed at the sole ration to weanling raw for 9 wk. Milk plus F from either source was equally effective in maintaining tooth colour, haematocrit, and body wt.. but was nor as effective as a standard dry ration plus water. Milks containing 5.2 or 10.4 pom Fe added as ferric pyrophosphate were roually effective in maintaining body wt. for both male and female rats. Male rats aged 5-9 wk consuming milk with 10.4 ppm added Fe had higher (P<0.0$) haematocrit values than rats on milk containing 5.2 ppm added Fe. After 9 wk of ate the haematocrit values were not significantly different (P>0.05). The ratio of wt. and ( haematocrit valuta of males to females indicated that females withstood stress of insufficient Fe intake better than did males. AS ' Effects on flivour of fortifying milk with iron " and absorption of the iron from intestinal tract of tats. Demon, B, J. Journal of Dairy Science 54 (11) 1609*1614 (1971) (75 ref. EnJfDiiry Dept., Univ,, XnosvilJe, Tennessee 37901, USA) Ferric pyrophosphate, ferric phosphate, ferrous sulphate, ferric ammonium citrate, ferrous gluconate and ferrous lactate at 5.2*12.6 ppm elemental Fe were evaluated for their influence upon the flavour of whole milk ar.d skint-milk. Ferric pyrophosphate ami ferric phosphate caused only minor off-flavours. Whole milk fortified with either of these 2 compounds was fed as the sole ration to weanling rats for 9 wk. Milk plus Fe from cither source was equally effective in maintaining tooth colour, haematocrit, and body wt., but was not as effective as a standard dry ration plus water. Milks containing 5.2 or 10.4 ppm Fe added ss ferric pyrophosphate were eoually effective in maintaining Gody wt. for both male and female rats. Male rats aged 5-9 wk consuming milk with 10.4 i>pm added Fe had higher (P<0.05) haematocrit values than r*ts on milk containing 5.2 ppm added Ft. After 9 wk of age the haematocrit values were not significantly different (P>0.05). The ratio of wt. and haematocrit valuta of males to females indicated that females withstood stress of insufficient Fe intake better than did males. AS ' $ .1 u'. MO ( i Ii c I l I EFFECTS OF FEEDING ARSENIC AND LEAD UPON TI1BIH SECRETION IN MILK 1 , Florida (iaine-vi aso Information has not been observed on the to tin* rows In milligrams jmt 100 Ih W Y. w. r influence of continuous feeding to cow* of rein* weight were: Group I, 0,00 and IMHi; Ih.- ash lively low levels of arsenic mid lend upon tlie 2, 1.17 and 3.23; Group 3, 2.31 ami a.;; W. It. > accretion of these elements in milk. Bovine Group 4, 4.08 and 12.!>.">, respectively. Tl t'itrn- I milk lias been reported to eoiitnin 0.032 to levels wore fed fur 120 days. Body weight . Florida 0.000 mg/liter of aracnie, with the concentra rows fed arsenic and leud ranged I'nan : Uke .M tion being somewhat higher in colostrum (5). 1,040 lb. i Milk from one euw Into in lactation wn* found Before initiation of lead and arsenic fmhi. to contain 0.02 mg/kg of leud (1), whereas two diagonally positioned iptartem wen* h:n . ItVXTI.M. K Kelioc ct al. (0) reported the lend content of milked and the other two inncltinc.milked. So... la Fatm ,r three milk aamples ranging from 0.02 to 0.04 no differences were detected in lend or nr-.:, mg/kg. content of the milk extracted by each an1!).'- and Hue* Idt*. 1. t'noi.vK. .? Both the arsenic mid lead contents of eow's the animals were milked by machine during r mimic iti milk huve been increased by the oral intake of experiment. lleiillli. large quantities of throe elements. On nn area With reference to the initiation af nrn. - Fit. ii. I.. where land and water were contaminated with and lend feeding, milk samples far niiah- i \v \u . ' arornir, and iIImcm and dentil of cuttle were wr taken at --5, 0, +1, +3. and + M d.n- Si! attributed to arsenic toxicity, milk Rumples and subsequently at 14-dav interval*, rc-p- { from rows contnined from O.fi to 1.5 mg/litur tivcly, through the remainder of the 12*: of arsenic (4). Drenching a laetnting heifer feeding period. Samples wen* placed in 2>' dnily with 0.342B g of AfcO as sodium nrxenito polyethylene bottles, cooled in ice water. :n ' 7.1 S for three days did uot cause an increase in milk kept under refrigeration until nnntyxcd. arsenic over the predrenehing level of 0.23 to Arsenic was determined *peetr\iph"l""pi 0.27 mg/liter, hut did increase the eomtntration in urine (3). Beginning 11 days Inter, the aninial was' drenched with 1.307 g of As,0 daily for three consecutive days, mid the arsenic content of milk samples ranged from 0.34 to 0.47 mg/liter during the ensuing lour days rieally by a minor inodilicutioii of llu* tdn" and Kunncll method (7). This method utilize a wet digestion of the sample with llt'l. I*l lowed by reduction of the arsenic in the uo ture and distillation ns arsine. Ton-milliliter unmptcii of milk were digested with 15 ml It has la12, 31. !! /me in rmei* lished ami it ......... I !: prior to her death. IICI at 50 C for 1 hr. Under these condili..... Imlii** i th* 1 A dairy herd consumed two feedings of con* excellent recovery of added arsenic wn *4* eenlrate contaminated with lend oxide. Milk tained. content of * |S*.|*S of till' i taken 12 days later from two surviving eowa Ia*ad was determined by a mono-color *h contained 2.20 and 0.15 mg/kg of lead, respec thixone method dcvclnprd by Omlnk mid ^iiii- einiten: rials which f i tively (K|, Milk samples from these two cwwu (2). Tcti-milliiitcr samples of milk wen* evsij- ' taken 122 days after lead feeding contained rated and charred under an infrared crai*" ; AU., Iln- n. 1`a* prnclit si 0.02H and 0.113(1 mg/kg of lend, respectively. rator and linalty n*lu*d nt iVitl l' in a mutt!' lalioos. This present study was undertaken to deter furnace. /.nn- aunt mine whether any change in milk levels of |ir. s'.'.lu iv '. arsenic or lead could lie detected following con KKsrt.TS ano niaerasioN' I'llc-c vc-ldt tinuous feeding of low levels of Move elements In all milk sample* ntmlyxed, including -a* to lartating rows. plea from control cows, concentration^ I' tbc -ji-iif miiri" di'vi i J KXPKHIM KNTAI. PkOCKMIttK senie and lead were less than 0.05 mi* hi" This was the lower limit for estimation 1m--*1 nN :-ii in' Eight laetnting Jersey town were assigned on a HI-ml sample. to four groups of two animals each. They These n**nlts ohtained on arsenic fuddi; Kfiii-rm** i t either grimed on millet pasture or were fed chopped millet forage and were offered a con centrate mixture twice daily at the rate of 1 lb are in accord with those of Fitch rt al. *` wim nlN'mil that drenching u heifer wilt* 0.3428 g of As,0, daily for Ibm* li.ii-ecntiu T '<* sllldie* .ivht ...... per 3 lb of milk produced, (!niii)m*itinii nf the eoneentrnte mixture expressed as jmnmls was: soybean meal, 100; ground corn, 200; ground isits, 100; wheat brim, IOO; suit, 0; steamed Ismcmni), II. Arsenic ami lend were ailmiiiistered by incorporating oue-hulf the daily allowalices, us lead nrsemile, into I lb id' roneeiitrate and permitting eacli cow to consume this before the remainder of the ismeeulrale allow* mice was offered. Arsenic ami lead (Vd daily days did mil cause mi increase in ar-enic h" of the milk. Baxter (I) re|netcd that less than 3 mg of lead was juge-lnl drub I" sliis>p tlietv was no retention, ami within * daily intake range of 2 to MO mg. ab-on.!-*' apparently was only 1.3:*. .S`,. I*w :d*-"a lion ami the urinary excretion of lead m*-'* account for tbc >bw*i'vution tlial no mere;.** was deteeled in milk lead content nt l)a* I*-"' iitg levels employed. The 1 l t H.|.| Hit* Ill r>4 O r* a herd -i.i lll:ii| oil' *> O M ll.. -.nlcil i ' Florida Agru-oitiirHl Kiperiment Kbithots S. I*. Mausiiai.i. Journal Keries No. I#1441. Department of Dairy Science i .!. M l.. I ITON TlIKIlt )mt 100 )b body Mp ], 0.00 sm) 0.00; Group : Group 3. 2.34 and 0.47; 4 12.03, respectively. These t 120 day*. Hoilv weight of i0 lead ranged from 820 to I #f lend and titm'tne feeding, *dlkitted qunrtiin were Imml. wr two unu-hinc-milked. Since t delected hi lend or arsenic Ik exliaelrd lv each method, Milked by taacuinc during thu lo (hr initiation of arsenic \ ttlilk sample* (Or Minlvant k 0, *f 1. +3, and +14 days, st 14-day intern)*, rcspeebe rvmaUulrr of the J 2fl-diiy 'wple* were placed in 2A0-ml JfH, cooled in jit wafer, mid rrrW' until analysed. 8rtA .ncil H(H`i-troplniti>iiM'lttr.<MfN)lUmlion of Im> Oliver 0m| (7). TIiik method utilixes ' f (hr nninpir with HCI, fel on of Dir arsenic in the mixilhm a* arsine. Ten-milliliter were digested with l.r> ml of 1 hr. ruder flow condition*, ry of added arsenic wii* oh- rrmined by v mono-colnr tli* rvrloped by Clmltik uml llurkcy rt wniples of milk nth- iviijmit<I under an infrared cvh|*Jf tubed nt 550 C in n inutile VM AND IlIklTNRHlX tuple* Aimt.vr.etl, including miiiinil rows eonerutiiilimiK of urwere hwt (him t),t|,' mg/lilcr. wer limit for iwliiimlion Iwscd >|{r. obtained Iin NlW'iiir feeding 8b those nt Kileli el nt. (3), Ibnl leeuebitiu heifer with AK daily lor lints' rooseritlive Use mi mereji.e in w-e,,i.- level flatter tl| tr/tHth1*! thitl wbeM f of lend Hits ||i}""te<i *h,j}y by |'s H*i retetilioii, tout wifhtit the i*Mge ol 2 lo I Ml lit;', ulrorptioti I* wtl" 1.3 .K' i, 14*w ih-**rparm.1 csch-Ih,ii of lend might *e iiU-'r\iilii ll/,l I>,, lurri'iiM' u milk leml content the biyed. JaRVlMM. iteltf of Uuiry Keieiire TECHNICAL NOTES 581 Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Gainesville, Florida AND F. \Y. Hayward AMO W. H. Meaqiier Citruu Kxperiment Station Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Lake Alfred, Florida REFERENCES 0) Baxter, X, 1*. Dead nr a Nutritional Hntard to Farm Livestock. II. The Absorption and Excretion of J^cod by Sheep amt Bab bit*. J. Comp. Pathol., 00:140. 1080. <t) Chomx, J., and IH'MKRY, It. Private earnniUtiiratlon. ]>e|>l. Prevent, Med. lmluwt. Health. Uaiveraity of Cincinnati. 1002. (J) Pitch, L. W. N,, Oniaimkot, R. E. X., and Wall, E. At. Occurrence of Arteido in Soil* and Water* of the Wniotapu Valley ttml ft* Relation to Work Itenlth. U. reeding KxiwrliuetitH nt U'nUncevtMe. V**r ftcuhind J. 8ci. Teclmol., 21: f-lbu. IP.tP. () OKtuutiT. It. K. It. Arwnicnl Kuil* of the Wulotntiu Valley. Xew Zealand J-. Agr,, 58: M. lt^lt. (5) Hovf., K., Kuvuijv.m, C. A., ana Hart, K. It. Amcidc In tho Nutrition of the Itat. Aim. J. I'Uy.{..I,. 124:205. 103H. (8) Kriior, B. A., Ciiouxk, J., and Htony, H. V. A 8|>et'trogrflplnrul Study of the Naruml Hangeft of Conrciitmliuti of tVrinin Trine Mi'tiil* In IliulusU'id Mitterinls. J. Nutri tion. 20: 570. 1040. (7) Or.rvKR, W. T., and Pcvnrm., If. R. Drierniiiintion of Arvenrr in IlioluRien) .Muteriot*. Anal. Ciicin., 31:250. 1050. (8) White, W. n., Cmvfomd, l'. A., ajcu C.xiatjiv, II. O. The L'tlml Done nt tn'iid fur the Cow: The Klimiuatiun of IiiKented lA'ad Through the Milk. J. Am. Vet. Med. Amoe.. 102:202. 1043. ZINC CONTENT OF CERTAIN FEEDS, ASSOCIATED MATERIALS, AND WATER1 It haa-been.shown that cattle require aino (2, S); However, the praelienl importmioc of line in rummant nutritiun baa not been eitablished and it* metnbolum in limited. One of the handicap* in planiitnq nutrition dtidien i* the lack of reliable data ou the tine runlenL of moat feeds. Thus, one of Che |>ur(kim** of this paper is to publish data on the sine content of M'veral feeds mid other niiiterinls which might In* used in future studies. Also, this mfonmitinu will aid in determining the prueticul importance of xinr in ruminant IMliolM. Zinc snalx>es Were made by the dithixone lr*S'nlUfe U*-Veh*J*cl by Verdier rt a). Itl|. The*i> rr*t)h are *uinUibrix*-*I in Tahir ]. Kneh a)' the -ample-. wa a eont|s*-ile from one or more iJifTrrent Mi of laateriit) and tinin retirewrits an independent rAtiumle nt' the r.ine nni. tent nf the ingmlient or mMlciiid. Kvery sam ple was nrialyxisi two or more limes. The iMiiterinlK rhoM'ti for nualyses were those which wen- under eonsideratiou for i-r in r.ine iiMlrilion ,.|u:|iH or Ibose with which the animalM Uie/lit rome in *nnlel. 'I'he I I milk mioi|iI'm were nilWlwl eilber iron* tie* aolliiiiy: iiHteiiilM' |ail or Ho- hull: lank ol hod milk. None of llie milk had Ih-i-ii in omlml wifi, }*,j|vniiir.rd e*|iii|micnl. 'flic re <>((:* dgne quite I'tiH-lv wilh. value:, id 3|i|hu I'lven hv I'mierH'isel (H( us normat for eoa's tioik. Of the feeds for which r.im* nimiyses . av pi'ese,ileil in this jiaiMii, ilalii were given only 'Join,ml Paper Mo. 2HM f II**' t'uttege Mu-ill KinI ion, I'aiversiiy of ihstrKoi. for beet pulp, citnia pulp, and corn in a comprrboaaiie rouipilntioii imhlixlinl in 1950 for the United State* and Canada (]); The aver*., age value of 8.9 ppm for beet pulp is more Hum ten times the 0.3 mg/tb presented in that nonpilation (1). The S.O and 24 ppm for the citrus pulp and yellow covn are somewlmt lower and aomcxvlmt higher, rcspis'lively. than nimmuts given for thm* Imsjs (]>. Jliw,.ver. tin* value for the voni grain is in gisul agree ment with analyses rc|xtc*l previously 10). Likewist?, the average Vtitiii-s fur soylH-ati oil meal Hi, 7, 10>, isoiuted soyhemi protein Hi. I*h< wu-hed iMtlnliij '-oylu-im |*rotin (DM. <lri*>t e;rg fiPiuotio > 1-j-j; white, t*i), :,,,*| non fat dri*-d milk t*| nr*: in .'*,<| n-.'r*s'r>>-,t with tho-s* r-|s*rt-d pr*'v;ei-|v. Ti.e *l,;.!*f:!u plint** u-.ed ill thi- -tildv %- lunoule*t>ir**t lv it hirnw prs'*'-- and H ............. t*, h.r.e * lower Kim- ronlr,*l Ihnu tlml im.'l*- hv the wet iish pnae-h a-. tiM-d by `/.inh-r et wl. iDi>, TAItl.K I /.ill*- ciihti-ot *.f ri rtiiin f* -.! >iiueiliei.l<. iHi<t*-iial-*, nml out** ............... (<-<< Z,*,c I !!* , AIf Milk. ` 11 "t 11 ,t ' Itrel ,>*>)), ')>e >t 7 * t I I M S *. I 'll Ml* |I*J|*, ***-* I *. ,. I I *t S -I I'miMnI Mi imiHi* gn**.-, lio-*l < I'iislniwiil i*" at \\\ ot :fj t'<*fl|l(| tU lUlH'hl KOlsn, <l**-<l (I'ihii-IiiI |>tii**i' I'omi In 12 22 t*l 2 J t 2 21 N,o tsuii oil loejp ( It*, pro t**ta, sohcKt (tiu i* >i i 2 SONS 038103 N) of (2, 3). If into streams, (hey supplies token from times* plants using have experienced a fir product*. Binof ted in vntrr by the of chlorine, such hii t eliminate (lif offrd that 0.1 |pm of iixWir.cd hy 10 to 16 lata n<|>orinl herein Oll.TII ASSOCIATION. r flit Examination of Industrial Wastes. atHr-Ilfflllh Associs. 1W0. aslc Wilm. Pallra., Chemistry of Water winksl Catalog Co., I. kftif *. Norseman SrW. . urk. 10M.. Itritol* to Blcrillsed . jmo. Htt)outUle for Oft* life prater, 6:114. itA, II. A. Tin Retsto Flavor irl Milk. J. [toy Bkelf Life for I Kn., IT (!!>)* 02. EFFECT OP INTRAUTERINE INFUSION OF PENICILLINSTREPTOMYCIN AND FURAC1N 1 AND VAGINAL DEPOSITION OF FURACIN ON CHEMICAL RESIDUE LEVELS IN MILK * R. W. 1ISNN1NQ80N, VICTOTl 1IUK8T, 0. 1,. MOORE, and J. W. KELLY Deportment of Dairy Beitnec, Clemoon College, Clemsen, Bouth Carolina SUMUABT . The milk from 26 dairy rows was examined for ehemieal residues, using the diae assay technique, following intrauterine infusion of pcnieillin-streptomyein' and Furncin and vaginal deposition of Furacin. Milk samples were eollerted during the 12- to 90-hr period after the tingle treatment with antibiotics. They were collected over a 3-wk period during the extended Furacin treatment with uppositnries. No chemical residues were found in any of the milk samples from animals subjected to the three types of treatment. There was no evidence of Furacin build-up during the 3-wk treatments. firvrral studies (lr 6) have indicated that exrrjnnxxTAL irocfj>i;rk , intrauterine infusions of peutettlin-xtrcptomy- Twenty-five animals of asaorted breeds and rin will improve the reproductive picture in in various stages of lactation were treated in re)H'sl breeder cows. Other studies (4t< 7, 9);, three different ways. In-Trial One.' ten aid-1 ' have failed to support such otwervntions. It mals termed hard breeders (all had been in Iimh also hrcii reported that Fnnirin vaginal seminated at least three times prior to treat iiiNerts (HI) or Funiein-antihiotie intrauterine ment) were given intrauterine infusions con infusions (0) will improve conception rates. sisting of 0(10,000 IU of procaine O penicillin Veterinarians are using intrauterine infusions and 1 g of dibydrostrcptoinvcin in & ml of of Furacin alone, when indicated, for a t*im- aqueous suspension. This single treatment was ilsr purjmsc. administered during extras. Milk samples were The above treatments arc frequently used in collected, using a Milk-O-Meler,' at 12, 24, 43, in-sting hard breeding rows during lactation. 72, aiul 90 hr after treatment. Although Kendrick ami Pier (6) have shown In Trial Two, ten animals, ,10 to 00 days (hut antibiotic* infused into the uterus do not poxt-partum, were given intraulerine infusions give rise to residues in milk, there arc no data consisting of 00 to 0tt ml of a 0.2% Furncin available concerning chemical residues in milk solution in a wiiler-miscible vehicle. One 0.4% fallowing intrauterine infusion or vitginal in Furacin suppository in a water-soluble base sertion of Furncin in dairy rows, llenningsou Was vnginally inserted at the time of infusion. (3) and Hawkins et al. (2) have sltown that Subsequent trcntmciits consisted of depositing Httle or no Furacin ap|H>nrH In the milk drawn one furncin Mip)Hwitory in the vagina at tlnrr from (he udder approximately 12 hr utter evenly spneoil intervals per wivli tor 2 wk, mtrmimmimiry infusion. This report deals with Ike examination of milk fur chemical residues after treating bard breeding row* with various Dnai-in preparations and with niitibioticM. The total Ircntuieut consisted ol' one infusion and ten Hiip|MMilorics. Milk wimples were <! lected, using a Milk-O-Meter, 12 and 21 hr and 1, 2, uml 3 wk after trrntmenV was ini | Ifcerlvisl fur pultlirutlvo Hc|,tcmLor 13, lUtfS. tialed. In Trial Three, live fliiininls, 3tl to 00 days pnxt-pnrtnm, were given three O.-P'i- Fiirm-tn ) 'Trade mnaii for Snitro, 2-/urulhdi>-d** semi* snp|MiMitot-ics at a lime, utilising three evenly rHrlummc, mol a product of Katun lathuritlorics, K|mccd jM-rimls per wi-ek fur 3 wk. The total Norwich, N, Y. 'THmiIi-dI conlrilnitiun No. 414, Buutli Caro- ' A tmvhaiiii-nl device for weighing Mint sum I'Hii AgrM'iiMiirnl Kiin-riim-m Nlalitm, I'Iciiisoii idittg milk, tukiog n 1 kiiii|'Ic, ntl Icivutturiit eulli'ic. Cli-ntMiM, Himlli Cttmlmn, nrannfnrtnu'tl liy Tnlinii'Hl Imlinlrii-H, K|. Ijim nl (mMislifil witli I to* njqirtiviil of the liinvlvr. ilcrtlttlc, V'loriiln. t 10.1 SONS 038704 190 ft. W. MBNNINOftOM IT Ab I treatment consisted of 27 vsplnally Inacrted suppositories in ft water-soluble base. Milk samples were collected as in Trial Two. Milk tamplcs were assayed for Turnc'm eon* tent by the dine assay method using Jlartttu* sublilit (8) on Pemuissny Agur. This method is known to detect as little oh 0.03 pg/ml of Furncin in milk (3). Alt milk samples were assayed in duplicate after beating to 180 F for 6 min, to prevent the possibility of false tones. The sensitivity of the disc assay pro cedure was checked using Difco discs of known penicillin concentration. Discs containing 0.05 HI of penicillin yielded, with a 7.0-mm disc, cones averaging 13 mm in diameter and rang ing from 11 to 14 nun in diameter. BB8ULT8 AND DISCUSSION Ko chemical residues were detected in the milk samples obtained from the treated animals in any of the three trials. These Holstein, Guernsey, Jersey, and cross-bred cows were in various stages of lactation. The days ani mals were in milk ranged from 35 to 180 at the initiation of the treatment*. Milk produc tion per cow per day ranged from 20 to 80 U> of milk during the treatment period. Kesults obtained in Trial One using peni cillin and dihydrostrvptomycin, support the findings of Kendrick and Pier (5) in respect to intrauterine infusions of antibiotics. Results obtained in Trial Three ahow that triple the ' recommended suppository dosage, employed in Trial Two, did not give rise to Furncin residues in the milk at any time during the courxa of such treatment*. The absence of residues in the milk from treated animals dur ing the entire treatment period indicate* that Puroein levels do not build up when treat ments are extended over thia time period. Doth types of Faroein treatments were easy to ad minister and no side effects duo to such treatmculs were noted in the oourwe of the invextigntion. lErutexcM (2) Ea*uv( O. T. Bacteriological, Pulljolf* leal, oud Clinical Studies oh the Iteprodwtive Tract of the Hereford Cow and Bacteriological Study of Hereford Hill Semen. No. Am. Vet., 32:258. 1951. (8) Hawkins, Q. E., Pans, 0. K., anp Casnox. R. Y. Concentration* and Percentage K>covery of Furncin in Milk Following Inin mammary Infusion*. J. Dairy 8ci., 44: 2212. 1901. (8) Hbnninosom, R.- W. Furncin Residue* is Milk. J. Dairy Set., 44:1705. JM1. <4) Hjxsrx, C, A, An Evaluation of rtcru* Infusion as a Treatment for Repeat Brect- ing la Dairy Cattle. J. Am. Vet. Mt. Amoc^ 188: 500. 2P02. (5) Xjcnpsick, J. W., and Pick, A. C. Asti- biotic Level* lit Milk Following lutm- uterine Infusion. Calif. Vet., 13: 27. Its!*'. (8) Linulcv, D. C. Intrn-Utcrluc AHtilwi*- Therapy Postserviee In Infertile Dairy On- tie. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoe., 124:1*7, 11134. (7) Rodckts, 8. J. An Eraluatieji -of UterJor lufusions for the Treatment of Infertility la Dairy Cattle. Cornell Vet., 48: 21. (8) SlLVEKUAN, (I. J., AND ICOSIKOWSKI, F. V. Systematic Testing of Inhibitory M* stances in MUk. J. Milk Food TcehnU 15:120. 1932. (9) UtiiKMu, 8. C., Block, W. G., Ifinars, It. K-, McDonald, L. E,, casjo.v, ].. K.. as* McNutt, 8. II. The Use of Antlbivtlr* in the Treatment of Uw Fertility Cm** J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 121: 43tl. W32. (10) VlUKR, It. FlTtOKHALD, NV. II.. AVI' Castkucci, R. F. Management of lUvinc Gvnttnl Infections. I. Intravuginat TWr apy. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoe.. 134:3'". 1959. IM1 J' h i :i t i There . till* wn Test (|P tied Wb. -'pie 'I Them* ft ! rule point. It Mhvenii T in -mins .* I*. th.< i. tn<n- in ' !*!' f thf ' Tt-. (It.- .. .. " p:nt I'lirn- ItONS 038** EXCRETION OK 3 C1-AN1LINE AND ISOPROl'YL-N(3-CHLOROI'IIENYL) CARIIAMATE (Cll'C) IN THE MILK AND URINE OF DAIRY COWS FED CIl'C 1 0. W. WARE and W. J. BRAKF.L. Department* af Zoology nml Entomology and Dairy Belrnro Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster . SUMMARY Ko lsopropyl*N-(3-cldnrophcityl) cnrbnmnte (CIPC) or 3-CI*niti)ine residues were found in the milk when dulry cows were fed CIPC twice daily at the rate* of lt 6, and 25 ppm during a 4-wk period. Alan, no residue* of CIPC or 3-Claniline were found In milk during the 48-hr period following ingestion of 100 ppm CIPC in a tingle feeding. However, 3-Cl-nnilinc was found in the urine S hr after feeding 100 ppm CIPC and during the subsequent 22 hr. The mini mum detectable levels of the analytical method were 0.05 ppm CIPC and 0.03 ppm 3-CI-nniline. The feeding of CIPC in this investigation produced no meas urable effect on the physiology of the cows or their milk production. i I ! ' - Experimentally CIPC, ioopropyl-N-(3-eblo. rophenyl) corbamnte, has been found to be useful in eliminating weed* from forage crops, but drteclahlc residues of the herbicide were present on the forage at hnrvoxt time. CIPC and several other orgnnie compounds, useful as iiiHertieides and herbicides, arc ester* of cnrhnmie acid and are classified as carbamates. Gyriseo et a). (3) fed the insecticide Kevin,* a forimmntc, to dairy cows at levels up to 450 ppm in their daily ration to determine if Kevin or Hh metalsdilc, 1-imphtlmt, appeared in the milk. That investigation ami similar studies (1, 4, (1) indicated that no residues of Kevin, or louiphtlnil, oeenrml in the milk when cow* were fwl Kevin at levels ranging from 2.5 to 450 ppm in their daily ration. The pur|aise of this investigatimi was to determine if ivsidm* or CIPC nr its prohahle metalmlile, S-CI-aniline, apia-nred in the milk Iteeelwil for publh-utlon Juno 2H, 100*2. 1 Ktulu Npirelul Prwjccl No. 111. <mp|Kirtcd la |airt by a grsat frani tin* Pittsburgh Plata tUmm Oheatlcnl Division, Ibirln-rlfta, tllila. ('natribntiwn In Keglotiid Project .W-XI, Pesto ride UchiducN on or la Knnd, Kuril, and Knriige Crv|M (Tladr Magnitude, t'latrmler, tiad Perr|kI Corel. ' 4'njiyi ighled iimin- for I iui|dilhyt*N -methylriirluiomle, inannfactarcd li.v I'hIoii f'uihide I"bentIritis (lit., ItiviniiMi of t'aina t'arlddc <'or|>., Iso Koiilh llroinlwny, While Plains, New York. * or urine of dairy cows when this herbicide continuously fed at levels of 1 In 25 ppm or it a single dosage of 100 ppm. KCPKHWBNTAI. PITOCKIM'HBa , The single feeding of CIPC at the 100 pi* level was made to two cow* on two neearMi*The CIPC feeding at 0, 1. 5, and 25 ppm levr'r was made twice daily for 2S eonwvutivr day with two eows in each group. One cow in cad group was producing approximately III lb mil* daily and the mtiiiiiI cow in each group *:e producing 20 lb or less. The pretest or single feeding of lW p|H CIPC was accomplished |y adding the ledituc grade CIPC diivetly to the grain or by pliant it ill a 20.ad Imlns capsule with a small mu-'sc' of grain ami administering with a Isdit- t#1 In this imiinier the tpuintity ingested at feeding contained 100 ppm t'lPt* Im-cd mi imlfvithm! eon's daily dry matter intake. !> eontinumis feeding of ], 5, and 25 ppm wa* achieved hy I'orlil'ying a 15 days' supply grain with an ellnimdie solalion of I'MV uf' stirring at high hjh*i*1 for 15 min ia a In'-'* mlury I'ced-noving deviee. One pound <! I I. Ib-d grain eonlaiimd t'lPt' at a level of 1. 25 ppm t'M'f bused on the nxeiage dnih matter intake of the individual eows. One h.-l' piouol of the treated ration was iit.lnil'd ' the roneenlrates l'el each moramg ami ........ . Whenever the grain ml ion w < md coop!- ' eoiislimetl, wliiell m-einreil rarely, the remain".. 120 0387b SONS eoiirentrati the roneei; In the p eollreted e tioli of Pa I2-. 24.. i ingestion, em-ll cow'rn'ervaN. part of t' at n very lervnls t thorough pletr mil' contained Mi K itnti pies w en within 7 prMccdut'aniline a |MI ad s; lied will flPf. i hard on 12 flays* mild In iag stor tllllHMIs. looted a on each wen* la pb-le no nival. ; ataive ii 1 bita d the tailiatio I 111. a. app.;. w iMV b' d. lei-, ( mMon hr rates r SCI of 100 h* urine he iflfhi* ind O.OS to mean' hi/**" hicidr wee to !'> .ppm or in cotnim , ' et the 100 ppm tw occasion*, ml 2ft ppm level* Consecutive dny* One mv in cock imtely >10 M milk t'U group tew* iNtf or )(HI ppm ding the tcctinieiil win or hy phiring h n momI) amount litli n bolus ROM. ingested nt one 11*<; looted Oil the tier minin'. Tlir od 25 ppm wen ilty-.' nupply of ton r ril*c Mini # mio in n large f ttf level of 1, A, nr 11vetuge linily dry I COWS. Im II * ** im-linled in nhi ul.evening. nol completely 4y, the mmiiimig EXCRETION or KKDJCIDK IN MILK AXt> URINE 121 eoneenlratea were added to end annsumed with were made on the milk of eneli eow on the 21st the concentrates at the subsequent feeding. dny of the trinl period. In the pretest study, 1-pt milk nninplen were collected ns control wimples just before ingeelion of the (rented ration end nt 1-, 2-, 4-, 8*, ]2", 24-, nod 48*lir intervals following Cl PC ingestion. Only I pt of milk wns removed from earh cow's udder nt the 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, end 12*hr intervals, because the cows available for this port of the investigation were producing milk et e very low level. At the 24. and 48-hr in tervals the anmpie was token following a thorough mixing of the milk obtained nt a com plete milking of each cow. The samples were contained in 1-pt capjKfd bottles mid held at 40 F until analysed. The majority of the sam ple* were analysed within 48 hr and the others within 72 hr lifter collection. The following procedure was used to tost the stability of 3-C1sniline and CIPC in rnw, whole milk: Two 100-mi sample* of rnw, whole milk were forti fied with IS |g of ft-CI-molinc mid 25 |ig of Cl PC, respectively. Theso wimples were nnaiyxed on thu duy of forliflcfttion mid following 12 days* stornge nt 40 K. Xo mensurnhle loss .could lp> detected,,pi.th e,itj|ey, <ntcvir>! follow-... ing stornge nt 40 F for 12 dnys. In the eonUmioiis-feediug study, milk smnplrs wrre col lected nt the regularly scheduled milking time on each Monday end Thursday. These mimplr* were token nfter the milk ohtnined nt n com plete milking of eneh cow hod been thoroughly mixed, nml the sample* were held ns deseril>ed shove unlit nnnlyxed. Data eoneerning the physiological condition of the eowH were eolleeled on tlm dny lieforc initiation of CIPC feeding mid iigaiii on tlio 14th mid 2Hlh dnys of the experiment. Tin*** olhM'i vntioiiK included Imdy weight, respiration rate, pulse mte, laxly tcoijx'nittm', mid the *p|N<nrmiee of feces end urine. l)nily milk weights were nssntled and the routine monthly dclermimitioim for milk fut, RNF, mid protein The method used in the mierodeterminntion of CIPC mid 3-Cl-nnilioe in milk bin been dracrihed by Qard and Ferguson (2). This method utitiwil the alkaline hydridysis of CIPC to 3-Cl-muline, which is separated from the mixture hy steam distillation, nml is based on tho colorimetric measurement of the (simplex formed between 3-CI-imitinc and X-l-naphthylethyleneriinmine dihvdroehloride nfter dinsotirjilion of the 3-CI-niiilinc with nitrous acid. The color complex was rend at 54(1 nip, using n 5-cin cuvcttc in a Bcckninn It spectrophotometer. Standard curve* were estahlished hy fortify ing water with CIPC mid milk with Imth CIPC and 3-Cl-miiline nt the beginning nml termina tion of the study. Recovery studies of CIPC and 3-CI-nnilmo from row whole milk were conducted. The average j>er rent recoveries from 100-ml rnw milk samples fortified with 5, 10, 15, 25, mid 50 Kg CIPC were 81, (U. 70. 61, nml 52%, resqicetivcly. Milk was fortilied with 3-CI-nuilinc only at the 15-pg level nml averaged 00% recovery. ... Following Jbe.,second feeding of ](KI ppm CIPC, urine snmplcs were collected nt each urination during the Hrut 12-hr period. These samples were nnalyxed hy the Chemical Divi sion, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. llnrlter(nil, Ohio, following the methods descrUiod by flnrd ami Feigiison (2). Urine analyses were also conducted on samples colh^tod from tin* cows which received 25 ppm CIPC. RESULTS The optical densities of the milk onnlysra indicated the amount of CIPC or .`M'l-iniiliac present. Results of the pretest trials, IVcding 10il ppm CIPC in a single dosage, me given in Table 1. In (lie first trial, April 2!h the utmlysiri of mitk wilhdrawii prior to Cl PC feeding was used as the control. In the second Dale April l! May JO TAJIMi 1 KfTcct of fretting 100 ppm CIPC! In n single ttimiigr Oplln.t density Treatment N. of ohsemiliims Menu Prefeedlmr circ r.-.-.ii.-K Prefeedliig Contrid Cl PC feeding .u;i .ms*. HONS 03&7Q7 122 ' Level of CI1>0 feeding Oontrol 29 ppm O. W. WARE AND W. 9. BKAKKI* TABLE | Results of feeding CIPO continuously for SO days Optical density No. Of observations Mean Stamford error 10 .1201 .018 89 .1042 .004 20 .1180 .000 99 .1109 .004 Range .lOOJ-.inuo U24-.01MI0 .1379-.1003 .1184-.1092 trial, May 10, milk from a ow which hod not rrocivcd Cl PC served aa an additional oontrol during the 48-hr milk sampling period. Appli cation of tho standard errors to compute con fidence limits of the menus indiented that none of the menus of optieol densities were sta tistically different. Therefore, it wns concluded llmt thoso dnln show no evidence of CIPC or 3-CI-unilhir in tlm milk. Table 2 shows similar negntivo results from the nniilyscs of milk sam ples from all cows fed CIPC continuously for 28 days. Results of the analyses of urine from vows fed 100 ppm CIPC appear in Tnhle 3. These nniilyses positively indicate detectable Irvtds of CIPC or 3-CI-aniline in the urine 3.BO. hr after ingestion. One urino wimple from these cows wns analysed to determine whether the ehemienl res|>onsc was duo to CIPC or 3-CI-nniltne. This wiis accomplished hy omitting tlie nlknlinc hydrolysis. Result* indicated llmt the urine constituent was 9-CI-nuiline and not CIPC. Results of the analyses of urine from the rows which had received 25 ppm CIPC were inconclusive, because tho absorption values were too similar to the average control values to In* distinguishable. No effect of feeding 100 ppm CIPC etmhl be detected in respect to milk yield, nppeapinT of feres and urine, or body temperature, pitta, and respiration rate. These physiological fmic tions were likewise unaffected in the eontimnmfeeding trial and the ilnta indicated that tlii* treatment had no mensurable effect on milk composition or body weight of tho cowl. DISCUSSION' Tho general elass of carbamate esters is nor* mnlly hydrolysed in the GIT of mammals l the acid and alcohol fractions. One such inntrrial, the inscctirido Sevin, is hydrolyzed l> lrunpbtlml hy .both plants apd .anintnls M>l. A study involving the feeding of high levelof Sevin to dairy rows showisl (hat ucitln-r Sevin, 1-imphtliol, nor conjngiites of l-nnplilli"l juiss into the milk. Results of their work indi cate that part of the Sevin dosage is hydrolyzed to 1-nnplithol, which in turn is detoxified and eliminated in the urine ns water-soluble 1naphthyl sulfate: a small amount of free lnnphtliol or Sevin also appears in the uriar and some Sevin appears in the feres unrlinnged (1). Westlake and San-Antonio (0) stated llmt l.nnjihi Milt the del* alter hvdml This stwl metulsilie p and alcidml, line appeal' :t.('|.nnHinr lowing int.-r in urine ! ppm. indt<-i m the Sevii -table t<> | trace anmiu luring this When a was fed fimr its im in thr mil!. >r 100 ppt'l-aniline ' in the ucin lite apjM*m The suit Mr. Leavitt Cow o. TABLE 8 Results of uriue analyses for Cl IK' eiiiiivaleut * Sampleurination no. Urine volume Hours after cnc Ingest Ion A eg ppm HIM* 'i|iiivnlont1 908A . Control 1 8 2 4 W) 4 8 * 8 0.0 4.0 0.5 o.n 12.0 * 11.04 0.37 0.17 0.17 0.1 II A00A Control * 1 5 3 1 1.23 IMH 2 3.IW .;'4 3 .V7.- * Analyses iHinle hy PillhuTgb I'tnle OIiihs ('iniipiiny, ('In-miral I >i\i-iun, ItarU-Mm.. Ohio. k Net rnffntvd for blanks. - 'I'onlrol Miaiple nol enllerteil. SONS 038708 M d'S u*hy Range .15<i2-.IW0 .1124-.0PM .137S-.1005 .IHU-.1032 Ktig 100 |*p,m Cl 1*0 could *1 to milk yield. appearance , or body temperature. pulse, e. Throe ph,v*iMhgieal JaneWiaffeelcd in the iviitiuuou* the dal* indicated tiint thin measurable effect on milk |y weight of the eowe. liCl'MION i of enter* t* nor* m t( ill of mammal* to I fronton". One auch male* ip Kevin, i* hydrolysed to It plants and animal* (fi). the feeding of high level* *wh allowed Unit neither u<r conjugate* of 1-nnphlhol Result* of their work indi> r Kevin dosage is hydrolysed h in turn I* detoxified end urine * water-soluble 3 small amount of free ! also appeals in the urine mis in the free* unchanged J Knn Antonio (0) Minted KXCRKTION OP HKKIIIC1DKM IN MILK AND I N INK 12.1 that 1-naphthnl it not sufficiently stable to per mit the detection of more than trace amount* after hydrolysis of Kevin in plants and animals. This study support* the general rorbnmnte metabolic puthway of hydrolysis to the acid and alcohol, in that neither C1PC nor 3-CI-aniline appeared in the milk. The appearance of 3-CI-amlinc in the urine in small Amounts fol lowing intake of 300 ppm, hut not detectable in urine from the continuous feeding of 25 ppm, indicates that 3-Cl-anilinc, as 1-nnphthoi in the Kevin study, is probably not sufficiently stable to permit the detection of mom than trace amounts. No analyses of feces were made during this study. CONCLUSION When a ration containing 26 ppm CIPC was fed continuously for 4 wk neither CIPC nor it* metabolite, 3-Cl-sniline, was detected in the milk or urine. Following the ingestion of 100 ppm CIPC in single feedings, only 3- Cl-aniline was prevent in mensurable quantities In the urine and neither CIPC nor it* metabo lite appeared in the milk. . * ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Mr. Richard Valentine and Mr. Leavitt Onrd, Pittsburgh Piste Ginas Com pany, Chemical division, lliirt>crtoii, Ohio, for conducting the urine aunlywa in tld* study. WvtTJkEXCRS (1) Anonymous, Why Doesn't Serin Insecticide Show Up in the Milk* Station to Stntiun. VJ, Junc-July, 1IMJ0. (2) G.\ri>, L., ani> PKOot-aox. E. Determination of Micro Amounts of loopropyl-X- (3-Chlorophenyl) Carbamate (CIPC) ia Milk ami Urine Excreted from Cows. J. Agr. Food Cbm. (In press.) lt>02. (3) Qyiisco, O. G., Liak, D. J., Frana, 8. X.. Huddleston', E. \\\, Fox, F. ]!., IIolmnd, Jt. F., AND TmyhKBflFJ, O. \V. The Effert* of Feeding High Levels of Serin on ttesldue, Flavor, and Odor of the Milk of Dairy Cattle. J. Agr. Food Chew., 8: 409. 1000. (4) U. S. Dwawtuent or Aomtultuke. Special Rept., K-52. \m. (5) Valentine, R., and Oard, L. Analyslo of Urinu Excreted from Milk-Producing Cows. Dotcrmiiiation of CIPC and 3-Chlorcanilino. Barberton Tech. 8orv. Itcpt. No. BTSJ073C, Pittsburgh Plate Class Co., them. Plv., Barberton, Ohio. ]Q01. (0) WESTLAKE, W. E., AND SaN Antonio, J. P. Insecticide Residues in Plants, Animal* and Soils. AR8 20 P, I'SDA, ARS Sym posium, p. 106. September, 1IMI0. slim ii' >h* Avgppm ripii v|Hlvnlent * '* 11.114 > *ar 3 iut * U.l? * n.io n.24 n.trs niuus, ItsrU rliiN, Ohio. *OAIS 3a709 S u\ l%& _1:_______ ___________:___________ X . J. Am. OH CliomliU' phs Natur# l 0> Oru lUdeeatrleaole Achla ( Ul. I'b.l).' dlsscrtatii*. ity, Columbus. 1000. ft, 0. P., Maor>uan, I'. , H. V. VusaltirtiiO irrfil. Agr, Fmi) Claw. ( DETECTION OF MILK FAT ADULTERATION BY MOLECULAR DISTILLATION 1 B. H. 8ANDKK* and E. W. BIllD Depsrtme&t o< Dairy <] Food Industry. Iow SlateUnlversity, Ames struMAur Ad apparatus and a method arc described for the molecular distillation at 260 C for 1 br of food fats and oils without decomposition or polymerization. Seasonal variations in milk fat composition were shown to influence the dis tillate yield. Distillate yields from mixtures of milk fat, produced in different seasons of the year, and domestic food fats or oils, indicated that molecular distillation can detect additions of these fats or oils but not of coconut oil. If the produc tion season of the milk fat were unknown, a minimum addition of 18*20% 1 domestic food fat or oil could t>c detected; the detectable amount could well he less than 6% with milk fat produced at certain seasons of the year. Deviations in the refractive indices of the distillates, obtained from milk fat-edible fat and oil mixtures, from those considered normal for milk fat, indicated a possibility of detecting additions of coconut oil hut not of domestic food fats or oils. If the production season of the milk fat were unknown, a minimum addition of 30% coconut oil could be detected; the detectable amount could be less than 5% with milk fat produced at erriain seasons of the year. During a study of tocopherol contents of fata tils, we found that different types of fats ml ells distilled in different amounts under tr Mute distillation conditions. The differences a amounts distilled suggested that the method viirfd he used to detect adulteration of milk fat. Die molecular distillation of a mixture of 'rilr ends is dependent, among oilier tilings, t|**i chain length, degree of unsaturnUoa, and '`wmiration of Uie component fatty acids. 1L didillation rates of mixed triglycerides art '`titmined largely by the chain length and 'wvnlntinn or the component fatty acids un- s given mi of conditions (!(). Dr rhivf emirerii, then, In (Ihi variation of nrtiuu of lho low nmleridnr weight fatly to thorns of high omlmmiur weight. Tho <lft-aee of these ruliim on tho molecular dim ktrrivvil for publication October 10, 1001. | Journal Paper No. J-4201 of the Iowa Agrl- ''fetal tad Hi,tun Keunomiei Eipcriineat Bta* '*, Amvn, 1'rujuet No. 112H. t A autntimiy of a ifamis submitted in |Mtrtisl * of (hr for a degree Mauler III ft'w,i| Tirhaalagy. It"' nibgi'H la at ill bltmtidoir* of the nppuriitl '" I wci; I'ntn, tiili riiut iliiitutiU-ra cm, .(riitho ll,(i |f,.| nit; ftiM Anger*, ne *'>1 'Unim h tn fi.tj fi.H rw utiii rxirnmi lengths !< i*in. tillatioQ characteristics of sonic fats and oils including coconut oil bn* been reviewed (2). We will show later that, except in a critical iodine valuo (IV) range for a hydrogenated fat, the quantity of distillate is not greatly affected by Die degree of unsaturalion (Figure 3). The success of distillation procedures in tbit study depend, to a large extent, on variations in tho ratio of short- to long-chain acids, which accompany changes from stall to pasture feed* In,. Our objectives were to determine (a) whether moleentnr distillation cmiht lie employed to de tect reasonable additions of animal and v<gt- (aide Cats to mill; fat and (It) to I*I)ihi data coneewing wmm distillation i-harm'lrristir* of whm edible fal# and nils. SIATKttlAI.fi AMU UtmiODS Ajtparalas. Figure I is a line drawing of tho distillation apparatus. The fore-pump, A, and tho pump for the McLeod gauge were IVneo IfyVac pumps. Tim distillation apparatus,* diffusion pump (Model O 4-01) and Melssul gauge (0-00 ^; 0-liS* ma and lft-.r mm sealrs) wern obtained from the (hmsolidaled Varuum Carp., lirndiester, N. Y. Dry *ee and aeetona were used in the mid Huger nmili'iiM'r, 11. and (rap, l'\ The di'NOvaul Inin* (milinilmi; Drier* iti*) was uecesHiiry 1W the mainteimmii ol' a 037 hons ( / ( ( 1 *h I 644 JOURNAL OR DAIRY RCIKNCB Itcd to 4 lb per calf dally), alfalfa hay, and reconstituted milk. The latter, containing 11.0% ao)id-not-fat and 2.04 or 0.88% fat (milk fat in crcnm, or Jurd oil) plus vitamins and an antibiotic, was fed daily at 8, C, and ft% of birth weight for Weeks 1-4, 5, and 0, iTK|>fclively, Mean body weight gains (lb) to 4, K, and 10 wk for 2.04% milk fat, 0.88% milk fat, 2.04% lard oil, and 0.88% lord oil, re|K*clive!v, were 20, 47, mid 178; 26, 47, and 178; 22, 40, and 170; 20, 44, and 158. Differ ences in body weight gain to 10 wk, duo to aourro of fat, were aigniflcnut ot P = 0.05, but those due to level of fat were not. Differ ences in increases in height at withers were not signiftennt. Starter consumption was greater during the early weeks for groups fed the low-fat diets. Total starter and Imy con sumption u as greotcr for the milk-fat groups. The incidence of diarrhea was low. P106. Early effects of dietary glyeerldea and fatty adds on serum fatty acids (free and combined) levels in young dairy ealves. A. P. JJa, D. K. Hotchkiss, and It. S. Almsm,* Iowa Slate University, Ames. After approximately 2 wk on a reconsti tuted skimmilk diet, five Holstein calves (rang ing in Age from 9 1 ? vk) were.fed, by nip ple pull, single tent, meals of reconstituted skimmilk, to which were added various lipids at a 3% level. The lipids (triolein, triateurin, tripnlmitin, monoolcin, monoxlcnrin, and oleic, stearic, palmitic, and linolcie acids) were tested using a partially balanced incomplete block design. Serum fatty acids (free and combined) of blood samples taken at 0, 3, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hr after feeding the teat meal were analysed by gas-liquid phase chromatog raphy. There were definite hut variable changes in the scrum fatty aeid levels with TCKjK'pt to time after consumption of the test meals. Tripnlmitin gave significantly higher (I* < .05) serum palmitic acid levels than all other dietary lipids except oleic acid. Tri stearin and munostcarin gave higher (1* < .05) serum stearic acid levels than triolein. Oleic arid and triolein gave higher (1* < .05) senim oleic acid levels than tristeurin and stearic acid. Linolcic acid gave higher (1* < .01) serum liimleic acid level than the other lipids. Tripnlmitin gave higher (l1 < .05) se rum arachidonie acid levels than either mono olein or oleic ucid. PI07. Tate of digests throughout the ali mentary tract ef ealvea. M. (4. Vajm* and I. IV. Tmomah, .Michigan State University, K.nst lousing. ' Mule ll>iMcin ealves fed ei|iiiealorie and c|inMilrugi-a<iii* ralions consumed significantly move *l n 27% Ither rut ion per Ul Pi of body weight than a 7% llher nilion. This increase in emisniMjiiion was m-eorapiinied hy a til>% iiiereiise in the dry matter found in the ru men, aHomaaum, small intestine, and rerun*, although the proportion of dry digests in re. apectivo porta of the tract was similar far both groups. Digestibility of nutrients be tween successive portions of the tract win measured, using tho lignin ratio trrhuh|Ue. Cnlv.es fed the 7% fiber ration had higher total and rumen digestibility for Ca, P, ash, drv ami organic matter than those fed 27% filler ra tion. The reverse was found for fiber. The rumen accounted for 75 to 106% of the total digestibility of three nutrients. Ration differ ences for other tract segments were small. More nutrients were secreted than absorbed in the proximal half of the small intestine. The whole tract contained two moles of VKA from the 7% fiber and aix moles from the 27% fiber; 70 and 75% of this was in the rumen, respectively. Molar per cent of nectir and propionie acids were 66 and 24 versus 75 and 17 for the rumen and lower trart, respectively. P1C8. Use of a re-entrant (leal fistula tech nique to study utilisation of carbohydrates by the young bovine, i. L. Mohjuu.,* N\ 1,. J.v cosson, aku A. D. McOibLiAitD, Iowa State University, Ames. .Four wdv were fitted at 3 wk of age with re-entrant ileal fistulne located about 5 in. ornd to the ilvo-cccnl junction. The calve* were fed milk, or milk with sucrose or etnrrh added, at various ages from one to four and one-half months. Tho diet was supplemented with vitamins, trace minerals, and an anti biotic. Polyethylene glycol (PRO) was added as a marker. Ileal aad fecal samples wen* taken at 0, 3, 0, 8, and 12 hr al ter the morning feeding. The utilisation of lactose ornd to the fistula was high, and digestion in the entire digestive tract wh essentially complete. The average fur apparent digestion of sucrose hy the four ealves was 84%. The recovery of sm-rose at th fistula varied with time of sampling und was usually highest at 3 and 6 hr after feeding. Limited observations indicated that 87' of the ingesta that passed the fistula in the 12-br period passed in the tf-hr interim from 1.5 to 7.5 hr after feeding, Rased on these data, anerase digestion ornd to the JUtnln averaged 41% for the four ealves. Digestion of stnreh ornd to tlm fistula could not he determined, siuee thu starch did not pass at the samr rate an PKU. PI09. Forage-milk relationships ef Cs"\ l'", and Sr"* In one herd of cows. (I. M. W.tnn* ANi> ,1. K. .IniiNNus, Colorado State Univer sity, Fort Collins. t'iiMi|Hisite milk ssmples were collected three times >i week I'rom two groups uf rows in tin* University lienl. (Hie group reeeived misc hay and free-choice consumption Irom an irrigated pasture. The other group wn- led (about 25 1H per alfalfa and I'rer-elo of IV" and T" wi sjiectrometry. Kora and analyzed bi-w milk samples and lyr-ed for Sr1* by tloratory, New York Hndinnnrlide b higlier and more v; lure vow's than tho levels uf V1* were On changing to *' thd pasture group weeks tv levels pro- Seasonal trend* tious of the form levels, but on a d not. indicating thu milk is very lust < tors involved in tl milk. FI 10. Relation ei in milk. J. K. Mu R. 0. Cnaulk, VT1 laboratory. Oak It Kight cows ave yield and their ih lion averaging 1M' Nal`". Average higher compared and 3.0% P < 0 (P > .24) in urine .01) in f,,` r rtled with proleii tl' < .01), re*iHmilk indieated gnhigher vieblers w; : yield. Milk V", pi iiiglirr vs. 1.4 in ! }Hahments with fiv (L) udder halves intervals, re-pevtt' ,01) lower dully 1" curies Nal'* wer* wa milked and I. cumulation. lm averaged 20*; * I' 144 hr following values were 11.0 12.5 vs. 15.7'i tl vs. 1 ;.*, tl' < ' Pill. Improved Uolatcd organ*, fun-in. K Stale I . r-*t > . A |M*r1n-ioo .< built I M.oot:." t-OltdilOOl- -MH'l'.l nreuo*n\ t*l hi*****'. SONS 038711 ASSOCIATION AKKAIK8 645 I intestine, Mini cecum, a of dry ilictstn in re tract wan similar for ii|ity of nutrients lie. mt* of tUc tract was .ignitl ratio tcclinupie. ration had higher total 27tor C'a, l\ nslt, dry and ome fed ' ''; filter rftiiuid for liber. The '* t iWCfJ" of the total :M riflitw. Hal ion ditTcr- M'gaioiit* were small, orelril limn absorbed I' (be Mini11 intestine, ed two moles of VTA J sis moles from the i of litis was in Dip jar per cent of acetic rr 00 and 24 versus men and lower tract, rani iltaj Halt)la tech* a of carbohydrates by Mohnii.Im* N. L. Ja* itu.MHit, Iowa Stale J at 3 k of ugc with located about ft in. .unetioii. The calves -rlh sucrose or starch mm one to four and rt wui supplemented .oeruls, Kd mu anti* id (l*K(J) was ndded . fevl toimploH were br utter tile morning r orud to the fistula n tbe entire digestive '-.jdetc. 'J'be average Mo rose b.v tbe four very of sucrose at toe of Mimpling mid *.d l* hr utter tVvding. anted Hud K7`,;. of h*tnl in tbe I2br litter MII I (Mill I..Y III d mi Ihr-e diltn, Ml`he li tutu averaged lo;;* dioii nl stnreli liol be ll'tl'IOlilM'll, i`s ill tin* sumo rate Mishit* of C'*\ X,M. H. M. \\'.j,i, '.id*. Slide l imer- "dh. ted three M" mss III tbe `"P * i*I'd -Mine I ' | *1 I ill IlMlI, |rd (ubout 25 lb per bead per day) grccn-cnt ortificial heart, built by II. C. Reynold*, was I alfalfa nnd frcc-choice hny. Tito milk lewis designed so that tbe number of stroke* and I of <V" and Vu wero determined by gamma the volume per stroke could be varied. In 1 speotroniotry. Korago anmplos were collected routine use it wan found that blood pressure j and uimlyr.ed bi-weekly. Composited weekly could be reduced by tbe addition of dibenn- i milk samples mid forage samples were atm- mine 1ICI. If desired, evolved carbon dioxide ly/ed for Sr** by the Health mid Sufety laib- can ho collected. Thu apparatus is iiiuimteil j orntory, Xew York City. on a cart, permitting easy transport. It is I Radionuclide levels wore consistently constructed mostly of plastic, Huh eliminat I higher nml more variable in the milk of pas- ing contact between metal and hlimd. It is 1 (me cows than those in dry lot. Several peak easily disassembled for defining. As built, it 1 levels of I'*' were found during this period, is of a size suitable for perfusion of livers, j On clumping to stored feed, milk levels of rumens from goats or sheep, mid mammary the pasture group decreased within several glands from goats. Those organs have been j weeks to levels produced by the control group. successfully perfused. Details of construc | .Seasonal trends in CVM and Sr*" eoneentrn- tion and operation will be presented. I Huns of tlio forage were reflected in milk l levels, but on a day-to-day basis they wero ' not, indicating that transport from forage to j milk is very fast or influenced by other fac - tors involved in the passage of fallout into Pi 12. Ruminal Ustue metabolism of blood organic acids and glucose. S. L. Siwim.* R. M. Kksi.ku, and J. 13. lloi/iwt, Pcnnsylvimio State University, University Park. j milk. The metabolism of blood organic acids end I Pi 10. Relation .of..Jallk_secretion to_lodina_ glucose by rumen tissue of the goat was in vestigated using the rumen perfusion tech Iq milk. J. K, Mili.kk, lOV. Swanson,' and nique. Uefibrinntcd blood with added glucose, It a Chaolk, UT-AKC Agricultural Research butyrutc, propionate, nnd ncetate-l-C" was laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. perfused for GO min through the circulatory Eight cows averaging 23.2 lb dnily milk system of nn emptied rumen (Kxperimeut 1) yield and their identical twins in later lacta- and a full rumen (Rxucrimcnt 21. A vaso j tion averaging 10.7 lb were dosed _with 2 me dilator (dibcunimne HCl) was used to reduce t OLtll.!2- Average seven-day ^'"excretions for vasoconstriction. In Experiment 1 blood con j higher compared to lower yieldcrs wero 0.8 centration* of glucose, butyrate, propionate, ! mid 3 0% (P < .01) in milk, 42.8 ami 40.G% acetate, nnd formate decreased, wherea* con I (P > .24) in urine, and 31.5 and 24.0% (P < centrations of lactate + betabydroxylmtvvate j .01) in feces. Percentage of milk 1>M associ- increased. In Experiment 2, eim>iderable t ail'd with protein uverugud 12.1 and 13,9 quantities of valerate, butyrate, propionate, IP < .01), respectively. Iodine'*1/milliliter and acetate were absorbed. Wood concentra I milk indicated greater secretion of iodine by tions of glucose decreased. Inetate -f beta- j higher yieldcrs wan primarily duo to greater bydroxvbutyrate im-reased, and formate varied ' yield. Milk l`"/llusm l'*1' ratios were 1.0 in at different sampling time*. In both experi ; higher vk. 1.4 in lower yieldcrs. In eight ex ments radionetivitv in blood aeetnte decreased ; pcrimeiits with live cows, right (It) and left to about M'Jo its original level. These tudie* l (I,) miller halves were milked at 8- and 32-hr indicate that blood organic acid* and glunwi* | intervals, respectively, resulting in 41% (P < lire metabolized by rumen tissue to a eon- .01) lower daily production from L. Two milti- sidernble extent. It i* suggested that attempt* curies Nal1*1 were administered i.v. after It to measure the rate of absorption of organic hum milked and L contained a 24-hr milk ac acids mid glucose in intact ruminant* should cumulation. (.'oueohtintion of V'/ml I. milk include not only blood (low rate, iirtrrinl and uveruged 20% (I* < .01) higher than K for venous metabolite concenttalimts. but al- ' 144 hr following dosing. It vs. f, milk I'M"* metabolite production by Hie organ, uhli/aviilnvs were 11.9 vs. 7.1% (P < .Ofi) at H hr, tion of urteriid metabolites, mul ntili/atioii 12.`> vs. 15.7% (I* < .U/>) ul 40 br, mid 11.3 of metabolites being absorbed. ( v-t, 17.0% (l'<.Uf>) at 72-br ponl-dusing. PI 13. Oxidation of acctato by sheep liver Pill. Improved apparatus for perfusion of homogenates. K. I>. .M.ivma.n,* Jack I,. j isolated organs. .1. li. JIoi.tkk,* It. I). .Me- Smith, and H. Uonnom Johnson, University ` (.'aiitiiv, and K, M. Kkhi.:h, (Vmisvlvniiiit of Illinois, Crbana. S|iit University, I'nivei.Nity I'nik. It has been previouslv reported (I'rm'. Sue. A perfusion apparatus was designed mid Ivvpll. Itiol. Mni., !!: Alitl. lbAS.t that per built fur iiiuiiiliiMiiiig mi isiduti'd organ under fused goat liver did not remove lurtule liem condition* Miinilating (lie in vivo --Iat<*. 1'in- perfusing blood which continued added ace vimoii wni made for imtitllemim-e V nearly tate. In addition, t'.alb.gher ,n,.l UuUerx (1'..,. | I'Miislaiit teuifMTuturo, einitrul of humidity, rbeiu. .1., 72: fi7.Y 1 !!.%!*| could not ........... . n.\VgeimtiMii id tbe vemiils blood, and mens strnte tbe oxidation of acetate by -beep liver . nieioi'iit of blood pressure and tlmv inte, Tim initoeboiidria. However, III vivo tbe acetate I MONS 0387li 70G JOURNAL or DAIRY BOIENCI Jtolonlo solutions buffered each at pH 9.0, 7.6, manure contained 18.1 mg/kg arsenic. Arsenic or 9.0 were perfused through the uterus at consumption averaged 40 mg/row/day. Arsenic .0189 ml/miit. Each solution contained 10 mg/ did not appear in milk from eows as a result 100 mi of (lie drug. Perfusion was stopped of this arsenic intake. Therefore, in a second after 4 ml had been introduced. The uterus was experiment four groups of two cows each were then blown out with a clean syringe, the mote* fed either 3.2 or 1.0 mg arsenic per kilogram rial collected, and its volume andpll determined. of body weight front arsnniiic acid or 3-nitro- Ten milliliters ol' drug-free solution were passed 4-bydroxyphenylarsonie acid. These arscnirnls through the uterus, collected, and volume was were fod by capsule daily for 5 days. Arsenic measured. Total drug concentrations were de in milk increased from .015 to .020 me/kg in termined and percentage absorption calculated. cows fed the 3.2 arsenic from arsanilic acid. Upidsoinbility wos determined by measuring Arsenio concentration in milk did not appear Jicrccnlagc absorption of each drug in ehloro- to be increased in the other three groups. Wood 'onn. Each drug was perfused into 10 uteri it arsenio concentrations increased in rows fed pH 7.0. Statistical analyses showed that both 3.2 mg of both arsanilie arid and 3-nitro-4- the pKa aud lipid-solubility of the drug have hydroxyphenylarsonio acid but not in those an effect on the percentage absorption (P < cows receiving 1.0 mg of either arsenical. .05). Then each drug was perfused at pH 9.0 aud 9.0. The percentage absorption increased P123. Metabolism of phenobarbitaM^O by significantly (P < .01) when the drug was in the lactattug dauy MW. M. 11. lluliUlllk, H. A. acid solutiou. These aeidi appear to cross the Frobish*, C. L. Davis, J. H. Clark, and B. 0. guinea pig uterine membrane by passive diffu Brodie, University of Illinois, Urbana. sion. The present recommendation for dairy cows PI91. Relationship of milk fat and body fat concentrations of organochlorlna compounds in sows. O. F. Fries* and Q. S. Marrow, Jr., Animal Science Research Division, USDA, Jirllsvillc, Maryland. contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons is to feed phenobarbilal (PB) and activated char coal to decontaminate the animal. However, little is known about the metabolism and excre tion of barbituates in the lnctnting cow. To study this problem, sodium PB (8 g/dny) was Data were pooled from'V experiments vKth ` administered for 10 days into the rumens of two dieldrio, DDx, DDD, DDE. or a polychlori Instating Holstein cows. On the 20th day re nated biphenyl (Aroelor 1254). The constant in labelled PB (S-fthyl-5-pheiiobarbituric-2-HC take ranged from 10 mg/day DDE to 200 mg/ acid) was mixed with the unlabclled material day Aroelor 1254. Samples of body fat were prior to dosing. Total milk, urine, and Feces obtained at several limes during and after feed-, were collected with 08 ond 92% of the isotope ing, and ranging from .15 to 00 ig/g. At any ' being recovered after 6 days. Percentages of given time during feeding and at all timea after the recovered doses in milk, urine, and feces reeding, the milk fut-body fat relationship was were: 6.0 and 3.4, 93.1 and 94.1, 1.3 and 35. dcKcribed for all compounds by the genera) Half lives were: milk, 41.3 and 39.8 hr; urine, equation Y " bX, where Y h gg/g in milk fat, 30.6 and 285 hr; and feces, 405 and 405 hr. X Is pg/g in body fat, and b is a constant. Highest specific activity occurred 10 and 10 hr During feeding, b was greater than 1 and de after dosing in the milk and urine. If 6 g of creased as (he feeding period increased. At 00 PB/dny is l'ed continuously, less than 5 ppm/ days l was 153 (1.38 to 1.70, P < .05). After day would be expected in the milk 7 days after feeding stopped, pooled data for ail timea and the last dosage. ' all compounds were described by the same t, ,74 (.71 to .77, P < .05). When the source of 1 F124. Effects of feeding * lew xiue diet to contamination is removed, body fat levels re dairy cowe on performance and tine content liably estimute future luilk levels of organo-- f milk. M. W, Ncnlhcry*, W. J. Miller, U. P. ehlorinc compounds if the cows are not Isolat ing. Similarly, compounds in milk fat reliably estimate those in body fat if (lie cow is laclat- ing. Gentry, and D. M. Blackmon, University of Georgia, Athene. Following a standardisation period, a high beet pulp, low xino diet (14 ppiu) was fed PI22. Arsenic in milk and blood of eows fad organic arsenic compounds. C. C. Calvert* and ),. \\\ Smith, Animal Science Research Divi sion, USDA, licllsville, Maryland. without and with supplemental cine (35 ppm total Zn) to 10 llrst-lactntiou Holstein eows for 0 works. The low xinc dirt did not adversely affect milk production, fat-corrected and solid*corrected milk, milk fat, solUU-not-rnilk, or feed Four lactalmg Holstein cows were fed dried intake, indicating that zinc intake was adequate manure from broiler* fed 3iti,n-4-hydroy- for IIm-rc functions. However, xinc roateitt of phenylarsoniu acid as a lWd additive. The the milk was 23% lower. Likewise, dietary xinc amount whs slowly invmihod so thut curli row in milk mcrcNMnl from 9 to 18%. Thu*, the received a|i|roximulcly 3.5 kg of manure per first mljiiKtment on the tow zinc dirt wn* a re dity for the last 5 days of 18 days. The broiler duction in xinc content in milk combined with ioesMAU or Daisy Bouse* You. as, No. $ HONS 038^13 %*%&** analyaw- rws. 1,, d !>>". \V Scatbery. " . D. M. Blackmon, Ten A"1 ... M. .rattle tr> ' inilinlio'l of * 1 (35 ppm tot*' ' 34 9 to ** lake. Follow** 4* ""vr; low-stne red J mounts on 1' suited in bK>tb..l. ' into mill. T,` (u.1i M>*r t.vnei *'>>' trtive "* 1 )' t.n W citto ortiv'O tiw<i ' jrenter '' P1M. ' Ib.MPJlo" nnt*4 o' nul O " , nml 0** In Co. to * TB''` phate, starch t alfalfa ' smlium 2). 1*H` ited. 1* tr*efiWi` 46.1 or incut 2 were *1 235 i larch prevv (alia T12 effe dm  M l -* *lf Off, ||, j. Ut I I I AM00IAT1OH ArrAIRA 707 more efficient absorption tod lr*nlocfiou of Gardner*, and D, 3. MeClellan, Brigham Young cine to milk. Milk zinc content of cow wa University, Provo, Utah. highly repeatable from one measurement period to another, indicating that factor* affecting milk tine can be investigated more efficiently it' slan* daridicutiou period data are used in covariance analyse*. A ration of 2 kg alfalfa hay, 20 kg corn si lage, ana 1.8 kg soybean meal was group fed to 60 dry Holstein cows (Dl) for comparison with a ration of 7.0 kg alfalfa bay, 4 kg corn silage, and 1.8 kg of a coneenlrutr mix (87% soybean meal, 4% cans molasses, and 9% P125. *Zioc metabolism (a lactsting cows fadV' monoaodium phosphate) fed to 45 dry cows low and normal sine diets. P. K. Stake*, M. (D2). Average daily calcium and phosphorus W. Ncathcry, \V. J. Miller, R. P. Gentry, and intake* were 62, 27 g (Dl) and 141), 05 g 1). M. Blackmon, University of Georgia, Athena. With Ca;P ratios of 2.3:1 (Dl) and 2.1:1 (112). Ten Oral Inelnlion Holstein cows ware given Incidence* of parturient paresis were 0 of 50 a single tracer oral **Zn dose 4 weeks after (Dl) and 1 of 45 (D2). Lactation rations initiation of a low-zinc diet (14 ppm) which were: 13.6 kg corn silage, 7.3 kg alfalfa Imy, was fed without and with supplemental zinc and 20 kg of a concentrate mix. Three protein (35 ppm total Zn). Net *6Zu absorption (not sources wero compared using 35 eows per treat excreted in frees for 14 days) increased from ment: cottonseed meal plus 22 g methionine 34.8.to 53.4% of the done with the low-sine i. hydroxy analog/eow/dsy (1U); mcttt and lame take. Following dosing, 0.2 and 14.3% of the meal (R2)j cottonseed oil meat (ItO). Milk, doss were accreted into the milk of control and fat, and solids-not-fnt production (kg/hiy) ir low-aine fed cows over 14 day* with highest the tirst 105 days of production were:* 20.2, amount* on Day 3. Thus, the Fow-tine diet re 1.02, 2.47 (JU); 30.6, 1.07, 2.02 (112): 30.0, sulted in a higher percentage of the dote being l. 07,2.57 (R3), (P >.05). absorbed, a higher percentage of which went Into milk. The more biologically active tissues P128. Effects of dietary ea!ciua:phoapbons (such as liver, spleen, long, and pancreas) con on parturient paresis and blood composition. tained higher **Zn concentrations than the less D. J. Burkhart*, D. C. Uoitr., and N. L. Jacob active ones such as muscle, bone, and akin. In son, Iowa State University, Ames. every major bod}' tissue **Zn was higher in eows fed the low-sine diet. Likewise, cine aperifle activity was measurably higher in milk and Twenty-six Jersey cows (second lactation and beyond) ware allotted to two groups according to Jactation number, milk production, and pre tissues of cows fed the low-zinc diet, indicating vious incidence of parturient paresis (PI*). greater affinity lor dietary zinc. Fourteen eows were fed (for p to 12 mouths before parturition) a complete feed of corn PI26. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium silage and concentrate with Cn :P of 1.1:1. The absorption in dairy eows fad starch supple* others were fed similarly except CaCOj was mealed diets. J. l'\ llwrgrioh*, J. W. Ilibbt, added to increase the Ca:P to 2.3:1. Phos and II. It. Conrad, Ohio Agricultural Research phorus and tola) protein as jkorcentage of dry and Development Center, Wooster. mutter uvernged ,25 and H.5 for each diet In Ca, 2*, and Mg balances stnrch wkn added to a ration of alfalfa meal, diummonium phos phate, and alfalfa hay (Experiment 1} or starch replaced ground corn in a ration of alfalfa meal with cither bone ntcol or mono sodium phosphate and grass hay (Experiment 2). Phosphorus content of rations whs equal ized. In Experiment 1, Ca and P digestibility coefficients were 17.3 and 19.3, with starch, and 26.1 and 23.0 without added starch. In Experi ment 2, Ca, P, and Mg digestibility coefficients Yimous blood wim collected regularly fn>m 4 weeks prrjwrlnm to -t wt-vk* pimlpartum. Phtma was jmalywil for Cn mol Mg by Hiomir absorption and fur inorgMitie l' ()',) by imetry. Hypoeniccinir animal* were irenicd with a P- and Mg-free boeuglttcomtic mint inn. Seven of the 24 rows on the 1.1:1 diet and 0 of the 12 on the 2.3:1 required treatment for PP. Time on the diets before pniiiirilion had no apparent effect on ineidenee of Pl*. Plasma Ca and P, were lower from 4S hr preparium to were 4.7. 22.8 and 18.3, with starch, and 3.7, 48 hr postpartum in PI* than in umi-PP ***. 23.8 ana 17.4 where ground coni replaced Magnesium was inversely related to Ca. There starch. The marked increase in Ca alworption were no major dietary effects. previously shown when grain was added to al falfa dicta did uot occur when P win oipmlizod. Hate of passage of undigested dry matter wan the most important variable vimtrolling Mg absorption. Feral Mg increased l an incivas- P129. Effect* of sulfur source on ration dl* gesttoa, nitrogen utilization and sulfur bahnee in growing steers. L. s. Pull* and J. H, Vandorsal!, University of Maryland, College Park. iug rate with iuemrowl JWnl dry mutter. A diet of corn silage, corn meal, and urea was fed to eight growing HolMeiii kIpimx either p| 27, Calcium'.phosphorus ratio and intake alone ((') or impplemcuted with Nu.Stt, (Ma), effect* on parturient paresis and milk pro m. -mclbrntiini' (M),(ir.M Mitttli>|! |M.V). Stiiiur duction response* to methionine analog. U. \V. wiilnit |I>M) f C whs .Iff1,; and wo* .32*J. in toviMu. or Pa<v ovisacs Vm.. is, xt, a HONS 03871* M ilk HONS 038715 MILK PRODUCTION Public Health Pesticides.................................................................................... A Dairy Cattle Science, 1st Edition - M. E. Ensmlnger..................... B Milk Hygiene, by World Health Organization, Geneva, 1962..........C Milk Pasteurization by Hall and Trout, 1968..................................... ,D Suggested Guide for the Use of Insecticides to Control Insects Affecting Crops, Livestock, Households, Stored Products, Forests and Forest Products, 1967, USDA.............. E Grade "A" Pasteurized Milk Ordinance - 1965 Recommendations of the United States Public Health Service, HEW...................F Milk Flow....................................................................................................................... G MONS 038716 A i ' ' .'iii:AY:Y;r. i.* : :Pr. ^r:iL 1-- rnmmr*m /ir.VT;tjf ^3] * *+*+**' +****'"-*?<**'"*; .................. ' vwtasKwycjBl Technical Development Laboratories Malaria Program Center for Disease Control Dox 2167 -- Savannah, Ga. 31402 1972 Center lor Dlseese Control Report on Public Health Pesticides lor mosquitoes, tiles, fleas, bed bugs, ticks, chlggers, lice, cockroaches, venomous arthropods, and rodents, from the Technical Development Laboratories. Malaria Program, Center for Disease Control. Public Health Service. Health Services and Mental Health Administration, U.S. Department ol Health, Education, and Welfare, Savannah, Georgia 31402. HONS O*81*8 CDC plane equipped for experimental studies of ultra low volume insecticide applications. TV\ HOMS 0 3 S 7 1 9 ypdrpfi block light trap devolpped by Technical Development Laboratories fpr mpiquitp surveillance. PU!-fP HEALTH Pesticides is Ibe annual release of the Center for disease Control (CPC) that presents current information on the pse of pesticides in the control of arthropods and rodents of public health significance. The data in* eluded are from CDC investigations Supplemented by published findings and unpublished experimental results furnished by certain research organizations'. Unpublished find ings from the CDC are so designated. The purpose of the article is to keep organizations and personnel engaged in the control of disease yeclprs and rodents currently in formed on compounds that are effective and can be used safely. Emphasis is placed on new pevelopmems in the chemical con trol field and on those pesticides in current use by agencies engaged in pontrol or eradication programs. When no marked changes have oc curred in the data, the information may be presented unchanged from previous years. The sccuence of listing of the toxicants in the text or in the tables is alphabetical where feasible and in no way implies any priority in the selection of a com pound. The decision to apply any Compound is the responsibility of the agency or Individual concerned. The Comments on the various pesticides refer to experimental or reported results and should In no way be construed as a specific recommenda tion or endorsement of the pesticide or the application equipment Involved. Each operator should be certain that the use he Intends to make of a particular pesticide Is in conformance with existing state and local regulations. In addition, since the pesticide application procedures men tioned are only outlined or described Developmental effoct on Anopheles pupae from exposure of larvae to jvsonile hormone mimic. 3 'Special acknowledgment is made to the organizations listed below Tor their coopera tion in furnishing unpublished experimental data for inclusion in the resume. References to these organizations ure shown by the capital letter indicated: Entomology Research Division. U.S. Department of Agriculture*: the Bureau of Vector Control. California Department of Public Health*: the West i lorida Arthropod Research Laboratory. Honda Stale Board of Health': the En vironmental Biology Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority"; and the Metropolitan Mosquito Control District. St. Paul, Minnesota'. raari'^irsa public health pesticides briefly, anyone unfamiliar or in vjronmcnt has rcot diminished -and 2. 'Permit the manufacture and experienced with a specific procedure many qucstions-aboul the validity of export of U.S. DDT for public should seek (he odwee of a person the arguments advanced on the health programs outside the U.S. experienced in its use or obtain the benefits and detrimental effects of 3. Continue monitoring DDT necessary (raining from a recognized pesticides still Temain unanswered. and its effect in the environment, source. Compounds included in this resume arc commercially available. Information on compounds that have been tested or evaluated but arc not yet on the market can be obtained by writing to the Technical Legislation has been introduced into the Congress but its consideration is still incomplete and until definite agreement is reached upon the specific regulations and restrictions involved, no attempt will be made to especially as the use of DDT gradually declines. 4. Investigate the effects of the alternative insecticides on the en vironment. Such studies should include the possible detrimental effects upon man resulting from Development Laboratories. Center for Disease Control, P. O. Box 2167, Savannah, Georgia 31402. Inquiries should specify the compound and present such information here. One point appears certain: the ultimate legislation will contain more ex tensive regulatory practices on in use of such substitute pesticides, conditions with appropriate regu lations on its control and application. Insect Involved. . secticide use than has previously The known human health hazards In the text of the resume, the been in effect. Statements on the from DDT are considered by PHS chemical is designated by its impact of insecticide treatments up as essentially .zero, and when ex I ! accepted common name which is indicated by lower ease (e.g., fenthion). If such a designation is not available, the capitalized trade name or code name is listed'. When a newly accepted common name replaces a trade or code name, the on the environment are required in large-scale programs under Federal sponsorship. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is now the Federal agency which is responsible for the registration of pesticides and amined in this light the benefits to man from its use for the control of malaria far outweigh even any potential hazard on the basis of the total accumulated knowledge on this compound. Certain states have banned the latter is included in parentheses the with regulations concerning their use of DDT and other pesticides or first year it is reported. Un application. Stipulated that a particular com fortunately, many chemicals are mnrketcd under a variety of trade names and to quote all such names would be unfeasible editorially. To quote only one trade name would be interpreted as indicating Federal endorsement of the product when the same pesticide is available under other trade names. Such en dorsement is not possible'. To assist the reader in identifying specific compounds several references on toxicants and their synonyms are given in footnote 3. PESTICIDES AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH The controversy over the effect of pesticides on man and his en- 'the of trade namex i* for identification purpose* only und docs not constitute cn* durscmcnl by the Public Health Service or U.S. Department of Health. l-ilucution. und Welfare. .. The registration of DDT has beefi cancelled in regard to its use (1) on shade trees, (2) on tobacco, (3) in and around homes except for limited uses for the control of dis ease vectors as determined by public health officials and (4) in aquatic environments, marshes, wet lands and adjacent areas except those es sential for the control of disease vectors as determined by public health officials. The Department of the Interior has prohibited the application of 16 pesticides in cluding aldrin, DDT, dicldrin, heptachlor and lindane in programs under its control and has placed 32 other pesticides such as BMC, chlordune, dinzinon, chlorpyrifos (Dursban), Keponc. paruthion and 1080 under restriction. Restricted compounds arc to be used only when nonchcmical techniques arc not available and the use is of a limited nature. pound can be used in certain in stances when no other suitable material is available {eg., Michigan permits DDT to be applied in mouse and bat control). Many of the slates are considering or have adopted legislation restric ting or regulating pesticides. BECAUSE OF THE CHANGES AND AMENDMENTS THAT MAY OCCUR IN THE REGULATORY ASPECTS OF PESTICIDES AT STATE AND FEDERAL LEVELS, ANY OPERATOR INVOLVED IN USING PESTICIDES SHOULD CONSULT AN APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY OR THE STATE REGULATORY AGENCY BEFORE APPLYING A PESTICIDE WHOSE USE STATUS IS IN QUESTION. Any information in this release on pesticide use reflects the status as of February /. 1972. In the control of arthropods of M rcur. Donnid l;. H. Pesticide HandbookI ntomu. 1971 ?Vd edition. Collepc Science Publishers. Stale (ollcpc. Pennsylvania. 25J With reference to DDT the Public Health Service (PHS) has advocated public health importance in the United Stales. DDT docs not repre pp, Kcn.ipo. I ujrvnc I . umJ W illiam L Allison, l%9. Commercial and cspcnmem.il Otpanic insecticides (I9<*0 revision). Hull I nt. that to protect the well-being of man throughout the world, the following sent a critical chemical. It has only limited use at present in the control Soe, Amcr. IM2t.KS-UX; and Hillings. S C. should be done: of encephalitis vectors in and i IV (i 9. Addmons and corree- 1, Permit the use of DDT for around farmhouses in western lions-- Consolidated list of unproved com mon names of insecticides ana certain other public health purposes in the United Slates and as a harrier pesticides. Mull. I:m. Soc. Amcr. WOiMO. United States under emergency woodland application against MOMS 0 3 8 7 2 0 Culiseta mclanura during outbreaks of eastern equine encephalitis. DDT also is used against mice. For the control of most arthropods, DDT has been supplanted by the organophosphorus and carbamate compounds, principally because many vector populations have developed resistance to DDT. The cheapness of DDT and its safety record to humans have made this compound the insecticide of choice, but its further use must now be limited to the prevention and con* trol of human diseases and other essential uses for which no alter native pesticides exist. In certain instances DDT has caused injury to nontargcl organisms which justifies the view that noncsscntial and in* discriminate applications of the compound arc unwarranted. In this release, DDT will be men tioned for domestic use only when no effective nonpersistent substitute is available or when its specified use docs not constitute a hazard to the environment4. However, the user should contact the state agencies for agriculture, health and game management to be certain that there are no local restrictions on its application. . Other compounds considered as `'persistent" are aldrin, dieldrin, en- drin, heptachlor, chlordane. BHC, lindane and chemicals containing arsenic, lead and mercury. In the United Stales most of these com pounds arc of limited value as public health pesticides and. in general, they are applied for specific and limited purpose since certain ones, such as dieldrin and aldrin, are harmful to fish and other nontarget organisms. Restrictions on DDT usage by the Federal Government apply only to the United Stales and do not relate to other countries which establish their own regulations on pesticides. Some countries, such as Sweden, Italy and Canada, have banned the use of DDT, although it may still be applied for specific purposes. However, internationally, DDT play s an important role in con trolling public health diseases. Shut fmtlier tcmcw of the I edcrul repi'lru- lti>n of 1)1)1 h\ 1 I*\ is stitl in progress, HiJiiiniul ffpil.iunns m;i' hi issued on tu tlomcsiic Other ori.mochlotmc com- tiounils such as yldnn. dieldrin. chlmdanc, UK', and lindane also arc under review. 1 tie ml'ninutioii contained in this Kcnnrt reflects the Mains as ol i chroar) t, IV7j. The World Health Organization considers, that the concept of malaria eradication'rests completely pn the continued use of DDT. In such programs DDT Is the principal insecticide used in the residual treat ment of dwellings. When so used, its application minimizes possible con tamination of the environment as compared to situations where it is used out-of-doors as a general area treatment. DDT also has a definite value overseas in the control of trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, louse-borne typhus and bubonic plague. Most alternate pesticides for DDT represent a material increase in cost, a factor considered of less consequence in the United Slates than in the developing overseas Areas. In the United Slates the three elements, vector control, protection of nontarget organisms and con tamination of the environment, must be considered value for value. With this viewpoint, the added cost of insecticides that are potentially less harmful to nontarget organisms is compensated for by the protection of the wildlife and the decrease in environmental contamination. CONTROL PRINCIPLES The major purpose of this release is to describe pesticidal measures, not to summarize the various methods of arthropod and rodent control. However, a brief discussion of control principles is essential to provide guidelines for establishing control operations. The limited reference in the text to nonchemical methods is not to be interpreted as. minimizing the significance of this phase of vector control. Inasmuch as nonchemical measures relate chiefly to specific problems and normally require longer periods of time to achieve control, chemical control remains a major weapon in many vector con trol programs. Nonchemical procedures arc fundamental to vec tor control, since they reduce or eliminate the insect or rodent pop ulation at its breeding source. Included among these approaches are source reduction, environmental sanitation and education. Measures such as drainage, filling, or flooding eliminate mosquito breeding sites, whereas those involving the proper storage, collection, and disposal of garbage curb domestic fly breeding and reduce the rodent problem. Educational efforts are essential to getting both the community and the individual to recognize the role each plays in preventing the creation and support of arthropod or rodent breeding sites, Education has become increasingly important in present day vector control because of the need to inform not only the public but also the groups con cerned with the protection of wildlife and the environment of the control procedures being used. A concerted effort to exchange in formation can do much to create a belter understanding among the various groups involved. On any large-scale program the previously named fundamentals are basic to success. Insecticides support and supplement this basic approach and provide a higher level of control than might otherwise be achieved. Chemical control measures are of prime importance during disasters or epidemics when rapid reduction of arthropod populations is man datory. Under these circumstances, the use of nonchemical measures, which arc relatively slow in their effect, is wholly unfeasible. Failure to achieve control of a specific arthropod or disease with a chemical measure may be the result of local ecological conditions, the species, formulation or application of the insecticide, insecticide resistance, or faulty timing of the treatment. The supervisor must assess the possible influence of each of these factors in any control situa tion so that he can analyze the problems involved and then select those countermeasures that offer the best solutions. The control super visor should establish a sound in spection program and know the sources and population trends of the vector species concerned. With such information he knows which control measure to apply, and when, where and how often treatment is nccessury. An integrated control program is the key to effective vec tor control. Any supervisor must have a sound knowledge of the biology and ecology of the species concerned and should have adequate background and experience with the chemical control and evaluative techniques available. Training courses to provide knowledge on the control of vcctor-bomc diseases are available HONS 0 3 8 to sanitarians, mosquito abatement operators and others; these courses re given by the Laboratory Divi sion of CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333. RESISTANCE Resistance to certain Chemicals has occurred in a number of species. A recent review reported that whereas in 1958 thirty-five species were resistant to the organochlorine compounds and four were also resis tant to the organophosphorus in secticides; in 1971 there were 104 resistant species, 18 of which had developed resistance to organophosphorus materials. In the control of many species of mosquitoes and of house flics, the organochlorine compounds are no longer of value and in some species the same applies to a number of organophosphorus insecticides. In the United States this is particularly true of the Musca donmtica. In California, Culex tarsalis in several counties is no longer controllable by organophosphorus larvicides. Aedes nlgromaculis also is highly resistant to the available organophosphorus larvicides in various parts of the lame state and in some localities is not susceptible to carbamates. Despite such discouraging developments, some species con tinue to succumb to the same pesticides even though the identical control measures have been in effect for many years. Although industrial know-how continues to synthesize new compounds, their usefulness remains unproven until tests demonstrate that cross resistance is not present. As n general rule such measurement of cross resistance should extend to several areas before a premature conclusion on the lack of usefulness of a new compound is known. One of the principal problems in the use of new insecticides in public health is the fact that such com pounds may have been used ex tensively in agriculture prior to their consideration in the control of a public health vector. As a result, the initial change of u susceptible field population of u vector species towards a resistant one may be stimulated by the application of pes ticides in agriculture. Consequently, when the compound is first used in public health there may already be a slight or high resistance to it in the vector population. Such may be true whether it is the same compound used in agriculture or is a related one. Thus, an evaluation of the resistance levels of the species to new public health pesticides is ex tremely essential in any area where insecticides have been used for pur poses other than vector control. Since the development of resistance may not be common to a species throughout its distribution, a supervisor must be certain that poor control is not due to other factors such as careless spray techniques, lack of knowledge about insect habits, or faulty source reduction procedures. Resistance detection methods suitable for field use are now available for more than 15 species of insects as well as for rodents*. With some species, methods are available for both the immature and adult stages of the insect. Whenever these techniques are used, do not place undue emphasis on slight changes in the insects' response to the toxicant. A ny decrease in susceptibility should be substantiated by the observation of a loss offield efficacy ofthe chemical treatment before the operator seeks another toxicant or considers a change of procedure. PESTICIDE HAZARD Pesticides must always be handled in such a way that the possibility of harm to nontarget organisms (including man), either through con tamination of food and water or by contact, is kept to a minimum. All spraymen should be given intensive training in the proper handling of pesticides. Accidents are few when the individual knows and follows the proper procedures. Eight basic rules to minimize hazard are: (a) Know- the material being applied; READ THE CON TAINER LABEL AND UNDER STAND THE DIRECTIONS for preparing and applying the pesticide, and then FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS. (b) Wear protective clothing and headgear', and avoid prolonged exposure to pesticides. Special care should be exercised to pre vent inhalation and con- 'These techniques are described in the World Health Oreuni/atiim Technical Report Scries No. 443, Insecticide Resistance and Vcctm Control. Geneva, 1970. taminalion of the skin when handling insecticidal concentrates (i.e., use respirators, impermeable aprons and gloves). (c) Avoid contamination of foods or drinking water of man and animals. (d) When pesticide con tamination of the body occurs, wash the affected area quickly and thoroughly with soap and water. Wash with soap routinely after each day of spraying. (e) Keep spray equipment clean and in good condition. Flush insecticidal equipment only where contamination will not affect man or wildlife. (f) STORE PESTICIDES IN PROPERLY LABELED CONTAINERS OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN AND ANIMALS. (g) Dispose of empty containers safely {e.g.. bury them under at least 2 feet of soil). (h) KNOW THE EMERGENCY MEASURES FOR TREATING ACCIDENTAL POISONING*. Guides to the toxic hazard of pesticides to mammals and other animals are available from the various pesticide manufacturers and from the EPA, 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, Georgia 30341. These guides contain data obtained from toxicological studies conducted on rabbits, rats and other test animals (Table 1). Data on the toxicity of pesticides to wildlife are available from publications by the Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife1. Such data are extremely valuable in comparing the relative toxicities of the different compounds. However, the KEY IO THE SAFETY OF HUMANS AND OTHER NONTARGET ORGANISMS IS A KNOWLEDGE OF THE HAZARDS INVOLVED IN HANDLING AND APPLYING PESTICIDES. To assess these 'Information on this subject is included in the Clinicui Handbook on Economic Poisons, which is available as Public Health Service Publication No. 476 from the Superintendent of Documents. Washington. I).C. 2040? Price. 55 cents. 'Information on this topic is available in the Handbook of To*icit> of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication No. 84, March 1970. which is available from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC. 20402. Price, SI.00. S HONS 0 3 8 722 Table 1. Acute ore] end dermal LD> toxicity values of selected pesticides to female rats (mg./kg.)." Chemical Clau Pesticide Organoehlorine: chlordane DDT dieldrin lindane methoxychlor t Organophosphorus: Abate chlorpyrifo* (Dursban) dinzinon dichlorvos dimethoate fenthlon Cardona malathion naled parathion, ethyl parathion, methyl Carbamate: propoxur carbaryl Arsenical: Botanical: paris green pyrethrum Miscellaneous: diphacinone plndone warfarin Oral* 430 118 46 01 6,000'' 13,000 82 285 56 245 245 1,125 1,000 250* 3.6 24 86 600 100 263 1.9* 2B0C 3* Dermal 690 2,510 60 900 >6,000 >4,000 202 455 75 610 330 >4,000 >4,444 800* 6.8 67 >2,400 >4.000 2,400 -- __ -- All flfttir** taken from lesti performed by the Chembtee Toxicology Laboratory, lnvi> ronmrnlal Protection Agency. 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, Georgia 90341. Hex not specified. Data for male specimen*. Unpublished data. hazards, consideration must be given to the chemical properties of the toxicant formulation (absorp tion characteristics, stability, etc.), use concentration, site of applicalion, amount of area involved, fre quency of treatments and exposure time. For example, the application of an insecticide as a spot treatment inside homes offers little or no hazard to wildlife in comparison to aerial applications of n pesticide to an aquatic situation such as a marsh or lake. Likewise, repeated applications of a pesticide may pose a hazard not present when only a single or a few treatments are re quired. Full consideration must always be given to the fact that different species of animals may vary widely in their sensitivity to injury from u pesticide. Even among closely related animals there may be a marked variation in response. A summary of the evidence con cerning the impact of pesticides on l iolnfioil liffeci*) of Pesticide* on Nonurpet Species. tsenitise Offiee of ihc PfCMdeni. 1IIlive nl Science .inU lechnolopv, avml.ihlc from liic Superintendent of Document*. W.ishmpton, D C . 2(Mn2 I'ncc. S2.(X) nontarget organisms was issued in 1971*. This resume covers the effect of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides on mammals, fish, birds, arthropods, plants, and other nontargcl organisms as well as in formation on the environmental problems resulting from pesticide residues. PESTICIDE SELECTION In choosing a pesticide, the operator seeks a toxicant that is highly effective against the pest and yet, when used as directed, is not harmful to humans and other animals. The pesticide also should be economical, easy to apply and noninjurious to treated surfaces. Decause each control situation is different, the relative emphasis placed on certain characteristics of the pesticide (i.e.. odor, cost, tox icity, persistence) may vary con siderably. In most instances the decision reached will be a com promise to serve the interests of the groups involved. For example, where the use of an organochlorinc insecticide may he detrimental to wildlife, (he substitution of a more costly compound of lesser harm to nontarget organisms may be necessary. The advice and suggestions of other agencies with interests in the total environment should be sought so that the control program is considerate of the con cern of the other groups and is amenable to their interests. Throughout the major part of this release, the dosage of toxicant employed is expressed as technical material in terms of milligrams per square foot, pounds per acre, liquid ounces per acre, or parts per million. The dosage of the toxicant applied is dependent upon the concentration of the formulation used, together with the rate at which the material is dispersed. Thus, the addition of 5 milliliters of a 1% emulsifiable con centrate to 50 gallons of water provides the same concentration in parts per million as I milliliter of a 5% preparation. ARTHROPOD CONTROL MOSQUITOES Mosquitoes are the most im portant group of arthropods that transmit diseases to man. Mosquitoborne diseases include encephalitis, dengue hemorrhagic fever, filariasis. yellow fever and malaria. Nu merous species are involved whose breeding habits, behavior and dis persal are markedly different. The eggs of certain species are capable of surviving foT months on damp or even dry soil; other species require water for egg deposition, and the eggs hatch within a short period. Dispersal of species like C tarsalis may extend for more than 5 miles whereas others, such as Afdes oegvp~ ti, possess a limited range of less than 0.5 mile. Consequently, control measures for mosquitoes, whether larvicides or ndulticidcs, must relate to the species or to a species group and cannot be considered as being applicable to mosquitoes in general. The expanding picture of mos quito resistance to insecticides presents a major problem in the chemical control of mosquitoes, particularly in areas where extensive larvicidinp practices have been con ducted (re.. California). In Florida* larvae and adults from a fieldcollected slTuin of Aedes taetnorhvnchm were show'n to be highh resistant to malathion. The 0 SHOW strain was susceptible to fcnthion, propoxur and Abate. Resistance is found in unophcline vectors in many areas of the world, but the problem has been a major cause of failure of mularia eradication programs in on* ly a few countries. The pesticides employed in mos quito control are discussed under the method of application and their uses arc summarized in Table 2. Residual treatment: The interior spraying of houses is rarely practiced in the United Slates but is a standard procedure for malaria eradication programs in overseas areas. The insecticides, dosage and periods of efficacy arc given in Table 2. Experimentally, several other insecticides, such as propoxur and carbaryl, have given satisfactory results for periods of 3 months, but carbaryl (200 mg./sq. ft.) has been inconsistent in its per* formnnee in Georgia and Haiti ver sus that in Arkansas and Africa. In contrast, propoxur has produced 3 months of effectiveness against three vectors in three different continents. Methoxychlor (CDC), a biodegradable orgunochlorine com pound, gave good results against dieldrin-resistanl Anopheles albhnanus in studies on outdoor panels and in experimental huts. At 200 mg./sq. ft. it gave 90% kills of A. albhnanus on adobe panels for 9 weeks. When applied at the same dosage to a hut with mud-lined walls, the same level of kill of freeflying A. albhnanus was obtained for more than 14 weeks. In laboratory tests against a DDT-resistant strain of A. albimanus methoxychlor was slightly less effective than against the dieldrin-rcsislaut strain. Methoxychlor was ineffective agaimtt free-flying, DDT-resistant Anopheles quadrimaculaius. In Arkansas studies methoxychlor (200 mg./sq. ft.) was highly effective against field populations of A. quadrimaculaius, while in Africa (he compound was ineffective against Anopheles gambiae. Outdoor residua! applications of DDT against C. tarsalis have lowered the encephalitis infection rates of sentinel chickens. The organophosphorus compounds do not have the persistency of DDT und, although malalhion and diarinon have been tested against Aedes and Cults species, little Tabic 2. Pesticides Currently Employed in Mosquito Control.* (State or local regulations may impose certain restrictions on the uae of theae compounds* therefore, the Individual should consult local or state authorities on Um accepted we practices.) Type Application Toxicant* R malathion E S 1 D BHC U A DDT L S dieldrin P R A propoxur y RF EU SM II DG UA AN LT dichlorvos G R OS OUP UNA TD C DE OA OPS RPP LR IA EY D carbaryl fenthion* malathion naled Dosage MgVsq. ft. 100 or 200 Memories For use in United States as n interior house treatment. -- Particularly persistent on wood surfaces and remains affective for 3 to 5 months. 25 or 50 100 or 200 25 or 50 100 or 200 FOR USE IN OVER SEAS ZONES AS A STAND ARD APPLICATION FOR TREATING THE INTERIOR OF HOMES IN MALARI OUS AREAS. A suspension formulation is most effec tive. Dosage and cycle of -- retrealment depend on the vector, geographic area, and transmission period. DDT and dieldrin are effective for 6 to 12 months, BKC for 3 months. When the vectors are resistant to these or* ganochiorine compounds, malalhion or propoxur should be used. Their efficacy is from 2.5 to 6 months. 1 dispenser per 1000cu.lt. Formulated in resin. Dis pensers are suspended from ceiling or roof supports. Provides 2% to 3ti months --of satisfactory kills of adult mosquitoes. Do not use where infants, ill, or aged persons are confined or in areas where food Is pre pared or served. 1 dispenser per --Dispensers arc suspended catch basin. 12" below catch basin cover. Lb./acre 0.2-1.0 0.01-0.1 0.075-0.2 0.02-0.1 Dosage based on estimat ed swath width of 300 ft. Mists or fogs are applied during the dusk to dawn petiod. Mists arc usually dispersed at rates of 7 to 25 gal. per mile at a vehicle speed of 5 mph. Fogs are . applied at a rate of 40 gal./ hr. dispersed from a vehicle -- moving at this speed; occa sionally at much higher rates and greater speeds. Finished formulations con tain from 0.5 to 8 oz./gal. actual insecticide m oil. or, in the case of the nonther- mal fog generator, in a wa ter emulsion. Dusts also can be used. For ground ULV application'1, technical grade malathion is dispersed at a rate of 1 to 1.5 il. os./ min. and a vehicle speed of 5 mph or at a rate of 2 to 3 fl. ox./min. and 10 mph. (Continued on next pace) success has been achieved. Recent tests in Florida0 indicate that the treatment of individual premises with 2*i;- malalhion suspension at the rate of 16 pounds of toxicant per acre did not give satisfactory reduc tion of Culex nigripalpus. Residual fumigant: ' Formulation of dichlorvos in wax or resin allows the gradual release of V 7 9 E 0 SNOW Table I (continued) Toxicant* Du( * ntmirki Lb./acre Apply by ground equipment Abate 0.05-0.1 or airplane at rates up to 10 quarts of formulation per acre depending upon con- chlorpyrifos 0.0125-0.05 cenlration employed. Use L (Dursban)*'* oil or water emulsion for- EPN* 0.075-0.1 mutation in areas with min- fenthion*'*'' 0.05-0.1 imum vegetative cover. A Where vegetative cover is heavy, use granular formu- malathion 0.2-0.5 -- lations. DO NOT APPLY R PARATHION IN URBAN AREAS. For prehatch treat- met boxy- 0.05-0.2 ment on an area basis, use V chlor methoxychlor (1 to 5 lb./ A.) or chlorpyrifos (0.1 lb./ A.). Chlorpyrifos and fen I paralhlon'. 0.1 thion provide prolonged ef ethyl fectiveness in contaminated c or methyl water at dosages 5 to 10 times those listed. 1 paris green D Apply paris green pellets -- (5%) at rale of 15 lb./A. with ground equipment or airplane. Apply to cover water sur face in catch basins or at E a rate of 15 to 20 gal./A. in fuel or pe 2 to 20 gal./A. -- open water courses. With a troleum oil spreading agent at a rate of 0.5%, the volume can be re duced lo 2 to 3 gal./A. When insecticides are to be applied to crop lands, pasture, range land, or uncultivated lands, consult agricultural authorities as to acceptable compounds and application moccriu-e* Other compounds. Mich as Thnnllc, Lrthone 384. propo.xur end ronncl. may have uses In certain of the categories mentioned. If so. follow label directions. For use by trained mosquito control .personnel only. Adhere atricOy to label specifications and directions for use. Not to be applied to waters containing valuable fish, crabs, or shrimp. f Label requires a 3-wcelt interval between applications, except for fog treatments. the insecticidal vapor over an ex tended period, the preparation thus acting as n residual fumigant. A concentration of dichlorvos in an enclosed space at or above 0.02 ug./liter of air wilt give complete mortality of adult mosquitoes. Thus, this type of treatment is effec tive against adult mosquitoes in homes, catch basins, cisterns and other types of confined areas. The amount of vapor produced by a dispenser is relatively uniform at a given temperature, but doubles for every 20* F. rise in the temperature range of 70" to 100 F. The number of dispensers required varies with the degree of ventilation in a room. In tropical dwellings constructed of mud with thatched or mud roofs, the number of dispensers used may vary from one unii per 165 to one unit per 500 cubic feet. This rale of treatment results in effective kills of caged mosquitoes for periods of 3 to 1 months. In catch basins, one unit per basin has remained effective for periods of 11 to 18 weeks against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. In situations where there is a minimum of ventilation, as in homes in the temperate zone, one strip per 1.000 cubic feel of enclosed space is the muximum ucccptoble rate of treat ment. In the United States these dis pensers should not be used where infants or aged persons are con tinually exposed to the vapor or in areas where food is prepared, served, or stored. Spaet treatment*: Properly timed and applied, out door space treatments will tem porarily reduce adult mosquito pop ulations to low levels. Fog. dust, mist and ultra low volume (ULV)9 applications have been shown to produce similar results against saltmarsh mosquitoes. For maximum operational efficiency, ihc perform ance characteristics of the equip ment must be determined w ith each of the formulations employed. This assessment is of extreme importance with aerial or ground ULV applications in which undiluted con centrate of the insecticide is dis pensed. Diffcrenl weather con ditions. various types of terrain, and vegetation prea-tly influence (lie results of space treatments. The dosage rate ot a space treat ment normally is calculated on a pound-per-acrc basis for ground applications and for some aerial spraying, and on the basis of fluid ounces of active ingredient per acre or per minute for ULV treatments. Dosage rates usually are calculated on a determined or assumed effec tive swath width (normally 200 to 300 feet with ground applications). The speed at which reinfestation of an area occuts determines the fre quency of applications. Routine treatments are costly and should be based on the need as determined by assessment of adult densities and by other evaluation measures. The organophosphorus com pounds. malathion. nuled and fenthion. particularly the first tw'o, are the principal chemicals currently used as ground-applied space treatments. Studies show' that there is little difference in the biological efficacy of thermal and nonthcrmal fogs, nor ore "fog oils'* superior to diesel oils as a formulation base. ULV ground applications, however, are somewhat less effective than thermal fogs in heavy vegetation as the larger ULV droplets tend to be filtered out more rapidly. In Georgia, malathion (6 av. oz./gal.), chlorpyrifos (Dursban) (2 av. oz./gal.) and nalcd (2 av. 07../gal.) as thermal fogs against caged C. p. quinquefascia(us, A. alhimanus or Ae. aegypti gave average kills of 88, 83 and 46-66%. respectively. Against Ae. tacniorhynchus, both propoxur (2 av. oz./gal.) and chlorpyrifos (2 av. oz./gal.) were inferior to malathion (6 av. oz./gal.). Abate (6 av. oz./gal.) was ineffective against these four species. In Floridac. ther mal fogs of chlorpyrifos (2.5 av. oz./gal.) gave more than 95% con trol of caged Ae. taeniorhrmhus ov er a 330-foot swath but failed lo give effective mortality (90% or higher) of C nigripatpus. Com* *U|.V a*> used for l.thetini* purfm'C' >' defined nv application of a volume of )'iU.n or lea of undiluted conccnlfatc per avie HONS O3072S a purativc tests of malathion (8 av. 07./gal.), nalcd (1.75 av. oz./gal.) and fenthion (1.25 av. oz./gal.) at 165 and 550 feet yielded average kills of 100, 91 and 97% of caged Ae. tacniorhynchus, respectively. At the same three dosages the mortalities of C. nigripalpus for'nalcd, malathion and fenthion were 99, 88 and 78%, respectively. In studies in Florida and Georgia, the efficacy of the ULV treatment has been compared with that of thermal fogs. In Florida an applica tion rule of 2.9 fl. oz. of malathion per minute (0.018 lb./A., 600 fl. swath) and a speed of 10 mph produced an average kill of 95% of caged Ae. tacniorhynchus. At 5.7 fl. oz./min. (0.056 Ib./A.) the kills were 92%. Fog treatments dispersed at 5 mph and at dosage rates of 0.018 and 0.036 Ib./A. gave average kills of 65 and 85%. During 1971, experiments in west Florida0 with rcsnicthrin (40%), a synthetic pyrclhroid, resulted in 93% kill of C. nigripalpus at a discharge rate of 1.1 fl. oz./min. at 5 mph and 79% kill at 0.55 fl. oz./min. This compound, however, was ineffective against Ac. tacniorhynchus. giving only 28% and 16% kills at the above two dosages. Similar test's with malathion at 1.1, 2.1 and 4.3 fl. or./min. at 5 mph resulted in 97. 98 and 99% kills of Ac. tacniorhynchus. At vehicle speeds of 10 and 15 mph and 3.3 and 4.3 fl. oz./min., 98 and 100% kills of Ac. tacniorhynchus were obtained. Against C. nigripalpus at 1.1, 2.1 and 4.3 0. oz./min. and a vehicle speed of 5 mph the average kill was 79,92 and 98%. respectively; and tests at the 3.3 fl. oz./min. rate and a vehicle speed of 15 mph and 4.3 fl. oz./min.. and a vehicle speed of 10 mph gave average kills of 87% and 95%., respectively. In Georgia (CDC), ULV malathion applications at flow rates of 3.1 fl. oz./min. and a vehicle speed of 5 mph gave unsatisfactory kills of caged A. albimanus. Ac. mcniorhynchu$ und C. />. quinquefoscioius in "open sites" nt 150 and 300 feet from the machine. When rates were 3.6-4.1 fl. oz./min.. kills of 99-100, 82-95 nnd 84-98% of A albimanus. Ac. tacniorhynchus and C. p. quinqurfasciatus. respec tively. were obtained up to 600 feet. The mortalities of the three species obtained with ULV application and with thermal fops (malathion 6 o/./gal. fuel oil) at 5 or 10 mph at equivalent dosages were essentially the same at "open sites." However, when the mosquitoes were held in wooded areas, fop applications were two to three times more effective. Limited tests in 1971 produced es sentially the same results in the same lest area. The variation in the flow rates required for a high level of biological efficacy in the studies mentioned previously arises from differences in the test areas, opera tion of machine, and the species involved. The ``open sites" in Georgia were more protected than those in Florida, and this factor decreases the effectiveness of either fog or ULV applications. In 1971 the Chatham County, Georgia, Mosquito Control Commission reported that control effectiveness of ULV treatments was essentially equal to that from fog applications but the former were less costly. ULV applications also do not create a fog hazard to traffic. The primary con cern with the ULV mode of applica tion lies in the potentially greater hazard from misuse of the undiluted insecticide concentrate rather than from the misuse of the dilute fuel oil formulation. Evaluations- of other insecticides as ground ULV applications* in dicate that fenthion, naled. propoxur and chlorpyrifos are equal to or better than malathion in biological efficacy. Tests in Minnesota* with chlorpyrifos dispersed with a backpack ULV showed good reduc tion of Aedes spp. 4 hours after treatment at 0.05 lb./A. The sprayman was walking at 2 mph and delivering a 50-ft. swath. At present MALATHION IS THE ONLY INSECTICIDE LABELED FOR GROUND ULV and the label stipulates that such treatment can be made only hv trained personnel of mosquito abatement districts or by pest control operators. The label restricts the flow' rales to I to 1.5 and 2 to 3 fl. oz./min. at vehicle speeds of 5 and 10 mph, respective ly. Thus Florida docs not recom mend the use of ULV applications w'ilh mnllhion because the rates required for suitable biological effectiveness do not meet label restrictions0. The label also includes specific criteria relating to droplet size, tank pressure, nozzle elevation and vehicle speed. Failure to adhere to the label specification could result in hazard to nontargel organisms or cause damage to automobile paint: therefore, t'L F applicators are urged to comply fully with the label requirements. In public health work the first applications of the ULV technique were from aircraft. Aerial treatments were shown to be of great value as an emergency measure to curb mosquito densities during natural disasters or disease epidemics. In 1971 the lower Rio Grande Valley and a strip of the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast up to 30 miles wide were treated with malathion and nalcd to prevent the spread of Venezuelan encephalitis. Critical to the successful use of the ULV technique is the adherence to the basic specifications on droplet size, droplet distribution, and climatic conditions at the time of application. The optimum size of the ULV droplet appears to be about 25 microns MMD; droplets can range up to 50 microns MMD but greater sizes should be avoided. Studies have revealed that more than 90% of the target insects collected are not contacted by droplets of >50 microns. Although mortality is favored by impingement of the smaller sized droplets, such droplets also are more readily in fluenced by air movement and tur bulence. Laboratory tests* have shown that the amount of malathion in a droplet of 25 microns is suf ficient to kill nn adult Ae. taeniorhynchus. Droplets larger than 50 microns represent a waste of material as well as constitute an inefficient particle for producing optimum biological effectiveness. In addition, the hazard to automobile paint increases with droplet size. Since droplet size, distribution and swath width arc influenced by a number of factors related to equip ment (/>., pump pressure, nozzle placement, nozzle size, air speed, etc.), the performance characteristics of the equipment must be assessed thoroughly, in cluding biological evaluation, before it is employed in operational treatments. Evaluation must con tinue during operational applications to insure early detec tion of trouble due to equipment malfunction or improper calibra tion. Currently, only malathion and no/ed are labeled for this purpose. The dosage levels arc 3 fl. oz. per acre for malathion and 0 5 to 1.0 fl. oz per acre for nalcd. The higher rate for naled applies to terrain with HONS 0 3 8 7 2 6 heavy cover. Aircraft which have been successfully employed for ULV dis persal of pesticides against mos quitoes have normally flown at a speed of 150 mph, producing a swath width of 300 to 500 feet. Greater swath widths have been used successfully with multi-engine aircraft. However, droplet size and density per unit area lose uniformity with increased swath because of natural sorting whereby small droplets drift further than large droplets. Altitudes of 100 to 150 feet above ground level arc generally used. The data available indicate that Ul.V treatments should be made during periods when temperatures are below 80*F. or before any temperature inversion occurs. Treatments should he applied only when wind currents are below 10 mph. Studies on the prevention of encephalitis transmission by the use of ULV applications in Hale Coun ty, Texas, showed that applications of malathion (3 fl. oz./A.) reduced the C. tarsalis population but did not prevent infiltration of the species from adjacent untreated areas. Recent studies in Canal Zone jungles* with fenthion (I fl. oz./A.) indicate that two properly-timed applications of this insecticide which is effective against both larvae and adults can provide long-term protec tion from anophelincs. Initial con trol in excess of 95% with each application resulted in an overall population reduction greater than 83% within the treated area at a distance of 1.0 and 1.3 miles from the breeding source for 31 days following the second application. In west Florida0, aerial spray tests of 35% mtlcd in soybean oil applied at un overall volume of 2.8 fl. oz./A. in grouped swaths against saltmarsh mosquitoes resulted in average control of 94% and 68% after I and 2 days, respectively. The sprat s were applied with a Stcarman uircraft flown at an altitude of 150 feet in groups of five swaths--?200 feet apart. No damage to automobile paint panels was observed. In studies in California*, one series of applications with nnlcd at 0.06 lb,/A. yielded a satisfactory reduction in landing rate counts of Table 3. LC levels (ppm) for various insecticides against three mosquito species resistant to organoehlorine compounds. InMctleitf* Abate propoxur carbaryl dichlorvos chlorpyrifos (Dursban) fenthion Gardona malathion methoxychlor parathion, ethyl parathion, methyl A. fuatfrimtnilfftiu 0.094 0.5 2.5 0.01 0.004 0.02 >2.5 0.6 0.5 0.01 0.025 C.p. QuinQuefajeiahu 0.001 0.5 2.S 0.02 0.004 0.005 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.01 0.005 At. WPli 0.004 2.5 2.5 0.1 0.004 0.02 0.6 0.6 >2.5 0.02 0.01 Ae. nigromacuUs 6 hours after treatment. Other tests indicate that organophosphorus resistant Ac. nigromaculis populations were con trolled by dichlorvos (0.1 lb./A.) or propoxur (0.05 lb./A.) In Minncsota'helicopter application of 0.1 lb./A. of naled produced good reductions in the biting rate of Aedes vexans 24 hours after treatment. Evaluation of the comparative effectiveness of ULV (<7.0 fl. oz./A.) versus conventional aerial sprays (i.e., 3 qt./A.) against saltmarsh mosquitoes showed that noted at 0.2 lb./A. save similar results with either type of applica tion, Fenthion produced 20% less reduction in landing rate counts at 6 hours with the ULV application than with the conventional sprays, but counts at 24 and 48 hours indicated similar levels with either type of treatment. In Kentucky, propoxur at 0.075 lb./A. and a 2:1 mixture of propoxur and fenthion at the same application rate gave es sentially the same level of control of Aedes sollicitans. Nuled yielded ex cellent kills at rates of 0.05 and 0.1 lb./A. Larvtcldes: The LC-95 levels for 12 com pounds against species of three gcncru of mosquitoes (Table 3) in dicate that different species fre quently vary in their response to a toxicant. Carbamate compounds (e.g., propoxur. carbanl) generally arc less toxic to the larvae than the organophosphorus insecticides. The degree of control obtained w'iih larvicidc applications often depends upon the degree of pollu tion and (he type and amount of vegetative cover present. Where cover is heavy, it may be necessary to increase the dosage or the amount dispersed to obtain satisfactory results and granular formulations frequently provide better control than emulsions or oil sprays. In heavily polluted water, such as log ponds, a treatment may lose its effectiveness within 48 hours. In California* the resistance in C. tarsalis and Ae. nigromacuUs in 1971 has precluded the effectiveness against some populations of any registered organophosphorus or car bamate insecticides at (he legal rates of application. In other areas of the State these species have developed resistance to certain OP compounds, notably malathion. fenthion and/or parathion. Resistance in larvae is primarily involved but tests confirm the observation that control uf adults is also hampered. Aircraft applications of RE-1 1775 on pastures and ground applications to pastures and ponds produced 100% kills of C. p. quinqucfoiciatus and Ae. nigromaculis in California where OP resistant strains of mos quitoes are widespread. In 1969 when chlorpyrifos (Dursban) and fenthion were applied by the ULV technique in California at dosages of 3 to 6 (1. oz./A., the results with each against C. larsalis. the encephalitis vector, were considered excellent. These applications w ere made as part of an emergency encephalitis prevention program. Helicopter treatments of impoundments of the Tennessee Valley Authority with Abate or chlorpyrifos at 0.004 lb./A. gave excellent control of A. quadrimoculatus without marked destruction of noniargcl organisms. Each compound was less effective HONS 0 3 8 7 2 7 against ihe culicinc larvae than gainst larvae of A. quadrimacuiatus, In Minnesota, trials' with 2% Abate Cclutom granules at 0.03*0.06 )b./A.. 10% matathion granules ai 0.6*1.0 lb./A., 2% Cardona granules at 0.15-0.20 Ib./A., 1*5% RK-M775 granules at 0.05-0.10 Ib./A. and !% chlorpyrifos granules at 0.075-0.15 Ib./A. gave satisfactory kills of one or more Aedcs species. Prcflood applications of chlorpyrifos granules at 0.2 lb./A. continued to give kills of Ae. vexans larvae for periods greater than 60 days. Five percent methoxychlor granules applied as a presenson larvicidc for Aedcs con trol proved to be effective in New York at a dosage rate of 1.0 lb./A. Small plot tests (CDC) in Georgia of 18 compounds as preflood treatments showed chlorpyrifos (0.5 to 2.0 lb./A.) to be the most effec tive against Ae. taeniorhynchus and A. albhnanus larvae. At 2 lb./A. it gave 12 weeks of 90% kills of larvae exposed to sod samples treated with granules, emulsions or suspensions. Certain compounds varied in ef ficacy depending upon the type for.mutation used. At .heavy dosages of 4 Ib./A. carbaryl was effective for 10 weeks against Ae. taeniorhynchus. Propoxur (2 Ib./A.) and Abate (4 Ib./A.) produced 6 weeks of effec tiveness against the same species. Abate, while equivalent to chlor pyrifos in its toxic effect on larvae (Tabic 3), is much less effective than chlorpyrifos in the presence of organic matter. In polluted water, chlorpyrifos, fenthion and Abate have proved effective against Culcx. Studies in Africa showed chlorpyrifos was superior to either fenthion or Abate nt a concentration of 1.0 ppm. Periods of efficacy of chlorpyrifos have been as long as 144 days in a wustc lagoon at 1.0 ppm and as long as 120 days in a Louisiana log pond at 0.5 ppm. In a targe scale program in Burma, weekly applications of 0.3% fenthion emulsion were used to treat polluted ditches and cesspools. Over a 3 '/a-year period >95% reduc tion of Culcx populations has been obtained without any change in the response of the species to fenthion. Chlorpyrifos. at the dosage levels indicated on its label and in Table 2. has not produced any apparent adverse effect on spraymen. In Florida trials, however, a regimen of daily premises spraying of 0.5% chlorpyrifos with power equipment against Ae. aegypti, resulted in a decrease in the plasma cholinesterase level of the spraymen. The latter hud applied from 30 to 85 gallons per man per day. Applica tion of chlorpyrifos in this manner against Ac. aegypti should not be done. In extensive field trials in Puerto Rico, premises treatments with Gardona suspension (2.5%) in urban areas of two municipios controlled Ae. aegypti breeding in tin cans, tires and other containers for 8 to >12 weeks. In rural areas no positive sites for breeding were found in the treated containers for 21 weeks. In Florida, propoxur (2.5%) and carbaryl (2.5%) failed to give satisfactory control of Ae. aegypti breeding in containers. Methoxychlor (1.25%) yielded satisfactory results for approx imately 3 months and was equal to or better than DDT (1.25%). Abate at a dosage of I ppm (sand granules) has been effective against Ae. aegypti larvae in drinking water, in bird baths and in animal watering devices. No accumulative increase of- Abate has occurred in water treated at 3- or 6-weck intervals nor were any clinical symptoms observed in a village population exposed to such treated water for 1.5 years. Studies in Thailand indicated that a single application of Abate granules to Ae. aegypti breeding containers drastically reduced larval indices for 8 weeks and suggested that successive properly-timed treatments, made 2 months apart, might be a satisfactory preventive regimen for controlling dengue hemorrhagic fever. In the southeastern United States, paris green pellets are highly effec tive against salt-marsh mosquitoes. The formulation is applied at a rate of 15 pounds of 5.0 to 7.5% granules per acre with ground or aerial equipment. Use on marshes for more than a decade has not resulted in any loss in the susceptibility of the mosquito populations to this compound. Oil applications continue to be a suitable means of killing mosquito larvai*. Fuel oil mixed with 0.1% Triton X-100 and applied at a rate of 2 to 3 gallons per acre has been used to treat water areas and marshy areas harboring valuable fish and wildlife. Applications of Flit M.L.O. at 2-3 gal./A. were effective in operational use in California* and have shown promise in Minnesota*. The use of fuel oil with a 0.1% spreading agent (T-Det-MC) at 3 gal./A. gave results similar to Flit M.L.O. against Ae. vexans in Minnesota'. Effective kills of salt-marsh mos quito larvae in Georgia marshes also have been achieved with fuel oil and T-Det-MC or Triton X-45 (0.5%) at 4 gal./A. High temperatures and winds may necessitate an increase in dosage to 6 or 8 gal./A. FLIES Domestic flies include a variety of species that are closely associated with man, such as the house fly, little house fly, and various blow flies. The breeding sites of these flies are directly related to the oc currence of animal wastes, refuse and other organic debris produced by man so that effective control with chemicals results only when it is combined with adequate sanitational measures. The house fly, Musca domestica, io contrast to blowflies, such as Phopntia regina. Phoenicia sericata and Phoenicia cuprina. readily develops resistance to both organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides. Populations of P. cuprina and P. sericata have developed resistance to organochlorine compounds, but on ly in areas outside of the Untied States. With the house fly the problem can be considered as being critical since this species has become resistant to many of the organophosphorus compounds generally used in its control. Studies in Florida* dairies and poultry houses have indicated that house flics from these sites have resistance to trichlorfon (3 to 310 X) and dichlorvos (I to 23 X) in bails and to dimethoale (2 to 29 X) and ronnel (4 to 55 X) as aerosols. Tests with the house flies in Georgia showed that the LC-95 levels for dimethoale, Gardona, ronnel and an ex perimental compound were 16 to 25 times those for a susceptible strain. The LC-95 levels for Ciodrin and dichlorvos were onl\ 3 to 6 limes. In New Jersey the LC-50 levels for Gardonu against field-collected specimens were 8 to 17 times and for dimethoale, 13 to 48 limes that of a susceptible strain. MOMS 0 3 8 7 2 8 toftktva! traainwnt*; Although residual applications have long been used for adult house fly control, the resistance factor has rendered overall treatments of this type of little value in many areas. Compounds10 such as dimethoate (1%), Cardona (2%), malalhion (5%), nalcd (1%), ronnel (1%) and fenthion (1.5%) have been used for this purpose but (he duration of their effectiveness as residues has been lessened to such a degree that other types of treatment (space or bait treatments) are more feasible. In Georgia dimethoate deposits formerly effective for 10 to 14 weeks now fail after I week. Cardona, funnel and dimethoate treatments in New Jersey did not provide satisfac tory control for more than 3 weeks, tn some instances the first seasonal treatment was partially successful: the second was ineffective. The pyrethroid rcsmclhrin (SBP-1382) did ol produce satisfactory control in New jersey but the resistance to it was less than for the ofganophosphorus compounds. Residua) treatments arc effective against other flics that have resting habits similar to (hose of the house fly. The little house fly, Fannia canicularix. a frequent pest in chicken ranches and dairies in cer tain areas, is readily susceptible to residual applications of nialathion (5%) or ronnel (1%). Deposits of these compounds arc relatively xhort-livcd, but each controls Fan nia, In making applications on in terior surfaces of chicken ranches, extreme care should he taken to avoid contaminating feed and water. DIUI.D RIN. LINDANE, DlAZINON AND TRICHLORFON ARE NO LONGER LABELED IOR USE IN POULTRY HOUSES. Fannia frequently rests out-of doors on vegetation and exterior walls during hot weather, and treat ment should he upplied to these surfaces as well as to the interior of the building. In California0 it is recommended that trees and shrubs located more than 10 feet from the buildings not be sprayed because they serve as primary resting sites for certain natural enemies of flics. '"Hum* h.nr spiviHc restrictions ' In tiie l\|'e of load ImikIIhi).' establishment *kI ilte areas wfieiem e.uli m* he usnl. 1 lieti'liiic. label dnvclnms imist he sluell) h'lhmei! trv dairy hams or animal shelters (he duration of effectiveness will vary fronfone premises to another, depending on the sanitations! prac tices followed. If economically feasible, more frequent treatments with less volume per application may provide satisfactory control, particularly )f the initial application is made before optimum fly breeding conditions occur. Successful control has been ob-^ tained in Wisconsin dairy barns by applying Sgallons ot iVo ronnel at 2week intervals or 1.25% dimethoate ot 4'weck intervals, with the first treatment made at the beginning of the fly season. In Denmark, a 30% coverage with a 1% dimethoate treatment directed at the "preferred" resting sites produced satisfactory to excellent control for 2 to 3 months. In North Carolina, selective applications of a formula tion of Gardona-dichlorvos to a poultry farm at intervals of 2 to 5 w'eeks combined with naled sugar bails gave satisfactory control, par tially because such applications did not affect the predaceous mites in the poultry excreta. In west Florida recent studies0 have shown that one application of 1% melhoxychlor emulsion gives 95% control of the adult Stomoxys calcitrons (dog fly) emerging from the grass. This effectiveness extends for more than 30 days, which is longer than the grass remains at tractive to the fly. Application to the piles of decaying aquatic vegetation is at a rule of 100 gallons per mile per foot of w idth of grass. Although it is chemically related to DDT. melhoxychlor is biodegradable and presents less of a potential hazard to aquatic nontarget organisms than DDT. Impregnated cord*: Insecticide-impregnated cotton cords installed at a rate of 30 linear feet of cord per 100 square feet of floor area have produced fly control in dairies, chicken ranches and "pig parlors'* for periods ranging from 6 weeks to an entire season; Diazinon and parathion are employed in com mercially prepared products which have been labeled for installation in milking barns, calf sheds, poultry houses and feed rooms. In Georgia, dichlorvos-rcsin strips gave 95% reduction of all flics trapped from garbage pits (30 inches dia. x 72 inches deep) in u recreational area for 8 weeks when ins)al|cd at a rate of one-half or one unit per nit. ^uch strips also urc effective against house flies in indoor situations at the same dosage and under the same restrictions mentioned in ^ablc Balt*: Dichlorvos. malath/on. naled. ronnel. and trichlorfon (Jable'4) are labeled for us? as bails in dairv_ barns, hut trirhlorfon' is not V Tectstcrcd for use in poultry houses. I Bait applications generall) ' produce spectacular reduction of fly densities within a few hours, but their effectiveness is of short dura tion unless further treatments are made. Successful use of baits re quires diligence in applying them and in maintaining a reasonable degree of sanitation. ' Permanent bait stations minimize the effort and time required for dispensing baits. Their use also provides continual insecticidal pressure in reducing the fly pop ulation. For dispensing dry bails, plywood trays (one to two trays per 1,000 square feet of floor area) arc suitable. An effective liquid bait dispenser can be made from a chickcu-w r.tcring unit modified by inserting a cellulose sponge In the trough to prevent clogging by dead flies. Toxicants such as dichlorvos or trichlorfon at u concentration of 0.1% in a sugar water solution have been used in these units. A con*\ liouous source of toxicant can be ] provided from a dichlorvos-resin J strip inserted in the jar. `/ In Georgia dairies where house fly populations have become rcsistunl to residual applications dichlorvos baits proved to be the only means whereby such populations could be controlled. Control was achieved even against populations that showed a threefold to fourfold resistance to the compound. In Florida, tests showed that house flics from six dairies had resistance to trichlorfon 19 to 138 timdsthatof a susceptible strain, yet 1% trichlor fon sugar baits gave effective con trol. Prom such data it is apparent that the exposure route of a resistant insect to the toxicant is an important factor in determining the control efficacy of the compound. Outdoor space sprays: Space applications usually are more effective against resistant HONS 0 3 8 7 2 9 house flics than residual or larvicide applications with the same com pounds, but their cost frequently precludes general use in municipal programs. However, such treatments are warranted at problem sites and in emergencies. Repealed daily applicaiionS will be required at problem sites (e.g., refuse dumps), since the efficacy or ibe spray depends on the insecticidal particles impinging on the fly. In field tests in Georgia, the pound-pcr-acrc dosages required for effective kills at distances up to 200 feet for six compounds were: malalhion >0.6, ronneJ 0.4, fenthion 0.4, dichlorvos >0.3. naled 0.1 lo 0.2 and dimethoate 0.1 to 0.2. Quick knockdown sprays, dis persed mechanically or by hand, have been used to some extent by dairy and beef cattle farmers. Deodorized kerosene solutions of ronnel (2%), malathion (2%), or ^syuergired pyrethrm or allclhrtn *(0.1%) applied with an electric misj sprayer against house flics in" dairy barns produced 70 to 95% reduction within 10 minutes after treatment. Wilh most of these applications, not more lhan 5U% reduction was evi dent 24 hours after treatment even when repealed daily for 5 to 21 days. Table 4. Organophosphorus Insecticides Used as Baits, Space Sprays and Larvicidcs in Fly Control.* (State regulations may Impose certain restrictions on the use of these toxicants In dairies or at other specified sites; therefore, the Individual should be certain that his usage conforms with focal restrictions.! SS'o. Formulation Remark# malalhion ronnel 1# 25% WP plus 24# sugar; 2 fl. oz. 25% EC plus 3# sugar in 3 gal. of water. 3-6 fl. oz. 10% EC plus 3# sugar in 3 gal. water. 2# 25% WP plus 23# sugar. 1.0 f). oz. 50% EC plus 2.5# sugar in 2.5 gal. water. 2 pi. 25% EC plus 3#sugar In 3 gal. water. Normal application is 3-4 oz. (dry) or 1-3 gal. (wet) per 1000 sq. ft. in areas of high fly concentration. Re peat 1 to 6 times per week as required. Avoid applica tion of bait to dirt or litter. The use of permanent bait stations will prolong the ef ficacy of each treatment. Available as commercial baits labeled for use in dairies and in food process ing plants'1 except at sites where food is exposed. None of these baits should be employed inside homes nor should diazinon and Irichlorfon be used in poultry houses. Diazinon also is not to be used in dairy barns. \ trichlorfon 1# 50% SP plus DO NOT CONTAMINATE 4# sugar in 4 FEED OR WATERING I gal. water. TROUGHS. / diazinon* Ileal. 25% EC -Application rate is 15 gal. fenthion in 34 gal. water. per mile. dichlorvos 6 gal. 50% EC in -Application rate is 15 gal. 44 gal. water. per mile. dimethoate* 3 or 6 gal. 50% -Application rate is 2D or 10 EC in 50 gal. gal. per mile. water. Studies (CDC) at a poultry ranch have shown that a syntheticpyrethroid, resmethrin (SBP-1382) was highly effective in reducing house fly populations. In applications of a resmethrin emul sion by a backpack mist blower, dosages as low as 0.025 lb./A. provided average reductions in grill indices of 95% within 2 hours after treatment. Dimethoate (0.15 Ib./A.), naled (0 2 Ib./A.) and Gardona (0.2 Ib./A.) were less effective; Tinted gave the highest reduction of 64%. In Florida, ground applied ther mal fogs of propoxur. ruled and fenthion (each at 4% in fog oil) gave 98, 94 and 86% kills of caged 5. calcitrant, respectively. At 1%, propoxur also was superior to naled und fenthion. Malathion was in effective. At a 12% concentration it malalhion naled 5 gal. 55% EC in -Application rate is 20 gal. 41 gal. water. per mile. 1.5 gal. 65% EC - -Application rate is 15 or 20 in 50 gal. water. ga). per mile. diazinon 1 fl. oz. 25% EC Application rates are 7-14 to 1 gal. of water. gal. per 1000 sq. ft. as a coarse spray. Repeal as nec L dichlorvos 2 fl. oz. 10% EC essary. usually every 10 to I gal. of days or less. For chicken water. droppings, use only where I dimethoate 0 5 pt 43% EC to 2.5 gal. of birds are caged. Diazinon is not labeled for use In poul I water. try houses. D malathion 5 fl. oz. 55% EC AVOID CONTAMINATION E to 3 gal. of OF FEED OR WATER AND water. DRIFT OF SPRAY ON ronnel 1 pt. 25% EC to ANIMALS. 3 gal. of water. For information on chemical* to be used against livestock and crop peata and for their residue tolerances on crops, consult your State Agricultural Experiment Station or Ex tension Service. * Includes dairies, milk rooms, restaurants, canneries, food stores and warehouses, and similar establishments. Dated on swath width of 200 ft. Not specifically labeled for outdoor space appUcaUona. produced only a 28% kill. In other more recent tests4' thermal fogs of MONS 038730 propoxur and naled (3.2 and 3.5 or./pal. in fuel oil, respectively) produced mortalities of caged specimens at or above the 95r< level. Treatments arc applied in the daytime at a rate of40 gal./hr. and a vehicle speed of 5 mph or at twice that gallonagc and speed. Larvtcldea: The control of fly breeding with chemicals normally is relied on in situations where there arc ac cumulations of organic manor, such as animal excreta, garbage, fruit culls, vegetable pulp and carcasses. Such conditions reflect a-luck of or a low level of sanitation, since elimination of the organic ac cumulation would be the logical remedy. Further, the performance of pesticides in such situations is poor because the application fre quently fails to penetrate the media to contact the larvae and may also break down rapidly under the moist conditions prevailing therein. In ad dition, lurviciding frequently destroys miles and fly larvae (r.g.. Opfivra) that prey on house fiy larvae or soldier Hies which create a medium not suitable for the breeding of M. domcstica. The value of theses natural enemies in house fly control is indicated by data from North Carolina which showed that an integrated control program of poultry manure management and selective adulticiding (sec Residual treatments) at 2- to 5-wcck intervals provided house fly control levels equivalent to those resulting from the weekly application of Inrvicides. The latter method which destroyed the predaceous mile populations required five times as much in secticide, us well as greater man power than the integrated approach which was not detrimental to. the mite fauna. Most of the orgunophosphorus compounds (Table 4) are toxic to fly larvae, but diazinon has been most effective in initial kill and residual action. The maximum period of residual action oflnrvicidal sprays is I to 2 weeks. In larvicide tests in Florida poultry houses neither dimethoate nor Gardona was effec tive after 7 days. Dimethoate at 200 mp./sq. ft. gave 7 days of good control of larvae in poultry houses whether applied by conventional spray methods or by low volume, a method in which the undiluted con centrate is applied directly to the droppings. This procedure does not liquefy the droppings as much as do emulsion treatments. Volatile com pounds in plastic formulations offer promise for treating larval media. In Florida three applications of dichlorvos pellets applied at 200 mg./sq. ft. of breeding area in poultry houses controlled both house fly larvae and adults for 7 weeks. Monthly sprays of I or 2% dimethoate or diu/inon to garbage pits in a recreational area in Georgia failed to reduce materially the number of flics trapped from the pits. The incorporation of insecticides in the feed or water of livestock or poultry is an approach that has been used to prevent dr control fly breeding in ant nut I excreta. Numerous compounds have been shown to be effective when so ad ministered but none of the materials is labeled for use as a feed additive for poultry and only coumaphoscan be added to cattle feed. Coumuphos fed to cattle at a level of 144 ppm produced 94 to 98% mortality of house fly larvae. Aspon (200 ppm) in chicken mash fed to 40 pullets produced pood control of house fly larvae but was not effective against Fannia pusio. No residues of Aspon were found in the eggs or in the tissues of heart, muscle or fat during the period the chickens were fed treated mash or in the month after treatment was stopped. Gardona at 400 ppm in poultry feed gave good control of M. domcstica but 800 ppm were required for similar con trol of F. pusio. Eggs from treated hens had a less desirable flavor than those from untreated hens. At the 800 ppm dosage, the chickens produced fewer eggs and did not maintain their body weight in com parison to untreated birds. In comparative tests of 12 com pounds added to poultry droppings and evaluated against larvae of F. canicuiaris in Massachusetts, maialhion, cnrbaryl and dicapthon were ineffective, but initial and short-term efficacy was evident with fenthion, coumaphos, Ciodrin, dimethoate, diazinon, dimelilan, ronnel, trichlorfon and Zytron. Dimethoate was the most effective, producing high mortalities at I ppm. Ltuvnc of F. canicuiaris showed approximately 90% mortality when exposed to droppings from chickens whose food contained 125 mg. of coumaphos per kilogram. FLEAS The principal vector of plague, Xcnopsyila chcopis, remains suscep tible to DDT except in parts of India, Egypt. Thailand and Viet nam. Fuicx irritans L. resistant to DDT have been reported front Greece. Israel. Turkey, Egypt and South America. Species of Ctcnoicphalidcs infesting domestic pets and yards frequently cannot be controlled with chlordanc and other organochlorinc compounds in the u United States as well as in French and British Guiana and Colombia. In overseas areas. DDT (5 to 10%) dust applications to rodent runways and harborages are the chief means of controlling non-resistant X. chcopis. Lindane (1%), malnthion (3 to 5%), diazinon (l to 2%) and carbaryl (3 to 5%) should be con sidered for use against X. chcopis populations that fail to succumb to DDT dusts. Application should be thorough to insure adequate contact between the rodent-flea and the dust, since poor control from in adequate dusting can be mistakenly interpreted as resistance to the pesticide used The possibility of introducing plague-infected fleas into the United States via containerized cargo from plague endemic areas has led to investigations on suitable chemical control measures. Tests (CDC) con ducted on the use of one-half or one dichlorvos-resin strip in "Conex" shipping containers (approximately 300 cubic feel) filled with simulated cargo gave 98 to 100% kills of X. chcopis on rats exposed for 48 hours at temperatures of 60 F. or above. Exposures of 6 hours at temperatures of 789 to 86 F. in empty "Conexes" gave average kills of 90% in 24 tests. With a 24-hour exposure at temperatures of 75 to 83 F., complete kills were obtained with one-half or one strip in empty or simulated cargo filled "Conexes." Tests in Florida with dichlorvos indicate that vapor concentrations of 0.25 g./liter of air for 3 hours produce complete kills of X. chcopis. The potential of high concentrate micromzcd dusts of various in secticides for use in disinsccting unoccupied aircraft was evaluated in cargo trailers in cooperative tests by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and CDC. Application of micronizcd dusts of chlorpyrifos (Dursban) (40%), resmethrin (SBP1382) (25.5%), chlorpyrifos (20%) + resmethrin (12.8%), chlorpyrifos (13.3%) + resmethrin (8,5%) + propoxur (21.3%), chlorpyrifos (10%) + resmethrin (6.4%) + propoxur (16%) + Gardona (20%), DDT (42.5%) + carbaryl (42.5%). Gardona (80%>), propoxur (64%). fenthion (?0.2%). d-tratt.\ allcthrin (14%), chlorpyrifos (10%). or fenitrothion (26. !%) at a rate of 2 g. of dust/1.000 cu. ft. produced com plete kills of X. ihcopis except for Gardona (80%). propoxur (64%) HONS 0 3 8 7 3 1 and chlorpyrifos (10%) which gave 62, 96 and 91% kills, respectively. Resmethrin (25.5%) also gave complctckillsat 1 g. ofdust/l.OOOcu. ft. Although human plague has not been a critical problem in the United Slates in recent years, this disease frequently is common among wild rodents such as prairie dogs and squirrels in the western United Stales. When epizootics occur among such rodents, the danger of human infection increases greatly. One method of controlling the fleas on these rodents is the use of bait boxes containing an insecticide. When the rodents enter the box to feed, they pick up sufficient in secticide to kill the fleas on them and those living in the nest or burrow. In a plague epizootic among the squirrels in Denver. Colorado (CDC), bait boxes, spaced at 500*ft. intervals, containing 10% DDT and peanut butler gave good control of the squirrel fleas. In trials in Colorado (CDC) 2% carbaryl dust was found to be effective against the pruiric dog flea when applied at a rate of 3 ounces per burrow. The same dust used in bait boxes containing rolled oats gave 95% control of Reas on deer mice. Experimental laboratory studies* Have shown (hat several organophosphorus compounds and mirex arc effective as systemics in killing fleas on rodents. The lowest percent concentrations of toxicant by weight in the food of the cotton ral/kangaroo rat/coltomnil rabbit, respectively, that were effective were: fenthion--0.15/0.015/0.03; diazinon--0.03/0.03/0.6 and mircx--0.06/0.06/0.12. The organophosphorus and car* hamate compounds arc the principal chemicals used for the control of Ctenocephalides fleas on animals and premises. Tor effective control of these fleas, treatment of the pet alone is not sufficient, since the animal soon becomes reinfested from the untreated premises. Sleeping quarters, bedding, kennels and other ureas frequented by the animal should he treated at the time the pel is disinfested. Flea infestations on animals can be controlled by use of the toxicants in Table 5. Kcxin collars containing dichlorvos have been labeled for use on dogs (except for whippets and greyhounds) and on cats (except Persian). Cotton webbing collars impregnated with 0.75 to 1.0% lin Table 5. Pesticides used on pets for flea control. Toxicant Formulation Percent Concen- tratlon carbaryl Dip or wash Dust coumaphos' Dip Spray Dust1 lindane* Dust malathion Dip Spray Dust pyrethrum Spray rotenone Dust Dust 0.5* 20-5.0* 0.2-0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.25 0.5 4.0-5.0 0.2 + 2.0 synergist 1.0 1.0 *1.0% acceptable (or use by veterinarian* only. *Do not use on cats under 4 weeks of ace. Do not use coumaphos or Undone on does under 2 months or on cats. <Dust also contains 1.0% trichlorfon. dane may be used on either dogs or cals. Certain treatments are labeled for application only by licensed veterinarians. Ronnel, as a 0.25% solution, can be used for external treatment (dip or sponge) of dogs and cats. These animals can be treated by oral administration of tablets of ronnel while tablets of trichlorfon or Cythioate can be used for dogs. Dichlorvos (0.02%) and dioxathion (0.2%) are labeled for external use on animals. For treatment of infested sites inside the house, sprays of diazinon (0.5%), lindane (1%), malathion (2%), or ronnel (1%) can be used as spot applications. Yard infestations can also be controlled by treatment with these compounds at an applica tion rate of I gallon per 1,000 sq. ft. Lindane, ronnel and diazinon as 1% emulsions were shown to eliminate infestations for 63 days: whereas with malathion, the effectiveness persisted for 7 days. Propoxur (1%) and fenthion (2%) are labeled for outdoor use by qualified pest con trol operators. Dusts of malathion (3 to 5%), lindane (1%) and carbaryl (3 to 5%) can be used against flea infestations in yards at application rales of I to 2 lb. per 1.000 sq. ft. Organochlorinc resistance in bed bugs i:, not a problem in the United States, but elsewhere in the world populations of Cintex lectularius L. and Cintex hentipterus resistant to the organochlorinc compounds have frequently occurred. In Israel, C. lectularius populations also have been recorded as developing resistance to malathion and fenthion. This species remains susceptible to diazinon in Israel despite 4 years* use of this com pound. In Russia C. lectularius has developed a high level of resistance to trichlorfon. A single residual application of insecticide emulsion or solution to baseboards, wall crevices, bedsteads and mattresses of infested premises will usually control a bedbug in festation. Sprays containing trichlorfon (0.1%), ronnel (1%). dichlorvos (0.5%) or malathion (0.5 to 1%) are commonly used. Special care should be exercised in the treat ment of mattresses and uphostery; only a light application should be used. Under no circumstances should mattresses be soaked with spray. Infant bedding, including the crib, should not he treated. With dichlorvos or trichlorfon. spray only tufts and seams of mattresses and air until dry--at least 4 or 8 hours, respcctivelv--before reuse. If the in festation persists, re-treat at not less than 2-weck intervals. Since bedbugs hide in cracks and crevices, adding pyrethrin (0.1 to 0.2%) to insecticidal formulations will increase the effectiveness of the treatment by stimulating the bed bugs to leave their hurboruges, thereby insuring better contact between the insects and the residual insecticide. Synergized pyrethrin sprays (0.2% pyrethrins) atone also are effective, but (wo or more treatments at in tervals of 2 to 6 weeks may be required. TICKS AND CHIGGERS Ticks arc vectors of various rickettsial and virus diseases throughout the world. In the United Slates. Colorado tick fever and American spotted fever are transmitted by ticks, and tick paralysis is also caused by these arthropods. Chiggers. although in volved in scrub typhus transmission in the Far Hast, arc primarily an annoyance to man in this country Resistance to the organochlorinc insecticides has been reported in the licks Dennaccntor and Rhtptccphalus in the United States, hut not in chiggers. The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, fre ts HONS 0 3 8 7 3 2 quenlly causes severe annoyance to man by invading the home and by Infesting domestic pets. As the species docs not always respond to control by the chlorinated hydrocar bon pesticides, the problem of rid ding dwellings of infestations has become more important in recent years. The ticks may be 'found throughout a dwelling. Control demands treatment of both the i- fested premises and the dogs present. Trent all infested ureas thoroughly. Compounds effective as sprays in treating homes for control of the brown dog tick are propoxur (1%), diazinon (0.5%), dioxathion (0.5%), fenthion (1.5%), lindane (0.5%), malalhion (1-2%) or ronnel (2%). Dusts containing 5% carbarvl are also effective. The pesticides (except malathion nnd ronnel) should be employed only ns spot treatments to buseboards, floor and wall crevices, window frames, and other har borage sites. Re-trcatmcnt of the home l or 2 weeks later may be required for severe infestations, but a single application will often suffice for light infestations. Five-fool-widc band treatments of 2% diazinon granules (8 oz. per 20 linear feet) around foundations may prevent licks from entering. * ' Careful attention must be given to treating the dog's sleeping quarters and the animnl itself. Propoxur and diazinon should not be used to treat the animal. However, dusts of lin- danc11 (1%), carbaryl (5%), coumnphos (0.5%), irtchlorfon1' (1%) nnd malathion (3 to 5%) can be applied directly to the dog. Liquid washes may give better penetration of the hnir than dust; coumuphos" (1%), lindane11 (0.03%), or malathion (0.5%) are suitable. With severe infestations, it may he necessary to rc-lreat the household and the dog one or more times at weekly intervals. Dithlorvos (0.1%), nalcd (0.2%). carbaryl (1%). diox athion (0.15%), or ronnel (1%) may be used os an animal dip by veterinarians. Successful control of ticks on dogs by oral use of ronnel has also been reported by veterinarians. In treating outdoor areas for ticks or chiggers, avoid application to ' ponds, streams and other water courses or to their adjacent margins, since at the maximum dosages these "Do not use on ilops ttndct 2 months of ape. pesticides (except lindane) are highly hazardous to fish. Where the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides is considered a hazard to nontarget organisms, the organophosphorus and carbamate compounds should be substituted. In the United States area control of the various ticks can be obtained by applying chlordane or toxaphenc at rates of 2 pounds of toxicant per acre, BHC at the rate of 0.5 to 1.0 pound of the gamma isomer per acre. Gardona. I pound per acre, or carbaryl at the rate of 2 pounds per acre. Suspension, emulsion, or dust formulations of these pesticides produce similar results. The level of control secured is dependent on the adequacy of the coverage. In brushy areas, 50 gallons of spray or 40 pounds of dust per acre of the proper concentration are required; approximately half these amounts are needed on thin cover sites, such as lawns. Because certain ticks (?.#.. Dermacentor variabilis) congregate along roads, paths, and trails, treat ment may be restricted to these areas. Treatments with these chemicals usually prevent reinfestalion for 30 days or more. In overseas areas DDT (2 Ib./A.) has proved highly effective against tick-borne disease vectors. In small plot tests with ground equipment, diazinon, chlorpyrifos (Dursban) and fenthion were equal ly effective against the lone star tick. Amblyoma americanum, when applied at an approximate volume of 8 gallons per acre and dosages of I or 2 !b./A. Each compound gave 6 weeks of effectiveness within a range of 89 to 99% reduction. Propoxur, carbaryl, and naled were only slight ly less effective. All were superior to malalhion which gave poor kills. In small plot tests0 chlorpyrifos (spray or granules) at 0.25 Ib./A. gave satisfactory control for 5 to 6 weeks; DDT was much less effective. Mechanical clearing of nature trails also effectively reduced the number of ticks present. ULV applications of propoxur (0.5-2 lb./A.) with ground equipment reduced the tick populations- 89-97% for a 6-week period. Area infestations of chiggers. such as Eutrotnhicula alfrcddugcsi. can be controlled with spray or dust treatments of loxaphcnc or chlordanc (l to 2 pounds per acre), or lindane (0.25 or 0.5 pound per acre). In overseas areas dicldrin at a rate of 2 Ib./A. has given greater effec tiveness against the chiggcr vectors of scrub typhus than the aforemen tioned compounds. Thorough coverage of the area is required. LICE The body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus). the crab louse (Pthirus pubis) and the head louse fP. humanus capitis), a subspecies of the body louse, all attack man. The crab louse and the head louse slay on the body continuously, whereas the body louse remains on the clothing except when feeding. The body louse, the vector of epidemic typhus, becomes a problem primarily among people forced to live under crowded or insanitary conditions such os refugees, migrants, or prisoners. Insecticidal louse powders should be applied carefully to the inside surface of the clothing, particularly the undergarments, with special attention given to seams and folds. Usually I ounce of powder will suffice for adequate coverage of an individual. Treatments can be applied to the clothed individuals or to the garments. For mass treatment under epidemic conditions, dusts of DDT (10%), lindane (1%). or malathion (1%) arc effective against the body louse. DDT has been the insecticide generally used, but malathion is equal in efficacy (3 to 4 weeks), and a single application normally is effective against both the egg and crawling stages. It is also the in secticide of choice against louse populations in certain areas which have displayed resistance to DDT and lindane. Treatments with powders of lindane (1.0%), or synergized pyrclhrum (0.2%) or allcthrin (0.3%) usually necessitate u repeat application 7 to 10 days later to kill newly hatched lice. Pyrethrum or allcthrin formulations arc of more individual use than for mass treatments since they tend to clog mechanical application. In recent sleeve tests employing treatments with 1% powders Abate was more effective than malathion against DDT resistant body lice. For control of head lice, shampoo or lotion preparations arc more acceptable than dust, since the latter suggests that the person is infested with lice. Several preparations arc available to the public such as syn- HONS 0 3 8 7 3 3 U crgized pyrcthrins but those con taining lindane (1%) or benzyl ben zoate (I2%): bcnzocainc (2%):DDT (1%) require a prescription. To ob tain the full benefit of the applica tion the treatment should remain in the hair as long as possible in ac cordance with label directions. Crab lice can be controlled by dust applications of the same in* scclicidcs used for body louse con trol. Persisting infestations should be re-treated at 1- to 2-wcck in tervals. Label directions on sonic of the lotion preparations for control of head lice indicate that they may also be used against crab lice. Table 6. .Insecticides errmloyed In cockroach control. Imecttcttfe propoxur diazinon dichlorvos chlorpyrifos (Dursban)* fenthion* Kepone malathion Formulation Spray Bait Spray Dust Spray Bait SpTay Spray Balt Spray Dust Percent* Concen tration 1.0 2.0 0.5` I.0> 0.5 1.9 O.S 2.0 0.125 5.0 5.0 COCKROACHES The German cockroach, Blattclla gennanica. is the principal species associated with man and is of greatest concern because of its wide spread distribution and its ability to develop resistance to many of the insecticides used for control pur poses. The orgunophosphorus in secticides are used routinely for its control but populations resistant to diazinon, fcniliion. or malathion have been detected in several parts of the United States. Resistance to malathion appears to be specific, but that to dia/inon extends to related chemicals. A strain slightly resistant to propoxur, a carbamate, also has been reported from Louisiana. Despite the occurrence of organophosphorus resistant pop ulations in certain localities, such resistance has not. as yet. created a widespread contiol problem. The pesticides usually employed in cockroach control arc given in Table 6. Of eight experimental com pounds tested in 1971 none proved superior to chlorpvrifos (Dursban) or propoxur in their overall per formance. In households or in food handling establishments, the tox icant should be applied as a spot treatment. A coarse or spot spray or a dust should be used to treat baseboards, cabinets, along water pipes, under refrigerators, behind stoves, and other cockroach har borages. Care should be taken to avoid contamination of food or food preparation surfaces. Staining problems may arise in treating cer tain types oT surfaces. Furthermore, caution should be used when spraying oil-base solutions around asphalt or vinyl tile floors. Spillage on surface of this type causes Maximum allowable. 1.0% spray and 1.0 to 6.0% duit lor poet control operator! only. Peat control operators only. softening and marring. The activity of insecticidal residues is markedly Influenced by the type of material to which the formulation is applied. Compounds that are somewhat volatile persist longer on painted metal surfaces than on unpainted metal, whereas the reverse may be tfue' with other toxicants. For mulations also may influence the efficacy of insecticide application. Emulsions generally have a longer residual life than solutions. In addi tion. certain solvents, masking agents and emulsifiers exert a repellent effort on B. gennanica as shown in laboratory tests with treated and untreated panels in which a greater number of specimens frequented the untreated surfaces. Such data indicate that the so-called inert ingredients in a formuluiion could have a decided in fluence on the performance of products containing the same toxicant. In simulated harborage studies (CDC), 2/3 of the wall surfaces of test boxes were treated. Samples of 100 B. gennanica were then exposed at 30-day intervals for a maximum of 15 days each to wall panels of different materials. With propoxur applied ut 50 mp./sq. ft., kills at or above 90% were obtained for 8, 23, 8 and 2 weeks on painted and un painted metal, masonite, and tile, respectively. Dia/inon tested in the same manner gave 21, 7, 37 and 52 weeks of satisfactory mortalities. Neither propouir nor dia/inon at 50 mp./sq. ft. was ns effective as chlor- pyrifos which provided 57, 19, 57, and 60 weeks of effective kills on these same surfaces, respectively. When the wall coverage was reduced to 1/3, the period of residual activ ity decreased for each of the three compounds approximately 33 to 50%, emphasizing the importance of adequate coverage in obtaining successful control. Field tests with 1% solution of fcnlhion gave more than 90 days effective kills, whereas the dust for mulation (39b) was effective for 30 days. Diazinon dust (2%) gave ex cellent results for this same time period. In public housing projects in California 1% emulsion of propoxur virtually eliminated heavy cockroach infestations in apartments but odor and staining problems occurred. In Florida, buildings infested with B. germnnica and treated with 1.0% propoxur emulsion still showed 89% reduction in population at 120 days. Compounds available as baits for cockroach control are listed in Table 6. Over a period of time some baits lose their effectiveness. In tests (CDC) dichlorvos bait after 6 weeks gave 68% kill of B. gennanica. whereas propoxur and Kepon1- baits continued to give more than 90% morialiiy after 101 days. Dichlorvos and propoxur possess fumigant ac tion. but Kepone docs not. For quick kills, dichlorvos is superior to Kepone and propoxur but when long-term action is desired it is in ferior. Baits applied in combination with spot residual treatments may be more effective than cither application alone. Baits composed of 0.125% Kepone in a paraffin base were shown to eliminate Periplaneta anicrimna breeding in sewer lines within 2 weeks. Dust applications offer an ad vantage over liquid treatments in that they give better penetration of enclosed areas, such as beneath cabinets and in wall voids. Their use in visible areas is normally precluded because of their unsightly appearance. The drift qualities of dusts enable them to be used in any area that is difficult to spray. A disadvantage, however, is that cockroaches tend to avoid dust deposits. Certain dusts containing fluoridated silica aerogels arc reported to act as a desiccant as well as a repellent to cockroaches. Studies with boric acid solution (CDC) applied to 2/3 of the NONS 0 3 8 7 3 4 simulated harborage at 200 mg./sq. they enter homes or when people * ft. showed only. 18% kill over an 18* \ . invade the natural habitats of these . day vlesi period but with boric acid u . arthropods, the contact between powder applied to 1/2 of the man and the arthropod may result simulated harborage. 90% kills were . in a severe allergenic and anaphylacobtained for >14 weeks. Two for- .tic. response in some individuals. -mutations of silicu. aerogel and 2% Marked discomfort and even death diazinon dust under the same ex- ` can result front the toxins injected posurc conditions were not effective by.the arthropod. Medical attention for. more than 2 weeks. The poor is the initial step in aiding persons kills--resulted from the specimens stung or otherwise contacted by a tending to avoid the dusted har- venomous arthropod, but chemical . borugc. Boric add dusts have been control is of much value as a preven used successfully:.against B gcr* . tive measure. nianica infestations in dwellings and Scorpions: commercial buildings in California. ` :. Scorpions, particularly in the In cooperative tests with the U.S. southwestern U.S., are quite Navy -on seven ships. 0.5% chlor- dangerous to man. The elimination pyrifos emulsion applied to the food of hiding places, such as boards or service arcus gave an average rcduc- lumber piles, accumulations of tion in the infestations of 90 to 99%. debris or stored material in A 0.25% emulsion reduced the in . basements minimize the risk of scor- . festations only 45. to 62% in (wo . ships. Propoxur (1.0%) emulsion applied in four ships decreased the pion stings. Chemical measures within dwellings should consist of spot treatment of baseboards, under infestations 10 to 63%. However, furniture, closets, crevices, around this same insecticide applied as a 1% plumbing or any areas where scor solution in a commercial prepara pions are observed. Attics and crawl tion produced 94 to 97% reduction spaces or basements should also be of the B. j'rmifl/f/nT populations in sprayed. Residual sprays containing three ships. Pyrethrum aerosols 1-2% carbaryl, 2% chlordnnc, 0.5% were applied immediately after each dieldrin or 5% deodorized of the treatments. Other tests with malqthion may beapplied with hand the U.S. Navy were conducted or power sprayers. Dusts containing aboard eight submarines that were 2% carbaryl, 5% chlordane, or 1% treated with dichlorvos aerosol dieldrin also are suitable. The (6.5%) at u rate of 12 o/./IO.OOO cu. residual life of chlordane or dieldrin ft. Three of these vessels also were dusts make them particularly treated with 2% propoxur bait. suitable for treating wall voids. Greater than 97% control was Dusts (1%) or sprays (0.5%) of lin achieved with all dichlorvos treatments. The propoxur (2.0%) bait used to control newly hatched nymphs from eggs unaffected by the dichlorvos resulted in excellent con trol for 2 months after the aerosol dane tend to excite scorpions, thus increasing the danger of stings. Outdoor structures such as out buildings, with surfaces in contact with the soil should be treated to a height of 2 feet above grade. Hiding application. Air samples taken places, such as stacks of lumber, aboard three of the submarines in debris, or firewood, also must be dicated that after 4 hours of ventila tion the dichlorvos concentrations in the vessels fell rapidly to low treated, l-'or this purpose use sprays or carbaryl (2%). chlordane (2%). or dieldrin (0.5%), or dusts containing levels of <0.2 *g./liter of air. 10%, 10% and 2%, respectively, of these materials. Granules of VENOMOUS ARTHROPODS diazinoo (10%) also are effective for area treatment. Spidstt: In recent years public awareness Of particular concern to man arc of venomous arthropods has in the so-called widow spiders (Lac- creased greatly, partially because of trodcctus spp., especially L. mactans, n greater trend toward outdoor the black widow spider) and the living and recreation. The venomous ''brown" spiders (Loxoxcelrs spp.). arthropods possess various Although the black widow spider mechanisms (slings, bites, unicating has long been considered the most hairs, etc.) that normally are important venomous spider in the employed in capturing prey or as a U.S., the brown recluse spider, L. .means of defense. I low ever, when rcc/usa. has assumed importance in recent years. The toxin ofthc latter species kills the tissue around the bite, a condition termed "necrotic arnchnidisni." The black widow may enter homes, but is usually found in out door harborages, such as privies (particularly under the riser), woodsheds and other outbuildings, stacks of old lumber or brick and trash piles. This spider is attracted to (he moisture around water meters and may be found in basements. The brown recluse spider and its relatives favor storage areas, such as closets and attics. They may inhabit stored clothing, packing boxes and similar places, also hiding in cracks, crevices and other dark recesses of buildings. In addition, the brown recluse spider frequents transformer boxes of utility companies. Control may be achieved by eliminating or by treating the har borage sites with spot applications of sprays containing malathion (2 3%), chlordane (2%), propoxur or ronne) (1%), diazinon (0.5-1%), and dieldrin or lindane (0.5%). The brown recluse spider is significantly repelled by malathion. Dusts of chlordane or malathion (5%) or of fluoridated silica aerogel may be used in attics, crawl spaces and voids. Creosote has been used successfully on the wood of out houses to kill or repel spiders. Space treatments of dichlorvos or pyrethrins (0.5%) from aerosols or ground equipment kill spiders but exert little or no residual effect. Watpa and ralalad Intacta: Wasps (yellow jackets, hornets, cicada killers) build nests in or around dwellings--beneath eaves, on porches or other structural sur faces--or in trees, shrubbery, reek fences and in holes in the ground. Nests, close to dwellings or in shrubbery, pose a particular problem to children. Direct treat ment of nests with insecticide is the method commonly used to control these pests, whereas baits are feasi ble for treating larger recreational or suburban areas. I.iquid formulations of the following material* may be used to control these pests: propoxur (0.5%). carbaryl (2%). diazinon (0.5%). dichlorvos (1%) and malathion (2%). Use water-based sprays to avoid damaging vegeta tion, Dust preparations of curbary) HONS 0 3 8 7 3 5 (5%). chlordnne (3%) or lindane (1%) arc suitable. * The insecticidal sprays or dusts are best applied at night or early morning when the wasps arc less active and are in or on the nests. Emphasis is placed on treating the nest opening. In the case of un derground nests, the opening should be covered with soil after treatment. In Tccrcationul or camping areas insecticide baits are exposed in protected dispensers placed at ground level, in tree axils or suspended from tree branches. The dispensers are constructed so that the bail is inaccessible to children and other nontarpet animals. Con trol of ground nesting yellow jackets in California has been reported by the use of bails--mirex (0.5%) in fish flavored cat food or chlordane <0.5%) wettuble powder in suitable meat bases. Dait dispensers should be located no more than 200 yards apart at a minimum density of I per 2 acres and may require weekly servicing. With increased density of bait dispensers to 2 per acre, fre quency of exposure can be reduced to 3 alternate days per week. RODENT CONTROL . * Three species of rodents live in close association with man, the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus}, the black or roof rat (R. rattus), and the house mouse, Mm musculus. Rats serve as an integral link in the transmission of plague and endemic typhus; man becomes infected with such diseases through the bile of certain fleas associated with these rodents. Rat-bite fever, salmonellosis and leptospirosis are other infections associated with rats. Rickettsial pox, a mite-borne in fection of man, is carried by mice. In addition to the disease aspect, rats pose a critical problem in many cities by biting persons, particularly infants and invalids. Rats thrive wherever ample food and harborage are available--con ditions that may exist in and around homes, restaurants, or other food handling establishments. Deficien cies in the handling and storage of human ns well as animal food and refuse and in building construction foster the propagation of rodents. Community sewage systems have been found heavily infested with rats whose movement to above-ground Table 7. Multiple-dose rodenticides employed against mice, roof rats and Norway rats. diphaclnone Fumarin pindonc warfarin Mice J*drccnt Concentration Roof Mat 0.012-0.025 0.025-0.05 0.025-0.05 0.025-0.05 0.0015-0.005 0.025 0.025 0.025 Morway Rat 0 0015-0.005 0.025 0.026 Q.005-0.025 DJiuUon factors: 005% (500 ppm) s 1 part of 0.5% concentrate to 9 parte of belt. 0.025% (250 ppm) = I pert of 0.5% concentrate to 10 parte of belt. 0 01% (100 ppm) m 1 pert of 0.0% concentrate to 40 parte of belt. 0.005% < SO ppm) =. 1 part of 0.5% concentrate to 99 part* of but. 0.0015% ( 15 ppm) -- 1 part of 0.5% concentrate to 297 parte of bait. harborages may cause a public health problem. Such invasions have led to city-sponsored programs to control rnt infestations in sewers. Successful rat control can be achieved only by diligently practicing proper refuse storage, collection and disposal, and food storage, harborage elimination and ratproofing. Rodenticidcs are supplemental to and not a substitute for good management. Rodenticides fall into two categories: the single-dose type which is fatal to the rat through a single feeding (e.g.. zinc phosphide, red'squill) and the multiple-dose type which requires repetitive feedings to be effective (eg., war farin, diphucinone). The latter type has dominated the field of rodent control for moTe than a decade. These slow acting rodenticides are used in most situations because of their effectiveness and low level of hazard to human and domestic animals. MuIMpIt-dota rodentlcldee: Anticoagulant poisions include pindonc, warfarin, diphacinonc. and Fumarin, each of which can be used as a liquid or dry bait. Dependable control of the Norway rat and the roof rat generally can be ac complished with these rodenticides at the concentrations indicated in Table 7. Laboratory tests (CDC) with a new anticoagulant, chlorophacinonc. have given promising results ugainsl Norway and black rats. In free-choice tests of treated and untreated ground laboratory chow, containing 0.005** chlorophacinonc, complete mortalities of R. norvegicus and R.. rattus were obtained in an average of 7..1 and 9.2 days, respectively. The cumulative TOdcnticidal ac tion of the anticoagulants depends upon consumption of at least a small amount of the poison almost every day for several days, To achieve effective control, an ticoagulant baits must be available to the rats for at least 2 weeks. Establishment of permanent bait stations in places subject to con tinued reinfestation gives good con trol, provided old baits are periodically replaced with fresh ones. Resistance to the anticoagulant rodenticides has been found in Norway rats in Europe since 1958, with resistant populations occurring in Wales, England and Denmark. Resistant house mouse populations also have been detected in England. The resistance mechanism involved usually relates to (he anticoagulants as a group adversely affecting the clotting ability of blood rather than to chemical composition. However, in England and Denmark some ruts, although resistant to warfarin, pindone and other anticoagulants, still remain susceptible to couniatctrnlyl. u hydroxycoumarin. Until 1971 an ticoagulant resistant populations had not been found in the United States despite the widespread use of these rodenticides. Now1, however, field reports and laboratory tests confirm the existence of an ticoagulant resistant populations of Norway rats on farms near Raleigh. North Carolina. Preliminary reports indicate the possibility that other resistant populations also may exist in this country. However, until resistance is confirmed in a pop ulation and the use of anticoagulant baits obviously fails to give ade quate control, the operator should not discontinue their usage. HONS 0 3 8 7 3 6 fafltae roclonticidos used against rats and mice. (The individual chbuld be cecula tbat.(iis use of any of these rodcnticides conforms with the regulations of the state concerned.) riodenlieid* ANTU ....... Arsenic ti ioside. /laoroacelamide (1061) fr6fboiniido .-<' r frfcd squill (fortified) sifychnlnc .... ibdlum fluoroecetale (1060) tine phosphide . . Concentration (%) tn Baits Aottui -------norvcplcus Aaftut rattus Mui muscuius 1.0-3.0 ' 1.0-1.5 2.0 1.0-l.S 2.0 2.0 1.0 5.0-10.0* * 0.2-0.3 0.2-0.3 0.3-0.5 0.2-0.3 . 1.0 1.0 1.0 iftot uicd aeninit Oimo species. ' iyitc percent concentration used depends on the toxicity of the fortified red squill, <., t"' * ------- - -----formulation with an oral LD to rats of BOO mgykg. would be prepared at the 10% llngle-doso rodentlcides: . the singlc-dpse or "direct" iddcnlicides are especially useful for the rapid reduction -of large pop* ulalions of rodents. This group of todctilicidcs generally requires fewer taan-hours to apply and .less bait material. Included in this:group arc Sodium fluoroacctatc (1080), riuoroH.cctantidc (|0$-l). nor* bormidc, red squill, ANTU, and zinc phosphide (Table 8). Sodium fluoroucctale and fluoroacelamidc arc each highly tox ic to man and animals. Til 1:1 R USB IS RESTRICTED TO AP PLICATION BY HIGHLY TRAINED PERSONNEL. The precautions necessary for safe use of 1080 arc described in the manufac turer's instructions. The same pre cautions arc applicable to fluoro* acetamide. Both of these rodenticidcs arc useful against rat in festations in setters. Solid baits as well us water baits of fluoroacetamide should contain 2% tox icant. Bails of 1080 should be for mulated at 0.2-0.3%. Norbormidc is highly toxic to rodents of the genus Rattus. par ticularly the brown or Norway rat. It is less effective against the roof rat und is non-toxic to mice. Its ex tremely low toxicity to other mam mals and to birds allows its safe use in the presence of pets, livestock and poultry. This rodentieide is labeled at the l%< level for use* against Norway rats, field studies in Georgia with commercial products generally have given unsatisfactory results against Norway rats. However, when norbormide was experimentally prepared with yellow corn meal, good control was achieved on seven of eight rural premises. Microencapsulation of nor bormide has been attempted in an effort to improve its acceptability to Norway rats. Laboratory studies in England indicated that although a greater amount of microen capsulated toxicant was ingested, increased kills did not always result. In Georgia tests (CDC) with microencapsulated norbormide, a greater intake of bait and an in crease in the toxicity of the nor bormide to rots were obtained. Presumably, the variation in find ings by different workers arose from differences in the microencapsul ation procedures. Fortified red squill. 1 part thoroughly mixed with 9 parts of meat or fish, is appropriate for use against Norway rats where there is a risk of human exposure. Since rats tend to develop shyness to red squill bails, it may be desirable to delay reapplicalion for at least 6 months. One operational program reports the successful use of frozen red squill baits.. The red squill-fish-corn meal torpedoes were kept frozen until they were distributed in the field. Acceptability and rodent kill were satisfactory. ANTU also is toxic to Norway rats, but it is not effective against roof rats. ANTU should not be used on any rat population more than once a year because of bait refusal and the development of a tolerance to the toxicant. The compound also has been applied as a tracking powder but this method is resorted to only when ANTU baits are not feasible. ANTU is quite toxic to dogs, cats and hogs. Zinc phosphide is effective against rats and mice and has been used extensively as a rodentieide. Baits of 1% zinc phosphide are prepared with meat or with diced fresh fruit and vegetables. It is a stable com pound and shows only slight loss of toxicity (<30%) on vegetable and fruit baits over a 90-day period. The gray color of this rodentieide and its strong garlic odor apparently make it somewhat unattractive to non target animals. The value of adding tartar emetic to zinc phosphide bails to decrease their potential hazard is questionable. The response of humans to tartar emetic is variable, and including it in the baits adverse ly affects acceptability to rats. Emphasis should be placed on the careful placement of baits where they are not readily accessible to children, dogs, cats, etc. Any un consumed baits should be retrieved and destroyed within <18 hours after distribution. . Thallium sulfate is extremely hazardous, not only to the user but also to domestic animals, front the standpoint of secondary poisoning. Although they arc still used for the control of wild rodents, thallium- based rodenticides ore bannedfor use in and around human dwellings. Gophacidel,1 an organic phosphate, is highly toxic to a varie ty of rodents and has shown definite promise against domestic rats and mice. Few data are available on the response of domestic animals except chickens which are relatively un affected. In field trials in Georgia (CDC), Gophacidc (0.25%) bails of yellow corn meal, hamburger or dog food gave good control of Norway rats on Tour premises. Fair to good control was achieved in 7 of 10 trials with 0.5%. Gophacidc-ycliow corn meal baits. In 6 of the 23 tests with suitably accepted bails, pour results were obtained. Against roof rats. 0,5% Gophacidc baits of yellow corn ''Tilts compound is currcml) luK-lcd for use h\ trained personnel ;ip;iinsl poctcl gophers ;is :i 0 hint Inn is mu labeled for domestic rodvni control. HONS 0 3 8 7 3 7 20 rfitBl or outnttAl produced good kills ctff foiir ` list' premises. Satisfactory control of house mice wus obtained on four premises with 0.5% Gophneide-in oatmeal, yellow corn meat,'or' horse feed. No adverse effccU'on pets or'domestic animals v^ere noted-in these field trials. Under certain conditions, the fumigation of rat burrows is useful iA' reducing Norway rat populations. However; a singlo treatment may reduce the population only 50%, and ifnlcsi the fumigation is repeated or supplemented by other rodenticidal measures, the reduction is of a tem porary nature. Chemicals- which have been widely used for this pur* pose include calcium cyanide powder; chloroplcrin, and ethylene dibromide. Such fumigants should be used only by trained personnel. felting: Since the successful use of roden* tlcides depends on the acceptability of the bail to the rat, bait formula* tk>n often is the critical element involved. The operator may be forced to use a "trial and error" approach in finding a bail accep* table-to a- specific rodent pop ulation. Attention should also be given to the variability of response in rodent populations even in ad jacent locations. Yellow corn meal is a readily accepted inexpensive bait material that cun be used as the initial bail in rodenticidc operations. If a baiting problem develops, other cereals or bait combinations can be tried. Materials, such as bacon, salmon, rolled oats, sugar and corn, and mineral or salad oil, are frequently included in baits. The addition of liquids to baits containing acute poisons increases acceptability es pecially where water is not readily available. Tomutocs may be of value as baits under such conditions. Laboratory and field tests in England indicate Norway rats prefer oatmeal to other milled cereals. Up to 50% corn meal can be substituted for the oatmeal without decreasing its attractiveness. The addition of peanut oil up to 8% increased the acceptability of the 50/50 mixture of corn meal and oatmeal to both rats and mice. Baiting problems may be related to the food available to the ruts rather than to the rodcnticide employed. Improper distribution or placement of the baits may also contribute' to fuilurc' tb achieve satisfactory control; Therefore; a thorough knowledge of the habits of the rodent is essential for successful control operations. In" contrast to the- anticoagulant baits-which in effect sferve as their own "pre-baits," maximum effec tiveness and efficiency with "direct" toxicants often require a program of prebailing in which a choice of Severn! bait materials without the toxicant is offered to the rodents one or'more nights prior to poisoning; This procedure permits the selection of the best possible bait for each situation, the most effective bait sites and the proper amount of bait to use, thereby preventing either gross over* or under-baiting. This prebaiting technique also decreases the suspiciousness of the rodents, and' they may therefore accept the pbiSoned baits much more readily. Under'conditions where food is readily available to rodents at all times, e.g., in food warehouses, none of the- cereal baits may be accepted; a more productive ap proach may lie in the use of water baits. The inclusion of sugar (5%) as an atlractanl has improved the results when other sources of water were removed. The presence of moisture, either as water or high humidity, fre quently causes deterioration of semipermanent bails. Workers have found that such breakdown can be retarded by mixing the bait with melted paraffin at a ratio of 2:1. Such weather resistant bails have been reported effective against both rats and mice. Paraffin bait blocks are of particular value against rat infestations in sewers, but the blocks may mold and become less accep table to the rats because of the extreme moisture conditions. provided peanut oil is added. Mice arc not attracted to old baits, so frequent renewal Of baits is desirable. Water baits of anti coagulant rodentiCidcs have been considered, as feasible for mouse control. However, the water re quirements of mice are low, so such baits are not considered useful. Strychnine baits (0.3-0.5% strychnine) also are used against mice. Because it is highly toxic, strychnine and the finished bait should be handled with care. DDT powder (50%)" is lethal to mice when applied to runways and to harborage areas. The powder should be placed at sites not accessi ble to children and pels. Red squill also has been suggested as a tracking dust against mice. Laboratory tests (CDC) with reground red squill (500 mg./kg.) have shown better kills than obtained with the standard red squill. Observations indicate that high humidity causes the red squill to cake, thereby decreasing its effectiveness. 'For use by. pest control operators and trained personnel. House mice: Control of mice sometimes can be accomplished by the use of an ticoagulant baits. Because mice do not forage widely, the use of many well distributed small baits is prefcruble over a few large ones. The tendency of mice to nibble when feeding requires the use of a higher concentration of anticoagulant (Table 7) to reduce control failures. Preliminary tests in England in dicate that an increase of the war farin concentration to 0.2% docs not reduce the palatability of a bait. MOMS 038738 ; I HONS 038739 (Animal Agriculture Series) by M. E. Ensmincer, B.S., M.A., Pii.D, Formerly: Assistant Professor in Animal Science, University of Massachusetts. Chairman, Department of Animal Science, Washington Stale University. Consultant, General Electric Company, ' Nucleonics Department (Atomic Energy Commission) Currently: President, Consultants--Agri'scrvlccs, Clovis, California. President, Agriservices Foundation. Collaborator, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Distinguished Professor, Wisconsin State University. First Edition TI1E INTERSTATE printers a Hjnusutns, inc. Danville, Illinois HONS 038740 ( HIE SCIENCE maturity, corn production of jw are bo high 0 unpalatable. Milt) \>C Willed Two theories ges ore low in physical con* ing organisms, preservative*, tic owl acetic [ energy, with nutrient avail* t (a) increase* tc preservative paring effect, and (h) pro* x Inn n bo no for (ho lnllrr, Inlmum. Thin, crop, ivliorcn* percent, nnd y of food per arm or ranch. (Uric nutrient* went higher of inclement Idvr. of an acre of dry liny, even at least three .1 in the mow. to preserve a uni Inner In- ( Ut.lki fcM i.oi-uml Ul i-L. S11AGE 139 10. It helps to control weeds, which arc often spread through hay or fodder. 11. It is the cheapest form in which a good succulent winter feed can be provided on most farms and ranches. 12. It is a hotter source of protein nnd of certain vitamins, especially caro tene, and perhaps some of the unknown factors, than dried forage. 13. It is a very palatable feed and slightly laxative in nature. 14. It makes for less waste, the entire plant being eaten with relish; an ini* jMirtnnt consideration with coarse slcimny forages. 15. It is without n peer from the standpoint of long-time storage; holding Us feeding value, especially the carotene, better than any other method of preserva* tion, nnd providing a desirable backlog against drought or any other crop failure. 16. It may be completely mechanized as a feeding system, thereby eliminat ing much lnbor and time. Some disadvantages of silage arc; . 1. It requires a silo and other special equipment, for best results. In com parison with the simpler methods of Held curing nnd storing hay, this is likely to mean higher costs--an important consideration with a small operator. 2. It possesses considerably less vitamin D than sun-cured hay. 3. It requires that almost three times ns much tonnage must be bandied ns silage as when the same forage is dried for hay, due to the high moisture content. 4. It requires an added expenditure when preservatives are used. 5. it is seldom practical to rely on one kind of silage as Use sole forage ration of cattlg or.shcep; however, a combination of high protein silage, along with a high energy carbohydrate silage may he fed as the sole forage ration under certain circumstances. . ... THIS SILO Silage may be stored in almost any kind of container. The main requisites ol u good silo, regardless of kind, arc; 1. That its size be in keeping with the number and kind of animals to be fed daily, the length of the feeding period, And the amount of forage available for ensiling. Directions on how to determine tjie size silo to build arc given in this book In Chapter XIV. 2. That it exclude air from the stored material, including entrance of air around the doors of tower silos. 3. Hint the sidewalls be straight mid smooth in order to prevent the forma lion of air pockets. 4. That it be of adequate depth thus making for better packing and less sur face area exposed; factors which will help to keep spoilage losses to a minimum. 5. That it be properly reinforced. This point is especially important where wet grass silage Is made, because it exerts from X to 2.'* times as much pressure on the walls as does corn silnge. Thus, tower silos which were originally built for corn or sorghum silage but which ore to be Ailed with wet grass silage should be either (a) reinforced with extra bands placed around the lower part to strengthen the walls if an inspection reveals that the existing strength is not adequate, or (h) not filled to more than half capacity. * MOWS 038741 140 DAIRY CATTLE SCIENCE 6. That adequate provision be nude for the escape of surplus juices, jllu r by u drain or by a gravel bottom. 7. That it bo conveniently located and accessible in all kinds of wciitlu-i from the standpoint of both filling and feeding. Silos may be classified according to the five basic methods used for pnnw sing forages. Each method is associated with the shape and materia! of the sliii. tnre, which also influences the efficiency of preserving the silage. The dilfen i,t shaped structures are also adapted to different methods of filling and unloading Within each classification there ore many variations of each type depending u|nu. tlic manufacturer. Tire kind of silo decided upon and the choice of construction material shnuM he determined primarily by the cost and by the suitability to the particular nveih of tho fnnn or ranch. Silos may be classified as follows: I. Conventional Upright (Tower) Silos 1. Concrete stave 2. Galvanized steel 3. Wood stave *4. Monolithic concrete (poured hi place) 5. Tile block 6. Brick ' Jl. Scaled Upright (Gas-Tight) Silos ' . ` 1. Class-lined Silos 2. Concrete stave 3. Galvanized steel , * 4. Monolithic concrete III. Pit Silos IV. Horizontal Silos 1. Trench Silos 2. Bunker or Self-Kcedn Silos V. Temporary Silos * 1. Enclosed stacks 2. Open stacks 3. Modified Trench-Slack Situs 4. Plastic Silos Some pertinent information relative to each main kirn! of silo is given in discussion which follows, but it is not within the intent of this hook to give d1 tailed silo plans and specifications. The latter may be obtained from local Ihoritics, from silo manufacturers, or by writing to the state agricultural i^ll - Conventional Upright (Tower) SHos Tire upright or tower silo, which is sometimes referred to as the ""* tower of prosperity,*' is a cylinder built above ground. Its round shape stands pressure well and is adapted to good packing. Tire tower silo is a permanent farm structure, and, as such, should he structcd to withstand long usage. Although tower silos arc usually both dur.i 0$<lV*Z HUNS HIE SCIENCE UKC Of Milt, i Ikk'ii used, moisture of !g It at the < forage at ng. H pro* d smelling where tho 1, It is less votive lire: lo 60 conts precautions and lungs; the person i)lc hazard col ( It tmd/or inJJ form n has souk! Avder tlmt age; thus *n sodium ( pounds ! at tho enly, and actionary palatable it can be by means Utitardous tl in tin* SILAGE 16) Some* authorities seriously question that tho lowered fermentation losses and increased forage accruing from adding sulfur dioxide gas, sodium metAbisulGto, or Kylagc is sufficient to justify their added cost of 35 to 50 cents per ton of silage. If this be true, then the justification for their use must be based largely on the importance of the better-smelling silage which they produce. In oilier words, how important is it to avoid off-smelling silage? More experimental work is needed relative to these and other products. DISTRIBUTE FORAGE UNIFORMLY IN THE SILO In order to avoid the presence of air pockets and spoilage, it is essential that any kind of chopped forage bo distributed uniformly in the silo and that it be packed well. Proper silo distribution is obtained by keeping the material nearly level or slightly higher at the center, whereas added packing is ob tained by having one or more persons tramping in the silo. Com, sorghum, and sunflower silage need not be tramped from the stand point of preservation and quality of silage, but tramping will result in a some what larger tonnage being stored. Where the forage, regardless of the kind, is harvested at a green, immature stago and cut into short lengths, tramping will not be necessary, but uniform distribution is very important. The only filling precaution under these con ditions is to see that the top is carefully leveled and well packed whenever Tilling is stopped. Grass silAgo (especially when willed), hollow-rstcnmicd forages, and for ages that have matured or dried beyond the best silage stage should always bo tramped well, especially near the wall. Mechanical distributors arc very helpful, especially in silos of 14-foot or larger diameters. SEAL OR TOP-OFF THE SILO Scaling or topping-off is necessary in order to avoid excess spoilage, es pecially with grass silage which lends to dry out on the surface and to shrink away from tho silo walls. This may be accomplished as follows: 1. Following filling, level oif the top and tramp thoroughly, especially near the walls. 2. Then cover the top with plastic or with a layer of roofing paper, lapped 5 to 8 inches at the scams and turned up against the silo wall a similar distance. 3. Cover tho plastic or roofing paper with a 10- to 12-inch layer of green corn or sorghum stalks from which the cars or heads have been removed, green weeds, unwiltcd grass, wet sawdust, or other similar material. Do not waste preservative on this lop layer. 4. Keep the top tramped 10 to 15 minutes and watered daily for the first 3 days, and then twice weekly for the next 2 or 3 weeks or until there is no mure settling. Where plastic or roofing paper is not used on top of the silo, the topmost layer of wet forage should be 4 to 5 feet thick. Also, it is then desirable to seed oats on top in order to obtain a belter seal M0NS 038743 162 dairy cattle science WUh tower silos, It is also possible to use a special silage cap manu factured of rubber or plastic material for this purpose. The cover consists of an impervious water- am) air-proof blanket which is held in place along the wall of the silo by a water-filled rubber tube which encircles the surface and holds the blanket tightly against the wall and in close contact with the silage. Feeding Value and Economy of Silage A common rule of thumb is that 3 pounds of 70 percent moisture grass silage arc equivalent to 1 pound of hay of similar kind and quality; a difference due primarily to the high water content of silage. Many factors enter into any figures which propose to show the com parative economy of silage vs. dry forages, among them (1) the comparative yield of total digestible nutrients per acre, (2) the cost per ton for preserving and storing, (3) the relative nutrient and feeding value, (4) the distribution of labor, (5) the control of weeds, (0) the kind of haymaking weather, (7) the hazard of curing so much hay without it becoming overripe, (8) the price per ton--for example, hay is relatively cheap in the irrigated districts of the West, (9) the machinery and efficiency of the methods used in each method, etc., etc. Silage Pointers \ Some additional pointers which mav bo of value to the fanner who is making or feeding silage follow. COATING THE SILO Since wet grass silage has a somewhat more corrosive action on concrete than docs com or sorghum silage, it may be desirable to apply a protective coating to the inside of concrete silos, whether of solid concrete or of stavo construction. The problem is to find nn effective and economical coating. For information on the latest recommendations, the dairymun should conUct the local county agent, vocational agricultural instructor, or cement dealer, or write to the state college of agriculture. NUTRIENT LOSSES IN LEAKAGE Seepage losses vary with the moisture content, depth of silage, distribution of the silage, and the amount of nutrients in the seepage. Seepage losses may Ik* up to 14 percent of the dry matter stored. The nutrient losses vary, but generally they arc in proportion to the run* off. Tlic nutrients lost in seepage from a 100-ton silo may equal the nutrients in Xton or more of liny. EXPOSURE TO AIR Spoilage begins the moment sihigc is exposed to the air. Therefore, once the silo is opened for use, feed should be removed daily. In the wintertime, a siiACt ininimui dw mhui Mm of thv ' |IEM0> In present IrtillgUt n upright Ntwip, on dista1 Sell requires FROZE Fro vihige Ui 1-qK`ikil louse 11 MLACI Sou especial. months. ill-FEC Sil. sotnowl will do HANOI Ci .(lid lee heavier ur in I uprtati* ..i ( li`Vl'1. 1'; `4 iv for s-lH'S fi Hi l.v Uis 0387'*'* HONS ( MW SCil^ f lilrmlitn * l.iv fmldrd Hr ffii'i*, %*!/' I'd It* I.:"' ft* ]: .HIM* li ' till* liWS-'f virr.it m* ,, .so and management oe dairy cattle 201 t |.ftx!uc`iion and mnlce the enterprise unprofitable, no matter how good the iifjilie animals or the feed being used. Still others arc important tools ili** standpoint of enhancing good management. Some of these pointers v (h'cu.'scd in the sections that follow. Dairy Health Problems p i*c,m rully recognized that good nutrition and good health Mill alleviate defuse and parasite problems. In particular, dairymen recognize tile inv , .**i..rof propci nutrition from the standpoint of lessening the following ail* ... bloat, calf scours, mastitis, and milk fever. (See Chapter XIII of this ,* f ,r a more complete discussion of these diseases, as well as other dis* <| 1 |i|,ut causes losses in dairy cattle (including losses in milk) totaling $48,228,tf' mmtnlly (Losses fn Agriculture, Agric. Handbook 291, USDA, p. 73, 1965). Ihtimncn have long known that some families of animals arc more suscepm Mont than others--that is, there is a genetic factor involved. Also, it is i . wily recognized that certain feeds, particularly legume pastures, cause a v : !.n incidence of bloat than others. h!n.U may be lessened by (1) avoiding straight legume pastures, (2) feeding r' h*i.igc along with pasture, (3) avoiding a rapid fill from an empty start, I lo ping animals continuously on pasture after they are once turned out, (5) I"; uig salt and water conveniently accessible at all times, and (6) avoiding *n*tl pastures. Based on recent and limited experimental work and use in the !- I. I'uloxulcnc-a non-ionic surfactant--appears to be very effective in con* ' ' -sg bloat in cattle fed lush pastures or green chop. The product should be y*l .minding to the manufacturer's directions. As a top dressing, it is rccom* ''r.'h-d (hat 1'oloxalcnc be used at the rate of oz. daily for animals under 1,000 ,"'`1 weight, with additional quantities for heavier animals. It costs 5 to 10(1 ,* h\d per day. r scouns It is generally recognized that calf scours cause heavier losses in dairy 1 ' than any other disease. I'loprr feeding, along with strict sanitation, appears to be the best method r t T' Vcntmg and controlling calf scours. The use of colostrum and the feeding r matting of an antibiotic appear to be quite effective in the control of this 'in.KKKVEK Milk lever causes average annual losses in dairy cattle (including milk) r *19.019,000 (Losses in Agriculture, Agric. Handbook 291, USDA, p, 73, 1965). MOWS 202 DAIRY CATTLE SClENCl Through increasing the phosphorus and achieving a more desirable calcium phosphorus ratio, milk fever is lessened. The University of California (found of Dairy Science, Vol. 37, No. 4, 1054, p. 360) lowered the incidence of nnii fever from 30 per cent to none by changing the calcium-phosphorus (Cn:P) r.it/. from 6:1 to 1:3.3 during the last month of the dry period. Similar cvUIvih* that a high calcium-low phosphorus ratio increases milk fever has been re ported by tire University of Arizona (Journal of Dairy Science, Vol 46, No. <> 1003, p. 635), and by Ender, ct al. of Norway (Journal of Dairy Science, Vol 49, No. 2,1066, p. 244). There is also evidence that high vitamin D immediately before freshenin' is effective in lessening milk fever. It is recommended that cows be fed n million units of vitamin D daily in the form of irradiated yeast for four tu seven days before calving (never longer than seven days). It is emphasized however, that such high levels of vitamin P cannot be fed for a longer piri-vi than seven days. Since calving lime cannot be predicted with certainty, (]. use of high levels of vitamin D for this purpose is not without difficulty. A recent report (Kendall, K. A., University of Illinois) indicates that grain feeding three weeks prior to calving will lower the incidence of imb fever. In summary, therefore, the most effective preventive for milk fever appv.it" to be that of having the correct calcium-phosphorus ratio in the ration ornl {ml ing more concentrate tlirce weeks prior to calving. NITRATE POISONING Sometimes cows are poisoned by nitrate (NOt), which accumulate* ia plants and is converted to nitrite (NO*) when consumed through the feed " water by ruminants. Upon absorption into the blood stream, nitrite react* wi:i> the rod oxygen-transporting pigment, hemoglobin, to form a chocolatc-brown pi.: ment, methemoglobm, that cannot carry oxygen. Prevention of nitrite poisomi.c consists in avoiding high nitrate feeds and water. Beware of Pesticide Residues ' Pesticides ore chemicals that are used to kill pests--insects, weed*. rodents. These products arc very necessary for food and milk production. O i abundant supply of wholesome foods would not have been available without tin ' use. Yet, it is important that they be properly used, and that certain pi*cautions be taken. The following points ore pertinent to their proper " 1. Pesticides that have been associated with milk contamination.--This i'* eludes the chlorinated hydrocarbons, aldrin, dioldrin, heptnchlor epoxide, Uri* and its isomers, toxnphcnc, and lindane. Of course, other pesticides may ^ come a problem in the future. 2. How pesticides contaminate milk.--They arc absorbed by anim.d f*' Since milk contains fat, it is one channel through which the animal pesticides from its body. M0NS 0387*6 iIOinC an 3. Lengi are ki ; aft*'* 4. Ways , i l>v spun T.ttnuls in ; i! which tO dll p.it have be -A nr in > jtniilmg am 5. The -A given b - pm (parts r.'tuin on < tUtt that m A zero ? the pt'Sll! hr it it is i : i peslirkb mml lie h'S' |vrtt of mil! I'rcdi Affee Consult Allhou< 'nhutors. F 'item, and btrvtuMc i ''t.dly mo> I'Vcd r !* delvctct For examp' !<* dileiUc by milk an enough per. Hie fc> ` I. Avo frn winti Fni*. Also. -Hiking, Fi I fore mill. 2. Cm W| Will : '"W. ( f CATUE SCIENCE ictlrublc cnlclumillfoml.i (Journal Incidonco of milk tiros (C:P) ratio Similar evidence or has been re e, Vol 40, No, 6, liry Science, Vol. cforo Ireilit'uiiig cows bo fed 20 'cast for four to t is emphasized, ' a longer period th certainty, the ut difficulty, itcates that high iddcnco of milk ilk fever appoars ration and feed- X accumulates In ugh the feed or trite reacts with olate-brown pig* bitiiie poisoning Hs, woods, end reduction. Our le without their at certain pro* ir proper use: alion.-This incjttxidc, DDT *cldes may he* hy animal fat. `mal eliminates (. luIu refOlNG AND MANAGEMENT Or DAIRY CATTLE 203 3, Xength of time that a contaminated cow may give contaminated milk.-- Cases arc known where residues have been detected in milk for four to eight months after discontinuing the feeding of contaminated feeds. 4, Ways that milk may become contaminated.--Milk becomes contaminated (a) by spraying animals and non*rccommem1cd pesticides, (b) by using these materials in back-rubbers And vaporizers, (c) by feeding forages and conccn(rates which havo been contaminated with these materials, (d) by allowing cows to drink pesticide-contaminated water, and (e) by using milk utensils (hat havo become contaminated through (heir use for chores other than handling milk or in milk production. Hence, milk contamination can be prevented by avoiding any of these avenues of contamination. . 5, The meaning of the word "tolerance" as applied to a chemical residue. -A given tolerance is that amount of chemical residue, usually expressed in ppm (parts per million) set by the FDA (Food & Drug Administration), that remain on or in a commodity at harvest and which is at least 100 times less than that amount of the chemical known to be toxic to experimental animals. A zero tolerance, as applied to chemical residue, means that no amount of the pesticide chemical may remain on or in the raw agricultural commodity when it is offered for shipment. Recently, the FDA raised the tolerance level for pesticides in milk from 0 to 1.25 ppm on a fat basis. This means that (here must be less tlmn 1.25 parts of the pesticide (DDT, for example) to one million parts of milk fat figured on a weight basis.,. k ........ ' Feeds Affecting Milk Flavor Consumers want milk to taste like milk--not like silage, grass, or weeds. Although feeds ore not the only cause of milk flavors, they are major con tributors. Feed flavors enter the milk through the digestive system, respiratory system, and by direct absorption. Research indicates that most feed flavors are detectable in the milk 20 minutes after Use feed is consumed, and that they are usually most pronounced at the end of two hours. i Feed flavors that enter (he milk through the respiratory system can usually be detected much sooner than those entering through the digestive system. For cxnmplc, if a oow breathes air reeking with silage odors, these flavors can be detected in the milk almost immediately. Flavors that are directly absorbed by milk arc less common, but they appear if the milk is left exposed for a long enough period. The following control measures are recommended to alleviate feed flavors: 1. Avoid sudden change to fresh, lush pasture.--Cows should bo shifted from winter feeding, or old pasture, to new and lush pastures on a gradual basis. Also, cows should be taken out of such pastures two to tluce hours before milking. For the same reasons, freshly cut grass should not be fed immediately before milking. 2. Control and avoid undesirable weeds.--Many weeds when eaten by cows will impart a strong flavor to milk, among them arc: wild onions, skunk \ HONS 204 DAIRY CATTLE SCIENCE cabbage, some members of the mustard family, bilterweed, carrot weed, rag weed, and others. It is easier to get rid of these weeds today than formerly, to they should be eliminated from pasture and hny Helds utilized by milk cows. 3. Silage flavor.--Silage flavor is both common and objectionable. It can be avoided by feeding all silages after milking, never before or during milking. Usually one will be safe if silage is not fed within two to four hours of milking time, but it's safer to feed it shortly after milking. This permits the flavorcausing material to pass through the cows digestive system before the next milking. If cows breathe the odor of silage, it will appear .... flavor in the milk. Thus, silage should never be left in the mangers or feed alleys. In fact, it is preferable that it be fed in the corral, and not in t' area where the cows are being milked. Marketing Dairy Herd Replacement Slock Most established dairymen have surplus animals to sell--replacement heifers, cull cows and bulls, veal calves, and feeder animals for growing and finishing, Those establishing new herds, and to a more limited extent those maintaining herds, arc on the buying end of the business. Dairy animals in tended for slaughter arc marketed through the same channels as beef animals sold for slaughter. - Dealers arc the major outlet for dairy replacement stock, with most of their purchases made on the farm. Dealers resell replacement stock by either pri vate treaty or auction. In addition to dealers, with some variation from area to area, replacement heifers arc marketed through breed registry association sponsored sales (usually state or local sponsorship), cooperatives, artificial in semination associations, and dairy cattle sales associations. In most areas, the following improvements would benefit both the seller and the buyer of replacement heifers: 1. Establishing and using uniform grades. ( 2. Reporting market information on prices. 3. Maintaining high health standards, and getting uniform health regula tions from state to state. . 4. Keeping production records on all cows from which replacement heifers will be sold. . 5. Lowering the stress and disease Josses which accompany the transportation of heifers. Dairy Beef Production Marketing dairy animals--cows, heifers, steers, and veal calves--for slaughter accounts for 3 per cent of farm cash income, which amounted to $1.2 billion in 19G5. The importance of dairy beef production will increase. The results of earlier experiments in which steers of dairy breeding were HONS 038748 FEEDIN compa of daii more r ever, f wrens* and fin T< utili/ut a nmi more I idly c.\ result Ft by fee veal. 1 steers market Some 1 Su VVithot suppln MAN A 1. dairy Cattle health, disease prevention, and parasite control 375 PREVENTION, CONTROL, AND TREATMENT The destruction of natural breeding grounds of the stablefly is the first and primary means of prevention. Tins calls for the frequent spreading of manure and the elimination of all fermenting or decaying organic material-such as straw stacks, piles of waste roughages, etc. Sprays arc the best secondary means for controlling stablcilics. For reconv mended insecticides and formula for stablefly control, sec Table 13*4, Handy Spray And Dip Guide for Control of External Parasites of Dairy Cattle (p. 370). Handy Spray and Dip Guide for Control of External l'urasitcs of Dairy Cattle Table 13-4 contains recommendations for the control of external parasites of dairy cattle. Table 13-5 contains recommendations for the control of parasites inside and outside barns and on pastures. Because of cancellations of registrations of insecticides, the recommendations made in these tables supercede the earlier recommendations that appear in the other books by the same author. Also, there likely will be further deletions and additions. Hcucc, Always follow the recom mendations of manufacturers And local authorities. HANDY GUIDE FOR CONTROL OF DAIRY CATTLE MITES Scabies (mites) produce skin lesions and cause intense itching, which ani mals try to alleviate by rubbing and scratching. Infected animals do not feed properly and, as a result, calves do not grow and lactating cows do not produce milk at normal rates. Also, lodes are often severely damaged by mites. Table 13-6 contains recommendations for the control of dairy mites of cattle. on the food, moisture, lingo. ng upon climatic con* : j j nd lay eggs when five imnlo laying up (0 ,jx loud one to two limes body, particularly the `kcly to dislodge them. i J ' ] | 'ck of theso parasites li. In seeking natural Precautions on the Use of Insecticides . Certain basic precautions must be observed when insecticides arc used because, used improperly, they can be injurious to man and animals. So, when using insecticides, the dairyman should always follow the directions and heed nil precautions on the labels. Additionally, the following precautions ore note- M worthy: 1. Selecting /nsccficir/cs.--Always select the formulation and insecticide recommended for the purpose for which it is to be used. 2. Storing Insecticides.--Always store insecticides in the original containers. Never transfer to unlabclcd containers or to food or beverage containers. Store Insecticides in a dry place out of reach of children, animals, or unauthorized persons. 3. Disposing of Empty Containers and Unused Insecticides.'-Properly dis pose of all empty insecticide containers. Do not reuse. Break and bury glass containers. Chop holes in, crush, and bury metal containers. Bury containers and unused Insecticide at least 18 inches deep in the soil in a sanitary landfill, dump, or in a level isolated place where they will not contaminate water supplies. ( MONS 038 749 i t i i i TABLE 13-4 i HANDY sprat and dip cutde for control of external parasites of dairy cattle* Where and When to Apply; Tskauet FwBMbKee Amount of Formal*tfon*Anime] Safety Bcstrictioos i Insect Insecticide (pptnF and Strength* Unless Otherwise Indicated (Also see hst page of this table) Ctttft pubi Connsphos (Hypodennt J meat tad meat fat 0.25% \VP dip 0.25% WP or S Depending on size of animals and arooant of hair. M qt. Sofatfon.4% H fL ozJlQQ lb. bodyweight. Make 2 application* not more than 90 days apart Apply second spray soon after heel fly activity has stopped. Apply to nonlecteting dairy animals only. Fourevenlyalong aniraafs baek&ne. Apply to nonlactating dairy anL mats only. i Famphar (Wo*be**) 9.1 meat tad In leed meat (at 1.1 mtJb. body weight ; 2.3 mgftb. body weight Daily for 30 days only. Apply to nonlactating dairy animals only. Daily for 10 days. Apply to non lactating dairy animals only. Face fliei CmimiAm (Mum (Co-Ral*) avtamnalisl OJ it milk-fat 1.0 in meat and fat 1% oil 5% D 1 gaL ft cable Croto*ypbo* (OodrinW 0.0C in milk, EC or oil meat, and fat n S kc. o-s-r s <:.e 1-2 n. o*. t-2 pt. Saturate back rubbers. Construct to permit animal to rub its fact. Use in seif-treatment du<t bagv Place bags so animals are forced to contort them periodically such as in fence gates betweenpasture*. As mist spray daily to all parts of body. Spray th^mrgMy. Rr|mt "Hf a ,-k if >.< > JO t/t n I HONS 0 3 8 7 5 0 .1 M- l.-no-.i!,-. * r I V l t.s M I I J > ` V.sU.x i.MUI. ll.wpl MHAY AM# l>tl'C;Vfl>l. lin irdMI.' i. l l'.\r.\Mj).s 1 r imim I t CATTLE HEALTH, DISEASE PREVENTION, 'AN D PARASITE CONTROL trnet Trlenim (ppm)> FemahtMR and StmtfOt3 Awwwt of Fwmbtkn'Aaimii Vales* Otherwise indicated mhrte and WSm to `Apply; Safety Restrictions (Also see last pace at this table) Ciolnyphn (Qodrin* ) 0.09 in milk C. 0-5* S 1-2 qt Pen or corral spraying with bigh presmre equipment.4 Horn file* (/fomofofrfo irritant) Coumaphos (Co-Ral ) 9.3 in milk-fat 1.0 in meat and fat 1% oil S^D Crotoxyphos (Qodrin*) 0.09in milk, J%D meat and fat 1 caiJSO ft. cable. 1-2 heaping tbsp. Saturate back rubbers. Use in selMreatroent dust bags. Place bag* so animats are forced to com tact them periodica!!)*, arch a* in fence gale* between pastures. . On poll. back, and upper portions of sides. Do not repeat application within 14 days. EC, 1% pooron lqt Pour along backline.4 EC or oil 2%S 1-2 ft. os. As mist spray daily to all parts of body. Crotnypboa (Qodrin *) EC. 0>1*X S 1-2 pt. EC. 0.13-0.3* S 1-4 qt Spray thoroughly necessary.4 * week if ECOJft S 1-2 qt. Pen or corral spraying with high pressure equipment. Malathion* 1% oli 0.3 in milk-fat t*D 4.0 in meat %D , - 1 gaU20 ft. cable ioz. 13 OS. Saturate back robbers. # Sprinkle on back and neck every 1* 14 days if needed. Pyrethrins 9.3 in miik EC. 0.1* S 0.5 in meat, fat. meat by-products Dil sola. or EC. 0.1% 1-2 qt. 1-2 ft. 02. As wet spray every 3-7 days. . As mist spray daily with hand of automatic sprayer. Note: Set last page fef ill feotaotn. . (Continued) 377 MQNS 0 3 8 7 5 1 DAIRY CATTLE SCIENCE 0A1RY CATTLE HEALTH, DISE HONS 0 3 8 7 5 2 TABLE 13--I (Condoned) HANDY SPRAY AND DIP CUIDE FOR CONTROL OF EXTERNAL PARASTfES OF DAIRY CATTLE* Insect Lice Insecticide Cmoiyphoi (CJodrin* ) Tolerance <PPP 0.02 in mi&. meat, and fat Formulation and Strength** Amount of Formulation/Animal Unless Otherwise Indicated Where and When to Apply; Safety Restrictions * (Also sec last page af this table} EC.0.15O.3*S . 1-4 qt Spraythoroughlr. repcatafter 1 week if needed.4 EC. 04% S . 1-2 qt. EC.0.1-O.BT- S 1-2 giL (1 gal- 0.29%) Pen or corral spraying with high pressure equipment4 Apply second application 14' days later. Coomaphoa (Co-Ral *) 0J io milk-fat 1.0 in meat and fat llbVIOOgaL water of 2K wp Wet to nm off Repeat as necessary. Pyrcthrins Sciewwcim Coumaphos (Coehliomm* (Co-Ral ) hcmiruoomxj 0.5 in milk-fat EC. 0.029* S 0.1 ia meat. Eat. and meat by-products Depending on sue of animals Spray or dnst thoroughly; repeat and amount of hair. afler 2-3 weeks. 1 meat and Eat D 04 milk Eat Minimum needed, not more than 3 tap. On wounds as needed. Stable flies (Siomexft calcitrant) and mosquitoes Ciotoxyphos (Qodria *) 0.08 ia rriBe, meat, and Eat EC or oil n EC. 0.5-1* EC. 0.15-04% EC 04* 1-2 fl. os. 1-2 pt. 1-4 qt. 1-2 qt. As ndst spray daily to all parts of body. Spray thoroughly. Repeat once a week if necessary.4 Pen or corral qmiying with high pressare equipment.4 Pyrethrtns 0.5 In milk-fat EC. 0.1** 0.1 in meat, fat. meat by Oil soln.. or products EC. 0.1% 1-2 qt. 1-2 fl. ox. . As wet spray every 2-3 days. As mist spray daily, with hand we automatic sprayer. Note $ lut pw fcr it fcotnotet (Continued) HANDY SPRAY AND TAM E 13--1 (Continued) FOR CONTROL OF EXTERNAL PARAS.TES Of DAIRY CATOE; Insecticide Ticks other than Cjounyphos M ticks (Ciodnn*) Telcra* Formulation } nd Strength*1 9.0* in inIk. fcC. 0-15-0.3* meat. and fat EC. IS* Amoun. of Fom.uladWAmos.1 Uatea Otbenwn Indicated Where and When to Apply. Safety Restrictions (Also see last page of this table) I Spray thorni&hly. repeat after 1 week I if needed.4 | Pen or corral 'prayie* with high Dresnue cQtnnorent.* u ^ a ja y c a t t l e h e a l t h , d is e a s e p r e v e n t io n . A N D PARASITE C O N TR O L TABLE 13-4 tContlwwed) HANDY SPRAY AND DIP CUIDE FOR CONTROL OF EXTERNAL PARASITES OF DAIRY CATTLE* m Where and When to Apply. " Insect Insecticide Ticks other than ^otoaypbot ear txks (Cladita4) (ppm}* and Strength' Unless Otherwiae Indicated 8.02 in twflt, :c.o.iwjf meet, and hi 1-4 qt iC.ojn It qt. (Abo see last page of this table) Spraythecmighlr; repeal afterI week if needed.* Pen or corral spraying with high pressure equipment.4 Pytethtins iC. 0.14.0% 14 gaL (1 gaL 0.0%) 03 in agfe-fet 8.1 la meat, * fat, and meat by-products EC, 0.W Depending on att nfanimal* and amount of bait. Apply second application 14 days later. Sprayanimals thoroughlyas needed. SAFETY RESTRICTIONS (Dairy Cattle) Do not apply mom than 2 fluid! ounce* per day per animal when uity mitt spray* containing Ciodrin. Do not wet the hide with the spray. Do net apply Ciorfri* to cattle more often then once a week except as a mitt qxay. Do not apply Ciodti" dust more often than every W days. Do not apply couwiephot in conjunction with oral drenches or Other internal medications, sich as phenotbiaeine. or with otherorganic phosphate*. Do not use with -tynergised pjrethrins, alVethrin, or iyamist. Suspend back rabbet at a height that will prevent straddling. Do not apply ntbiAian dost on dairy cattle daring or less than 5 hoar* before Mftiig. Do net bm nlilttjw In sprays or dip* on dairy cattle. USE PESTICIDES SAFEL7--FOLLOW THE LABEL 1tlWiiliBui --It hr Uaff imilM ml t`.i Pn nU rf faenrnhadr. AfW mllml Nr><nk Sertw. EmwiVip Ifcwwh DnWai Nrkniflt. Ud. tattle anh nww, nwtwt nmifcU*w writ W #M M H Ik. (3*{r If. IiWiN. tSM. AJbctiaa Ma Mad AumwJx Hrwenk SiLw f im mbHMn miW h| D>. IL L lltfiK I'SQA. AfB>. Iji--wilup Itrsmi Pnim. KrwptO*. Tn aid Um Own D*w Swwr VMM. VUmt 4, Sil. Mi H SQS whi ttnataM. * IrtJ lijimnei far lewvtfrfefr A Ucfaes pwdctwl -- fast re fcw) anwhcf*. ' torevivWiMr iwilii. tCwwddtiiih mmisliil. S nr Pfas. Ik M wemity--m^tm turn mrf dn> "0 awl wwh IiHiIiii *MfcM ]klaUfclwt w AkWw wlWn 379 MQNS 0 3 8 7 5 3 TABLE 13--5 RANDT INSECTICIDE CUIDE FC THE CONTROL OT PARASITES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE BAINS AND ON PASTURE* Immt lairrthNi m grass <ppmp Mb. Days from Last AppBcnd-- to Harvest ar Feedfof Fwnhtito Aamt sf Where and Whan and Stsnfih4 Fanaalatfan/Asaa to Apply House ffies fltfnam damtftim} Mosquitos Mththta Trfchlorfan (Necuren > Caiharyf (Serin ) 100 3%*y i.35% liquid 1% dry 0.1% HqaJd t WPorS OJWJ Broadcast or spriskle dry baiti or ipot or sprayiaq liquid ai needed when fbes congregate. Apply as spaa* spray or fog a* wredrd. Msbtfckn* Pyrethrins* npaeayl bntoxide 13S Exempt 1 EC or ifl od 0.ML5 For pasture and rangeland only' EC or la ail 0.W.S .% * Appro*. <U-0 Stable fly fStomixy* caldtrwms) and boom fiy Cntexyplwf1 (Ciedifa *) Dtacthostc* (Cyfoe*) Maktbioe* Pryathdar1 EC, EC, i% EC, or WP. 13* 0.29% IgsVlOOBsq* ft. thorough coveragrof surfaces on which flies rest. lfstfUOl sq.fr. InaoniainiltbNB building. Do aot treat miflt process lot toons. MgaL/2000 sq. ft. Space spray. Remove animals frombuild ings. Do not treat milk processing nons * O z fi M* Setrmn Wtirt>g>. tM V, ST1. - ~ [ kr A ----Mb--. -* hr Or. A L. llanK US)A. / ' ftmrcfc OHMM. tar*l*. r<w. Iiim 111 be iMrtdi m Of iwAt pub. BC klnMiwbwr </> DAIRY CATTLE SCIENCE l DA,RY CATUE HEAI (Oalrymw who suspect sc*bi TABLE 13-6 Then, if mites am found, follow his dlmettous.) ------- __ TABLE 13-6 CATTLE HEALTH, DISEASE PREVENTION, A N D PARASITE CO NTRO L HANDY CU1DE FOR CONTROL OF MITES ON DAIRY CATTLE* (Dairymen wbo suspect yrnWft (mites) should immediately coutact their local veterinarian tod/or state or federal regulatory official Then, if mites are found, follow his directions.) Insecticide Lim*Sulfur Toxaphene Tolerance (ppm) 7 in meat Min. Days Finn Last Application to Use of Milk or Slaughter Amount of Formulalion/Animal Formulation and Unless Otherwise Strength Indicated Application Remarks None. 28 2% spray or dip (heated and maintained at 95* to 105*F) Wet animal thor oughly. 0.5-0.6* spray or Wet animal thor dip - oughly. Two applications 10-14 days apart, in vat or spray^dip machine. Two applications 10-14 days apart, in vat or spray-dip machine. Lime-sulfur has been the time-honored treatment for sca bies since the USDA approved it yean ago. Lime-sulfuris the on ly insecticide for mite control ac ceptable for l%ctat' Ing animals. <Tn*A*4 far bock U* pcnMMl wwdnH oi Octobtf , 1S70, to tba m*w| fa Ot ]. L Houttfcw. OV\t. Sctoor Serf VctotaMtoa. *wp. snt, m*km, and toparaUtca stilt. USDA. Aokvkwsl Brawnfa Sanka. Atoaal HuAfa Dli*w.. Ftoml Cento* StoUtoc.Hpnmlta.M4. Ht tKMMsIcMwibttoastitoilnkMtlfaMttkUK Un irnMNsditoai smJi to (Ms bUc wpmtoi tit* wt iitiwiinaJmoin (bat imat to dtar bints far tm anther. lbm Bay b tosUM ckanea to ImttUhka bene*. alms* fallow toe oneor* inrisTInai nf toannfn tomi tail lnnl nfatotfav 382 DAIRY CATTLE SCIENCE 4. Mixing and Handling.--Mix and prepare insecticides in the open or in well ventilated place. Wear rubber gloves and clean, dry clothing (respirator device may be necessary with some products). Remove spilled insecticide from skin with soap and water. Change contaminated clothing immediately and launder before wearing again. Avoid prolonged inhalation. Do not smoke, eat, or drink when mixing insecticides. 5. Applying.--Use only amounts reommended. Apply at correct time to avoid unlawful residues in milk. Avoid treating calves younger than specified on the label. Avoid drift onto nearby crops, pastures, livestock, or other nontarget areas. Avoid prolonged contact with sprays and dusts. Do not cat, drink, or smoke until all operations have ceased and hands and face are thoroughly washed. Change and launder clothing after each day's work. 0. If you swallow.--If you accidentally swallow an insecticide, induce vomiting by taking one tablcspoonfol of salt in a glass of water. Repeat if neces4 sory. Call a doctor. 7. If you're poisoned.--In many cities, there is a Poison Control Center that will hove available information concerning symptoms and treatment of cases of actual or suspected poisoning by pesticides; consult the local telephone directory. If this information cannot be obtained locally, call the U.S. Public Health Service at Atlanta, Georgia, or Wenatchee, Washington. DISINFECTANTS" A disinfectant is defined as a biological, physical, or chemical agent capable of exerting changes in environment unfavorable for'die continued survival of micro-organisms. Under ordinary conditions, proper cleaning of dairy buildings removes most of the micro-organisms, along with the filth, .thus eliminating the necessity of disinfection. In case of a disease outbreak, however, the premises must be disinfected. Effective disinfection depends on five things: 1. Thorough cleaning before application. 2. Tire phenol coefficient of the disinfectant, which indicates the killing strength of a disinfectant as compared to phenol (carbolic acid). It is determined by a standard laboratory test in which the typhoid fever germ often is used as the test organism. 3. The dilution at which the disinfectant is used. 4. The temperature; most disinfectants are much more effective if applied . hot. 5. Thoroughness of application, and time of exposure. Disinfection must in all eases be preceded by a very thorough cleaning, for organic matter serves to protect disease germs and otherwise interferes with the activity of the disinfecting agent. The million had the benefit of the authoritative review and suggestions of Dr. \V. H. Gillespie, Profc'fnr of Veterinary Microbiology, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash* ini'lon, in the preparation of this section. DAIRY CATTLE HEAL |1 ! m \p. HONS 038756 DAIRY C A 7 U E HEALTH, DISEASE PREVENTION, A N D PARASITE C O N TR O L I TABLE 13--7 HANDT DISINFECTANTCUIDE* Kind ( Disabctal UseUness 1 Strength limitations and Comments II Alcohol Effective against the lea* resistant B percent alcohol -fee content Limited application. Not reconv disease germs provided these is usuallyfound in rubbingalcohol. mended for general use. Often adequate exposure. used as a local antiseptic in ob As a skjn diriiifoetant. taining blood samples or making hypodermic injections. Not re liable for sterilization of instru ment*. i Bichloride of Men Destroys less resistant bacteria am Tablets used in a dilation of 1 to Unreliable as a germ killer In the \ eury (mercuric dor favorable conditions. Tends ' 1,000. presence of organic matte*. Also chloride; corrosive to prevent growth rather than cattle are especially susceptible sublimate) ac&ully destroybacteria. Organic to mercury poisoning. For farm mercurials, sometimes used as .. disinfection, bichloride of mer local antiseptics, are less poison- cury is inferior to iodine, lye, i oas and more reliable. saponiSed cresols, and thecation ic bactericides. i I Boric Acid* As a wash hr eyes, and other no 1 oa. in 1 pt water (about 8% so- It is a weak antiseptic. It may sltive parts of the body. hittoa). cause harm to thenervous system ifabsorbed into the body in large amounts. For this and other rea sons, antibiotic solutions and saline solutions are fast replacing It Cationic Bacte ricides (many commercial pro ducts available, including QAC, Primarily detergents but some am actively bactericidal Often used in sanitiring dairy orotherequip- . ment and utensils. Use only as recommended by competent sent- tacian. * i i < ' Concentration varies with different products and under differentcon ditions. Follow authoritative rec ommendations. They have only asHghttoricityand are non irritant and odorless. They are neutralized by soap, anionic detergents, and even by mineral content of some waters. 383 MQNS 0 3 757 Kind of Disinfectant Le., qnarternary ammonium cook pounds) Usefulness TABLE 13-7 (Continued) Strength Chlorine (Sodium hypochlorite) Dairy utinsels. Udder wash. * Crcsols (many com mercial products available) A generally reliable class of dis infectant Effective against bru cellosis, shipping fever, swine erysipelas, and tuberculosis. Heat (by steam, hot water, burning, or boiling) In the burning ofrubbish orarticles of little value, andin disposingof infected * body discharges. The steam "Jenny' is effective for disinfection if property employed --particularly if used in cotv Junction with a phenolic germi cide. Hypochlorites (chlo rine compounds) For deodorizing manure, sewen, drains, and for disinfecting milk cans and bottlesaod arounddairy bams. Footaatet kul f*m of Ubfa. 300 pp. for dairy utinsels. 4 oz. per gal.; or according to the directions found mi the container. Exposure to boiling water will de stroy all ordinary disease germs but sometimes fails to kill die spores of such diseases as an thrax and tetanus. Moist heat is preferred to dry heat, and steam under pressure is the most effec tive. Heat may be impractical or too expensive. Excellent for disnfection, but with following limitations: not effec tive against the TB organism and spores. Its effectiveness is greatly reduced in presence of organic matter, such as milk, even in small quantities. Hypochlo rites deteriorate rapidly when ex posed to air. , limitations and Comments Superior to chlorine compoundsia the presence of organie matter. They are not effective against TB organisms and spores. Corrosive; must be dean,* low re sidual. Caonot be used where odor maybe absorbed, and therefore, not suited for use around milk and meat 10 min. exposure to boiling water is usually sufSdent 204 parts available chlorine per milKoo of water. Unstable: replace solution frequent ly as recommended. (Contiuoed) DAIRY CATTLE SCIENCE HONS 0 3 8 7 3 8 DAIRY CATTLE Kind ef Disinfectant Iodine1 TABLE 13--7 (Continued) Usefulness Extensively used as skin tiisinlee*- tant, for minor ***** bruises. Also used in treatment ofringworm end warts* _____ Strength Generally used as tincture of io dine 2% or 7%. I limitations end Comments |Never cover with a bandage. Clean skin before applying iodine. SCIENCE DAIRY CATTLE HEALTH, DISEASE PREVENTIO N, A N D PARASITE CO NTRO L ; --' | i ****> I 1 ! ritnJiHil.uU npWly ' |^pooedtafe ' '` I_____ 1 (Coatiaat^l TABLE 13--7 {Contimed} Kind of Disinfectant Iodine1 QstfrbNts Extensively used as sfcia disintectant, for minor cuts and braises. Also used in treatment ofringworm and warts. Strength Cenerally used as tincture of io dine J9r or 7%. Iodopbor (Iodine completed with a detergent which releases free io dine ataeontioQed rate). Fordisinfecting milk cans and bot- . 75 parts available iodine per mil ties around dairy bams and for lion is minimum under ideal cir area disinfection where large cumstances. 150 ppm is reconrv quantities of organic sail are not ; ' mended for most practical uses. present Unstable replace solution fro quently. Lime (whitewash) (unslaked) Annual disinfection of bams, poul try bouses, and corrals. - To control spread of warts, ring worm andotberdseasesthatmsy be harbored in cracks of walls, floors, and wood fences. , Spread on soil of poultry and other aramai yards. Cover dead birds and other dead animals before burying. In the control of anthrax and foot and mouth disease. Strong. limitations and Comments Never cover with a bandage, dean skin before applying iodine. An excellent disinfectant but with the following practical limita tions: Cernoddal agent rapidlyconaimed by oiganic matter necessitating frequent replacement. Functions best in a highly acid range Solu tion strength must be ipercased to get necessary* available iodine when mixture is made with alka line water. Iodine slowly vola tilizes-from solution. Consider able control should be exercised. Not effective against organisms of TB aud the spore formers. Wear goggles when adding water to quid:lime. It serves as a deodorant when sprinkled on manure and animal discharges. It is also helpful in the prevention of foot rot NlutMicdiU*. {Continued} 305 MQNS 0 3 8 7 5 9 \ Kind of Disinfectant Usefulness TABLE 23--7 (Continued) Strength limitatioas and Comments Lye (sodium hy* dioxide, enstfc soda) Lysol (the brand name of a product of saponated ereso! plus soap) Merthiolate (market ed In three forms for animal use; Tincture Mertbiolate. Merthiolate Aerosol, and Me*> thiolate Cream.) On concrete floors; in milk houses because there is no odor. Use 2% solution in pens and stalls follow ing outbreaks of vesicular eisn theme, or erysipelas. Use 5% solution in pens and stalls following outbreaks of anthrax, blackleg and maligiant edema. For disinfecting instruments used In castration, dehorning, tatooiftg, and docking. Presurgical preparation of the skin. Treatment of minor cuts, scratches, and abradant. Treatment of ringwows. As a dairy udder cream. " To make 2% solution, add one 13H oa. can/5 gal water. To make 5% solution, add one 13tt ox. caa/ZgaL water. 05 to 1.0%. Damages fabrics, afuminum and painted surfaces. Be careful, for it will bum the hands and face. Not effective against organism ofT.B., Jobne's disease, or stran gles or most spores. Diluted vioegar can be used to neutralizelye. Be sure floors and walls are dry before bringing in animals. Keep in noncorrosive containerand sway from children Has a disagreeable odor. Tincture Merthiolate 0.1 gm. thimerosaUlOO cc. Metholate Aerosol: .083% thimerosali Metholate Cream: 0.1% thimerosaL Keep out of reach of children; do not use In eyes; and do not uss in combination with or following die application of acids, salts of heavy metals, or iodine. Fh enofie Cermicides, Synthetic (those containing odorless non toxic phenols such as ortbopbenyl phenol orortho benzyl parachloro phenol) A very reliable dast ofdisinfectants effective against all disease-pro ducing fungi and bacteria. Apply to buildings,corrals, vehicles, and in foot baths following out breaks ofbmcelfosis, hogcholera, shipping fever, erysipelas, and tuberculosis. Varies with different formulation* follow directions on manufactur er's label. Excellent for disinfection. They are sot inactivated by soap, anionic detergents, hard water, ororganic matter. They are effective against all bacteria and fungi including the TB organism but not the spores of anthrax and tetanus DAIRY CATTIE SCIENCE I DAIRY CATTLE H MOMS 0 3 8 7 6 0 iynVrtstt l t' TABLE 13-7 (Continued) T o DAIRY CATTtE HEALTH, DISEASE PREVENTIO N, A N D PARASITE CO NTRO L TABLE 13--7 (Continued) Kind cfDinfeeUat Usefulness Pine Oil For disinfection of surfaces, such as walls and floors. __ Strength Limitations and Comments Limited germicidal range when . used alone, but range increased when combined with detergents, soaps, or ammonium salts. Irritating to skin and mucus membraoes. Sal Soda It may be used in place of lye against foot-and-mouth disease id vesicular exanthema. 10*4% solution (13*4 at. to 1 gal water). Soap Its power to kill germs is very limited. Creates! usefulness is in cleansing and dissolving coatings from various surfaces, including the skin, prior to application of a good disinfectant. ' As commercially prepared. Although indispensable for sanitis ing surfaces, soaps should not be . considered as disinfectants, they are not regularly effective, staph ylococci and theorganisms which cause diarrheal diseases are re sistant. . Soda Adi (or sodium carbonate) It may be used in place of lye against foot-and-mouth disease and vesicular exanthema. S% solution (1 lb. to 3 gaL water). Most effective in hot solution. Commonly used as a cleaning agent, but has disinfectant prop erties. especially when used as a hot solution. - 1U lM< *u anihorftatSvdr wrfeww* odi nf lh followiac Mi. K C Jm. Vttbl UUnlorin. M9 Ma%li*>kt Aw.. St. Uw<. .Mo.: Mr. E. Nol Scott. Umn fiokth Co., lodbuiati. M.; Mr. Paul C \v)mm. Tn**al Service and Develop mroL The Dow Qu--coJ Co.. MkBanH. Mirk. In tfae nw l tfcew d>Mfrctati. tlovyi (olio* MnUbetfi <tmtlaii to) bod loivtMMil cccnbOonv *5ort1ici M) cti.wd a i dlvRiKtwt bnt nctuaDr M uHepDr ami pMbnlhr iaf>l onir " >** DAIRY CATTLE SCIENCE TABLE IS-4` SUMMARY OF STATE INDEMNITY PAYMENTS Disease No State Indemnity Paid Stales That Pay More Than Federal Maximum States That Pay States That Pay Less Than Antounls Liquating Federal Maxlinun Federal Maximum brucellosis Ala. Ark. Colo. Ind. Kan. Miss. Mont. Nev. . N.D. N.Y. Ohio Ok la. Tcim. Tex. Utah Va. Wyo. Calif. Conn. ltawsit Md. Mich. N.H. N.J. Pa. R.l. Vt. w.Vo. P. Rico Fla. Ca. Ida. Ky. La. Neb. S.D. Alaska Arlz. Del. la. 111. Mass. Me. Minn. Mo. N.M. Ore. S.C. Wash. Wise. *" Tuberculosis All states pay Calif. N.Y. Ala. S.D. Alaska Mont. tuberculosis Indemnity. Conn. III. Ohio Pa. FJa. Utah Ida. Va. Arlz. Ark. Neb. N.C. Ind. Iowa. Me. Mass. Mich. RJ. Tenn. Vt. W. Va. Wyo. Colo. N.D. Del. N.M. Ca. (dairy only) Hawaii Okla. Kan. Ore. Minn. P. Rico Ky. S.C. Nev. La. Tex. N.H. Md. Wash. N.J. Miss. Wise. Mo. Fool-and- Most states have provision for the expenditure of emergency funds In the event Mouth Dls- of an outbreak of such foreign animal disease, and other hinds would be ensc and forthcoming through special action of their respective state legislatures. other animal diseases which threaten the livestock In dustry, as covered In CFIl, 11tlo9 Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 53. NNMMJry w#i prriinml r(Krla% for llilt hook by Mr. E. E. Sauhtwrn. AcUrrf Ar*uctl AilmtitUtiMM, U&DA, AgitnrllMMl hrwair)> Smirr. WatlUnlsion, D.C. Sunlight possesses disinfecting properties, but it is variable and superficial in its action. Heat and some of the chemical disinfectants arc more effective. Tlic application of heat by steam, by hot water, by burning, or by boiling is an effective method of disinfection. In many cases, however, it may not be practical to uso heat. In choosing n chemical disinfectant, it should be realized that not all disease-producing bacteria are susceptible to the same chemical agents. Table DAIRY CATTLE 13-7 gives a si moil disinfccta STATE IND15 Although Table 13-8 sot it existed in 1 npplicnblc to l of agriculture. 1. Why or Keeping Animal l. What is and how 3. Select a miliar) preventf 4. Obtain t Aijriciill' ofthe C Dcpnrlu dctwnnli an nutln 5. Assume your ht'i order; lx 0. Assume herd. W be specif 7. Assume death lo use (u ca Title of Pit Animal Df Animal Sai ami Dis* BruccUotli Diteases of Diseases of Farmer's V< Hamlhoo Home Vets llumUnxi uQNS r (. DAIRY CATTLE HEALTH, DISEASE PREVENTION, AND PARASITE CONTROL 38? 13-7 gives n jtummnry of the limitations, usefulness,4 and strength of some com mon disinfectants. STATE INDEMNITY PAYMENTS Although subject to change as the laws of the respective states change, Tablo 13-6 summnnV.es the information rclntivo to stnto indemnity payments as it existed in 1070. It is suggested that each dairyman secure the regulations applicable to the state in which he resides by writing to the state department of agriculture. . QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND DISCUSSION 1. Why nro swell publications n* (1) The 1942 Yearbook of Agriculture entitled Keeping Mu'sincfc Healthy, and (2) the 1950 Yearbook of Agriculture entitled Animal Disease* of value to dairy producers? 2. What is normal temprralmc, pulse rate, and breathing rate ol dairy cattle, and how would you determine each? . 3. Select a specific dairy farm (either your own or ouo with which you tire fa * miliar) and oulllnc (In J, 2, 3. order) a program of dairy cattle health, disease prevention, and parasite control. 4. Obtain the following publications from the Animal Disense Eradication Division, Agricultural Research Service. USDA, Washington, D.C.: Subchnptcr B, Title B, Ol the ('ode of Kederal Regulations, parts 51 and 53. Also, write to your State Department of Agriculture for information about Indemnity payments. Then determine the indemnity payments that you could expect were you to encounter an outbreak of (l) brucellosis or (2) foot-and-mouth disease. 5. Assume that a specific contagious disease (you name it) has broken out In * your herd. Wlmt steps would you lake to meet the situation (list in 1, 2, 3, order; be specific)? 8. Assume tlvat a specific parasite (you name it) has become troublesome in your herd. What steps would you take to meet the situation (list in 1, 2, 3, order; he specific)? 7. Assume that you have, during a period of a year, encountered dairy cattle death losses from three different diseases. What kind of disinfectant would you use in each ease? SELECTED REFERENCES. Title of Publication Authorfs) Publisher AnimoJ Diseases Yearbook of Agri culture, 1950 V. S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D. C. Ah/mjo/ Sflidfollon R. R. Dykstra am/ Disease Control Brucellosis A s^n^roslum-- Interstate Printers & Publishers. . Danville, 111., 1981. American Assn, for the Advance ment of Science, 1515 Massa chusetts Ave., N. VV.. Washing ton,' I>. c. Diseases of Cattle 1912 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Disrates of Cattle Fanner's Veterinary Handbook, The Walter J. Cibbons, Editor J. J. Doberman American Veterinary Publications, Inc., 114 North West Street, Wheaton, 111.. 1003. Prciitkt-llr.il, New York, 1953. Home Veterinarian's Handbook, The E. T. Baker Macmillan Co., New York, 1049. HONS 03d763 390 DAIRY CATTLE SCIENCE Title of Publication Author(s) Publisher Infectious Diseases of DoiiirtHc Ariiincrfs, Th* Insecticide Hccom* niendatlone W. A. Ilngnn D. W. Urmicr Agriculture )i:md!>ook No. 331 Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, 1937. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 1007. Keeping Livestock Healthy Livestock Health Kncyclopctlia Yearbook of Agriculture, 1942 Rudolph Seiden U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Springer Publishing Co., New York, 1931. Losses in Agrlctilmrc Anricullure Handbook No. 291 V. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 1905, Merck Veterinary Manual. The Merck & Co., Rahway, N.J.* 1967, Principles of Veterinary F. B. Hadley Science W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1049. Progress mi Cattlo anti Edited by Sheep Practice: I. K. Smilheors Part 1, Infections E. J. Catcolt ml Infestations, Part 2, Nutrition, mastitis, reproduc tion, herd health. Part 3, jVrmttifcctious dlciuci, treatment procedures. American Veterinary Publications, Inc., 144 North West Street, Wheaton, HI.. 1909. Slochnon't IldmlWl', M. E, Emmin^r The ` bsl'T.stntc Printers it Publishers, Danville, HI., 1079. ` Veterinary Cable for C. W. Stnmm Farmers Windsor Press, Chicago, 111., 1950. Veterinary Handbook J. W. Bailey for Cattlemen Springer Publishing Co., New York, 1938. In addition to the above selected references, valuable publications on dif ferent subjects pertaining to dairy cuttle diseases, parasites, disinfectants, and poisonous plants cun be obtained from the following sources) Division of Publications Y<mr state agricultural college Office of Information l). S. Department of Agriculture Several biological, pharmaceutical, Washington, D.C. and chemical companies. i i ! Df Contents Envirot Heat Moisl Hem Cn Plans a LoentU KamtstJtequisi Rcquhi Auto Space t Hirer StOf. I How Si Si llousir Lorn StaR Dnii Houxio 1 Dairy 1 Feii i Hay Wrtl Shiu Sloe Dm La.ii Mill Oth Paved Fence E).-lleddii Kttv Hrd M.IIUU Am Mrv ow M.n OtR'lf Select | Modcr j facilitate ( labor savh j (3) manure i Econo HONS 038764 HONS 038765 ( . '( i Applied Science Dept, MILK hygiene ; Hygiene in Milk Production, Processing and Distribution , CONTRIBUTORS M. ABDVSSALAM -- M. ANQVEZ -- Franklin W, BARBER -- J. C. T. van ' Ben BERG -- G. BJJLENGA -- R. 0. BLODGE7T -- R, C. BUSHLAND , CAPSTICK -- CV^/fA/S -- foAm Newton CLARK -- I. . A. ` CAH7C -- H'. Chas. COCKBURN -- E. A. CROSSLEY -- J, EKMAN ; M. S. EL-RAPEY -- Tiu E. GALESLOOT-- K. K. JYA r~ A, JEPSEN ' C. K. JOHNS -- M. M. KAPLAN -- P. KASTLI -- //. D. KAY ' D. N. KIWRODY - W. A. LETHEM -- H. LOCK -- R. J. MaeWALTER . > A MANN -- Jean Be MARTINI -- Jean MITTAINE -- Hans PEDERSEN . Jacqueline van tie PUTTE -- E. B. RICE -- Carroll N. SMITH -- Peter ; SOLBERG -- Stewart SWIFT -- B. TIERSONNIER -- B. VLADIMIROV ' , Published under the Auspices or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations * < and the World Health Organization WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GENEVA HONS 038766 i )[lUvl. One may add tliat ittith-v nhmihjmeouxfy with till reaches am acceptable Kihaie penicillin and its Ij to rmmtcracl difficulties ltcvv>*ful *n practice. The t health hazard remains to |/>mc to the milk consumed Icurrciuv of the unpleasant w the enzyme also prohibits L* 10 lc (rented. Jit- (vnieiliin content. The [Marth A: fllickson (1959a) ttfriilin from milk and milk tnoekiving at a pressure of <ct. thus can be found lit dried milk products is sometimes It. ihm cannot be definitely **t of this chapter. In cases dieted that they are infants and young children, s Mi out of every 1000 infants ami symptoms are eczema, I cv* often, there is cough, a old, sneezing, and toxaemia it Uv if milk is withheld and .btoth.ctc. Milk boiled fora p.isk'tirizcd milk, because the Hie albumin fraction which is iy be one reason why milk atm countries, where milk is o children or adults.- Children able to tolerate milk of other iwd milk. ''n.vimiinn among adults also. the patient soon Icarus ted a> u relatively mild derma* > I'bn-iifC, DISCAJHS TRANSMITl Cf> THROUGH MILK 59 TOXIC CHEMICALS AND OTHER EXTRANEOUS SUBSTANCES Insecticides During recent years, organic synthetic insecticides or high efficiency have been developed and have virtually pushed out of use the more expensive insecticides of plant origin (derris and pyrethrum). The large-scale use of these compounds in agriculture in the economically advanced countries has created sonic problems, among which is their appearance in milk, with consequent hazard for the health of the consumer. The two main sources of milk contamination arc: (I) insecticides used on the cows and in the barn for the control of Hies, lice, licks and other ectoparasites, and (2) insecticides used on forage crops and grains to protect them from pests. In both eases, some of the insecticides arc absorbed by the cow and partly excreted in the milk. , Of (he two chemically distinct groups of synthetic insecticides, the chlorinated hydrocarbons were discovered first and have been used extern sivcly in the barn as well at; on the fields. Marth & Ellickson (1959b) ha e recently reviewed the use of these insecticides in dairying practice and have found that when used in daily barns or on cows, all the following insecticides appeared in the milk: benzene hexnchioridc, DDT, dicldrin, dilnn, lindane, methoxychlor, perthane and TDE (Rholhanc or DDD); the concentrations in the milk varied from 0.4 p.p.m. for methoxychlor and perthane to 33.6 p.p.m. for DDT. In general, the residues in milk disappeared in a few days after application, but in some eases low levels persisted for a long time. When insecticide-treated feedstuff* were fed to cows, residues of benzene hexa- chloridc, chlordane/DDT, dicldrin, end rm and1 loxaphcne appeared in the milk at levels ranging from 0.05 p.p.m. for endrin to 26 p.p.m. for DDT. K&stU (1955) stated that Q.5%-20% of a chlorinated hydrocarbon* insecticide ingested with the fodder is excreted in milk. A second group of synthetic insecticides, the organic phosphates, are coming into use primarily against flics and other insects that are resistant to DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons. Marth & Ellickson (1959b) have concluded from published reports that the organic phosphate insecti cides do not as a rule appear in milk after use in the barn or after ingestion on fccdstufTs. In the latter ease, they arc believed to be broken down in the rumen of the animal. It is, therefore, the insecticides of the chlorinated hydrocarbon group that constitute the principal health hazard to consumers of milk and milk products. Surveys of market milk carried out in the USA in 1948, 1949 and 1951 indicated the presence of DDT in traces in 25 % of the samples tested. In 1955, 62% of 800 samples collected from all over the country showed traces of DDT and BHC. No organic phosphate residues were found (Clifford, 1957). In a more recent survey made in 1958, 936 samples from1 ! ( nous 038?fe7 .Xt.(0 M. Kaplan, m. adoussalam a c. bulfnga 48 dairies in 16 metropolitan areas, were examined and only 2.5% were Tound to contain residues (0.1 p.p.m. or more) or chlorinated hydrocarbons. Of the original 936 samples, 168 were examined further by paper chromato graphy and a fly bioassay method. The former method showed that 3 % of the samples contained significant residues, and the latter showed that 33 % Were toxic for flics (Clifford, Oassen & Miles, 1959). because of the affinity of these insecticides for fats, they become attached to the milk fat with the result that butter made from the contaminated milk contains a considerably higher proportion of the insecticide than docs the liquid milk. Smith, Hoskins &. Fullmer (1948) found 65 p.p.m. of DDT in butter made from milk that contained 2.3 p.p.m. Schcchter, Pogorelskin & Haller (1947) reported the presence of 456*534 p.p.m. in butler made from Vnilk that contained 3-26 p.p.m. High concentrations of these Insecticides arc Also found in cream and cheese made from contaminated milk. They are stored in the fatly tissues of the body, which entails the risk of cumulative effects. Although the toxicity of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons When ingested by mouth is known, the tolerance levels for residues in milk and milk products have not heen established.1 It must be kept in mind that large quantities of milk are consumed by particularly vulnerable groups, such as infants,and invalids. The problems of consumer safely :in relation to pesticide residues in food have been discussed at a joint 'meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on (he use of Pesticides in Agriculture & the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues (1962). To prevent the appearance of insecticide residues in milk, insecticides used in barns must be applied in such a way that the cows do not absorb them. Fodder treated with chorinatcd hydrocarbons that pass into milk 'should not be fed to dairy cattle. Contaminated milk should not be used for human consumption. The US Food and Drug Administration has fixed the tolerance level of DDT, mcthoxychior and malathion at 0 p.p.m.-- in other words these compounds should be altogether absent from milk. The difficulties of complying with this requirement have been discussed by Hcincman & Miller (1961). Furthermore, pasteurization has little effect on ;DDT in milk (Mann, Carter & Ely, 1950). Preservatives and Disinfectants Chemical preservatives and bacteriostatic agents arc sometimes added 'to milk to prolong its keeping qualities or to prevent or camouflage acid fermentation and decomposition resulting from faulty practices. They include hydrogen peroxide, formalin, boric acid and borax, benzoic acid ' Lu, F. C. (19(51} The ei<ttbtt'fr*'r\l of tn/rrmnm for peir/rUr WHO/l ool A4<J./20>. . A /<W(Unpi>hli,Hf<l iocwmtm MONS 038768 Radionu The lion of i tinlitics in milk blcms v uitiUom United training nuthorit Energy riidiomi' publish, As f the prc;j impoi la follow Cl ingested they c half-life votumc the gee. fuM <x<, respect heated % heavily mental 250 WO area of .L< l II I Vt.A DISEASES TRANSMITTED THROUGH MILK 61 ml only 2.5 % were tbmtrtl hydrocarbons, rr try lnpcr rlirom.noiod allowed that 3 X of tier showed that 33 % , (ticy become attached the contaminated milk t-rncidc than docs the I 1*5 p.p.m, of DDT in heckler, 1`ogorclskin & i. in butter made from u of these insecticides amimurd milk. They the risk of cumulative 1 t i i i i i and benzoates, alkaline salts, salicylic acid, potassium bichromate, hypo* chlorites and chloramine, and quaternary ammonium compounds. The last two groups of substances arc "oITcn earned over from rinsing solutions used for milk utensils and machinery. The listed chemicals tend lo mask unhygienic practices but do not provide any safeguard against pathogenic micro-organisms. In addition, certain of these substances (c.g., formalin, boric acid) can be highly toxic even in small amounts. Except for hydrogen peroxide (discussed in (he chapter by LUck, page 423), their use as inten tional bacteriostatics should be strongly condemned and guarded against. (For further information see the chapter by Jcpscn, page 449, and American Public Health Association, 1960.) Radionuclides Radionuclides and other Heavy Metals Htnnicd hydrocarbons The possibilities of fall-out from nuclear weapon tests and the exploita cU for residues in milk tion of nuclear energy have added an entirely new dimension to the poten must be kept in mind Mriteularly vulnerable i tialities or milk as a transmitter of disease. The detection of radionuclides in milk and the significance of the levels found arc highly specialized pro m. e* *onsumcr safely blems which are being dealt with by many national and international a til. scd at a joint authorities and will not be entered into here. Special expert groups of the csticuics in Agriculture I United Nations are issuing periodic reports-on this subject, and basic1 ;% (1963). training courses arc being given for food hygienists, including milk control es in milk, insecticides authorities, jointly by WHO, FAO and the IAEA (International Atomic !tc cows do not absorb Energy Agency), as well as by national authorities. A recent review of the ns that pass into milk radionuclide problem as regards food in general, including milk, has been ilk should not be used published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (1960). Mlimmsirnlion has fixed As far as milk is concerned, the radionuclides at present regarded as .iktthton at 0 p.p.m.-- the greatest hazard arc strontium-90 and iodine-131, although the possible flier ahsent from milk, . importance of other radionuclides such as caesium-137 is being carefully , him* been discussed by followed. Strontium-90 has a long half-life (about 28 years) and when Hion lias link' effect on Ingested becomes localized in bone. This is important in children because they consume the greatest quantities of milk. Iodine-131 has a short half-life (about 8 days), but it concentrates itself in the relatively small volume of tissue of the thyroid gland. It was in fact iodine-131 that caused (he greatest concern in the 1957 Windscalc incident in England, the v are sometimes added .nt or camouflage acid unity practices. They borax, benzoic acid i first occasion on which there was immediate public health concern with respect to the milk supply. In this incident, a breeder-type reactor over heated causing a uranium fire. The air going out of the exhaust stack was heavily contaminated with iodine-131, which is very volatile. Environ mental contamination occurred and it was felt necessary to condemn some 250 000 gallons of milk from about 600 herds of cattle inhabiting an ltf.r(tin|wSliilW(l document i area of 200 to 300 square miles. Although the type of reactor used at 038769 HUNS 62 M. M. KAPLAN, M. AHDUSSALAM A G. ftULF.NQA Windscalc is now considered obsotclc, the incident underlines how important and necessary it is Tor milk hygiene authorities to become conversant with the problems of radionuclides in the rood chain (see Food and Agriculture Organization, 1960; Joint WHO/FAO Expert Committee on Methods of Radiochemical Analysis, 19S9; Lindeli & Dobson, 1961). Active research is under way to evolve effective and economic methods for the decontamination of milk, especially by the use of ion-exchange methods (see, for example, Food and Agriculture Organization, 1960; Easterly cl a)., 1960). Although laboratory results are encouraging, a commercially feasible procedure has not yet been developed for strontium-90 or caesium-137. Because of its shorter half-life, iodine-13! can be dealt with by the relatively simple procedure of storing the product until the .con tamination has been reduced to an acceptable level. Other heavy metals Potentially dangerous salts of metals such as cadmium, lead, zinc, tin and copper may gain entry into milk and milk products from corroded metal surfaces of utensils, dairy implements and containers (sec the chapter by Rice, page 457). The quantities of such salts in a given samples of .milk depend on their solubility, the acidity of the milk, and the length or contact between the two. Serious eases of poisoning from such Conta mination arc rare, possibly because of the change in taste and often in colour caused by these salts. Also, relatively large quantities of these salts are required to produce toxicity when ingested in milk, probably because of partial absorption or neutralization by milk proteins. Such large quantities of the dissolved salts often cause vomiting. Plant Toxins Cattle grazing in a new locality or in pastures affected by drought are liable to ingest poisonous plants. In the majority of cases, there is little evidence to indicate that the toxic principles of these plants are excreted in milk in quantities sufficient to cause a toxic cflcci in human consumers. In the following instances, however, such a toxic effect has been observed or strongly suspected: 1. Milk sickness or tremetof poisoning. In certain parts of the USA two species of poisonous plants, the white snnkcroot (Euoatorium urticacfoUum) and jimmy weed {Aplopoppus hcicrophyUns), produce a disease in cattle known as " trembles the Animals continue to yield milk, but on analysis it is found to contain the active principle trcmctol (C,<,H2jOa), derived from the plants (Khlcnlzos, 1950). Persons who consume such milk develop MONS 038770 162 It. C. BUSHLAND A C. N. SMITH When there are only a few infested cattle or labour is inexpensive, an alternative method of control may be to squeeze out the living grubs by hand. However, the process is painful to the cattle and unpleasant for the operator. The methods described above are the only ones recommended for la* tating dairy cows in the USA when their milk is being used for human consumption. Two organophosphorus insecticides, round (0,0-dimcihyl 0-{2,4,5trichlorophcyt)phosphorothioate) and 0-(3-chloro-4-methylumbcllifcrone) 0,0'dicthylphosphorothionte (sold under the trade name Co-Ral, and also known as Bayer 21/199) have been found to be much superior to rotenone for practical grub control. Ronnel is given as a drench or bolus at 100 mg/kg, and Co-Ral is applied &$ a 0.S % spray in sufficient quantity to wet the ani* mats to the skin. Either treatment is mAdc only once, between the end of the heel fly season in the summer and before grubs start migrating to the backs in the fall. The treatments arc about 90% effective in destroying first-instar larvae within the body of the host before they do any apparent harm. Unfortunately, both insecticides appear in the milk for a time after administration and in the USA, where no tolerance has been established, they cannot be recommended for laclating cows or for dry cows due to be milked within 60 days. They should not be used on baby calves, but they can be recommended for heifers which arc more than three months old but not old enough for milking within the next 60 days. Botflies In the American tropics cattle grubs are not a problem, but a related insect, the human botfly (Dermaiobia huminis (L.)), is even more damaging to cattle than arc grubs in the temperate zone. This botfly captures such insects as biting flics or mosquitos and glues its eggs to their bodies. When the egg-bearing flics or mosquitos visit any warm-blooded animal, the lar vae hatch from the eggs and penetrate the skin of the host, where they make sores much like cattle-grub cysts. A cow may have hundreds of larvae grow'ing in these painful sores over all parts of the body. There are several generations per year, but the infestations arc most severe following periods of mosquito abundance. There arc two approaches to the control of this botfly. One is to apply chemicals to repel or kill mosquitos and thus prevent infestation. Occa sional treatment with toxaphcnc and DDT have been reported as valuable for reducing mosquito populations in beef herds. Where regulations forbid the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides on dairy cattle, daily appli cations of pyrethrum sprays may be used. During the last few years research workers have reported on successful experiments with ronnel and Co-Ral applied in the same manner as for cattleprom: cause them raisin so it M belon work since (Boo/ a sm. qunr; vatic Asia. 1 arscr been regu! work to ai has (see chlo: eth.ii cych eflot whet oftci I to ti by < 0.25 phn rent chlo I disc mo* HONS 038771 .pemivc, m i* jrubi by unt Tor the ded for lacfor human fl 042,4,5ibellifcronc) al, and also to rolenone (lOOtug/kg, wet the an!* t the end of allng to the t destroying ny apparent a ik after act/, *bcd, vb due to be es, but they nthi old but hut a related re damaging AjMurti such dies. When mat, the torwhere they hundreds of Them are .'re following >e is to apply lion. Occa* 1 as valuable ations forbid , daily appli- on successful amy ' for WIT CONTROL 163 cattle-grub control, and several other systemic insecticides have been found promising in small-scale tests. These organophosphorus compounds do cause slight milk contamination, but it would still seem desirable to use them and discard the milk for a few days after treatment. In livestock* raising arcus, cattle are the source of breeding most of the human botflies; to it Is desirable to prevent breeding in both meat and milk animals. . Ticks Many species of tick attack dairy cattle. In the USA the most important belong to the genera Amhlyommn, Dcrmaccntor, and Ixodes, but from the world-wide standpoint, licks of the genus Boophilus are of greatest concern, since they Are the vectors of Texas fever, or piroplnsmosis. The cattle tick (Boophilus anniilatus (Say)), has been eradicated from the USA except for a small Area along the Mexican border, and is kept out of the country by quarantine measures. This species is common in Mexico, and the tropical variety, Boophilus miaoplus (Can.), is common in Australia, South America, Asia, and Africa. The cattle lick was eradicated from the USA by dipping cattle in an arsenic solution (0.175 %-0.19 % ASj03). This old-fashioned treatment has been largely displaced by modem insecticides, but it is still used by many regulatory agencies in connexion with quarantines. In many parts of the world where this dip has been used extensively, ticks have become resistant (o arsenic, and the treatment is now ineffective. For (he past ten years the most generally used control for cattle ticks has been to spray or dip cattle in a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide (see Fig. 3). Toxaphenc (chlorinated camphcnc containing 67 %-69 % of chlorine) at 0.5 % and 0.5 % DDT (2,2-Wj-(p-cbloropbcnyl)-l,l,l-trichloroethane) plus 0.03 % gumma-DJJC (gamma-isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hcxachlorocyclohcxane) have been very popular. Dipping is essential in eradication efforts in order to ensure that every tick is reached; but for practical control, where eradication is not the goal, spraying is preferred because cattle arc often injured by the rough treatment involved in dipping. In recent years the fever ticks in many countries have become resistant to the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, and these are being displaced by organophosphorus compounds. At present sprays or dips containing 0.25 %-0.5 % or Co-Hal, 0.15 % of 2,3-p-dioxancdithiol S,S-6i>(0,0-dicthylpho&phorodithioatc) (sold under the trade name of Dclnav), or 0.75 % of ronnel arc reported to be effective against licks resistant to arsenic or chlorinated hydrocarbons. In many countries where piroplasmosis is not a problem two other cattle diseases are caused by licks. Several species of tick are vectors of anapJasmosis, and tick paralysis is a direct reaction to tick bites. MQNS 038772 164 R. C. DUSIILAND ft C. N. SMITH FIG. 3 DIPPING CATUC FOR fEVER TICKS Because the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides cause detectable milk contamination, and in the USA there arc no tolerances Tor insecticide rcsidues in milk, the only treatment substances currently recommended for controlling ticks on lactating dairy animals arc rotenone and pyrclhrum sprays. However, these substances arc expensive and have poor residual effectiveness, and where milk contamination is not involved, the chlorinated hydrocarbons or organophosphorus insecticides arc recommended as being vastly superior. MONS 038 773 The I. flics Inc fresh (h< il is imp; Thcrcf>> In ll stringent of 3 %-5 plus 10' r~ i... k. * ' t: -: ,o'f t h' - <g.{ applied animal a synci (see I ' CthlUH' pontlv; In ; metho n ccr \* \ tectablc milk wciicitlc rcsinmeuded for d pyrethrum >oor residual e chlorinated ded as being t AtI, WST CONTROL 165 Horn Flics The horn fly (Syphona irritans (L.)) is a major pcsl of dairy cattle. The flics live on cattle almost continuously, leaving them only to oviposit on fresh droppings. Since these droppings arc scattered over entire pastures, it is impracticable to prevent bleeding in the manure by sanitary procedures. Therefore, the use of insecticides is essential. In the USA, where regulations concerning milk contamination arc stringent, (he only treatments at present recommended are: (I) mist sprays of 3 %-5 % of an organic thiocyanate as an oil solution, or 1 % of pyrethrins plus 10% of a synergist, as an oil solution or cmulsiflablc concentrate, FIG. 4 WET SPRAY WITH TW0-6AU0N SPRAYER FOR HORN FLIES :ri i. A-"'"' t- ^ Jr - i: v.- ,-i v . 2v\j.J'i&: ijj'i/r.'a'V.,;.y.';f ;'.v f. v**" ...r.>v\ iiO.'fc applied once or twice daily at 1-2 US fluid ounces (about 30-60 ml) per animal; (2) water-base sprays containing 0.05 % of pyrethrins plus 0.5 % of a synergist applied at I or 2 quarts (about I or 21) per animal every 3-7 days (see Fig. 4); (3) mclhoxychlor (2,2-/>/j-(/>-mcthoxyphcnyl) 1,1,1-tiichlorocthanc) dusted by hand over the back at the rate of I tabiespoonful of 50 % powder per animal every three weeks (see Fig. 5). In areas where health authorities do not object to the small amounts of mclhoxychlor that appear temporarily in milk following the use of sprays, an economical method of treatment for horn flics is to spray dairy cattle HONS 038774 m R. C. BUSHLAND A C. N. SMITH FIG. SPRINKLING METHOXYCHLOR WETTA6LE POWDER ON BACK OF COW FOR HORN FLICS willt 0.5 % mcthoxychlor at ihc rale of 2 quarts per animal. This treatment protects the animals from reinfestation for about three weeks. DDT and loxaphcnc at 0.5 % similarly applied are equally effective, but the contami nation of milk is greater than with mcthoxychlor. The organophosphorus Insecticides, Co-Rul at 0.25%-0.5%, ronncl at 0.5%, Delnnv at 0.15%, and malathion (S-( 1,2*dicthoxycarbonyiclhyl)-0,0-dimcthyl phosphorodilhiontc) at 0.5 % arc all excellent in sprays with residual effects of a week or longer. HONS 0ia?75 N Sliit'l much mi breed in and wet sanilalio surfaces These n farm bu< Stub' breeding of the ; pyrethn fly conn special . through needed' Mo> ing is u> or in fr heavy r; a single Ucidesc problen do not kill the ment si cyartafe rcpella flics, at along s Genera to pres When may K Even v painful ( bow n hit treatment v. DDT and the contamiwplmsphorus w nl 0.15%, 1 phfttpboro* aiv of a week *' +j*r*dk. ..kuiltL^.UlkU 4Lf . +dtL PEST CONTROL 167 Stable Flics Stable flics (Stomoxys calcitrant (L.)) arc as common as horn flics and much more difficult to control with chemicals. Around dairies stable flics breed in decomposing organic matter, such as spilled feed under the troughs and wet hay or straw bedding. In such situations the best control is proper sanitation. In addition it is often necessary to apply residual sprays to the surfaces of farm buildings where the flies rest between attacks on cattle. These treatments are described in detail in the section on pest control in farm buildings. . Stable flics are strong fliers. Many of them invade dairy premises from breeding sites beyond the control of the dairymen, and chemical treatment of the animals becomes essential. The only approved treatments are pyrethrum and organic thiocyanate sprays used as recommended Tor horn fly control. Since stable flics prefer to feed on the lower parts of the body, special attention should be given to the legs and belly. If cattle walk through wet grass or wade through mud and water, treatment may be needed twice daily. Mosquitos \ Mosquitos can cause considerable damage to livestock. Where breed-,. ing is uncontrolled--such as near salt marshes producing myriads of ASdcs% or in freshwater pastures flooded by melting snow, overflowing rivers, or heavy rain--mosquitos may attack cattle in such numbers as to kill them in a single night. The organophosphorus and chlorinated hydrocarbon insec ticides cannot be recommended, for two reasons. First there is the constant problem of residues in milk, but even more important is the fact that they do not protect cattle attacked by millions of mosquitos since they do not kill the insects fast enough to prevent them from feeding. The only treat ment substances known to be effective arc sprays of pyrethrum or thio cyanates. When freshly applied, these insecticides are both toxic and repellent to mosquitos. Horse-Flies and Deer Flies Many species of the family Tabanidac, known as horse-flies and deer flics, attack dairy cattle. The larvae may be aquatic, some species are found along shore lines, and still others breed in well-drained upland pastures. Generally they breed over such huge acreages that the dairyman is helpless to prevent breeding and his only recourse is to protect cattle from the flies. When " outbreaks " of tabanids occur, cattle left unprotected in pastures may be killed through loss of blood from the slashing bites of the flics. Even when the flics arc not present in outbreak numbers, the biles arc so painful that even a few insects can cause the entile to group together and HONS 038776 ( tV MIGHT 'T 1 );' v'i ' i -f (' .(uph-a practico . rhmrctichroachat i wmi. IniMv walla hey travel from excrcicr** flics, Although 1 with particular outhn* been repeatedly 's -egg. nymph, and e wtlicca, which may iu'k to n wall or other w nymphs arc simitar the absence of wings. Nymphs and adults organic matter. The J.I. Ji> 11--1 . IiWI a PliST CONTROL 173 time required for development varies widely with the species, ranging from six weeks to more than a year for a complete generation. Sanitation . Sanitation is the first and most important step in the control of insect pests, despite recent advances in the use of insecticides. Sanitation will be much easier if the barns and holding pens arc properly located and construct ed. They should be situated on the highest available ground, so that neither rain nor subsurface water will collect and create conditions favourable for fly breeding. Good drainage is essential and is more easily achieved on high than on low ground. Concrete floors in barns arc also essential to the best sanitation. Properly designed concrete floors improve drainage and make cleaning easier. Keeping the soil of holding pens or corrals dry and hardpacked will ulso help to minimize fly breeding. Where the soil is moist or the drainage poor, 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) of gravel on the ground-surface of the holding pens will create a fairly hard surface in which few flies will breed, provided wastes are raked up and disposed of regularly. The most important sanitation step in fly control is the proper disposal of manure. If possible, manure should be removed daily from barns and scattered on fields, spread thinly so that it will become too dry to support fly-breeding. If this is impracticable, the manure should be stored in boxes or pits where flics arc unable to reach it,., Boxes.or pits,made of.concrete arc the most satisfactory. Another method is to pile the manure in a rect angular stack, preferably on a concrete base. The manure should be packed down with a spade and the sides of the stack made vertical. A ditch should be dug around the stack and filled with crude oil. Heat generated in the lightly packed manure will kilt many maggots and drive the others to the surface, from w'hich they will fnil into the oil-filled ditch and be killed. Spilled feed, vegetable refuse, and garbage should not be allowed to accumulate in the open, as they provide breeding-places for flies and food for cockroaches. Such materials should be cleaned up promptly and kept in tightly closed containers until they can be burned or buried. Damp straw, hay, and,other vegetable refuse should be eliminated to prevent Stomo.sys breeding, and carrion should be eliminated to prevent blow-fly breeding. In some regions privies may require attention to prevent blow fly breeding. Trush should not be allowed to accumulate, as it provides harbourage for cockroaches. Screens anil Electric Grids Well-fitting screens on windows and doors assist in keeping flics out of barns and milk-rooms. Screened doors should swing outwards. Screens of copper, bronze, aluminium, plastic, or one of the rust-resistant alloys HONS 038777 ( (. H V* *. I ) I 174 K. C. BUSllLXND & C. N. SMITH should be used in humid climates, but galvanized screens nrc satisfactory Jn dry climates. Screens with 14 meshes to the inch will keep out houseflies, but finer screens will also keep out some other insects. Electric grids, mounted in the open or attached to windows and doors, help in the elimination of flics. They consist of parallel wires, about 1/4 inch (or 6 mm) apart, connected to a high-voltage, low-amperage circuit, which electrocute flies that land or try to pass through. Flies can be attracted to the grids with a bail, such as molasses, milk, or fruit waste. Insecticides Some use of insecticides may be needed to maintain a high degree of pest control, since some breeding will probably occur despite the best efforts at sanitation. Insecticides may be used as residual applications in sprays or dusts, as space or contact sprays, in baits, and in ribbons or cords. In many areas flies have become highly resistant to some of the best insecticides, which greatly complicates the problem of control. Some countries restrict (he kinds of insecticides that may be used in dairy barns or other situations where they might contaminate milk. Residua! applications ^ Residual treatments provide the best control of flies where (he problem is not complicated by resistance. Sprays may consist of a solution of the insecticide in deodorized kerosene, an emulsion made by adding an cmulsiflabic concentrate to water, or a suspension of a wcltable powder in water. The sprays should be applied to all surfaces where the flics settle--not only the walls and ceilings of the dairy barns themselves, but also the surround ing vegetation, qther barns, stables, sheds, pig pens, poultry houses, fences, and garbage cans. The surfaces should be wet to the point of run-off. The amount will vnry with the type of surface and the formulation. Usually 1-2 US gallons per 1000 square feet (or 4-8 1 per 100 m') will be required. DDT is the most effective insecticide in areas where flics have not become resistant to it. Emulsions or suspensions containing 5 % of DDT will pro vide residues that control flics for several weeks or months. However, after DDT was found jn the milk of cows kept in treated barns, it was no longer approved for use in the USA in dairy barns or other situations where it might contaminate milk or food. It can be used, however, in other farm buildings and out of doors. When flics have become resistant to DDT, other insec ticides must be used. Gamma-BHC at 0.5 %, mcthoxychlor at 5 %, chlordnne (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tc(rahydrO'4l7-mcthanoindanc) at 2%, or toxnphcnc at 5 % in emulsions or suspensions, may also be used as residual insecticides. Their residual action is not as long as that of DDT. In the USA chlordanc and toxnphcnc arc not approved for use in dairy barns because of residues HONS 033778 C tisfuctory loustftiet, nd doors, 11/4 inch lit, which ractcd to n of pest eCTorts at sprays or In many ect icicles, i restrict ituations proM-m c( c in einul* in water, not only urroundi, fences, j run-off. Usually equired, i become will pro* er, after o longer it might mildings er iiiscc* .6,7,8,S>henc at cticidcs. lordanc residues f 1 ( Ul, WiST CONTROL 175 in milk; gammn-BHC and mcthoxychlor may be used in some pnrls of dairy barns but not in milk-rooms. Alt these insecticides usually give control of DDT-rcsistant flics for a Tew years, but, like DDT, they arc chlorinated hydrocarbons and DDT-rcsistant flics become resistant to them also. A number of orgatiophosphorus insecticides have given control of flics that were resistant to the chlorinated hydrocarbons, but in some countries flics have also become resistant to these insecticides. Their residual action is not as prolonged as that of DDT. Those that have been approved for use in parts of dairy barns, but not in milk-rooms, in (he USA include malathion, ronncl, and diazinon (0,0-dicthyl 0-(2-isopropyl-4-mclhy1-pyriimdmyl-6) Ihiophosphalc at 1 % in emulsions or suspensions. In some countries Co-Ral and other compounds have also been used successfully. Attempts have been made to lengthen the period of control obtained with the orgnnophosphoms insecticides by adding 2.5 %-5 % of sugar to fig. a TREATMENT OF COCKROACH HIDING-PLACES \ In spraying for IDf control el cockroaches It la necessary to treat tha hidingplacet. An inspection with a flashlight hat shown these hollow stanchion pipes to be heavily Infested. 038?79 HONS I 176 ft. a PU5IJLAND A C. N. SMITH the sprays. Although this has extended the effectiveness of deposits under some conditions, it has not been uniformly successful, the added periods of protection have usually been short, and it has caused mould to grow on the treated wails under warm, humid conditions. The use of sugar in this way is not at present recommended by the US Department of Agriculture. Insecticides applied for the control of houseflies will kill many cock roaches, but for the best results residual insecticides should be applied to their harbourages. To find the harbourages it may be necessary to move objects next to walls, and to search behind and below hard-to-movc objects with a flashlight (see Fig. S). Very heavy infestations often occur inside hollow walls if any access holes are available. A careful search at night, with a light, will often reveal infestations many times more heavy than suspected from a daytime inspection. It will ordinarily be necessary, as a minimum, to spray the floors, walls up to about 1 metre, baseboards, and under and around feed-troughs and cabinets. The best residual insecticide for the control of cockroaches is chlordane, but its use in dairy barns is restricted. Gamma-BHC may be used in places where chlordane is not approved, but the residual effect docs not last as long. In the USA one species, Blattc/ia gcrmanica (L.). has become resistant to these insecticides, and malalhion or diazinon arc employed as substitutes. Malalhion should be used nt 2% and diazinon at 0.5 % in an emulsion, suspension,-or oil solution. They may also be applied as dusts in situations where the visible residue is not objectionable, wilt not be removed by cleaning operations, and will not contaminate milk nr feed. Sodium fluoride applied as a dust wiil also control cockroaches, but it is less effective than the other materials, must be applied more heavily, and must be handled carefully because of its hazard to warm blooded animals. Space sprays Space sprays genera ted with hand or power sprayers or aerosol dispensers are employed to kill the flics that arc active in barns at the time of treatment. They arc released in finely divided mists or aerosols that remain suspended in the air for an appreciable period and permeate all the space in the barns (sec Fig. 9). They have little or no residual action and must be applied daily to maintain good control. They arc not effective in open barns. The insecticide most widely used is pyrethrum at 0.1 %-0.2%. together with 1 %*2 % of a synergist such as n-propyl isome, pipcronyl butoxidc or sesame oil. Space sprays rarely give satisfactory control of cockroaches. Baits Poisoned bails control houseflies in some places where sprays fail, including unscreened dairy barns in some regions. If properly applied they I HONS 038780 / A can be uv n.iling mil on baits, * Comm are not as able poss dimethyl phonutc ( Liquit' O.l X-0.2 mixing I lampbhc' A cot sugar bar comment ___,'iUk s under 'iodi of ? on the hit way c. y cock* tlied to o move object* hollow light, id from mm, to ler and ordanc, ipfacct Mitutes. tuition, notions vvd by Buoridc vc than tandled pensers utment. pended e bants applied v The er with tide or ' > | I | | j Y* fall, ied j< *v PEST CONTROL/ no. SPACE-SPRAYING 177 ' * . // ' ./ An ploctrleftlly driven generator produce* a apace spray by mechanically breaking the Ineectlcldo eolutlon Into an ullraflne mlat or aerotol. can be used in most farm buildings without harming animals or contami nating milk. They may be applied as scattered dry or liquid baits, as painton baits, or in bait stations. Commercial rcady-to*u$c baits arc satisfactory and convenient; if they are not available baits crh be made with ermilsifiablc concentrates or weltable powders of malnthion, disunion, ronncl, DDVP (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) or O,O-dimcthyl 2,2.2-lrichloro-l-hydroxyclhylphosphonale (sold under the trade name of Diplcrcx). Liquid bails arc made by mixing 10% of sugar, molasses, or syrup and 0.1 %-0.2 % of the insecticide with water. A convenient dry bait is made by mixing 1 %*2 % of the insecticide with dry sugar; it is well to add a little lampblack so that the bail will not he mistaken for ordinary sugar. A cornmcal bait is recommended for use on moist surfaces, where a dry sugar bait would dissolve. While stirring 1 pound (450 g) of coarsely ground cornmcal, slowly add 1 tablcspoonful of peanut oil, 6 tablcspoonfuls of a 033lftl- (' milkings* and it may be ml this. nlctt they are first unshed OH alone without the aid contact surfaces free of tcrie* and Food, 1959). k a 2 % alkaline detergent typocMorilc. A 2-weeks* (Ik con. The method of raute the salts present in solution is made up daily, my cause a deposit there, s no need to rinse before ,le and drain out through here will be insufficient r to cause damage to the MiAitlly given as part of alher than let the clusters ware that has been in ger that a soapy film will t. If the ends oflhc long , tlij* indicates that they , \ remedy for such iter to remove the soapy c small, because the fat ween milkings. * been mentioned above, ert wlilch arc allowed to r this period the liners ich will have formed on ^icriliaation it is perhaps ng of the vacuum line, a milking machine by n. invariably fitted on the ng down the long milk nation to the horizontal, CLEANING OF MILKING EQUIPMENT 211 and drainage cocks should be fitted at intervals. To check the slope of any system, a pint of water can be poured in at the highest tap. If most of the water runs out of the drainage valve or cock furthest away from the point of entry in about (wo minutes the slope may be considered satis factory. If the water is not clear when it comes out, this indicates that the pipeline should be washed. Drainage cocks should always be fitted at any point where the slope is interrupted to go across a passageway. Pipelines should be frequently examined for sagging, as this constitutes a danger. Most manufacturers give instructions regarding the washing of the pipe line. Frequently these stipulate monthly washing and additional washing each time it is known that milk has entered the pipeline. Milk can gain access to the pipeline when the milking bucket or glass jar is overfilled during milking or cleaning, or when a bucket is overturned. A 1 % deter gent solution at 1G0M70F (about 7l0-77C) may be used to wash or flush the pipeline. Two gallons should be used for each branch line. Most of the solution should be drawn to the furthest tap, a portion being drawn through each of the other taps. If the line has been badly neglected, washing should be continued until the wash-water in (he trap comes through clear. It is important not to overfill the sanitary trap, otherwise liquid may be drawn into the vacuum pump. If the line smells, it may be neces sary to sterilize it with a chemical disinfectant. A solution of about 300 p.p.ni. should be used (steam can of course be used if this is available). Drain-cocks and stall taps should be left open for several hours after washing to assist drainage. When a new plant is being erected it is worth while to ensure that drainage valves empty on to a washable floor and not into a feeding-trough. , Other chemical disinfectants In addition to the hypochlorites, there are three main types of chemical disinfectant used in dairying: the organic chlorine-containing compounds, the quaternary ammonium compounds and the iodophorcs. i Organic chlorine-containing compounds. Probably t he most widely used of these materials are the compounds of chlorine and ammonia, the chloramincs, of which there are several. Two other organic chlorine-containing compounds arc commonly used, namely, dichlordimcthyl liydanioin and trichloroisocyamiric acid. All three materials arc in solid form and can be combined with detergents. They arc more stable than the hypo chlorites, but slower in action. Some formulations may be slow in going into solution, but providing they arc dissolved satisfactorily before washing commences, a contact time of two minutes between these disinfectant ' solutions and the surfaces to be disinfected gives an adequate time for disinfection. MOMS 03878i 212 L. F. L. CLEOO 77e quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC's). These arc cationic materials, one of the commonest being cctyltrimcthylammonium bromide (CTAB). CH, \/ N- ------Br /\ CHj CH, There arc hundreds of QAC's but only a few of them have disinfectant properties. The most useful are colourless, virtually odourless, tasteless and non-corrosive, and therefore very suitable as disinfectants for food plant. These compounds arc highly surface-active and therefore produce considerable reduction in surface and mtcifacial tension. Since the cationic part of the molecule is hydrophobic, the disinfectant tends to form a layer one molecule thick on any surface--for example, the eel) wall of a bao tcrium. Thus the disinfectant is automatically concentlatcd at the point required. QAC's arc said to have good bacteriostatic properties, because the molecules are not readily detached from the surfaces to which they have become adsorbed, and as they arc very atablc, disinfected surfaces may remain sterile for many hours after treatment. Because the QAC's are cationic they can be inhibited by certain anionic detergents. Therefore, manufacturers usually prefer to formulate QAC's with a compatible detergent rather than supply them as separate steri lizers which might be used in the combined washing and sterilizing process with an incompatible detergent. Soda-ash is usually compatible with these materials, but wetting agents sometimes are not. Some of the phosphates arc not compatible, but there is no rule to act as a guide. Usually the QAC's are more clfcclive against Gram-positive than against Gram-negative bacteria, especially in low concentration. The iodine compounds. Iodine is an excellent bactericide, but its use as a disinfectant for dairy equipment is new. Hitherto, its corrosiveness, toxicity, and low solubility have made it unsuitable for the food industry. These diflicullics have largely been overcome in the new products called '* iodophores ", in which the iodine is loosely combined with a suitable non-ionic wetting agent, which acts as a carrier; an acid, generally phos phoric acid, is also added to increase the germicidal activity and to promote liability. The cairicr or wetting agent acts as a solubilizing medium for the iodine, favourably modifying its undesirable properties. In this com bination the germicidal activity of iodine is enhanced nnd the vapour pressure reduced lo a very low value--a necessary requisite for stability. The characteristic odour of iodine is reduced to a minimum, permanent 038?3 MONS stand the u the y t 25 p so p la bo in.tu npp. Iln> slan plan inp in i stilt udi do sir* llu da re: Me c\ CO nl n IK Si a li it cationic bromide .Infcclant tasteless for food produce e cationic m a layer >f a bacthe point because hic)( ?y I SUfiaCCS in anionic ie QAC's rate Her!* ig process with these hospital?* sually the n-negnllvc t its use as roilvcncts, i industry, nets called a suitable tally plies* 0 promote tedium for 1 this com* he vapour *r stability, permanent ( CLEANING OP MILKING EQUIPMENT 213 staining prevented, and the intense stinging sensation, which accompanies the use of tincture of iodine, is eliminated. Hard water docs not affect the germicidal efficiency of the iodophorcs. Usually, these materials arc recommended for use at a strength of 25 p.p.m., blit Cousins, Clegg & Hoy (1959) have shown that it requires 50 p.p.m. of this material to be equivalent to 100 p.p.m. of hypochlorite in laboratory tests. No large-scale field (rials have yet been made on these materials, but they have been used fairly extensively in North America with apparent success. Because of the inclusion of phosphoric acid with some of these materials, a build-up of milestone is prevented; under these circum stances it is possible that the disinfectant can act more readily. Willi pipeline plant a low concentration of disinfectant can easily be overcome by incrcas* ing the contact time. The iodophorcs would appear to be well suited for udder washing and in the prevention of spread of mastitis, since they have strong bacterio static properties and give o much more lasting effect on the skin of the cow's udder than do hypochlorites. The Combined Use of Heat and Chemicals What is the best method of cleansing farm utensils? How can this be done most efficiently? Many producers ask these questions. Without doubt steam is the best method, but of course it is not popular because of the cost of installing $tcam*raising equipment. However, if this is a secon dary consideration (lien steam will undoubtedly give the best results. With regard to efficiency, there is now considerable evidence that once-a*day steaming is adequate if a chemical rinse is used after the second milking, except perhops in the hottest weather (Great Britain, Ministry of Agri culture, Fisheries and Food, 1959). The different methods of cleaning equipment arc represented graphic ally in Fig. 5. This shows that the double-strength chlorine rinse is recommended as adequate for chemical sterilization. This is also based on experimental evidence (Clegg, 1955). Since this method has proved satisfactory with chemical sterilization it is obvious that it will be at least as snlisfriclory with steam. The combined use of heat and chemical steri lization has been practised in the dairy at the National Institute for Research in Dairying, Reading, England, for over a decade with excellent results. Inimerslcn Cleaning The development of immersion cleaning in Great Britain (Thiel, Clough & Clegg, 1955) was designed primarily to cut out the personal factor, which is the biggest variable in the cleaning of utensils, and by this means to pro* HONS 03B784 ~.a\uiUlL RESJDUES OF DISINFECTANTS AND ANTIIilOTICS IN MILK A. JEPSEN Disinfectants The use of chemical disinfectants in many instances has become an indispensable part of proper milk hygiene practice when thermal disinfection is not practicable. The widest held of application no doubt is found in the dairy barn, where large amounts of disinfectants arc used for cleaning the teats and udders of the animals and for the disinfection of milking machines and other milking utensils; disinfectants also have their place, howpvcr, in dairy plant sanitation. . .......................... Bacteriostatic effects. Off-fiavours As long as chlorine compounds, hypochlorites and chloramines were practically the only type of disinfectant used in the dairy industry, the problem of residues of disinfectants in milk did not attract much attention, because the marked instability of chlorine compounds in the presence of milk constituents results in rapid decomposition with the formation of inactive ions. Experiments have shown that good disinfection practices, as normally applied in the dairy barn, may leave up to 0.25% of the dis infectant solution in the milk (Swarding, 1959). With chlorine solutions --200 parts per million (p.p.m.) available chlorine--an addition to milk of more than 2 % produces oJT-flavours, and the bacteriostatic level (inhibition of lactic acid streptococci) is at about 10%. With solutions of iodine compounds, iodophors (25 p.p.m.), similar findings have been reported {Danish State Experimental Dairy Reports. 1951, 1959). Since about 1940, the introduction of some new types of disinfectant, especially the quaternary ammonium compounds, has, however, made the problem of residues of disinfectants in milk one which cannot be ignored. Quaternary ammonium compounds arc remarkably stable in milk und re tain a high residual effect. Levels of 0.00001 %-0.00005 % still show a bacteriostatic action in milk, and hence careless use of such compounds * IVofmnr of Veterinary Baricrioiofy and Food Myfiene, the Royal Vcieitoary and A|tkuliw<l Collet*, Copenhagen, Denmark. -- 449 -- MQNS 038 785  450 A.JEPSEN in milk hygiene practices involves very real risks or starter failures in cheese, and butler-making. Some results front the Danish State Experimental Dairy Reports on minimum bacteriostatic levels of various disinfectants in milk are as follows: MMminn bnetrtlounlU Irrrt foe sutler rulimei In mill. Imp pet fare) . Calcium hypochlorite..................................... Chloramine......................................................... Jodophor............................................. . . . . A)ky)-d>incihyI-bcn*yl`nnimomum<hloririe . Cclyl-pyridimum-chloridc ........................ .... Cctyl-trmicthyl-ammonium bromide . . . .' 25 25 6.25* 12.5 5 0.2 2 The inhibitory action of disinfectants in milk may also interfere with the grading of the milk by means of the methylene blue reduction test. However, this would hardly result from ordinary, use of disinfectants, but may well occur when disinfectants have been added to the milk on purpose. On an average, concentrations must be increased tenfold above the figures listed in the above tabulation to cause a definite delay of the reduction process. Laboratory methods for the detection of disinfectants and preservatives in milk For screening of unknown samples the use of specific chemical tests for each individual compound is, of course, a rather uncertain and trouble* some procedure. Considerable work has therefore been devoted to dc* vcloping non-specific microbiological tests which would he well suited for the sorting-out of suspect samples. Recently such a method, which is a modification of the Kluyver (1914) fermentation test, has been investigated and authorized by the Nordic Committee for Food Analysis (I96J). The method consists of a lest to show whether fermentation can be brought about in the sample under investigation by adding pressed yeast, yeast extract and glucose to the sample and adjusting the pH to 3.25. The fer mentation test is carried out in a flask connected to a water-filled test-tube, in which any gas evolved is collected. The minimum levels of some pre servatives in milk detectable by (his method are listed in the following tabulation. Jprexhotri teveil in milt. by/tniieniMitm ini (mg per hire) Sodium benzoate . . Monobromacctic ester Formaldehyde . . . Alkyl-dimciliyl'bcnr.yl-amniooiunKhloridc . . . 200 - 250 2- 2.5 100 - 200 1000- 1900 The fermentation lest is not effective In detecting antibiotics because Sarcharomyces is not inhibited by most antibiotics. Attention is drawn to the fact that proper interpretation of the fermentation test can be achieved HONS 03&?86 cliccsct Dairy n milk 4 ft will) m test, nil, but lurpotc. figures duelion ml (cits troublcI to dclilcd for vhich it mtigntcd I). The brought l. yeast The fcrcK-iubc, >me prculiowing hcriusc ii drawn achieved I -UVj'l.Uli___ RCSIDUrS OP DISINFECTANTS AND ANTiniOTICS IN MILK 451 only when Ihe examiner determines for himself the threshold values of the preservatives in current use under local conditions. Presumptive qualit ative chemical tests which may serve as supplementary in eases where the fermentation test is not sensitive enough arc Wodc's (1933) test for chlorine compounds, the amidol test for formaldehyde and the Miller & Ellikcr (1951) test for quaternary ammonium compounds. Wodc's test shows definite positive reaction with about 20 mg available chlorine per litre. It will react also with hydrogen peroxide. The amidol test is a reaction for aldehydes and is very sensitive. Positive results thus must be confirmed by specific chemical tests (distillate with chromotropic acid). Identification of preservatives of the aromatic acids group can be performed by means of paper chromatographic methods (see also American Public Health Association, 1960). Starter failures Antibiotics Soon after the introduction of antibiotic therapy in bovine mastitis, the dairy industry began to suffer from technical difficulties, especially in the manufacture of hard ripened cheese. These diflieulties were due to the Inhibitory action of antibiotics in the milk which prevented normal de velopment of the starter cultures used in cheese-making. Since about 1947 this problem has been extensively studied in many countries. The lactic acid bacteria of slarlcr cultures (Streptococcus crcitwris. Str. diacclnctis and l.euconostoc cilrovontm) arc inhibited by various antibiotics at low levels. With the delay in acid production, the pH of the milk and the fresh curd remains high and favours vigorous growth of gas-producing coliform bac teria that will spoil the cheese. Off-flavours develop, combined with faulty texture with large and irregular holes. When starter cultures are used in butler-making and in the production of buttermilk and sour-milk products, similar difficulties may arise. The inhibitory levels of some antibiotics against starter cultures jn milk are approximately as listed in Table 1. TABLE 1 INHIBITORY LEVELS OF CERTAIN ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST STARTER CULTURES IN MILK* AnlfbfoUc Inhibitory tevof (p*r ml) Cinohmibpitlieotne (per ml) PCehnloiMcilUlinift(cuynciliint)e (Ha) O*y<oircyctln (He) CWofTimphpnlcol (He) $troplomyc>n (HO) After Oreiby, IMS 0.05 0.1 0.20 to MQNS 030787 ,452 A. JEPSEN jPublic health aspects (Public health authorities began to object to the presence of antibiotics jin milk and dairy products. In particular, the observation of severe allergic Reactions in humans after the administration of penicillin gave reason to .suspect that penicillin in the milk supply might piny some role in sensitiz ing the human population and also in setting o(T allergic shock symptoms in sensitized individuals. A case report by Borric & Barrett (1961) proves (beyond doubt that penicillin in milk can produce remittent eczematous ^eruption in sensitized persons who drink such milk. The patient reacted vfcv'crcly to a dose of IS units in a day. This represents only 500 ml of milk jWith a penicillin content of 0.03 units per ml. 'Today it is (he general consensus that even slight traces of antibiotics jin milk and food for human consumption should not be tolerated. Elimination of antibiotics in milk (1) After intramammary treatment: Antibiotics may be excreted after inlraniammnry treatment as well as after systemic treatment or, for in* stance, intra-uterinc application. By far (he highest levels in milk are obtained >vhcn tlie drugs have been introduced directly into the mammary gland. Parts'of the dose introduced arc absorbed into (he bloodstream or inactivated, but the main part is eliminated with the milk on subsequent milkings. In penicillin therapy it has been found that the concentration of the drug in the milk after treatment will decrease at an approximately exponential rate. When plotting the logarithms of the penicillin concen trations, an approximately straight-line regression appears within the first 10- to 12-hour period (Jepsen, 1950). For how long Jow-Jevd residues will persist depends upon the type of preparation and especially upon the physical qualities of the solvent base used. The level of concentration and the total amount recovered in the milk vary widely within individual cows, evert when identical schemes of therapy are foltowod. Variations of from about 8% to 80% in the amount recovered have been recorded. On an average about 50% of Die total dose of penicillin introduced into the mammary gland will reappear in the milk, the main part in (he first two milkings following treatment (Jepsen & Overby, 1951). (2) After systemic or intra-uterinc treatment: When large doses are used for intravenous or intramuscular injections or in intra-utcrinc treatment. ,a limited excretion of the drugs may take place through the mammary gtand. Milk from cows which have received 6 million units of penicillin intramuscularly (about 10000 units per kg of body-wcighl) may contain 0.1-1 unit per ml 12 hours after treatment, and 0.01-0.2 ml after 24 hours. In cows with low yields nearing the dry period, higher concentrations may be found (Hovinand & Overby, 1955). HONS 03878b ntibiotics c allergic cason to i scniili*ymptoms I) prove* /anatom it reacted nl of milk tnlibiOlict I. leted after pr, for in* Ilk arc obmammary bitrcam or |uba( *nt iccnlration roximalrly in conceitin the fir*t liduci will upon the ration and dual cows, it of from d. On an i into the !ic first two ci arc used treatment, mammary f penicillin ay contain r 24 hour*, aliens may RIISIDUCS OF DISINFECTANTS AND ANTIBIOTICS IN MII.K 453 Stability of antibiotics in milk Antibiotics follow the water phase of the roik; when whole milk con taining antibiotics has been separated, a higher level of the drug will be found in the skim milk, and a lower level in the cream. This is illustrated by the following figures: a whole milk containing about 6 % butterfat and 2 units/m! of penicillin was separated, and the skim milk contained 2.4 units per ml whereas the cream (about 50 % butterfat) contained only one unit/ml (Jcpscn & Overby, 1951). The stability of penicillin is known to be about maximal at the usual pH of milk, and it docs not suffer any appreciable loss of activity tJmmgh pasteurization. Momentary heating of the milk to 80C likewise docs not afreet the biologicat activity of tetracyclines, chloramphenicol or strepto mycin (Overby, 1952). Antibiotics have also been found in an active state in cheese, butter and spray-dried powdered milk. Preventive measures To prevent the contamination of market milk and milk products with antibiotics, the milk of treated animals (whether treatment has been intra mammary or systemic) must be detained on the farm and not delivered to any dairy plant until mammary excretion of the drugs hns ceased. It is, however, difficult to make a general statement as to the duration of the period during which the milk will contain residues of the drugs. In the USA the labelling of antibiotic drugs for treatment by the mjr.atnammary route is required to bear a statement that milk from treated cows must not be used for human consumption for at least 72 hours after treatment, unless the manufacturer hns provided evidence to the authorities that his drug wit] be eliminated from the milk within a shorter time. There are, however, drugs of which residues will remain for as long as 6 days. Table 2 lists the duration of the period of elimination observed for various antibiotic drugs (Overby, 1955). TABLE t DURATION OF PERIOD OF ELIMINATION FROM MILK OF CERTAIN ANTIBIOTICS Antibiotic Minimum number of days lor which residues remain present in milk Administered by Intramammary route t Penicillin (aqueous solutions) Penicillin (ointment best) Penicillin (long-acting) Chiorlct'Acyeline Oirlri'WKlia* Chloramphenicol Streptomycin Administered by Intramuscular rooter Penicillin ft a t I HONS 03a79 454 A. JEPSEN In Denmark since 1954 regulations have been in force to the effect that antibiotics for intramammary treatment must be administered by vctcrinarians only, and that the owner of the treated cows is responsible for the. detention of the milk from the treated quarters for four days after intramammary treatment. The veterinarian must instruct the farmer accordingly and inform the dairy plant manager of the treatments performed. This system--which of course will work only with a disciplined and well-organized farming community--has proved very useful under Danish conditions. At present a revision of the existing regulations is under way which will also cover systemic treatment of milking animals with antibiotics, and will request manufacturers of pharmaceuticals to state (he duration of mammary excretion of their products, because the duration of elimination actually varies a great deal with different types of preparation. The correct ness of these statements will be checked by the public health service, and it is to be expected that the once-popular long-acting formulae after this will disappear. To facilitate the detection of milk containing penicillin, DalgaardMikkclscn Sc Folkc Rasmussen (1957) suggested the addition of Green S (Food Green No. 4) as a tracer dye to penicillin preparations for intra mammary treatment. With penicillin contents above 0.1 units per ml the milk shows visual discoloration. With lower concentrations (down to 0.002 units per ml) a simple ion-cxchangc.method for concentrating the dye is applicable as a platform test to be performed upon receipt of the' milk at the dairy plant (Folkc Rasmussen, 1961). Testing of milk for antibiotics' Microbiological plate assay methods are used in screening milk samples for antibiotics. For details of technical procedures reference is made to Grove & Randall (1955) and Jensen (1959). It is interesting to note that certain strains of lactic acid streptococci (Str. saccharolactis) commonly present in pooled milk produce an antibiotic substance which also may cause inhibition of starter cultures and give false-positive results on testing milk for antibiotic residues. Except for the specific inactivation of penicillin by penicillinase enzyme employed as a control, there arc at present no specific identification tests for antibiotics when present in milk in small concentrations. Andersen A Jorgensen (1959) reported findings of Str. saccharolactis in infected udders nnd as a cause of clinical mastitis. They atso frequently found the streptococcus in high-count pooled milk, and under favourable conditions of growth it will produce enough antibiotic to render the milk unsuitable for souring by starter cultures, and to effect distinct zones of inhibition on assay plates. No doubt this explains the findings reported by Jester, Wright & Welch (1959) in their survey of antibiotics in milk in the USA when they state *' the antibiotic-likc activity found may have been due to natural inhibitory substances that arc sometimes present MUNS 038790 jn fri. <cs 0i \\ jn h it tr ( ; effect (hat ty vetcrinaiblc for the after inirflaccordingly ed. Iplincd and ider Danish , under way i antibiotics, he duration `elimination The correct* service, and ae after this , Dalgaard* of Green S its for Jntras per ml the jit (down to latlit( e dye of the milk milk samples e is made to to note that j) commonly ich also may >ltt on testing of penicillin it present no milk in small dings of Sir, iflMitis. They ilk, and under otic to render effect distinct s the findings of antibiotics ity found may clinics present )(| La.. residues or djsjnjlcxsnts and antjdiotics in milk 455 in milk. These inhibitory substances often increase as milk ages. In fact, fresh milk llint contains no measurable antibacterial activity when first tested, may develop such activity after it has aged. M Further references on antibiotics produced by lactic acid bacteria arc given by Overby (1954). It seems necessary, therefore, to be aware of this source of error when mak ing surveys of antibiotics in fluid milk. To prevent formation of the anti bacterial substance from growth during incubation of assay plates with milk It is recommended that high-count milk should be submitted to a heat treatment before assay (61C for 30 minutes). REFERENCES American Public Health Association (I960) Standard methods for the examination of dairy products, New York . Andersen, P. A Jorgensen, L. (1959) A'ord. Vet.-Med. 11, 316 Horne, P. A Barrett, J, (1961) Brit, turd. J,, 2, 1267 Dalgaord-Mikkclscn, Sv. A Folke Rasmussen (1957) Nord. Vet.-Med. 9, 852 Danish State Experimental Dairy Reports, J951, No. 72; 1959, No. 121, Copenhagen, Mejeriteknitk Bogforlag Folke Rasmussen (196J) Medlemsbl. danske Dyrinepeforen. 44, 868 Grove, D. C. A Randall, \V, A. (1955) Assay methotis of antibiotics; a laboratory manual, New York, Medical Uncyclopedia (Antibiotics Monographs. No. 2) Hovmand, H. C. A Overby, A. J. (1955) Medlemsbl. danxke Dyrlaegefomi., 38, 519 Jensen, P. T. (1959) A'ord. Vet.-Med. II, 573 Jcpscn, A. (1950) AW. Vet.-Med. 2, 447 .. ... ..... ............................................ Jepsen, A. A Overby, A. 3. (1951) Neth. Milk Dairy J., 5,157 Jester, W. R., Wright, W. W. A Welch, H. (1959) Antibiot. A Chcmoiher., 9. 393 Kluyver, A. J. (1914) Biochemishc suikcrbepoliapen, Delft (Thesis) Miller, D. D. A Ellikcr, P. R. (1951) J. Dafry Sei., 34. 273 Nordic Committee for Food Analysis (1961) Fermentation lest for non-specific, qualitative detection of preservatives in foods (Standard Method no. 37), Copenhagen, Tekmsk Forlag Overby, A. J. (1952) Nord. Vet.-Med. 4, 993 Overby, A. J. (1954) Dairy Sei. Abstr., 16 (Review Article no. 25) Overby, A. J. (1955) Med/emsbi. danske Dyrbepeforen. 38, J24 Swat tlinc, I*. 0959) Dairy Sei. Abstr. 21,1 Wode, G. (1933) Sreatka Mejerltidn. 25, 145 MOMS 03fl791 458 E. ft. KICK Dairy Building* ll has been well established that certain structural and other require ments must be insisted on for dairy buildings if the desired hygienic stan dards arc to be consistently maintained under commercial conditions (see Appendix, page 492). Dairy buildings designed and equipped for functional efficiency, including hygiene, also aid in saving lime, reducing labour and other operational costs and facilitating the turn-out of products which comply with legally prescribed bacteriological quality standards. Structural requirements , From the viewpoint of hygiene, the following may be regarded as essen tia! principles for structural requirements. Floors must be constructed of material impervious to water, smoothly finished, effectively sloped and efficiently drained by means of tile drains (or other approved drains), to enable water to be quickly removed. T^e walls should be of adequate height (at least 14 ft (4 in) in rooms used for processing), and have smooth, ctcanable surfaces, which should prefer ably be of vitreous tiles or cement plaster finish up to a minimum height of 6 ft (2 m). The ceilings should be smooth and have a light-coloured surface. In the processing sections, all doors should be self-closing and windows and other external openings should be screened to give protection from insects and vermin. ' Lighting, whether natural or artificial, should be sufficient for the pur pose for which the room is used. However, dairy products must be pro tected from direct sunlight, which causes their spoilage by the oxidative effect of the ultraviolet rays. All rooms must be well ventilated for the purpose of reducing odours and condensation of moisture. The milk- and cream-reception platform or area should be separated from the processing section. Separate rooms should be provided for (he different stages of treatment. If this is not possible the washing of cans and bottles should be carried out quite separately from the processing room so as to avoid the possibility of contamination of products and of equipment. In multiple-product dairies, each product should be treated in separate rooms or on separate floors. Other requirements Special mould-resistant gloss paints should be used for interior painting, which should be done as often as is necessary to maintain effective sanitation. Adequate hand-washing facilities, fitted with running water, should be provided in processing rooms. Sufficient water-closets (preferably sewered or of a septic-tank type) should be provided, and any room in which they are situated must not MONS Q3879 { kmUtNT* I milk %tUd lobrl* CftllAB pawn Fktrljr oo Good lolrhr BOM P**f pood Poor lid Poor Poor Vorr 9000 ig nillkstonc from nl dairies Are used tt upon equipment, vc effects. i commercial dairy ni'ii on, and bac* wri! .he practical inert bnctcrin and 'uhed in duiries are r, milk bottles are it is the basis of the ! It rumiot be loo rent employed, the improperly cleaned Mem eflicient dcs- ' f its Intent heal of ' application--time ' Mli/alion, the cfll* : Sici ili/.iition by Mi*Knt. The fust 'iM is more itril- ' ti.v line where the ' bv drawn in with * '! n expansion. '* line is greatly ' 'd Ihc slcHtning | HYGIENIC CONTROL Of DAIRY EQUIPMENT 469 should be continued for 10minutes afterthe exltausl steam at the distant . end reaches 2I0F (98.9C). Steaming in an enclosed compartment is sometimes done with the com- ( partment completely closed. This is the autoclave principle, for which the ' compartment must be strongly constructed to withstand the pressures built i up. Usually 15 pounds pressure per square inch (J.05 atm.) for J5 minulcs is maintained. Some milk factory autoclaves have been designed to take | lengths of pipeline plus oil fillings. This is the ideal method, which achieves absolute sterility, but the necessary plant is fairly costly. ; The steaming is more commonly done in a chest which has a steam j escape vent and which consequently never comes under pressure. Practical | sterilization of a lank or chest full of equipment can be achieved by con* j tinuing steaming for 10 minutes after the temperature of the contents of 1 the compartment have reached210F (98.9C). ' Bolling water Boiling water has one advantage over steam in that it has a considerable flushing eflccl. However, it is bulky compared with steam for any given I amount pf heat to be transferred. The water must be near boiling-point as the destructive eflccl on bacteria declines rapidly at lower temperatures. After heat sterilization equipment should be allowed to drain and dry. Bacteria cannot grow without moisture. \ J ' Chemical sterilants I Various chlorine compounds were the only chemical sterilants used in dairies for many years. .Recently other chemical sterilants such as | quaternary ammonium compounds and the iodophors, which are also ' surface-active and thus have detergent effects, have come into use. However, I these new sterilants arc not yet widely employed and arc not officially j approved in some countries. Chemical sterilization differs from steam and hoi water, which achieve bacterial destruction by beat alone. Chlorine I and iodine destroy bacteria by inactivation of specific enzyme systems s essential for their respiration, while with quaternaries the bactericidal 1 effect appears lo depend partly on this and possibly also on interfering | with cell surface activity. Further fundamental work is required fully to elucidate their baclcricidnt action. All chemical sicrilants function well j in cold water. I*or effective sterilization the solution must be of the correct strength and have adequate time of contact with the surface of the cquipI ment. The pH of (lie solution is also important, but practical consider* . lions often preclude use at optimum pH. Chlorine sterilants I Chlorine sterilants arc very corrosive to aluminium and copper and to | alloys of these two metals. Tinned surfaces arc also attacked if the MONS 038793 1 470 E. B. RICH contact time is long, but stainless steel is not Affected if recommended procedures for sterilizing Arc carefully followed. Corrosion by chlorine is increased by higher temperatures and concentrations. For this reason hot chlorine rinses should be avoided and the concentration of chlorine should be kept to a level recommended for a specific purpose. Hypochlorites should never be mixed with acids because of the danger from the toxic gases which result. If scrupulous care is exercised in following recommendations for use, tainting of dairy products by chlorine stcrilants should not occur. Chlorine rinses have poor wetting power, but this can be improved by including a wetting agent. In order to avoid corrosion, equipment should generally only be treated with chlorine stcrilaut solutions immediately prior to use. One or more of the following methods of application can be used accord ing to the equipment to be itcriUzcd. (1) Circulation: Pumps, pipelines and coolers can be sterilized by circulating a solution of 200 parts per million (p.p.m.) for 5 minutes. (2) Immersion: Small items can be immersed for 5 minute* its a bath containing a 200-p.p.m. solution. v. (3) Brushing: Cheese-vat surfaces and agitators, weighing vats and similar open vessels can be brushed with a 400-p.p.m. solution. (4) Spraying: Large open holding vats can be sprayed with a 300p.p.m. solution, allowing 5 minutes'-contact time with the surfaces before rinsing off with clean water. (5) Fogging: Closed vats and tankers can be fogged with a 500-p.p.m, solution atomized with special equipment to give a fine mist which settles on the surface and is then rinsed off with clean water. **1 Exceptions to the above general methods arc the cleaning of butter chums and the treatment of water. An alternative to hot water for the treatment of churns before cream is churned is to run into the churn 50 to 100'p.p.m. gallons (225-450 I) of water containing 100-p.p.m. available chlorine and revolve for at least 10 minutes, or a 200-p.p.tn. concentration for 5 minutes. A churn which is not clean or is in poor repair cannot be sterilized by a chlorine solution. In the treatment of water, sufficient chlorine should be added to give a residue of 0.3-0.5 p.p.m. as judged by the orthololidinc test (American Public Health Association, 1960b; Houghton, 1950) at the point of use. Different waters and reticulation systems use up varying amounts of the chlorine, and hence the original dosage cannot be specified. A turbid water must be filtered or the sediment otherwise re moved before chlorination. Thorough agitation of the water during chlorination is important. This makes it impossible to get the best results if settling ami chlorination arc performed in the one tank. oa#191* I recommended by chlorine is hii reason hot trine should he riorites should ie gnt.es which nendntions for lid not occur, i improved by lipmem should mediately prior be used accord- e sterilised by I minutes, miles in ii. both ghlh -its mtd ilon; ith 300-p.p.m. ?s before rinsing fith a 500-p.p.m. nist which settles caning of butter tot water for (he nlo the churn SO t*p.p.m. available m, conccntnilion repair cannot be water, sufficient .m. as judged by 1960b; Houghton, on systems use up dosage cannot be tent otherwise re* the water during 'cl the best results nk. uu-o-iiii. i--i-i. '... HYGIENIC CONTROL OP DAIRY EQUIPMENT 471 Quaternary ammonium compounds T here arc numerous quaternary ammonium compounds which differ markedly in their respective bactericidal efficiencies. All arc non-corrosive, colourless, odourless, non-irritant to the skin, and less affected by organic matter than hypochlorites. However, the bactericidal efficiency is greatly reduced in hard waters, but this can be overcome by including a sequester ing agent or non-ionic wetting agent. They arc incompatible with anionic wetting agents. They are more specific in their c/fcct on different bacterial species than hypochlorites, and the pH of the solution affects them more than it does hypochlorites. They have a bacteriostatic action on treated surfaces of equipment. Resupgan (1951) deals with their chemistry, phy sics, bacteriology and industrial application. * Jodophors . The use of ihcse stcrilants is still in the experimental stage and is mainly confined to the USA and Canada. They are not yet available commercially in most countries, but considerable research is taking place with them in many eounjries. TJicy depend for their bactericidal effect on the liberation of free iodine. They arc prepared from iodine and a non-ionic wetting agent. The properties of the iodophors arc rather similar to (hose of chlorine compounds, but they arc non-corrosive to equipment, and more stable in the presence of organic matter. The temperature of the solution in most cases should not exceed 120nF (or about 50C) to avoid staining of equipment by liberated free iodine. Influence ofdetergents and chemical stcrilants on milk quality and milk products With careful use of appropriate methods negligible residual quantities of detergents and chemical stcrilants, in the strengths used for treatment of equipment in dairies, should gain access to milk. Nevertheless, the public health and technological implications cannot be ignored. Swarding (1959) has reviewed this subject. Tiovided every care is taken to drain equipment after treatment, residual quantities would appear to be harmless to human health and no technological problems should arise, but precautions must be taken to avoid their intentional or unintentional addition to milk. It may be mentioned that in most countries negligence in their use would render an offender liable to legal proceedings for adulteration of milk. ( Cleaning and Sterilizing of Equipment In Dairy Practice A plan should be evolved and the necessary facilities provided for the cleaning and sterilizing of equipment lo ensure that this important work t MGNS 033795 ( 472 E. B. RICE is carried out efficiently and economically, consistent with the objective of producing safe, high-quality products. The mental approach to the work is also important, and in this regard employees should be trained in the techniques and instructed in the reasons for the various operations they perform. Methods of cleaning certain equipment are often specified by the manu facturer, and alternative methods should be followed only after expert advice has been obtained. Manufacturers of detergents and chemical stcrilants, too, often supply detailed instructions for particular detergents, concentrations of solutions and cleaning procedures recommended for various kinds of equipment. The British Standards Institute has made recommendations for specific cleaning operations for much of the equipment in dairies (D. S. 3736,1956), but sterilising or bactericidal treatments are not included. Milk- and cream-cans If cans arc washed manually in small dairies, first rinse them with warm water, scrub both inside and outside with a warm mild detergent solution, rinse with hot water, place over a steam jet for two minutes and invert to drain and dry. Rotary can-washing machines (sec Fig. 1) provide for several operations to take place in a number of compartments (usually five). The compart ments each hold a can and lid, and rotate until the can is removed at the site where it entered. The machine may be either manually or automat ically operated. As the compartments rotate the cans and lids come oppo site jets which spray the inside and outside of the cans. A cold or luke warm water rinse for milk-cans or steam-jetting for cream-cans is followed by hot detergent solution (I60*F; 71*0), hot water (I90F; 88*0), steam and hot-air-jelling. In straight-through machines the cans and lids arc usually carried through by means of a ratchet drive which moves them through jetting sequences, with draining pauses between each jetting. A common sequence is cold or lukewarm water rinse, hot detergent jetting (I60*F; 7lC), hot* water-jetting (I90F; 88 *C), steam-jetting, hot-air drying (230F; I 1QC). Where the water used for can-washing machines is moderately soft, a detergent based on soda ash and sodium mctasilicntc gives satisfactory results, if the water is hard a sequestering agent should be added to the detergent solution. It is important to maintain the strength of the deter gent solution by periodic additions of detergent during operation. Pro vision for automatic feeding-in facilitates (his work. The prescribed tem peratures of solutions nnd the steam supply must be maintained for efficient operation of can washers. Cans should leave the machine in a dry con dition. The jets need periodic attention to avoid blockage. The tanks should be emptied nnd cleaned daily. , MONS 038796 with (he objective of pproRch to the work tild \*e trained in the ious operations they iccificd by the manued only after expert rgents and chemical particular detergents, es recommended for s Institute has made iiuch of (he equipment ricidol treatments arc rinse them with warm ltd detergent solution, minutes and invert to for several operations : five' The compurlcan( emoved at (he mamiatly or imtomptii and lids come oppopans. A cold or Jukecream-ctnt is followed t <I90*F; 88C), steam .Is arc usually carried t them through jetting . A common sequence ng (lPF; 7PC>, hoiyif;(2J0*K; M0*C). s is moderately soft, a tone gives satisfactory 'houkt be added (o the c strength of the deter'tiring operation, Pro* 1 hr prescribed lemmiiintniiH'd for cflicient machine in a dry conblockage. The tanks { HYGIENIC CONTROL 0)r DAIRY EQUIPMENT riG. 1 ROTARY CAN WASHER 473 Mechanical aspects of can washing arc discussed by Briscoe (1947) and bacteriological aspects by Scarlett (1947). McDowall (1953) also deals exhaustively with can washing. Open vats or vessels These arc used for weighing, dumping, balancing, neutralizing cream, cheese-making, etc. (see Fig. 2, 3). After use, they are hosed out with cold or warm water, which is run to waste. The outlet valves arc closed, and about 50 gallons (2251) of warm water, to which is added about 2 pounds (1 kg) of general-purpose detergent, arc let in. The internal surfaces and any covers and strainers arc scrubbed with a long-handled brush, and if the vessel Is fitted with coils they nrc set in motion and scrubbed with a brush. The outside is (hen scrubbed w ith this solution and, as it is draining away, the outlet valves nrc cleaned. The vat is rimed with hot water and allowed to drain and dry. It is sterilized just before re-use by brushing or spray ing with a 200-p.p.m. chlorine solution. Sterilization of a weighing or dumping vat is often done in conjunction with pipelines and other equip ment by placing a chlorine solution in the vat and pumping it through the flirting Ihc {me of use. of Ihc pa* is sufficient lion. tmu/acatrcd . The first dformamt* paraffining sat ihc lime reted in ihc very expen* y hired out, roircspond* mem of the uk recently w / 'penis c pL .raging, (his package tetrahedron Allot edges to c edge of the md the other fge perpendiId containers, ! ;nsidered lo be nee have con* *r the pnekag- is m the lime -lolc-pioduriitg m mo viable * the USA the wv ami is now ftles, the use of v canteens and ' In countries l-r from con'`l-hl. rvfurts of PACKAGING OF FLUJD MILK 589 empties) have made the distri bution of pasteurized milk impossible, the single-service conlaincris dcvctopingdirccl. Within a few years Tetrapak equipment has spread to the five continents, and paper factories have been cslabJished to supply it. Continual improvements are being ef fected in the plant for mak ing single-service containers, and although at present they arc used only in dairies of a certain size, there is every reason to believe that equip ment will be rapidly perfected that will meet the needs of smaller establishments. no. i PtASTJC CONTAINER y jy `MV. Plastic containers. Pack- 1 ' aging of milk in plastic bags (sec Fig. 5) is still in its infancy, and it is not yet possible to judge its hygienic value. The problem is to And a plastic material that is absolutely inert and non-absorbent with respect to milk and is able to withstand the temperatures needed for effective sterilization. Polythene is inert to milk up to a temperature of about 50C. Untcar- ablc bags of polythene arc available which can be individually filled either by an automatic valve (patent W. P. dc Stoutz), or by a small-flow filling machine. Current research may result in the development of plastics resistant to high temperatures, which will change the situation. Packaging of Sterilized Milk Sterilized milk should contain no viable bacteria. The principle of milk I sterilization is to transport milk in hermetically sealed containers to a chamber under pressure and keep It at a temperature and for a time sufficient to destroy all existing bacteria. Theoretically, it could then be kept in* definitely. In fact, the term " sterilized milk " is accepted in certain countries for ; milk which can be kepi longer than pasteurized milk, but nevertheless only M0N5 036796 D *Ct**S 03al99 BUmfiSCSCL 62 MILK PASTEURIZATION EOUIPMCN PROOUCT proouct ... * , STEAM STEAM STEAM v-;. . . v J PRODUCT SIDE VIEW (SECTION) , Fig. 27. Roswell h#ai avehanger pcrhcntcd steuin. Kach heater tul>c contains approximately 13 sq. f(. 0f heating surface. It is designed to heat the product through 70*F. (2l*C.) per tube at 1200 gal. per hr. capacity. The heat transfer rule is from 600,000 to 750,000 U.t.u. per hr. per tube. A common arrangement uses too tul>c5 to give double the heat transfer. A U-valuc of 350 B.t.u./ hr.-sq. is obtained. To prevent burn-on and product damage, the product must move through the heater rapidly and uniformly. Steam pressure in the unit nun reach 200 p.s.i., but a J00 to 125 p.s.i. steam pressure is normally used. Fur lower heat transfer rates, 70 p.s.i. steam pressure is used, with saturated steam providing more* rapid heat transfer. A vacuum treatment unit nuiy he placed ahead of the Hoswell unit to remove air and to speed product flow. Most of the steam in the heat exchanger moves in the same direction us the product (i-'ig. 27). The unit has been.approved for a pasteurization temiHTalurc of 200F. (93#C.) with a calculated holding time of 3 see. In the U.S. Public Health Sendee. When used without a specially designated holding lime the effective holding time for u flow rate of 6000 lb. per hr. is 0.3 sec. for heut-up; 0.2 sec. for discharge from heater; and 0.1 see. for cooling, making a total of 0.8 sec. effective holding at 187*1'. (86*C.) for Z- values equal to 8.9* and 10.2*F. (4.9 ami 5.6*C.). . DIRECT STEAM HEATERS Stcum heaters may be used which inject steam directly Into the product aheud of the temperature control. The steam may be admitted by either an injector or infuser, (Fig. 28). if local and state codes permit such proce dures. With the Injector the steam Is admitted directly into the product, generally in the direction of flow of the product. With the aid of the in* fuser, the product moves into a chatnl>er to drop vertically through u steam bath. Generally the steam moves upward white the product moves downnurd. Such direct-steam heating is widely used. In addition it forms the basis of the Furopean-developcd process of uperizution (Fig. 29). The word "uperizulion'' itself is a shortened form of ultru-pustcurizatioji. The u|>crizulmn proms uses steam to heat the milk continuously to 300#1`. Product ^ => t= ln|ae(or Fig. 28 CONDENSER VAC* (80% Fig 29. Syst (149*C.) for less than 1 see. (r product must he preheated ami' tube where the product is henh p.s.i. (301 to 386*1*.). After expansion chamber at near alto evaporation of moisture. The | into storage. If steam is injected into a prod pcrulurc difference Irctwccn slea pie dry, saturated steam at 70 p - MQNS 038801 K --T! Em PROOUCT roouci EQUIPMENT FOR PASTEURIZATION Product 83 Steam Kh\j pproximutclv 13 q. ft. of uct through 70N\ (2l*c.) ieat transfer rat? is from ornmon arrungrmcnt uses Upvalue of 330 B.t.u. / Injector Pig. 28. Oirocl itm heating nr Product tnfusar ihr product must move i pressme in (lie unit may urc Is normally used. For r Is used, with saturated uum' treatment unit may Ulr ^ to s|mhhI product STEAM (140-IS& PSD III iiie same direction as ived for a pasteurization lidding time of 3 st*c. by ut a specially designated rale of 0000 lb. per Itr. is beater; and 0.1 sw, for tat 1K7M\ (8G*C.)for/* lirrelly into (be product | ' be admitted by either j inlet jx*rmit such |>twt- f rectiy into the product- j With the aid of the be , rileally through a steam * If product moves downn addition II forms tbr <Klg.2W), of ultm*pus<curiuithm ; eoutitiumidy to 300rl j CONDENSER VACUUM (00% 0 RE MOVED! film l*f(IfSJI Fig. 29. System (or uperication o( milk tU9*C.) for less than 1 sec. (reported more exactly ns 0.75 sec.). The product most be preliented and dc-aeralcd Indore it readies the ii|X`rizatin tuiie where the product h healed with high-pressure steam at 140 to 105 |u.l. (301* to 386*F.). After this heating the product moves into an iwpnnsion chamber at near atmospheric pressure, therefore forcing some ''taporution of moisture. The product is then moved to a cooler and on into storage. If steam is injected into a product as in the above process, the mean tem perature difference between steam and milk should be reached. For exam ple dry, saturated steam at 70 p.s.i. pressure is discharged into o vut of milk T#3S8!?IP1I7TC 7 I! ! (. T M0NS 03S802 ^r?ya'ri^j:iiaa,,vjiAiau jJii. jwh *rc:J J ( i EQUIPMENT FOR PASTEURIZATION 91 (c) Complete drainage of (lie ll.T-S.T. system Is not possible without losses ex* eecdlng those from the holder system. |f) The margins of safety in product sanitary control in H.T.S.T. pasteurization are so narrow that automatic control precision instruments arc required in its operation. (g) Pasteurization efficiency of liigh-therumduric count raw milk is less than that when holder pasteurization is used; thus, unless close regulation uud control are maintained over the raw milk supply, higher bacteria counts in the fin ished produel may result. (Ii) Unit fortification of milk by adding vitamins and mincruls is difficult in the closed system. REFERENCES ------------ I &00 ---- - wtih " Lm*4 > ul WIlMul lv lc.n<lrconTM>"luM'"l-"C l. ilnimum. it doe* have Its shiMlcomi-.es when charged with hanc.inc respecl. flic hatch syster.. exuttd milk.products. Howf\er, sltic to the exclusion of cn-,,m> 'hjeettuH does not hold. The vhen compared to the i .I i* small quantifies of seseraU olfllhtl (in addition to tint pbl< s te toW Iwmllcd. ` Anon. 1962. Flow diagram for strontium 90 removal by ion exchange resin. American Milk Review 24, No. 2.26-28. Ikttcman, C. M-. and Sharp. P. F. 1928. A study of the apparent viscosity of milk its influenced by some physical factors J. Agr. Res. 36`, 647. Rouen, ). T. 1930. Heat transfer in duiry niurhincry. Agr. F.ng, //, 27-32, 71-74. Clarke, R. J, 1957. Process Engineering in the Food Industries. Philosophical Press, New York. Cotilson, J. M., and Richardson, J. R. 1956. Chemical Engineering. Vol. I., Mi-Craw-llill Rook Co., New York. ' D.ihlln-rg. A. C.. and Honing, j. C. II. 1025. Viscosity, surface tension, and whip . ping properties of ntilk and cream. N. Y. S. Agr. Expl. Sta. Tech. fKtll.' IVltcrmnn, J. C. 1928. Electrical conductivity method of processing inilk. Agr. Eng. 9, 107-108. hailo, C. K. 1956. Tlie effect of elevated tem|erntures in processing dairy prodmis. South. Dairy Prod. J. 60, No. 6,28-30, 110-111. I'nelis, A. \V. 1938. Contamination of pasteurized milk by improper relative pres- Mires iu regenerators. J. Milk Tcclutol. /, No. 5,0-16. Hclchrll, R. E. 1935. Electric pasteurization of milk. Agr. Eng. 16,408-410. tl.ill, C. \V., and Trout, C. M. 1959. High temperature treatment of milk. Duiry Eng. 70,275-270. Hummer, IV \V., and Ral>cl, K. j. 1957. Dairy' Bacteriology. 4th Edition. John Wiley 1 Sons, New York. tUurall. R. K, 1935. A study of the lecithin content nf milk and its products. Ind. Agr. Expt. Sta. Hull. 401. Ionian. W. K., ami March, R. P. 1953. Studies on overholding in liigh- ('injH'raturc short-time pasteurizers operated on water. J. Dairy' Sei. 36, 6U-H19. kilbiMtrrie. (*. II. 1916. The Pasteurization of Milk from the Practical Viewpoint. Mn Wiley 4 Sons, New Turk. . I.mry. F. J. 1959. Phde-tv|X' heat exchangers. Chem. Eng. 66, Part 1, No. 13. VMM. M-llurv, W. E. 1942. Process of treating liquids. U.S. Pat. 2,270,540. January ssibh* breakage and lurk i hull Is not sharp. . MeKillnp, A. A., and Dunkley, W. L. I960. (Plate heal exchangers) heat transfer. ( Ind. Eng. Chem. 32, Part 2, No. 9,740-744. I 0 I ( I 92 MILK PASTEURIZATION Moses, D. D. 1938, Electric pastcurir.nlion of milk. Agr. Eng. 19.525-526. Parker, M. E., Harvey, E. H., and Statcier, E. S. 1934. Elements of Food nccriug. VoI, II, Reinhohl Pubiishmu Co., New York. Peeples, M. 1900. Forced convection heat transfer for milk. Thesis for Ph.|) Ohio State University. Rogers, 1,,. A. 1935. Fundamentals of Dairy Science. 2nd Edition. Ilcinholrf Publishing Corp., New York. Roswell, C. N. 1957. Engineering principles "no-hold" pasteurization (ultra-high temperature, 200* to 300*F.). Proe. Nall. Dairy Eng. Conf. 5,2-9. Soxhlct, F. 1059. Lamlow. Vers. Stat. 19, 118-1876, from Principles of Dairy Chemistry. TV jenness and S. Patton, Wiley and Sons, New York. Tobias, )., Herreid, E. O , and Ordal, 2. ) 1953. A study of milk pastcuriuium at high temperatures. J. Dairy Sci. 36,356-362. ' Tobias, j, Kaufmann, O. W., and Tracy. P. H. 1955. Pasteurization equivalents of high-temperature short-time heating with ice cream mix. J. Dairy Sci. ;)S 950-068. ` Troupe, R. A., Morgan. J. C., and Priftl, J. 1960. The plate heater--versatile chemical engineering tool. Chem. Eng. Prog 56. No. 1,124-126. Trout, C. M., and Farrail. A. W. 1946. High temperature short-time pasteuriza tion, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bud. 355. U-S. Dept, of Health, Education and Welfare. 1956. Milk Ordinance and Code. 1953 Recommendation. Public Health Service Publication 299. U.S. Dept, of Health. Education and Welfare. 1965. Grade A pasteurized mid. ordinance. Public Health Service Pub. 299. " *.................. . Watson, E. L., McKillop, A. A., Dunklcy. W. 1,,, and Perry. R. L. I960. Hate heat exchanger How* characteristics, tnd. Eng. Chem. 52 Part 2, No. 9. 733-740. Whitaker, j. R. 1947. Plate heat exchangers and their applications. Australian j. Dairy Tcchnol. 2, No. 3,110-1)8. Whitaker, R.. Sherman, } M , and Sharp, P. F. 1927. Effect of temperature on the viscosity of sklnimilk. j. Dairy Sci. 10,361-371. . mons osaao'* PrOCCS '`.tHteui Dm* tip ynmp. . i ittmlv . **(r\ nut ill*' Ml .11 ' Innn h\lt I'M - i imIu tin ' l .IMM* 1*1 * <ml.tuis .* ' lomhfrr i ugh .ill nl.it I IhI 4tcf. | 1 hr heal '< tru ily. *.Vilctl in r V Hot Wat Mr.mt iv ' 1*,rl iut* ' *'* r iv ihrii Irulosril kV.nrf iv i * `Mgrr 'll '' * II Mirron: 'I ! m.nl Tl .TOU JUJLWiaw sTi*'. PROCESSES ANO EQUIPMENT 131 U38.3G-F. (2I.3*C ). mpcralure difference be oilier end. There , due moil)))' lo rodI- | I 1 r> milk Is In llic inside irculntcd limn milk In 1 counter-current type offset I lie large licut(lie greatest tempera* ippurutm; rnul (2) the higher limn the high* ). It, lliereforc, folfor parallel flow than peraturc difference Is infer flow. per min. for brine or it process. There will rm milk am) a veloci- *( erato>. If so, tire hot r bottom of the cooler the same time llie cold surface to be caught the quantity over the -value is 1S() when the rate of 30 it. per min. cralurc it 96M'. (54*C.) lubes lire temperature 1, while on the outside > 136'F. US* to 5S*C.). sc of ihc regenerative k I Milk food products has In* etivc materials and ta il emergency procedure has Urn developed In* which contain chlorides used lo remove the ra dioactive components (Anon. I9G2). But before being passed through the inn exchanger, the milk must be reduced to a pH of about 5.3 by citric acid at .a temperature l>ylow 80#F. (27*C.). The product is then pussed through the ion exchanger. As it leaves Ihc exchanger, the pH is again adjusted lo 7.0 by the addition of potassium hydroxide. Following its neutralization, (lie product can he pasteurized, homogenized, and linally deodorized. The Ion exchanger itself is regenerated by (a) one warm water rinse, (b) a washing with nonionic cleaning solution at 1-JO'F. ((iOC.), (e) sanitizing with hypuchioridc (50 p.p.m.), and (d) strontium removal from Ihc column with a solution of salts of calcium, magnesium, and sodium. On a pilot model basis, the cost of strontium 90 removal is approximately 5 to 10^ per (piart of milk product. REFERENCES Anon. 1062. Flow diagram for strontium 90 removal by ion exchange resin. American Milk Revlew 24, No. 2. 26-26, ' Anon. 1963. Baelnfugalinn. Food Processing 2-/. No. 1,127. Kail. G.. mid Olson. I\ C. W. 1957. Sterilization lit Food Technology. McGraw* Mill Book Co,. New York. limber, J. K. 1057, Deodorizing market milk. Taylor Technnl. 9, No. 3. 23-24. Ox tiev, J. II. 1957. Different principles of valves used for filling bullies. Froc Natl. Dairy Fog. 47 -57. \ l)iihll>crgt A. 0. 1932. The margin of safety Irefwecn the thcrmul dentil pnintof the Itthereic bacillus und the thermal cream layer volume impairment of pasteur izing milk at various temperatures. New York Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 203. D.ishieli, W. N. 1056. Use of tinic-drluv to control booster pump operation. J. Milk Food Teelmol. 21, 164-186. Fuchs. A. W. 1936. Cnntmninutum of pasteurized milk by hnpr<>|>cr reiutive pres sures in regenerators, j. Milk Food Teelmol. 1, No. 5, 6-16. Also Public Health Rept. 53, No. 13.49G-505. Hull, C. \\\ 1959. SymiMisium: latest developments in the heat and vacuum treutmenl of milk, Equipment (or vacuum treatment of milk. J. Dairy Set. 42, Purl I, 537-560. Ilall, G. W., und Shiffcrmiller, \V. F. 1954. Time requirement* (or the cleaning operations in u dairy plant. Midi. Agr. Kxpt. Stu. Quar. Bull. 36.303-309. Hull, G. \V., and Trout. G. M 1959. High temperature treahnenl of milk. Dairy Fug. 7ft. 275-270. Hal), G. \V., 'I ron!. C. M., and IUpj>en. A. I. I9(il. Survey of homogenized milk ill Miehigao, II. Functions, maintenance, and cure of the homogenizes with suggested sequences of operation. Mich. Agr. Fxpt. Sta. Quar. Bull. 43, <131-6-17. Haney. W. G.. ami Hill, II. 195). Milk: Production and Omlrnl: 3rd Edition. II. k. Fowls A Son. l.ondnn. Iledriek. T. I., and Ilall, G. W. 1061. Aseptic filling of cartons. Dairy Kng. 7H, 246-250. ` Pihig. I. J., Halt, G. W., and Trout, G. M. 1959. Aseptic canning of dairy prod ucts. Dairy Fng. 76'. 326-331. . ( HONS 038305 ( l 132 MILK PASTEURIZATION Roberts, W, M. 1030. Symposium: latest developments In the heat and vacuum treatment of milk. Problems involved in flavor removal, j. Dairy Scl. 42 |*4n 1,500-563. Scott, J. K. 195*1. The steam stripping of taints from liquids. ). An analysis ,,( processing methods with particular reference to the vacrralor. ]. Dairy Res 2| 354-369. 1 Scott, J. X. 1957. Multi-stage coimterflow operation of vacreaton in New Zea land. Dairy industries 22,482-487. Trout, C. M. 1950. Homogenized Milk. Michigan State Univ. Press, East Lansing, Mich. Trout, G. M., Hull, C. W., and Rippen, A. L. 1961. Survey of homogenized milk In Michigan. I. The extent, operating conditions, and utilization of returns Mich. Agr. Kxpt. Sla. Quor. Dull. 43,618-633. U S. Dept, of Health, Education and Welfare. 1956. Milk ordinance and code 1953 - recommendations of the Public Health Service, U S. Pub. Health Service l'uh. 229. U.S. Dept, of Health. Education and Welfare- 1961. U.S. Public Health Service, Division of Environmental Engineering and hood Protection. Robert A. Tait Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. Milk Pasteurization Controls and Tests (9.5M) Course Manual (II sections). U.S. Dept, of Health, Education and Welfare. 1965. Grade "A" pasteurized milk ordinance. U.S. Pub. Health Service Pub. 229. Whitaker, J. R. 1947. Plate heat exchangers and their applications. Dairy Techno!. 2,110-118. Aust. J. > \,,v ,. ...i.Mricrin >* Hu ntndliny the iin , . ' \ 1 ,`m M I"l"d vnn*' malieuUy i m.ition usi operatUm, uorkcr, etc \ H- An evatn th- or carlo cartons arc the mac-bina sensing el to iMiikedes The II.T automation, jmtduec the Little fur: aoi/ation ' ; ill become Mirations o *>T through Z In the Un labor has it decade. In ( l. r.;iT^rTTiT'T'^rT'rs^rr' r MOWS Q36806 *ONS 03880? I s. Handbook iV. YY'1 SUGGESTED GUIDE FOE THE USE OF INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL INSECTS AFFECTEIG CROPS, LIVESTOCK, EOUSSIU STORED PRODUCTS, F ^ illiSvJ i O* -1 1 tJf FOREST PROF : ic 1967 L Agriculture! Rese: *ct Sit*, ice end I ore *. Srrvler v. s. de: AimiLN'T OF AGRICLL; IRE MONS 0 3 8 8 0 8 SUGGESTED GUIDE FOR THE USE OF INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL INSECTS AFFECTING CROPS, LIVESTOCK, HOUSEHOLDS, STORED PRODUCTS, FORESTS, AND FORE^t PRODUCTS--1967 PREFACE \ CONTENTS This handbook is intended to be a guide for entomologists and other research and ey^; \, ?'*r tension workers rather than to provide information for individual users Pk'<3V>n pesticides-------Inside cover cides. It was prepared by the Entomology Research and the Market Qualk^Rc^i^ch preface------ ------------------------------------------------ i Divisions, Agricultural Research Service, and the Divisions of Forest PesKdontrol and^Jw''* mjaK^of insect control____________ ii Forest Protection Research, Forest Service, as of December 1,1966. \ ^ ^. ^Appitcation of insecticides_______________ ii This guide suggests uses of chemicals and such related treatments as application pathogens, heat, and cold for the control of insects and related pests that aff^tp^sT livestock, households, forests, forest products, and agricultural products in storage. The information was compiled in consultation with the Pesticides Regulation Division of Agricultural Research Service, the Federal Extension Service, and the Cooperative State Research Service. It is emphasized that these insecticide uses are those suggested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. However, they are based on information ob tained by various Federal, State, and other research organizations. This handbook is intended to snpplement information and recommendations issued by State agencies. The chemical uses it suggests do not necessarily apply to all areas or parts of the country. There are other registered uses that meet the requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and the provisions of the Pestidde Chemicals Amendment of 1954 and the Food Additives Amendment of 1958 to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 1, As new tolerances for insecticides are established or changes made, the Department will review these suggestions and modify them as needed to insure that residues do not exceed the new tolerances. Since new materials and new uses for older materials are registered throughout the year, we suggest that you keep in touch with your State agricul- tural experiment station. State extension service, the U.S. Department`of Agriculture, or manufacturers of specific products, for up-todate information. - Many of the suggestions in this handbook appear in other publications of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The important publications are listed. However, some of the earlier suggestions have been modified and others are new and have not previously appeared in print. The insecticide uses suggested in this handbook take priority over those in other publications of the Department published before April 1, 1967. This agriculture handbook supersedes Agriculture Handbook 313, "Suggested Guide e? t I"S!C"dde! ^ AffeCting Crop5' Liveatock- Households, Stored Product* ind Forest Products--1966." Precautions------- - ------------------------------------ 1V Toxicity of insecticides--------------------- --- ix Chemicals referredto in this handbook -- xiii Explanation of tablesthat follow_________ xvi Berry insects 1 r,,tt,,,, inwt* , - Flower and ornamental plant insects------- 20 Fruit insects 31 Grain insects 70 Legume and grass insects - . garcan Tobacco insects------------------------------------------- 77 a-r 91 . Tree-nut insects--------------------------------------- 94 Vegetable insects 98 Livestock insects _ 164 Mown ton. isx 5 Household insects--------------------------------------- 187 Stored-product insects------------------------------- 190 Forest-product insects260 Publication. Forest insects,, 261 ., Index -----------------------------------------------------------272 Washington, D.c. " t_. Price $1.25 iunl Mar I9t7 HONS 0 3 8 8 0 9 HONS 0 3 8 8 1 0 OTHER MEANS OF INSECT CONTROL In addition to the use of insecticides, there are a number of other ways to control or to help control insect pests. Natural control fac tors, such as insect parasites, predators, and diseases, and adverse weather conditions are continually at work in the field. In many instances, they reduce pest populations and keep them at noneco nomic levels. Good sanitation and housekeeping practices are essen tial for effective control of house flies, stable flies, cockroaches, fleas, and similar pests, even when supplemented by the use of chemicals. Cultural and mechanical practices aid materially in the control of certain plant pests, including the pink bollworm, boll weevil, tobacco hornworxn, white pine weevil, and some bark bee tles. Crop varieties resistant to insect pests have been developed and are available to avoid or reduce damage by such insects as the Hessian fly, wheat stem sawfly, spotted alfalfa aphid, and the European corn borer. APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDES The key to effective use of insecticides without injury to the treat ed plants or animals is to follow directions on the label and not use any insecticide preparation for any purpose for which it is not specified. Most oil sprays prepared for application to walls of buildings will injure living plants or animals. Insecticide concen trates prepared for application to plants may injure or kill treated animals and result in illegal residues in animal tissues or byproducts. Only general information can be given here on the effective appli cation of insecticides, since much depends on the habits of the in sect pest, tiie kind of damage that it causes, the nature and condi tion of the infested plants, animals, or commodities to be treated, weather conditions, and application equipment, as well as the type and formulation of the insecticide to be applied. For information to meet special needs, consult your State agricultural experiment station. Subjecting harvested products to heat or extreme cold in storage often destroys or inhibits the development of insect infestations. Insect-free commodities can be protected by insect-resistant pack aging and sanitation in storage and in marketing channels. More satisfactory control of insect pests may frequently be ob tained by carefully integrating the use of insecticides or fumigants with the beneficial effects of biological control agents or other nonchemical measures. It may be necessary to use insecticides only as a supplement to other control methods. Weather Conditions Wind, rain, and sun play an important part in the control you get from outdoor use of insecticides. Keep an eye on the weather. Local weather reports may be of help in planning insecticide applica tions. Before you start to treat, watch the tops of trees or use other means of determining the direction and amount of wind. Some air movement is helpful. Winds, however, can cause an insecticide dust or spray to be unevenly distributed on the plants and to drift away from target areas. In the case of any insect infestation, all means of control must be considered, in order to capitalise on the value of all control factors and coordinate these factors to the greatest advantage, with the least harmful effect to the environment and to living organisms within it Various State and Federal publications suggest this ap proach to pest control. Consult these publications and your State agricultural experiment station for the latest information. Do not use insecticides or fumigants unless they are needed. Usually the best time for airplane spraying is in the early morning or late evening. Treating at these times minimizes the harm to bees and other pollinating insects. If rain is predicted, it is best to postpone treatment, if possible. Rain falling soon after you treat may reduce the effectiveness of an insecticide deposit Cold weather may have the same effect Some insecticides must be applied at temperatures above 50 F. to be of value. U fe* SaWy-Ftih* Us bU Co. Th CO` ap in P'. rn a IT c s s < 1 1 HONS 0 3 8 8 1 1 Fxrnm** in weather during or following the spraying of fruit Uoos may lead to fruit or foliage injury. Injury such as russeting of fruit may be increased by pesticide sprays if they are applied at night or during cool, rainy, or humid weather. Emulsifiable materi als are more likely to cause injury than wettable powders. Condition of Host Plant or Animal The type and density of plant foliage, as well as the extent of coverage needed, may influence the choice of formulation that is applied. In some instances a coarse spray will be the most effective; in others, a fine spray, mist, or fog will give better pest control. Plants with smooth leaves are apt to have a quicker runoff of spray material than those with rough surfaces. However, stickers that are included in the formulation, or that may be added, help the material adhere to the plants. Sick, emaciated, or stressed animals may react unfavorably to some treatments that normally are harmless. Thick hair on live stock may keep the insecticide from penetrating. Consider all such circumstances in selecting an insecticide, type of formulation, or type of equipment that will provide the best and safest control of the target pest Diluting and Mixing Sprays Most spray materials are formulated with enough wetting and sticking agents to correct for water hardness and to improve their other physical properties. Before mixing two or more pesticides or adding wetting or stick ing agents, read the labels and consult the manufacturer, a spray compatibility chart, or a spray bulletin regarding possible injury to plants. ' Calibration of Equipment for Applying Insecticides1 At the start of each growing season, thoroughly inspect and cali brate all equipment you will use to apply insecticides. Repeat 1 Information furnished by the Agricultural Engineering Research Division, Agrwuinml Research Service. thereafter whenever you use a different rate of application. It is most essential that you apply the correct dosage, not only to obtain effective control of the insect pest but also to avoid plant injury and to be certain that any residue remaining at the time of harvest or feeding does not exceed the tolerance established for that partic ular chemical on the crop you treat Power Sprayers.--Before you start to spray, check or calibrate the sprayer to determine whether it will deliver at the desired rate. Note: Since viscosity of spray material can affect the discharge rate, it is preferable to calibrate the sprayer with the mixture you plan to use. It is also preferable to make your calibration in an area as similar as possible to the one you plan to treat. One method of calibrating a sprayer for field use is as follows. (1) Set two stakes in the ground 40 rods apart (660 feet). (2) With the sprayer on level ground, fill the tank with the liquid. Then operate the sprayer long enough that all nozzles are discharging smoothly. Cut off sprayer and refill tank. Then mark the height of the spray material on a measuring stick that you have calibrated in gallons for your particular tank. (3) Drive the spray rig one round trip between the stakes at the speed and pressure suggested by the nozzle manufacturer, with the sprayer in full operation. Spray only between the stakes. (4) With the sprayer again on level ground, place the measuring stick in the tank and determine the gallons of spray used for the round trip. (5) Multiply the number of gallons used by 33 and divide by the number of feet of width sprayed. The result of this calculation will be the number of gallons applied per acre. Example.--Suppose the boom on your sprayer is 20 feet long, and it took 5 gallons of spray material to refill the tank after spraying the round trip during the calibration. Five times 33 divided by 20 equals 8.2 gallons per acre. If the calibration shows that the application rate is too low, in crease the rate by reducing the speed of travel or increasing the pressure. You may decrease the rate by doing the opposite in each case. iii Poicer dusters.--Before starting a dusting operation, check the ap PRECAUTIONS plication rate of the duster unit. Dust mixtures vary in density, and the application rate can vary at a given setting of the feed regulator. The following safeguards are for the protection of handlers of in secticides and treated plants, of consumers of treated crops and animals, of honey bees, fish, and wildlife, and of our basic natural * I A procedure that can be used to calibrate a duster is as follows. resources--water, soil, and air. oi A! mi (1) Measure off an area of at least one-half acre (21,780 square feet). (2) Fill the dust hopper and set the feed regulator for the desired application rate. (3) Dust the measured area. Drive at a constant speed, because rate of speed affects the application rate. Insecticides used improperly can cause injury to man and animals. Use them only when needed and handle them with care. Follow the directions and heed ail precautions on the container label. Do not exceed the maximum dosage suggested. Always apply the least :nj an j)r on of; Use of a tractor speedometer is recommended. (4) Refill the hop per from a weighed amount of dust. Subtract the weight of the dust left over from the weight of the original amount. This gives the amount required to fill the hopper and, therefore; the amount applied to the measured half acre. amount of an insecticide required. Insecticides should be kept in closed, well-labeled containers, in a dry place where they will not contaminate food or feed, and where children and animals cannot reach them. to Applicators for Granules.--Many equipment manufacturers and Some States have special restrictions on the use of certain insecti some producers of granular insecticides can provide tables showing cides. Before applying insecticides, check State and local regula In the proper settings of the feed mechanism for selected flow rates of tions. m specific materials. It is usually necessary, however, to calibrate the rr* w) applicator for each new batch used because of the allowable range Protection of Persons Using Insecticides of sizes in a formulation and because of differences in density. us In handling any insecticide, avoid repeated or prolonged contact fr You may find it convenient to affix paper bags at the dispersing with skin and prolonged inhalation of dusts, mists, and vapors. points of the applicator, run a measured course at a measured Wear clean, dry clothing, and wash hands and face before eating In speed, and then weigh the granules collected. Calculations can then or smoking. Launder clothing daily. A} be made to show how many pounds of granules are being dispersed of per acre. . to The handling and application of most concentrates and the han dling and application of oil solutions applied as coarse sprays re CO Or you may calibrate your applicator in the field. Set the applicator quire special precautions. When handling or mixing a concentrate ar to distribute less than the manufacturer recommends. Then meas or oil solution of any insecticide, avoid spilling it on the skin and efl ure out 1 pound of granules at a time and mark the level in 1- keep it out of the eyes, nose, and mouth. If any is spilled, wash it pound increments on the inside of each hopper. The marks tell you how fast the granules feed down, and the applicator can then be gradually opened up to get the desired rate. off the skin immediately with soap and water. If you spill it on your clothing, remove clothing immediately and wash the contami nated skin thoroughly. Launder clothing before wearing it again. If the insecticide gets in the eyes, flush with plenty of water for 5 Aircraft Equipment.--For information on aircraft calibration, minutes and get medical attention. consult U.S.D.A. Agriculture Handbook No. 287, "Aerial Applica tion of Agricultural Chemicals."1 The following insecticides can be used without special protective clothing or devices, provided they are in dusts, water sprays, oil * For sale only by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing' Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 20 cents. mist sprays, granules, or baits that have been diluted to the strengths suggested in this handbook. Concentrates of these insec- iv ta teticifes Safely fatkir tte IjM tiVi<k* should be handled in accordance with the precautions for The following chemicals are highly toxic and may be fatal swal :nnd such materials as described above. In all eases, follow the label precautions. lowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. These highly toxic materials should be applied only by a person who is thoroughly aJ Abate Morestan familiar with their hazards and who will assume full responsibility aliethrin naphthalene for proper use and comply with all the precautions on the labels. Aramite ovex azinphosmethyl (Guthion) famphur (Warbex) Bacillus tkuTtnffiensis paradichlorobenzene Azodrin Matacil le calcium arsenate paris green Bidrin methyl parathion >t carbaryl (Sevin) Perthane carbophenothion (Trithion) Methyl Trithion it chlorobenztlate piperonyl butoxide Compound 4072 mevinphos (Phosdrin) n cryolite pyrethrins demeton nicotine sulfate DDT pyrethrum dichloropropane-dichloropropene mixture parathion >t dicofol (Keithane) ronnel disulfoton (Di-Syston) phorate (Thimet) Dilan rotenone DN-1U plicsphamidon diphenylamine ryania endrin Telone fenson sabadilla EPN tepp Gcnite 923 Kepone lead arsenate Lethane 384 lime sulfur t malathion metaldehyde f methoxychlor mire$ Strobane sulfur Sulphenone TDE tetradifon (Tedion) Thanite trichlorofon zineb The following insecticides are used in closed spaces as fumigants and, because of their volatility and toxicity, are considered to be hazardous by inhalation. Fumigation in closed spaces should be done only by a licensed pest control operator or by a qualified indi vidual who is thoroughly familiar with their hazards, who will as sume full responsibility for their proper use, and who knows he must comply with all precautions on the labels. The value given in parentheses after each material is the maximum average atmos pheric concentration (threshold limit) of the insecticide by volume, The following insecticides can be absorbed directly through the to which workers may be exposed for an 8-hour day without injury skin in harmful quantities. When working with these insecticides to health. These threshold limit values were adopted at the 28th in any form, take the same precautions as with concentrates. Annual Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental In 1 aldrin dinitrocyclohexylphenol dustrial Hygienists, April 1966. t benzene hexachloride dioxathion (Delnav) acrylonitrile (20 p.p.m) ethylene dibromide (25p.p,m.) i binapacryl chlordane endosulfan (Thiodan) ethion aluminum phosphide (as phos phine 0.3 p.p.m.) ethvlene dichloride (50 p.p.m.) ethylene oxide (50 p.p.m.) Ciodrin fenthion (Baytex) calcium cyanide (5 mg. dust per hydrogen cyanide (10 p.p.m.) coumaphos (Co*Ral) heptachlor cubic meter)* methyl bromide (20 p.p.m.) diazinon lindane carbon disulfide (20 p.p.m.) methyl formate (100 p.p.m.) dichlorvos (DDVP) naled (Dibrom) carbon tetrachloride (10 p.p.m.) propylene dichloride (75 p.p.m.) dicldrin Nemacide (V-C 13) chloroform (50 p.p.m.) propylene oxide (100 p.p.m.) dimethoate Ruelene chloropicrin (0.1 p.p.nu) tetrachloroethylene (100 p.p.m.) dinitrobutvlphenol toxaphene ethyl formate (100 p.p.m.) trichloroethylene (100 p.p.m.) P T 98E 0 SNOW dinitrocresol Zectran * Not from list of threshold limit values. ISv COMdQOiTV. STORAGE. ANO INSECT mscCTicioe OR TREATMENT ANIMAL FEED-- Citrus pulp Is bags Malathlon Pestles sad awths (premium grade) CTOBED-frwOCCT OSSECiS TOLERANCE O- P- -> POfSMUUATtOM so wp COSACS ftciitt A|nto< prt I.#00 cm. ft. SMua 0.12$ lb. in 1 pi. water/1,000 eq. ft. 1 MOW. WHERE. ANO WHEN TO APPLY f SAFETY RESTRICTIONS 1 i i ! Apply spray to all exposed surfaces of Repellent treatment not to be stack. Begin soon as stack is completed used on bags of less than repeat in 2 weeks and monthly there 50-ft), site. after. Discontinue when commodity temperature is below 60* F. Do not use malathlon on Pyrethrins * piperonyi butcadde insect-tight begs. 1-10 ANIMAL FEED-- Concentrate blocks Is'bags (premium grade) Beetles and moths 10 ANIMAL FEED-- Cottonseed cake In bags Akuninom phosphide Beetles and moths 0.1 WP Oil sola. F C 2 Coutfier! v> S 1 mg. pyrethrins The insect-repellent treatment is to be + SO + 10 mg. applied on the paper used as the outer Fumigants should be applied only by a trained operator. piperonyi butaxide /sq. ft.: of bag surface. ply of multiwall bags having insect-tight construction as in specifications available from ARS. Manufacturer of aluminum phosphide insists his representative train all first users. Aerate products 48 lOOmg./aq. ft. of bag surface. hours before offering to On packaging line, just before feed consumer. Do not fumigate block enters bag. Spray oozzls deposits prepared mixes. malathlon on all Interior surfaces of bag. 45 tablets 165 pellets In tarpaulin fumigation place tablets or pellets in trays at each corner of stack. Fumigate for 5 days at S4* - SO* F; 4 days at 60* " 68* F, or 3 days at 69* or above. Fumigate for 4 days at 54* - 59* F; 3 days at 60* ~ 68* F, or 2 days at 69* or above. 1st Pesticides SiWMdl" tfee UM CO--OOlTY. STORAGE. AMO MSECT 1 i msccnaoc on TREATMENT STOREDPRODUCT INSECTS TOLERANCE CP- p. rn.i roAMUlATKM DOSAGE teeter* imgrtdt+mt p*t i.900 cm. ft. nJtii Hi mn umt4\ MOW. WHERE. AMO when to ARWlY 191 SAFETY RESTRICTIONS ANIMAL FEED-- Cottonseed cake In begs Beetles and moths (con.) Pyrethrina piperoayl 1 + 10 butoxide + lnsecttlgbt bag*. WP ANIMAL FEED-- Dor Food In package* Beetles and moths Methyl bromide ANIMAL FEED-- Milled fractions* Is bulk or In packages Beetles and moths Methyl bromide 400 (inorganic bromide) F US** (inorganic bromide) r 5+1 mg. pyrethrina + 50 + 10 mg. piperoayl butoxide /sq. ft. ol bag surface. The insect-repellent treatment Is to be applied on tbe paper used as the outer ply of multiwall bags having Insect-tight construction as in specifications available from ARS. Repellent treatment not to be used on bags of less than 50-lb. size. Fumigants should be applied only by a trained operator. 1 - 2 lb. for 12 to 24 lb. an opes flame. Aerosols may be used against l.S lb. 24 hr. at 80* F. or above. ANIMAL FEEDMixed rrais In bags Pyrethrina * Beetles and maths piperonyl batmdds 1 + 10 Oil soln. % by wt. Pyrethrina 0.2 + piperocyl butoxide 2.0 * tetrachloroethyieoe 50.0 + deodorised kerosene 47.8 0.006 + 0.06 lb./ 10,000 ca. ft. ol airspaca over the lo*d. Apply with thermal aerosol generator. Coetlnaed Pyrethrina 0.5 piperooyl butoxide 5.0 + t*tr*chloro> etbylae 50.0 + deodorised kerosene 44.5 0.006 + 0.061b./ 10.000 CU. ft. of airspace over the load. Apply with mechanical aerosol generator or as a mist spray. Barley, corn, grain sorghum (milo), oats, rice, rys, wheat. 1 Sams reafckte from carryover and coocectimtion of residues Cron hinegation of the grain* with methyl bromide or ethylene dlbromide. 5TSSC0 9TB B E 0 SNOW 193 coMnoon-r. BORAGE. AMO INSECT tMSCCTiooe OR TREATMENT STORED-PRODUCT EJECTS TOLERANCE (AeJ rOfWULATION DOSAGE mfrrJUat ptr j.ooe cm. ft. HOW. WHERE. AMO WHEN TO APPLY SAFETY RESTRICTIONS ANIMAL FEED-- Mixed ends la bigi Beetles ad mottos (coo.) Pyxethrlna pipereayl butcedds * laMCt-Ogbt bags. 1+10 wp BEANS AND PEAS, DRY In 100-lb. bn(S Weevils Hydrogen cyanide 25 F Methyl bromide SO (iaorgaale F 5 + 1 mg. pyrethrlns The insect-repellent treatment is to be * 50+ 10 mg. applied on the paper osed as tbs oater plperonyl buUndde ply of muftiwaU bags having insect-tight /sq. ft. of bag construction as (n specifications surface. available from ARS. Repellent treatment not to be used on bags of leas than 50-lb. size. 2 lb. 2 1b. 2 lb. 2 lb. 1.5 lb. Sib. 2 lb. 3 lb. 3 lb. 3.5 1b. 2 a>. 31b. 12 to 24 far. at 60* F. or above In atmospheric chamber. 12 to 24 hr. at 60* F. or above under tarpanHa. Do not fcmigate with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) at temperatures below 60* F. Aerate lor 24 hours after treatment. 24 hr. at 60* F. or above In warehouse. only by a trained operator. 12 hr. at 60* F. or above in warehouse. 24 hr. at 60* F. or above In atmospheric chamber. 24 hr. at 40* - 60* F. In atmospheric chamber. 24 hr. at 60* F. or above under tarpaulin. 24 hr. at 40* - 60* F. under tarpaulin. 24 hr. at 60* F. or above in freight car. 24 hr. at 40* - 0* F. in freight car. 24 hr. at 60* F. or shove in warehouse. 24 hr. at 40* - 60* F. in warehouse. Bn ftstiaks Sjfdj--Fifcw tke UM i i | I j [ { 1 j i i BE DR la: w- la __ BIn LIVESTOCK WSECTS b applying taMetlddei to liwitwfc or mad bam( do act contaminate food or food and voter troughs, or 1Q0* ratfi Into streams. Avoid tpnjlat or --<< to cold, stormy wi situ r Avoid treating stressed, wirhuted, or sick animals. Observe all otter piecnttei specified to this handbook. ; ANIMAL AND INSECT INSCCTtOOC -- TOLERANCE ip.pm.rn / mtu _ tUtmist WidttA MIN. 0AY$ fro* LAST APPLICATION TO SLAUGHTER. FOWWJLATlON AND STRENGTH AMOUNT OF FOtWULATlON PER ANIMAL UNLESS OTHERWISE INOtCATEO WHERE ANO WHEN TO APPLY SAFETY RESTRICTIOHS CATTLE, DAIRY Cattle grubs fflvDodarma soo.l Rotoooos " S%W?(7}0>. per gal. water) 5% WP (12 os. per S*l. water) 1.5% D 2 - 4 qt. lpt. 4-5 ox. Oa back Of animal with See page 167. power sprayer 1-3 does every 30 days. Sponge or brush on back. Rub thoroughly on back. Face fly (Muses ntumnalls) Dichlorvoa - - 4.5% B 3 - S ml. Brush on forehead in momlog; daily If needed. EC or oil 1%S 1 - 1.5 fi. os. As mist spray dally with hand or automatic sprayer' do not soak akin. Pyrethrlna Synergist* " Oil sola, or EC 1 - 2 fl. o*. As mist spray daily to 0.075% * 0.75%S head and neck, with hand or automatic sprayer. Ciodria -- EC or oil 2% S 1 - 2 fl. ox. As mist spray daily to all parts of body. EC, 4.5 - 1% S 1 - 2pt. EC, 9.15-0.3%S 1 - 4 qt. Spray thoroughly. Repeat ooce a week if necessary. EC, 9.5% S 1 - 2qt. Pea or corral spraying with high pressure equip ment. Coomaphoa 1 meat aad fat 0 milk " l%oll 1 gal./20 ft. cable Saturate back rubbers. Construct to permit animal to rub its face. Kora fly (Haematobia lrrltana) Continued 4 meat 0 milk -- 4% D 5% D 2 oa. 1.5 os. Sprinkle on back, neck, and flanks every 10 to 14 days. If needed. *Plporonyl butaxido or sulfoxide. Such supplemental syaerglstj as MGK 264, n-propyl Isoms, or eesams oil may be ased as a partial replacement for ptperonyi buta*`. lv. Additives such sa MGK R-ll, MGK R-326, Crag, aad Tabatrsx may also bs included and used according to maatdacturer'a direction*. 1st hstidtcs SiMy-Mnr Itt LaW MONS 0 3 8 8 1 ? LIVESTOCK dSECTS 166 -------------------------------------- 1 ANMAL AMO IHSECT NSCCTICIDE __________________1 CATTLE. DAIRY TOLERANCE <p. p. m. /*"* otlmri** McAKd) MIN. OAVS FROM LAST APPLICATION TO SLAUGHTER -- 1 FORMULA TlOM AmO strength AMOUNT of FOOAULATION PER ANIMAL UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED WHERE AMO WHEN TO APPLT safety restrictions Hors By fRaematobte irritoad (coo.) Coumaphos 1 meat aad fat 0 mlft ~ 1% Oil 1 gal./20 ft. cable Saturate back rubbers. See page 167. Dlchlorvos Methoxychlor Ciodrte " 3 OmiDc ~ 1% oil S 50% WP 3% D l - 2 fl. os. 1 tbep. 1-2 heaping tbsp. As mist spray daily to back, flasks, and legs. Sprinkle on back, seek, and flanks every 3 weeks. On poll, back, and upper portions of sides every 14 days, if needed. EC. 1% lqt. Pour along backllne. EC or oil, 2% S 1 - 2 fl. os. As mist spray dally to all parts of body. EC, 0.5 - 1%S l-2pt. EC, 0.15 -0.3%S 1 - 4 qt. Spray thoroughly once a week if necessary. EC, 0.5% S i - 2 qt. Pen or corral sprayingwitl high pressure equipment. 1% oil 1 gal./20 ft. cable Saturate back rubbers. Fyrethrtu Synergist* - EC, 0.05% l-2qt. 0.5%$ As wet spray every 3-7 days. Oil soIn. or EC 0.05-0.1% t 0.5-1%$ 1 - 2 fl. os. As mist spray dally with band or automatic sprayer. Lethnao 354** - - OH sola., 3% S 1 - 2 fl. oa. As mist spray. Continued Ptpenwyl butoxlde or sutfoadds. Such supplemental synenrists aa MGK 264. n-propyi Uoa. or wium oil m*y b am*<l * * (mrtUi rpLAg*m>nt far pipwvri hqt/^A* A4SlUfi such u MGK R'lli MGK R-32S, Cng, ud Tibttrtx may ilio be IbcIikM tad used tcoordtag to manufacturer's directions. **^**d la conjunction with other materials. MONS 038aia HONS 0 3 8 8 1 9 LIVESTOCK INSECTS ANIMAL AMO INSECT CATTLE, DAIRY INSECTIOOC TOLERANCE tp. p. m. m fmt * niraiK imdicatti) min. Oats FROM LAST APPLICATION 70 SLAUGHTER FO*eULATtON AMO STRENGTH AMOUN- OF FORMULATION PER ANIMAL UNLESS OTHER*!SE INDICATED WHERE AND WHEN TO APPLY SAFETY REJTP -- Hors fly IHaematobla irrttans) (con.) ________________________ 1 Thanlte* Horse files, stable fly fStomoxra calcltrans). and mosquitoes Diehlorvoe Ciodrin** Pyrethrtna * Synergist*** - - - Oil sols., 5%S 1-2fl. os. - - 1% oil S i-2 a. os. Same as for Fees fly. "- EC, 0.1% 1%S 1-2 qt. Oilsoln., or EC, 0.1% + 1%3 1-2Q. os. As mist spray. See page 16?. As mist spray, once or twice daily. As wet spray every 2-3 days. Aa mist spray daily, with bandor automatic sprayer Lice Lefoans 384*. ** -- Oil sola., 3% $ 1-2 0. os. Thaalte*. ** __ Oilsoln., 5%S 1-2 0. os. Clodrin -- - EC, 0.15-0.3%S 1-4 qt. As mist spray. t Spray thoroughly; repeat after l week, if needed. EC, 0.5% S 1-2 qt. Peaor corral spraying with high pressureequip ment. EC, 0,1 -0.2S% S 1-2 gal. (1 gal. 0.25? Apply second application 14 days later. Pyrethrliis Synergist-** Rot*none - EC, 0.035% Depending oa else of Spray or dust thoroughly; 0.3$% S p) ml repeal after 2-3 weeks. of hair. - 5% WP (1-2 lb. perlOOgsl. water) 0.5-1% D Used U) exjunction with other materials. 'Not registered for control of bone flies. Ptperonyl betoxide or sulfoxide. Such supplemental synergists as MCK 2M, n-piopyl isome. or sesame oil may he used as s partial replacement for piperoayl butosldr. Additives sudi as MCK R-U, MGK R-326. Crag, and Tafcatrex may also be included and used iccording to manufacturer's directions. 8s Pesticides Mdp--fdtar Aw LiM CATT Sere' iCqg horn Zu 12: Ti i ! D s C r-- " . ANIMAL. AMO INSECT MSECTlOOC UVE9TOCK INSECTS TOLERANCE `f dnetll Miomd) WIN. OATS FRCM LAST A*W>VJCATrOM TO SLAUGHTER FOTXULATIOM ANO STRENGTH AMOUNT or formulation PER ANIMAL UNLESS OTHERWISE MOiCATEO WHERE ANO WHEN TO APPLY CATTLE, DAIRY ier SAFETY RESTRICTIONS Screw-worm fCoehltomvia booinlvorax) Diphenylamiae Ear tick fOtOblua meyralpn Tides T.ImIim Clodrin Pyrethrins Synergist* Roteneee Piperooyl butadde or sulfoxide. 0 meat 0 milk 7 7 - Sama aa for Idee - - 35% (Smear 92) 3%(EQ 335) 0.75% in xyleneptne oil Minimum needed, not more than 3 tap. '} ox. Brush or smear on wound and surrounding area, twice first week and then weekly until healed. See below. Inside ear with springbottom oiler. EC, 0.1% + 1% s 5% WP (2-4 os. per gal. water) - Depending pa slse of ***1m1t "ii iwn,mt of hair. Spray animals thoroughly as needed. SAFETY RESTRICTIONS 038820 5 Do not apply more than 2 fluid ounces per day per animal when using mist O spray* containing Clodrin, Lethane 394, or Thsntte, or mors tbaa 1.5 fluid ounces per day when using mist sprays containing dichlorvos. Do not wet the hide with the spray. Donat apply eoumaphoetn conjunction with oral drenches or otheriatemsl medications, such as phanothlaslne, or with other organic phosphates. Do not ass with synerglzed pyrethrins, allethrla. or synergist. Suspend back rubbsr its height that will prevent straddling. For othsrthan back nabbsr usa, ass Safety Restrictions for Beef Cattle, page 173. Do not apply Clodrin to cattle more often than once a week axce^ as s mist spray. Do act apply Clodrin dust more often than every 14 days. Do net apply malathloa dust on dairy cattle during or less than 5 hours before nUUdsg. Do not use methoxychlor or malathloa in sprays or dips on dairy cattle. Certain oftlw Insecticides suggested for Beef Cattle ou pages 198*173 may fit be need with limitations ondry dairy animals - See Safety Restrictions under Beef Cattle, page 171 T 788e 0 SNOW 1 LIVESTOCK INSECTS ---------------------------------------1 ANNUL ANO INSECT INSECTICIDE CATTLE, KEF* TOLERANCE | ^ DAY$ tp. p. m. m ; l_AJT !* **** j APPUCaTw mUiCSffi |TOSLAUOHTERI .................. _i_______________ FO*e*ULATION ANO STRENOTH i AMOUNT OF FOmviATiON ; PER animal UNLESS 1 OTHERWISE INOlCATED | WHERE ANO WHEN TO ABWLT 1 SAFETY RESTRICTIONS Cattle grubs (HTWdenna spp ) Ronasl^ {PuriQed grade only) 0 meat 60 28 0.6% in feed 0.26% in feed 0.3 lb./100 lb. body weight 0.3 lb./100 lb. body weight Daily for 7 days.*** Daily for 14 days.*** See page 173. 21 S. 5% Is block or 0.25 Ib.AOO lb. Continuously for not less grannies body weight/month than 75 days. Coumapbo* 1 meat and lat WP, 0.375 - 0.5% S or 0.25% dip EC, 0.37S% S Depending on size <>f tniwia)* awl amount of hair Wet entire body to skin.**1 Higher concentration needed is northern areas or for late fall application when long hair coats make thorough wetting of the skin difficult. WP, 0.25% S Depending on size Make 2 applications not of animals and more than 90 days apart. amount of hair Apply second spray soon after heel fly activity has stopped. Sola. 4% J fl. ox./lOO lb. body weight; maxi mum 4 fl. ox. per animal pour on evenly along animal's backline.*** Rueiene " 28 EC, 0.375%$ Depending on size of Wet entire body to slda.**' animals and amount ol hair but no more than 1 gal. /animal. 28 EC. 8.3% is eater 1 O. oz./lOO lb. body Pour on evenly along Sola.i 0.4% weight up to 800 lb. animal's backline.*** animal, but an more thaw gfl. ox./animal Continued insecticides suggested for use on dairy animals may also be need on beef snlmale subject to tbe MB* restrictions. Aids la cootrol of Uce. born files. Use at sod of adult heel fly season, but act laler than November l. Bst tafcifcs MelMtOow the Ukd C LIVESTOCK INSECTS i9 ANIMAL AMO INSECT PMSECTkClOC CATTLE. BEEF Cattle grubs (Hypoderma spp.) (COB.) Trlcblorfon TOLERANCE 'A * M--** ebuiw MtettA MM. DAYS FRO* LAST APPLICATION to slaughter FORMULATION AMO STRENGTH AMOUNT OF FO**ULATION PER ANIMAL UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED WHERE AND WHEN TO APPLY 1 1 SAFETY RESTRICTIONS - 14 Soluble powder 1%S Depending on size Of anitrial 2nd amount of hair Wet entire body to skin. * See page 173- 21 Sola.. 8% |n. oz./ioo it. Pour oa evenly along body weight; no mon animal's beckline.* Quo 4 Cl. ox. per Fees fly (Muses autamnalis) Coumapfaos Ronael 1 meat aix fat 0 meat 14 1% oil 1% oil 1 gal./20 ft. cable Horn fly** Qfasmatobia lrrltans) Carbary! Wontloo 1 7 WP. 0.5% S 5%D - 1.5% oil 2 oz. 1 gal./20 ft. cable EC, 0.6% la water Iqt. EC, 0.15% S 1-2 qt. Methoxychlor 3 - DDT 7 30 Conflowed Tozaphoae 7 28 t'ee it eod of adult heel fly season, but not later thaa November 1. "Rtpe need ta cownl lice will ateo control born Otea. ,MC*e of back robbers will aid la louse control. EC or WP, 0.5%S 2qt. 5% oil 1 gal./2Q ft. cable 5% oil 5% oil Saturate back rubbers; construct back rubbers to permit animal to rub Its face. Spray thoroughly. Repeat as needed. Oust back and neck only. Saturate back rubbers.*** Pour on evenly along animal's backllae. To becks every 3 weeks or as needed. Saturate beck robbers.***| HONS 0 3 8 8 2 2 LIVESTOCK INSECTS ANIMAL AMO IN5CCT | INSECTICIDE 1 TOLERANCE (f. A a. M / MMitd min. Oats FRm* LAST APPLICATION ro SLAUGHTER FORMULATION AMO STRENGTH ! AMOUNT OF FORMULATION PER ANIMAL UNLESS OTHERWISE MOICATEO WHERE AHO When to apply CATTLE, BEET SAFETY RESTRICTIONS Horn At* IHaematobU Tna^luiM ImtAM) (OOP.) Bonsai Bualeaa T 2* 0 most 84 14 1 meat and - - fat 4 aaat -- " 24 EC or WP, 0.5% S 2qt. 5%D ltbsp. To backs every 3 week* as needed. See page ITS. EC, 0.5% 5 or 0.25% dip 1% oil 1-2 qt. 1 Sal./20 ft. cable Saturate back rubbers. ** EC, 0.06%3 1-2,1. WP, 0.06%Sor<tip To backs eve17 2 weeks or as needed. 1% oil 1 gal./20 ft. cable Saturate back rubbers. ** EC or WP, 0.5% S 2qt. To bocks ever; 3 weeks or as needed. 2% oil 1 gal./20 ft. cable Saturate back rubbers.** EC, 0.375% S Depending on size oi animals and amount of hairbat no more than 1 gal. /animal EC, 8.3% Inwater Soln.. 9.4% 1 ft.oz./lOOlb. body weight up to 900 lb. animal, but no more t*yn 8fl. oxyanimal Spray thoroughly. Pour on evenly along animal's backline-, In hot and humid weather, use solo. only. Lies Coumapbos 1 meat tod -- a* Dtoxatbloo 1 Continued "Dipt bm4 to control Hot will tlae control bora 1Ui. **Um of back rubber* will aid la loose control. ' EC, 0.04% 3 WP, 0.06% 3 or dip EC, 0.15% dip or S Depending on else of eelwiile eeiwnd cf hair Immerse or spray thoroughly. Repeat all treatment* after 2-3 weeks If needed. On Pesticides Uefy--Fain tie LiM / HONS Q3B823