Document G6b86b6ydOvEabMdveqKjn9Qq

ST0853060 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT I I DOW-1634 208 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRITM^^TM"" Table 2.--Rbspdlitor Classification Respirator General Design Feature! Protection Provided I. Air-Purifying Respirators. Filter (chemical or me Against specific contam chanical, for remov inants or types of con ing contaminant or taminants. No pro contaminants from tection against at inhaled air) and face mospheres deficient in piece attached to fil oxygen. ter directly or by means of short length of flexible rubber tub ing. Entire device is carried by the wearer. A. Chemical-Filter Res pirators.................. JjC Canisters or cartridges containing suitable chemicals attached directly or by means of short length of rub ber tubing to full face piece or half mask. Against gaseous taminants. con 1. Gaa Mask............. Canisters with chem Up to 3% ammonia and icals for individual 2% moat other gases gases or combina and/or vapors. tions thereof. 2. Chemical - Cart ridge respirators Cartridges with chem icals for individual gases or combinations thereof. Against very low or nuisance concentra tion of gases and/or vapors. . B. Mechanical - Filter Respirators (com monly called dust respirators)............ Fibrous filter attached Against particulate con to half mask face taminants. piece directly or by means of a short length of flexible rub ber tubing. 1. Dust...................... Do. Against dusts of all kinds. 2. Fume.................... Do. 4 Against fumes of vari ous metals. Since fumes are probably more difficult to re move by mechanical filtration than other kinds of particulate matter with the pos sible exception of smokes, this respira tor will protect against such particulate mat ter as dusts and mists. ST085306 I ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION Table 2--ConHnutd 209 Reapirmtor General Design Features Protection Provided 3. Mist....................... Fibrous Alter attached Against mists as pro to half mask face duced by spray-coat piece directly or by ing with paint and means Of a short vitreous enamels, length of flexible rub chromic add mist as ber tubing. produced in chrom ium plating, and mists of other materials whose liquid vehide does not produce harmful gases or va pors. C. Chemical and Me chanical-Filter Res pirator ................... Chemical And mechan Against combinations of ical Alter attached to gaseous and particu face piece directly or late contaminants. by means of a abort length of Aexible rub ber tubing. IL Supplied-Air Respirators. A Hose Mask with Blower.................... Blower (Manual or Against any atmosphere. Power - operated), large diameter hose, harness, and face piece. B. Hose Mask without Blower.................... Large diameter harness, and piece. hose, face Against any atmosphere, out should not be used in immediately harmful atmosphere. C. Air-Line Respirators.. Air supplied from spe Do. cial system or com pressed air line to wearer through small diameter high pres sure hose, reducing valve, short piece of flexible rubber tubing and face piece. D. Abrasive Blasting.... Features same as 1, 2, 3 Same as 1, 2, or 3 above, above (3 is more com depending upon fea mon) but in addition tures but in addition this device has suit has protection against able hood to protect impact and abrasion wearer against re from rebounding bounding abrasive. abrasive material. tion. They are used effectively, however, on jobs such as abrasive blasting, paint chipping, handling used storage battery plates, ST 0853062 210 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY cadmium oxide manufacture, welding operations, spraying of paints and glazes, the manufacture and use of pigments and dyes, and the like. Their most important use is under conditions where protection is required intermittently as in cleaning out opera tions; sweeping; after blasting; in removing cores from large foundry castings; shoveling, screening, and handling of mate rials; and the operation and maintenance of processing equip ment. It is the duty of management to decide whether respirators are needed. In no instance should they be selected as the control measure merely because they cost less than the other appropriate control systems. However, they may be used as a temporary expedient until the more satisfactory control measures have been placed in operation. If, after all the pertinent factors have been considered, it is concluded that respirators are needed, good res pirators of the proper type should be purchased; they should be given to the workers with adequate instruction as regards the need for and proper wearing thereof, and a satisfactory system of maintenance should be set up. The selection of the proper respirator is not an easy task. Some of the important factors which must be considered are: (1) nature of contaminant, that is, whether particulate or gas eous; (2) concentration of contaminant; (3) area of operation of wearer; (4) percentage of time respirator must be worn; (5) possible interference with operation, and (6) other protec- tive devices needed by the wearer such as goggles, shields, or hoods. Table 2 will help in the selection of the appropriate de vice for a given operation. Respirators, with the exception of the chemical cartridge type, are approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines if they pass approval schedules formulated by that agency.13 A large variety of approved respirators is available today, and only respirators which bear this approval label should be used. Lists of approved respirators are available from the U. S. Bureau of Mines, De partment of the Interior, Washington, D. C. Maintenance, Housekeeping, and the Education of the Worker Even though these three items are discussed individually in this section, they are interdependent. It is impossible to have good maintenance unless the housekeeping is good and the worker has been informed of the need for the control measures and the proper operation thereof. Any attempt to maintain working ST0853063 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 211 equipment in good condition and to keep the work place in good order, is doomed to failure unless the worker is given the neces sary instruction. Maintenance.--It is not enough to purchase and install good, carefully designed equipment. Even the best equipment will be come ineffective in a relatively short time unless it is maintained in good working condition. Maintenance is a duty of manage ment and the worker. It is the duty of the worker to handle the equipment as intended, to keep it as clean as the nature of the operation will permit, to report to the management all signs of .wear or failure and in very small industries to lubricate the mov ing parts. It is the duty of the management to provide the neces sary personnel or instruct the proper personnel to inspect, lubri cate, clean out, and repair the- equipment routinely. Improper maintenance is evidenced by such indications as badly dented or collapsed hoods or ductwork; torn bags in bag-type collectors; ducts clogged with waste of all kinds, paper, or articles of cloth ing; collectors not functioning because they are not cleaned; dirty respirator filters; exhalation valves or filters missing from res pirators ; holes in ductwork; and ductwork badly corroded. Much equipment such as the component parts of exhaust ven tilation systems is expensive and an honest effort is usually made to maintain it in good condition to avoid the need for frequent replacements. However, respirators are relatively inexpensive and it is not unusual to find such equipment in use day in and day out without any provision for the maintenance thereof. Little good will be accomplished by the purchase of good respirators unless a satisfactory system is devised for their maintenance. These devices, even though rugged in construction, require daily inspection and cleaning if they are to function effectively. The most satisfactory method of maintaining respirators in good condition is briefly as follows :u (1) mark each worker's respirator with his employment number; (2) collect all used respirators at the end of each shift; (3) distribute the cleaned devices at the beginning of each shift; and (4) assign one em ployee, either part-time or full-time, if necessary, to the careful cleaning, sterilizing, and repairing of all respirators. The fact that each worker always gets his own respirator in a clean wellkept condition will go a long way toward overcoming the objec tions usually presented by workers against wearing such devices. Housekeeping.--As used here, the term "housekeeping" refers principally to the general cleanliness and orderliness of the plant, ST0853064 212 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY equipment, and machinery. Housekeeping is helped greatly by careful attention to details in the design of the plant so that the equipment and machinery are located in a methodical and' sys tematic manner. In operating plants, housekeeping is a responsi bility of the management and worker. It is the responsibility of the management to provide the requisites for good housekeeping, and it is the duty of the worker to use the facilities provided to the best advantage. Some of the items which are essential to good housekeeping are: (1) covers for containers; (2) vacuum clean ers, brooms, or hoses for cleaning; (3) shelves or compartments for storage of equipment or materials when not in use; (4) lock-, ers for clothing; (5) toilets and wash rooms for personal hy giene; (6) trash and garbage receptacles--and they should be emptied frequently and cleaned routinely; (7) cuspidors, prefer ably of the disposable type, for workers who use chewing tobacco; and (8) barriers, guards, or baffles to prevent flying materials such as cutting oils, from getting on the floor and other equip ment. Having a suitable place for everything and keeping every thing in its proper place will go a long way toward keeping the general atmospheric contamination at a minimum. Education of the Worker.--The education of the worker com prises two distinct subjects: (1) why something should be done, and (2) how it should be done. Such information is essential to the proper accomplishment of the workers' regular duties as well as to the proper operation and use of the various control devices. A worker cannot be expected to wear his respirator or goggles, or to turn on an exhaust blower, or open a damper unless he knows why he is doing it. Consequently, his education is of ut most importance and cannot as a rule be left entirely to the fore man. Frequent safety meetings and other meetings are necessary for the education of the worker in the proper use of his various safety and health equipment. Only by incessant instruction will the task of educating the worker be accomplished successfully. SPECIFIC CONTROL MEASURES BY OPERATION The present emergency has resulted in the introduction of many new operations and processes into industry and in the tre mendous expansion of many operations and processes which were formerly done on a small scale. Consequently, new or increased health hazards are being constantly encountered. While it is impossible to cover all of the new problems, there is presented herein in alphabetical order a number of new haz- ST0853065 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 213 ards by operation and recommended control measures for the safe performance of these operations. In certain instances, it is desirable to refer to the chapter on Occupational Dermatoses. Any material potentially toxic should be treated as though it were toxic until it has been shown to be otherwise. All maximum allowable concentrations given in the following discussions are based on an average eight-hour daily exposure unless otherwise stated. Abrasive Cleaning , Abrasive cleaning or abrasive blasting may be carried out with sand or steel shot as the-abrasive. The health hazard asso ciated with steel shot blasting operations is much less severe than with sand blasting operations; consequently steel shot should be used wherever possible. However, if steel shot is not available or -.\* i -r results in an inferior product, sand should be used and can be used safely if the necessary precautions are observed, as given below: Sandblasting.--The potential health hazard in sandblasting operations is dust of a high free silica content. The maximum allowable concentration of free silica (Si02) is five million par ticles per cubic foot of air (m.p.p.c.f.),, as determined by the standard light field technique. The dust hazard in sandblasting operations may be controlled by the following methods: (1) the use of properly designed me chanically exhaust-ventilated machines, cabinets, or rooms; (2) the use of personal protective devices; and (3) good house keeping. As a rule, production abrasive cleaning operations can be carried out in mechanical devices such as enclosed tumbling bar rels, and rotary tables which are provided with adequate local exhaust ventilation. Wherever possible, devices of this nature should be used and should be maintained in good working condi tion so that their dust control effectiveness is not impaired. The amount of air which must be exhausted from the various types of automatic abrasive cleaning devices varies tremendously, de pending upon a multitude of factors. In no instance, however, should the quantity of air exhausted be less than that required to produce a velocity of about 500 to 1000 f.p.m. at all openings from which dust might escape. Abrasive cleaning which requires manual operation may be carried out in small mechanically exhaust-ventilated cabinets 8 i t ST 0853066 214 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY which enclose the operation entirely with the exception of several holes in one wall to accommodate the hands and arms of the operator. Where possible, these access openings should be sealed with suitable flexible washers through which the hands may be inserted and which permit free movement of the arms for the operation. The precautions regarding maintenance and ventila tion rate given in the previous paragraph apply for these de vices also. Large objects should be cleaned in suitable rooms or cham bers which are provided with mechanical exhaust ventilation to prevent the dust from entering the surrounding atmosphere. These operations are usually conducted manually and the opera tor should be protected by means of a supplied-air respirator (abrasive blasting helmet) approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. The precautions concerning maintenance and the ventila tion rate cited in the foregoing paragraphs should be observed for abrasive blasting rooms also. It is usually, economical to collect the abrasive sand from the dust collecting system for reuse. Whether or not this is done, the dust should be collected from the exhausted air before it is dis charged to the outside and the discharge outlet should be located at a point which will prevent the reentrance of the contaminated air into the buildings. In no instance should the filtered air be recirculated into the building. The discharge of the dust collector hopper should be provided with a dust-tight flexible sleeve which is. attached to the top, or extends to the bottom, of the receptacle for the collected material to prevent the escape of dust when the collector hopper is emptied. Good housekeeping which includes such items as keeping the floor, ledges, and machinery free of sand and dust; emptying the collector hoppers frequently and routinely; maintaining all connections through which dust or dust-laden air are conveyed in a dust-tight condition; and cleaning, sterilizing, and repairing the personal protective devices daily will aid considerably in keeping the dust concentration in the inspired air at a safe level. Shotblasting.--The potential health hazards in shotblasting operations are metallic dusts and silica dusts in those instances where objects having sand on their surfaces are cleaned. The maximum permissible safe concentration for some metallic dusts is fifty million particles per cubic foot of air; for free silica dust, five million particles, as determined by the standard light field ST0853067 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 215 technique; and for lead dust, 0.15 milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg./m.*). Even though the health hazard with shotblasting as a rule is much less severe th&n with sandblasting, the same general con trol measures are applicable. However, the various precautions need not be observed as rigidly as is the case with sandblasting. Acid Pickling (see Pickling) Acid (Nitric) Tank Filling The potential health hazard associated with nitric acid tank filling is oxides of nitrogen. Thd currently accepted maximum allowable concentration of'nitrogen oxides for an eight-hour daily exposure is 40 parts per million (p.p.m.). In storage tanks where oxides of nitrogen are discharged while the tanks are being filled, the vents should be connected to an acid recovery plant or extended to a sufficient height to pre vent injury to the workers through contact with the concentrated nitrogen oxides. Where necessary, the oxides of nitrogen should be removed from the exhausted air by means of a suitable wet collector. Airplane Motor Cleaning The operation of spraying airplane motors with gasoline to clean them after they have been tested presents a potentially serious exposure-to gasoline vapor, and sometimes to lead. The maximum allowable concentration for gasoline vapor is 1000 p.p.m. and for lead is 0.15 mg./m.8. In addition, if leaded gasoline is used, the lead tetra-ethyl is absorbed readily through.the skin. Gasoline containing lead tetra-ethyl should never be used for this purpose. The spray cleaning operation should be carried out in a booth, cabinet, or small room provided with mechanical exhaust ventilation at the minimum rate of 150 c.f.m. per square foot of booth opening or room cross-sectional area. In addition, the worker should always remain upstream of the motor, that is, in the clean air. 4 Alkali Cleaning The potential health hazards associated with cleaning parts in an alkali bath are high relative humidities and skin contact with the alkali. ST 0853068 216 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY Rooms in which alkali cleaning tanka are located should be provided with general mechanical ventilation with sufficient air removal to keep the relative humidity from attaining a value which would result in very uncomfortable working conditions. The operator should wear protective clothing to prevent sldn contact with the alkali. Alumiliting (Finishing Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Prod ucts) The health hazard in this operation is from exposure to the sulfuric acid gases and mists, liberated from the acid dipping tanks. While the maximum allowable concentration for sulfuric acid in the air has not been determined definitely, it is believed to be the same as for hydrochloric acid gas, namely, 10 p.p.m. The hazard may be controlled by the use of slot-type lateral exhaust hoods along one or both long sides of the dipping tank and exhausting a minimum of 120 c.f.m. of air per square foot of tank area through the hoods. Amatol Break-Up The potential health hazard from breaking up solid amatol is the TNT in the amatol dust. The maximum allowable safe con centration for atmospheric TNT is 1.5 mg./m.3. All amatol or TNT break-up operations should be carried out in an exhaust-ventilated booth with the worker upstream of the operation. The recommended minimum ventilation rate for such booths is 200 c.f.m. per square foot of booth opening. If the operation is an intermittent one, and particularly if no adequately ventilated booth is available, the work may be done in an isolated location or on the outside so that the dust is not contributed to the air of a room occupied by other workers. The operator will receive adequate protection if he wears a U. S. Bureau of Mines approved mechanical filter respirator. Amatol Bucket Cleaning (Steam Out) The potential health hazard associated with amatol bucket cleaning is TNT vapors and fumes. The currently accepted maxi mum allowable atmospheric concentration for TNT fumes and vapors is 1.5 mg./m.*. The water baths used to melt the TNT encrusted in the buckets should be enclosed as much as possible and provided with f f ! S' ST 0853069 ENGINEERING CONTROL OP AIR CONTAMINATION 217 a mechanical exhaust ventilation system adequate to give a mini mum velocity of 100 f.p.m. across all face openings. Amatol Cooling (Open Tabs) (see also TNT Cooling) The potential health hazard associated with amatol cooling is TNT vapors and fumes. The currently accepted maximum allow able atmospheric concentration of TNT vapor and fumes for an eight-hour daily exposure is 1.5 mg./m.*. This operation should be isolated in an area having good nat ural ventilation. Covers should be provided for the cooling ket tles and all stirring should be done mechanically. Amatol Pouring and Puddling The principal potential health hazard associated with amatol pouring is TNT vapors and fumes. The currently accepted maxi mum allowable atmospheric concentration of TNT for an eight- hour daily exposure is 1.5 mg./m.*. If this operation is carried out in well ventilated bays or rooms, no health hazard will exist under normal operating condi tions. Good ventilation may be obtained by keeping all doors and windows open as much as possible and by supplying or removing an adequate quantity of air by mechanical means. The exact amount of air which must be handled depends upon several con ditions and must be determined for each plant. Frequently several dust-producing operations, such as riser break-out, amatol break-up, and tub cleaning, are conducted in the pouring bays. This contamination in addition to that con tributed by the pouring and puddling operations produces a con centration in excess of the safe limit. Therefore such operations should not be done in the pouring bays. Also all worker's in these bays should be rotated from job to job. If the atmospheric TNT concentration is found to exceed the allowable limit, general ventilation should be improved; local exhaust ventilation should be provided at the major sources of air contamination; and for intermittent exposures, respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for toxic dusts should be used. , Amatol Preparation The potential health hazards associated with amatol prepara tion are TNT vapors and fumes and ammonium nitrate dust. The currently accepted maximum allowable atmospheric concen tration of TNT vapor and fumes for an eight-hour daily exposure ST 08 5307 0 218 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY is 1.5 mg./m.*. While ammonium nitrate dust is not considered highly toxic, all reasonable means should be used to keep the atmospheric concentration of this dust low in accordance with good engineering practice. The mixing kettles should be enclosed and provided with local exhaust ventilation adequate to maintain a minimum face velocity of 100 f.p.m. when the doors of the kettles are open. Due pre cautions must be observed as regards the safety hazard associ ated with the collection of explosive dusts in the exhaust ven tilation system. A chemical-cartridge respirator for organic vapors should be worn by the operator when he has his head in or near the kettle for cleaning operations. Ammonia Oxidation (Nitric Acid Manufacture) The potential health hazards in ammonia oxidation are am monia and oxides of nitrogen. The maximum permissible safe concentration for ammonia is 100 p.p.m. for an eight-hour daily exposure; and for the oxides of nitrogen it is 40 p.p.m. Leaks in and about the pump in the pump house are usually a source of constant atmospheric pollution with ammonia. Since the process is automatic and normally requires little attention, the exposure should not be serious if the workers are able to breathe without undue irritation for the short and infrequent periods of exposure. If the concentrations are sufficiently high to cause objectionable irritation, U. S. Bureau of Mines ap proved gas masks for ammonia should be worn as an emergency measure. Ammoniacal gas should not be allowed to concentrate near the catalyst in the compressor house. If necessary, suitable local mechanical exhaust ventilation should be installed to keep the atmospheric ammonia concentration below 100 p.p.m. The vent stacks from the compressors should be made suf ficiently high to prevent the nitrogen oxides from contaminating the workroom atmosphere of the compressor house, surrounding buildings, and work area. If it is not practicable to prevent con tamination by raising the stacks to a sufficient height, the effluent gases should be collected in a suitable wet collector. Aniline Distillation The potential health hazard associated with aniline distilla tion is aniline vapor. The currently accepted maximum allowable atmospheric concentration of aniline for an eight-hour daily exposure is 5 p.p.m. ST085307I ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 219 Even though this is an enclosed process, in normal operating conditions, small amounts of aniline are liberated in the general room air. The atmospheric concentration of aniline may be kept below the toxic limit by means of roof ventilators equipped with mechanically driven fans and by keeping all doors and windows open as much as possible. The vents from the aniline water storage tanks should be extended outside the building to a point where the vapors will not reenter the building. Since aniline is readily absorbed through the skin, direct skin contact should be avoided. Good personal and general clean liness should be practiced by the workers. Aniline Manufacture (Nitrobenzene Reduction) The principal health hazards associated with the reduction of nitrobenzene are aniline vapor and nitrobenzene vapor. The currently accepted maximum allowable atmospheric concentra tion of each of the above substances for an eight-hour daily ex posure is 5 p.p.m. Since this is an enclosed process, only small amounts of these substances are liberated to the general room atmosphere under normal operating conditions. The atmospheric concentrations of these substances may be kept below their toxic limits by means of roof ventilators equipped with mechanically driven fans and by keeping the doors and windows open as much as possible. These substances are readily absorbed through the skin. Therefore the necessary precautions should be taken to avoid skin contact with them. In addition, strict personal hygiene and general cleanliness should be enforced by the proper supervisory personnel. Anodizing (see Electroplating) Ballistics Testing In ballistics testing the potential health hazards to the rifle men are oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, lead, and silica dust, and to the observers at the butt ends of the range, lead and possibly silica dust. The maximum allowable concentrations of these dusts and gases in the atmosphere for an eight-hour daily exposure are: Oxides of nitrogen........................................ 40 p.p.m. Carbon monoxide .......................................... 100 p.p.m. Silica (sand) .................................................. 5 m.p.p.c.f. Lead................................................................... 0.16 mg./m.* lI ST0853072 220 PREVENTION AND . CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY To prevent atmospheric concentrations in excess of those given above, mechanical ventilation is necessary. Penetration Ranges.--If the observer does not enter the range directly after test-firing ceases, the lead hazard at the tar get end of the range may be controlled by exhausting air at or near the target end at a minimum rate of 200 c.f.m. per square foot of cross-sectional area of the range. On the other hand, if the observer enters directly after the test-firing ceases, higher ventilation rates are necessary. Where conditions permit, this same ventilation will serve to control the riflemen's exposure if the air inlet is located at the firing end of the range. Otherwise, a separate exhauster will be necessary for the firing room, in which case the air should be admitted at the center or toward the target end of the range. The supplied air should be heated, if necessary. Propeller-type fans will serve as exhausters if the ductwork is kept at a minimum; otherwise, centrifugal fans will be needed. Good housekeeping, particularly keeping the walls and floor of the ranges free of dust, will aid considerably in controlling the lead hazard. Daily sweeping or preferably washing with hose and water is suggested. Velocity Ranges.--Same as Penetration Ranges except that lead hazard may be niL Function and Casualty, and Hangfire Ranges.--In these tests the rifleman may be exposed to lead and silica as well as to oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. The interposition of a reason ably large room between the muzzle port and the sand butt, re quiring the bullet to pass through a wall with a second port before entering the room containing the sand butt, will keep the agi tated dust from being blown back to the rifleman. Both the inter mediate room and the room containing the sand butt should be mechanically exhaust-ventilated at a rate sufficient to control the hazard. A minimum of 1000 c.f.m. per range is suggested, but greater quantities must be exhausted in some cases, particu larly if several rifles are fired simultaneously into the same range. If considerable sand is contained in the exhausted air, a col lector should be included in the exhaust ventilation system to prevent a nuisance in the nearby areas and to reduce the abrasive action on the fan. The collector should be located upstream of the fan. The discharge stack should be so located that the con taminated air will not reenter occupied buildings. ST0853073 v ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 221 Balloon Manufacture (see also Rubber Goods Fabrication) The potential health hazards in the cementing operations in the manufacture of barrage balloons result from the exposure to the cement solvents. The solvents vary as indicated in the section under "Rubber Goods Fabrication'' and the health hazards vary accordingly. The health hazard may be controlled by (1) employing cements containing the lees toxic solvents and (2) conducting as much as possible of the cementing on tables with local exhaust ventilation. About 75 per cent of the cementing operations can be performed on tables, leaving only 25 per cent to be done on the floor where adequate control is more difficult The cementing tables should be provided with slot-type exhaust hoods along both long sides of the table top. We-exhaust ventilation rate should be sufficient to maintain the workers' exposure below the maxi mum allowable concentration for these solvents being used. To accomplish this, an air removal rate of about 50 cXm. per square foot of table top is suggested. The exposure for the floor cement ing operations may be controlled by providing good general ventilation (about 10 air changes per hour) and by exercising care to keep the cement and solvent containers closed as much as possible and to use only as much solvent as is necessary to soften the fabric surface. The inspection and Anal seaming inside the balloon pre sents a health hazard which should be controlled by general ventilation (air change) in the balloon at the rate given by the X following equation Q = --, which is explained in the earlier part of this chapter. Barrage Balloon Manufacture (see Balloon Manufacture) Benzene Nitration The potential health hazards associated with the nitration of benzene are nitrobenzene and benzene vapors. The maximum allowable concentrations, on the basis of an eight-hour daily exposure, are 5 p.p.m. for nitrobenzene and 100 p.p.m. for benzene. Since the nitration of benzene is an enclosed process, there should be no appreciable amount of benzene and nitrobenzene vapors liberated into the general room air under proper oper ating conditions. The small amounts of vapor which may be ST 0853074 222 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY liberated normally may be kept below the toxic limit by means of roof ventilators with mechanically driven fans and by keep ing the doors and windows open as much as possible. If workers repairing benzene nitrators are exposed to nitro benzene vapors, they should wear chemical-filter respirators (gas masks) or supplied-air respirators (type B hose masks) approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for protection against acid gases and organic vapors. Boat (Rubber) Manufacture (see Rubber Goods Fabrication) Booster Cavity Drilling The potential health hazard in booster cavity drilling is TNT dust. The currently accepted maximum allowable concentration for TNT is 1.6 mg./m.* of air for an eight-hour daily exposure. This operation is usually not a very dusty one and can easily be made almost dust-free by the judicious use of local exhaust ventilation. A small hood will suffice, located near the operation or attached to the drill, through which sufficient air is exhausted to remove all-the fine dust. The suggested ventilation rate is such that the velocity at the source of dust production is 200 f.p.m. Consideration should be given to the possible collection of the TNT dust in the exhaust line; to the collection of this dust from the exhausted air; and to the disposition of the collected TNT. Booster Cup or Tube Loading The potential health hazard in loading booster cups and tubes with tetryl pellets is tetryl dust. The concentration of tetryl dust in the atmosphere should be kept below 1.5 mg./m.3. (See Tetryl Blending.) The alignment of the pellets for insertion into the tubes as well as the actual insertion of the pellets into the cups or tubes releases considerable dust to the atmosphere. This exposure may be controlled by means of appropriate exhaust ventilation. ' For the usual operations, down draft ventilation through the loading and aligning trays or racks is recommended. The trays or racks need perforated or slotted bottoms and may be perma nently connected with the exhaust system or may be temporarily placed on an appropriate frame on the work bench through which air is exhausted. The recommended minimum ventilation rate is 100 c.f.m. per square foot of tray or rack area or suffi cient to produce a minimum removal velocity of 100 f.p.m. at ST0853075 ENGINEERING CONTROL OP AIR CONTAMINATION 223 the source of dust production. A dust trap or hopper should be located below the tray or grille to catch large particles and the air borne dust should be removed by a suitable collector (prefer ably wet) before the air reaches the fan. The dust trap and col lector should be cleaned frequently and routinely. In lieu of the above method, the individual operations may be partially enclosed, with transparent material if necessary, and provided with exhaust ventilation. The enclosure should be open in the front to permit the worker to perform the necessary operations expeditiously. The exhaust ventilation rate should be not less than 100 c.f.m. per square foot of opening in the en closure. Either down draft through a grille in the table top or lateral ventilation through a connection in the enclosure may be used. -.y Until the exposure is controlled by means of exhaust ventila tion, the workers should wear U. S. Bureau of Mines approved mechanical filter respirators at all times while performing the aligning and loading operations. Clean cloth facelets should be provided on the respirator masks at least daily to prevent der matitis where the mask touches the face. Bullet Casting (see Lead Bullet Casting) Camouflage Paint Manufacture In the manufacture of some of the camouflage paints, a chlor inated phenol known as "Dowicide F" is used as a wood pre servative and mildew preventive. The maximum allowable con centration for this material is not known, but it produces violent coughing and is very irritating to the throats of exposed per sonnel and consequently requires adequate control measures. The operation of mixing the Dowicide F with other dry paint ingredients should be done in a completely enclosed area which is exhaust-ventilated at the rate of about five air changes per minute. Carbide Tool Manufacture In the manufacture of cemented* carbide tools, the finishing operations (grinding to the desired shape and sawing tool tips) are very dusty. These high concentrations of fine dust seem to produce a lung involvement which is under thorough investiga tion at present. Pending the outcome of this investigation, the dust should be controlled at its source. t ST0853013 224 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY The dust may be controlled by means of local exhaust ventila tion at rates suggested under Grinding for similar conditions. Collectors in the exhaust systems are advisable owing to the value of the material collected. Cavity Drilling, Booster (see Booster Cavity Drilling) Cold Tinning Process The health hazard associated with this operation is the ex posure to high concentrations of atmospheric mercury and poten tially to high concentrations of lead. The maximum allowable concentration for mercury is 0.10 mg./m.* and for lead is 0.15 mg./m.8 based on an eight-hour daily exposure. The cold tinning process may be used locally for finishing metal objects with a protective coat which will protect against rust even in the presence of steam. It is commonly used where hot tinning is impracticable and where paint will not endure. Briefly, the operation consists of (1) cleaning the metal surfaces with acid, (2) applying a bonding or adhesive coat of mercury amalgam (usually by manual rubbing with a compound contain ing mercury and compounds thereof), and (3) applying a pro tective coat of about half and half lead and tin by means of a metallizing gun. The lead exposure is intermittent and usually of short dura tion and will be controlled adequately if the same precautions are taken as are necessary for applying the bonding coat. The compound containing mercury should be applied in a segregated or enclosed space which is provided with mechanical ventilation at the minimum rate of 20 air changes- per hour or 150 c.f.m. per square foot of opening into the enclosing space, whichever is the higher, and the operator should wear a U. S. Bureau of Mines approved supplied-air (air-line) respirator at all times while performing this operation. Colloiding (Nitrocellulose and Ether Mixing and Macerating in the Manufacture of Smokeless Powder) (Mix Houses) The potential health hazards in the colloiding operations are alcohol and ether vapors. Although the maximum permissible safe concentrations are controversial at present, an attempt should be made to keep these concentrations as low as is feasible and it is suggested that they should never exceed a total of 1000 p.p.m. ST0853077 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 226 Adequate control of the vapors liberated in colloiding opera tions may be accomplished by the judicious use of general and local exhaust ventilation. These ventilation systems should be tied in with the solvent recovery system, if economically feasible. Owing to the nature of these operations, it is impossible to give specific recommendations for local exhaust ventilation. Sloti type hoods are suggested, attached to or located near the multiple funnel, which fits on the receptacles into which the mixers are dumped. The hoods should be exhaust-ventilated through a flex ible metal hose which might be detachable from the hood if it is an integral part of or attached to the funnel device. The flexible metal tube might be connected to the solvent recovery system or to an auxiliary system, depending upon the various conditions. The ventilation rate should' besuch that the air movement toward the exhaust hood is at least 100 f.p.m. in the zone of vapor t liberation. In addition, good general ventilation will be necessary. De pending upon economic considerations, this should be accom plished by means of a mechanical ventilation system which may be part of the solvent recovery system; or it may be a separate system; or it may be partly separate and partly tied in to the solvent recovery system. Each plant must be considered separately and the appropriate measures designed accordingly. Before scraping the mixer blades, the mixers should be allowed to remain open sufficiently long to permit the vapors to escape. The workers should wear chemical-filter respirators (gas masks) or supplied-air (air-line) respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for organic vapors. The "air blowing" of mixers by compressed air which blows the ether alcohol vapors into the workroom atmosphere should be discontinued. The use of a suction-type exhaust hose attached to the mechanical exhaust ventilation system or to a suitable auxiliary system should be substituted. Cotto_n Picking, Drying and Weighi*ng The potential health hazard in the picking, drying, and weigh ing of cotton is that of cotton dust. The maximum permissible safe concentration for cotton dust is the same as for other nuisance dusts, namely, 50 million particles per cubic foot of air. However in some instances, it is very annoying to the exposed workers in substantially lower concentrations. ST0853078 226 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY Local mechanical exhaust ventilation should be employed at the picking end and at the weighing end of the cotton drying machine. The minimum rate of air movement at the source of the dust should be 100 f.p.m. Adequate collectors should be pro vided for this dust to prevent a nuisance around the building on the plant grounds. If local exhaust ventilation fails to prevent a concentration of cotton dust which is a nuisance to the workers, they should wear mechanical-filter respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. ^ Crack Testing, Mercury (see Mercury Crack Testing) Cup Loading, B6oster (see Booster Cup Loading) Decarbonizing The health hazard in decarbonizing operations results from exposure to the solvent vapors escaping from the decarbonizing tanks. The solutions used for decarbonizing vary considerably but usually contain kerosene, creosote oil, and ethylene dichloride. Whereas the specific toxicity of some of these solvents is un known, it is known that most of them are definitely toxic and require control measures. (The maximum allowable concentra tion for ethylene dichloride is believed to be about 100 p.p.m.) The control measures are the same as given under Degreas ing, which immediately follows. Degreasing Potential health hazards in solvent degreasing operations are vapors of trichlorethylene, ethylene dichloride, carbon tetra chloride, or other highly volatile solvents. The maximum allow able concentrations for an eight-hour daily exposure to vapors of trichlorethylene, ethylene dichloride, and carbon tetrachloride are 200 p.p.m., 100 p.p.m. and 100 p.p.m., respectively. Degreasing operations should be carried out in properly designed tanks which may or may not be provided with local exhaust ventilation but should have adequate cooling or con densing capacity. The atmospheric contamination with the sol vent vapors is usually low enough to present no health hazard when (1) the tanks are small (not over 10 square feet in crosssectional area), (2) the heat input and cooling capacity of the cooling coils are carefully regulated, (3) the tanks are located ST0853079 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 227 in large rooms with high ceilings and not near open doors or windows, (4) the withdrawal rate of the cleaned objects is slow (not more than 12 f.p.m.), and (5) the general room ventilation is good. However, for large tanks, or for any tanks located near open doors or windows or in small rooms, local exhaust ventila tion at the tanks is necessary. The usual type of ventilation con sists of slot-type lateral exhaust hoods located along one or both long sides of the tanks at the upper edge. The recommended minimum exhaust ventilation rate may be computed as follows: 'q = 60 LW where Q = the exhaust ventilation rate in c-f.m., L = the length of-the tank in feet, and, W = the width of the tank in feet The exhausted air should be discharged at a point outside the building where it cannot reenter occupied buildings. Tight-fitting covers should be employed on degreasing tanks whenever possible. The cleaning out of degreasers, particularly those in which the workers must enter the tanks in the process, may involve exposures to excessive concentrations of solvent vapors for lim ited periods of time. Such exposures may be prevented by airing out the machine after withdrawal of the liquid, and by the use of supplied-air respirators (air-line respirators or hose masks) approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, when the exposures are severe and when their use does not impede the workers too greatly. Chemical cartridge respirators do not afford adequate protection when the exposures are severe. If the odor of solvent persists in the vicinity of the machine, or if the workers complain of ill effects, the concentration of solvent vapors in the atmosphere should be determined to ascer tain the efficiency of existing controls. The atmospheric concen tration of solvent vapors should not exceed the maximum allow able concentration for the particular solvent used. When carbon tetrachloride has been used for degreasing and it is removed from the degreased object by a centrifugal process, the carbon tetrachloride vapors shcfuld be kept from the room atmosphere by suitable means, such as enclosing the centrifuge and exhaust ventilating the enclosure at the minimum rate of 100 c.f.m. per square foot of opening in the enclosure. The open ing in the enclosure obviously should not be in the line of throw of the centrifuge. 'j ST 085308C 228 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY The solvent containers which are used to hold carbon tetra chloride or other solvent used in small degreasing operations, such as wiping of metal parts, should be kept closed by tightfitting covers whenever possible. Dimethylaniline Sulfate (DMAS) Nitration (see Nitration) Dimethylaniline (DMA) Sulfation The principal potential hazard in the sulfation of DMA is DMA vapor/Although no maximum allowable concentration has been established for exposure to DMA vapor, the toxicity of DMA is believed to be of the same order as that of aniline, the maxi mum allowable concentration of which is 5 p.p.m. It is suggested, therefore, that the atmospheric concentration of DMA be main tained below a value of 5 p.p.m. wherever practicable. Exposure of DMA vapor should be eliminated or reduced as much as possible by enclosure of the sulfation process, and use of adequate local exhaust ventilation with discharge of all DMA vapor to the outside atmosphere. The discharge vents should be located in such a manner that reentrance of the vapors to the workroom is prevented. Dinitrotoluene (DNT) Crushing and Screening The potential health hazard in DNT crushing and screening operations is DNT dust. Although no maximum allowable con centration has been established for DNT in the atmosphere, the toxicity of DNT is believed to be of the same order as that of TNT; therefore, it is recommended that the concentration of DNT in the atmosphere be kept below 1.5 mg./m.3 Control of these operations should be secured by enclosing the operations, by the use of dust-tight sleeves, by the application of local exhaust ventilation, and by the use of personal respira tory protection where necessary. A program of strict personal hygiene should be observed at all times. Where possible, a grav ity-type system should be used; the crushed DNT being dis charged by gravity from the crusher onto the screen and, finally, the screened material falling into an enclosed receiving unit. It is believed that complete enclosure of the operations will keep the atmospheric concentration of DNT below 1.5 mg./m.* Local exhaust ventilation and respirators should be used only if the above method fails. ft ST 0 8 53081 , - i *- ! , ENGINEERING CONTROL OP AIR CONTAMINATION 229 An enclosed, mechanically-operated crusher should be used. Care should be taken in filling the crusher to avoid dissemina tion of dust into the room atmosphere. Discharge of crushed DNT from the crusher onto the screen and from the screen into the enclosed receiving unit should be done through dust-tight sleeve connections which will prevent escape of dust into the workroom air. The receiving hopper, or other unit, located beneath the screen, should be enclosed completely and should be kept closed during the actual screening. If the use of local mechanical exhaust ventilation is indicated by continued high concentrations of DNT in the atmosphere, consideration should be given to its application at the crusher, at the screen, and at the final receiving unit beneath the screen. The rate of air movement at'the source of dust should be at least 100 f.p.m. and should be 200 or more f.p.m. at the very dusty operations. The contaminated air should be discharged to the outside atmosphere in a manner such that it cannot reenter the building. If workers are exposed intermittently to concentrations of DNT dust in excess of 1.5 mg./m.*, they should wear mechanicalfilter respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Diphenylamine (DPA) Crystallization and Packing The potential health hazards in the crystallization and pack ing of DPA are DPA vapors and dust. No maximum allowable concentration has been established for exposure to vapors and dust of DPA but the handling and processing of this material should be in accordance with good engineering practice. Vapors of DPA should be removed from the crystallizers through canopy-type exhaust hoods which are located above the crystallizers and are exhausted mechanically to the outside at mosphere. The exhaust velocity in each case at the source of the vapor should be at least 100 f.p.m. Dissemination of DPA dust into the room atmosphere should be controlled by installation of adequate side guards oh the crys tallizer discharge chutes, careful filling of the containers with crystalline DPA to prevent overflow, and maintenance of an effective clean-up schedule. Electroplating The potential health hazards associated with electroplating are chromic acid mists, metallic salts, cyanides, and other toxic ST 0853082 230 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY gases. The maximum allowable concentrations for some of the materials which are encountered are as follows: Chromic add mist............................................. 0.1 mg./m.* Arsenic (as arsine) ......................................... 1 p.p.m. Hydrogen cyanide............................................. 20 p.p.m. Cadmium ............................................................ 0.1 mg./m.* If toxic gases and mists are liberated in the electroplating process, as is the case with chromium and arsenic electroplating, and some anodizing operations using dilute solutions of chromic acid and strong electric currents, local exhaust ventilation is necessary at the plating tank. A lateral exhaust slot-type ventila tion system removing at least 120 c.f.m. of air per square foot of tank area is recommended. Where high current densities are used in anodizing or electroplating, much higher ventilation rates are needed to remove the air contaminant effectively. For proper functioning of the exhaust ventilation system, the level of the plating solution should be at least 4 inches below the exhaust slots. If toxic gases and mists are produced in the plating of cad mium, copper, and zinc, the above recommended exhaust ventila tion system should be used. The electroplating of zinc, copper, and nickel from acid or neutral solutions (non-cyanide baths) does not give rise to toxic gases and mists and therefore does not require mechanical ex haust ventilation of the plating tank. However, good natural ventilation is recommended. In those operations using a cyanide bath, care should be taken to avoid introduction of acid into the bath since hydrogen cyanide is liberated under these conditions. All cyanide baths should be conspicuously marked poisonous. It is also essential that skin contact with the plating baths be prevented. Care should be exercised to prevent splashing of the plating bath. For more detailed information on all phases of safety in electroplating, see reference 7. For a discussion of the health hazards connected with the cleaning process prior'to electroplating, see Pickling. Fabric Coating (see also Rubber Goods Fabrication) In addition to the materials mentioned under "Rubber Goods Fabrication" chlorinated paraffins, chlorinated phenols, antimony oxide, chromic oxide, and other similar materials are used in ST0B53t)B3 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 231 weatherproofing, fireproofing, and mildewproofing of canvas fabrics such as tent cloth. These materials are largely dermatitis producers at room temperatures, but at elevated temperatures such as are employed in drying the fabric after it has been coated, vapors may be liberated from the chlorinated compounds. The dermatitis may be prevented by means of suitable pro tective clothing and protective creams. The toxic vapors which may be liberated in the drying ovens should be removed by ex haust ventilating the ovens. Forging The potential health hazards associated with forging are car bon monoxide and high temperatures. The maximum allowable concentration of carbon monoxide for an eight-hour daily ex posure is 100 p.pon. Good natural ventilation should be provided in order to avoid excessively high temperatures and this should be supplemented by mechanically-operated exhaust fans in roof ventilators. Canopy-type hoods with large diameter stacks should be em ployed over the furnaces and if the atmospheric concentration of carbon monoxide exceeds 100 p.p.m., this ventilation should be improved by the use of propeller-type fans in the discharge stacks. The point of discharge should be so located that the ex hausted air does not reenter any occupied buildings. Propeller-type fans in these stacks will aid also in the main tenance of more suitable room temperatures. Furnace (Coreless Induction) Lining Removal The potential health hazard associated with the removal of the linings of coreless induction furnaces is silica dust. The maxi mum allowable concentration of free silica (Si02) for an eighthour daily exposure is 5 m.p.p.c.f. of air as determined by the standard light field technique. In removing the furnace lining, it is necessary for the worker to have his head and shoulders inside the furnace. Therefore, his exposure to dust is severe. Supplfed-air (air-line) respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines should be worn for these operations, if possible. If supplied-air respirators are impracticable, U. S. Bureau of Mines approved mechanical-filter respirators (for pneumoconio sis-producing dusts) should be worn. These respirators must be ST 085308U 232 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY cleaned and repaired daily if they are to give satisfactory service and protection. Fuze Cavity Reaming (see Tetryl Reaming) Glycerine Nitration The potential health hazards associated with the nitration of glycerine are nitrogen oxides and nitroglycerine. The maximum allowable concentration of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere is 40 p.p.m. Although the maximum allowable concentration for nitroglycerine is not known, it is relatively toxic and the atmos pheric concentration should be kept as low as possible. All glycerine nitrators should be completely enclosed and lo cated in rooms' having good general ventilation. In addition to absorption by inhalation, nitroglycerine is ab sorbed readily through the skin. Therefore, special attention should be paid to housekeeping (cleanliness of workroom) and to personal hygiene which should include changing work clothes daily, washing hands and face thoroughly before eating, taking showers at end of shift, and wearing protective clothing such as impervious gauntlets and gloves. Grinding The potential health hazards associated with grinding opera tions are abrasive, metallic, and lead dusts. The maximum per missible safe concentrations of the abrasive and metallic dusts will vary with the chemical composition of the dust generated but should never exceed 50 m.p.p.c.f. of air as determined by the standard light field technique. The maximum allowable concentra tion of lead in the atmosphere is 0.15 mg./m.8 Control in grinding operations should be accomplished by the use of wet grinding, general exhaust ventilation, local exhaust ventilation, or personal respiratory protective devices. Wet grinding operations do not require local exhaust ventila tion. Good general room ventilation may be necessary if the operations are of suc^i magnitude as to produce excessive mist and humidity. Continuous dry grinding operations should be provided with local mechanical exhaust ventilation. The exhaust hoods should be so located that the dust thrown off from the grinding wheels will be in the direction of the air flow into the hood. The follow ing exhaust duct sizes and rates of air removal are recommended: ST0853085 ENGINEERING CONTROL OP AIR CONTAMINATION Standard Grinder Hood 283 Wheel Iliameter (Inchee) Umirmim Wheel Width (Inches) Diameter of Exhaust Outlet (Inches) Volume of Air Removed through Hood at 4600 f.p.m. Duct Velocity (c.fjn.) Over 9___ Over 16... Over 19... Over 24... 9 16 19 24 30 1.6 3 2' 4 3 4.5 45 6. 6 221 392 497 614 884 For more detailed information see references 15 and 16. Where portable grinders are used, particularly if lead coated materials or materials containing considerable lead, such as solder, are being ground, U. S. Bureau of Mines approved res pirators for toxic dusts should be worn if control by means of ventilation is either inadequate or impracticable. Heat Treating The principal potential health hazard in heat treating opera tions is carbon monoxide. The maximum allowable concentra tion for carbon monoxide in the atmosphere is 100 p.p.m. Other potential health hazards are cyanide and acrolein in certain types of heat treating. The currently accepted maximum allowable concentration for hydrocyanic acid gas is 20 p.p.m. and for acro lein, 1 p.pm. Heat treating furnaces should be examined periodically for defective equipment which would permit the escape of carbon monoxide into the workroom atmosphere. Partial control of car bon monoxide may be obtained by the use of suitable hoods en closing the furnaces as much as possible and allowing the carbon monoxide and excessive heat to be removed by convection cur rents. If the above control is inadequate, as shown by the pres ence of excessive concentrations of carbon monoxide, the exhaust ducts from the hoods should be equipped with fans to provide mechanical exhaust ventilation and# thereby increase the rate of air removal sufficiently to maintain the atmospheric concen tration of carbon monoxide within the maximum allowable limit. The excessive room temperatures which are commonly met in heat treating workrooms should be reduced by the use of natural ventilation where possible and by the use of roof ven tilators equipped with mechanically operated exhaust fan3. ST0853086 2S4 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY Cyanide heat treating units should be controlled by the use of measures similar to those listed above. The use of oil quenching baths in connection with heat treat ing operations presents possible hazards from acrolein, if vege table oil is present in the quenching oil, and from carbon mon oxide. The possibility of exposure to caroon monoxide is reduced by avoiding operation of oil quenching baths at excessively high temperatures, that is, by controlling the temperature of the sub stance to be quenched. The use of mineral oil as a quenching material eliminates the possibility of exposure to acrolein. Igniter Mixture Preparation The potential health hazard in the preparation of igniter mix is dust composed of igniter mix components. Even though the specific toxicity of these dusts is not known, it is believed that the total amount of dust in the atmosphere should not exceed 5.0 mg./m.8 and for barium peroxide the value should not ex ceed 0.5 mg./m.* The exposure time at these operations is short and intermit tent and adequate protection may be obtained through the use of mechanical-filter respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Incendiary Mixture Preparation The potential health hazard in the preparation of incendiary mixture is carbon tetrachloride. The maximum allowable con centration of carbon tetrachloride is 100 p.p.m. for an eight-hour daily exposure. All contaminated air from the blender discharge and the granulation of the blended material should be removed by ade quate local exhaust systems and discharged to the outside atmos phere. No recirculation of air contaminated with carbon tetra chloride should be permitted. Lead Bullet Casting The potential health hazard associated with the operation of casting lead bullets is'atmospheric lead. The maximum allowable concentration of lead in the air is 0.15 mg./m.8 based on an eighthour daily exposure. Partial enclosure of the operations and exhaust ventilation of the enclosure or local exhaust hoods near the source of con tamination serve to control this exposure adequately. The ventila- ST 0853087 ENGINEERING CONTROL 07 AIR CONTAMINATION 235 tion rate should be such that the air velocity into the openings of the enclosure is not less than 100 f.p.m. and for local exhaust hoods it should be adequate to produce an air velocity in the proper direction at the Bource of contamination of at least 100 f.p.m. Lead Burning The principal potential health hazard in lead burning opera tions is lead fumes. The maximum allowable concentration for an eight-hour daily exposure to lead in the atmosphere is 0.15 mg./m.* of air. When lead burning ia performed as a continuous operation at a fixed location, as on a.workbench, a system of downdraft ventilation should be installed; consisting of a grille top work bench through which air is removed at a minimum rate of 200 c.f.m. per square foot of grille area. When lead burning is performed as a continuous operation, but where some variation of the site is necessary, local exhaust ventilation should be provided by means of an adjustable, flexible tube with a mechanical source of exhaust ventilation. This tube should be three or four inches in diameter; the inlet should be located as close to the operation as practicable, and the source of exhaust should be sufficient to remove a minimum of 250 c.f.m. of air from each operating site. When lead burning is a temporary or occasional operation, the workers should be required to use respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for protection against'lead fumes (type C supplied-air, if possible, otherwise mechanical-filter). Lead Melting The potential health hazards in lead melting operations are lead fumes and lead dust. The maximum allowable concentration for an eight-hour daily exposure to lead in the atmosphere is 0.15 mg./m.8 of air. The melting pot or furnace should be enclosed with a hood and this hood should be connected to a source of mechanical exhaust ventilation capable of producing an air removal velocity of 100 f.p.m. at the hood openings. The fumes should be dis charged to the outside atmosphere. The hood door should be closed except when it is necessary to remove melted lead from the furnace prior to pouring operations. The 'principal source of lead is in the removal of lead dross S T 0853088 236 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY from the melting pot or furnace, and the deposition of this dross in a haphazard fashion upon the floor in the vicinity of the melt ing furnace or the molds. The lead dross should be removed care fully and deposited in a suitable receptacle which should be dosed whenever possible by means of a tight-fitting cover. Lead Pouring The potential health hazards in lead pouring operations are lead fumes and lead dust. The maximum allowable concentration for an eight-hour , daily exposure to lead in the atmosphere is 0.15 mg./m.* of air. The temperature of the molten lead should be kept as low as possible while still permitting the pouring operation. Good house keeping should be maintained in the vicinity of the pouring operation, and periodic checks should be made for the presence of lead fumes and lead dust in the atmosphere. The disposal of lead dross should be controlled as outlined under Lead Melting to minimize the exposure of the workers to lead dust. Care should be taken to deposit the dross within the receptacle provided, so that lead dust will be controlled effectively. Leather Cleaning The potential health hazards in leather cleaning operations are solvent vapors. Some of the more commonly used solvents are Varsol, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, sulfur di oxide as an acid sulfite, and mineral cleaning oils; the established maximum allowable concentrations for some of these materials are listed in the table at the end of this chapter. Solvents of low toxicity should be used in all cases in leather cleaning. If the concentration of a particular solvent vapor in the atmosphere exceeds the maximum allowable concentration, ade quate general ventilation or a local exhaust ventilation system should be provided. If local exhaust ventilation is used, the air .velocity at the source of the solvent vapor should be about 100 f.p.m. Lena Cleaning ' The potential health hazards in lens cleaning operations are solvent vapors. Some of the more commonly used solvents are xylene, coal-oil, higher alcohols, and the soapless cleaning com pounds; the established maximum allowable concentrations for some of these materials are listed in the table at the end of this S T0853089 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 237 chapter. Solvents of low toxicity should be used in all cases in lens cleaning. If the concentration of a particular solvent vapor in the at mosphere exceeds the maximum allowable concentration, ade quate general ventilation or a local exhaust ventilation system should be provided. If local exhaust ventilation is used, the air velocity at the source of the solvent vapor should be about 100 f.p.m. Luminous Dial Painting The potential health hazards in luminous dial painting and in the storage and handling of-radioactive luminous compound inci dental to dial painting are radioactive dust, gamma-rays, and radon, a gaseous decomposition product which is potentially dangerous when inhaled in excessive quantities. In addition to the cpmmonly recognized luminous compounds, zinc sulfide, which has been given fluorescent properties by exposure to radium, should be handled with caution. The exposure to gamma-rays should never exceed the rate of 0.1 roentgen per eight-hour working day per person. The maxi mum allowable concentration of radon gas in the atmosphere at any time is 10~n curie per liter. See reference 17. If the exposure to gamma-rays exceeds 0.1 roentgen per eight-hour working day per person, lead screening should be utilized to limit the exposure. The screening should conform to Failla's radium protection chart. See reference 18. Control of radioactive dust and radon should be accomplished by (1) limiting the amounts of radioactive luminous compound issued to the workers, (2) partial or complete enclosure of processes, (3) the use of mechanical local exhaust ventilation, (4) general ventilation, (5) application of strict personal hy giene measures, and (6) personal respiratory protection. Not more than the following amounts of radioactive luminous compound should be issued to each dial painter: Luminosity (Mierolamberts) Permissible Amount (Grams) 0-12 ................................................................ 20 12-38 ................................................................... 10 38 or over ................................................................... 5 Where wet processing is impracticable in removing radio active luminous compound preliminary to the repair or refinish- ST0853090 238 PBBVENTION AND CONTHOL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY ing, the article should be placed on a moist paper during the removal operation and the worker should wear a supplied-air (air-line) respirator approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for protection against toxic dusts. Such respirators should be worn by all persons exposed to dust from radioactive luminous com pound, including weighing and compounding activities. The main sources of radon in radium dial painting, handling and storage operations are: (1) the painting process itself and specifically from the paint stored in the container and being applied to the work, (2) the finished dials not yet removed to the drying cabinet, (3) the dials as they rest in the drying cabinet, (4) the storage cabinet preparatory to shipment, and (5) the storage cabinet at the point of use. Controls must be applied at these points. Each dial painting bench should be equipped with a trans parent hood which encloses the bench with the exception of an open working face, and which is exhausted mechanically 'at a minimum average rate of 50 f.p.m. (100 f.p.m. preferred) at the hood face. See U. S. Bureau of Standards Handbook H27 for hood specifications. Cabinets in which painted dials are stored or dried should be ventilated at either of the following rates: (1) not less than 360 c.f.m. per 1,000 dials stored, (2 to 10 pointers equivalent to one dial), and (2) not less than that sufficient to produce an average face velocity of 75 f.p.m. across the cabinet doorway when the doer is open. In addition, general ventilation should be provided in all rooms in which radioactive luminous compound is used or handled so that the radon content of the. air in the room should not exceed 10-11 curie per liter. Every employee should be instructed in the handling of radio active luminous compound and in the observance of all rules that immediately affect or concern his conduct. Proper super vision of all workers should be maintained to insure the observ ance of these rules. All dial painters and others handling radioactive luminous compound should chahge clothing before and after each day, observe strict personal hygiene, and be inspected by supervising personnel under ultraviolet light for traces of radioactive lumin ous compound whenever they leave the workroom. If any of the compound is detected on the skin or clothing, it should be removed promptly. ST085309I ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 239 For detailed information concerning the workrooms and equipment, inspection for hazards, transportation, and plant and personal hygiene, reference should be made to the U. S. Bureau of Standards Handbook H27, cited above. Machining Machining operations frequently involve the use of white lead and cutting oils. The potential health hazard is lead which may be ingested or absorbed through the skin directly or through the medium of the cutting oil. A nontoxic lubricant should be used if possible in place of the white lead and all workers exposed to this hazard should observe strict personal hygiene, with particular attention to cleansing of hands before meals. Magnesium Casting This is a relatively new industry and presents some new po tential hazards to health. The substances which are of concern as regards the health hazard are hydrogen fluoride, fluoride salts, and sulfur dioxide. The maximum allowable concentration for hydrogen fluoride is 3 p.p.m., and for sulfur dioxide is 10 p.p.m. based on an eight-hour daily exposure. Whereas fluorides apparently are used in some magnesium casting, it has been found that their use is not essential, at least in some of the casting operations. Sulfur is used in the casting operation and sulfur dioxide is liberated during pouring; also, subsequent curing operations result in sulfur dioxide exposure. As a rule, the exposures are not serious and only under unusual conditions is a hazardous concentration encountered and then only for short periods. U. S. Bureau of Mines approved chemicalfilter respirators (gas masks) for acid gases should be available for use when high concentrations are encountered. Magnesium Screening (see Tracer Mix Preparation) Mercury Crack Testing The potential health hazard in meccury crack testing is mer cury vapor. The maximum allowable concentration of mercury vapor for an eight-hour daily exposure is 0.1 mg./m.3 The work table upon which the cartridges are coated with mercury, the sink into which the mercurous nitrate is poured, and the stove used for heating the. coated cartridges and cases should be provided with adequate ventilation by means of a ST 0853092 240 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY laboratory bench-type hood under which the operations are per formed. This hood should be exhaust-ventilated at a minimum rate of 150 c.f.m. per square foot of face opening in the hood. The use of pitchers rather than shallow glass dishes for the mercury coating process will tend to keep the mercury concen tration lower since less surface is exposed in this manner. All mercury coated cases and cartridges should be discarded into a covered container and these containers should be removed fre quently from the laboratory (at least twice per shift is neces sary). Rubber gloves and rubber aprons should be worn by the ex aminers during the visual inspection of the mercury coated cases and cartridges.. Where adequate control measures are not available or have broken down, U. S. Bureau of Mines approved chemical-filter respirators (gas masks) or supplied-air (air-line) respirators for mercury vapor should be worn as an emergency measure until the proper control measures are in operation. Metal Cleaning (see Pickling) Metal Finishing (Caustic Treatment to Produce a Gun-Metai Finish) The health hazard in this operation results from exposure to the caustic mists and vapors liberated from the hot caustic solution into which the metal is dipped for treatment. The com position of the caustic solutions varies considerably and little is known concerning the maximum allowable concentrations; how ever, control measures are needed. The caustic mists and vapors may be prevented from enter ing the general workroom air by the use of local exhaust ven tilation at the hot caustic tanks. The recommended procedure consists of exhausting air at a minimum rate of 120 c.f.m. per square foot of tank area through slot-type lateral exhaust hoods located on one or both of the long sides of the tank. Metal Spraying (Metglizing) Metal spraying operations subject the operators to potential health hazards from metal fumes of all kinds including lead. The maximum allowable concentration of these metal fumes varies from as little as 0.15 mg./m.* for lead to as much as 15 mg./m.* for zinc and even more for iron. Such operations should be performed in properly designed ST0853093 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 241 booths which are exhaust-ventilated at the minimum rate of 200 c.f.m. per square foot of opening at the face of the booths, and the workers should always be on the clean air side of the object being sprayed. Motor Testing The potential health hazards in the testing of motors (tank, automobile, aviation engines, and so forth) are carbon monoxide and excessive noise. The maximum allowable concentration of carbon monoxide for an eight-hour daily exposure is 100 p.p.m. Testing motors in a fixed position requires the discharge of the exhaust gases to the outside air if workers are in the same room as the motor. If back pressure on the motor is of no consequence, the motor exhaust pipes may Be extended to the outside. Where back pressure is not permissible, the motor exhaust pipes should enter a mechanically exhaust-ventilated duct from which air is removed in excess of the maximum rate of exhaust from the motor. In either case, the discharge should be located at a point where the contaminated air will not enter any occupied buildings. When motors are tested on a moving assembly line, downdraft exhaust ventilation should be provided through grilles in the floor beneath the assembly line. Sufficient air should be re moved to keep the carbon monoxide concentration in the general room air less than 100 p.p.m. For automobile engine repair and test work, flexible metal ducts of suitable'diameter to fit over the motor exhaust pipe should be used to convey the exhaust gas from the exhaust pipe to (1) a mechanically exhaust-ventilated gutter in the floor, (2) a mechanically exhausted duct, or (3) directly to the" outside. If method (3) is used, the motor under test should be located as close as possible to the door or wall so that the length of flexible pipe is kept at a minimum. Good general room ventilation in addi tion is advisable. Excessive noise should be controlled, if possible, by means of suitable sound baffles, sound absorbing materials, and enclosure of the source of noise. Where adequate control cannot be ob tained by these methods, the exposed workers should wear suit able ear protective devices. Nitration, Dimethylaniline Sulfate The potential health hazards associated with DMAS nitration are nitrogen oxides. The maximum allowable concentration of ST 0853094 242 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY oxides of nitrogen for an eight-hour daily exposure is 40 p.p.ut. Since DMAS nitrators are enclosed and held under a slight negative pressure to remove the oxides of nitrogen liberated during the nitration reaction, there is little chance for oxides of nitrogen to be discharged to the general room air during normal operation. As an additional safety measure, the nitrators should have an auxiliary exhaust ventilation system to remove the nitro gen oxides in case of a breakdown or overloading of the exhaust system used to carry the nitrogen oxides to the acid recovery plant. - Nitrobenzene Distillation The potential health hazard associated with nitrobenzene dis tillation is nitrobenzene vapor. The currently accepted maximum allowable safe concentration of nitrobenzene is 5 p.p.m. The process should be completely enclosed and mechanical general room ventilation should be provided. Adequate ventila tion may be provided by using roof ventilators equipped with mechanically operated fans. All doors and windows should be kept open as much as possible. The overflow vents of the nitrobenzene storage tanks should extend outside the building to a point where the vapors will not reenter the building. Nitrobenzene Neutralization, Separation and Storage The potential health hazard associated with the neutralization, separation and storage of nitrobenzene is nitrobenzene vapor. The currently accepted maximum allowable concentration is 5 p.p.m. The neutralization, separation and storage tanks should be completely enclosed. The overflow vents of the storage tanks should extend outside the building, at a point where the vapors will not reenter. Roof ventilators with mechanically operated fans should be provided for good general room ventilation. Workers should observe strict precautions regarding general and personal cleanliness. Skin contact with nitrobenzene should be avoided. Nitrocellulose Cutting and Graining The potential health hazard found in cutting and graining of smokeless powder is from the ether and alcohol vapors. Although the permissible safe concentrations are controver- ST 085309'S ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 243 sial at present, an attempt should be made to keep the concentra tions as low as is feasible and it is believed that they should never exceed a total of 1000 p.p.m. In rifle powder graining the containers under the distributors should have a bottom made of wire screening or perforated metal and should be located on a grille over a well in the floor which is exhaust-ventilated. The ventilation rate should be as low as is consistent with adequate control; a minimum of 100 c.f.m. per square foot of grille area is suggested. In powder cutting the'Containers of grained powder should be placed over a well in the floor similar to that advocated for powder graining. The local exhaust ventilation should be con nected to the solvent recovery system. The buckets used to collect the cut powder should be constructed similar to those used for graining. By placing these over wells which are exhaust-ven tilated, the vapors are prevented from escaping into the at mosphere. In cold weather the supplied air should be introduced into the room at a low velocity to prevent a dangerous draft over the workers. Nitroglycerine Neutralization and Washing The potential health hazard associated with the washing and neutralization of nitroglycerine is inhalation of nitroglycerine vapor and skin contact with nitroglycerine. While the maximum allowable safe concentration for nitroglycerine has not been es tablished, its toxicity is relatively high and therefore the at mospheric concentration should be kept as low as possible; all nitroglycerine neutralizing and washing operations should be enclosed as completely as possible, and good general room ven tilation should be provided. In addition to being absorbed by inhalation, nitroglycerine is absorbed readily through the skin. Therefore, special attention should be paid to housekeeping (cleanliness of workroom), and to personal hygiene, which should include changing work clothes daily, washing hands and face thoroughly before eating, taking shower at end of shift, and wearing protective clothing such as impervious gauntlets and gloves. Nitrometer Operation The principal health hazards associated with the nitrometer operation are mercury vapors and oxides of nitrogen. The maxi- ST 0853096 244 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY mum allowable atmospheric concentration of mercury vapor for an eight-hour daily exposure is 0.1 mg./m.* while that of the oxides of nitrogen is 40 p.pjn. Good housekeeping is essential in the prevention of mercurial poisoning. A collecting pan of sufficient size to receive any mer cury spilled at the nitrometer should be installed just under the base supporting the nitrometer. The pan should slope to a cen tral point and connect to a well to catch the spilled mercury. This well should be emptied frequently. The mercury should not be allowed to come in contact with any heated surface. The nitrogen oxides from the nitrometer should not be per mitted to enter the room air. These gases should be removed either by providing lateral mechanical exhaust ventilation at the point of discharge of the nitrogen oxides or by locating the ni trometer near a laboratory exhaust hood and attaching one end of a glass or rubber tube to the gas discharge end of the nitrom eter and extending the other end of the tube well up into the laboratory exhaust hood or duct. Paint Drying The potential health hazard associated with drying painted articles is the vapor of the paint solvent. The toxicity of these solvents varies from the very toxic benzene to the relatively non toxic acetone. The maximum allowable safe concentrations in the atmosphere for some of these solvents are listed in the table at the end of this chapter. Drying of painted articles should be carried out in enclosed drying ovens provided with mechanical exhaust ventilation. The air removal rate should be sufficient to provide a minimum air velocity of 100 f.p.m. across the face of all openings in the drying oven. The point of discharge of the exhausted air should be so located that the vapors cannot reenter any occupied building. Painting, Brush The potential health hazards associated with brush painting are the paint pigments and the vapor of the paint solvent. Some of the more toxic pigment ingredients are lead and antimony, whereas the relatively harmless ingredients include zinc and iron. The toxicity of the solvents varies from the highly toxic benzene to the relatively non-toxic acetone. The maximum permissible safe concentrations for some of the solvents and pigment in gredients are listed in the table at the end of this chapter. ST 0853097 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF1 AIR CONTAMINATION 245 The important methods for controlling the health hazards of brush painting are: (1) the use of paints having relatively harm less solvents and pigments, (2) the use of adequate ventilation, (8) the use of suitable personal protective devices, and (4) good personal hygiene. For the purpose of this discussion, only brush painting per taining to the repair or construction of buildings and equipment will be considered. Where brush painting is part of a production job, the control measures listed under spray painting (Painting, Spray) should be applied; Even though good ventilation is needed for brush painting of all kinds, special attention should be paid to the ventilation when paints containing the more toxic ingredients are used. Good natural ventilation provided' by open doors and windows will suffice in large airy rooms, whereas some mechanical means such as a fan or blower will be needed to provide ventilation in smaller rooms where painting is being done. For painting in small enclosed spaces, a supplied-air respira tor approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines should be used if definite mechanical ventilation is impracticable. Good personal hygiene is very important in all manual paint ing. The hands and face should be kept clean by frequent and thorough washing, clothes should be changed frequently, dirty hands and soiled objects should be kept out of the mouth, and other items of personal cleanliness should be practiced. Painting, Spray The potential health hazards associated with spray painting are the paint pigments and the mist and vapor of the paint sol vent. Some of the more toxic pigment ingredients are compounds of antimony, lead, and other toxic metals whereas the relatively harmless ingredients include zinc and iron. The toxicity of the solvents varies from the very toxic benzene to the relatively non toxic acetone. The maximum permissible safe concentrations for some of the solvents and pigment ingredients are listed in the table at the end of this chapter. The important methods for controlling the health hazards of spray painting are: (1) the use of paints having relatively harm less solvents and pigments, (2) the use of mechanically exhaustventilated spray paint booths and rooms, (3) the use of suitable personal protective devices, and (4) good personal hygiene. All spray paint booths and rooms should be mechanically 9 ST0853098 246 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY ventilated at rates given below and the discharge should in all cases be located at a point where the contaminated air will not reenter any building. Spray painting should be done in mechanically exhaust-ven tilated spray paint booths, preferably of the water curtain type. The painting operation should be an automatic one on all pro duction work, if practicable. The object being painted should be supported by a jig or other suitable mechanical device and should be located well within the confines of the booth. Small spray painting booths (those having face areas of less than 50 square feet) should have a minimum exhaust ventilation rate of 200 c.f.m. per square foot of face area of the booth, whereas a minimum of 150 c.f.m. per square foot of face area will suffice for larger-'booths. The air velocity should be essentially uniform across the entire face of the booth. Downdraft exhaust ventilation through a grid type floor is advisable in booths or rooms where cars, trucks and other large objects are spray-painted. A minimum air velocity of 150 f.p.m. toward the grids should be maintained at the painting location. However for intermittent painting operations of this nature any well ventilated room is satisfactory if the worker wears at all times while in the room a supplied-air (air-line) respirator ap proved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Wherever it is necessary for the painter to work downstream (as regards air movement) of the object being painted or if the object being painted is large so that the painter is exposed to the paint mist, he should wear a supplied-air (air-line) respirator approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Also all painters who use spray guns for painting in the repair and construction of build ings and equipment should wear approved supplied-air respirators at all times while painting. In rare instances for intermittent operations, it will be found to be more feasible to provide the sprayer with a supplied-air hood covering the entire head than to provide the large amount of ventilation necessary to control adequately the exposure. In such cases, the use of supplied-air hoods is permissible. Good personal hygiene as given under brush painting (Paint ing, Brush) should be practiced. Paint Manufacture, Camouflage (see Camouflage Paint Manu facture) m ST0853099 ENGINEERING CONTROL 07 AIR CONTAMINATION 247 Pellet Density Testing The principal health hazard associated with the tetryl pellet density testing operation is that of mercury vapor. The maximum allowable atmospheric concentration of mercury vapor for an eight-hour daily exposure is 0.1 mg./m.* Although this operation is usually intermittent, any spilled mercury gives rise to a constant exposure. Good housekeeping is essential in the handling of mercury. Pellet density testing should not be done in areas adjacent to heated surfaces such as radiators or hot water pipes, and should preferably be done in areas hav ing good general ventilation. The operations in density testing should be done on a large tray having a flanged edge and sloping to one corner containing A:wplL The mercury should be removed from the well frequently, and all mercury not in use should be kept in closed containers. Pickling The potential health hazards found in pickling are acid mists, acid gases, and gases liberated due to impurities either in the pickling acid or the metal being cleaned. The maximum allowable cohcentration in the atmosphere for some of these are: Hydrogen chloride................................................. 10 p.p.m. Hydrogen sulfide ................................................... 20 p.p.m. I Sulfur dioxide ....................................................... 10 p.p.m. | Ariine t............................................... 1 p.p.m. l Phosphine ............................................................... 1 p.p.m. >1 Nitrogen oxides ..................................................... 40 p.p.m. The acid mists and gases liberated during pickling operations should be prevented from entering the room atmosphere by en closing or partially enclosing the tank if possible and by provid ing mechanical exhaust ventilation at the enclosure. The rate of ventilation should be sufficient to produce an air movement into I the enclosure of at least 100 f.p.m. at all openings. Where en closure is not practicable, local exhaust ventilation should be proI vided at the tank by means of slot-type hoods at the upper perim eter of the tank. The minimum required ventilation rate will vary with the nature of the operations but should never be less than 120 c.f.m. per square foot of tank area. The exhaust system should be constructed of acid resisting, material and the exhausted air should be discharged at a point where it will not reenter occu pied buildings, ii i ST0853I 00 248 PREVENTION AND CONTROL 07 DISEASE IN INDUSTRY Pickling operators should wear acid-proof protective clothing and should practice good personal hygiene. Pontoon (Rubber) Manufacture (see Rubber Goods Fabrication) Primer Mixture Screening The potential health hazards of primer mixture screening are the dusts from the various ingredients of the primer mixture. The maximum allowable concentration of lead thiocyanate in terms of lead ls 0.15 mg./m.* of air while the currently accepted maximum allowable concentration of TNT in the atmosphere is 1.5 mg./m.* Although the maximum allowable concentrations of many of the primer mixture ingredients are not known, they should be kept'as^ow as is possible with good engineering practice. Screening of the various ingredients of the primer mixture should be done in an enclosed system. This may be accomplished by providing a tight-fitting cover for the screen, and either at taching the receptacle directly to the screen or using a flexible dust-proof sleeve to connect the receptacle to the screen. Since the exposure is intermittent and for only brief periods of time and since the workers on this job are usually rotated, the most practicable control method is personal respiratory protection. The respirators (mechanical-filter type) should be approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines and should be cleaned and repaired daily by one individual who should be assigned to this task. Printing (Cleaning Type and Presses) The potential health hazards in printing operations are sol vent vapors. Some of the solvents commonly used to clean type and presses are benzene, carbon tetrachloride, methyl alcohol, and trichlorethylene. The maximum allowable atmospheric concentrations for an eight-hour daily exposure to these solvents are: Benzene ................................................................. 100 p.p.m. Carbon tetrachloride ........................................... 100 p.p.m. Methyl alcohol ..................................................... 200 p.p.m. Trichlorethylene ............................................... 200 p.p.m. No cleaning compounds containing any considerable amounts of benzene, carbon tetrachloride, or methyl alcohol should be used; petroleum naphthas are preferred. The printing room should be large and have good natural ventilation. Mechanical exhaust ventilation fans should be lo- ST0853101 ENGINEERING CONTROL OP AIR CONTAMINATION 249 cated in roof ventilators if the room is small and the amount of work sufficient to raise the concentration of the solvents above the maximum allowable concentration. Protectoscope Manufacture In the manufacture of protectoscopes for tanks, a mirrored surface is coated with plexigum in ethylene dichloride. The maxi mum allowable concentration for ethylene dichloride is believed to be about 100 p.p.m. The exposures commonly encountered in these operations produce -nausea and vomiting. Owing to the nature of the operation, it is usually carried out in a room devoid of mechanical ventilation, and local exhaust ventilation likewise is impracticable because of the formation of bubbles on the mirrored surtibe. The exposures are usually of short duration and may be controlled effectively by the use of U. S. Bureau of Mines approved chemical-filter respirators (gas masks) for protection against organic vapors. Rosin Melting (Melting Rosin for Filling Shrapnel Projectiles) The health hazard in this operation is the exposure to decom position products of the melted rosin at the temperature usually employed (400 to 450 F.). These products are acid in reaction and are very irritating to the mucous membranes of the oper ators. The hazard should be controlled by partly enclosing the rosin melting pot and "providing exhaust ventilation at the enclosure of not less than 100 c.f.m. per square foot of opening in the en closure. Rubber Boat Manufacture (see Rubber Goods Fabrication) Rubber Goods Fabrication The potential health hazard associated with the fabrication of rubber goods is the rubber or rubber cement solvent. Various solvents are used including carbon disulfide, benzene, toluol, xylol, carbon tetrachloride, methyl ethyl ketone, petroleum naphthas, and ethylene dichloride. The maximum* allowable concentrations of these solvents vary from as little as 20 p.p.m. for carbon di sulfide and 100 p.p.m. for benzene to as much as 1000 p.p.m. for the petroleum naphthas. Sometimes the petroleum naphthas con tain such aromatics as trimethyl benzenes, ethyl benzenes, and other benzene homologues which serve to increase their toxicity. ST0853I 02 250 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY Inasmuch as the solvents in the rubber cements may be un known or may vary from lot to lot, the control measures must be based on the assumption that the solvent is benzene, unless it is known to be otherwise, in which case the control measures may be relaxed accordingly. The operations vary considerably and include cementing operations on benches, on the floor, or on large objects at workbench height; coating materials in mechanically operated spreaders; and the like. The exposure at some of these operations may be controlled by providing good general ventila tion of the' ^orkroom. For some operations in small rooms as much as 40; to 80 air changes per hour are needed. (The mini mum required ventilation may be computed by the equation described earlier in this chapter.) However, in many m instances, general ventilation does not suffice. In such cases, local exhaust ventilation should be used if practicable; otherwise, suit able respirators (supplied-air respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines) should be used. The type of local exhaust ven tilation which should be employed will depend upon many cir cumstances. Ventilation through grilles in the tops of the work benches serves admirably if the material being fabricated does not cover the entire bench. If it does, lateral exhaust hoods along one or both sides of the bench may be employed. If neither bench top nor lateral exhaust ventilation is practicable, updraft ven tilation through hoods located above but as close to the work as feasible may be satisfactory. In general, these operations vary sufficiently to make each a distinct problem which can be solved only by careful study of the operation. In any event, the quantity of air removed should be sufficient to provide a minimum velocity toward the exhaust hood of 100 f.p.m. at the source of con tamination. If the solvent odor persists, the actual exposures should be determined to decide whether additional .ventilation is necessary or whether respirators must be used. t Sand Mixing and Screening The potential health hazard associated with sand mixing and screening operations is silica dust. The maximum allowable con centration of free silica is 5 million particles per cubic foot of air as determined by the standard light field technique. Inasmuch as dry sand mixing and screening operations pro duce an enormous amount of silica dust, these operations should ST0853103 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 251 be enclosed as much as possible and provided with local exhaust ventilation. Owing to the large number of ways these operations are carried out, no specific type of exhaust ventilation system can be suggested. However, the dust is usually controlled success fully if the ventilation rate is such that the air velocity toward the exhaust inlet is about 250 f.p.m. at the source of dust produc tion. Periodic dust counts should be made in the area adjacent to these operations to check the performance of the exhaust ven tilation system. The exhausted air should be passed through a suitable col lector to remove the dust before the air is discharged to the out side. The discharge outlet should be so located that the air will not reenter the buildings and in no case should the air be recircu lated into the workroom evert if the dust collector appears to be efficient. The collector should be cleaned frequently and routinely and should be maintained in good working condition. A local exhaust ventilation system may not be necessary if the sand mixing and screening operations are intermittent so that the average exposure of the worker to silica dust is low. In such instances, the operations should be isolated to avoid expos ing other workers to the dust and the exposed workers should wear respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for protection against silica dust. Self-sealing Fuel Tank Manufacture (see Rubber Goods Fabri cation) Shell Case Manufacture A potential health hazard from metal fumes is encountered in the melting of brass in the initial billet casting operation. These fumes may be relatively toxic if the brass contains consid erable lead (cartridge brass seldom contains lead) or they may be largely zinc oxide fumes. The maximum allowable concentra tion for lead in the atmosphere is 0.15 mg./m.* and for zinc oxide, 15 mg./m.3, based on an eight-hour daily exposure. The exposure may sometimes be controlled adequately by good-, general ventilation whereas in many instances local exhaust ven tilation through hoods located above the melting pots is neces sary. The required ventilation rate varies tremendously, depend ing upon circumstances, but should be sufficient to remove all the contaminated air from the vicinity of the melting pot. Shrapnel Projectile Loading (see Rosin Melting) ST0853I 04 252 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY Smokeless Powder Cutting and Graining (see Nitrocellulose Gutting and Graining) Soldering The potential health hazards associated with soldering opera tions are lead fumes and hydrogen chloride gas from the acid flux. The maximum allowable concentration for an eight-hour daily exposure to lead fumes in the atmosphere is 0.15 mg./m.1 and to hydrogen chloride gas, 10 p.p.m. Control-..measures should consist of local exhaust ventilation, general ventilation, and the use of personal respiratory protec tive devices, according to the nature of the operation. All solder ing sites should have good natural ventilation, if possible. Continuouajor production soldering operations require local mechanical exhaust ventilation for the removal of lead fumes and acid gas. The workbench should be equipped with a grilletop through which the air is exhausted at the minimum rate of 100 c.f.m. per square foot of grille area. In addition, the stove or heater for the iron should be enclosed on three sides in a hood which is exhaust ventilated at the rate of about 100 c.f.m. per square foot of opening in the hood. The exhausted air should be discharged to the outside atmosphere in such a manner that It will not reenter the building. For intermittent soldering operation of a repair nature, good general ventilation will control the exposure adequately. . For all operations which are done in confined spaces, adequate ventilation should be provided by any suitable means such as a portable blower, fan, or air-operated ejector, or if this is im practicable, suitable respiratory protective devices should be worn. If an acid free flux is used, a mechanical-filter respirator approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for toxic dusts will suffice; otherwise, an approved supplied-air (air-line) respirator will be needed. Spray Coating (see Painting, Spray) Stenciling (see Painting, Spray) 4 Sulfation, Dimethylaniline (see Dimethylaniline Sulfation) Sweetie Barrel Operation The principal potential health hazard associated with the sweetie barrel operation is dinitrotoluene in the form of dust, ST 0853!05 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 25S ftune, and vapor. While no maximum allowable atmospheric con centration has been established for DNT, it is believed to be of the same order of toxicity as TNT. The currently accepted maxi mum allowable atmospheric concentration for an eight-hour daily exposure to TNT is 1.5 mg./m.* All weighing and sweetie barrel operations should be isolated insofar as it 1b practicable. Mechanical-filter respirators or sup- plied-air (air-line) respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for protection against toxic dusts should be worn by the workers while scraping the insides of the sweetie barrels, and while holding the bags receiving the discharge from the sweetie barrels. '^ Tank (Aircraft Fuel) Manufacture (see Rubber Goods Fabri cation) Testing, Ballistics (see Ballistics Testing) Tetryl Blending The potential health hazard in tetryl blending is tetryl dust. Although no maximum allowable concentration has been estab lished for tetryl dust in the atmosphere, the concentration of the dust should be maintained as low as possible within the limits of good engineering practice. It is suggested that the atmospheric concentration of tetryl be maintained below a value of 1.5 mg./m.s wherever practicable. During periods of filling and discharging of the blender, a dust-tight connection should be maintained between the tetryl screen and the blender, and a dust-tight sleeve should be attached to the discharge end of the blender and should extend to the bot tom of, or be removably attached to, the receiving unit. If the sleeve extends to the bottom of the receptacle, it should be manipulated by hand to release the tetryl with a minimum of dusting. If the above suggestions do not reduce the atmospheric con centration of tetryl dust below 1.5 mg./m.3, mechanical-filter res pirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines should be worn by the workers while in the blending room. Tetryl Crystallization The potential health hazards in the tetryl crystallization op erations are benzene vapors and acetone vapors. The maximum allowable concentration for an eight-hour daily exposure to ben- ST 0853106 254 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY zene in the atmosphere is 100 p.p.m. and while no maximum per missible safe limit has been established for acetone, it is known to be relatively non-toxic. A substitute for benzene should be used if possible , and the necessary precautions should be observed in handling the sub stituted solvent. If benzene is used, the process should be enclosed as much as possible and adequate mechanical local exhaust ventilation should be provided at the vacuum pan. The rate of air removal at the source-of benzene vapors should be not less than 100 f.p.m. Tetryl Drying The potential health hazard in tetryl drying operations is tetryl dust which is generated during the loading and unloading of drying screens in the tetryl dry house. The concentration of tetryl dust in the atmosphere should be maintained as low as possible within the limits of good engineering practice. A maxi mum concentration of 1.5 mg./m.3 is suggested. See Tetryl Blending. A system of mechanical local exhaust ventilation should be installed to remove tetryl dust generated during the drying screen loading and unloading operations. The system should be such - that the air movement is at least 100 f.p.m. at all points of dust production. If the use of local exhaust ventilation is impracticable or inadequate, the workers should wear respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for protection against toxic dusts. Due precautions should be observed with regard to the col lection of tetryl dust in the duct work of the ventilating system, and with regard to the disposition of the dust removed by the ventilating system. A wet type collector located as close as pos sible to the source of dust removal is suggested for filtering the dust from the air before it is discharged to the outside. Tetryl Mixing with TNT The potential health hazards in the mixing of tetryl with TNT are tetryl dust and TNT vapors and fumes. The currently accepted maximum allowable concentration of TNT in the atmos phere is 1.5 mg./m.3 and a maximum atmospheric concentration of 1.5 mg./m.3 is suggested also for tetryl. See Tetryl Blending. The mixing process should be partially enclosed and controlled by a mechanical exhaust system which produces an air movement of at least 100 f.p.m. at the face of the hood opening. ST08531 07 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 255 Tetryl Packing The potential health hazard in tetryl packing operations is tetryl dust The tetryl concentration in the atmosphere should be maintained below 1.5 mg./m.* wherever feasible. See Tetryl Blending. Local exhaust ventilation should be applied near the chute discharge from the tetryl hopper to the tetryl boxes at the source of tetryl dust. The rate should be sufficient to prevent the escape of dust into the atmosphere; a minimum velocity of 200 f.p.m. at the source of dust production is suggested. Tetryl Pellet Density Testing (see Pellet Density Testing) ii Tetryl Pelleting i The potential health hazard in tetryl pelleting operations is tetryl dust. The tetryl concentration in the atmosphere should be maintained below 1.5 mg./m.* wherever feasible. See Tetryl Blending. In most instances the only atmospheric exposure to tetryl dust in tetryl pelleting occurs during the filling of the pelleting hopper and cleaning of the pelleting machine. Since these opera tions are intermittent and brief, the workers may be adequately protected by the use of respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Tetryl Reaming The potential health hazard in tetryl reaming operations for fuzes is tetryl dust. The tetryl concentration in the atmosphere should be maintained below 1.5 mg./m.* wherever feasible. See Tetryl Blending. A mechanical local exhaust system should be installed to con trol the tetryl dust at its source. The rate of air movement should be at least 100 f.p.m. at the source of the dust. Tetryl Screening The potential health hazard in tetryl screening operations is tetryl dust. The tetryl concentration in the atmosphere should be maintained below 1.5 mg./m.3 wherever feasible. See Tetryl Blending. To accomplish the best results and to insure safe working conditions, the entire screening process, including the charging and discharging, should be enclosed as much as possible and ST0853I 08 256 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY provided with exhaust ventilation at a rate which will produce an air velocity into all openings of not less than 100 f.p.m. and should be about 300 f.p.m. at the openings or leaks at the screen where the dust is liberated with considerable velocity. The charg ing hopper and the receptacles should be attached to the screen by means of flexible dust-tight sleeves. The exhausted air should be conveyed to a wet collector located as close to the source of dust as possible and consideration should be given to keeping the duct work upstream of the collector free from tetryl deposits. Partial enclosure of the charging hopper with one side open for charging will aid in the prevention of atmospheric contamination at this pointr.At the discharges (both the coarse and fine out lets) the flexible dust-tight sleeve attached to the screen outlets should be permanently attached to a receptacle cover which may be transparent, if necessary. If this is not practicable, a ven tilated canopy-type hood should be attached to the sleeve and located above but as close as possible to the receptacle. The mini mum ventilation rate through the canopy hood should be 300 c.f.m. per square foot of opening between the receptacle and hood perimeter. If the operation is intermittent or if exhaust ventilation is impracticable, the charging hopper should be entirely enclosed and provided with a door large enough to receive a box of tetryl and with a frame and crank such that a box of tetryl may be held in the frame and inverted by means of the crank outside the enclosure while the door is closed; also the hopper and receptacle should be connected to the screen by means of flexible dust-tight sleeves, and the workers should wear at all times while in the screening room mechanical-filter respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for toxic dusts. Tinning Process, Cold (see Cold Tinning Process) TNT Break-Up (see Amatol Break-Up) TNT Cooling The operation in wh'ich tubs of liquid TNT are cooled to the desired temperature before pouring, presents an exposure to TNT vapor and fume. The maximum allowable safe concentra tion for atmospheric TNT is 1.5 mg./m.* If the cooling tubs are stirred manually or if a number of tubs are cooling at the same time in a bay or room, the atmos- i ST 0853109 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 257 pheric contamination in the room will be excessive. This condi tion may be prevented by (1) providing exhaust ventilation at I each tub, or (2) ventilating the bay or room adequately. It is preferable that the tuba be stirred mechanically, but if each tub is ventilated properly, this is not essential. Each tub may be ventilated adequately by installing a par tially enclosing or a semicircular hood at the locations where the tubs are stirred so that when the tubs are in cooling position the enclosure or hood will be close to and almost adjoining the kettle. The recommended minimum exhaust ventilation rate for a hood is 120 c.f.m. per square, foot of tub area and for a partial en closure is 100 c.f.m. per nquare foot of opening in the enclosure. A suitable collector (preferably wet) should be located as close to the hoods or enclosures at' possible so that the contaminated air is conveyed only a short distance in the duct work. If local exhaust ventilation is impracticable, the contamina tion may be prevented from escaping into adjoining rooms by exhaust-ventilating the cooling bay or room at a minimum rate of 60 c.f.m. per square foot of opening into the bay. If general ventilation is used, the workers should wear U. S. Bureau of Hines approved mechanical-filter respirators at all times while in the cooling bay. TNT Drying The potential health hazard in TNT drying operations is TNT in the form of vapor and fume. The currently accepted maximum allowable concentration for TNT in the atmosphere is 1.6 mg./m.* This operation should be completely enclosed to prevent the contamination of the atmosphere with TNT vapor. Provision should be made to exhaust the vapor from the drier to the out side atmosphere. TNT Flaking The potential health hazard in TNT flaking operations is TNT in the form of vapor, dust and fume. The currently accepted maximum allowable concentration of TNT in the atmosphere is 1.6 mg./m.* The flaking machine should be partially enclosed and mechan ically exhaust-ventilated at a rate sufficient to produce a velocity into the enclosure of at least 160 f.p.m. at all openings. ST0853I10 258 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY TNT Graining The potential health hazard in TNT graining operations is TNT vapor and dust. The currently accepted maximum allowable concentration for an eight-hour daily exposure to TNT in the atmosphere is 1.5 mg./m.* Each graining kettle should be enclosed completely by a hood which has an observation lid that may be opened; the hood should be exhausted mechanically at a rate sufficient to produce an air velocity of at least 100 f.p.m. at the hood face when the observa tion lid is hpen. All contaminated air should be discharged to the outside atmosphere in such a manner that it will not reenter the building. TNT Melting > The potential health hazard in TNT melting operations is TNT vapor, fume and dust. The currently accepted maximum allowable concentration for an eight-hour daily exposure to TNT is 1.5 mg./m.* The melting kettles should be enclosed and should be mechan ically exhaust ventilated: The enclosure should be provided with the necessary number of lids or access doors which may be opened. The exhaust ventilation rate should be such that the air movement at the hood face when one lid is open is not less than 100 f.p.m. In filling the TNT hoppers above the melting units, precau tions should be observed to create as little dust as possible. If these hoppers are of good design and the charging is done prop erly, no atmospheric dust hazard should exist. However, if the concentration of TNT in the atmosphere during the filling opera tion exceeds 1.5 mg./m.*, the workers should wear respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. TNT Metal Tub Cleaning (see also Amatol Bucket Cleaning) The potential health hazard in TNT metal tub cleaning opera tions is TNT dust. The currently accepted maximum allowable concentration of TNT in the atmosphere is 1.5 mg./m.* For intermittent operations, mechanical-filter respirators ap proved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines should be worn by workers engaged in metal tub cleaning. For continuous operations, the work should be done in me chanically ventilated exhaust booths which have a face velocity of not less than 200 f.p.m. and the operator to avoid excessive i ST0853II I ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 259 exposure should remain upstream of the tub at all times while cleaning. The exhausted air should be discharged at a point on the outside where it will not reenter the buildings. Consideration -should be given to the safety hazard associated with the col lection of TNT dust in the ductwork; a wet collector close to the booth is suggested. TNT Pouring and Puddling (see Amatol Pouring and Puddling) I TNT Purification The potential health hazard in TNT purification operations is S; TNT vapor and fume; Jhe currently accepted maximum allow able concentration of TNT in the atmosphere is 1.5 mg./m.8 The TNT purification process should be entirely enclosed to prevent the contamination of the workroom atmosphere. TNT Screening The potential health hazard in TNT screening operations is TNT dust. The currently accepted maximum allowable concen tration of TNT in the atmosphere is 1.5 mg./m.3 As a rule, TNT screening operations require local exhaust ventilation to maintain safe working conditions. The hopper from which TNT is fed onto the screen should be partially en closed with an open face hood to permit filling of the hopper. The hood should be mechanically exhausted so that the hood face velocity will he at least 100 f.p.m. Care should be taken in filling the hopper to disseminate as little TNT dust as possible into the room atmosphere. The connection between the hopper and the screen should be dust-tight at all times. Dust-tight sleeves or boots should be used between the screen outlet and the receiving unit; this applies to the coarse material discharge as well as to the screened TNT. These sleeves may either be attachable to the top of the re ceptacles by means of dust-tight connections or extend to the bottom of the receptacles to prevent the escape of dust into the atmosphere. The screen should be enclosed, mechanically operated and mechanically ventilated, if necessary. The ventilation rate should be such that the air velocity at all openings is not less than 300 f.p.m. All contaminated air should be discharged to the outside atmosphere in such a manner that it cannot reenter the room. Wherever the TNT dust concentration exceeds 1.5 mg./m.3 ST0853I 12 260 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY in the workroom atmosphere, workers exposed should wear me* chanical-filter respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Toluene Nitration Hie potential health hazards associated with the nitration of toluene are toluene, nitrogen oxides, mononitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, and TNT. The currently accepted maximum allowable concentrations of these substances for an eight-hour daily expos ure are as follows: Toluene ............................ . 200 p.p.m. Nitrogen oxides.................. 40 p.p.m. Mononitrotoluene................ Similar to nitrobenzene, which is generally 5 p.p.m. Disitrotolaene...................... Similar to TNT TNT .......................... 1.5 mg./m.* All toluene nitrators should be enclosed and connected to an acid recovery plant by means of a local exhaust ventilation sys tem. The nitrators should be held under a sufficient negative pressure to prevent the escape of nitrogen oxides into the room atmosphere during the nitration operation. As an additional pro tective measure, an auxiliary exhaust system should be installed on all nitrators for use in case of a breakdown or overloading of the regular exhaust system. The observation section of the drain pipe leading from the nitrator should also be provided with local exhaust ventilation to prevent escape of nitrogen oxides and other toxic materials into the room atmosphere during the separating operation. Tracer Bullet Charging The potential health hazards in the charging of copper jackets with tracer mixture and igniter mixture are the tracer and ig niter mixture dusts and the solvent vapors (carbon tetrachloride and methyl alcohol) resulting from the removal of the dusts from the charging machines and from the washing of the dies. The maximum allowable concentration of tracer mixture and primer mixture are not known but it is believed that no harm will result to the workers if the total dust concentration is kept below 5.0 mg./m.* and the barium peroxide concentration below 0.5 mg./m.* The allowable concentration of carbon tetrachloride in the at mosphere is 100 p.p.m. while that for methyl alcohol Is 200 p.p.m. General room ventilation should be provided to keep the tracer and igniter mixture dust in the air near the charging machines 't ST0853I13 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 261 and in the breathing zone of the workers below the allowable limit. Mechanical air conditioning with sufficient air changes per hour should be satisfactory if the air is not recirculated. If recirculation of part of the air is necessary, an efficient collector for both the dusts and vapors is necessary in the conditioning system to remove the contaminating materials from the air be t fore recirculation. All charging machines should be cleaned at least once an hour, and oftener, if necessary. Air blowing of the * dust on the machines should not be permitted; a commercial vacuum cleaning apparatus with an efficient filter should be used. Trichlorethylene, ethyl alcohol and coal oil should be used for wiping the machines and cleaning the dies; the use of carbon tetrachloride and methyl alcohol should be avoided. Tracer Mixture Blending The potential health hazard during tracer mixture blending operations is tracer mixture dust. Although the specific maxi mum allowable concentration of tracer mixture dust has not been determined, it is believed that the total amount of this dust in the workroom atmosphere should not exceed 6.0 mg./m.* A flexible dust-tight sleeve or boot should be attached to the outlet of the blender and should either be attachable to the top of the receptacle by means of a dust-tight connection or extend to the bottom of the receptacle so that the dust created in the fall is not permitted to escape into the workroom atmosphere. With the latter arrangement, the sleeve should be manipulated by hand and care should be taken to avoid any unnecessary dis turbance which would disseminate dust into the air. If the total tracer mixture dust content in the air exceeds 5.0 mg./m.s, the workers should wear mechanical-filter respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. This may be necessary, particularly when charging the blender. The operators should practice good personal hygiene and good housekeeping. Tracer Mixture Screening and Mixing The potential health hazards of the tracer mixture screening and mixing operations, when conducted in the same room, are tracer mixture constituent dusts and carbon tetrachloride vapor. The maximum allowable concentration for carbon tetrachloride in the atmosphere is 100 p.p.m. Although the specific maximum allowable concentration for tracer mixture dust in the atmos phere has not been determined, it is believed that the total amount ST0853114 262 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY of this dust in the workroom atmosphere should not exceed 6.0 mg./m.* If possible, precipitated calcium resinate should be used in the preparation of tracer mixture, thereby eliminating the neces sity of using carbon tetrachloride. If carbon tetrachloride is used, all of the air contaminated with the carbon tetrachloride vapors should be exhausted directly to the outside atmosphere. Dust producing operations should be done in mechanically exhaust-ventilated hoods which have a minimum face area con sistent with proper performance of the operations. The average hood face velocity for the control of operations which produce only a slight amount of dust may be as low as 100 f.p.m. but the average hood face velocity at very dusty operations should be not less than 150 f.p.m. In all instances, the hood design should be such that the necessary minimum control velocities exist in the zone of dust production. Welding (Oxyacetylene and Electric) The potential health hazards found in oxyacetylene and elec tric welding are fumes, gases, and infra-red and ultraviolet radi ation. On some welding or cutting operations, such as the repair of ships or other painted structures, severe exposures to lead may result from the paint, or to mercury if mercury containing anti-fouling paint had been used. Also where welding rods having fluoride fluxes are used, there is an exposure to hydrogen fluoride And volatile fluoride salts. The maximum allowable concentra tions on the basis of eight hours' daily exposure for some of the substances which may be encountered are: Mercury............................................. ......... 0.10 mg./m.* Lead ................................................................ 0.15 mg./m. Hydrogen fluoride ........................................ 3 p.p.m. Nitrogen oxides ............................................ 40 p.p.m. Zinc oxides .................................................... 15 mg./m.s Welding sites should be isolated from nearby workers by the use of screens or shields which protect the surrounding workers from the injurious light rays. At the same time these shields should not be more 'enclosing than necessary lest the ventilation at the welding site be reduced more than is desirable. Goggles, shields or helmets and other necessary protective clothing should be worn by the welders to protect their eyes and skin from the infra-red and ultraviolet radiation given off while welding. The fume and gas hazard may be controlled by (1) ventila- ST0853115 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINATION 263 tion, and (2) personal protection. Wherever practicable, local exhaust ventilation should be employed and in other cases either general ventilation alone or general ventilation supplemented by respiratory protective devices is necessary. On routine opera tions, at more or less permanent locations or in places where continuous welding is done and conditions permit, local exhaust ventilation should be provided. For those operations where the welder moves about, a 3- or 4-inch flexible metal hose may serve as the hood and exhaust duct. Some systems are available also in which the flexible hose is counterweighted and the terminal end or hood is readily adjustable to any location. The minimum amount of air which must be exhausted from each welding opera tion is 260 c.f.m. and may baas high as 1,200 c.f.m. where large amounts of fumes and gases'are produced. The exhaust hood should be kept as close to the operation as possible and should never be more than 12 or 15 inches away. If welding is done in the open, natural ventilation is usually sufficient to prevent a health hazard. When welding in small enclbsed spaces, the welder should wear an approved respirator of the supplied-air type (air-line) if adequate local exhaust ven tilation is impracticable. In many types of resistance welding, for example, seam and spot welding, ultraviolet and infra-red rays are not produced. However, welding fumes and gases are produced. If the amounts of toxic material in the atmosphere near such operations exceed the maximum permissible safe concentrations, and if workers are located in these areas, sufficient local exhaust ventilation should be provided to control the hazard. Wood Veneer Processing In the manufacture of airplane wings, propellers and other similar products from laminated wood, the component parts are dipped in phenolic resins which are heated and subjected to pressure. In such operations, there is a potential exposure to high atmospheric concentrations of phenolic resins unless appropriate control measures are observed. The maximum allowable concen tration of this material has not been `determined, but it is known to be quite toxic. The dipping operation should be carried out in an exhaustventilated spray booth similar to a spray-painting booth. The ventilation rate through the booth should be not less than 100 c.f.m. per square foot of booth opening. ST0853116 264 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY Table 3.--Toxic Loots or Various Substances Snbttanee Acrolein.... Acrylonitrile Ammonia... Amyl acetate Aniline___ Amine. t............. Bensene (Benzol) Butyl acetate... Butyl alcohol.. . Carbon dioxide.. Carbon disulfide. Carbap-monoxide.... Carbon tetrachloride. Dichlorobenzene....... Dimethylaniline........ Ethylene dichloride.. Gasoline (Petroleum) Hydrogen chloride... Hydrogen cyanide... Hydrogen fluoride. . . Hydrogen sulfide. . .. Methyl alcohol........ Monochlorobenzene. Mbnonitrotoluene... Nitrobenzene........... Nitrogen oxides....... Petroleum naphthas. Phoegene................. Phosphine................ Sulfur dioxide.......... ' Tetrachloroethane.. Tetrachloroethylene. Toluene (Toluol)... Trichlorethylene.... Turpentine.............. Xylene (Xylol)....... Maximum Allowable Concentration* ....... 1 p.p.m. ....... 20 p.pja.t ....... 100 p.p.m. ....... 400 p.p.m.f ....... 6 p.p.m. ....... 1 p.p.m. ....... 100 p.p.m. ....... 400 p.p.m.t ....... 200 p.p.m.f ....... 6000 p.p.m. ....... 20 p.p.m. ....... 100 p.p.m. ....... 100 p.p.m. ....... 76 p.p.m. ....... similar to aniline ....... 100 p.p.m. ....... 1000 p.p.m. ....... 10 p.p.m. ....... 20 p.p.m. . . 3 p.p.m. ....... 20 p.p.m. ....... 200 p.p.m. ....... 76 p.p.m. ....... similar to nitrobenzene ....... 6 p.p.m. ....... 40 p.p.m. ....... 1000 p.p.m. ....... 1 p.p.m. ....... 1 p.p.m. ....... 10 p.p.m. ....... 10 p.p.m. ....... 200 p.p.m. ....... 200 p.p.m. ....... 200 p.p.m. ....... 200 p.p.m. ....... 200 p.p.m. ^ Barium peroxide. Cadmium........... Chromic acid___ Lead................... Mercury............. Dinitrotoluene. . Tetryl................. TNT................... Zinc oxides........ 0.6 mg./m.*f 0.1 mg./m.* 0.1 mg./m.* 0.16 mg./m.* 0.1 mg./m.* similar to TNT 1.6 mg./m.*t 1.5 mg./m.* 16.0 mg./m.* Silica (SiOj) (free or uncombined).............. 6 m.p.p.c.f. * The maximum allowable concentration for the various substances listed are the values most widely accepted today and are based on an eight-hour daily exposure. f These values have not been definitely established but are included to serve as a guide. I No specific Information available, but believed to present no health hazard at this concentration. -Note: p.p.m. = Parts of substance per million parts of air by volume, mg./m.* -- Milligrams of substance per cubic meter of air. m.p.p.c.f. = Millions of particles of substance per cubic foot of air. ST0853 I 17 ENGINEERING CONTROL OP AIR CONTAMINATION 266 TABLE OP TOXIC LIMITS From time to time, it is necessary for industry to change from one material or substance to another for one of several reasons, such as scarcity of materials, improvement of product, change in process, or reduction in the health hazard. When this becomes necessary, it is important that a substance be selected which is less toxic than the former substance. Whereas the rela tive toxicity of many materials is unknown at present, there is presented in Table 3 a list of substances and their relative toxicities. This table will be found useful as a guide in the selection of less toxic substitutes. * .f ' 'Mm ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author expresses appreciation for the valuable assistance in collecting and assembling the information contained in the section on Specific Control Measures by Operation, and in the Table of Toxic Limits, given by P. A. Industrial Hygiene Engineer (R) J. E. Flanagan, Jr., Assistant Sanitary Engineer (R) T. E. Shea, Assistant Sanitary Engineer (R) Lester V. Cralley, and Assistant Sanitary Engineer (R) Lewis J. Cralley. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Fundamental* Relating to the Design and Operation of Exhaust Sys tems. ASA Code Z9. American Standards Association, New York, 1936. 2. National Institute of Health, Division of Industrial Hygiene: Benzene (Benzol), Its Toxicity and Potential Dangers. U. S. Pub. Health Rep., 50:619 (March 14) 1941. Reprint No. 2248. 3. Russell, A. E., et al.: Lead Poisoning in a Storage Battery Plant. U. S. Pub. Health Bull. No. 205. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1933. 4. Neal, P. A., et al.: Mercurialism and Its Control in the Felt-Hat Indus try. U. S. Pub. Health Bull. No. 263. Government Printing Office, Washington, D C., 1941. 5. Russell, A. E., et al.: The Health of Workers in Dusty Trades. U. S. Pub. Health Bull. No. 187. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1929. 6. DallaValle, J. M.: Principles of Exhaust Hood Design. U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., 1939. (Mimeographed.) 7. Safety in Electroplating Operations. `AS A Code Z9.1-1941. American Standards Association, New York, 1941. 8. Brandt, Allen D.: Ventilation of Plating Tanks. Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, 15:434 (July) 1941. 9. Alden, J. L.: Design of Industrial Exhaust Systems. The Industrial Press, New York, 1939. 10. Kravath, F. F.: An Outline of Industrial Exhaust Ventilation. Heating and Ventilating, 50:36 (April) 1942. ST0853If 8 266 PBEVENTION AMD CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY 11. Hemeon, W. C. L.: Air Dilution in Industrial Ventilation. Heating and Ventilating, 47:89 (November) 1940. 12. Brown, C. E.: Respiratory Protective Devices. Jour. Ind. Hyg., 19:95 (February) 1937. 13. Schrenk, H. H.: Testing and Design of Respiratory Protective Devices. Information Circular 7086. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C., 1939. 14. The Use and Care of Respirators. Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Pittsburgh, 1938. 15. American Standard for Grinding, Polishing, and Buffing Equipment Sanitation. ASA Code Z43-1941. American Standards Association, New York, 1941. 16. Grinding" Wheels. Safe Practices Pamphlet No. 13. National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 1938. 17. U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards: Safe Handling of Radioactive Luminous Compound. National Bureau of Standards Handbook H27. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., T9tt: 18. U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards: Radium Protection. National Bureau of Standards Handbook H23. Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1938. ST0853I19 CHAPTER 12 MEDICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES W. C. Dreessen, M.D. : .THE PROBLEM Today, as never before, the comparative lack of specific control measures and the terrific:toll of the respiratory diseases--colds, influenza, pneumonia, and: tuberculosis--are making rigid de mands upon the acumen of^every industrial physician, and at the same time cast out a challenge to preventive medicine which can not be ignored. Fully one-half of the sick absenteeism and over one-third of the work days lost by industrial workers through disability are attributable to respiratory disease. The strategic position of the plant physician for the control of these diseases is not as favorable as it is in the case of such diseases as malaria and syphilis for which specific chemotherapeutic agents are avail able or in the case of smallpox against which active immunity can be attained. Workplaces not infrequently provide many of the predispos ing factors regarded as significant in respiratory infections. Many workers for the first time in their lives are coming face to face with such conditions as a relatively crowded environment and exposure to gases, fumes, and dust. They must contend with occupational fatigue in becoming hardened to a new form of work. Many are exposed to inclement weather and extreme changes in weather conditions. Malnutrition, allergy, alcoholism, personal handicaps, and other factors contribute to the decreased ability of the individual to resist infection. It is the purpose of this chapter, first, to review certain meas ures as they pertain to the control of acute respiratory diseases, and second, to outline similar measures as they apply to tuber culosis and other chronic pulmonary diseases in industry. ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS The acute respiratory infections are a heterogeneous group of ailments caused by various agents. It is highly probable that many of the so-called colds are caused by filterable viruses. More 287 $T 0853120 268 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY than thirty types of pneumococci are involved in pneumococcal pneumonia; more than two types of viruses are known to cause epidemic influenza. The filterable viruses are particularly likely to initiate the disease process. Moreover, it is now recognized that the common pathogens of the respiratory tract participate in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory syndromes. Only too frequently is the common cold followed by such formidable sequelae as pneumonia and tuberculosis. Prevalence .of Colds _____ * I The extensive studies by the U. S. Public Health Service and other organizations have contributed many important facts re garding the common cold. Since it is obviously impossible to present a complete review, only certain etiologic and epidemiologic features will be stressed. The attack rate per person usually averages 2 to 3 per year. Almost all persons are susceptible and very few persons avoid an attack of acute respiratory infection during the course of any one year. Townsend,1 for instance, stated that in a group followed for 5% months 90 per cent re ported one or more attacks. There is typically, but not always, a period of high prevalanoe in early spring, a decline in midsum mer, another period of high prevalence in autumn, and some decline in December. The peak in the fall of the year i3 reached with almost explosive suddenness and a high incidence will usually be reported simultaneously in all sections of the country. . Gover, Reed, and Collins,2 studying data from students in various universities in the United States over a period of 18 months, concluded that there is "no definite association of res piratory attack rate with marked variations in climate as repre sented by six American cities with wide geographic and climatic differences." Other investigators* have also failed to observe a consistent relation between the incidence of colds and latitude, longitude, and climate. The above conditions apply to continental United States, but, lest we overlook the infectious nature of colds, the Spitzbergen observations4 may be recalled. Spitzbergen is comparatively free of colds in winter, but with the opening of the shipping season about three-fourths of the community's population suffer an at tack of the common cold within a week following the arrival of the first ship. Similar observations, as well as clinical and experimental investigations, indicate that the incubation period ST0853I2I k MEDICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES 269 for the common cold Is probably between 12 and 48 hours or possibly as long as 72 hours. ;t Cold Vaccine Prophylactic immunization against the common cold has been tried by means of filterable virus vaccine and by vaccines pre pared from mixtures of various pathogens of the respiratory tract. The virus vaccine has had only limited trial and has not proved to be efficacious. According to Dochez, the future value of common cold virus vaccine is problematical because an attack of cold gives little or no immunity. Bacterial vaccines containing a variety of respiratory pathogens have been used on a wide scale. Many industrial physicians have had first-hand experience with them. The stock vaccfne*. contain killed pneumococci, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, staphylococci, and streptococci. These organisms tend to be present in the normal nasopharyngeal flora and in case of an attack are assumed to act as secondary in vaders. As a result of using such vaccines one would expect a lessening in the harmful effect of these organisms. According to some authorities, these secondary invaders play an important role in a small group of adults who suffer each year from pro longed infections of the upper respiratory tract with such com plications as sinusitis and bronchitis. For theoretical reasons, some believe that such vaccines are of considerable value if re stricted to that group of individuals in which secondary bacterial infection presumably plays an important part. The use of these vaccines, however, has not received the endorsement of public health workers, mainly because of lack of scientific proof. Influenza Prophylaxis The etiologic agent of certain epidemics of influenza, as in the instance of the common cold, is a filterable virus. Influenza occurs mainly in a pandemic, an epidemic, or an endemic form. The cause of pandemic influenza, such as occurred in 1918^-1919, is not yet known. In the epidemic form, at least three filterable viruses have been isolated. The cause of endemic influenza, or sporadic grippe is also undetermined. In influenza such organisms as H. influenzae, streptococcus, pneumococcus, and M. catarrhalis are regarded as secondary invaders which aggravate the patho logic picture by frequently inducing severe and fatal broncho pneumonias. Immunization would be an ideal method of pre vention, but no efficacious procedure has been available in past ST0853I 22 270 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY epidemics, probably as the cause had not been fully determined. "Individual immunity to the virus of influenza as measured by the development of neutralizing antibodies in the blood can be readily accomplished by inoculation of human beings with either living or killed cultures of influenza virus/'5 Extensive studies are now being carried out with different antigenic strains of the virus. A flu-distemper viral vaccine has been used recently.7 Horsfall8 in his recent review, however, concludes that the aver age extent of immunity induced by vaccines containing influenza A virus was too insufficient to allow it to be considered as a practicable prophylactic measure. .r : Pneumonia Prophylaxis Artificial, immunization against lobar pneumonia, whether active or passive, is of questionable value for prevention. It is known that immunity develops to pneumococci, but the dura tion of the immunity thus induced is limited. Environmental Control Besides control along immunologic lines, measures directed at environment have recently been receiving increased atten tion. The new "air-borne" or indirect hypothesis "postulates that the greatest spread of respiratory infection is produced by small dried droplets floating in air for relatively long times and dis tances or by the resuspension of dried droplets in air after they have settled to surfaces such as floors, clothing, and bed clothes."* Alpha hemolytic streptococci of nasopharyngeal origin are widely distributed. The virulence of the microorganism is never more than slightly impaired by sojourn in. rooms. One of the out growths of these observations as related to surgery is that it has been possible to reduce wound infections by less frequent dress ings. The object in environmental control is to destroy the res piratory pathogens in air either by radiation, or by chemical sprays or aerosols. It has been observed that the concentration of organisms in the air is reduced by natural sunlight; even diffuse daylight has been found to have a lethal effect. These ob servations suggest planning for maximum window space in occupied buildings. Ultraviolet radiation, while more potent than visible light, cannot, at present, be unreservedly endorsed for use in industrial plants for the purpose of controlling acute respiratory infections. r -S "0353*23 MEDICAL CONTROL OP RESPIRATORY DISEASES 271 II it is used, special attention must be given for protection of individuals, particularly as regards exposure of skin and eyes. . Aerosols.--Various germicides in an appropriate solvent and sometimes incorporating a wetting agent have been used as aero sols. Among the various agents that have been used in experi mental work are resorcinol, resorcinol glycerine, hexyl resorcinol in propylene glycol, formaldehyde-water, and hypochlorite solu tions. Twort and his coworkers10 found that 10 per cent hexyl resorcinol dissolved in propylene glycol added to 0.05 per cent sulfonated lorol was the most effective all-around germicidal mixture of those they tested. Minimal effective mist concentra tion of resorcinol glycerine aerosol was about 1:400,000,000 by volume. This level was confirmed by Williamson and Gotaas.11 The latter, in referring to thepfiietical use of aerosols in places occupied by persons, state that the aerosol must be nontoxic to man, nonirritating to the eyes and lungs, rapidly lethal to the bacteria when present in small concentrations, inodorous, invisible, noninflammable, noncorrosive, persistent, and should not leave films and coatings on walls and furniture. Needless to say, consider able investigation is necessary before aerosols can be used in occupied rooms. It may be used in such rooms as laboratories and media rooms where the aerial germicide may be allowed to dissipate before the room is occupied. General Measures in the Control of Colds, Influenza, and Pneu monia Since no satisfactory immunity can be established against these acute respiratory infections and even the new chemothera peutic agents are of little avail in viral pneumonias and most other viral diseases, it is apparent that many procedures are necessary to cope with an epidemic of one or all of these diseases. Specific measures of hygiene and sanitation are to be recom mended during epidemic periods. Such measures have been tersely summarized for these respiratory diseases, as well as other com municable diseases, in a report of a committee of the American Public Health Association.12 This pamphlet should be. in the hands of every plant medical director. Because the minor and acute respiratory ailments, such as common cold, not infrequently lead to disabling pneumonia, otitis media, and mastoiditis, a major effort should be directed toward controlling colds. Remembering that colds arq spread by close contact in the acute stages of the disease, certain public ST085312U 272 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDU8TRY health procedures should be seriously considered. These include, among others, (1) isolation at home during the early and highly contagious stage of a cold which will lessen the spread of the infection, and (2) avoidance of close contact with persons suffer ing from colds, and of closed spaces where large numbers of infected persons congregate, which may be recommended through a health education program. The spread of these diseases most frequently takes place through the medium of infected particles sprayed into the air by talkingrcoughing, and sneezing. Where general public health measures for control have been applied, they have included im provement, of general hygiene and living conditions, especially overcrowding. Persons suffering from minor respiratory infec tions should'tike unusual care in the avoidance of dangerous contacts, allow themselves periods of rest, and avoid such pre disposing factors as chilling, exposure to severe climatic changes, fatigue, and excesses of all kinds. Many procedures in the plant medical department if adopted as routine may aid materially. The preemployment examination should pick out those prone to acute exacerbation, sinusitis, asthma, and bronchitis. Employees should be required to check through the medical department when they become ill on the job and after acute illness. These checks afford an excellent op portunity for directing those ill to prompt treatment by the new therapeutic techniques now available. Contact between persons in the more contagious phases of minor respiratory diseases can therefore be avoided. By thus encouraging prompt treatment, disabling effects may be reduced in number and severity. That an all-around industrial hygiene program will yield substantial results is attested to by a number of recent reports by industrial physicians. CHRONIC RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS In addition to the acute respiratory diseases, those of a chronic nature exact a large toll of lost time. These diseases are exemplified by pulmonary tuberculosis, which claims the lives of sixty thousand Americans each year. It is more and more becoming recognized as an affliction of older occupied men.u As an example of American industrial tuberculosis experience, it is gratifying to note that the death rate14 among industrial policy holders of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company has been reduced to about one-fifth that of 1917. With the changeover to ST0853I25 MEDICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES 273 war production, however, attention must be directed to a pos sible increase of this disease, particularly as regards women. The single exception to a satisfactory public health situation in Britain was a rise of almost 10 per cent in the mortality from tuberculosis in 1939 and 1940.15 The increment in this case was greatest in young women and was thought to be related to malnutrition. Control Programs By directing medical measures for the control of the chronic respiratory diseases at pulmonary tuberculosis, tangible results are obtainable with nontuberculous affections as well. The essence of the medical program is the radiographic examination of the chest. This procedure has ^eem the basis of medical control of silicosis, in which disease the infective element, particularly tuberculosis, is the principal cause of disability. As in pneumo coniosis, X-ray examination of the chest, if supplemented by clinical study, will aid in obtaining proper medical management for such other pulmonic conditions as bronchiectasis, asthma, and cancer. As an illustration of what can be accomplished in tubercu losis control by a plant, reference is made to the experience of Sawyer.18-17 An X-ray survey of 3,280 apparently healthy em ployees in 1921 showed 2.3 per cent positive for clinical tubercu losis. From 1928 on, the medical department has been doing serial or annual X-rays of the chest. In a group of 4,665 em ployees, averaging 33 years in age, and studied from 1928 to 1935, only 0.5 per cent showed active or clinical tuberculosis. By 1940 this percentage was down to 0.2 per cent, which is probably close to the irreducible minimum. What has been done by Sawyer can to a considerable extent be achieved in any employed group if a definite program is outlined and followed. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company,18 following the adoption of a tuberculosis control program, reduced the number of cases of significant pulmonary tuberculosis from 40 per 10,000 employees in 1930 to 10 per 10,000 in 1939. Use was made of routine preemployment X-rays and the Metropolitan sana torium. It was observed, however, that during the period, 1930 to 1939, the prevalence of tuberculosis among applicants for em ployment had not been reduced; the experience indicates 80 cases of significant tuberculosis per 10,000 applicants and, ac cording to Sherman,11* this probably represents a fair average. ST0853I 26 274 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY Other industries Also have had anti-tuberculosis programs in effect. There should be no relaxation in the program of controlling pulmonary infection and indeed an extension of the program to the smaller industrial plants is indicated. X-ray Methods.--Recent radiographic surveys of employed groups, who had not been X-rayed previously, have revealed 1 to 2 per cent of the employees with significant tuberculosis. Case finding is an important feature in a tuberculosis control program that can be effected by the industrial physician. A number of X-ray procedures are available, such as single or stereo 14 by 17 inch films, 14 by 17 inch paper, 35 mm., 4 by 5 inch, or 4 by 10 inch photofluorographic methods, and fluoroscopic examination. Photofluorograms have been adapted for mass X-raying work in the armedforces, as well as in the medical departments of a number of large industrial plants. If a grid is used, very satis factory photofluorograms can be obtained. For best results this will require at least 200 milliampere equipment. It has been the practice not to rely on the fluorograms, particularly the 35 mm. size, for diagnoses, but, instead, this technique is expected to pick out persons with definitely abnormal or suspicious chest findings. These individuals are then rechecked with standard 14 by 17 inch single or stereoroentgenograms taken for diagnos tic interpretation. In advocating small film X-ray pictures as a routine for all patients admitted to general hospitals, Hilleboe20 refers to the experience of the University Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, where it was found by this technique that 10 per cent of the pa tients admitted showed lesions of the organs in the chest. The U. S. Public Health Service now has eleven photofluorographic units in the field, each accompanied by a medical officer, tech nician, and clerk. Plants may appeal to the Public Health Serv ice through the State health department for the services of one of these 35 mm. units if no other means for mass X-raying is available. Experience has shown that 300 to 500 photofluoro grams a day can be made with one of the units. Administrative Procedures.--Sawyer,16-17 who has had years of experience administering a tuberculosis control program, offers helpful suggestions in its conduct. His program is directed at three groups: (1) applicants for employment, (2) employees with negative X-rays, and (3) employees with suspected tuber culosis. He has noted that it has been too time-consuming to fur nish each individual a report on the findings yielded by his radio gram. Hence, he recommends issuing a mimeographed statement ST0853 I 21 MEDICAL CONTROL OP RESPIRATORY DISEASES 275 to the patient at the time of X-ray, statins that if his X-ray is negative he will not receive a report, but if his lungs are affected he will be so notified. Employees having latent, clinically insig nificant lesions are reported as having lungs that are negative .or clear. Employability.--Applicants with healed primary tuberculosis or inactive types of reinfection tuberculosis are ordinarily ac ceptable for employment. For a number of years the Public Health Service has advocated, even in the dusty trades, that the worker with evidence of healed primary tuberculosis should not be denied employment on this account alone. There are many types of employment where persons are acceptable with clinically negative, stabilized lesions, minimal or moderately advanced in extent. If adequate X-ray equipment is available, it may be pos sible in some instances to accept individuals with small soft le sions, but these workers will require close medical supervision. The individuals with active and questionably active tuberculosis are not acceptable for employment, but should be referred to their physician, the local public health authorities, or a clinic. Frequency of Periodic X-Ray.--The means toward the end of obtaining satisfactory periodic X-rays is an adequate record system. This will make it possible to call back the employee for reexamination, according to the need for recheck. The Public Health Service has recommended annual medical examination of workers in the siliceous dusty trades to detect evidence of pul monary tuberculosis and early silicotic changes. Sawyer21 recom mends annual X-ray for young workers (ages 18 to 25), whose preemployment X-ray was negative for clinical tuberculosis, gradually increasing the time interval between examinations to three years if the chest roentgenogram continues to be negative. Individuals 30 years of age and over with negative X-rays at the beginning of employment are scheduled for re-X-ray at 3-year intervals. The frequency of X-raying workers with evidence of tuber culosis depends on the extent of pulmonary involvement and dynamic status of the disease. Sherman.1" in the instance of ex patients, has suggested X-ray and sputum study every three months for the first two years following their discharge from a sanatorium, and every six months thereafter. He feels that those with a history of contact should be X-rayed at once and every six months for a period of three years and annually thereafter. Follow-Up, After-Care, Rehabilitation.--Next to finding the case of tuberculosis, adequate follow-up is of extreme importance, STQ853I 28 276 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY particularly from the patient's standpoint The patient should be referred to his private physician or to a clinic and the case re ported to the local health department Public health officials and local voluntary tuberculosis agencies are especially helpful in this follow-up stage. They can assist in arranging for senatorial. care and be of material assistance in checking on possible con tacts in the home. If sanatoria are not available, outpatient super vision is. far superior to no care at all. In the development and*the successful prosecution of a tuber culosis control program in any community, it is essential for public health officers to have the cooperation of the State and local medical Bodety, management, labor, and voluntary agencies. This procedure will insure appropriate follow-up and after-care, and also paverthe way for rehabilitation of the affected individual to industry. In this connection, from 65 to 75 per cent of the workers with minimal and moderately advanced tuberculosis19 can be expected to return to their former positions in industry after an adequate stay in a modern sanatorium. Many industrial organizations reemploy workers with arrested tuberculosis. Factors to be considered in the employment of a worker with arrested tuberculosis are as follows:17 (1) extent of the lesion, (2) completeness of the cure, (3) character of the job, and (4) the necessity for adequate medical supervision after return to work. CONCLUSION In this period of profound socio-economic stress every facility for searching out active cases and getting them under treat ment should be employed to prevent an unfavorable effect on the present downward trend of the American tuberculosis mortality rate. The X-ray is a potent tool to this end and the medical departments of many industrial organizations have demonstrated how much can be done in promoting the control of tuberculosis. The plant physician should formulate a program making use of the X-ray for preemployment and periodic examinations of his employees. To provide for satisfactory disposition of cases found, the plant physician should also establish liaison with local work ers in the field of tuberculosis control. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.Townsend, J. G.: Epidemiological Study of the Minor Respiratory Dis eases by the Public Health Service (Preliminary and Progress Re port). U. S. Pub. Health Rep., 39:2669 (October 24) 1924. Reprint No. 966. cS -. pIou;3^j >\L'A* MEDICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES 277 2. Gover, Mary, Reed, L. J., and Collin*, S. D.: Time Distribution of Com mon Cold* and its Relation to Corresponding Weather Conditions. U. S. Pub. Health Rep^ 48 .*811 (July 18) 1984. Reprint No. 1634. 3. Thomson, D., and Thomson, R.: The Common Cold. Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory. Vol. 8. Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1932. 4. Paul, J. H., and Freese, H. L.: Study of Colds and Nasal Pharyngeal Flora in Spitsbergen. Am. Jour. Hyg., IT:617 (May) 1933. 6. Dochez, A. R.: Infections and Infestations: Respiratory Infections. In Preventive Medicine in Modern Practice. Hoeber, New York, 1942. P. 205. 6. Bartle, Harvey: Hygiene and Medical Care of Workers on American Railroads. In Industrial Hygiene, edited by A. J. Lanza and J. A. Goldberg. Oxford University Press, New York, 1989. P. 667. 7. Brown, J. W., Eaton, M.- D., Meiklejohn, G., Lagen, J. B., and Kerr, W. J.: An Epidemic of'Influenza. Results of Prophylactic Inocula tion of a Complex Influenza, A--Distemper Vaccine. Jour. Clin. In vest, 20:663 (November) i$4i. 8. Horsfall, F. L., Jr.: The Present Status of the Influenza Problem. Jour. Am. Med. Assn., 120:284 (September 26) 1942. 9. Buchbinder, Leon: The Transmission of Certain Infections of Respira tory Origin. Jour. Am. Med. Assn., 112:718 (February 28) 1942. 10. Twort, C. C., Baker, A. H., Finn, S. R., and Powell, E. 0.: The Disin fection of Closed Atmospheres with Germicidal Aerosols. Jour. Hyg. (London), 40:253 (May) 1940. 11. Williamson, A. E., and Gotaas, H. B.: Aerosol Sterilization of Air Borne Bacteria. Indust Med., 11 ;40 (January) 1942. 12. American Public Health Association: The Control of Communicable Diseases. U. S. Pub. Health Rep., 50:1017 (August 9) 1935. Revi sion of 1940. Reprint No. 1697. 13. Chadwick, H. D., and Pope, A. S.: The Modern Attack on Tuberculosis. Commonwealth Fund, New York, 1942. 14. Improvement of. Health in Twenty-Five Years. Current Comment Jour. Am. Med. Assn., 119:267 (May 16) 1942. 15. Satisfactory Report on the Public Health. London Letter. Jour. Am. Med. Assn., 118:242 (January 17) 1942. 16. Sawyer, W. A.: Tuberculosis in Industry. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 59:456 (April) 1939. 17. Sawyer, W. A.: Control of Tuberculosis and Employment of the Tuber culous in Industry. Indust Med., J0:221 (June) 1941. 18. Reid, Adachree: Control of Tuberculosis. III. Management of the Em ploye with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Jour. Indust Hyg., 23:35 (January) 1941. 19. Sherman, G. A.: Control of Tuberculosis in Industry. Indust Med., 11: 267 (June) 1942. 20. Hilleboe, H. E.: War Challenges Tuberculosis Control. Bull. Nat Tuberc. Assn., 22:131 (September) ,1942. 21. Sawyer, W. A.: Control of Tuberculosis. In Tuberculosis in Industry. Saranac Laboratory Symposium, 1941. National Tuberculosis Asso ciation, New York, 1942. P. 311. 22. Check List of Publications from the John J. Abel Fund for Research on the Common Cold to November, 1933 [The Johns Hopkins Univer sity]. Am. Jour. Hyg., 12:723 (November) 1933. 10 ST 0853130 CHAPTER 20 ILLUMINATION, NOISE, AND RADIANT ENERGY Allen D. Brandt, D.Sc., and Harry E. Seifert, C.E., M.S.P.H. ILLUMINATION* On February 28, 1942, the Chairman of the War Production Board, announced that the President of the United States had officially launched a production drive with certain war production quotas which had to be met in that year. To meet the specified quotas each war production plant was asked to organize a Pro duction Drive Committee to give close attention to such problems as: (1) taking care of tools, (2) preventing breakdowns, (3) cutting down accidents, (4) good lighting, (5) maintenance and repair,. (6) adapting old machines to new uses, (7) cutting wastage, (8) breaking production bottlenecks, and (9) using every machine to the fullest extent. From this list of nine items it will be recognized that the solution of the lighting problem will greatly contribute toward the solution of the others. In wartime good lighting might be classified as both an offensive and a defensive weapon. As an offensive weapoh, it increases human efficiency and production by conserving priceless manhours. As a defensive weapon it minimizes eyestrain, reduces accidents and provides for human safety, and protects the manufactured products from the de structive effects of carelessness and sabotage. Beneficial Effects of Good Illumination Illumination is a factor of primary importance which affects the environment in every industrial establishment. The'beneficial effects of good illumination, both natural and artificial, have been established in extensive tests over many years. The advantages to industry are many: (1) greatef accuracy of workmanship, resulting in an improved quality of product with less spoilage and rework, (2) increased production and decreased costs, (3) better utilization of floor space, (4) greater ease of seeing es- * Baaed on information contained in material cited,1* with the permis sion of the Illuminating: Engineering Society. 353 STDS53 ' 3 ' 364 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY pecially among older employees, thus making them more efficient, (5) less eyestrain among employees, (6) improved morale among employees resulting in decreased labor turnover, (7) more easily maintained cleanliness and neatness in the plant, and (8) greater safety. Greater Accuracy of Workmanship1 Under good illumination it is possible to see an object of much smaller size, tiian under poor illumination. Thus a closer check can be made throughout the manufacturing process which will result in earlier discovery of visible defects, permitting rejection prior to final inspection. Increased Production It takes time to see--the eye is somewhat like a camera in this respect. An increase in illumination from one footcandle to a moderate level of approximately 20 footcandles, a condition often occurring upon the installation of a modern lighting system, results in increasing the speed of seeing approximately three times.2 This enormous improvement in perception and recogni tion of surroundings affects practically everything the worker does. It reduces the time required for seeing and some of this time, at least, becomes available for production. The experiences of many plants which have improved their lighting bear out this point.* Better Utilization of Floor Space4 A uniform level of general lighting makes possible the most efficient arrangement of machinery and conveyors and better utilization of floor space. Manufacturers have discovered that more work can be achieved with less floor space when the work flows in straight lines through assembly or inspection sections. Good lighting facilitates such, proper arrangement of the work and practically eliminates the likelihood for crowding. Greater Ease of Seeihg Very frequently the older employee is well fitted physically and mentally for the responsible work for which his years of experience have prepared him. In many instances, however, failing vision will prevent such an employee from carrying on exacting work and thus he is relegated to simple .routine tasks ST0853132 ILLUMINATION, NOISE, AND RADIANT ENERGY 365 in which his experience is of little value. It is desirable to pre serve the experience of the older worker and receive the ad vantage of his long accumulated skill and knowledge. It has long been known that as the eyes grow older there is a progressive loss in visual acuity and the prevalence of defective vision increases markedly. Much can be done to give assistance to eyes that are defective. Eyeglasses may correct refractive errors and permit the eyes to focus upon near and far objects. Higher illuminations are likewise an effective aid toward better seeing. . v~ Many of these valuable, skilled, older workers can continue to perform efficiently if .the simple expedient of assisting their eyes with good illumination is adopted. "v- Less Eyestrain It should not be construed that good lighting is of assistance only to the older employees. Good lighting also aids all the vis ually handicapped to a greater extent than those with perfect vision, but even those in the latter group find, under good light ing, a noticeable improvement in eye comfort which results in reduced fatigue. Improved Morale of the Employees There is an important psychological effect connected with cheerful, pleasant, modern working surroundings as compared to the dim, gloomy interiors which were formerly so prevalent. In addition to the more cheerful appearance of a well-lighted interior, many minor frustrations due to poor lighting which continually harass the workers are eliminated; it is sufficient to refer to the difficulty in reading scales and micrometers, and to the finding of proper drills and other tools. Plant Cleanliness All industry has found that cleanliness invariably pays. Poor illumination makes it difficult to see into corners or under ma chinery and these dark areas inevitably collect dirt and waste which would otherwise be cleaned out. Where dirt can be Been it is more likely to be removed. In the well-lighted plant such dingy areas do not exist and sanitary conditions prevail. In industrial plants that have their own engineering depart ments it is desirable that the combined efforts of the electrical engineering department, the operating department and the safety ST0853I 33 366 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY department be enlisted to secure adequate maintenance of light ing: equipment and to study lighting problems. It is urged that those plants which do not have engineering departments consult a competent illuminating engineer. Safety Engineering for safe plant operation consists essentially of preparing a safe environment for the worker. The environment should be designed to match and to compensate for the limitations of human capability. On the other hand, the worker must under stand his personal responsibilities regarding acts which might conceivably cause injury to himself or to others, and carefully follow plantrsafety regulations. The admirable activities of those organizations, and individuals interested in the promotion of safety are successfully implanting this sense of responsibility in the individual worker^ However, as revealed by an analysis of accidents and their causes, this is but one phase of the safety problem. All personal injury accidents involve a combination of personal and 'mechani cal causes. The chain of circumstances or series of causes which has brought a worker to the verge of an injury frequently can be broken only if the worker can see quickly and accurately the causes, and hence act to prevent the accident. Any factor which aids seeing will increase the probability that the worker will detect the causes of an accident and act to avert it. It is realized that with rapidly-moving material, me chanical failures often result in accidents occurring too rapidly for any reaction on the part of the worker. However, mechanical failures of this nature are usually preceded by evidences of undue stresses or strains which may be detected if sufficient illumina tion is provided. The close correlation between the personal injury rates and illumination is not generally understood. In most cases, where accidents are attributed to poor illumination, they occur because there is an improper quality of illumination or practically no illumination at all. Poor or indifferent lighting, even though it may provide measurable quantities of light, has been frequently overlooked as a contributing cause of accidents. Many factors associated with poor illumination, such as glare, light reflected from the work, and dark shadows, hamper seeing and cause after images and excessive visual fatigue which are important con tributing causes of industrial accidents. Many accidents are also ST 0853 134 ' ILLUMINATION, NOME, AND RADIANT ENERGY 357 caused by delayed eye adaptation when coming1 from bright Burroundings Into dark interiors. Frequently accidents which are attributed to the worker's carelessness can actually be traced to difficulty of seeing.* One important cause of industrial losses is the minor accident where the employee may or may not report for first aid but con tinues Ms work, with a decrease in the quantity and quality of his work. The condition of the illumination at the point of accident and in the surrounding area should always be inspected and reported in accident investigations. FAcross of Good Illumination There are many factors-involved in good illumination. Light ing installations, therefore, should be designed by a competent illuminating engineer. However, those who live with the lighting and those who must justify its cost should be acquainted with some of the factors to be considered. These can be summed up under the headings of quality, which includes, among other things, the color of light, its direction, diffusion, and absence of glare, and quantity, or the amount of illumination. Quality of Lighting The quality of the lighting* whether natural or artificial is Mghly important in providing good seeing conditions. Glare, diffusion, direction, and distribution have significant effects on visibility and the ability to see easily, accurately and quickly. Glare.--Glare may be defined as any brightness within the field of vision of such character as to cause discomfort, annoy ance, interference with vision, or eye fatigue. It is one of the most common and serious faults of lighting installations. Glare is objectionable because: (1) when continued it tends to injure the eye and disturb the nervous system; (2) it causes discomfort and fatigue and thus reduces the efficiency of the worker, and (3) it interferes with, and often prevents, clear vision and thus reduces efficiency, and in many instances in creases the risk of accidents or injury to the workers. From both a humanitarian and a business viewpoint, the owner or operator of a factory should be interested in avoiding glare whether caused by daylight or by artificial light. There are two common forms of glare, direct and reflected. Direct glare is caused by excessive brightness or brightness-con- ST0853I 35 358 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY trast within the visual field, that is, unshielded lamps or highbrightness surfaces of fixtures. To reduce direct glare from the artificial lighting, direct gen eral-lighting luminaries should be mounted at a sufficient height to keep them well above the normal line of vision. They should be properly designed to limit both the brightness and the quantity of light emitted in directions directly below the horizonal since such light is well within the normal field of view and interferes with vision. High brightness-contrasts should be avoided. For example, an unshielded lamp viewed against the low brightness of a dark ceiling' maj; be very glaring, similarly, a bright window seen against darker surrounding walls. Supplevtefthfry lighting sources should be carefully designed so that the light is confined to the immediate working area. Fail ure to observe this precaution may cause extreme annoyance not only to the worker using the source but to others in the vicinity. Care should also be exercised to prevent excessive brightnesscontrasts between the work and the surroundings. Reflected glare, as its name implies, is caused by high bright nesses, images or brightness-contrasts reflected from ceilings, walls, desk tops, or other surfaces within the visual field such as materials and machines. These brightnesses are accentuated when the surfaces are glossy or specular in character, such as highly-polished machine parts, smooth-finished surfaces, var nished table tops or other highly-reflective surfaces. Reflected glare is frequently more annoying than direct glare because it is so close to the line of vision that the eye cannot avoid it. The effect of reflected glare for a given image brightness is reduced with higher levels of general illumination due to the reduction in contrast. Diffusion and Distribution of Light.*--Some directional and shadow effects are desirable in general illumination for accentu ating the depth and form of solid objects, but harsh shadows should be avoided. Shadows are softer and less pronounced when diffusing units and units having a wide distribution of light are used, since then the*object is illuminated from many sources. Alternate light and dark areas in strong contrast are undesirable because the eye has difficulty in adjusting itself to the two illu minations and seeing becomes tiring. For this reason, purely local lighting restricted to a small work area is unsatisfactory unless there is sufficient general illumination in the room. m ST0853I3S ILLUMINATION, NOISE, AND RADIANT ENERGY 359 Clearly defined shadows, without excessive contrast, are a distinct aid to sight in certain types of operations such as engrav ing on polished surfaces, scribed layout work, and textile inspec tion. When such shadow effect is indicated, it is best obtained by supplementary directional light combined with diffused illu mination of ample intensity. Much attention has been given to measurement of footcandles on the horizontal plane. Actually many of the seeing tasks in industry are on vertical or nearly vertical surfaces. Hence the amount and the distribution of light on vertical surfaces may be of great importance. Color Quality of Light.--It appears that with equal footcandles of illumination, variations in color quality of light have little or no effect upon clearness and quickness of seeing.7-8 A recent study has indicated that the same is true for fluorescent light.* However, in certain industries color discrimination is highly important, and light sources which provide lighting that will enable the matching to be performed most accurately should be used. This again is a matter in which the illuminating engineer should be consulted. Color of Surroundings.--Light-colored surfaces serve several purposes in the factory. They are of particular value in providing a high utilization of light because they reflect more light toward the working areas. Also, bright window areas and artificial light sources are less uncomfortable to the eye when viewed against light backgrounds. Many progressive establishments are painting all of their machinery with light-tinted durable paints. This provides an increased amount of light which is reflected to the otherwise shadowed sections of the machine. Some manufacturers paint stationary and moving parts of machines different colors to aid seeing and thus prevent accidents. Quantity of Light The desirable quantity of light for any particular installation depends primarily upon the work which is being done. The degree of accuracy, the fineness of defail to be observed, the color and reflectivity of the work as well as of the immediate surroundings materially affect the distribution of brightness which will pro duce maximum seeing conditions. Investigations in the field and laboratory have proved that as the illumination on the task is increased, the ease, speed and accuracy with which the task can ST0853 J 37 860 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY be accomplished are increased. These tests have not yet estab lished an upper limit but the harmful effects of low-foot-candle values are well known.3 It is possible to measure quantity of light quickly and with reasonable accuracy by the use of any of the various meters em ploying light-sensitive cells. These instruments are direct-read ing and simple, but they should be calibrated at frequent inter vals. It is highly important that the measurement be made at the point and in the plane in which the seeing task is performed, whether it be horizontal, vertical, or at some intermediate angle. If lighting is a combination of natural and artificial illumination, that part due to natural light should be measured separately from that due to the artificial light since in many instances at one hour of the day there is a great amount Qf natural light while at a different time it may fail entirely. Brightness measurements hitherto difficult of accomplish ment are now easily made with a Brightness Meter. Recommended Minimum Standards of Illumination.--The majority of the recommended values of illumination in Table l18 refers to the general lighting or lighting throughout the total area involved as measured on a horizontal plane 30 inches above the floor. In some instances where an illumination of more than 50 footcandles is necessary it may be obtained by a combination of general lighting plus supplementary lighting at the point of work. An asterisk after the footcandle figure denotes that the combination of general and supplementary illumination is de sirable. The Illuminating Engineering Society has been studying the illumination needs of specific industries in recent years. Wherever reports of these industries have been completed, the footcandles included in Table 1 are taken from the appropriate report. In other instances the values are based upon current good practice. These reports10-17 should be consulted for detailed lighting speci fications for manufacturing processes. Attention is called to the fact that the values given are mini mum operating values; that is, they apply to measurements of the lighting system in use, not simply when the lamps and re flectors are new and clean--and in almost every instance higher values may he used with greater benefit. To insure that a given illumination will be maintained even where conditions are favorable it is necessary to design the sys tem to give initially at least 25 per cent more light than the re- ST0853I 38 ILLUMINATION, NOISE, AND RADIANT ENERGY 361 Tabub l.--Minimum Fooycandus in Service.* Recommended Minimum Standards or Illumination fob Industrial Interiors. (These Foot- candle Values Represent Order of Matnitude Rather than Exact Levels of Illumination.) iftifutemStPraMinfaandbt AftnAmm FoaUandlu Mmmrti SO isttlu* abm* ita floor iitatini 30 (nthtt ton tSt florr Assembly: Roush............................. 10 Medium.......................... 20 Fine................................. B* Extra fine........................ A* stationary and gravity cnratallisen................. Mechanical furnaces, gen erators and stills, me chanical driers, evapo 6 Automobile Manufactur ing: Assembly line................. B* Frame assembly 20 Body manufacturing-- Parts....... .................... 2ff Assembly................. 20- Finishing and inspect rates*, filtration, me chanical crystallizers, hisorbing..................... 10 Tanks for cooking, extrac tors, percolators, nitrators, electrolytic cells.. 15 Clay Products and Ce- ing............................ A* Grinding, filter presses, Bakeries.................................. 20 kiln rooms.................... 6 Book Binding: Folding, assembling, past ing, etc, 10 Cutting, punching and Molding, pressing, clean Pnianmg naUndnyt.r.i.m..m...i.n..g............... 10 16 Color and glazing............ 20 stitching...................... 20 Efobossing...................... 20 Cleaning and Pressing Industry: Checking and sorting___ 20 Brew house..................... 5 Boiling, keg washing and filling........................... 10 Bottling........................... 20 Candy Maxing: Box department.............. 20 Chocolate department-- Husking, winnowing, fat extraction, crush ing and refining, feed ing............................ 10 Bean cleaning and sort ing, dipping, packing, wrapping..................... 20 Dry and wet cleaning and steaming....................... 10 Inspection and spotting.. A* Prrssinr-- Machine.......................... 20 Hand............................. 60 Receiving and shipping.. 10 Repair and alteration___ 60 Cloth Products: Cutting, inspecting, sew ing-- Light goods................... 20 Dark goods.............. A* Pressing, cloth treating Milling............................ 30 (oildoth, etc.J-- Cream making-- Light goods.................. 10 Mixing, cooking and molding.................... 20 Gum drops and jellied forms........................... 20 Hand decorating............. 60 Hard candy-- Mixing, cooking and molding.................... 20 Die cutting and sorting 30 Kiss making and wrap ping............................. 30 Dark goods.....................20 Coal Tipples and Clean ing Plants: Breaking, screening and cleaning........................ 10 Picking............................. A* Construction--Indoor: General............................. 10 Elevators--Freight and Passenger................... 10 Canning and Preserving. 20 Chemical Works: Engraving.......................... A* Forge Shops and Welding 10 Hand furnaces, boiling Garages--Automobile: tanks, stationary driers. Storage--live................... 10 * See reference footnote at end of table. ST0853139 362 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY Tabu 1.--Continued *Minimum fimmrniih in Barak Moaonroi SO inetoa itM Iti floor Garages--Automobile:--Coni'd, Stonge--deed................. 2 Repair department and washing........................ 30 Glass Works: Mix and furnace rooms, pressing and lehr, glass mowing machines........ 10 Grinding, cutting glass to sise/nlvaring............... 20 Fine grinding, polishing, beveling, etching and decomtmg.................60 C* Inspection.................... B* C* Glove Manufacturing : Pressing, knitting, sort ing-- Light goods.................. 10 Dark goods.................... 20 Cutting, stitching, trim ming, inspection-- Light goods.................. 20 Dark goods................... A* Hangars--Airplane: Storage--live................... 10 Repair department.......... 50 Hat Manufacturing: Dyeing, stiffening, braid ing, cleaning and re fining-- Light............................ 20 Dark............................. 30 Forming, sizing, pounc ing, flanging, finish ing and ironing-- Light............................ 20 Dark............................. 30 Sewing-- Light............................ 20 Dark............................. A* lea Making--Engine and Compressor Room.......... 10 Inspection: Rough.............................. 20 Medium........................... 30 Fine.................................. B` Extra fine......................... A* Iron and Steel Manufac turing.! Jewelry and Watch Man ufacturing...................... A* Laundries............................ 20 Minimum foeioandlm in Sorfiea Maamuroi SO tndU* atom tho floor Leather Manufacturing: Vats................. 6 Cleaning, tanning and stretching.................... 10 Cutting, fleshing and stuf fing............................... 20 Finishing and scarfing. .. 30 Leather Working: Pressing, winding and glazing-- Light............................ 10 Dark............................ 20 Grading, matching, cut ting, scarfing, sew ing-- Light............................ 20 Dark............................ A* Locker Rooms.................... lo Machine Shops: Rough bench and ma chine work................... 20 Medium bench and ma chine work, ordinary automatic machines, rough grinding, medi um buffing and polish ing................................ 30 Fine bench and machine work, fine automatic machines, medium grinding, fine buffing and polishing............... B* Extra fine bench and ma chinework, grinding-- Fine work.................... A* Meat Packing: Slaughtering.................... 10 Cleaning, cutting, cook ing, grinding, canning, packing........................ 20 Milling--Grain Foods: Cleaning, grinding and rolling.......................... 10 Baking or roasting..........20 Flour grading................. 30 Offices: Bookkeeping, typing and accounting................... 50 Business machines--pow er driven (transcrib ing and tabulating)-- Calculators, key punch, bookkeeping............. B* * See reference footnote at end of table. t Consideration is now being given to the proposition of issuing a report on recommended lighting practice for the entire iron and steel industry. ST0853140 ILLUMINATION, NOISE, AND RADIANT ENERGY 363 Table 1.--Contiiuud Minimum FooteandUr in &*nKo* Mtarurod 80 inektt abooo iAd Floor Conference room-- General meeting*........ 25 Office activitie*--See deakwork Corridora and stairway*.. 6 Deskwork-- Intermittent reading and writing..............25 Prolonged close work, computing, studying, deigning, etc........... 60 Reading blueprints and Drafting-- . .. Prolonged close work,, art drafting and de- K signing in detail....... 50 Rough mewing and sketching.................. 30 Filing and index refer ences............................. 26 Lobby............................... 10 Mail sorting..................... 26 Reception rooms.............. 10 Stenographic work.......... 60 Vault................................ 10 Packing and Boxing........ 10 Paint Mixing..................... 10 Paint Shops: Dipping, simple spraying, firing............................. 10 Rubbing, ordinary hand painting -and finishing art, stencil and special spraying........................ 20 Fine hand painting and finishing........................ B* Extra fine hand painting and finishing (automo bile bodies, piano cases, etc.)............................... A* Paper Box Manufactur ing: Light................................. 10 Dark................................. 20 Storage............................. 5 Paper Manufacturing: Beaters, grinding, calen dering........................... 10 Finishing, cutting, trim ming, paper making machines....................... 20 Plating............................... 10 Polishing and Burnish ing.................................... 20 Jtftfunum FooieandUt MoaoinuroSdo8rr0iewr eMoo a&0N U4 Floor Power Plants, Engine Book, Boilers:. Boilers, coal and ash handling, storage bat tery rooms.................. 5 Auxiliary equipment, oil switches and transform er*............................... 10 Engines, generator*, blow ers, compressors..........20 Switchboards.................. 30 Printing Industries: Type foundries-- Matrix making, dress ing type................... A* Font assembly--sort ing........................... B* Hand casting.............. 30 Machine casting......... 20 Printing Plants: Presses............................ 30 Imposing stones......... A* C* Proof reading................. A* Electrotvping: Molding, finishing, level ing molds, routing, trimming.................... B* Blocking, tinning........... 30 Electroplating, washing, backing....................... 20 Photo Engraving: Etching, staging............. 20 Blocking......................... 30 Routing, finishing, proof ing............................... B* Tint laying..................... A* Receiving and Shipping .. 10 Rubber Tire and Tube Manufacturing : Stock preparation-- Plasticating................ 20 Milling........................ 20 Calendering................ 30 Branbury......... ....... 20 Fabric PreparationStock Cutting............ 30 Bead Building............. 30 Tube Tubing Machines.. 20 Tread Tubing Machines . 20 Tire building-- Solid tire..................... 20 Pneumatic tire............ 60 Curing department-- Tube curing................ B* Casing curing............. B* * See reference footnote at end of table. ST0853I 4 I 364 PREVENTION AND CONTROL 07 DISEASE IN INDUSTRY Table 1.--Continued Minimum Foatamdltt i Smut Mtatvrtd 30 indus tiemtkt Floor Rubber Tiu and Tube Manufacturing: --Confd. Finai inspection-- Tube............................ B* Casing.......................... A* Wrapping........................... 20 Warehouse....................... 5 Mechanical Rubber Goods: Stock preparation-- Plamcating....................20 Milling.......... ............ 20 Calendering___ -- 80 Branbury.......... .......... 20 Fabric preparation-^ Stock cutting............... 30 Hose looms.................. 30 Molded products............. B* Extruded products.......... 30 Curing.............................. B* Inspection........................ A* Boxing............................... 20 Warehouse....................... 5 Sheet Metal Works: Miscellaneous machines, ordinary bench work.. 20 Punches, presses, shears, stamps, spinning, me dium bench work.. .20 C* Tin plate inspection... B * C * Shoe Manufacturing (Leather): Cutting and stitching-- Cutting tables................20 Marking, buttonholing, skiving, sorting, vamping and counting-- Light materials........20 Dark materials........ 50 Stitching-- Light materials........50 Dark materials........ B* Making and Finishing-- Stitchers, nailers, sole layers, welt beaters and scarfera, trim mers, welters, 1ast ers, edge setters, sluggers, randers, wheelers, treers, cleaning, spraying, buffing, polishing, embossing-- Light materials........30 Dark materials........ 50 ittStnico MmiunS SOineJktt abort tK* Floor Storage, packing and ship ping.............................. 10 Shoe Manufacturing (Rubber): Washing, coating, mill run compounding............... 10 Varnishing, vulcanizing, calendering, upper and sole cutting....................30 Sole rolling, lining, mak ing and finishing proc esses............................ 50 Soap Manufacturing: Kettle houses, cutting, soap chip and powder. 10 Stamping, wrapping and packing, filling and packing soap powder.. 20 Stairways, Passageways . 5 Stone Crushing and Screening: Belt conveyor tubes, main line shafting spaces, chute rooms, inside of bins.............................. 5 Primary breaker room, auxiliary breakers un der bins....................... 5 Screens............................ 10 Storage Battery Manu facturing: Molding of grids............. 10 Store and Stock Rooms: Rough bulky material... 5 Medium or fine material requiring care..............10 Structural Steel Fabri cation................................... 10 Sugar Grading................. 30 Testing: Rough............................. 20 Kne................................. 30 Extra fine instruments, scales, etc.................... A* Textile Mills (Cotton): Opening, mixing, picking, carding and drawing... 10 Slubbing, roving, spinning 20 Spooling, warping on comb............................ 20 Beaming and slashing on comb-- Gray goods..................20 Denims........................ B* * See reference footnote at end of table. ST0853I 42 ILLUMINATION, NOISE, AND RADIANT ENERGY 365 Table 1.--Continued VUu<mBarendino--din ifWmm FUc-itl.. w Borneo ifwmi 50 ncbi sAomIAj Floor hltatmd SO indut otooo (Ao floor Inspection-- Gray goods (hand turn ing).......................... 60 Denims (rapidly mov ing).......................... A* Automatic tying-in, weav Woolen: Carding, picking, washcombing............... 16 Twiating, dyeing............... 15 Drawing-in, warping___ A* Weaving-- ing................................ B* Drawing-in by hand....... A* Weaving.......................... 26 Light goods................... 25 Dark-goods................. 60 Knitting machines..........20 Silk and Bayon Manu facturing: Soaking, fugitive tinting, and conditioning or act ing of twist.................. 10 Winding, twisting, re winding, and coning, quilling, slashing......... 30 Warping (silk or cotton system) on creel, on running ends, on red, on beam, on warp at beaming...................... 60 Drawing-m-- On heddles.................. A* On reed........................ A* Weaving-- On heddles and reeds.. 10 On warp back of har ness.......................... 20 On woven cloth........... 30' Tobacco Products: Drying, stripping, general 10 Grading and sorting....... A* Toilets and Wash Rooms 10 Upholstering--Automo bile, Coach Furniture. 20 Warehouse............................. 6 Welding.............................. 30 Woodworking: Rough sawing and bench work............................ 15 Sizing, planing, rough sanding, medium ma chine and bench work, glueing, veneering, coo perage.......................... 20 Fine bench and machine work, fine sanding and finishing....................... 50 * Lighting recommendations for the more difficult seeing tasks, as indicated by A, B, and C in the foregoing table, are given in the following: Group A.--These string tasks involve (a) the discrimination of extremely fine detail under conditions of (fi) extremely poor contrast, (e) for long periods of time. To meet these requirements, illumination levels above 100 footeandles are recommended. To provide illumination of this order, a combination of at least 20 footeandles of general lighting plus specialized supplementary lighting is necessary. The de sign and installation of the combination systems must not only provide a sufficient amount of light but also must provide the proper direction of light, diffusion, eye protection, and insofar as possible must eliminate direct and reflected glare as well as objectionable shadows. Group B.--This group of visual tasks involves (a) the discrimination of fine detail under conditions of (o) a fair degree of contrast (c) for long periods of time. Illumination levels from 50 to 100 footeandles are required. To provide illumination of this order a combination of at least 20 footeandles of general lighting plus specialized supplementary lighting is necessary. The de sign and installation of the combination systems must not only provide a sufficient amount of light but also must provide the proper direction of light diffusion, eye protection, and insofar as possible must eliminate direct and reflected glare as well as objectionable shadows. GROUP C.--The seeing tasks of this group require the discrimination of fine de tail by utiliring (a) the reflected image of a luminous area or (b) the transmitted light from a luminous area. The essential requirements are (1) that the luminous area shall be large enough to cover the surface which is beiing inspected and (2) that the brightness be within the limits necessary to obtain comfortable contrast conditions. This in volves the use of sources of large area and relatively low brightness in which the source brightness is the principal factor rather than the footeandles produced at a given point. ST0853I 43 366 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY quired minimum. In locations where the dirt will collect rapidly and where adequate maintenance is not provided, the initial value should be at least 50 per cent above the minimum require ment. Where safety goggles are worn, the light reaching the eye is likely to be materially reduced and the general level of lighting should, therefore, be increased accordingly in such locations. In addition to the foregoing table of recommended minimum standards, Table 2 presents the recommended minimum illumina tion for many of the war production activities not specifically included in Table 1. NOISE There iahoth practical and experimental evidence to indicate that noise produces fatigue, impaired hearing, neuroses, de creased efficiency, and emotional disturbances.10 Noise levels of 90 decibels (intensity of noise in an airplane) and higher have been found by experience to be harmful to the human ear.20 Ex posure to prolonged noise at lower levels, including the intensity of many occupational noises, is also harmful.21 As a guide in the evaluation of a noise problem, it is well to know that the intensity of noise near an airplane with motor running is about 95 decibels; in a New York subway it is about 80 decibels; in a large stenographic room it is about 70 decibels; and the intensity of sound in usual conversation varies from 35 to 70 decibels. Intensity alone is not the deciding factor, however. Of equal importance is the nature of the operation, and whether the noise is continuous or interrupted. For example, the average conversation of workers does not interfere with other workers in a machine shop but any conversation interferes with occupants of a library. Similarly a carpenter hammering and sawing does not affect the normal working of other nearby carpenters, but would reduce very much the efficiency in a room where steno graphic work is being performed. To reduce or eliminate the production loss resulting from noise, it is necessary in many industries to reduce the intensity of noise exposures as far as is feasible with good engineering practice. Noise may be prevented, or removed from the workers, by one or more of the following methods: (1) elimination of noise at its source, (2) isolation of noisy operations, (3) re duction of noise by sound insulation, and (4) the use of personal protective devices against noise. ST0853I4U ILLUMINATION, NOISE, AND RADIANT ENERGY 367 Table 2.--Rbcohmbndbd Uomniv Standard* of Illumination for War Production and Associated Activities. (The Foeteudle Values are Avenge in Service and Represent Order of Magnitude Rather than Exact Levels.) Minin inSinien Minimum FoeUmdUt mStrriet Airplanb Manufactur ing: Stock part*-- Production.................. 60 Inspection................... A* Parts manufacturing-- Welding, drilling, rivet Mechanical furnaces, gen erators and stills, me chanical driers, evapo rators, filtration, me chanical crystallizers.. 10 Tanka for cooking, extrac tors, percolators, nitra- ing and screw fast ening........................ 30 tora.............................. 16 Spny booths............... 30 Sheet aluminum layout and template work; shaping and smooth ing of small parts for * ?fuselage, wing sec tions, cowling, etc... 60 Sub-assembly-- Landing gear, fuselage, Precision War Equipment: Assembly and adjustment of range finders, bin oculars, periscopes, tim ing equipment, gun sights, electronic de vices, torpedo mechan isms, etc...................... A* wind sections, cowl ing and other large units........................ 30 Final assembly-- Placing of motors, pro pellers, wing sections Protective Industrial Lighting: General........................... 0.2 Vulnerable areas............. 1 and landing gear; Shell Loading Plants: mounting of guns and Fuse and booster manu other large equip facturing..................... 50 ment. ...................... 30 Inspecting, cleaning and Inspection of assembled spraying of shell forg ship and its equip ing............................... 30 ment........................ B* Loading of shells, bombs, Machine tooL repairs... A* mines and depth Artillery Manufactur charges-- ing: Hand........................... B* Forging and casting of Automatic..................... 30 gun barrels and mounts 10 Cleaning and inspection 30 Machining and grinding Assembly of shells, bombs, of gun barrels, breeches, mines and depth charges 50 mounts and carriages.. 30 Packing and boxing, stor Measuring and testing of age ............................. 10 parts; barrel bonng; i machining and assem bly of range adjusters, and firing mechanisms. B* General assembly........... 60 Shipyards: General........................... 5 Ways and fabrication areas............................ 10 Construction--General: Excavation..................... 2 Exterior.......................... 5 Tank Manufacturing: Assembly line................. B* Indoor............................. 10 Frame assembly................20 Explosives: Body manufacturing-- Hand furnaces, boiling Parts..............................20 tanks, stationary dri Assembly.......................20 ers, stationary and Finishing and inspect gravity crystallizers... 5 ing............................ A* * Same as for Table 1. II ST0853 I 45 368 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN INDUSTRY Elimination of Noise at Its Source The causes of much of the noise in industry are faulty design of machinery, worn machine parts, improper machine mounting, improper location of machines, and carelessness in operating machinery. While it may be expensive in some cases to eliminate these sources of noise, it is frequently a profitable investment over a period of years. Silent operation may be accomplished by (1) replacing worn parts early, (2) using well balanced parts, (3) mounting machinery and guards so that they will not vibrate, (4) keeping moving parts well oiled, (5) having direct or belt drive in place of open gears, or using nonmetallic gears where gears are necessary, and (6) mounting machinery on appropri ate bases. .A, .good example of an operation wherein noise has been effectively reduced is that of pressure riveting or welding in place of pneumatic riveting. Isolation of Noisy Operations Noise-producing machinery frequently requires only one or two operators, but is so located that many workers are exposed to the noise. Operations of this type should be isolated in wellinsulated enclosures so that only the operators are exposed to the noise. Likewise, noisy motors and gears can frequently be housed in sound insulating enclosures to reduce the workers' exposure. Those workers who must remain near the noise may he protected by means of suitable ear protectors or may even be isolated from the noise in well-insulated chambers or rooms which are adequately ventilated. .An excellent example of noise prevention by this method is that of testing airplane motors in which the motor test rooms are so well insulated that little noise escapes from the enclosure. Reduction of Noise by Sound Insulation Where a large part of the noise in a room or building is caused by reflection of the noise back and forth between the walls, ceiling, objects, and floors, a great reduction can be accom plished conveniently By covering as much of the reflecting surface as possible with suitable sound absorbing materials. An example of this method is the application of sound absorbing materials to the ceiling, and sometimes the walls, of air-conditioned office spaces. ST0853I 46 ILLUMINATION, NOISE, AND RADIANT ENERGY 369 Personal Protective Devices Where one of the preceding methods is not applicable, or ade quate, or does not protect all of the workers, cotton plugs or some of the commercial ear protectors" may be used to reduce the effect upon the exposed workers. Some of these protective devices reduce the intensity of severe noises appreciably; at the same time, however, they permit the hearing of conversation and thus do not create the safety hazard which would exist if con versation could not be heard. RADIANT ENERGY The most important exposure to radiant energy, and one which has been increased many-fold by the war effort, is that of ultraviolet, infra-red, and intense visible light radiation from electric welding arcs. In addition to this important health hazard, there are exposures to infra-red radiation in the heavy metal industries, to roentgen rays and radium emanation in the in spection and testing departments of many industries, to radium, thorium, and other radioactive materials in luminous dial paint ing and illuminating tube manufacture, to potential hazards from mercury vapor lamps, and to infra-red from drying lamps. The important exposure, as indicated above, is to the harmful rays produced in welding operations. However, the methods and protective devices for controlling these exposures are so well known and so effective that only a brief summary is necessary. Table 3 gives the protection required for different welding operations." To protect the workers in nearby areas, the welding opera tions should be shielded as much as possible by means of suitable permanent or portable shields placed about the operation. On the other hand, the welding operation should not be enclosed to such an extent that a serious health hazard to the welder is produced by the reduced ventilation. See Welding, Chapter 11. For continuous exposures to infra-red radiation in the heavy metal processing industries, permanent shields and barriers, as well as protective goggles and helmets, will serve adequately. Spot cooling, if practicable, is helpful to keep such workers comfortable. See Air Conditioning, Chapter 21. X-ray testing equipment used in the inspection of materials presents a potential exposure to radiant energy which is readily controllable. All X-ray equipment should be so shielded or en- ST0853I47 370 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY dosed by lead that none of the roentgen rays will escape into the room. Where this control is not adequate, protective clothing may be used but it is better to shield the machine properly. Fre quent inspections are necessary to guard against any leaks which may result in serious consequences. The radiation emitted by radium employed in material in spection is more difficult to control than roentgen rays. While lead sheathing around the radium reduces the intensity of the rays somewhat, depending upon the thickness of the lead, it does not eliminate the hazard entirely unless the lead casing is too thick to be practicable. The method of preventing serious Table 8.--Protection Required for Welding Operations Operation Protection Production welding at a perma nent location.............................. Permanent shield with proper density light Alter; helmet or hand shield with proper density light Alter; or goggles with proper density lens. Working in the vicinity of a welding operation...................... Goggles or spectacles with No. 3 or No. 4 shade lens. Light gas cutting and welding, and ught electric spot welding. .Goggles or spectacles with No. 5 shade lens. Gas cutting, medium gas weld ing, arc welding up to 30 amps. .Helmet, shield or goggles with No. 6 shade Alter glass. Heavy gas welding, arc cutting, and welding between 30 and 75 amps......................................Helmet, shield or in some cases goggles with No. 8 shade Alter glass. Arc welding and cutting between 75 and 200 amps........................Helmet or shield with No. 10 shade Alter glass. Arc welding and cutting be tween 200 and 400 amps...........Helmet or shield with No. 12 shade Alter glass. Arc welding and cutting above 400 amps....................................Helmet or shield with No. 14 shade Alter glass. health effects in this instance is to use as little radium as possible, to enclose it in a lead container, and for the operator to remain as far away as possible from the source of energy. The desired combination of these three factors is given in a chart commonly known as the Failla Radium Protection Chart. This chart is presented in the reference cited,24 where complete information on radium protection may be found. The war effort and the manufacture of new types of lighting tubes have increased tremendously the number of workers ex posed to radioactive materials. The control measures are similar to those given in the preceding paragraph for radium except that the amounts of radioactive materials handled are much less and the protective measures may be relaxed accordingly. Luminous ST0853I 48 ILLUMINATION, NOISE, AND RADIANT ENERGY 371 dial painting is covered in detail under Luminous Dial Painting in Chapter 11 and the information cited30 is applicable to all ex posures of this nature. Mercury vapor lamps present potential exposures to ultra violet radiation. The potential health hazard may be eliminated by employing a different type of illumination. Where this is not feasible, frequent inspection should be made to determine whether a hazard exists and if it does, the offending lights should be screened to prevent the ultraviolet rays from reaching the workers. Infra-red radiation from drying lamps is usually limited to the drying enclosure-and presents no significant health hazard as a rule, since no workers are inside the drying enclosure for any length of time. BIBLIOGRAPHY Illumination 1. Cobb, P. W., and Moss, F. K.: The Effect of Brightness on the Pre cision of Visually Controlled Operations. Jour. Franklin Inst, 199: 507 (April) 1925. 2. Luckiesh, M., and Moss, F. K.: The Science of Seeing. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, 1937. 3. Hess, D. P., and Harrison, W.: The Relation of Illumination to Produc tion. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., IS.-787 (November) 1923. 4. Austin, W. K.: Operating Advantages of Controlled Conditions Plants. Ilium. Eng., 38:99 (January) 1941. 5. Simpson, R. E.: Accidental Lighting Costs. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 23: 033 (July) 1928. 6. Luckiesh, "M., and Moss, F. K.: Quality of Lighting. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 0.-531 (July) 1935. 7. Luckiesh, M., and Moss, F. K.: Seeing in Tungsten, Mercury and Sodium Lights. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 31:655 (July) 1936. 8. Woodside, C. S., and Reinhardt, H.: Comparison of'the Light from High Intensity Mercury Vapor Lamps and Incandescent Filament Lamps for Visual Tasks. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Roc., .12:365 (April) 1937. 9. Luckiesh, M., and Moss, F. K.: Vision and Seeing Under Light from Fluorescent Lamps. Ilium. Eng., 7:81 (February) 1942. 10. Illuminating Engineering Society, Committee on Industrial and School Lighting: Progress Report on Lighting in the Printing Industry. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 31:277 (March) 1936. 11. Illuminating Engineering Society, Committee on Industrial and School Lighting: Report on Lighting*in the Textile Industry--Grey Goods and Denim. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 32:247 (March) 1937. 12. Illuminating Engineering Society, Committee on Industrial and School Lighting: Report on Lighting in the Shoe Manufacturing Industry. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 2:289 (March) 1937. 13. Illuminating Engineering Society, Committee on Industrial and School Lighting: Report on Lighting in the Candy Manufacturing Industry. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 2:483 (May) 1937. ST0853149 372 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP DISEASE IN INDUSTRY 14. Illuminating Engineering Society, Committee on Industrial and School Lighting: Studies in Lighting of Intricate Production, Assembly and Inspection Processes. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., J*:1019 (December) 1987. 15. Illuminating Engineering Society, Committee on Industrial and School Lighting: Lighting for Silk and Rayon Throwing and Wide Goods Wearing. Trims. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 33:11 (January) 1938. 16. Illuminating Engineering Society, Committee on Industrial and School Lighting: Lighting for the Machining of Small Metal Parts. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 84:21 (January) 1939. 17. Illuminating Engineering Society, Committee on Industrial and School Lighting: Lighting of Power Presses. Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 34: 158 (February) 1939. 18. American Recommended Practice of Industrial Lighting. ASA Code A-Il-1942. Illuminating Engineering Society, New York, 1942. Noise 19. McCord, C. P., Teal, E. E., and Witheridge, W. H.: Noise and Its Effect on Human Beings. Jour. Am. Med. Assn., 110:1553 (May 7) 1938. 20. McKenzie, D.: Noise and Public Health. Jour. State Med., 48:642 (Sep tember) 1934. 21. State of New York Department of Labor, Bureau of Women in Indus try: Effect of Noise on Hearing of Industrial Workers. Special Bulle tin No. 166. New York, 1930. 22. Knudsen, V. O.: Freedom from Noise. Indust. Med., 8:14 (January) 1939. Radiant Enebcy 23. U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards: Ameri can Standard Safety Code for the Protection of Heads, Eyes, and Respiratory Organs. National Bureau of Standards Handbook H24. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1938. 24. U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards: Radium Protection. National Bureau of Standards Handbook H23. Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1938. 25. U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards: Safe Handling of Radioactive Luminous Compound. National Bureau of Standards Handbook H27. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1941. ST0853I50 INDEX Nora: Pag numbers of charts and figures are in iialie type. Abrasive blasting, health hazards In, 213 cleaning, health hazards in, 213 dusts, in grinding, 232 Absence, accounting for, by worker, 464 leave of, 404 Absenteeism, 420-466 analysis of data as factor in con trol, 462 control of, 469 -- dental factors involved, 88 '"' disciplinary reasons for, 458 general work situation and, 458 in women, industrial injuries and, 413 nonindustrial injuries and, 413 occupational diseases and, 413 personal reasons for, 414, 458 investigation of absences, 463 personal reasons causing, 414, 458 control of, 462 by appeal to patriotism and generosity of work ers, 463 by moral persuasion, 462 by morale building, 463 records, 459, 430, 461 causes, duration, etc., 459 minimum requirements, 459 number of workers, by color, sex, and age, 459 reliability of rates, 462 role of nurse in decreasing, 78 sickness, 420 average daily percentage of workers disabled, 428 causes of, 427, 428, 437, 438, 440, 443, 444, 446, 447, 448, 448, 449, 451, 452, 453, 484 control of, 462 days of disability contributed by disabilities of seven days or less, 439, 440 disability rates, 421 by broad cause and age groups from absences contributing t days or less, 446 Absenteeism, sickness, disability rates, by broad cause groups for absences lasting one cal endar day or more, 452, 453, m disabling, related to various factors and indexes, 424 duration of disability, 435 frequency and distribution of, 424, 438, 486, 487 and duration of, 441, 441, 443 frequency rate, 421 by broad cause and . age groups for absence last ing t days or more, 443, 444 by broad cause groups from absences lasting one calendar day or more, 449, 481 in women and men, 412 malingering and, 423 miscellaneous factors in, 466 nonrespiratory - nondigestive causes and age, 448, 448 per cent of workers compen sated, 456 percentage distribution accord ing to broad cause groups, of days disabled on specific days of disability after onset, 437, 438 physical examination after, 52 rates, 421 causes of differences, 422 comparability of, 422 effects of age, 423, 425, 428, 429, 444, 446, 447, 448, 448, 456, 457 of epidemics, 429 and season, 430, 431 of maximum benefit period, 423, 455 of notification, certification and verification proce dures, 423 of occupation, 434 of racial differences, 435 of season, 429 467 ST0853I 5 I 468 INDEX Absenteeism, sickness, rates: effects of sex, 425, 427, 435, 436, 437, US, 489, UO of time-changes, 43.0, 443 quarterly frequencies, 432, US, m of waiting time, 422,423,452 factors yielded by side bene fit organizations, 422, 423 frequency of factors affecting, 423 types of, 421Absenteeism, sickness, severity rate, 421 time lost as measure of health, 421. Absenteeism, social and economic conditionJtas factor, 458 summary and conclusions regard ing, 464 venereal diseases as cause, 281 visiting nurse service and, 72 women and, 412 work not available as cause, 458 Accidents, control, program of, role of nurse in, 71 in small plants, 71 frequency, temperature and, 373, 374 illumination and, 356 prevention program, duties of nurse in, 71 recommendations on, 79 Accrued liability, 137 'Acetone in tetryl crystallization, 253 Achievement tests for women, 397 Acid, nitric, tank filling, health haz ards in, 215 pickling, 247 Acne, cutting oils and, 176 differential diagnosis, 177 vulgaris, cutting oil acne and, 177 Acrolein, in heat treating, 233 toxic limit of, 264 Acrylonitrile, toxic limit of, 264 Activity, temperature and, 373 Aerosols, 271 agents employed in, 2^1 attributes necessary for use in oc cupied rooms, 271 Age as factor in sickness absentee ism, 423, 425, 428, 429, 443, UU, 446, U7, 448, US, 456, 457 Agricultural workers, exclusion of, from compensation benefits (with exceptions), 137 Ague, brass founders', 145 Air, clean, equation for, 206 collector, 204 conditioning, 378-381 comfort, 380 control of dermatitis by, 381 efficiency and, 378 product control by, 379 respiratory illness and, 380 contaminants, mechanical ventila tion and, 378 contamination, control, 198-266 control, by dilution ventilation, 206 equipment for, maintenance, 211 general considerations, 199 isolation in, 207 machinery placement and, 207 minimum air velocities, table, 201 substitution in, 207 efficiency and, 198 housekeeping and, 205 water control of, 205 duct, construction of, 203 size of, 203 exhauster, 204 recirculation of, 204 ultraviolet radiation of, in control of acute respiratory infections, 270 velocity, 200 contaminant removal and, 201 hood and, equations, 202 in ducts, 203 plant layout and, 201 Air-borne hypothesis in acute res piratory infections, 270 Airplane hangars, minimum illumi nation for, 362 manufacture, dermatitis in, 194 minimum illumination for, 367 motor cleaning, health hazards of, 215 Alabama, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 14 Alaska, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 14 Albuminuria, rejection rate due to, 384 selective placement policy and, 390 Alcohol, butyl, toxic limit of, 264 in lens cleaning, 236 methyl, in tracer bullet charging, 260 T" ST 0853152 h 1 INDEX 469 Alcohol, mothyl, in typo donning, American Public Health Association, 248 toxic limit of, 264 polyvinyl, as dermatitis preven affiliation with, 41 hygiene and sanitation in control of respiratory dis tive, 168 eases, pamphlet, 271 vapora, in eolloiding, 224 American Red Cnee Home Nursing Alcoholic beverage*, use of, and classes, nurse and, recommenda fatigue, 322 tions on, 82 Alimentary type of load poisoning, nutritional education, 124 142, 144 American Social Hygiene Associa Alkali cleaning, health hazards in, tion, interest in industrial hygiene, 216 123 Allergy, industrial dermatitis and, American Society of Heating and 164 Ventilating Engineers, interest in Alpha rays in radium,, harmful industrial hygiene, 123 effects, 149 C American Standards Association, in Aluminiting, health hazards in,. 216 terest in industrial hygiene, 123 Aluminum alloy finishing; 'health Amino acids, requirements, 327 hazards in, 216 Ammonia, oxidation, health hazards finishing, health hazards in, 216 in, 218 Amatol break-up, health hazard in, toxic limit of, 264 216 Ammonium nitrate, dermatitis from, bucket cleaning, health hazard in, 162, 187, 193 216 dust, in amatol preparation, 217 cooling, health hazards of, 217 Ammonium picrate, and physical ex manufacture, dermatitis of, 193 amination, frequency of, 61 pouring, health hazards in, 217 Amputations, selective placement preparation, health hazards in, 217 policy and, 390 puddling, health hazards in, 217 Amyl acetate, toxic limit of, 264 Ambulance drivers, 34 Anemia in benzene poisoning, 166 service, organization of, in emer in lead poisoning, 143 gency medical services, 102 in radium poisoning, 149 Ambulances, requirements of plant Aniline, distillation of, health haz for, 22 ards in, 218 American College of Surgeons, costs manufacture of, health hazards in, of medical program, 27 219 interest in industrial hygiene, toxic limit of, 264 123 Ankyloses, selective placement policy qualifications of industrial and, 390 physician, 30 Anodizing, health hazards of, 229 standards for industrial med Anopheles, community sanitation ical service, 41 and, 343 American Dental Association, Coun Anthracosis, 161 cil on Dental Health, dental serv Anthrasilicosis, 161 ices and, 90 Antimony in brush painting, 244 American Foundrymen's Associa in spray painting, 245 tion, industrial health activities of, Applicants, munitions plants rejec123 . tion rates, 384 American Heart Association, public Aprons, dermatitis prevention and, health education, 41 169 American Medical Association, Coun Aptitude testa for women, 397 cil on Industrial Health, 123 Arc, welding, radiant energy in, 369 war program of, 126, 128 Architect, need for, in constructing written standing orders, for in plant infirmary, 13 dustrial nurse, suggestions Arizona, U.S.P.H.S. District includ on, 78 ing, 15 17 i ST0853I 53 470 INDEX Arkansas, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 15 Arsenic, in electroplating, 230 water pollution from, 338 Arsine, in electroplating, 230 in pickling, 247 toxic limit of, 264 Arterial hypertension, and employ ment, 45, 60 Arthritis, selective placement policy and, 391 Artificial respiration in carbon mon oxide poisoning, 156 Artillery manufacturing, minimum illumination for, 367 Asbestosie, 151 bodies, 154 diagnosis, 153.. Ascorbic add;'recommended daily al lowance, 329 Asphalt paint dermatitis, 193 Assembly operations, minimum il lumination for, 361 Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons, affiliation with, 41 Athlete's foot, dermatitis and, 195 treatment, 195 Atmospheric contamination, 338 control of, 198-266 industry and, 337 plant sanitation and, 345 Automobile manufacturing, mini mum illumination for, 361 Bakeries, community sanitation and, 342 minimum illumination for, 361 Ballistics testing, health hazards of, 219 Balloon manufacture, health hazards in, 221 Barium peroxide, in igniter mixture preparation, 234 in tracer bullet charging, 260 toxic limit of, 264 Beds, in plant infirmary, 20 restroom specifications, 350 Benefits, sickness, amounts allowed, 136 effect of, on absenteeism rates, 422, 424 financing, 136 maximum periods, effect on ab senteeism rates, 422, 455 per cent of workers participat ing in, 456 Benefits, sickness, waiting period, effect on absenteeism rate, 422, 452 Benzene, and physical examination, frequency of, 51 as health hazard, 7 in brush painting, 244 in rubber goods fabrication, 249 in tetryl crystallization, 253 in type cleaning, 248 nitration, health hazards in, 221 poisoning, 154 blood picture in, 155 chronic, 155 medical control measures, 155 pathologic changes, 155 symptoms, 155 urine in, 155 toxic limit of, 264 vapors, in benzene nitration, 221 Benzine, 155 Benzol. See Benzene. Beri-beri, 329 Beta rays in radium, harmful effects, 149 Black powder, 188 Blacked-out building, mechanical ventilation in, 377 Blanket compensation laws, 135 Blasting, abrasive, health hazards in, 213 Blindness, selective placement policy and, 390 Blood, lead content, normal and ab normal, 143 picture, in benzene poisoning, 155 in lead poisoning, 143 tests, for syphilis, injustices from, 281, 282 Blue lip, 192 Boat manufacture, rubber, health hazards in, 249 Body odor, mechanical ventilation and, 377 ventilation rate and, 376 Boilers, minimum illumination for, 363 Boils, cutting oils and, 176 differential diagnosis, 177 TNT, 192 Bomb loading, dermatitis and, 191 Bone marrow, changes in, in benzene poisoning, 154 Bones, decalcification of, in calcium inadequacy, 327 lesions of, in radium poisoning, 149, 150 ST0853 I 54 INDEX 471 Book binding, minimum illumination for, 361 Booster cavity drilling, health haz ard! in, 222 cup loading, health hazards in, 222 tnbe loading, health hazards in, 222 Boron, water pollution from, 338 Boxing, minimum illumination for, 363 Branch establishments, relation to home medical department, 26 Brass chills, 145 founders' ague, 145. See also Lead poisoning. poisoning, 191 Bread, enriched, 332 Breweries, minimum illumination for, 361 Brombenzylcyanide dermatitis, 188 Bullet casting, health hazards in, 234 Burnishing, minimum illumination for, 363 Burns, dermatitis and, 163 in mustard gas manufacture, 189 lewisite, treatment, 190 Butyl acetate, toxic limit of, 264 Butyl alcohol, toxic limit of, 264 Cadmium, in electroplating, 230 industrial uses of, 146 poisoning, 146 differential diagnosis, 146 symptoms, 146 treatment, 147 toxic limit of, 264 Cafeterias, management-owned, 333 need for, in industrial plants, 8 nutritional education and, 331 plant, nutrition and, 330 responsibility of medical depart ment in, 37 womanpower and, 399 Calcium, milk as source of, 327 recommended daily allowance, 329 requirements, dietary, 327 California, joint interdepartmental action in industrial hygiene field, 118 U.S.P.H.S. District including, 14 Calories, recommended daily allow ance, 329 requirement, 326 Camouflage paint manufacture, health hazards in, 223 Cancer, as cause of absenteeism, U8 selective placement policy and, 391 Candy making, minimum illumina tion for, 361 Canning, minimum illumination for, 361 Cap for women in industry, 411 Carbide tool manufacture, health hazards in, 223 Carbon dioxide, toxic limit of, 264 Carbon disulfide, in rubber goods fabrication, 249 toxic limit of, 264 Carbon filter in blacked-out building ventilation, 377 Carbon monoxide, in ballistics test ing, 219 in forging, 231 in heat treating, 233 in motor testing, 241 poisoning, 156 symptoms, 156 treatment, 156 toxic limit of, 264 Carbon tetrachloride, in incendiary mixture preparation, 234 in leather cleaning, 236 in rubber goods fabrication, 249 in tracer bullet charging, 260 in tracer mixture screening and mixing, 261 in type cleaning, 248 toxic limit of, 264 vapors, in degreasing, 226 Caries, vitamin deficiency and, 329 Cartridge loading, protection in, 193 manufacture, dermatitis from, 190 Casual workers, exclusion of, in compensation laws, 137 Casualty station, organization of, in emergency medical services, 100 Cavity drilling, booster, health haz ards of, 222 Cellophane, as dermatitis preventive, 168 Cement manufacturing, minimum illumination for, 361 solvents, in balloon manufacture, 221 Certification, method of, as factor in sickness absenteeism rates, 423 Cheilitis, vitamin deficiency and, 329 Chemical functions of State indus trial hygiene units, 113 sprays, in control of acute respira tory infections, 271 ST0853I55 472 INDEX Chemical works, minimum illumina tion for, 301 Chemicals, war, dermatitis caused by, 188 Cheat, disability diseases of, rejec tion rate due to, 384 x-ray examination, administra tive procedures, 274 frequency of, in siliceous dusty trades, 275 in workers with evidence of tuberculosis, 275 in control of chronic respira tory infections, 273 methods, 274 Children, care of, womanpower and, 418 Children's Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor, 40, 108 nutritional education and, 333 statement on pregnancy, 405 Chills, brass, 145 oxide, 146 Chloraeetophenone dermatitis, 188 Chloraene, prevention of, 177 Chlorine requirements, dietary, 327 Chloro compounds, skin sensitization by, 162 Chlorovinyl-dichlorarsine, 190 Chromates, water pollution from, 338 Chromic acid, mists, in electroplat ing, 229 toxic limit of, 264 Civilian defense organizations, re lationship of plant medical depart ment to, 40 Clay products, minimum illumination for, 361 Cleaning, abrasive, health hazards in, 213 minimum illumination for, 361 Cleanliness, community, 335 dermatitis and, 168 plant, illumination and, 355 sanitation and, 351 Clinic assistants, nonprofessional, 33 Closets, chemical, specifications, 348 Cloth products, minimum illumina tion for work with, 361 Clothing, dermatitis and, 162, 168 in mustard gas manufacture, 189 protective, for women, 410 women in industry and, 409 Coal cleaning plants, minimum il lumination for, 361 Coal tipples, minimum illumination for, 361 Coal-oil in lens cleaning, 236 Coal-tar products, protective oint ment against, 172 Cold tinning process, health hazards of, 224 Colds, epidemiology, 267 etiologic factors, 268 general control measures, 271 isolation in, 272 prevalence of, 268 prophylactic immunization with vaccines, 269 Colic, lead, 142 Collector, air, 204 Colloiding, health hazards of, 224 Colorado, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 15 Comedones, cutting oils and, 176 Committee on Healthful Working Conditions, National Association of Manufacturers, 123 survey, 385 Common cold. See Colds. Communicable diseases, acute, re porting to health authorities, 38, 39 control of, 336 Communities Facilities Act, 2 Community Chest, medical director and, 41 Community environment, wartime problems, 1 facilities, wartime disruption of, 3 hospital and health facilities, ap praisal of, before construction of war plant, 14 importance of industrial hygiene to, 106 relationships, women in industry and, 414 Compensation, benefits, amounts al lowed, 136 effects of, on absenteeism rate, 422, 424 financing, 136 maximum periods, effect on ab senteeism rate, 422, 425 per cent of workers participat ing in, 456 waiting period, effect on ab senteeism rates, 422, 452 cases, assistance of public health administrators in, 121 ST0853I56 INDEX 473 Compensation coats, of different types of occupational diseases, comparison of, 131 for occupational disease, States with laws for, 138 insurance, 136 laws, accrued liability, 137 comparison of schedule and gen eral coverage,. 135 compulsory, 137 coverage of agricultural and domestic workers, 137 definitive general coverage, 135 elective, 137 exclusion of agricultural and domestic workers (with ex ceptions), 137 of casual workers, 1ST " ^-v of small employers, 137 general or blanket coverage, 135 States having, 135 limited disability clauses, 138 limiting provisions, 137 maximum periods, effect on ab senteeism rates, 422 455 medical benefits, 136 service, time limits of, 136 monetary benefits, 136 penalty provisions, 137 provisions of, 135 handicapped workers, 138 schedule or limited coverage, 135 second-injury provisions, 138 States with, 138 silicosis coverage, 152 States having, 135 States having, 133 types of, 135 waiting period, 136 effect on absenteeism rate, 422, 452 waiver clauses, 138 sickness, effect of maximum period on absenteeism rate, 452, 455 effect of waiting period on ab senteeism rate, 422, 452 per cent of workers participat ing in, 456 Concentration, hunger and, 326 Conditioning air. See Air-condition- inf. Conference on Day Care of Children of Working Mothers, 416 Conjunctivitis, mercury fulminate and, 187 Connecticut, activities of medical profession in furthering war time program of industrial hy giene, 128 U.S.PJLS. District including, 14 Construction, general, minimum U- lumination for, 867 indoor, minimum illumination for, 861 Consultants, part-time. In plant med ical department, 29 standards for, in plant medical de partment, 31 Contaminants, air, control of, 198- 266 definition, 198 Control of occupational diseases, 131-382 Control point of plant infirmary, 18 Cooling season, mechanical ventila tion in, 377. See also Air condi tioning. Cooling, spot, in infra-red exposure, 369 Coroner's office, relationship of plant medical department to, 38 Coryza. See Cold*. Costs of plant medical department, 27 Cotton drying, health hazards of, 225 picking, health hazards of, 225 weighing, health hazards of, 225 Council on Dental Health, American Dental Association, dental services and, 90 Council on Industrial Health, Ameri can Medical Association, 123 medical supervision of workers, 10 war program of, 126, 128 written standing orders, for in dustrial nurse, suggestions on, 78 Counsellors, employees', 37 industrial nurses as, 70, 73, 78, 79 Coverage laws, types of, 135 Coveralls, dermatitis prevention and, 169 Crack testing, mercury, health haz ards of, 239 Cream, vanishing, formula, 170 Crowding, in war areas, 2 ventilation rate and, 377 ST0353157 474 INDEX Cup loading, booster, health haxarda of, 222 Cuspidors, plant sanitation and, 351 Cutting oils, as health hazards, 7 dermatitis and, 175 treatment, 178 in machining, 239 Cyanides, in electroplating, 229 in beat treating, 233 Cyanosis, TNT, 192 Cysts, cutting oils and, 176 Diafneu, selective placement policy and, 390 Decalcification therapy in radium poisoning, 150 Decarbonizing, health hazards of, 226 Defatting of sldn, petroleum oils and, 176 Defect, dynamic, rehabilitation and, 385 static, rehabilitation and, 385 stationary, rehabilitation and, 385 Defense Health and Welfare Serv ices, Federal Security Agency, 40 Definition of industrial disease, 134 Definitive general coverage laws, 135 Degreasers, dermatitis from, 176, 179, 181 prevention, 180 Degreasing, health hazards of, 226 ventilation formula for, 227 Delaware, U.S.P.H.S. District in* eluding, 14 Dental assistant, role of, in dental program, 92 factors, in occupational hazards, 89, 90 hygiene division, State department of health, dental services and, 90 hygienist, role of, in dental pro gram, 92 infection in radium poisoning, 149 office, location of, 92 Practice Acts of States, dental services and, 91 program, dental prophylaxis, rec ommendations on, 95 education in, 95 emergency service, 96 examination service, 94 in small plants, 95 personnel, 93 physical equipment, 93 records required, 94 Dental program, supplies for, 93 services, 88-97 consultative, 90 dental assistant and, 92 dental hygienist and, 92 dentist, relation to employee unit, 91 in large plants, 91 in small plants, 91 organization of, 96 need of, 88 in special industries, 90 on full-time basis, 91 on part-time basis, 91 problems involved, 88 program of, 89, 93. See also Dental program. relation to medical and nursing services, 90 responsibility for cost of, by whom borne, 92 Dentistry, 88-97 Dentists, availability of, 92 full-time, 91 part-time, 91 plant, 32, 91 relation to employee unit, 91 Departmental authority in relation to plant medical department, 25 Depression, vitamin deficiency and, 329 Dermatitis, 161-197 ammonium nitrate, 187, 193 asphalt paint, 193 athlete's foot and, 195 black powder, 188 brombenzylcyanide, 188 cartridge manufacture and, 190 chloracetophenone, 188 control by air conditioning, 381 cutting oil, 175 prevention of, 177, 178 skin type and, 176 treatment, 178 degreasers and, 175, 179, 181 diagnosis, 161 differential, 163 eruption, site of, 162 examination of patient in, 162 exposure and lesions, relation of, 162 lesions as aid in, 161 patch test in, 165 DNT, 187, 192 dopes and, 179, 180 electroplating and, 181 ST08 53 I 58 INDEX 475 Dermatitis, ethyldiehlorarsine, 190 Diabetes mellitus, selective place from fabric coating, 231 ment policy and, 391 history of, 161 Dial painting, luminous, health haz industrial, darmatophytoaio and, ards of, 287 195 kerosene, 198 Dichlcnrethyl sulfide, 189 Dichlorobenzene, toxic limit of, 264 lead azide, 187,193 Diet as factor in fatigue, 310, 318, lewiaite, 190 321 mercury fulminate, 148,186,198 in industry, 326 metal preservatives and, 181 Dietitian, nutritional education and, mustard gas, 189 331 oakite, 193 Digestive diseases as cause of ab occupational, diagnosis of, 161 senteeism, 427, 428, 433, AS8, 439, examination for, role of nurse AAO, AAA, 446, AA7, 458, ASA. in, 51 Dilution ventilation, 206 in preplacement examination, Dimethylaniline, 228 57 sulfate, 228 ointment and, 169 toxic limit of, 264 paint thinners and, 179,180 Dinitrotoluene. See DNT. petroleum spirits causing, 193 Diphenylamine, 229 prevention, 167 Diphenyls, dermatitis caused by, 163 cleanliness and, 168 Disability rates in sickness absentee clothing and, 168 ism, 421 education in, 197 by broad cause and age groups ointment formulas, 170-172 from absences contributing t rust preventives and, 181 days or less, 446, AA7 seborrhoeic, occupational derma by broad cause groups from ab titis and, 163 sences lasting one calendar smokeless powder, 188 day or more, 452, USA solvents causing, 175, 193 Disciplinary reasons for absentee specific irritants and, 175 ism, 458 Stoddard solvent, 193 Diseases, causing absenteeism, fre tetryl, 182, 184, 191 quency and distribution of, 427, prevention, 183, 192 428, ASS, 437, ASS. AAO, 443, AAA, treatment, 184 446, AA7, 448, AA8, 449, A51, 452, TNT, 192 453, 454 dust and, 185 contagious, control of, 336 prevention, 192 reporting of, 38, 39 treatment, 174 in industry. See Occupational dis war gas, 188 eases. welding and, 182 nonoccupational, dental factors worker selection and, 196 and, 89 Dermatophytosis, dermatitis and, plant medical services and, 64 195 prevention of, .by health pro Dermatoses Investigations Section, gram, 43, 297 Division of Industrial Hygiene, Dispensary plant, physical set-up, as National Institute of Health, 110 factor in health education, 298 Dermatoses, occupational, 64, 161-. District of Columbia, U.S.P.H.S. 197. See also Dermatitis. District including, 14 Detonator, manufacture of, derma DMA sulfation, health hazards of, titis in, 186,187 228 Development of industrial hygiene in DMAS nitration, health hazards of, United States, 107 241 Dexterity tests for women, 397 DNT, 46 Diabetes mellitus, and employment, and physical examination, fre 44 quency of, 51 ST0853I59 476 INDEX DNT, cnulling, health hazards of, 221 dermatitis, 187, 198 dost, in sweetie barrel operation, 188 in toluene nitration, 260 screening, health hazards of, 228 toxic limit of, 264 Domestic workers, exclusion of, from compensation benefits (with excep tions), 137 Dopes, dermatitis from, 179, 180 prevention, 180, 194 Dowieide in camouflage paint manufacture, 223 * DPA crystallization, health hazards of, 229 packing, health hazards of, 229 Dress, appropriate, for women in in dustry, 410 Dressing rooms, specifications, 350 Drinking cups, plant sanitation and, 346 establishments, community sanita tion and, 342 fountains, plant sanitation and, 846 Drop hammer operators, dermatitis prevention in, 194 Drug eruptions, occupational derma titis and, 163 Duct, air, construction of, 203 size of, 203 velocity in, 203 Dural poisoning, 194 Dust, affections of lungs, 150. See also Silicoaia. control, in sandblasting, 213 definition, 198 diseases caused by, 139 hazards, new, in industry, 7 metallic, in shotblasting, 214 silica in sandblasting, 213 in shotblasting, 214 Dusty trades, frequency of periodic X-ray in, 275 periodic examinations in, 154 Dysentery, examination for, in food handlers, 54 * Eab protector, noise and, 369 Eating establishments. See also Cafeterias. community sanitation and, 342 minimum window requirement for, 376 Economic factors in absenteeism, 458 Eczema, allergic, cutting oils caus ing, 177 differential diagnosis, 177 inhibitors causing, 176 industrial dermatitis and, 164 Education, dermatitis prevention and, 197 health, 297-307. See also Health education. plant sanitation and, 345 program of, in veneral disease con trol, 285 public health, 336 role in nutrition, 331 worker, in plant housekeeping, 212 Efficiency, air conditioning and, 378 air contamination and, 198 glare and, 357 hours of work and, 402 noise and, 366 Ejector, air exhaust by, 204 Electric welding as health hazard, 6 Electroplating, dermatitis and, 181 health hazards of, 229 Electrotyping, minimum illumination for, 363 Elevators, minimum illumination for, 361 Emergency treatment, opportunities for health education at, 297 Emotional complications of injury and illness, 295 conflicts at home, and fatigue, 322 disturbance, noise and, 366 Employees, capacity of, determina tion by preplacement examina tion, 44 conferences with industrial phy sician, in venereal disease pro gram, 288 counsellors and, 37 industrial nurses as, 70, 73, 78, 79 key, physical examination of, fre quency of, 51 medical records, confidential na ture of, 286 objectives of venereal disease pro gram, 283 pool of, prospective, and physical examination, 46 training of, in health matters, 301 in job, 320 transient, physical examination of, 48 ST0853I 60 INDEX 477 Employees, venereal disease tests, Ethylene diebioride, toxic limit of, 281, 282 264 women. See Women m industry. vigors, in degreasing, 226 Employment at handicapped persons. Examinations. See Phyeieal eaomt- See Handicapped workers, natien. of vtnermlly infected persons, 282, ir.-ramiTtfag rooms of plant infirmary, 284, 287, 288 21 of women. See Women, employ Exhauotar, air, 204 ment of. Expectorating, plant sanitation and, Encephalopathy, lead, 148 381 differential diagnosis, 144 Explosive manufacture, health haz Enelosores, ventilation by, 200 ards of, 879 Energy, radiant, 388-371 Explosives, minimum illumination Energy requirements, 328 for, 367 Engine room, minimum illumination water pollution from, 338 for, 363 > Eye, adaptation, accidents and, 857 Engineering functions of State in coordination tests for women, 397 dustrial hygiene divisidns,*113 examination of, 61 of jobs for maximum efficiency, examining room, in plant infirm 320 ary, 20 Engineering Unit, Division of Indus treatment room, in plant infirm trial Hygiene, National Institute ary, 20 of Health, 110 Eyestrain, illumination and, 356 Engraving, minimum illumination for, 361 Fabric coating, health hazards of, Enteric disease in food handlers, 230 examination for, 54 Facilities, organization and opera Environment, community, and the tion of, 1-130 war worker, 1 Factory. See Plant. sanitation and, 335 Failla radium protection chart, 370 working, problems of, 6 Family physician, role of, in com Environmental control of respira bating fatigue, 323 tory diseases, 270 Fan, air exhaust by, 204 factors in fatigue, 319 Fatigue, 308-324 hygiene, possible services by adequate sleep and, 322 health, department in, 114 as health hazard in industry, 7 Epidemics, effects of, on sickness ab causes of, 309 senteeism rates, 429 at work, 309 in relation to season, 430, off the job, 310 131 chronic, disabling, 310 Epilepsy in preplacement examina combating, at work, 320 tions, 57 off the job, 321 Erethism, mercurial, 148 role of industrial and family Eruption, site of, in occupational physicians in, 322 dermatitis, 162 community facilities and, 321 Erythema multiforme, occupational definition of, 309 dermatitis and, 163 emotional conflict at home and, Erythrocytes, stippling of, in lead > 322 poisoning, 143 environmental factors in, 319 Ether vapors in colloiding, 224 excessive, repeated, 310 Ethyidichlorarsine dermatitis, 190 facilities for reducing, 399 Ethylene dichloride, in leather clean glare and, 367 ing, 236 health education and, 321 in protectoscope manufacture, hours of work and, 315 249 housing facilities and, 321 in rubber goods fabrication, 249 in truck drivers, recent study, 311 ST0853I 61 478 INDEX Fatigue, in track drivers, recent study, results, 312 teats employed, 311 individual human factor in, 814 industrial causes and control, 308- 324 job engineering and, 320 job placement and, 320 job training and, 820 meal frequency and, 326 measurement of, 810 altered functions a basis, 311 productive capacity as basis, 310 noise and, 366 nutrition and, 310, 318, 321 personnel policies and, 319 physiological-factors in, 311, 313 problem of, 308 psychological factors in, 311, 313 recreation and, 822 rest pauses and, 317 shift rotations and, 318, 321 transportation of worker as fac tor in, 317, 321 use of alcoholic beverages and, 322 vacations and, 317, 320 vitamin deficiency and, 329 war conditions and, 308 Federal agencies, nutritional educa tion and, 333 services available from, 39, 40 . surveys of community hospital and health facilities by, 14 Federal Government, organization and practice of industrial hy giene in, 109 interdepartmental relationships, 117 Federal Public Housing Authority, services available from, 40 Federal Security Agency, Defense Health and Welfare Services, 40 Female labor, sources of, 396. See also Women, employment of. Fever, metal fume, 146 spotted, community sanitation and, 343 Fibrosis, pulmonary, occupational, 150. See also Silicosis. Filing space in plant infirmary, 19 Films, use of, in health education, 306 Finger dexterity tests for women, 397 First-aid classes, nurse and recom mendations on, 82 men, 34 opportunities for health education, 297 post, personnel, duties of, 102 stations, functions of, 69 in plant medical services, 69 location of, 69 Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior Department, 40 Fish packing industries, community sanitation and, 842 Fleas, community sanitation and, 343 Flies, community sanitation and, 343 Floor space, utilization of, illumina tion and, 354 Floor, workroom, plant sanitation and, 851 Florida, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 14 Fluoride flux, dermatitis from, pre vention, 195 salts, in magnesium casting, 239 Fluorides, water pollution from, 338 Fluoroscopic examination in tuber culosis control, 274 Folliculitis, cutting oils and, 176 differential diagnosis, 177 TNT, 192 Follow-up in venereal disease con trol, 289 Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council, daily allowance table, 326 Food, community sanitation and, 337 handlers, immunization of, physical examination of, items to be included, 64 respiratory diseases, examina tion for, 54 streptococcic sore throat, exami nation for, 54 venereal disease and, overem phasis upon, 53 poisoning, reporting to health au thorities, 39 preparation of, in plant cafeterias, 332 Foot drop in lead poisoning, 142 Foot hygiene in athlete's foot, 196 Footcandle requirement, table of, 361, 362, 363, 364, 367 Ford Company, vocational rehabili tation in, 389 ST0853I62 INDEX 479 Foramen, kindly interest in worker, 320 Forge shops, minimum illumination lor, 361 Forging, health hazards of, 231 Formaldehyde water ae aerosol, 271 Fractures, calcium inadequacy and, 327 Frequency rates, in sickness ab senteeism, 421 by broad cause and age groups for absences lasting t days or more, 443, 444 by broad cause groups from ab sences, lasting one calendar day or more, 449,431 Fuel availability, temperature and, 373,374 Fulminate of mercury. See Mercury fulminate. Fumes, definition, 198 diseases caused by, 139 Fungus infections, occupational der matitis and, 163, 164 Furnace lining removal, health haz ards of, 231 Fuses, spring-arming of, protection in, 193 Fuze cavity reaming, health hazards of, 255 Galvo, 145 Gamma rays in luminous dial paint ing, 237 in radium, harmful effects, 149 Garages, mechanical ventilation in, 378 minimum illumination for, 361 Garbage disposal, community sani tation and, 342 Gardena, nutritional education and, 331 Gas, defense in emergency medical services, 103 mask, 208 ammonia, in nitric acid manu facture, 218 mustard, burns, treatment, 190 dermatitis caused by, 189 Gases, definition, 198 diseases caused by, 139 war, dermatitis, 188 Gasoline, tetra-ethyl, in airplane motor cleaning, 215 toxic limit of, 264 Gastro-intestinal disorders, rejection rate due to, 384 General coverage compensation laws, 135 definitive, 135 Genito-urinary diseases, rejection rate due to, 884 Georgia, U.S.P.H.S. District, 14 Germicides as aerosols, 271 Glare, accidents and, 356 direct, 857 reflected, 358 results of, 357 Glass works, minimum illumination for, 362 Glossitis, vitamin deficiency and, 329 Glove manufacturing, minimum il lumination for, 362 Gloves, dermatitis prevention and, 169 for women in industry, 411 Glycerine nitration, health hazards of, 232 Glycosuria, rejection rate due to, 384 selective placement policy and, 390 Goggles, safety, illumination and, 366 Gonorrhea, 278. See also Venereal diseases. employment policy in, 287 in preplacement examination, 57 prevalence of, 279 selective placement policy and, 391 Granulocytopenia in benzene poison ing, 155 Grinding, health hazards of, 232 Grippe, sporadic, 269 Gums, bleeding, vitamin deficiency and, 329 blue line on, in mercury poisoning, 148 lead line on, 142 Hand coordination tests for women, 397 Handicapped workers, governmental policy concerning, 388 limited disability clauses for, 138 provisions for, in compensation laws, 138 rehabilitation of, 5, 389 second-injury funds for, 138 utilization of, in war industries, 4, 5, 383 waivers by, 138 ST0853 I 63 480 INDEX Handicap*, physical, and employ ment, 44 Hangars, airplane, minimum illumi nation for, 862 Hat manufacturing, minimum illum ination for, 362 Hatters' shakes, 147 Hawaii, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 14 Hazards, occupational, 139 dental factors in, 88, 90 Health agencies, private, services offered by, 41 public, services offered by, 38- 40 Health authorities, local and State, cooperation with, 39 reports of disease to, 39 Health departments, integrated serv ices, 114 Health departments, local: development of industrial hygiene work in, 108, 109 industrial hygiene units, 116 integration of services, importance of, 116 organization and practice of indus trial hygiene in, 111 public health education, 41 relationship of plant medical de partment to, 38 Health departments. State: development of industrial hygiene work in, 108, 109 in control of venereal diseases, 283, 286 industrial hygiene divisions, 111 chemical functions, 113 engineering functions, 113 integration of health services, 114 medical functions, 112 nursing functions, 113 public health education, 41 types of services possible, 112 organization and practice of in dustrial hygiene in, 111 relationship of plant medical de partment to, 38 Health education, 297-307 choice of physician and, 304 compulsory participation not ad visable, 300 content of workers' program, 301 Health education, coordination under oneprogram and leadership,299 films In, 806 group activities, 299 importance of both information and training, 297 in combating fatigue, 321 individual instruction, 297 opportunities for, 297 industrial nurse in, duties of, 78 integration with community health program, 300 materials for, 306 medical supervision of, 299 meetings, nature and length of, 306 ' motion pictures in, 306 photographs In, 306 posters in, 306 printed materials in, 306 distribution of, 306 quackery and, 304 role of nurse in, 70 recommendations, 78 self-diagnosis and, 304 self-treatment and, 304 sources of information to aid in, 41 subject-matter of, 301 approach to, 303 training classes in, 301 unofficial organizations active in field of, 124 use of treatment time to further, 70 workers' committees for, 300 Health examination, interpretation and recommendations of, in health education, 298 Health facilities, community, ap praisal of, before building war plant, 14 in war areas, 2 Health hazard, cutting oils as, 7 electric welding as, 6 fatigue as, 7 new toxic substances, 7 silica sand as, 7 Health, industrial, women and, 396 meaning of, to workers, 298 Health program, aims, 43 first-aid and, 44 need for, 43 positive, 43 Health regulations, local, knowledge and observance of, 38 ST08 53I 64 INDEX 481 Health supervision, first-aid station and, 69 Hearing, defective, rejection rate do* to, 884 selective placement policy and, 890 noise and, 366 war industry as hazard to, 63 Heart disease, and employment, 44, 60 as cause of absenteeism, 448, 449 rejection rate due to, 384 selective placement policy and, 390, 391 Heat cramps, salt and,'328 Heat treating, health hazards of, 233 Heating, 373-375 cost, temperature and, 373, 374 methods, 375 season, mechanical ventilation in, 377 Hematopoietic system, changes in, in benzene poisoning, 154 Hemorrhoids, selective placement policy and, 391 Hernia, and employment, 44 rejection rate due to, 384 selective placement policy and, 390, 391 Hexyl-resorcinol in propylene glycol as aerosol, 271 Hidden hunger, 325 History, occupational, importance of, 140 of private patient, importance of obtaining, 129 past, importance in preplacement examinations, 67 of exposure to irritants, 67 Hoods, air velocity and equations, 202 dermatitis prevention and, 169 ventilation by, 200 Hospital, effect of priorities on con struction, 15 facilities, community, appraisal of, before building war plant,* 14 plant, 13, 14 Hospitalization in industrial in juries, 64 Hospitals, special organization of, in emergency medical services, 104 Hours of work, optimum, for sus tained production, 8, 315 wosBsnprrwsr and, 400, 402 Housekeeping, sir contamination and, 205 glycerine nitration and, 232 in lead pouring, 286 in nitroglycerine neutralization and washing, 248 in nitrometer operation, 243 in sandblasting operations, 214 plant, 211 education of workers in, 212 in ballistics testing, 220 sanitation and, 361 Housing, community sanitation and, 389, 340 facilities, and fatigue problem, 321 in war areas, 2, 3 women in industry and, 415 Hunger, weakness and, 326 work and, 326 Hydraulic press operators, dermati tis prevention in, 194 Hydrocele, rejection rate due to, 384 selective placement policy and, 390, 891 Hydrocyanic gas in heat treating, 233 Hydrofluoric acid, dermatitis from, prevention, 195 Hydrogen chloride, in pickling, 247 in soldering, 252 toxic limit of, 264 Hydrogen cyanide, in electroplating, 230 toxic limit of, '264 Hydrogen fluoride, in magnesium casting, 239 in welding, 262 toxic limit of, 264 Hydrogen sulfide, as skin irritant, 176 in pickling, 247 toxic limit of, 264 Hygiene, industrial. See Industrial hygiene. Hypertension and employment, 45, 60 rejection rate due to, 384 selective placement policy and, 390, 391 Hypochlorite solution as aerosol, 271 ^' '' v oO -0i O . 0r 0' 482 INDEX lex making, minimum illumination for, 862 Idaho, joint interdepartmental ac tion in industrial hygiene field, 119 U.S.P.H.S. District including, 15 Igniter mixture preparation, health hsurds in, 234 Illinois, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 14 Illness. See Sickness. Illuminating Engineering Society, interest in industrial hygiene, 123 Illumination, adequate, benefits of, 353factors of, 857 plants 353-366 quality of,'35^ recommended minimum standards of, 360 tabulation, 361-365, 367 Immunization against colds, 269 against influenza, 269 against pneumonia, 270 Immunizations, need of, 54 Impetigo contagiosa, occupational dermatitis and, 163 Incendiary mixture preparation, health hazards of, 234 Indiana, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 14 Indigestion, vitamin deficiency and, 329 Individual, worker as, 292 Industrial agencies, activities of, in industrial health, 123 dental consultative service, U. S. Public Health Service, dental services and, 71 diseases. See Occupational dis eases. fatigue, 308-324. See also Fatigue. health, activities of nonoflldal agencies in, 122 Industrial Health Research Board, optimum hours of work in muni tions factories, 316 Industrial hygiene, available services in, 106-130 birth of, during World War I, 107 clinics, in small plant organiza tion, 58 development of, in United States, 107 Industrial hygiene, development of, units . in State and local departments of health, 108, 109 divisions, local, 117 responsibilities of, 119 State, 111 chemical functions, 113 dental services, 90 engineering functions, 113 integration of health de partment services by, 114 medical functions, 112 nursing functions, 113 organization and practice of, 111 types of services possible, 112 war assistance by Division of Industrial Hygiene, 125 U. S. Public Health Service, 109 utilization of services of, by physicians, 129 early development, 107 in war effort, 124, 1S7 institutes on, conducted by med ical profession, 128 new philosophy of, 130 organization and practice of, 109 in State and local health departments, 111 in U. S. Public Health Service, 109 integrated services, 114 interdepartmental relation ships, 117 place in public health program, 122 problems in, where to report, 39 preliminary surveys advocated by U.S.P.H.S., 109 professional personnel problem, 9, 10 programs, Federal, 75 Federal assistance available, 75 State, 76 State assistance available, 75 State, nursing consultation services, scope of, 76 role of dentist in, 90 war's influence on, 1-11 ST0853 I 66 INDEX 488 Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, 123 Industrial injuries to women, ab senteeism and, 413 Industrial medicine, place of psychi atry in, 292 Industrial nurse, absenteeism and, role in decreasing, 78 accident control program and, 71 prevention program and, rec ommended activities, 79 American Red Cross Home Nursing classes and recom mendations on, 82 duties of, 67, 68 at first aid station-, 69 at medical examination, 70 recommended 'participa tion, 78 blood pressure readings, 70 examinations for evidence of occupational disease, 78 health education program, recommended activities, 78 hearing test, 70 inspections and interviews on return to work permits, 78 preexamination interview, 70 procuring specimens for lab oratory examination, 70, 78 recommendations of the Com mittee to Study the Duties of Nurses in Industry, 77 vision feat, 70 with full-time physician, 69 with "on call" physician, 68, 69 with part-time physician, 68 written standing orders for, recommendations on, 77 health education and, recom mended activities, 78 home nursing and, recommen dations on, 81 visiting service, 72 inspection of sanitary facilities, 71 nonmedical work, recommends-* tions against, 81 part-time basis, in small plantB, recommendations on, 85 plant protection plans and, rec ommendations on, 82 procurement of, professional channels for, recommenda tions on, 85 Industrial nurse, proportion of, to plant employees, recommen dations on, 84 qualifications, academic, recom mendations on, 82 membership in professional organisations recommenda tions on, 83 personal, recommendations on, 82 professional, recommendations on, 83 records and reports, recom mended activities in, 80 role in health education pro gram, 70 salary of, recommendations on, 83 sanitation and, recommended ac tivities, 79 supervision of, recommendations on, 80 training of, 73 use of, most effective, 84 welfare program and, 72 recommended activities, 79 Industrial nursing, scope of, 67 supervision of, 74 Industrial output, optimum hours of work and, 315 Industrial physician, 28 administration of psychiatric program by, 293, 295 community sanitation and, 336 conference of worker with, in venereal disease control, 288 demands of war conditions on, 8 difficulty in securing, 28 number required, 30 private practice by, 29 qualifications, recommendations of American College of Sur geons, 30 reporting of venereal diseases by, 289 role of, in combating fatigue, 322 in venereal disease program, 284 with employees, 49 shortage of, as wartime prob lem, 9 use of part-time consultants, 29 Industrial plant protection, organi zation of, 101 ST0853I 67 484 Horn Industrial poisoning, portals of en try, 140 predominance of, among indus trial diseases, 140 Industrial psychiatry, 291-296. See also Pti/eMatry, industrial. Industrial wastes, water pollution and, 888 Industry, community sanitation and, 387 objectives of venereal disease pro gram, 282 psychiatric bulk in, classification, 294 percentage of total employees, 294, 295 venereal disease problem in, 279, 280 - Infections, respiratory, acute, 267 Infectious agents, diseases caused by, 139 diseases in food handlers, examin ation for, 54 Infirmary, plant, 12 ambulance and equipment, 22 architectural fundamentals of, 12 avoiding overbuilding, 18 control point, 18 essential features of, 17 examination rooms, 21 eye examining room, 20 treatment room, 20 filing space, 19 functions of, 17 laboratory of, 21 location of, 15 office space, 23 operating rooms, 19 physiotherapy apparatus, 22 planning construction of, 12 rest rooms and wards, 20 size and type of, 15 storage space, 23 substations, 17, 23 rest rooms in, 21 toilets, 22 treatment rooms, 19' versus hospital, 13 waiting rooms, 18 X-ray facilities, 22 Influenza, endemic, 269 epidemic, 269 etiology, 269 general control measures, 271 pandemic, 269 Influenza, prophylaxis of, 269 Infra-red machine in plant infirm ary, 22 radiation, from drying lamps, 369, 871 in welding, 262, 869 protection against, 869 Injuries, industrial, as cause of ab senteeism, 413, 427, 438, 439, 440 hospitalization and, 64 treatment of, 64 nonindustrial, as cause of ab senteeism, 413, 427, 433, 438, 439, 440, 448, 444, 445, 447, 449, 450, 431, 452, 453, 434 nonoccupational, plant medical services and, 64 Inorganic requirements, dietary, 327 Insect control, community sanita tion and, 343 Inspection, minimum illumination for, 362 of war plants, 125 Instrument manufacture, air condi tioning in, 379 health hazards of, 379 Insulation, noise and, 368 Insurance companies, industrial health activities of, 124 public health education by, 41 compensation, 136 department or carriers, relation ship of medical department to, 37 Integration of health department services, local, 116 ` State, 114 Intelligence tests for women, 397 Interdepartmental relationships, join t action and, 117 Interview, therapeutic value of, 295 Iodine deficiency, 328 requirements, dietary, 327 Iowa, institutes on industrial health, conducted by medical profes sion, 128 U.S.P.H.S. District including, 15 Iron, dietary, recommended daily al lowance, 329 requirements of, 327 sources of, 327 manufacturing, minimum illum ination for, 362 Irritability, hunger and, 326 Irritants, dermatitis and, 162 ST0853168 INDEX 485 Irritant*, detoxifying ointment for, formula, 171 repelling ointment for, formula, 171 kin, hydrogen sulfide a*, 170 sulfur dioxide as, 178 specific, dermatitis due to, 17B Isolation in colds, 272 Jaw, necrosis of, in radium poison ing, 149 Jewelry, hazard of, in industry, 412 manufacturing, minimum illum ination for, 302 Job, analysis, 387, 391. womanpower and, 398 engineering, for maximum effi ciency, 820 - -"-i-- rotation, in monotonous work, 320 training of employee in, 320 Jurisdictions in which occupational disease is compensated, with ad dresses of administrative agen cies, 132, 138 Kansas, U.S.F.H.S. District includ ing, 15 Kentucky, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 14 Kerosene dermatitis, 193 Kessler, Henry H., 385 Kitchen, minimum window require ment for, 370 Koroseal as-dermatitis preventive, 168 Labok force of war industries, 3 Labor Standards, Division of, U. S. Department of Labor, 40, 108 Labor unions, relationship of med ical department to, 30 Laboratories, State, reliance on, by plant medical department, 39 Laboratory of plant infirmary, 21 technicians, 34 tests, physical examination and, 46 Lamps, drying, infra-red radiation from, 369, 871 mercury vapor, ultraviolet radia tion from, 369, 371 Latent period in occupational dis eases, 140 Laundry, in skin-contaminating oc cupations, 350 minimum illumination for, 362 Lead, atmospheric, in bullet casting, 234 aside, 45 and physical examination, fre quency of, 51 dermatitis, 187 bullet casting, health hazards of, 284 burning, health hazards of, 236 colic, 142 commonly used compounds, 141 cumulative, in tissues, 141 dental services and, 90 dust, in ballistics testing, 219 in grinding, 232 in lead melting, 235 in lead pouring, 236 encephalopathy, 143 differential diagnosis, 144 fumes, in lead melting, 235 in lead pouring, 236 in metal spraying, 240 in shell case manufacture, 251 in soldering, 252 in brush painting, 244 in cold tinning process, 224 in spray painting, 245 in welding, 262 industrial uses of, 141 line, gingival, 142 differential diagnosis, 142 maximum permissible concentra tion in air, 141 melting, health hazards of, 235 molten, and physical examination, frequency of, 51 neuropathy, 142 differential diagnosis, 144 paralysis, 142 poisoning, 141-145 alimentary type, 142, 144 blood and urine concentrations, 143, 144 blood picture in, 143 differential diagnosis, 144 encephalopathic type, 143, 144 laboratory findings, 143 neuromuscular type, 142, 144 prevention, periodic check-ups for, 145 return to occupation after re covery, 144 symptoms, 141 treatment, 144 portals of entry, 141 pouring, health hazards of, 236 ST0853 I 69 486 INDEX Lead, tetraethyl, and -physical ex amination, frequency of, 61 thiocyanate, in primer mixture screening, 248 toxic limit of, 264 water pollution from, 338 white, in machinery, 239 Learning, retarded, vitamin de ficiency and, 829 Leather cleaning, health hazards of, 236 manufacturing, minimum illum ination for, 862 working, minimum illumination for, 362 Leg, loea of,.and employment, 44 Legal department, relationship of medical department to, 36 restrictions, womanpower and, 400 Legislation, compensation. See Com pensation latoe. on employment during pregnancy, 407 on weight lifting by women, 408 Lens cleaning, health hazards of, 236 Lewisite dermatitis, 190 Liability, accrued, 137 Lice, community sanitation and, 343 Lichen planus, occupational der matitis and, 163 Life insurance companies. See Insur ance companies. Light, color quality of, 359 diffusion of, 358 distribution of, 358 quantity of, 359 visible, radiation from welding arc, 369 Lighting, plant, 353. See also Il lumination. Lime, dermatitis caused by, 163 Limited disability clauses in com pensation laws, 138 Line oil dermatitis, 194 Living conditions of war workers, 2, 3 Local health department^ develop ment of industrial hygiene work in, 108, 109 industrial hygiene units, 116 integration of services, im portance of, 116 organization and practice of industrial hygiene in. 111 public health education, 41 Locker rooms, minimum illumina tion for, 362 minimum window requirement for, 376 Louisiana, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 14 Luminous dial painting, health haz ards of, 237 paints, poisoning from, 149 Lunch periods, length of, 319, 321, 332 for women workers, 404 Lunch, supplementary, 326 Lunchroom, specifications, 351 Lungs, dust affections of, 150. See also Silicosis. Machinz, placement of, air con tamination and, 207 shops, minimum illumination for, 362 Machinery, noise and, 368 Machining, health hazards of, 239 Magna flux, dermatitis prevention from, 195 Magnesium casting, health hazards of, 239 gas gangrene, 194 requirements, dietary, 327 screening, health hazards of, 261 Maine, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 14 Maladjusted in industry, 294, 295 Malaria, community sanitation and, 343 in preplacement examination, 57 Malingering, binocular test and, 62 control of, in sickness absentee ism, 52, 423 Malnutrition, 329 as cause of absenteeism, 318 in industry, 325 Management, cafeterias owned by, 333 night shift and, 402 relationship of medical depart ment to, 25, 35 responsibilities of, in air con taminant control maintenance, 211 in plant housekeeping, 212 role of, in nutritional education, 332 Manganese, industrial uses of, 147 poisoning, 147 control of, 147 ST0853I 70 INDEX 487 7 Uu|uue, poisoning, differential Medical department, nurses in, diagnosis, 147 limit on clerical duties, 'symptoms, 147 * 33 water pollution from, 338 number required, 82 Manpower, job analysis and, 887, nursing supervisor, 32 891 qualifications of, 82 maximum use of, 388-394 organisation of, 25-42 general considerations, 886 personnel of, 27 i job analysis and, 387, 391 need for war industries, 3 physical equipment, 12-24 physicians, 28 irt. problem, 383-466 selective placement policy, 390 difficulty in obtaining, 28 number required, 30 Maryland, U.9.P.H.S. District in part-time, 29 k cluding, 14 Vr. Massachusetts, U.S.P.H.S. District including, 14 i Maternity leave, 404 private practice by, 29 qualifications of, 30 recommendations ofAmer ican College of Sur Maximum benefit period, effi^t of, geons, 80 on sickness absenteeism rates, physiotherapy aides, 84 422, 424, 456 position of branch establish Meal frequency, 326 ments, 26 nutrition and, 326 practical nurses in, 33 periods, length of, 319, 321 relationship to cafeteria, 37 Meat packing, minimum illumina to coroner's or medical ex tion for, 362 aminer's office, 38 Mechanical rubber goods manufac to insurance department or turing, minimum illumination for, carriers, 37 364 to labor unions, 36 Medical benefits under compensa to legal department, 36 tion laws, 136 to local health department, Medical control measures, benzene 38 poisoning, 155 to Office of Civilian De lead poisoning, 145 fense, 40 manganese poisoning, 147 to other plant activities, 35 i f metal fume fever, 146 radium poisoning, 150 respiratory diseases, 267-277 to outside agencies, 38 to personnel department, 35 to private agencies, 41 . silicosis, 154 to safety department, 36 Medical department, plant, adminis to State health department, tration of, 25 38 : ambulance men, 34 to top management, 35 clinic assistants, nonprofes to U. S. Public Health sional, 33 Service, 39 conclusions regarding, 42 to various Federal agen consultants, 31 cies, 40 part-time, 29 to welfare department, 37 costs of, 27 reports of diseases, 39 dentists, 32 of industrial hygiene prob departmental authority, 25 lems, 39 first-aid men, 34 sources of information for functions of, 17, 25 programs of health educa laboratory technicians, 34 tion, 41 medical director, 27 X-ray technicians, 34 full-time or part-time, 28 Medical director, plant, 27 qualifications of, 28 full-time or part-time, 28 nurses in, 32 parity with plant officials, 25 I ST085317 I 488 INDEX Medical director, plant, qualifica tions of, 28 relationships with private ceadas, 41 responsibility to top manage ment, 26 Medical examiner's office, relation ship of plant medical department to, 38 Medical facilities, plant, 12-24 in war areas, 2 Medical functions of State industrial hygiene division, 112 Medical profession, responsibilities of, 126, 129 utilisation, of services of indus trial hygiene divisions by, 129 ->**- r-_ war effort in field of industrial hygiene, 126 Medical records, 55. See also His tory. confidential nature of, 286 examination, 56 for periodic examination, 57 form of, 56 detail required, 56 preplacement examination, 56 Medical rehabilitation, 389 Medical services, 43-65. See also Health program. Dental pro gram, and Nursing services. emergency, ambulance service, organization of, 102 casualty station, organization of, 100 cooperation with civilian au thorities, 98 first aid posts, organization of, 102 gas defense, 103 hospitals, special organization of, 104 nursing services in, 100 plant defense coordinator, duties of, 100 stretcher teams, organization of, 102 within plant, 99 integration with those of community, 98-105 organization of, 99, 103 emotional problems and, 63 executive of, to whom responsi ble, recommendations on, 83 function of, 44 Medical services in small plants, or ganization of, 58 inclusion of venereal disease control, 284 industrial nurse in, on part-time basis, recommendations on, 85 optometrists in, 62 plant, womanpower and, 400 psychiatric problems and, 63 relation to plant as a whole, recommendations on, 83 treatment, 64 under compensation laws, time limits of, 136 Medical societies, affiliation with, 41 Medical Unit, Division of Industrial Hygiene, National Institute of Health, 110 Meetings, health education, nature and length of, 306 Menstrual disorders, industrial phy sician and, 407 Mental diseases, rejection rate due to, 384 health of workers, 291-296 Mental Hygiene Association, 41 Mentality, subnormal, and employability, 294 Mercurialism, 148 Mercury, atmospheric, in cold tin ning process, 224 crack testing, health hazards of, 239 dental services and, 90 fulminate, 45 and physical examination, fre quency of, 51 dermatitis, 148, 186, 193 diagnosis, 186 dermatosis due to, 148 in welding, 262 industrial uses of, 147 mining-of, as hazard, 147 poisoning, 147 symptoms, 148 toxic limit of, 264 vapor lamps, ultraviolet radiation from, 369, 371 vapors, in nitrometer operation, 243 in pellet density testing, 247 Metal cleaning, health hazards of, 247 finishing, health hazards of, 240 fume fever, 146 ST0853 I 72 INDEX 489 Metal ftuae lever, control of, 146 differential diagnosis, 146 immunity to, 146 symptoms, 146 preservatives, dermatitis from, 181 shakes, 146 spraying, health hazards of, 240 Metalizing, health hazards of, 240 Metallic dusta in grinding, 232 salts in electroplating, 229 Metalloids, toxic, diseases caused by, 139 Metals, toxic, diseases caused by, 139 Methyl alcohol, in type cleaning, 248 toxic limit of, 264 Methyl ethyl ketone in rubber goods fabrication, 249 Michigan, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 14 Migration^ community sanitation and, 343 Military objectives, industrial plants as, emergency medical services in, 98 Milk control, community sanitation and, 337, 341 precautions in, 341 in dietary, 327 pasteurization, 341 Milling, grain foods, minimum illum ination for, 362 Mineral dust, lung affections due to, 150. See also Silicon*. Miniature x-ray films in cheat sur veys, 274 Minnesota, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 15 Mississippi, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 14 Missouri, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 15 Mists, definition, 198 Monochlorobenzene, toxic limit of, 264 Mononitrotoluene, in toluene nitra tion, 260 toxic limit of, 264 Montana, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 15 Moral persuasion in control of ab senteeism, 462 Morale as factor in absenteeism, 463 illumination and, 355 Morbidity reporting, in venereal dis eases, 289 Mortar shell loading, dermatitis and, 191 Mosquitoes, community sanitation and, 343 Motion pictures, use of, in health education, 306 Motor testing, health hazards of, 241 Mucosa, nasal, mercury fulminate irritation in, 186 protection in electroplating, 182 in welding, 182 Munitions plants applications, rejec tion rate of, 384 Muscular efficiency, 326 Mustard gas, 189 Mycosis, industrial dermatitis and, 164 Naphtha, petroleum, in rubber goods fabrication, 249 in type cleaning, 248 Naphthalenes, dermatitis caused by, 168 Naphthas, toxic limit of, 264 National Association of Manufac turers, costs of medical pro gram, 27 Committee on Healthful Work ing Conditions, 123, 385 National Dairy Council, nutritional education and, 333 National Industrial Conference Board, costs of medical program, 27 interest in industrial hygiene, 123 National Institute of Health, Divi sion of Industrial Hygiene, 10, 39, 109 duties of, 75 fields of work in war effort, 125 organization chart, 110 public health education, 41 services offered by, 39 study of fatigue in truck driv en, 311 National Institute of Health, Nutri tion Section, Division of Chemo therapy, 41 nutritional education and, 333 National Nursing Council for War Service, distribution of nursing service, recommendations on, 84 National Red Cross, nutritional edu cation and, 333 ST0853173 490 INDEX National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board, daily allowance table, 326 National Safety Council, interest in industrial hygiene, 123 mechanical aids for women, 408 services offered by, 41 National Tuberculosis Association, health education, 41 interest in industrial hygiene, 123 Nebraska,' U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 15 Necrosis-of jaw in radium poisoning, 149 ' Negroes, sideness absenteeism among, 431T" ' sensitivity in, 197 Nervous breakdown, in preplacement examination, 57 diseases, as cause of absenteeism, **8, 449 rejection rate due to, 384 system, glare and, 357 Neurodermatitis, occupational der matitis and, 163 Neurologic symptoms in manganese poisoning, 147 Neuromuscular type of lead poison ing, 142, 144 Neuropathy, lead, 142 differential diagnosis, 144 Neuropsychiatric conditions in in dustrial workers, 294 Neuroses, noise and, 366 Nevada, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 14 New Hampshire, U.S.P.H.S. District including, 14 New Jersey, activities of medical profession in furthering war time program of industrial hygiene, 128- physical rehabilitation in, 390 Rehabilitation Clinic, 385 U.S.P.H.S. District including, 14 New Mexico, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 15 New York, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 14 Nicotinic acid, recommended daily allowance, 329 Night work, womanpower and, 401, 402 Nitration, dimethylaniline sulfate, 228 DMAS, health hazards of, 241 Nitric acid, manufacture, health haz ards in, 218 tank filling, health hazards in, 215 Nitro compounds, skin sensitization by, 162 Nitrobenzene, distillation, health hazards of, 242 in benzene nitration, 221 neutralization, health hazards of, 242 reduction, health hazards in, 219 separation, health hazards of, 242 storage, health hazards of, 242 - toxic limit of, 264 Nitrocellulose cutting, health haz ards of, 242 graining, health hazards of, 242 Nitrogen, oxides of, in ballistics test ing, 219 in DMAS nitration, 241 in glycerine nitration, 232 in nitric acid manufacture, 218 in nitric acid tank filling, 215 in nitrometer operation, 243 in pickling, 247 in toluene nitration, 260 in welding, 262 toxic limit of, 264 Nitroglycerine, in glycerine nitra tion, 232 neutralization health hazards of, 243 washing, health hazards of, 243 Nitrometer operation, health hazards in, 243 Nitroso compounds, skin sensitiza tion by, 162 Noise, 366-369 elimination at source, 368 insulation and, 368 isolation and, 368 personal protective devices and, 369 plant, 366-369 Nonofficial agencies, activities of, in industrial health, 122 Nonrespiratory-nondigestive dis eases as cause of absenteeism, 427, 428, *33, 437, *38, UO, ***, 445, 446, **7, 448, U8, 449, 450, *51, 452, 453, *5* North Carolina, joint interdepart mental action in industrial hy giene field, 119 ST0853I 74 INDEX 491 North Carolina, U.S.P.H.S. District including, 14 North Dakota, U.S.P.H.S. District including, 15 Notification, method of, as factor in sickness absenteeism rates, 423 Nurse, community, home nursing and, 73 in industry, special functions of, 66 industrial. See Industrial mine. practical, in plant medical depart ment, 33 public health, in industry, duties of, 75 role in physical examination, 47 when toxic substances in volved, 50 ; in plant medical services^ senior, in industry, duties of, 75 supervisor, in industry, duties of, 74-75 visiting. See Visiting nurse. Nursing, industrial, scope of, 67 supervision of, 74 Nursing functions of State indus trial hygiene divisions, 113 Nursing services, 66-87. See also Medical services. acceptable practices, recom mendations for, by Committee to Study the Duties of Nurses in Industry, 77 accident control program, nurse's role in, 71 accident prevention, assistance with, recommendations on, 78 activities of industrial nurse, 68 American Red Cross Home Nursing classes, nurse and, recommendations on, 82 caution against denuding com munity of nurses, 33 community nurse and, coopera tion with, 73 duties outside medical depart ment, 81 Federal industrial hygiene pro grams, assistance available, 75 first-aid classes, nurse and, recommendations on, 82 health education program, nurse's role in, 70 participation in, recom mendations on, 78 home nursing services, nurse's role in, 72 Nursing services, home nursing serv ice#, recommendations on, 81 in small plant, on part-time basis, recommendations on, 85 industrial hygiene programs. Federal, 75 State, scope of, 76 industrial nurses, supervision of, 74 limit on clerical duties of per sonnel, 33 medical department, mainte nance of, 68 medical examinations, assistance with, 70 recommendations on, 78 nonoceupational illnesses, emer gency care, 69 nonprofessional assistants, rec ommendations on, 81 number of nurses required, 32, 84 nurses in, per employee unit, 84 qualifications of, academic, and recommendations on, 82 membership in professional organizations, recommen dations on, 83 personal, recommendations on, 82 professional, recommenda tions on, 83 salary, recommendations on, 83 occupational illnesses, nursing care in, 69 injuries, nursing care in, 69 practical nurses in, 33 plant protection plans, nurse and, recomendations on, 82 procurement of, professional channels for, . recommenda tions on, 85 recommendations for, summary statement of, 86 records and reports, industrial nurse and, recommended activities, 80 recommendations on, 80 role in emergency medical serv ices, 100 safety education, assistance with, recommendations on, 79 nurse's role in, 71 ST0853175 T 492 INDEX Nursing services, sanitation, as* sistance with, recommenda tions on, 79 environmental, nurse's role in, 71 scope of industrial nursing, 67 State industrial hygiene pro grams, assistance available, 76, 76 supervision of, 74 of nurses in industry, recom mendations on, 80 technical services, special, rec ommendations on, 81 welfare'program, nurse's role -in, 72 "Ydtotaunendations on, 79 written standing orders, 77 Nursing societies, activities of, in in dustrial health, 124 Nursing supervisor, plant, 32 Nutrition, as factor in fatigue, 310, 318, 321 education and, 331 in industry, 325-334 improvement of, 330 of war workers, 8 unofficial organizations active in field of, 124 Nutritionists, plant, 36 Oaxite dermatitis, 193 Occupation, effects of, on sickness absenteeism, 434 Occupational dermatoses. See Der matitis. Occupational diseases, 64, 131 absenteeism in women and, 413 clinical descriptions of, 139 compensation costs of different types, comparison of, 131 compensation laws, 136 types of, 135 definition of, 134 dental factors and, 89, 90 history, importance of, 140 jurisdictions where compen sated, with addresses of ad ministrative agency, 132, 133 latent period, 140 liability of employer, 131, 132 major groups, 139 medical questions arising, 140 need for knowledge of, by priv ate physicians, 129 Occupational diseases, predominance of industrial poisoning, 140 prevention and control of, 131382 problem of, 131-160 conclusions regarding, 157 reporting of, 119, 129 time factor, importance of, 140 war industries and, 139 Occupational hazards, 139 Occupational history, importance of, 140 of private patient, importance of obtaining, 129 Occupational pulmonary fibrosis, 150. See also Silicosis. . Occupations forbidden to women, 401 Office, minimum illumination for, 362 minimum window requirement for, 376 space in plant infirmary, 23 Office of Civilian Defense, relation ship of plant medical department to, 40 Office of Defense Health and Wel fare Services, nutritional education and, 41, 333 program for care of chil dren of working mothers, 417 Subcommittee on Industrial Health and Medicine, 125 Official agencies, formulation of rules and regulations, 120 investigation and enforcement of rules, 120 present organization and prac tice of industrial hygiene in, 109 relationships with private agen cies, 119 reporting of occupational dis eases, 119 responsibilities of, 119 services offered by, 38-40 types of health service possible, 112 war organization, 124 work of, in field of industrial medicine, 108 Ohio, U.S.P.H.S. District including, 14 Oil cloth as dermatitis preventive, 168 Oils, animal, dermatitis and, 176 cutting, as health hazard, 7 I minance 6, 140 of, 181- 167 of, 140 anee of, ortance fibrosis, ion, 401 tor, 362 ent for, 1 ilatlonrtment 1 Welitdonal 333 f cfcflothers, ustrial le, 126 on of 20 ement pracne in, agon 1 dis- uible. atrial ding, itive, T6 ST0853I 76 INDEX 493 Oils, cutting, dermatitis and, 176 treatment, 178 vegetaUa, darmatitia and, 176 Ointment, darmatitia and, 169 "inviaible glove," formula, 170 preventive, against tetryl, 183 protective, formulas, 170-172 Oldahoma, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 16 Operating rooms of plantinfirmary, 19 Operations, surgical, in preplace ment examinations, 57 Ophthalmologist, role in medical services, 62 Optometrists, role in medical serv ices, 62 Oregon, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 14 Organization and operation of facili ties, 1-130 and practice of industrial hygiene, 109 in State and local health departments, 111 in U. S. Public Health Serv ice, 109 integrated services, 114 inter-departmental relation ships, 117 of plant medical department, 25 Orthopedic defects, rejection rate due to, 384 selective placement policy and, 390, 391 Osteitis, radiation, 149 Overtime, as factor in sickness ab senteeism, 456 fatigue and, 8 Oxide chills, 145 Oxides of nitrogen. See Nitrogen, oxides of. Oxygen, administration of, in carbon monoxide poisoning, 156 Packing, minimum illumination for, 363 Paint, asphalt, dermatitis caused by, 193 camouflage, manufacture, health hazards in, 223 drying, health hazards of, 244 luminous, poisoning from, 149 mixing, minimum illumination for, 363 shops, minimum illumination for. 363 18 Paint thinners, dermatitis from, 179, 180 prevention, 180, 196 Painting, brush, health hazards of, 244 spray, health hazards in, 245 Paper box manufacturing, minimum illumination for, 868 Paper manufacturing, minimum il lumination for, 368 Papillomata, cutting oils causing, 177 Paralysis in lead poisoning, 142 Paratyphoid fever, examination for, in food handlers, 54 Passageways, minimum illumination for, 364 Pasteurization, milk, 341 Patch test, in dermatitis, 165 techniques, 166 for cutting oil, 178 for explosives, 193 for lead azide, 188 for mercury fulminate, 187 for paint, 180 for tetryl, 183 for TNT, 185 Patriotism, appeal to, in control of absenteeism, 463 Pellagra, 329 Pellet density testing, health haz ard of, 247 Penalty provisions in compensation lawB, 137 Pennsylvania, U.S.P.H.S. District including, 14 Personal hygiene, possible services by health department in, 114 reasons for absenteeism, 458 control of, 462 Personalities, psychopathic, among industrial workers, 294 unstable, upset by war, 294 Personnel, department of, relation ship of medical department to, 35 of plant medical department, 27 policies as factor in fatigue, 319 problems of, dermatitis and, 196 recruitment and training by Divi sion of Industrial Hygiene, 125 shortage among industrial physi cians, 9 ST0853I 77 494 INDEX Petroleum, distillates, dermatitis caused by, 163 naphthas, toxic limit of, 264 spirits, dermatitis from, 193 toxic limit of, 264 Phenolic resin in wood veneer proc essing, 263 Phosgene, toxic limit of, 264 Phosphine, in pickling, 247 toxic limit of, 264 Phosphorus, dental services and, 90 milk as source of, 327 requirements, dietary, 327 Photo engraving, minimum illumina tion for, 363 Photofluorographic units, U. S. Pub lic Health Service, 274 Photofluorography in tuberculosis control, 274 Photographs, use of, in health edu cation, 306 Physical agents, diseases caused by, 139 Physical disability, workers with. See Handicapped workers. Physical examination. See also His tory and Medical records. aims of, 44 annual, 49 of employees over forty, 49 value of, 49 arterial hypertension and, 60 at termination of employment, when advisable, 53 beyond strict scope of employ ment, when indicated, 53 discussion of, with employee, 48 extent of, 45 following illness, 52 frequency of, in ammonium pic- rate exposure, 51 in benzene exposure, 51 in DNT exposure, 51 in key workers, 51 in lead azide exposure, 51 in lead exposure, 51 in mercury fulminate ex posure, 51 * in radium exposure, 51 in tetryl exposure, 51 in TNT exposure, 51 in toluene exposure, 51 heart disease and, 59 immunization at time of, 155 items to include, 46 laboratory tests to include in, 46 Physical examination, nurse in, role of, 60 of construction workers, 48 of employees exposed to toxic substances, 50 frequency, 61 items to include, 60 nurse in, 60 of eye, 61 of food handlers, 63 items to include, 64 of transient employees, 48 items to include, 48 of women, 398 pelvic examination omitted, 47 special considerations in, 47 on request of employee, when indicated, 53 organization of, 46 periodic, 49 dental, 94 exposure to toxic substances and, 57 in dusty trades, 154 in prevention of benzene poi soning, 155 of lead poisoning, 145 of manganese poisoning, 147 in radium-using industries, 150 in venereal disease control, 287 opportunities for health edu cation at, 297 preexamination, interview, du ties of nurse in, recommended activities, 78 preplacement, 44 dental, 94 extent of history needed, 57 in control of acute respiratory infections, 272 opportunities for health edu cation at, 297 record for, 66 specific diseases to consider, 57 venereal disease tests at time of, 282, 287 records for, 55 relation to correctable defects, 48 report on, to other departments, 55 role of nurse in, 70 ST0853I78 INDEX 495 Physical examination, syphilitic aor titis and, 60 tuberculosis and, 59 valvular disease and, 60 venereal disease and, 49, 282, 287 Physical rehabilitation, 389 Physical standards, for employment, 44 Physician, and plant inspection, 50 choice of, 304 emotional problems and, 63 family, in combating fatigue, 323 industrial. See Industrial physi cian. part-time, in small plant organiza tion, 58 plant. See Industrial -physician. private, need for knowledge of oc cupational diseases by, 129 psychiatric problems and, 63 responsibility of, in industrial hy giene program during waT, 126, . 129 role in plant sanitation, in -pres ence of industrial poisons, 50 Physiological factors in fatigue, 311, 313 Physiotherapy aides, 34 apparatus of plant infirmary, 22 Phytdd(s), industrial dermatitis and, 164 Pickling, health hazards in, 247 Picric acid,-water pollution from, 338 Pityriasis rosea, occupational derma titis and, 163 Plague, community sanitation and, 343 Plant, committee on venereal disease control, 283 defense coordinator, duties of, in emergency medical services, 100 facilities, womanpower and, 398 hospital, 13, 14 housekeeping, 205, 212 in sandblasting operations, 214 of penetration ranges, 220 worker education in, 212 industrial, community sanitation and, 336 infirmary, 12. See also Infirmary, plant. layout, air contamination and, 201 medical department. See Medical department, plant. Plant, medical facilities, 12-24 need for eating facilities in, 8 nutritionists, 85 physician, 28. See also Industrial physician. sanitation, 845-362 womanpower and, 399 small, provision of medical service in, 10 surveys, participation in, by plant physidans, 129 war, appraisal of community hos pital and health facilities be fore building, 14 inspection of, 125 welfare program. See Welfare pro gram. Plating, minimum illumination for, 363 Pliofilm as dermatitis preventive, 168 Plumbism. See Lead poisoning. Pneumoconiosis, 150. See also Sili cosis. classification, 151 definition, 150 dusts producing, respirator for, 231 mixed forms, 151 simple benign, 151 Pneumonia, general control meas ures, 271 prophylaxis of, 270 Poisoning, benzene, 154. See also Benzene poisoning. cadniium, 146 carbon monoxide, 156 industrial, portals of entry, 140 predominance of, among occupa tional diseases, 140 lead, 141-145. See also Lead poi soning. manganese, 147 mercury, 147 radium, 148-160. See also Radium poisoning. Poisons, industrial, 45 and periodic examination, 57 dental factors, 89, 90 DNT, 45 employees exposed to, physical examination of, 50 to exclude from contact with, 45 lead azide, 45 mercury fulminate, 45 ST0853179 496 INDEX Poisons, industrial, physical exam ination of employees exposed to, 50 tetryl, 45 TNT, 45 Polishing, minimum illumination for, 863 PolychromatophUia in lead poison ing, 143 Polyvitamins, distribution of, 330 Pontoon manufacture, health haz ards of, 249 Posters, use of, in health education, 806 Potassium requirements, dietary, 327 Powder, black, dermatitis, 188 smokeless, cutting and graining, health hazards of, 242 dermatitis, 188 Power plants, minimum illumination for, 363 Practical nurses in plant medical de partment, 33 Precision war equipment, minimum illumination for, 367 Preemployment examinations. See Physical examination, preplace- ment. Pregnancy, women in industry and, 405 Preplacement examination. See Physical examination, preplace ment. Preserving, minimum illumination for, 361 Pressing, minimum illumination for, 361 Prevention of occupational diseases, 131-382 Prices, food, in plant cafeterias, 331 Primer loading, protection in, 191 Primer manufacture, dermatitis in, 186, 187 mercury fulminate dermatitis. 193 mixture screening, health hazards of, 248 Printed materials for health educa tion, 305 distribution of, 306 Printing, health hazards in, 248 minimum illumination for, 363 Priorities, hospital construction and, 15 Private agencies, services available from, 41 Private practice by plant physicians, 29 Product control, conditioning for, 379 Production Drive Committee, 358 Production, illumination and, 854 ' rate, manpower and, 388 working hours and, 335 Professional agencies, activities of, in industrial health, 123 personnel, shortage of, 9 Projectiles, renovation, dermatitis and, 191 Protective industrial lighting, mini mum illumination for, 367 ointments, formulas, 170-172 Protectoscope manufacture, health hazards in, 249 Protein, recommended daily allow ance, 329 requirements, 326 . Psychiatric bulk in industry, classi fication, 294 percentage of total employees, 294, 295 factors, in absenteeism, 456 Psychiatry, industrial, 291-296 as part of field of industrial medicine, 292 justification and need for pro gram, 291 limits of field of, 293 problems of, 63 Psychic disturbance in mercury poi soning, 148 Psychological factors, in absentee ism, 458 in fatigue, 311, 313 Psychoneurosi3 in industrial work ers, 294 Psychopathic personalities among in dustrial workers, 294 Psychosis, in industrial workers, 294 selective placement policy and, 391 Public health agencies, services offered by, 38-40 Public health education, sources of information to aid in, 41 Public health program, place of in dustrial hygiene in, 122 Public Health Service, standard milk ordinance of, 342 Public works in war areas, 2 Publicity in nutritional education, 331 uu, for, I of, itli nilth wsi- :s, al 3- ii ST0853I 80 INDEX 497 Puerto Rico, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 15 Pulmonary fibrosis, occupational, 150. See also SilieotiM. tuberculosis. See Ttiberetdoiu. Purpura in benzene poisoning, 155 Quacxky and health education, 304 Quarterly frequencies in sickness ab senteeism, 432, 488, 484 Race as factor in sickness absentee ism, 435 Radiant energy, hazards from, 369371 Radioactive dust in luminous dial painting, 237 materials, exposure tb^'369Radium, and physical examination, frequency of, 51. damage by, types of rays in rela tion to, 149 dental services and, 90 exposure to, 369 harmful effects, causes of, 149 industrial uses of, 148 poisoning, 148-150 bone lesions in, 149, 150 chronic nature of, 149 jaw necrosis in, 149 medical control, 150 symptoms, 149 treatment, 160 decalcification therapy, 150 protection chart, Failla, 370 radiant energy from, 370 Radon, 149 in luminous dial painting, 237 sources, 238 test, expired air, 150 Range, casualty, health hazards of. 220 function, health hazards of, 220 hangfire, health hazards of, 220 penetration, health hazards of, 220 velocity, health hazards of, 220 Rat, community sanitation and, 343 Rayon manufacturing, minimum il lumination for, 365 Receiving, minimum illumination for, 363 Records, absenteeism, 459, 480, 481 Recreation, in combating fatigue, 322 time, production and, 335 women in industry and, 415 Red Cross, nutritional education and, 888 Refuse disposal, community sanita tion and, 842 Rehabilitation, clinics for, 5 medical, 889 physical, 889 recommendations, 392 surgical, 389 war production and, 884 Reporting of occupational diseases, 119, 129 of venereal diseases by industrial physician, 289 Research Section, Division of Indus trial Hygiene, National Institute of Health, 110 Research, war. Division of Industrial Hygiene in, 125 Resorcinol aerosol, 271 Resorcinol-glycerine aerosol, 271 Resources available in field of indus trial medicine, 106-130 Respiration, artificial, in carbon monoxide poisoning, 156 Respirators, abrasive blasting, 209 air-line, 209 for cold tinning process, 224 in degreasing, 227 in mercury crack testing, 240 air-purifying, 207, 208 approval of, by U. S. Bureau of Mines, 210 chemical-cartridge, 208 in amatol preparation, 217 chemical-filter, 208 in magnesium casting, 239 in mercury crack testing, 240 in protectoscope manufacture, 249 classification table, 208 dust, 208 filter, in amatol breakup, 216 in booster cup loading, 222 fume, 208 maintenance of, 211 mechanical-filter, 208, 226 for pneumoconiosis dusts, 231 in DNT crushing and screening. 228 in igniter mixture preparation, 234 in primer mixture screening, 248 in soldering, 252 in sweetie barrel operation, 253 in tetryl blending, 253 J i ST0853I 8 I 498 INDEX Respirators, mechanical-filter, in TNT cooling, 257 in TNT screening, 260 in tracer mixture blending, 261 mist, 209 election of, 210 supplied-air, 207, 209 in bnuh painting, 245 in furnace lining removal, 231 in lead burning, 235 in luminous dial painting, 238 in rubber goods fabrication, 250 in soldering, 252 in spray painting, 246 in sweetie barrel operation, 253 toxic-dust,-in grinding, 233 Respiratory disease, air conditioning and, 38* as cause of absenteeism, 427, 428, 4SS, 437, J*8, U0, 4U, 445, U7, 463, m in food handlers, examination for, 54 medical control of, 267-277 conclusions regarding, 276 problems presented by industry, 267 selective placement policy and, 391 streptococcic sore throat, in food handlers, 54 Respiratory infections, acute, 267 air-borne hypothesis, 270 environmental control, 270 aerosols, 271 sunlight, 270 ultraviolet radiation, 270 general control measures, 271 hygiene and sanitation during epidemics, 271 immunization measures, 269, 270 plant medical department and, 272 predisposing factors, 272 preemployment examination and, 272 chronic, 272 control programs, 273 Respiratory symptoms, in cadmium poisoning, 146 in metal fume fever, 145 Rest days, one per week essential, 317 Rest pauses, 320 for women workers, 404 Rest pauses, value of, 317 Rest rooms in plant infirmary, 20 Restaurants, community sanitation and, 342 facilities, nutrition and, 331 plant, womanpower and, 399 Rheumatic diseases as cause of ab senteeism, 427, 428, 448, H8 Rhode Island, U.S.P.&.S. District in cluding, 14 Riboflavin, recommended daily allow ance, 329 Rickets, 329 Rodent control, community sanita tion and,343 Roentgen ray, exposure to, 369 Rosin melting, health hazards in, 249 Rubber, as dermatitis preventive, 168 boat manufacture, health hazards in, 249 goods fabrication, health hazards in, 249 tire manufacturing, minimum il lumination for, 363 Rust preventives, dermatitis from, 181 Safety department, relationship of medical department to, 36 Safety education, compulsory par ticipation not advisable, 300 coordination in one program and under one leadership, 299 duties of nurse in, recommenda tions on, 79 integration with community pro gram, 300 medical supervision of, 299 training classes in, 301 workers' committees for, 300 Safety, illumination and, 356 Safety meetings, 212 Salivation, excessive, in mercury poisoning, 148 Salt, dermatitis caused by, 163 iodized, in dietary, 328 Salvaging the handicapped, 4, 5, 384, 389, 392 Sand, in ballistics testing, 220 mixing, health hazards in, 250 screening, health hazards in, 250 shot abrasive, health hazards with, 213 Sandblasting, health hazards in, 213 7. 20 tultwftwtioVnll L 19 Oy*f aMKl/*. f n1 leVfct iunia. allow* jl in ntiref T"lt*UiB sards m ji from, ip of partoo : and 1 ndapro- ury 184, o th. '13 | 1 i \ r < i rf- ;i if i i I i ri ST 0853182 INDEX 499 Sandblasting, housekeeping in, 214 Sanitary engineer, industry and, 339 Sanitation, community, 335-344 definition, 335 food sanitation and, 342 garbage disposal and, 342 boosing and, 339, 340 industry's effect on, 338 milk control and, 341 program for, 339 refuse disposal and, 342 sewage disposal and, 342 water supply and, 340 duties of nurse in, recommenda tions on, 79 inspection in, role of nurse in, 71 plant, 345-352 atmospheric sanita.tiMi.and, 345 womanpower and, 399 role of nurse in, recommendations on, 79 Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, interest in indus trial hygiene, 123 Schedule compensation lawB versus general coverage laws, 135 Scurvy, 329 Sea food in dietary, 328 Season, epidemics and, effect on sickness absenteeism rates, 429, 430, m Second-injury provisions in compen sation laws, 138 States with, 138 Selective placement, policy for, 390 Selenium, water pollution from, 338 Self-diagnosis and health education, 304 Self-sealing fuel tank manufacture. health hazards in, 249 Self-treatment and health education. 304 Sensitizers, cutting oils as, 176 dermatitis and, 162 Serology, positive, rejection rate due to, 384 Services, available, in industrial hy giene, 106-130 * Seven-day waiting period, effect on sickness absenteeism rates, 452 Severity rate in sickness absentee ism, 421 Sewage disposal, community sanita tion and, 342 plant sanitation and, 347 Sex differences in sickness absenteeion, 425, 427, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440 Shadows, accidents and, 366 Sheet metal works, minimum illumi- nation for, 364 Shell case manufacture, health haz ards in, 251 loading, dermatitis and, 191 plants, minimum illumination for, 367 Shellfish industries, community sanitation and, 342 Shift rotations, fatigue and, 318, 321 schedules, womanpower and, 403 Shifts, work, and fatigue, 8 Shipping, minimum illumination for. 363 Shipyards, minimum illumination for, 367 Shoes, comfortable, on job, 320 for women in industry, 411 manufacturing, minimum illumination for, 364 Shotblaating, health hazards in, 214 Showers, plant sanitation and, 347 Shrapnel projectile loading, health hazards of, 249 Sick benefit organizations, factors affecting absenteeism rates, 422, 423, 453 Sickness absenteeism, 420 among women, 412 control of, 462 days of disability contributed by disabilities of seven days or less, 439, 440 disability rate, 421 by broad cause and age groups from absences contributing t days or less, 446, 447 by broad cause groups for ab sences lasting one calendar day or more, 452, 453, 454 duration of disability, 435 frequency and duration of, 441, 441, 442 frequency rate, 421 by broad cause and age groups for absences lasting t days or more, 443, 444 by broad cause groups from absences lasting one calen dar day or more, 449, 451 in women and men, 412 malingering and, 423 1 [ > i > J 1 1 i j i | | | . j [ i j ] ST0853I83 500 INDEX Sickness absenteeism, miscellaneous factors in, 456 nonrespiratory causes and age, 448 nonrespiratory - nondigestive causes and age, 448, 448 per cent of workers compen sated, 456, 457 percentage distribution, accord ing to broad cause groups, of days disabled on specific days of disability after onset, 437, 4M rates, 421 causes of differences, 422 comparability of, 422 effects of age, 423, 425, 428, 422,. .443, 444, 446, 447, 448, 443, 456, 457 of epidemics and season, 422, 430, 431 of maximum benefit period, 422, 424, 455 of notification, certification, and verification proce dures, 423 of occupation, 434 of racial differences, 435 of season, 429 of sex, 425, 427, 435, 436, 437, 1,38, 439 440 of time-changes, 430, 443 quarterly frequencies, 432, 433, 435 of waiting period, 422, 423, 452 factors yielded by sick bene fit organizations, 422, 423 frequency of factors affect ing, 423 types of, 421 severity rate, 421 Sickness, disabling, causes of, 427, 428, 433, 437, 438, 440, 443, 4U, 446, 447, 448, 448, 449, 451, 452, 453, 454 duration of, 435 frequency and distribution of, 424, 425, 428, 427 and duration of, 441, 441, 442 related to various factors and indexes, 424 physical examination following, 52 Siderosilicosis, 151 Siderosis, 151 Silica dust, in ballistics testing, 219 Silica dust, in furnace lining re moval, 231 in sand mixing and screening, 250 Silica, free, in sandblasting, 213 in shotblasting, 214 Silica sand as health hazard, 7 Silica, toxic limit of, 264 Siliceous dusty trades, frequency of periodic X-ray in, 275 Silicosis, 150 accrued liability in, 137 classification, 151 control programs, 273 definition, 150 diagnosis, 153 etiology, 151 exposures necessary for develop ment, 152 history in, 152, 153 incidence, 152 limiting provisions in compensa tion laws, 137 medical control measures, 154 periodic medical examinations to prevent, 154 States providing coverages for, 152 symptoms and signs, 152 tuberculosis and, 154 working conditions necessary for production of, 152 X-ray findings, 153 Silk manufacturing, minimum illum ination for, 365 Skin, and varicosities, rejection rate due to, 384 cleaners, dermatitis, 173 formula, 173 cracking, cutting oils and, 177 cutting oils and, 176 diseases, selective placement policy and, 196, 391 drying, cutting oils and, 177 Assuring, cutting oils and, 177 irritants, protective ointment against, 172 shower specifications and, 347 occupational hazards, 139 protection in welding, 182 Slaughter houses, community sanita tion and, 342 Sleep, adequate, and fatigue, 322 Sleeves, dermatitis prevention and, 169 Smoke pollution, community sanita tion and, 337 ST0853I 84 INDEX 501 Smokeless powder, 242 Sosp, dermstitia and, 173 manufacturing, minimum illumi- nstion for, 864 plant sanitation and, 347 substitutes, 174 Social causes of illness, need for knowledge of, 106 factors in absenteeism, 468 Social Hygiene Association, 41 Sodium chloride in dietary, 327, 328 Soldering, health hazards of, 252 Solvents, dermatitis from, 175, 193 new, as health hazards, 7 Sore throat, septic, community sani tation and, 341 South Carolina, U.S.P.H.S. District including, 14 South Dakota, U.S.P.H.S. District including, 15 Speed-up in industry as health haz ard, 6, 320 Spray coating, health hazards in, 245 Sprays, chemical, in control of acute respiratory infections, 271 Sputum, asbestosis bodies in, 154 blood-tinged, in silicosis, 153 Stairways, minimum illumination for, 364 State governments, joint interde partmental action in industrial hygiene field, 118 State health departments, functions: control of venereal diseases, 283, 285 establishment of industrial hy giene, 108, 109 organization and practice of in dustrial hygiene services, 111 public health education, 41 State health departments, relation ship of plant medical department to, 38 State industrial hygiene division, 111 integration of health serv ices by, 114 types of services possible, 112 war assistance by Division of Industrial Hygiene, 125 State industrial hygiene divisions, functions: chemical, 113 State industrial hygiene divisions, functions: engineering, 113 medical, 112 mining, 113 State Vocational Rehabilitation Services, 889 States, Districts Nos. 1-9 of U.S.P. H.S., 14-15 legislation of, on employment dur ing pregnancy, 407 on weight lifting by women, 408 occupational diseases compensable, list of, 133 occupations forbidden to women in, 402 types of compensation laws in, 135 venereal disease control program, 283 with compensation coverage of agricultural and domestic work ers, 137 with provisions for silicosis, 152 with second-injury provisions, 138 States Relations Section, Division of 'Industrial Hygiene, National In stitute of Health, 110 Statistical Unit, Division of Indus trial Hygiene, National Institute of Health, 110 Steam out, health hazards of, 216 Steel manufacturing, minimum il lumination for, 362 Steel shot abrasive, health hazards with, 213 Stereoroentgenography in tubercu losis control, 274 Stippling of erythrocytes in lead poisoning, 143 Stoddard solvent dermatitis, 193 Stomatitis, in mercury poisoning, 148 vitamin deficiency and; 329 Stone crushing, minimum illumina tion for, 364 screening, minimum illumination for, 364 Storage battery manufacturing, minimum illumination for, 364 Storage space in plant infirmary, 23 Storerooms, minimum illumination for, 364 minimum window requirement for, 376 ST0853185 602 INDEX Store*, community sanitation and, 342 Strength, physical, womanpower and, 407 Stretcher team*, organisation of, in emergency medical services, 102 Structural steel fabrication, mini mum illumination for, 364 Subnutritive state, 326 Substations of plant infirmary, 17, 21, 23 Sugar, dermatitis caused by, 163 grading, minimum illumination for, 364 Sulfation, dimethylaniline, health hasards in, 228 Sulfur, dermatitis and, 176 requirements, dietary, 327 Sulfur dioxide, as skin irritant, 176 in leather cleaning, 236 in magnesium casting, 239 in pickling, 247 toxic limit of, 264 Sulfuric acid gas, health hazard of, 216 Sunlight in control of acute respira tory infections, 270 Surgical rehabilitation, 389 Surveys, community hospital and health facilities, 14 plant, participation in, by plant physicians, 129 preliminary, to determine prob- . lems of industrial hygiene, 109 Sweeping, plant sanitation and, 351 Sweetie barrel operation, health hazards of, 252 Syphilis, 278. See also Venereal die- eatee. blood tests, injustices from,281,282 costs, to industry and society, 280 disability due to, 280 employment policy in, 282, 284, 287, 288 in preplacement examination, 57 prevalence of, 279 regional distribution, 279 rejection rate due to, 384 selective placement policy and, 390, 391 Syphilitic aortitis, employment con siderations and, 60 Tank manufacture, health hazards of, 249 minimum illumination for, 367 Tar compounds, dermatitis caused by, 163 Teamwork, need for, in wartime in dustrial medicine, 9 Technicians, activities of, recom mendations on, 81 laboratory, 34 role in physical examination, 47 X-ray, 34 Teeth, defective, rejection rate due to, 384 selective placement policy and, 390 Temperature, plant, factors deter mining, 373 Tennessee, TJ.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 14 Testing, ballistics, health hazards of, 219 minimum illumination for, 364 Tests of fatigue, 312 Tetrachloroethane, toxic limit of, 264 Tetrachloroethylene, toxic limit of, 264 Tetryl, 46 and physical examination, fre quency of, 51 blending, health hazards of, 253 crystallization, health hazards of, 253 dermatitis, 191 diagnosis, 182 prevention, 183, 192 symptoms, 182 treatment, 184 drying, health hazards of, 254 dust,, in booster cup loading, 222 manufacture, dermatitis in, 184 mixing with TNT, health hazards of, 254 packing, health hazards of, 255 pellet .density testing, health haz ards of, 247, 255 pelleting, health hazards of, 255 reaming, health hazards of, 255 screening, health hazards of, 255 toxic limit of, 264 Texas, U.S.P.H.S. District includ ing, 15 Textile industry, air conditioning in, 379 health hazards of, 379 Textile mills, minimum illumination for, 364 ST0853I 86 INDEX 503 Thiamin, recommended daily al lowance, 829 Thorium, exposure to, 369 Ticka, community limitation and, 848 Time changes, effects of, on sickness absenteeism rates, 430, 443 quarterly frequencies,432, 4M, m factor in occupational diseases, importance of, 140 lost from job, as measure of health, 421 Tinning process, cold, health hazards in, 224 Titanium, water pollution from, 338 TNT, 45 and physical examination, fre quency of, 51 break-up, health hazards of, 216 cooling, health hazards of, 256 dermatitis, 162, 192 prevention, 192 drying, health hazards in, 257 dust, dermatitis from, 185 in booster cavity drilling, 222 flaking, health hazards in, 257 fumes, in amatol bucket cleaning, 216 in amatol cooling, 217 in amatol pouring, 217 in amatol preparation, 217 graining, health hazards in, 258 in amatol dust, health hazard of, 216 in primer mixture screening, 248 in toluene nitration, 260 manufacture, dermatitis from, 185 melting, health hazards in, 258 metal tub cleaning, health haz ards in, 258 pouring and puddling, health haz ards in, 217 purification, health hazards in, 259 screening, health hazards in, 259 tetryl mixing with, health haz ards of, 254 toxic limit of, 264 Tobacco products, minimum illumin ation for, 365 Toilet facilities, community sanita tion and, 342 plant sanitation and, 347 specifications, 347 Toilet rooms, location of, 348 Toilet rooms, minimum illumination for, 366 minimum window requirement for, 376 of plant infirmary, 22 Toluene, and physical examination, frequency of, 51 nitration, health hazards in, 260 toxic limit of, 264 Toluol, in rubber goods fabrication, 249 toxic limit of, 264 Tool and die shop, dermatitis in, 191 Towels, plant sanitation and, 347 Toxic limits, table of, 264 metals or metalloids, diseases caused by, 139 substances, new, use in industry, 7 Tracer bullet charging, health haz ards in, 260 mixture blending, health hazards in, 261 screening and mixing, health hazards of, 261 Training of employees in job, 320 of worker in health matters, 301 Transportation, of worker, and fatigue, 317, 321 women in industry and, 415 Treatment, emergency, opportunities for health education at, 297 rooms of plant infirmary, 19 Tremors in mercury poisoning, 148 Trench mortar shell loading, der matitis and, 191 Trichinosis, garbage disposal and, 342 Trichlorethylene, in type cleaning, 248 toxic limit of, 264 vapors, in degreasing, 226 Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine. See Tetryl. Trinitrotoluene. See TNT. Troops, migration of, community sanitation and, 343 Truck drivers, fatigue in, study of, 311 Tuberculosis, 273 arrested, employability of worker with, 276 control programs, 273 administrative procedures, 274 effectiveness of, 273 frequency of periodic X-ray, 276 ST0853I87 504 INDEX Tuberculosis, control programs, X-ray methods in, 274 employment considerations and, 59 follow-up, after-care, rehabilita tion, 275 in preplacement examination, 57 milk-borne, and community sani tation, 341 prevalence in industry, 272 in plants. X-ray surveys, 273 primary, healed, employability of applicant with, 275 pulmonary, silicosis and, 154 reinfection, inactive, employability of applicant with, 275 reporting to-, health authorities, 88, 39 selective placement policy and, 390 X-ray examination for, 69 Turpentine, toxic limit of, 264 Type cleaning, health hazards in, 248 Typhoid fever, community sanita tion and, 341, 343 examination for, in food han dlers, 54 in preplacement examination, 57 Typhus, community sanitation and, 343 Ultraviolet radiation, from mer cury vapor lamps, 869, 371 from welding arc, 262, 369 of air in control of acute respir atory infections, 270 Undulant fever, community sanita tion and, 341 Unit heaters, 375 United Service Organizations, med ical director and, 41 Upholstering, minimum illumina tion for, 365 Urinals, specifications, 348 Urine, in benzene poisoning, 155 lead content, normal and ab normal, 143, 144 U. S. Bureau of Mines, 108 joint action with U. S. Public Health Service in industrial hygiene field, 117 respirator approval by, 210 U. S. Civil Service Commission, handicapped worker and, 388 U. S. Department of Agriculture, nutritional education and, 333 U. S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 40 U. S. Department of Labor, joint action with U. S. Public Health Service in industrial hygiene field, 117 services offered by, 40 statement on pregnancy, 405 work of, in field of industrial medicine, 108 U. S. Department of Labor, Chil dren's Bureau, 40, 108 care of children of working mothers, 417 statement on pregnancy, 405 U. S. Department of Labor, Divi sion of Labor Standards, 40, 108 U. S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, 40, 108, 395, 400 classes of industrial areas, 416 clothing standards, 410, 411 employment of women, 4 current information on, 402 lunch period, 400 night work, 402 types of work, 396 under war conditions, recom mendations, 400 weight lifting, 408, 409 statement on pregnancy, 405 U. S. Employment Service, job analysis and, 387 U. S. Office of Civilian Defense, Medical Division, protection of medical plants, requirements for, 98 U. S. Public Health Service, estab lishment of industrial hygiene work in State and local depart ments of health, 108 industrial dental consultative serv ice, dental services and, 91 joint action with other Federal agencies, 117 National Institute of Health. See National Institute of Health. photofluorographic units, 274 present organization and practice of industrial hygiene in, 109 professional personnel shortage and, 9, 10 recommendations for control of venereal diseases in industry, 282 relationship of plant medical de partment to, 39 F 3. I - 4 l ST0853I 88 INDEX 505 U. S. Public Health Service, services I Venereal diseases, control of, mor offered by, 89 bidity reporting, 289 standard milk ordinance of, 842 new public interest in, 278 training: of professional workers, 2 objectives of program, 282 U. S. Public Health Service Dis from standpoint of em tricts, 14 ployee, 288 Nos. 1-9, 14-15 of industry, 282 Offices, services offered by, 39 plant committee, 283 U. S. Public Health Service, Divi recommendations of U. S. sion of Sanitary Reports and Public Health Service, 282 Statistics, public health educa State health departments in, tion, 41 283, 285 U. S. Public Housing Authority, costs, to industry, 280 services available from, 40 to society, 280 Utah, U.S.P.HJS. District including, employment of infected persons, 15 282, 284, 287, 288 examination results confidential, Vacations, 404 *v. 281, 286 in overcoming fatigue, 317, 320 in food handlers, overemphasis Vaccines in prevention of colds, 269 upon, 53 in prevention of influenza, 270 physical examination and, 49 Valvular disease. See Heart disease. plant policy and, 49 Vapors, definition, 198 prevalence of, 278 diseases caused by, 139 reporting to health authorities, Varicocele, rejection rate due to, 384 38, 39, 289 selective placement policy and, status of employees with, 287 390, 391 Ventilation, 376-378 Varicosities, selective placement dilution, 206 policy and, 390, 391 exhaust, 199 Varsol in leather cleaning, 236 general, 206 Vascular disease as cause of ab mechanical, 377 senteeism, MS, 449 body odor and, 377 Venereal diseases, absenteeism due in blacked-out building, 377 to, 281 in cooling season, 377. See also blood tests, injustices from, 281, Air conditioning. 282 natural, 376 conclusions regarding, 289 window requirement for, 376 control of, 278-290 rate, factors determining, 376 administration of program, Verification, method of, as factor in 285 sickness absenteeism rates, 423 agency cooperation, 283 Vermont, U.S.P.H.S. District in conference with industrial cluding, 14 physician, 288 Veterans Administration, hospitali correlation of industrial and zation by, 40 community programs, 284 Vinylite as dermatitis preventive, 168 developing a program, 283 Virgin Islands, U.S.P.H.S. District educational program, 285 including, 15 employment examinations, 287 Virginia, U.S.P.H.S. District in follow-up of infected workers, cluding, 14 289 Vision, adequacy of, 62 in industrial workers, 279 binocular, test for, 62 in small plants as well as correction of, facilities for, 62 . large, 281 defective, increase of, 61 industry's stake, 280 rejection rate due to, 384 justification and need for a selective placement policy and, program, 280, 281 390, 391 ST0853!89 506 INDEX Vision, defective, types of, 61 illumination and, 62 standards for, 61 tests of, 62 for special tasks, 62 vitamin deficiency and, 329 Visiting nurse, community nurse as, 73 family nursing and, 73 in small plant organization, 58 industrial nurse as, 72 service, aims of, 73 Visual acuity, relation of illumina tion to, 355 Vitamin A, 329 Vitamin Bi, 329 Vitamin Bj, 329 Vitamin C, 3291' Vitamin D, 329 Vitamin 6, 329 Vitamin requirements, dietary, 328 Vocational rehabilitation, 389 Vocational Rehabilitation Services, 389 Waiting period, any chosen length, effect on annual number of days of disability, 455 effect on sickness absenteeism rates, 422, 423 seven-day, effect on sickness ab senteeism rates, 452 under compensation laws, 136 Waiting rooms of plant infirmary, 18 Waiver clauses in compensation laws, 138 War areas, health and other facili ties, 2 War conditions, effect on mental health of workers, 291, 292, 294 fatigue and, 308 War effort, cooperation of medical profession in, 126 industrial hygiene in, 124, 117 War housing, 2, 3 War industries, community environ ment and, 1 composition of labor force, 3 fatigue as problem in, 7 handicapped workers, utilization of, 4, 5 manpower need, 3 occupational diseases and, 139 shortage of physicians in, 9 War industries, shortage of trained personnel in, 9 uneven geographical allocation, 1 women in, 4 working environment, 6 War, influence of, on industrial hy giene, 1-11 War Manpower Commission, esti mates on manpower, 3 Procurement and Assignment Division, 9 salvaging the handicapped, 5 War plant, appraisal of community hospital and health facilities before building, 14 inspection of, 125 medical facilities of, 12-24 War Production Board, cooperation of Division of Industrial Hy giene with, 126 women in industry and, 4 War production, illumination re quirement table, 367 War research, Division of Industrial Hygiene in, 125 War workers, dislocated, and im munization, 55 Warehouse, minimum illumination for, 365 Wartime problems, community en vironment, 1 composition of war labor force, 3 demands on industrial phys ician, 8 shortage of professional per sonnel, 9 working environment, 6 Washing facilities, plant sanitation and, 347 Washington, U.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 14 Washrooms, minimum illumination for, 365 specifications for, 347 Waste, disposal of, specifications for, 346 industrial, water pollution and, 338 Watch manufacturing, minimum illumination for, 362 Water, contaminant control by, 205 drinking, community sanitation and, 337 pollution, 338 supply, community sanitation and, 340 ST0853190 INDEX 507 Water supply, plant sanitation and, 345 Water-borne epidemics, reporting to health authorities, 39 Weakness, meal frequency and, 326 Weight lifting, womanpower and, 408 loss, vitamin deficiency and, 329 Welding, dermatitis from, 182 electric, as health hazard, 6 health hazards of, 262 minimum illumination for, 361, 365 operations, protection for, 369 tabulation, 370 radiation, hazards in, 262,-369 Welfare department, relationship of medical department to1-, 'W" Welfare policies in combating fa tigue, 321 Welfare program, duties of nurse in, recommendations on, 79 family social problems, 72, 79 financial aid, 72 hospital insurance, group basis, 72, 79 recreation, 72, 79 role of nurse in, 72 recommendations on, 79 sick benefits, group basis, 72, 79 West Virginia, U.S.P.H.S. District including, 14 Western Electric Company, rehabili tation in, 389 ' Westinghouse Electric and Manu facturing Company, rehabilita tion in, 389 Whitfield's ointment, for athlete's foot, 195 Window requirements, for natural ventilation, 376 Wisconsin, joint interdepartmental action in industrial hygiene field, 118 U.S.P.H.S. District including, 14 Womanpower, 383, 396. See also Manpower. Women in industry, 395-419 absenteeism, 412 industrial injuries, 413 nonindustrial injuries, 413 occupational diseases, 413 personal reasons, 414 sickness, 412 cafeterias, 399 Women in industry, care of children, 416 changes in plant facilities neces sitated by, 398 clothing, 409 community relationships, 414 employment of, 3, 395 ` forbidden occupations, 401 hours of work, 402 housing, 415 job analysis, 398 leaves of absence, 404 legal restriction on working hours, 400 lunch periods, 404 married, employment of, 397 menstrual periods, 407 order of employment, 397 physical examination, 47, 48 physical strength, 407 pregnancy, 405 recreation, 415 rest periods, 404 seating, 399 selection, 397 shift schedules, 403 sources of female labor, 396 toilet and rest room facilities, 350, 399 training, 397 transoortation, 415 weight lifting, 408 Women's Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor, 40, 108, 396, 400, 402 employment of women, 4 statement on pregnancy, 405 Women's Field Army Against Can cer, 41 Wood veneer processing, health haz ards of, 263 Woodworking, minimum illumination for, 365 Woolen mills, minimum illumination for, 365 Work, disinclination to, in hunger, 326 hours, optimum, for sustained production, 315 schedules, full day of rest per week, importance of, 317 shifts, fatigue and, 8 rotations, fatigue and, 318 situation, general, and absentee ism, 458 ST0853191 508 INDEX Work weeks, optimum, length of, 315, 316, 317, 320 Worker, education of, in housekeep ing, 212 handicapped. See Handicapped workers. health of, sanitation and, 335 migrations of, community sanita tion and, 343 night shift and, 402 responsibilities of, in air con taminant control mainten ance, 211 in plant housekeeping, 212 selection of, dermatitis and, 196 Working environment, as factor in fatigue, 319 problems of, 4 womanpower and, 400 Workmanship, illumination and, 354 Workmen's compensation. See Com pensation. Workroom, minimum window re quirement for, 376 Wrist drop, in lead poisoning, 142 Wyoming, TJ.S.P.H.S. District in cluding, 15 X-ray diagnosis of asbestosis, 154 of silicosis, 153 X-ray examination of chest, admin istrative procedures, 274 frequency of, in siliceous dusty trades, 276 in workers with evidence of tuberculosis, 275 in control of chronic respira tory infections, 273 methods, 274 X-ray facilities of plant infirmary, 22 miniature films in chest surveys, 274 technicians, 34 testing equipment, radiant energy from, 369 Xylene, in lens cleaning, 236 toxic limit of, 264 Xylol, in rubber goods fabrication, 249 toxic limit of, 264 Zinc chloride, dermatitis from, pre vention, 195 Zinc oxide fever, 145 fumes, in shell case manufac ture, 251 in welding, 262 toxic limit of, 264 Zinc sulfide in luminous dial paint ing, 237