Document G6QvNeKkErbx0jk83QvYvYMEq

PROGRESS IN OUR HOUSE PAINT FORMULATION PROGRESS In Our HOUSE PAINT FORMULATION ' L i iI i Book No.__ Assigned to The information in this report is to be regarded as strictly confidential. 0007-SWP-000007383  * PROGRESS in our HOUSE PAINT FORMULATION % % i There is definite need for progress in our house paint formulation, 9 which ia brought about by the faot that the surfaces that we are 9 protecting are varying from year to year - due to new construction 9 methods and new engineering ideas, suoh as air-conditioning, the % variety and quality of wood being used for construction purposes, I the length of time that buildings are allowed to go before re-paint > ing, due to eoonomio conditions, increasing labor costs for application of paint, stressing the need for a minimum number of coats and many ( other similarly important factors emphasizing the need for keeping * alert in our formulations if we are to meet the present day needs. t Add to the foregoing the fact that there is the possibility of obtain * ing new paint performance, based on the availability, at lower prices, of the new pigments and improved liquids, which definitely bring about the possibilities of: t 1. Adequate opacity with fewer pounds of pigment. 9 I 2. Brighter and cleaner whites from these strong pigments. ' t t 3. Less dead weight with these lighter specific gravity pigments. I I 4. Better sealing with adequate adhesion, improved coverage and filling qualities in our foundation or first coat. Although sufficient attention always must be paid to unforeseen com plaints that crop up from time to time in speoific areas - which are probably due to extremes of climatic or other conditions at the time i of painting, yet, in general any ohange in our formulating practice must be based on wide-spread experience throughout very large areas i so as to cover all possible experiences that are going to confront > our goods by reason of our wide-spread distribution. t Recently a few competitors have gone to the trade with claims of re volutionary developments in house paint - and you may Judge for your self from the exposure records shown in the following pages just why these competitors found the need for these revolutionary changes in their formulas. However, there is nothing revolutionary in the form i ulating practice in good house paints. Improvement comes only from t the steady growth of teohnioal information gained after long continued i experimental work accompanied by adequate exposure tests.. All the experience of the years has taught us the utter inadequacy of f house paint tests limited to standard exposure panels, or of following the ideas of some raw material producer overly anxious to sell his i products. . t i A few years ago, to check out our old and new formulations as well as i the competitive goods, a series of buildings was painted on the out skirts of Cleveland, that presented the type of surfaoes that would r i t i 0007-SWP-000007384 generally be met throughout the oountry for re-painting. The exposures were varied enough - east, southeast, south and southwest - so as to give the sort of results one would obtain under aotual conditions in the field. These tests are especially interesting because the same buildings were painted with so many varieties of formulations of paints and the results can very easily be compared and the facts carried from one part of the building to the other, whereas in trying to oompare one building to the other there is always difficulty on aooount of the spaoe involved. This book describes, therefore, in a very simple manner, the reasons why various changes in the formulation of SWP have been made over the last few yearB. Along with the photographs of the buildings there are close-up photographs, magnified enlargements of the paint surfaces and the information concerning each exposure is self-explanatory. It can be seen by studying the following pages, that eaoh move made in the- re-formulation of SWP has been the result of oareful teobnioal development improving the product to meet the changing requirements of the trade and to take advantage of new and improved raw materials, as they beoame available. On the whole, these steps have been sound ones, leading us always towards a better balanoed formula. I j The progressive development of our formulae, with the increasing use of titanium pigments, led us naturally to the acquisition of a new and unique process and a new plant for producing our own titanium pigments, thereby assuring us of proper oontrol of the quality of this important ingredient. These same progressive steps in formulation led us also to the un mistakable fact that in the application of SWP we meet application problems that must be met or oorrected by formulation, and to point to the need of some sort of a primer or foundation coat. The painter, who is used to applying a priming coat of lead and oil, without any great care, has occasionally run into trouble in the application of a ready-mixed paint as a priming coat. ' The photographs, and explanations along with them, will point out conclusively that many of the competitive institutions have, perhaps unwisely, tried to solve two problems with the production of their primers - that of curing their application problems on hard, glossy surfaces and also trying to get abnormal coverage with their primer which - according to our exposure tests - will eventually bring about failure of the film and an unsatisfactory condition so far as pro tection of the Job is concerned. Building exposures will prove conclusively to you that these primers are not satisfactory even when used under SWP, wheras SWP, over lead and oil - or over itself - or over the priming foundation coat we are now recommending - has given a good account of itself. The progress and the explanation of the photo enlargements are oomplete I enough to tell, eaoh of them, a story in itself. 0007-SWP-000007385 Building No. 1 Freshly Painted - 1934 This building faces southeast and is used for the storage of finished lumber, it is constructed of ordinary firwood siding which had been painted but was considerably weathered. The chart indicates the variety of formulations tested. Observe that all panels were pretty uniformly white when first painted. Building No. 1 Photographed in 1938 Building No. 2 Freshly Painted in 1935 This building is in a group with No. 1. It faces southeast and is constructed of ordinary northern pine siding. Painted, but weathered badly, it was given a priming coat over all of lead and oil. Then two coats of each material to be tested were applied with the very slight variation in whiteness observable at the time of painting. Building No. 2 Photographed in 1938 to Building No. 3 Freshly Painted in 1935 This building Faces southeast. It is constructed of ordinary northern to pine siding considerably weathered. It was given an all-over priming coat of lead and oil followed by two coats of the various materials to to be tested. The appearance of the various panels does not vary greatly to in whiteness (with the one exception) the failures are principally by cracking as shown in the enlarged pictures shown later in the book. . t>. v; iwp `"'s w p c wta , (8 * Building No. 3 Photographed in 1938 SHED PRIMED ALL OVER WITH LEAD & OIL ,, .... (f{R SIDING) . ' . ' 2CQAT3 - ' . . ' ' i . SV^P 2 NO STP^FINISHCOAT RISKS " ------------------ ^ SVP swr (183) I . (98) I "v. ^ ^ ECOATS \ , SPEC. PRIMERS SWP SWP .. ... ^REG OOP (785) i WHITE /A I 8 l C>.ENDSTEPIPRIM r 1111 J I i1 t i 't f l Building #2 - Panel #19 The 1929 SWP Formulation Label Analysis Formula Analysis Lead Carbonate 365? S-W Ozlo (leaded zinc) Lead Sulphate 195S Lead Carbonate Zinc Oxide 36J6 Magnesium Silicate Magnesium Silicate 9j6 Vehicle: Acid refined oil. 5556 3656 956 Note: The exposure panel is two coats of Rx 471, SWP OGW (1929 formulation) applied over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint is considerably darkened, but shows no film failure. It is chalking moderately with a uniform general appearance. It affords an excellent protective film. Remarks: * The demand of the trade for a whiter, more attractive brilliant white *t paint constitutes the principal reason for changing this formulation. f 0007-SWP-000007389 The PROGRESS OF SWP - STEP by STEP Building #1 - Panel #5 The First Step the 1930 SWP Formulation Label Analysis: White Lead Zinc Oxide Titanium Pigment 34$ 29.5# 36# Formula Analysis: S-W Ozlo (leaded zinc) Lead Carbonate Titanox "B" 45.5# 18.0# 36.5# (Titanium-Barium pigment) Vehicle: Combination of acid and alkali refined linseed oils. Note: The exposure panel is two coats of Rx 471 SWP OGW (1930 formulation) applied over unprimed weathered painted fir siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: After 43 months exposure, the paint is very white, shows slight crack ing and is chalking heavily. The general appearance is good. Remarks: This formulation shows an improved appearance compared with the 1929 SWP formulation, but is inferior to it in protective value. At the time the change was made, Titanox "B" was the only available titanium pigment sufficiently developed and commercially available. It contributed whiteness but its barium content proved to be an objectionable feature. Note the number of fine cracks. Such cracks usually did not appear until after the second year of exposure. Many competitors, however, are still using this type of titanium pigment in both primer and finish coat - and in quantities which, based upon our experience, are definitely dangerous and unsafe to use. 0007-SWP-000007390 The PROGRESS OF SWP - STEP by STEP Building #1 - Panel #4 Building #2 - Panel #6 The Second SteD - the 1934 Formulation Label Analysis: Formula Analysis: White Lead 50.55? S-W Ozlo (leaded zinc) 45.66J? Zinc Oxide 29.55? Lead Carbonate 34.345? Titanium Dioxide 10. % Titanium Dioxide 10.005? Magnesium Silicate 10.5? Magnesium Silicate 10 . 005? Vehicle: Combination acid and alkali refined linseed oils. Note: The exposure panel is two coats of Rx 471 .SWP OGW (1934 formulation) applied over unprimed weathered painted fir siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: After 43 months exposure, the.paint is very white. It is chalking heavily and while it shows slight cracking, there is an improvement over the Titanox "B" formulation. Remarks: An improvement in toughness or elasticity was gained by eliminating the barium in Titanox "B" and replacing this pigment with Titanium Dioxide and Magnesium Silicate. The same type refined linseed oils were used. Notes regarding panel #6 on Building #2 The exposure panel is two coats of Rx 471 SWP OGW (1934 formulation) applied over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, this material is very white, has no surface failure and is chalking heavily. The general appearance is excellent. 0007-SWP-000007391 The PROGRESS OF SWP - STEP by STEP Building #1 - Panel #3 Building #2 - Panel #7 Label Analysis Formula White Lead 50.556 S-W Ozlo (Leaded Zinc) Zinc Oxide 29.556 Lead Carbonate Titanium Dioxide 1056 Titanium Dioxide Magnesium Silicate 1056 Magnesium Silicate Vehicle: Specially refined linseed oil. 45.6656 34.34J6 10.0056 10.0056 Note: Panel #3 Building #1 The exposure panel is two coats Rx 471 SWP OGW (1935 formulation) applied over unprimed weathered fir siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: After 43 months exposure, the paint is very white. It is chalking freely and shows no cracking or other surface failure. The general appearance is excellent - both from a distance and up close. Remarks: After arriving at what seemed to be the most desirable pigment formu lation, attention was directed to further study of the vehicle. A new process of refining the oil was developed, which not only result ed in the improved toughness observed in the exposure panel, which also eliminated, completely, the crystalization we were experienc ing when the paint was stored for considerable time in hot rooms. Notes regarding Panel #7 - Building #2 The exposure panel is two coats of Rx 471 SWP OGW (1935 formula tion) applied over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the panel is slightly darker than Rx 471 using old oil formulation. There is no surface failure. The paint is chalking freely and has excellent appearance. 0007-SWP- SWP QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE PROGRESSES - STEP by STEP The Fourth Step - the 1938 SWP Formulation ; Label Analysis White Lead Zinc Oxide Titanium-Magnesium Pig. 45.5# 29.5# 25.0# Formula Analysis S-W Ozlo (leaded zinc) Lead Carbonate Titanium-Magnesium-Pigment 45.5# 29.9# 24.5# ' ' Vehicle-Special refined linseed oil (developed for 3rd step SWP) : Note: This panel is two coats Rx 471 SWP OGW (1938 formulation) applied over unprimed weathered painted fir siding of poor grade. ; . Exposure reading: After 43 months exposure the paint has an excellent appearance of uniform bright whiteness. It is chalking uniformly and freely. The protective film has been improved through increased toughness or elasticity and a better control of chalking. : : Remarks: Further refinements in balance of pigment formulation have been based upon findings of our many experimental formulations under observation. An outstanding development is a new combination pigment. Titanium- Magnesium pigment. The increased use of titanium in our formulation allows us to obtain proper opacity with less weight per gallon. And with these new light weight, strong pigments, weight per gallon has no significance today in the value of paint. In fact, these new pigments offer the same possibilities to the paint formulator as did the new light weight alloys to the automobile industry. This represents the very best thought of both our own and the industry's pigment men. The sum total of all these developments is a bonafide top quality in SWP with superiority over every known house paint on the market. . ? j j .4 ! 'j ;| We are entering upon an enlarged program of closely observed paint test- j ing in the field - described elsewhere in this book. We have a number of "exploratory" formulations at this time. The conclusion is inescapable - ; based upon all our experience - that just as certain as we have this 1938 ; SWP that is absolute TOPS today - there is going, to..be an SWP of TOMORROW jj to beat it in some desirable respect. But until.that time comes - we 1 consider our_1938 SWP formulation to be without equal anywhere. 0007-SWP-000007393 ML ~ and SOi(- The 5th Step - . Jvojrn.cjo* r&/Z. The Hew Member of the SWP Line - SffP Primer-Dealer1 - Everyone admits that the Painter has had trouble in general with the application of prepared house paint over some surfaces and certain new types of wood. It has been our hope that these two problems could be solved by speoial thinning directions, but we have learned long since that the Painter cannot be depended, upon to follow directions on the label and in oases of diffioult types of wood, such as Redwood, he will not, at times, allow the necessary drying time before proceeding with the seoond coat. . - Because of our desire more nearly to meet the demand of the paint trade and at the same time with our ideas of proper formulation for this purpose, we are introducing into the line the new Sherwin-Williams* Foundation Coat-er Primer. The demands for a product of this type call for definite charaoteristios, which we are sure are included in the goods we are offering: 1. Easy brushing with a "slip" somewhat akin to Lead in Oil. 2. Far greater opacity than Lead in Oil. 3. The proper adhesion to either new wood or an old finish no matter how badly weathered. 4. A certain amount of filling qualities for badly weathered surfaces. 5. An adaptability for tinting easily without changing the fundamental characteristics. - 6. Relatively quick drying with a semi-gloss possessing the . proper tooth" for the following ooats. It would have been relatively easy for us to offer a produot similar to many competitive house paint lines, but in the very type of their formulations we recognized hazards we were not willing to take. Frankly, we recognize the desire for two coat work and we believe that a oertain satisfactory quality in two coat work can be obtained if suf ficient oovering and opacity are obtained in the first ooat, but we also recognize the hazard in attempting to get three ooat performance with a two ooat Job - especially when we have, as our background, the excellent three ooat experience we have had for years with SWP. And we refused to be stampeded into any two coat syBtem on the basis of being equivalent to a three ooat system until these systems have been given a thorough and sufficient "road test". Very definitely, we know that the story baok of the formulation of most of the present two ooat systems is an over-powering desire on the part of the raw material manufacturer to move the kind of pigments he has for sale and if one were to study materials used therein, he will note that the majority of the products call for an excess amount of Barium Pigment, Titanox B. This is the same pigment with which we had a some what unfortunate experience a few years ago even when we used it to a much less peroentage. The basis for building up the so-called "first ooat" of the two coat system has been not to meet satisfactory priming with some opaoity, but to meet Questionable priming with an extreme opaoity that is almost ' 0007-SWP-000007394 T *5SBH5EG^ i equivalent to "surfacing* the Job. The competitors goods are heavy bodied and poor brushing,. so that painters naturally would have to leave a heavy ooat on the job, the oovering being out down to about 400 feet per gallon. With this oovering and beoause of the faot that their formula calls for no zino whatsoever, they do not have the value of zino as an oah&s&Zoe oharaoteristio and their foraulators knowing well that a thick ooat of this primer will not dry without the presence of zino, add rosin varnishes to obtain this adhering or drying result. Repeated oheoks on this type of formulation have proven to us that suoh a foundation ooat, even when followed with the more orthodox type of finish ooat, is dangerous in the long run. Our previous experience has shown that a high inert barium-titanium type formulation looks fairly satisfaotory for the first two years, but eventually fails both in ad i herence to the old film and in oheoking thus presenting a poor repaint ing surfaoe. We fee1 certain therefore that the high inert Barium Titanox formulation that is in vogue - to whioh must be added rosin varnish i and still further complicated by the faot that they are applied as a thick coat - is far too dangerous a foundation formulation. And we will not rush in an attenqjt to meet this conqcetition with this type of formulation. Frankly, the new SWP foundation -eeat primor 1b formulated and designed from the same type of pigments and the same type of oils that have ! always characterized SWF. You will note, from the label, the presence of Leaded Zino and Lead Carbonate coupled with the Titanium Magnesium I Pi gnent whioh has proved so satisfactory in our exposure test and whioh pigment is the basis of our present SWP. <9 You will find the product so formulated as to give, without any reduction except in oold weather, the added amount of opacity that the oustomer desires on the sort of work he is meeting in the field these days. You will note that we have not diBoounted the idea of having plenty of oil for penetration into the old film or into the new wood. We know from our experience that a oertain amount of oil and penetration is desirable and has proven so over the million of Jobs that have been finished with the typical SWP formula. However we have given you, in this new founda tion primer, a dual-purpose vehiole so that we d get a primer aotion and sealing at the same time - there is not an excess of oil. The produot dries with a semi-flat finish, even over a hard glossy, nonweathered finish, which has been the oause for the number of oomplaints of crawling that we have run into with primer reduced with oil. We oannot stress too much the faot that we maintain our allegianoe to Ozlo Leaded Zino base whioh has proved itself so satisfactory over the years now as the best base for ready mixed paints. Although the amount of zino has been materially out down in this formula, there is just a proportion there to bring about the proper drying of our film to put the first ooat in an exceptionally good shape for the receiving of the following ooats. ? 0007 -SWP-000007395 THIJNING DIRECTIONS SWP and NEW SWP UNDERCOATBR Ho 450 Wo oro confronted with tho nocossity of changing tho labol instructions on our SWP, making suitable montion of our now Undercoator, and in lino with tho fact thqt thoro is nothing wrong with SWP, oxoopt for crawling on an occasional job, wo aro going to spooity- dofinitoly that SOP roducod as previously indioatod on tho packago still givos a satisfactory job. At tho sono time, wo will, in another box, oall attontion to tho fact that bost rosults aro obtained by tho use of tho Undercoator, and also point out that tho Undorcoator can bo usod as a primer bn throo-ooat now work by proper roduction of tho Undercoator for tho first ooat--ono pint to tho gallon. Our competitors, who had vory unsatisfactory proparod houso paints, make no montion on their labels of using thoir houso paint as a first coat, oithor for priming or for repaint work, and thoy lead ono to boliovo that it is absolutely nocossary to buy both of the articlos which thoy offor, prinor or undorcoator, and house paint, in ordor to got a' satis factory job. Realizing how inadoquato thoir provious goods wero and the system thoy reoommondod to givo satisfactory performance, we can understand thoir dosiro to right-about-faco on tho wholo program, but such a situation doos not oxist with our houso paint. We understand, also, that oompotitors aro finding it nocossary to carry two linos of goods, thoir old formula as well as the now formula, which must present a very difficult stookkooping proposition. ' SHADING UNDERCOATERt Our labol diroctions will dofinitoly point out tho fact that tho Undor coator may bo tinted with Color in Oil, and this is tho way wo will oxpoct tho paintor to handle tho problem. At tho sana timo, wo also call attontion to tho fact that tinting with as much as ono pint of SWP givos a porfoctly satisfactory job. The competitor is obliged to havo sovoral shados of Undorcoator, bocauso the formulation of his first ooat primor or undercoator is ontiroly different in nako-up from his top coat, and, in order to make his story sound, ho has to carry four or fivo, or in sono oasos as many as eight, various colors of undorcoator, whoroas sinoo our story is an equally balanced pigraont of the samo typo, both in our undorcoator and finish ing coats, there is no objoction to the addition of a certain amount of SWP for tinting purposes. . Wo aro tr ing to avoid, of courso, tho oxtremo gloss which caused our crawling, and, thoroforo, wo limit tho amount of oil that will bo addod by limiting the amount of SV7P suggostod for tinting. If a dorkor shade is used, for oxamplo, on tho Vordas Green, wo will uso ono pint of Willow Green to a gallon of Undercoator. Labol instructions on tho XVVP Colors will specify tho moans of obtaining the proporly tinted Undercoator, whioh moans that tho customer will buy SWP, tho Undercoator, and a small package of a tinting SWP color, if ho elocts this syton rathor than using Oil Colors for tinting, although oithor of than will givo an oqually satis factory job. 0007-SWP-000007396 M in i U * &AJ1& /14& & 44 4 4 4 4 * t t * 4 4 4 4 t t t U U Panel "A" SWP over competitive Primer Panel "B" SWP over competitive Primer Panel C"-"C-A" SWP over experimental Lead titanate Primer PRIMER EXPOSURE TESTS Building Ho. 3 Panels 26-27-28-29-30 The uniform finishing coat of SWP over these various first coaters reveals strikingly,, the important part played by the foundation coat. Over panels A & B,.SWP cracks. Ovep lead titanate primer the paint film is good on good boards but cracking badly on rough boards (3-A). The adjoining "control" panels D & E over SWP & lead first-coats, respectively are in perfect condition. Panel "D" 2 coats of SWP Panel "E" SWP over lead 4 oil primer . .... up*,!' W | j ' 0007-SWP-000007397  9 * % * 0 . - * > This church shows a two year old exposure of SWP Foundation Coat under SWP OGW 1936 Formulation. For "control", a section of the building on > the front - facing South - and a section on the East side - were painted t with our standard recommendation of 2 coats of SWP. i The closest examination fails to reveal any difference in either appear ance or condition of the two paint films. Because of the attractiveness of this little white church in -its rural I . setting it is reported many wedding parties come here from far and near. * I{- f' ) } l 0007-SWP-000007398  t t i f l M I U t i t < 4 1 4 1 144 <4 l <4 m 4 I U I H l f f The FIOKSITS of SWP S - W OZLO Leaded zino has come to be employed in the majority of the leading house paints, today, and S-W OZLO (leaded zino) is, more than ever, the key stone of SWP pigment formulation. . OZLO is a ohemioal union (one single pigment) of lead sulphate and zino oxide. It shows many times greater resistance to sulphur fume disooloration than lead carbonate. OZLO tempers the lead carbonate in SWP with less of the objectionable zino brittleness than if zino oxide were used as a separate pigment. It contributes proper smoothness and impermea bility to make SWP the outstanding washable house paint. S - W LEAD CARBONATE Lead oarbonate is retained because SWP is a better paint with it than without it. It combines with OZLO to secure the desired balance of lead and zinc. Lead carbonate has good adherence and affords good protection. ItB weaknesses - which we overcome in SWP - are surface oheoking, spotty chalking and darkening due to discoloration. The film of straight lead and oil paint is not smooth enough to wash well. TITANIUM PIGMENTS There are now 5 different pigments offered in this group of titanium pigments - 4 of them concern us in house paint - we have used 3 of them, have discarded 2 and will probably supplant the one we are now using for the latest development, by manufacturing it in our own titanium pigment plant - now being built and going into production early next year. br*e.--t . t iI Titanium dioxide used in SWP is the whitest and most opaque white pigment known. Beoause it was prohibitive in cost and not a stabilized safe pigment to use in 1930 when we made our first step in modernizing SWP, Titanox "B" (titanium barium pigment) was employed. We achieved whiteness and brillianoe in this SWP formulation but considered the barium content un desirable as tending to cause cracking of the film. Pure titanium dioxide was introduced in 1934 and proved its superiority as the exposure panels shown in this book disclose. The combination of titanium dioxide and magnesium silicate has yielded excellent results. The ohalking appears more uniform and better controlled. 9 The paint film shows freedom from surface failures of cracking and oheoking 9 and is tougher and more elastio under all the exposures we have observed. 9 f 0007-SWP-000007399 J m t9 WHITE LEAD t 9 9 9 9 9 9 it M * 11 ZINC OXIDE S5% LEAPED TITANOX. 8-Zff JI JIII9 STBENG.TH and HIDINO POWER Top Band - Bating in tinting strength based on white lead as 100* Lower Band - Square feet which one pound of pigment will hide* (According to R L. Eallet's results - A.S.T.M. proceedings - 1930) (fry>1\'y1/j**. * -A*-?v7vrii 2INC 5ULFIOE W The samples of linseed oil shown here are: left to right. (1) Aged raw linseed oil (2) acid refined (3) alkali refined and (4) the new specially refined oil used in 1938 SWP. Every paint maker serving southern warm states experienced the trouble illustrated below, whether he would admit it or not. These lumps are "zinc soap" commonly called crystalization, "cornflaking" or other names. We know for a fact that competitors sought the solution - just as we did. We have conquered the difficulty in the new refined oil we have been using in SWP for the last two years. No longer is there the hazard of crystalization in storage in poorly ventilated warehouses or on the dealer's shelf in southern states. . The new oil is not chemically bleached to the water whiteness of our former refined linseed oil vehicle for SWP - but the 1938 SWP on the house is whiter and stays whiter - and it stays Safe in the Package. i 1= i I i ; : 0007-SWP-000007401 Panel "A Panel "B White Lead (Carbonate) and Oil The characteristic "lead check" is familiar to all paint men. Panel "A" exposed 43 months has chalked away the gray smudge that appears on Panel "B" exposed 12 months. Both panels are very dark in appearance because of atmospheric discoloration. Panel "C" appears at the end of Building No. 1. The owners "no smoking" sign was stencilled over a panel of white lead applied over our SWP ex posure panel "for permanence". After 43 months the contrast is most striking. Panel "D" is a closeup magnification of the two surfaces. Panel "C" Panel "D" 0007-SWP-000007402  9 9 9 V V V V If -Sr i > > Building #2 - Panel #2 At the time these exposures were painted out, this competitor had the following label analysis. Competitor "B" Pigment: Lead Sulphate Lead Carbonate Zinc Oxide Silicates Label Analysis: Vehicle: 18.81# Linseed Oil 36.19# Turpentine & 35.00# 10.00# Japan Drier 92.00# 8.00# Note: This panel is two coats applied over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: _ After 36 months exposure, the paint shows considerable darkening, cracking is quite general and there is heavy chalking. Its appearance from the distance is only fair. Remarks: This formula resembles SVVP Rx 471 of 1929 manufacture. This competitor has at the present time these two formulations: Analysis Lead Carbonate Type 1 29.2# Analysis Type 2 36.3# Leaded Zinc 35/65 30.8# Magnesium Sil . 53.8# 9.9# Titanox "B" 40.0# (No exposure on these two) l f I rt ii 0007 -SWP-000007403 * * * * * * i i i 1 1 n 1 1 n i n i m >n t-t-t-t- i t i n Building #2 - Panel #3 At the time these exposures were painted out* this competitor had the following label analysis: Competitor "C" Label Analysis: : Pigment: Zinc Oxide Titanium Dioxide Undetermined 74.0J? 23.2jg 2.835 Vehicle: Tung Oil Note: ' This panel is two coats applied over lead and oil primer, over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint is slightly darker. It has only slight cracking, but has chalked so excessively that the paint has washed very thin over high parts of the surface. Ridges, knots, and nails are conspicuous and nails show rusting. Remarks: It is evident that this type of formulation is helpful in showing what to avoid in house paint. 0007-SWP-000007404 i v t m im v m m im m m u m im m m s m H t 't t > * 'W Building 2 - Panel #5 At the time these exposures were painted out, this competitor had the following label analysis. Competitor "E" Label Analysis: Pigment: Lead Carbonate 29.12# Lead Sulphate 12.48# Zinc Oxide 23.30# Titanox "B" 35.10# Vehicle: Linseed Oil Japan Drier Naphtha 88.00# 3.70# 8.30# Note: This panel is two coats over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint appears very well, only slightly darker than SWP (Step #2). There are no surface failures. It is chalking heavily. ! Remarks: Resembles "First Step" of SWP. This competitor now has the following formulae: Analysis: Type #1 Lead Carbonate 49.3# Lead Carbonate Leaded Zinc 35/65 31.3# . Leaded Zinc Titanium Dioxide 11.0# Magnesium Silicate 8.4# Barytes Barytes (No exposures on these later formulae) iS. 29.0# 36.0# 26.3# 5 0007-SWP-000007405 H t t lt t l n il i t t vt m n t \ m v rm rm m u m i tu t Building #2 - Panel #3 At the time these exposures were painted out, this competitor had the following label analysis. Competitor "F" Pigment: Lead Carbonate Zinc Oxide Label Analysis: Vehicle: 50% Linseed Oil 50% Turpentine Drier Turpentine 91.00$ 2.06$ 6.94$ Note: This panel.is two coats over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint is dark in color, there is bad cracking over the entire surface; it is chalking heavily and its appearance is poor. Remarks: This paint exhibits the characteristic failure of lead and zinc paint. This Competitor has now changed to an entirely different type paint, as follows: Analysis: Leaded Zinc 45$ Lead .Titanate 7$ Titanox "B" 48$ This is recommended as a finish coat over a special first coat. Vie have panels of this system now on exposure for two years. Another year or two will probably indicate the type of failure. The present appearance is bright with a noticeable yellow cast. 0007-SWP-000007406 i T it Building #2 - Panel #10 .. . At the time these exposures were painted out, this competitor t had the following label analysis. t Competitor "H" l Label Analysis: Pigment: Vehicle: i Lead Carbonate 55# Linseed Oil 86# Zinc Oxide 30# Drier 14# \ Magnesium Silicate 15# Note: t This panel is two coats over lead and oil primer, over *# weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: t After 36 months exposure, the paint appears very dark, is * cracking badly over the entire surface and has heavy spotty t chalking with very poor appearance. t Remarks: * This paint exhibits the characteristic lead-zinc failure. This competitor has now changed to the following type formu lation: Label Analysis: f Pigment: Leaded Zinc 47.2# I Lead Carbonate Titanium Dioxide Magnesium Silicate 15.8# 9.0# 28.0# - * 0007-SWP-000007407 F * ft * ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft Building #2 - Panel #11 ft ft At the time these exposures were painted out. this Competito ft had the following label analysis: ft ft Competitor "I" -ft Label Analysis: Pigment: Lead Carbonate 34.34$ Lead Sulphate 16.16$ Zinc Oxide 29.50$ Titanium Dioxide 10.00$ Magnesium Silicate 10.00$ i i 5 i ii Rote: This panel has two coats over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint appears white, with no surface failures, is chalking heavily, with excellent appearance. Remarks: This company copied exactly our formula' for Rx 471 Second Step. From an analysis of a later formulation, certain changes are noted, the most important being an increase in Titanium Dioxide. Latest formula: Pigment: Lead Carbonate 35.7$ 35/65 Lead Zinc 34.3$ Titanium Dioxide 12.0$ Magnesium Silicate 9.0$ ft 0007-SWP-000007408  0~i Building #2 - Panel #12 At the time these exposures were painted out, this competitor had the following label analysis: Competitor "K" Label Analysis: Pigment: Vehicle: Lead Sulphate 56# Linseed Oil Zinc Oxide 34# Turpentine and Magnesium Silicate 10# Japan Drier 88# 12# c i i Note: This panel has two coats over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade. Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint is considerably darkened with heavy cracking over the entire surface and chalking heavily, with poor appearance. Remarks: Paint shows characteristic lead-zinc check with heavy checking, possibly promoted by poor vehicle balance of oil and drier, otherwise similar to S-W 1929 formula. This Competitor has the following label analysis at present: Pigment: Lead Sulphate Zinc Oxide Titanium Dioxide Magnesium Silicate Similar to S-W "Step #2" 49# 31# 10# 10# - 1934 Vehicle: Linseed Oil Turpentine and Japan Drier formula. 89# 11# 0007-SWP-000007409 rr ? # * -# r-#-* * * * T * U i 11 i: ii [j r * r r rrr r * * r t t i t i -w u k b j m l ir*..r.r;r,T m Building #2 - Panel #13 Competitor "L" Thermolyzed Tung Oil Paint (No analysis available) Note: This panel, two coats over lead and oil primer, over weathered painted northern white pine siding. Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint is very white, has slight cracking and is chalking excessively. Appearance is excellent. Remarks: Excessive chalking is serving to keep paint white in appearance, but is rapidly reducing its protective value :: j? :! t. s j| I )!t 0007-SWP-000007410 4 > .* i <1 % HEW UNIFIED PROGRAM ' for COUNTRY-WIDE EXPERIMENTAL HOUSE PAINT TESTING In order to taka advantage of new developments In pigments and all other ingredients used in making house paint it is neoessaxy for us to have means to test new experimental formulas - adequately* The fact that SWP House Paint is used under all olimatio conditions makes it necessary for us to parallel these conditions with ex posures in every part of the country. These exposures must he - above all - actual house paint jobs with each house selected with oare and aoouracy according to pre-determined plans to be oarried ' out in every section of the country. This is to make oertain that no unforeseen variables enter into the situation to nullify the - value of the data obtained. In order that these variables may be taken into consideration, the following information will be record ed for each testt . A. Type of House . . 1. Kind of wood 2. Type of eaves and oornioes (a) flush (b) extended (o) boxed, etc. 3. Type of insulation, if any 4. Air-conditioned 5. Percent of moisture in wood . B. Condition of House ' . (' 1. Drains and downspouts . 2. Paint . (a) Number of re-paints (b) Condition of paint (c) Age (d) Material used for last paint job (e) Type of paint failure now on house. 3. Structural defeots ' 4. Ventilation 0. Location , . 1. Topography (a) Valley (bj Hillside ' (o) Hilltop, eto. 2. Direotion .faoed 3. Looality . (a) Suburban (b) Country * (o) Metropolitan . 4. Location with respeot to nearest metro politan area. 6. Immediate vioinity (a) Industrial (b) Residential (o) Business 0007-SWP-000007411 .wy.i`wT I ' T rrmufcfn-^ **a D. Atmospherio Conditiona (a) Temperature (b) Humidity (o) Rain fall (d) Sunshine (e) Air pollution . The following looations hare been selected tentatively both be cause of a olimatic condition obtained and account of proximity to a S-W faotory point: Massachusetts Sea ooast - fog Hew Jersey Sea ooast Florida Extreme ultra-violet rays Texas Extreme dry heat Minnesota Cold winter Kansas Wind erosion Missouri Humidity Illinois Extremes of heat and oold Ohio Extremes of heat and cold California Sunshine-heat ft The table which follows supplies interesting data covering the 4 I variation in olimatic conditions in different parts of the country * ft and will show how important the aoouraoy of all exposure readings must be in order to make them dependable. ? f4t It f f I i Ii I > it i e# State Maine Ua.se, Corm, City from which fol lowing Stac tistios were taken Mean Mean Min. Max. Annual Winter Summer Precipi Temp. Temp. tation ' of of Inches Annual Snow fall Inches Rela tive BmddHy A.U. Rela tive Humidity P.M. . Sunshine % of Possible Hours Portland 18 ?4 43 Boston 21 78 44 New Haven 22 T8 47 74 77 75 45 74 70 40 76 74 58 . 55 61 New York Albany 18 80 37 New Jersey Atlantis City 27 76 42 Banna. Pittsburgh 25 83 37 Maryland Baltimore 29 84 43 Va. Norfolk 34 85 50 N.C. Charlotte 34 87 50 55 76 76 18 82 31 78 66 24 71 69 9 81 75 8 78 63 54 62 44 58 54 S.C. Got* Fla. Ala. Miss. La. Charleston 44 87 53 Atlanta 36 86 50 Jacksonville 47 90 53 Montgomery 40 90 51 Meridian 38 89 53 New Orleans 48 88 58 0 78 3 85 0 82 2 81 2 85 1/2 83 66 76 65 72 72 56 61 60 58 53 Texas Okla. Ark..' Galveston 50 88 48 Oklahoma City 28 89 32 Little Rook 35 89 50 1 83 78 8 80 60 11 81 63 60 67 64 Minn. ?dso. Mioh. St. Paul 7 80 29 Milwaukee 16 73 31 Detroit 20 79 32 37 80 63 51 86 72 37 79 71 54 47 52 Nebr. Kansas Iowa Omaha 15 84 31 Dodge City 19 88 20 Des Moines 14 83 32 24 78 61 19 78 53 33 80 64 60 69 60 Mo. 111. Ind, Columbia 22 87 38 Springfield 22 64 37 Indianapolis 23 84 42 18 71 20 78 23 76 65 65 69 54 Ohio W.Va, Ey. Tenn. Colo. Calif. Cleveland 22 77 36 Elkins 19 81 46 Lexington 28 84 43 Chattanooga Denver Los Angeles 35 87 18 84 45 82 ________ _________ 52 14 16 43 76 56 87 21 78 6 81 47 61 m 78 70 45 76 37 65 59 68 55 39 69 64 73 0007-SWP-000007413