Document G5wwVwnoy95qNov6g129OjwMv

Heavy Sheet Lead Construction Applied to Dome ol Pennsylvania State Capitol Building EAD has for centuries been the pre is relatively low in strength it is essen L ferred roofing and flashing ma tial that the individual pieces be well terial for monumental buildings. Its secured at short intervals in a manner permanence and freedom from dis which will allow freedom for the coloring or staining corrosion prod natural thermal expansion and con ucts make its use desirable on the traction. This is accomplished by structures which are intended to be providing a built up wood core for come both the physical and historical landmarks of government and faith. It is entirely in keeping therefore that lead has been selected as the covering material for extensive repair work which is now under way on the dome First course of lead applied to wood rib core showing cleats hooked over top flange, also cleats at bottom of overlap of the Pennsylvania State Capitol building at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The structure of this dome is ex pressed on the exterior by sixteen heavv vertical ribs. As originally built these ribs and the lantern above were of terra cotta. After many vears of exposure to severe climatic conditions this material showed signs Moulded course in place showing bottom edge loose locked 10 first course, also cleats securing lop edge. of weakening so it became necessary to replace it or to substitute another more weather resistant material. Mr. ('.. M. Woolworth. secretary and Mr. A. Jud son Wariow. chief en gineer of the Department of Proper ties and Supplies together with Mr. William Gehron. the architect chose the second alternative and selected lead as the most durable and perma nent material available. The application of the lead is typ ical of proper installation practice for sheet lead work. The material being used is soft lead sheet in weights of G and 8 lbs. per sq. ft. Since soft lead I'HOTOS BY w. H. HINES Rake miter where rib joins base ol lantern. Moulding on rib at left is bossed to right angle and lies along horizontal moulding under coped section. Loose locked seam in process at right center. See fin ished rib on front cover. each rib to which the lead sheets, in relatively short pieces, are fastened by means of metal cleats. The profile of the rib. designed for suitability to sheet lead construction, is slightly different from the original masonry rib. Each rib tapers from bottom to top and the mouldings member with a horizontal moulding around the base of the lantern. The lead is applied in courses of overlap ping sheets along the ribs, each course lock seamed to the preceding lower course. The first course of (i lb. lead lies vertically against the side of the rib. turning out at the bottom over the adjacent tile. Each piece of sheet lead is 24 in. long and is fastened to the wood at the upper end only and se cured at its top edge with metal cleats folded over a turned out flange. Each successive piece overlaps the preced ing one 4 in. and the two are held against the wood at the bottom b\ an other cleat at each overlap. The sec ond course is a preformed ogee moulding of 8 lb. per sq. ft. sheet lead which is applied and secured at its top edge by cleats in the same manner as the first course and the two courses are joined bv a lock seam lengthw ise of the rib. The construction to this point is clearlv shown in the photo graphs. The manner of finishing the rib is shown in the drawing. The center pans are applied as before in 24 in. lengths, each one supported bv a long cleat hooked into the turned hack upper end of each pan. The sides of LIA25836 the pan are flanged in and held in place by the other end of the same cleat that holds the moulded section. Finally a cap course is applied, again in 24 in. lengths fastened at the upper ends as before and lock seamed over the flanges of the pan and moulding. The entire operation is identical on both sides of each rib. Of particular interest is the rake miter where the rib moulding joins the horizontal moulding at the base of the lantern. Here the malleable nature of the lead enabled the lead ( enter pan of rib in place showing lap joint, hanging cleat and edge cleats not yet bend over edge. ggrariv I ( t ' r > . ii -tper------- a* MOTE-ALL SHEET LEAD APPLIED ' !N SECTIONS 24"LONG SECURED I TO WOOD AT UPPER END ONLY EACH PIECE UPPED 4"0VER UPPER END OF PRECEDING PIECE AND HELD IN PLACE BV CLEATS SPACED I2`0 C NO SOLDERED JOINTS _______________________________________I Detail cross section of rib showing method of securing sheet lead tc structure with metal cleats. ,, tions and pictures of the lantern roof and the finished dome. We are in debted to the architect Mr. Gehron, the general contractor McClosky & Co. of Philadelphia, and the lead work contractor, the J. Edward Linck Sheet Metal Works, also of Philadel phia, for their cooperation and assis tance in obtaining the above data and the photographs. (To be continued) Coping-flashing courses at base of dome showing longitudinal and transverse loose lock seams. to allowances for thermal expansion and to the weight-strength relation of the material. All portions of the lead in contact with masonry or concrete are coated with asphalt paint to pro tect it from free lime until the cement is thoroughly cured. It is planned in our next issue to continue this discussion with descrip moulding on the sloping rib to be dressed to a right angle to extend ap- -oximately 4 in. along the horizontal moulding. The preformed horizontal moulding was then coped to the miter forming a weatherproof lap joint. In addition to the ribs and the lan tern roof which will be described in our next issue there are two new coping-flashing course# of lead at the base of the dome. The lower one cov ers the existing cornice and extends back under a new cut stone moulding to form a thru wall flashing. It is of two courses loose locked together and the low er edge is hemmed back over a continuous cleat fastened to the stone. The upper coping covers the new stone moulding and extends back to form a flashing under the existing tile. The copings are also installed in short lengths and all transverse joints are loose locks. Every consideration has been given Lead Pipe Provides Dependability For Essential Water Services HE photograph on page 4 shows pressure. The allowable pressures, Tthe installation of a large water dimensions and weights of the vari service pipe in the City of Yonkerso.us classes remain generally in con A. Y. It is in a 2-in. line and serves to formance with the previouslv estab illustrate the practicalitv of the new lished commercial standards pub designations established under Fed lished hv the Department of ( om- eral Specification WW-P-325. merce. National Bureau of Standard-. This specification issued Sept. 6. The City of \onkers. situated on 1944, has adopted the terminology the east bank of the Hudson river, is Class 50. Class 75 and Class 100 to located on hilly terrain and as a re designate the three standard weights sult w ater pressures in some areas are of lead pressure pipe which have comparatively high. The service pipe previously been called A, AA. and shown supplies water to an industrial AAA in the eastern part of the coun plant located in a high pressure area. try and S, XS, and XXS in the west. It is of 2 in. lead pipe Class 100 bear This new classification refers to the ing the Lead Industries Association safe working pressures of 50 lb., 75 Seal of Approval. The service is ap lb., and 100 lb. per sq. in. of the re proximately 40 ft. long and the pipe spective classes of pipe and estab weighs 19VO lb. per ft. An extra long lishes a direct relationship between swing in the gooseneck was used to commercial designation and working provide ample allowance for expan- --3-- LlA25837 sion. Entrance to the basement is through a sleeve set in the wall which is packed with oakum and calked with lead wool. The use of such a sleeve performs the double function of protecting the pipe from abrasion as well as from the action of any free lime that might be present in the masonrv of the basement wall. It is of utmost importance to many industrial plants that the water sup ply be constant and reliable to avoid delavs in production and spoilage of material. Service pipes which are subject to corrosion and stoppage are dangerous and expensive. The use of lead service pipe is the best insurance against such expense and inconveni ence since it is not subject to corro sion and scaling with their resultant clogging or stoppage. Although lead is. at present, under stringent conservation orders the Office of War Utilities has issued an administrative letter to water utilities informing them that while they are requested to keep their consumption of lead service pipe to an absolute minimum, thev will not be subject to prohibition of its use nor orders lim iting the quantities allowable. This action indicates a recognition of the necessitv of dependable water supply and the importance of using high quality durable material to maintain it. Connecting 2-in. class 100 lead water service pipe to high pressure main. Heavy Current For Electric Welding Furnished By Lead-Acid Storage Batteries NE of the most useful charac many types of work such as spot O teristics of the lead-acid stor welding, roll seam welding, butt weld age battery is its ability to deliivnegr and other types. Automatic great surges of current for short equipment can be driven by the same periods of time and receive its re batteries by air or other power. Por placement charge at low rates be table units are self propelled, oper tween power demands. This property ated by the batteries. is in constant use in many applica Operating costs of storage batten Heavy duty spot welding machine showing batters pouter supply in cabinet at left. Charging equip ment on top maintains batters charge with small steady current de mand. tions. the most common one, of course, being the starting of automo bile engines. A relatively new appli cation of this characteristic is in re sistance welding. It is now possible, by means of battery-operated welding equipment to do most tvpes of resis tance welding with a current demand of only a small fraction of that re quired by equipment connected di rectly to commercial power supplies. It is even possible to operate the equipment where no commercial elec tric power source is available bv means of gasoline or other power operated charging units. Since resistance welding, unlike arc welding, is an intermittent operation, it is ideally suited to storage batter) operation. The current discharged during the actual welding cycle can be replaced from the charging source between welds and during positioning of the welding equipment or material. The current demand on the power line is only that of the charging equip ment which is not only small but steady. Equipment is available to do 4-- -- powered welding equipment are low because the efficiency is high, the peak line demand is low and special power line installations and transformers are not required. Installation costs are low because the necessary charg ing equipment can be operated on an ordinary 3-phase current supply. An extensive line of such equipment is manufactured by the Progresshe Welder Co. of Detroit. Mich., who have developed many specialized ma chines as well as standard models. The lead-acid storage battery is su widely adaptable that its uses are continually increasing. In the air it serves airplanes, weather observa tions. and radio: underground it mines coal and metals: under water it drives submarines. It mav weigh tons or only a few ounces. It fires guns for the armed forces and lights the operating room for the surgeon. It is easy to care for and best of all it is dependable. Welding is just an other important job which the stor age battery has taken on in war which it will continue to do in peace. LI A256 38 The Town of Canaan In Northwest Connecticut HE town of Canaan in the ex Ttreme northwestern comer of the State of Connecticut was one of the No. 30 early settlements in that area. The land rights were sold at auction at dumps still remain as reminders of New London in 1738 and brought this activity. Samuel Forbes, iron high prices from prospective settlers. worker. operated a forge there in Canaan was a pre-revolutionary cen partnership with Ethan Allen before ter of the iron industry and slag that great patriot assumed his mili tary role. Articles of Agreement be tween Forbes and Allen are still ex tant. preserved in the town records. Canaan is again associated with a young metal industry as the result of the establishment of a magnesium producing plant in the vicinity. Canaan is a town of many fine houses, some of them very old. Most of them stand in spacious well kept grounds and the owners take pride in the excellent condition of their archi tectural landmarks. Pure white lead paint has been an important item in their maintenance programs and still serves admirably to protect them through the snows, rain and sunshine of Connecticut winters and summers. The Rornhach house, built about 782-5 h\ the grandfather o' the present owner. J. Clinton Rorabach. Both the house and a smaller building on the grounds. used b\ the owner as a law office, are painted with pure white lead paint. The "Yellow House" stands on ground that once was part of the Lawrence estate. Built about 1812, little of its history is oi rec ord. Recently re stored by its owner. its present pure white lead paint is tinted (he same soft yellow as the original coats. The Lawrence Tarern, built about 1761 by Isaac Lawrence, who carved the names of his entire family on a great flagstone front door IUSJIV HAKDENBFRG11 step. Its present owner, Mr. James Lyles, only last sum mer again repainted both house and sta bles with pure white lead paint. THI IS NO. 30 OF A SERIES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MANY AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE COUNTRY THAT ARE PRESERVED FOR THE FUTURE WITH PURE WHITE LEAD AND OIL PAINT. MANY OF THEM HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS. LIA25839 I Striking Demonstration of Superiority o! Pure White Lead Paint HE importance and effectiveness Tof good paint as a protection for frame structures against weather can in no wav be better demonstrated than hv the failure of a poor paint appli cation. A good paint will continue, for a long period of time, to seal the the wood against the penetration of moisture while it also maintains the good appearance of the building. A poor paint not onlv soon begins to look shabbv but develops thin spots and cracks which will admit moisture to warp and check, and eventually to rot. both structural members and trim. Only hv prompt action in repaint ing can serious damage be averted when signs of paint failure are dis covered. Such action has recently been taken by the Housing Authority of the City of Fayetteville, N. C., where the behavior of two different One oj the houses in the group primed with pure white lead paint. Insert shows excellent condition ot siding and trim. --6-- kinds of priming coats applied to different buildings of a housing proj ect elearlv showed the superioritv of white lead paint. The first buildings completed in this project which was built in 1941. were primed with white lead paint but certain changes in finish coat color requirements influenced the painting contractor to switch to a readv tinted mixed pigment paint for the rest of the job. The unfortunate results of this change are shown in the accompanying photographs which were taken in September. 1Q4-4. less than three years after the job was completed. The small single famih house is one of the original group that was primed with white lead paint. The four famih unit had onlv the mixed pigment paint. Both the shabby appearance and the begin nings of damage bv moisture pene tration as the result of paint failure are clearly shown in the pictures. Too rapid weathering has thinned the paint film over the entire surface but what is w orse, cracks in the paint film have admitted moisture which has forced the paint from the surface LIA25840 in large flakes or scales. In addition water has entered at joints in both siding and trim causing some warp ing and checking. Repainting of the entire project was begun shortly after these photosraphs were taken and the lesson on paint quality was not lost on the Housing Authority of the City of Fayetteville. The material used for the repainting was pure white lead exterior primer for the first coat and Federal Specification TT-P-40, Type II. a 95 percent white lead pigment ready mixed exterior paint for the finish coat. Prompt action in repainting will arrest the progress of weather dam age and the w ise choice of pure white lead paint materials will insure long life of the vital protection which paint provides for the wood construction. Electroplating With Lead Improves Airplane Engine Bearings surface running against the lead plate. Lead can be plated out of several different solutions, the most common now in use being the lead fluoborate and the lead sulfamate. The plating baths are easily prepared from con centrated solutions or salts which are readily available on the market. De position rates are high and smooth dense coatings can be built up to any reasonable thickness. The accom panying table shows the time required to deposit various thicknesses of lead plating at different current densities. Lead plating is sometimes applied over a copper flash but it can be sat- HE process of applying lead coat Tings to metallic objects by means of electroplating has been gaing rap Oz. lead idly in importance in recent years. per sq. ft. While the process is not new it has not been extensively applied in the Thickness in inches Cathode Current Density in Amp. per Sq. Ft. at lOO^ Cathode Efficienc y 10 15 25 ; 50 60 Time in hours and minutes (2:45 = 2! hours 45 minutes) past although it was used to some ex tent during World War I for coating the inside of gas shells to protect them from the corrosive action of the gas forming chemicals. Recent exam ination of shells so coated more than twenty years ago has shown them to be in excellent condition. Also some storage battery manufacturers have made a practice of lead plating inci dental hardware. These uses ot lead electroplating were to make use of leads higli corro 0.094 0.188 0.376 0.564 0.752 0.94 1.88 5.64 9.4 17.0 , i | .0001 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0008 .001 .002 .006 .01 .05 ; 4.14 8.28 16.56 24.84 i 33.12 41.40 2.76 5.52 11.04 16.56 22.08 27.60 1:23 4:08 6:54 34:30 55.20 2:46 1:36 23:00 1i 1.66 3.31 6.62 9.94 13.24 16.56 33.12 1:39 2:46 13:48 .83 1.66 3.31 4.06 6.62 8.28 16.56 19.68 1:23 6:54 0.69 1.38 2.76 4.14 5.52 6.90 13.80 41.40 1 :09 5 :45 the bearing. This softness also allow s extraneous material which might be in the oil to become imbedded in the lead without damaging the harder isfact orih applied directly to iron or steel. Anodes of pure chemical lead are u sed and the baths are not difficult to maintain in operating condition. sion resistance as a protection for the underlying metal. A number of re cent applications are for.similar pur Lead plated airplane engine parts. Tito at left anil one loiter right, plated all over. Others plaled only on inside diameter. poses including the experimental pro duction of lead plated sheet steel. Howexer. one of the most important recent applications of this process is to lead coat the surfaces of airplane engine bearings. Here again the lead serves as a corrosion protection against the partly oxidized hot engine oil but it also improves the bearing. Lead in itself is of a lubricating nature and the lead film on the sur face of the bearing provides marginal lubrication under starting conditions while the flow of oil is being estab lished by the operation of the engine. The lead film performs an additional function when the engine is first put into operation. It acts as a "run in" surface which because of its softness forms quickly to the running shape of PHOTO COVITESY WRJGHT AEtO N A L'T 1 CAL COR! LIA256A1 Actual Aerial Combat Practice Made Possible by Lead and Plastic Bullet Y engaging in actual aerial combat B in flying airplanes the gunners of the United States air forces are now being brought through the critical stage of their training where real guns and actual bullets take the place of the truly marvelous devices used to teach the principles of aerial gunnery. This has been made possible by the do ing of another of those things that couldn't be done, the development and perfection of a type of bullet that can be fired from real machine guns into a specially armored airplane which assumes the part of an attacking enemy flyer. This bullet is molded of a mixture of plastic material and powdered lead PHOTO BY U. S. AIM Y AIR FORCES Armored wing oj target plane showing marks of hits by lead plastic bullets. and it is heavy enough to have flight characteristics closely approximating those of the real metal jacketed bullet used in actual warfare. It is known as a frangible bullet and upon impact against a sufficiently resisting surface it shatters into a puff of black dust. Special duralumin armor and lami nated glass had to be developed for use on the attacking plane because these bullets will penetrate ordinart dural sheet and they would kill an un protected man as easily as would an ordinary bullet. tA In* articles and reprints contain information, dnwinfs and speciffcatioes on the use of lead products helpful to architects, enjineers and others in the construction industry. Th/ are available, free of charic. upon request to the Lead Industries Association. 420 Lexington Avenue. New York 17, N. Y. PROPERTY PROTECTION WITH WHITE LEAD PAINT A 28 page booklet on the protective value, durability and beauty of pure white lead paint with quantity estimating table*, formula* and mixing and tinting iostruction* for exterior and interior ue. LEAD CARRIES ITS. WEIGHT By Fred P. Peters An interesting resume of maoy of tbe long estab lished use* of lead plus information on a number of recently developed adaptation* of tbe properties of lead to *pecial purpose*. Reprinted from Scien tific American, Ju d c , 1944. Mi ME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS By Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior ChemUl, Forests Produets Laboratory, Madison, Wis. Reprinted from the National Real Estate Journal, Sept.. 1939. LEAD EQUIPMENT L5ED IN INDUSTRY By F. E. Wormser, Secretary of Lead In dustries Association A summary of the uses of lead in tbe production and handling of corrosive chemicals. Reprinted from "Metal Progress" to be included iD the next edition of American Society of Metals Handbook. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW.p.325 For Pipe, Bends and Traps, LEAD. Part S of Section IV of the Federal Standards Stock Catalog, official publication by tbe Govern ment Printing Office. LEAD X-RAY SHIELDING Graphic chart based on recommendations of the International Commission on X-Ray and Radium Protection giving thicknesses of lead for respective voltage* in millimetres, inches and pounds per square foot RED LEAD FOR STRICTL'RAL WORK By Dr. L. L. Carriek, Director, Red Lead Research, l^ead Industries Association A discussion of tbe rust iohibitive qualities of red lead paint and the be*t means of making use of those qualitie* for tbe protection of structoral metal. Reprinted from Engineering After Record. April 6. 1943 STAMFORD S DOI BLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of bard lead flashing, white lead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cedar Certigrade -bingle details and installation method*. Reprinted from the American Builder, July. 1939. STOP DEMON REST Leaflet giving concise. simple in-tructioru in the u*e >f the rust preventing qualitie* of Red Lead Paint in protecting farm machinery. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calkins Lead, CS94-11 Lead Pipe, CS95-41 Lead Traps and Benda, CS96-41 Official publications by the Government Printing Of flee of the above Commercial Standards as promul gated by the U. S. Department of Commerce through the National Bureau of Staodardv effective June 25. 1941. LEAD COATINGS ON STEEL By Harold A. Knight, News Editor, Matals and Alloys A thorough discussion of hot dip aad electroplated coatiogs on steel sheet, wire and fabricated prod ucts including the technique of application, thick ness of coatings, uses and advantage*. Reprinted from tbe November, 1944 iaene ef Metals and Allays. SUMMARY OF NOTES ON LEAD ROOFING A brief description of tbe nses of lead for roofing and flashing purposes and tbe proper practices of its application- Reprinted from Sheet Metal Worker. \ eu: type oi lead and plastic bul let which mat be tired at actual plane in flight. The frangible bullet? were devel oped by the Bakelite Corporation w orking in cooperation w ith research ers a! Duke University. The experi mental molding was done bv the Bakelite Corp. but production is now in the hands of a number of plastics molding concerns, some of w hich have aided the program by contributing manufacturing improvements which increased the number of bullets per pound of material used. Lead is used in these training bullets for the same reason that it is used in the regular bullets, to give them weight and carrying power. The com bination of lead with a plastic material to produce a heavy yet frangible sub stance is one of the many completely new developments resulting from war needs which are stimulating to the minds of designers in industry. Inves tigation of the various properties of the mixture may well disclose other uses to which this sort of material is adapted. I VON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, ANT} WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS 165 LIa ?5&4P PRINTED IN U. S. A XV PUBLISHERS PRINTING COMPAKV NEW YORK CITY