Document G5NDgmggNbyo9dN46myOX14J4

FILE NAME: DuPont (DUP) DATE: 1966 Aug DOC#: DUP162 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Journal Article - Occupational Hazards of Pipe Insulators m Occupational Hazards of Pipe Insulators WILLIAM T. KLANE, MS. AND MITCHELI. R. ZAVON. UD. CINCINNATI T h e D EA TH of a member of the Inter Review of Literature Concerning Glass national Association of Heat anti Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers, resulting from a Bacillus aulkracis infection, focused Fibers.--Glass fiber materials were first de veloped by Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corpo ration in 1932, and in 1938 this company attention on the potential occupational opened the first plant in the world for the hazards of this trade. An investigation of production of fibrous glass. the work which these men perform and the materials with which they come in contact was undertaken in order to determine the nature of the hazard, if any, of this trade. To initiate the study, all materials used by union members in the Cincinnati area were ' st reviewed and evaluated. These materials .re divided into five major categories (A to E) according to their chemical composi tion. Each of these will be dealt with indi vidually. An analysis of the job indicated that the handling of fibrous glass, magnesium carbon ate and calcium silicate materials contain ing asbestos fibers, adhesives, and cements occupies 80% to 90% of the average insulaior's working time. Accordingly, these ma terials were of particular interest and have been reviewed in detail within the frame work of the major category in which they reside. G lu t Insulating Materials Glass fibers are silicates and have the following general composition: Silicon dioxide (SiOi) Oxides of aluminum Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (M g) Boron 54-65% 1-15% 0-22% 0- 6% 0-10% Others additives : sodium (N a ), phosphorus ( P ) , iron (F e ), barium tB a), titanium (T il. A phenol formaldehyde resin is applied to the glass fibers to bond and hold them in boards, mats, or wool-like masses. The resin is bonded securely to the glass fiber by heating to temperatures ranging from 450 F to 530 F, In order to prevent its removal from the glass and vice versa. Thus, the resin is not an airborne hazard in itself. Glass fiber insulating materials have the following properties: they are incombustible and resistant to high temperatures (600 to 700 Q ; they are nonhygroscopic, imputresci ble, and do not deteriorate; they are stable, not attacked by oils, corrosive fumes and The term glass has traditionally b e linked, in the minds of men, with lacerations *nd other forms of physical injury. In ad dition to such physical insults, there is reason >o be concerned with the possible effects from the ingestion and inhalation of airborne Prtides of glass, since glass insulating ma terials are produced in forms that may give ns* to airborne fibers and flakes of glass. f / * * S * Ktocrnrc*riUiacvqtt iW*w iAHuQe S.BL, 'I&MmS :naitcycvr1xeCd ioNcouvm1a1ti. Ca" t* S la to n *. C k w *o *b a *. EJq i u d .B rKtbimri.irli^A v wLainbof.raGtornyr,ia nCaatlikst*i l lalt <1* Zns). adds (except hydrofiuric); they are not attacked by parasites, mites, termites, or rodents; they are resistant to traction, but are not elastic and have little resistance to friction and impact. Glass fibers commer cially, serve as thermal, electrical, and acoustical insulators. Under the influence of sufficient friction or impact, the insulating material shatters into small glass fibers of varying lengths with jagged ends. Some of these fibers are of sufficiently small size to remain air borne for appreciable periods of time, thus Arch Environ /r td to r m u . d t m a il DUP 1141904 172 0 C C V P A T 1 0 S A L H A ZA R D S--KE AS'E & Z A V O S Malignancy os the Cause of Death From Jan 1, 1939 to Jan l, J964 Imitur j. 4. i. 4. T. k Cum of Dth BroaeftioYotuc e&rr.aoms BroDefuofooieurewom* Careworn* of lun* MetaoiAUc camaoraa of brtu Oomrmiiiod emretaomaaosu Camoom*oi toosuo Camaemso<eoeeua Carcftaomitf ucsio4d Yeon in Trada 3 IT U 42 29 41 24 42 providing a possible source of particles for ingestion and inhalation. Glass fibers in various insulating materials will have the following average diameters: Insulating Material Diameter (a) Building insulation 7.11 Pipe insulation 10.7 Duct insulation 3.84 Acoustical products 13.21 The fibers listed above range from a p p ro x im a tely Sfi to 14u in diam eter, a n d u n d e r norm al conditions their m inim al lengths will range fro m 8 ^-1 2 ^ to 60n-90ii. M ost f r a c tured fibers do not reach these minimal lengths, and in num erous atm ospheric su r veys of fiberglass m anufacturing plants in areas involving the production and handling of various products m ade from finished glass fibers, only 6 % of all airb o rn e fibers w ere less than 20ji in length and only 40% w ere less th an IOOji in len g th .1 Airborne glass fibers are too large to enter the alveoli. Their tendency, unlike the fibers of asbestos, is to form felt-like masses on anv object with which they come in contact, and this probably aids in presenting their inhalation. Thus, it is the concensus of opinion of many investigators that airborne giass fibers present no lower respiratory hazard.1' As stated pres-iously. glass fibers are sili cates. but contain no free silica (SiO j) or free sodium silicate, thus do not give rise to silicosis. No harmful vapors or fumes can be given off, since no substances are present which might volatilize within the range of temperature recommended for service.5 There have been numerous investigations of plants and of employees engaged in pro ducing and handling glass fibers. The majority of investigators agree that glass fibers give rise to a moderate amount o: irritation to the upper respiratory system, but have no adverse effects on the loner respiratory system.J-nl= One of the most recent and thorough studies took place m 1963 at the world's oldest production plant for giass fibers, located in Newark. Ohio, in which active commercial production began in 1938. In 1963 this plant produced 250,000,000 pounds of glass fibers and em ployed 1,352 men and 113 women with more than ten years of company service. Clinicai surveillance of these workmen throughout the period in which the manufacturing proc esses have been in operation, in conjunction with the examination of serial x-ray films of these workmen, have failed to reveal the existence of any form of-respiratory disease which can be related to glass fibers.1 It appears from the data thus far as sembled that the airborne spicules of glass fiber to which insulators would be exposes in their work present no pulmonic hazarc. A workman s initial otposure to glass fibers gives rise to a temporary cutaneous ir ritation and pruritus, but does not induce sensitivitv. Punctiform erythema appears promptly after contact with glass fibers, and usually disappears after the workmen dis continue such exposure. Occasionally the erythema persists after the itching has ceased, and may not disappear completely until several days later.1 Many experiments with animal and human subjects have re vealed that these microtraumadsms are due to mechanical irritation and are very super ficial, localized strictly in the comeal layer of the skin.-*-1*"1* In biopsies taken from irritated sites, examinatio n s, with both in candescent and polarized light have no: enabled the investigators to locate giasspicules or foreign body reactions in tht epidermis or dermis.1*The pruritus increase: with perspiring and rubbing. Pruritus ap pears primarily on wrists, anldes, neck, anc at other areas where clothing fits closely tc the body and enables the little giass fibers : accumulate. They penetrate the fabric o clothing and irritate the skin causing slight!painful stimuli which are interpreted as a: itching sensation. Further cxperimentatioi has revealed that the severity of this super Arch Emiron Health-- Vol 13. Ang 19h6 OCCUPATIONAL H AZA R D S--KEANE r ZAVO N 173 ficial cutaneous reaction varies directly with the size (diameter) of the glass fibers being handled. This finding has been confirmed in all interviews conducted with insulators on plant visits.1* T he reactions of workmen to glass fibers are highly variable; the degree of reaction may vary from day to day with changes in tenperature, humidity, type of clothing worn, and other preexisting ab normalities of the skin.10-1* Apparently, insulators may undergo super ficial. transitory cutaneous irritation and pru ritus, but do not develop a true dermatitis. ' One additional testimony to the benign composition of glass fibers is the iarge num ber of medical and related uses of the material in intimate contact with both normal and severely damaged tissue. Glass fiber materials are used as bandages, skin graft material, wound dressings, tracer threads for surgical sponges, prosthetic appliances, blood plasma fibers, extra-pieural packing. Amencan Medical Association approved glass fiber filled pillows, and in dental work.120-54 j \ m of the Toxicity of Glass Flakes.-- The second type of airborne, particulate glass, is that Which occurs in the form of flakes and arises from the handling of an insulating material known as foam glass. These flakes may be ingested, inhaled, and deposited on the skin and in the external ocular space. An experiment with animals was conducted to determine the effect of glass flakes, less than 50/t in size, on any organ with which they might come m con tact by one of the above mentioned means.10 It was found that these flakes were removed effectively from the eye by blinking and did not give rise to corneal injury. After the animals had ingested a diet contaming 50% (by weight) of glass flakes, all of their organs were examined grossly and micro scopically. No abnormalities were observed. There was no evidence of trauma, ulceration, or degeneration of the gastrointestinal mu cous membrane. Both intratracheal injection be respirable. However, the above experi mental evidence is cited for completeness and to account for any unforseen situation in which particles of such small dimensions may be generated. It seems evident that glass insulating ma terials present no major health hazard to the members of the insulating trades in the normal performance of their occupation. Asbestos-Containing Materials History and Properties of Asbestos.--The second major category of insulating ma terials is the group containing asbestos. As bestos is one of the oldest insulating materials in the world. Geologically, asbestos is a term applied to a number of different minerals of which the characteristic feature is a structure composed of long, parallel, flexible fibers. This structure is unique, because the fibers are capable of repeated longitudinal subdivision into units of molec ular proportions. The name asbestos em braces some 30 minerals of fibrous crystalline structure, all resembling each other. These similar minerals are divided into two major groups; the amphibole group, containing the commercially important actinoiite, amosite, amphibole, anthophyllite, crocidolite and tremolite, and the serpentine group, containing chrysolite.2*"2* Chemically, asbestos is a magnesium sili cate. The average composition is a combina tion of magnesium oxide (M gO ), silicon dioxide (SiO j), ferrous oxide (FeO), aluminum oxide ( AljO), and water ( H jO ). The bulk of the asbestos of commerce is chrysotile ( 3MgO - 2SiOi) -2 H -0 ), which is mined in Quebec. Canada. Other major sources are South America, Russia, and Rhodesia. Asbestos is incombustible, separates into filaments of fibers, possesses unusual flexi bility and high tensile strength, is resistant to heat, moisture, and to the corrosive action of adds.2*-*0 and inhalation of flakes gave rise to a cellular reanion in the alveoli which was no more severe than that of finely divided 1 i which was being used as a control. .sot all glass flakes encountered by insula tors will have such small dimensions -as to In 1880, the annual world production of asbestos was only 500 tons, in 1942 it was 500,000 tons, in 1951 it was 1,300,000 tons, and by 1962 it had risen to 2.400,000 tons.2311 This tremendous increase in production has resulted from an equally large increase Arch Htm M -- rm i 13, A u g 1966 OCCUPATIONAL H A Z A R D S-K E A N E & ZA V O S in the variety of uses and the distribution of the material. Rain*: of the Literature Concemxna As- but not by fibers less than 20/i in length.1* " These fans are accepted by the majority of investigators, although they arc contrary to bestos.--The first report ot a death resulting all other concepts of pathogenicity of other from the inhalation of asbestos was recorded airborne solid parades, in that here the in 1900." In the next quarter century, many larger fibers produce the pulmonary damage. investigations have been performed and have To the extent that there is disagreement, definitely linked prolonged exposure to as only further experimentation will resolve the bestos to the development of asbestosis, a question.44 The flexible filamentous struc diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. The risk varies ture is believed to be an essential factor pro directly with the duration of the exposure ducing the irritating action. All other and is unaffected by the age of the worker. filamentous particulates (glass fibers) are Following continued exposure to high con solid and inflexible and do not produce centrations of airborne asbestos, the disease fibrosis.1* Once asbestosis was verified as a may develop fully in seven to nine years, specific disease entity, surveys of the as and may cause death after about 13 years. bestos textile industry were performed to Pulmonary fibrosis, as it occurs in asbestos determine tolerable limits of atmospheric workers, differs considerably from that contamination.11-43-4* Here clear-cut cases of which occurs in workers exposed to free asbestosis were found in association with crystalline silica dust; it differs radiologically prolonged exposure to concentrations in ex and also on postmortem examination of the cess of 5,000.000 particles per cubic foot affected lungs.1*-3*-*4 Exposure to asbestos (mppcf), but none were found in situations does not give rise to systemic poisoning, involving prevalent lower levels of contami biochemical abnormalities, or allergic reac nation. Thus, the level of S mppcf has been tions such as asthma and skin rashes.1* One recommended as tolerable without qualifica of its results is a curious clinically observ tions as to the length of asbestos fibers able particle in the pulmonary tissue, and in dispersed in the air.11-1* the sputum, called the "asbestos body." This body was first observed In the sputum in 1906, and later directly linked with exposure to asbestos.35 Asbestos bodies mav be found in the lung, pleura, lymph nodes, and spleen at necropsy.3* The)- are variable in size, color, and form and have been produced ex During the last quarter century much epidemioiogical evidence has been accumu lated to link exposure to asbestos with carci noma of the lung.35-31-41-41*** The reality of a relationship between carcinoma of the lung and such exposure was recognized formally at the international Symposium on the perimentally in animals.3"3* The finding of Endemioiogy of Lung Cancer (Council of asbestos bodies in the sputum is only indica the International Organizations of Medical tive of the fact that previous inhalation of Sciences. 1933). More recently additions, asbestos has occurred, and although they are surveys have been conducted to reveal any usually more numerous during current ex relationship which might exist between ex posure, they may be found for years after posure to asbestos and the occurrence of the cessation of such exposure. Conversely, mesothelioma (a primary malignant tumor even in advanced asbestosis of long dura arising from serous surfaces). The results tion, they may not be found at all or only of these surveys will appear later in this in sparse numbers.313-'3'iu--*' article. Animals have been subjected to the in Many surveys have been carried out in an halation of air bearing dispersions of as attempt to determine the incidence of lung bestos and have developed pulmonary lesions cancer in relation to asbestosis.3*-4*-53 The similar to those observed at autopsy in men most reliable evidence indicates that from suffering from asbestosis.151*-43-43 March 1924, until December 1955, the in The initial pathological change, peribron cidence of lung cancer in human asbestosis chiolar fibrosis, was found to be produced was 173%.51 primarily by fibers 2Dn to 50ji in length. Even with the wealth of information that Arch Environ Health---Vo! 13, Aug 1966 O C C U P A TIO N A L H A Z s R D S-- K E A X E & Z A V O X 175 ,.as accumulated, a few investigators still distinguishable from either typical silicosis question the association of between the in or typicai asbestosis. appearing to be inter halation of asbestos and lung cancer.i:"al mediate between the two. It is impossible to It has been mentioned previously that the explain :he underlying iung lesion, but it may term asbestos encompasses some 50 fibrous reflect a modification of lhe asbestos fibrosia minerals, of which only seven have industrial affected by the introduction of a preponder importance. It is probable that the physical ance of a more readily soluble dust.54 character of each fibrous form imparts to it The dust of the product containing a fibrogenic and carcinogenic ability which hydrous calcium silicate has been examined vanes slightly from ail other asbestos in extensive experimentation with animals." minerals. There is extensive experimenta The terminal syndrome observed of peri tion in this area, but at the present time, bronchiolar fibrosis, atelectasis, and adeno however, no legal or conclusive toxicological matoid change was of the same kind as that differentiation is made between these seven which has been produced repeatedly in ani industrial forms of asbestos and each is con mal expei intents by means of inhaled, par sidered to be capable of producing asbestosis ticulate asbestos alone. -and carcinoma. Thus, in both the magnesia and calcium Ten to 15 years ago, asbestos board and silicate insulating materials, the 10% to 15% cloth made wholly of asbestos were the best of asbestos has been indicated as the agent and most frequently used insulating mate giving the dust its dangerous property of rials. Thus, the average pipe insulator was inducing fibrosis. Since about 40% of an exposed regularly to asbestos and must have insulator s normal work week is involved in been at considerable risk of developing as handling these insulating materials contain bestosis. If some of the older members of ing low concentrations of asbestos, the health s union now suffer from this disease, they hazard of inducing fibrosis associated with -st have developed it years ago, for at exposure to such levels of concentration over this time (circa 1965), only one of the four prolonged periods of time becomes of critical insulation contracting firms that employ importance. union met in this area (Cincinnati), regu Definition of Mesothelioma and Its Rela larly stock asbestos insulation in their ware tion to Insulators.--Within the last ten house, and this is utilized only rarely when years a disease entity, mesothelioma pre specified. Today, local insulators are rarely, ceded by basal asbestosis, has been described if ever, subjected to respiratory exposure to and linked to a modest degree of respiratory concentrations which approach the generally exposure to asbestos. accepted tolerable limits. Experimental Work With Magnesia and A mesothelioma is a primary malignant tu mor arising from serous surfaces such as the Calcium Silicate.--Insulators are exposed to pleura, peritoneum, or pericardium.4*-*1 asbestos, but in very small amounts and in an There are two kinds of pulmonary meso indirect manner.*1 Two new insulating thelioma: H ) a primary form localized in products developed in the last 10 to 15 years one part of the pleura, and (2) a form dif utilize .10% to 15% of asbestos, by weight, fuse in nature, involving the entire pleura in combination with either magnesium car and usually ensheathing the entire lung in bonate or hydrous calcium silicate. Thus, tumor tissue.** insulators are exposed to asbestos only when Embryoiogical investigations, tissue cul they cut and install new insulation, or re tures, and autopsy reports indicate that there move obsolete insulation of either these two are gradations between the two forms. The compositions. diffuse tumor has been demonstrated to The dust of the product containing mag spread by: (1) growth over surfaces. (2) nesium carbonate, known as magnesia in the erosion into tissues and organs, (3) ex ilating trades, is considered to be dan- tension via lymphatics, (4) via vascular uus. It is reported to have caused metastasis to distant sites, and (5) by vari pulmonary fibrosis which is radiologically ous combinations of any or all of these .. Arek Emirou hitalih --Vot 13. Aug 1966 I. \ r' DUP 11'l l 9 0 8 176 OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS--KEANE & ZAVO S methods." Both right and left pleurae are atfeneci with eouai frequency, ana the tu mor is twice as common in males as in fe males. The highest incidence occurs between 40 and 60 years of age. Diagnosis can be foam product, this presents no health bazar", in their occupation. Since this foam materia, need never be exposed to excessive amounts of heat during iti handling, the slightly toxic pyrolysis products are usually unimportant. confirmed in most cases by cstoiogic ex amination of the abundant hemorrhagic pleurai fluid which is usually present.** Polystyrene.--The other plastic used in this field, at present, is polystyrene. Poly styrene is formed from styrene which is a Many epidemiological surveys link ex posure to asbestos with the formation of mesotheliomas.,5,4**T** At present, no cor relation is known to exist between the severity of pulmonary asbestosts and the frequency of occurrence of these tumors. In numerous cases the exposure to asbestos dust appears to be minimal or intermittent, and the only histologic evidence of such ex posure is the presence of a few asbestos bodies and fibers in the lungs.*5,70 In pa tients with peritoneal tumors, the pulmo nary changes due to asbestos are below average in severity (disability has commcnly been assessed at 10% to 30% by British standards). The shorter life span of the severely affected workman is thought to be the reason the syndrome is not more com mon. A cause of confusion is the frequent diagnosis of some other form of neoplasm such as carcinoma of the stomach, ovary, pancreas, and tonsil, as well as the unclassi fied cases of carcinoma involving the peri toneum.71 The handling of magnesium carbonate and calcium silicate insulating materials contain ing 10% to 15% asbestos fibers, by weight, may present a potential for the production of mesothelioma. If additional epidemiological investigations support the evidence available at this time, ail insulators may have to be protected in an appropriate manner while at work. Plastic Insulating Materials colorless, odorless liquid. Upon heating, under carefully controlled conditions, it polymerises and changes to the solid poly mer, polystyrene. It-4* probable that, in this change, several hundreds or even thousands of molecules of the original liquid styrene coalesce to form one molecule of the newsolid polystyrene. Polystyrene comes on the market as a snow-white powder which then can be molded by compression to any de sired form.7* " Polystyrene in the moldec form presents no hazard to health from it; ingestion or contact with the skin, has nc taste or odor, and is considered to be inert and nontoxic.77" -** When heated, the fumes from polystyrene are not significantly toxic, but may be disagreeable and for that reason should be controlled. Polystyrene has been approved by the Food and Drug Administra tion for use, commercially, in contact with food, and would appear to present no health hazard to insulators as they encounter this substance in the normal performance of their trade. Cements and Adhesives An insulator is in constant contact with cements, pastes, and adhesives since one of these materials is used regardless of the type of insulation being installed. The Toxic Properties o f Portland Cement - Asbestos Cement, and Wheat Parte --Port land cement is composed of day. lime, anc silica in varying proportions. The silica i; present as dicaldum and tricalcium silicate Polyurethane.--The polyurethane? are a relatively new class of polymers. Like most synthetic polymers, the finished cured prod ucts or macromolecules based on poly isocyanates have proved to be physiologically inert.:*-77 Properly cured polyurethane foam plastics do not irritate the human skin.7* As local insulators only handle the finished, cured. Extensive clinical surveys of industria workers subjected to respiratory exposure to finely divided Portland cement in higconcentmtinns have shown that the effec of the inhaled dust of that material on the lungs is insignificant." Cement can act as ; skin irritant by mechanical irritation of th. silicates it contains and also by virtue of th. lime it contains, which is highly alkaline an. Arch Environ Health-- Vol IS, Aug 1966 DUP I M l 9 0 9 OCCCPA TIC S'A L H AZA R D S--K EAXE & ZAVO N 177 hygroscopic. When cement with little moisture comes in contact with the skin, it Of the solvents determined, toluene is the absorbs moisture from it, and after some most toxic. Commercial toluene mav contain time causes the skin to become dry, hard, appreciable quantities of benzene.' and so and thickened. Such skin may c-ack and re must be regarded with caution unless it is I sult in fissures and indolent u.cers. Some Known to be of high purity. Pure toluene cases of dermatitis produced by contact with :s. comP|eieiy eliminated from the body cement were reported as possibly being due within 24 hours, and has no known irreversi to the development nf an allergic hvpersensi- ble or chronic effects within the bodv. Ex tivity to the hexavalent chromium contained posure to low concentrations of toluene I within the cement." Asbestos cement is causes fatigue, dizziness, and headache. E x composed of a Portland cement along with posure to sufficient concentrations exerts a a small amount of asbestos fibers. This mate strong narcotic action ( sleep-producing), but rial is always mixed in small quantities with no chronic blood dyscrasias such as those in water, and therefore, it is being handled, as a duced by benzene are produced.*7-" The rule, in a wet. dustiess form. The oniy possi generally accepted tolerable concentration of bility of producing a dusty atmosphere is in toluene is 200 pans per million (ppm). the pouring of the dry cement anc during its Ethanol is one of the least hazardous of mixing with water. During this brief period the organic solvents. Inhalation of low con of lime very few asbestos fibers are dis centrations of ethanol presents no health persed in the atmosphere. Asbestos cement hazard, but it is capable of yielding an sliould have no adverse effects on the health anesthetic effect when inhaled in high con of those working with it. Wheat paste centrations. Tlie odor of ethanol is detea- cement is composed of ground wheat, which able at 2 ppm and only slight eye irritation when mixed with water acquires an adhesive results from exposure to concentrations uality. This material is inert and has no barely in excess of 1.000 parts per million m cnown toxic effect. the air.*7-** Revicx of the Health Hazaras Associated For the purposes of this survey, normal l+'i/A the i s c of Adhesives.--In order to Hexane is the most important of these sol I agapthoeternutisaelflyul hianzfaorrdmoautsiosnu,basntadncseti,iithneotnoummit vents since it is contained in the oniy ad ber of adhesives analyzed was limited. A hesive which meets the specifications of the list was compiled of all the adhesives which new local building ordinance which went are used most frequently. Of these ad into effect on Oct 1. 1964. No systemic hesives those selected for analysis have been poisoning is associated with exposure to alleged or reported reliably to have caused normal hexane under ordinary conditions, l illness, irritation of the skin, or other ad- and it is rapidly eliminated from the body. verw effects. An additional adhesive was Exposure to low concentrations of normal added as the oniy adhesive which is capable, hexane may cause a moderate degree of at present, of meeting the requirements of irritation to eyes, nose, and throat. Head he new local building ordinance. ache, nausea, and narcosis may be induced t The only health hazard related to the use by the inhalation of air containing 1,500 ppm adhesives appears to be that associated for sufficient periods of time.*7-" 7th the organic solvents which they contain. Since the solvents evaporate rapidly upon Posune to air it appeared that the majority lhem h,ve ,0'v boiling points. For this r*on, a cold finger apparatus was utilized, 11 ' ,en'T'erature of 100 C. to extract the " vents from the adhesives. These solvents ** then analyzed by gas chromatography determine their exact composition. Thus, on rare instances when insulators are exposed to these solvents in unusually high concentrations, they may develop symp toms of irritation, but after leaving the area they will recover rapidly without sustaining any permanent physical injury. Therefore, the handling of these particular adhesives ap pears to present no. serious health hazards to members of the insulating trades. Arch E*nron Health--Vo! IS, Aug 1966 DUP J 1 4 1 9 1 0 OCCUPATIONAL H A ZA R D S-K E A N E & ZA V Q S Miscellaneous Insulating Materials The fifth and last major category of in sulating materials to be considered "is com posed of all materials which did nc: fit m previous categories. Hair felt, cork, and foam glass wiil be considered. Telt Insulation.--This survey was originally prompted by the death of one local insulator from anthrax. The goat hair fdt he had been handling was contaminated . with the spores of B anthracis. It appears when stored in finely divided form. Insu lators are not exposed to an environment w-hich is likely to be dusty enough to produce an explosion. Recent articles by Can cella w'*3 indicate that cork dust may cause a pneumoconiosis known as Suberosis. The data presented by Cancella appear to show that there is a chronic bronchitis produced, rather than a chronic, debilitating disease of the lung. In any event, the infrequent handling of cork by insulators dispels the that he contracted the disease through con tact of this product with his skin, becoming thereby the first known victim in the United likelihood of the occurrence among them of this questionable disease. The Toxicity of Foam Glass Insulation as States, of this disease, acquired in this man an Absorbent of Sulfur Dioxide.-- The in ner. This is a strange event since goat hair herent toxicity of foam glass was explored felt has been handled for decades by in in the first, major category of glass in sulators. The spores of B anthracis are not sulating materials. In addition to these con exceedingly virulent, but are very resistant siderations, the toxicity of 'sulfur dioxide to unfavorable environmental influences. must be examined in connection with foam They will withstand dry heat and most chem glass, which is a porous material, for during ical disinfectants for moderate periods of its manufacture sulfur dioxide is produced time and persist for years in dry earth.*0'1 and is captured in the pores. When the in After the goat hair felt was identified as the sulators manually cut foam glass to conform contaminated material, it was traced to a to the desired shape, the pores are fractured distributor who had received the raw mate and sulfur dioxide escapes and contaminates rial from Africa. Further investigation re the working atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide is vealed that both the goats from which the an irritating gas, which exerts its primary hair had been obtained and the soil of the effects on the respiratory system. The odor goat farms were contaminated with spores of sulfur dioxide in the concentration oi of B anthracis. Goat hair felt is still used in 0.3 ppm is easily detected by the average other areas of the United States, but is no . individual, and that of 20 ppm is the least longer handled by any of the four insulating that is irritating to the eyes.**-00 It appears contractors in this area; a cattle hair felt has that the small amount of sulfur dioxide en been substituted. Cattle hair felt has been capsulated in foam glass is incapable of con known to be contaminated with anthrax taminating the working environment to a spores. However, animal products contami significant degree. Therefore, this is largely nated with anthrax spores can be steriiiaed a potential hazard which will rarely, if ever,. by autoclaving,0 and cattle hair felt now become an actual hazard. \- locally utilized is processed according to This fifth and final major category has government specifications which include contained a variety of materials, but none of sterilization and washing" The insulators, therefore, incur no risk of contracting snthrax or other infectious diseases in handling such materials when so processed. Cork Insulation -- Cork, which is handled infrequently by insulators, is derived from the cork oak, Quercus Tuber L.***4 Cork dust is considered to be nontoxic, but it may constitute a nuisance.** The real danger, in dustrially, is that of explosion of this product these has appeared to present a hazard to the health of members of the insulating trade. Next a literature review was r.iade to find all prior papers in which the health hazards of insulators had been examined! Only four such paper were found : Sicbert, IV. }.--This author was only con cerned with the effect of fiberglass insula tions on the health oi the members of the International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers of the St. Arch Environ Health--Voi 13, Aug 1966 DUP 1M 1911 -ouis area.*' Through a complete survey of the medical literature and from clintcal examinations, radiological examinations, skin tests, and life insurance rates of the em ployees of the Owens-Corning Fiberglas plant in Newark, Ohio, the writer concluded that fiberglass, as it was handled by the in sulators, offered no occupational hazard F isch er, W J E .-A n additional surveyconducted by Fleischer et ai,** in 1946, at tempted to determine whether the risk of developing asbestosis existed among insu lators employed in the construction and re pair of naval vessels. Of the 1,074 insulators examined, only three cases of asbestosis were revealed, and the invjgators concluded that because of the great variety of insulating men m the New York and New Jersey areas, with .0 or more years work of experience m the trade, revealed that the incidence of all types_ ot neoplasia among those men was significantly higher than that in the normal population over the same period of time. Specifically, 17.6% of these men had died of arcinoma ot the lung and pleura, and 11.4% had died of cancer of the stomach, colon, or rectum. These men had incurred only inermment exposure to materials containing ratted amounts (often 2% to 20%) of asbestos, under working conditions that had varied from very dusty, as in extracting old insulation m closed quarters, to only slightly dustyas in building construction in the ooen materials handled and the inconsistency of exposure to asbestos, the risk of developing asbestosis was negligible Afarr, W .T .--M arr reviewed the work described above and compared these results , those of hts survey of insulators em ployed m the construction and repair of ?nT' , h he r' SUiU U` th'S Survey' in addition to the mrormation on mesothelioma pre sented m the second major category, efinitelv justifies concern as to the safety ot the men employed in this trade. ' In view of Selikoff's results a similar urvey was made of the death records of -~val vessels. Approximately 8% of the inj o r s in M arr's survey have developed asbestosis, and since a minimum of seven ter^natitoonrasi. 7-AssowcieartieonmoOfTbHeersat oafnd FroInstInsulators and Asbestos Workers m the y o rs is required for the development of m annatiarea. A list was compiled of all bestosis, M a tr regarded Fleischer's survey the members m the Gncmnat, area who M as fallacious, since in Fleischer's survey only 54 of the group of 1,074 insulators had worked at the trade for more than ten years X T f `he 25 years between Jan 1 2939 and Jan I, 1 9 6 4 . This p ^ l a r span was chosen because the insulating trade and only three had sustained 20 or more but by'T S d"nnf thC dePress*n, years of experience. Thus, an adequate op t Dy 1939, the union roils were made up portunity had not existed for the appearance iy o WI,b considerable work ex- of asbestosis among these men. In Marr's survey, many employees had incurred ex posure to asbestos for more than 20 years m Z 'L t pre''ious rarveyS had sug gested that neoplasia associated with asbestos e x ^ u r e seldom occurred until 20 y ^ , ^ t h the results indicated above. Man- con " Cgpt;n f to asbestos, n e d that this was a dangerous trade, and reeords of men with such occupa u at respirators should be worn by insulators tional histones were of special interest when they were handling dry insulation conming asbestos. / J --A final w r . conducted by SeJikoff et al.~ i,, 1964, had as its ob jective the establishing of the extent, if any J * 7t f "*147menWh0were,isted" "I9S39r, i * " mw^ereGsntiCllmancatitvl ealryeaengagJe-d T " Jan l ' 2964. two men S d m d p,,e ln I960 and one in 1962) and uf the relationship between exposure to atbestos and the occurrence of neoplasia tad w . th, ,, d " n `" d m " Jiving, ,,, d M ^ nong the members of the International ^ ~ i io n of Heat and Frost Insulators ' L sbest Workers. This survey of the died during the 2o year period under con sideration. The death records of these in dividuals were obtained and class,fiH <*th records, for the past 20 years of 235 aea*"' Malignant neoplasm* had been A n k Enure* Health--V0l IS, Aug 966 DUP ISO OCCUPATION'AL H A Z A R D S -K E A H E Sr Z A V O S 'i'l. -flWili-'pfciWf i'ihr' the cause of the deaths of eight men, seven of whom had been employed in the insulating trade for more than 20 years.l0"' 3. Cirla. P.: Occupational Diseases From Ex- i f posure to Glass Fibers. Med Lavoro 39:132-13", ^ 1958. - 4. Hazard. W.G : Transcript of Remarks on Malignant neoplasms thus accounted for Health Aspects of Fibergias Materials. Proceed- <- 24.2% of all deaths during this 25 year ings of the Rhode Island Industrial Health Insti period. Specifically. 9.1% had died of carci tute. Providence, 1943. noma of the lung and 6.1% had died of can ' He5a. ltOhweAnssp-eCcotsrniontg FibeFrigblearsglaMs ateriCalosr,poTroatleiodno:. cer of the caecum or sigmoid. Ohio, 1943. These percentages appear to be extremely 6. Scheper, G.W.H.: The Biological Action of high and superficially would suggest a causal Glass Wool, Arch Industr Health 12.230-287, relationship, but caution must be observed in interpreting this datum since both the popu lation and sample sizes concerned are very small. This and other statistical considera 1955. 7. Schepers, G .W .H .: Pulmonary Histologic Reactions to Inhaled Fiberglas-Plastic Dust. Amer J Path 35:1169-1187, 1959. 8. Scheper, G .W .H .: The Pulmonary Roction - tions prevent these percentages from being to Sheet Fiberglass-Plastic Dust. Amer industr ' satisticallv significant. The mortality data so reported are not in tended to provide proof of the association between an occupation and the occurrence H yg Assoc 1 20:73-81, 1959. " 9. Schepers, G .W .H .: Reaction of Monkey Lung to Siliceous Dusts, Arch Environ-Hcaith 5:278- - 289. 1961. ,, 10. Gross. P.: Westrick, M .L.; and McN'emey. of neoplasia, but they represent an attempt, J.M .: Glass D ust: A Study of Its Biologic Effects. with the limited data available, to reveal any existing trend along these lines. Arch Industr Health 21:10-28. 1960. 11. Roche. L .: The Pulmonary Hazards m the Glass Fiber Industry. Arch Mai P ro f 7:27-28, Summary In this survey the attempt has been made to investigate all of the substances with which insulators come in contact in the nor mal pursuit of their trade. In the present state of technology, and in light of existing medical and toxicological data, the majority of the substances ex amined proved incapable of presenting a serious health hazard to insulators. The only insulating substance which justi fies concern is asbestos. This report and other available scientific data at the present time are insufficient to provide an adequately based conclusion. The most convincing data are those of Selikoff. 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Conference on Biological Effects of As bestos. The New York Academy of Sciences Section of Biological and ilejiical Sciences. Oct 1964, to be published. CROWDING ANIMALS a small island of about 150 acre, ^ ' " T " flav abou' lar* rears ago. This ,, that the colony grew until it reTched^ began to die o f f T i d ^ d ` * dT T r ^ we" iupplied wi,h ioaL h *** kund *bU' " f deer * * iCTt' * 1 <he ammals annnals l^ n e d lh ^e a"d " re ATM ' * * ^ad been m operation. Studies have been made f 'jTM*"" .that ,he *dren*` " ress syndrome had It wa, found that in some soeeitTnf ^ - ! thf <Towdln of animals in the Philadelphia Zoo under conditions of severe crow-din. stress. John Christian of the S m i relation to crowding of mice In hH *** a ,en' <old '"ease in atherosderosis 0th" 5yrnptom` dracterist,c of ^ R a a rc h ,In" ,tu'* m4 population studies in " " * U m a i 01 HammotogJ entitled "The ` " r i m T ^ t h o i i for t h T d ^ f T ! ! ! ! ? " mammal`'" wrore " P * : " * have 'r Z T Z u Z Z T z t o * c* : J xUar a 01 * ^ Plus the late - in . rt.,,7. ~ , " **** inherent m a high population. especially in waiter, P ^ ^ d ^ , ^ t UCt,Ve ,Tm a: * ? * factors. m riuons.'-H o^U nd. H " `T * in*ufficienc'r *" * miycem.a Papulation P r o b u l, " - . C^ ' ' i 0< PoPiano0 Control." in Human F ertSty and A m and grim rii R Q r , i'***, th*- ^CTIUIUf , Pon*or*d by the American A n b e iv of 1963, p 8. ' I**4-)- Cambridge, blast: Schcnkman Publishing Go, I,ic.. Arch Environ Health-- Vot 13, Aug 1966 OUP 1 M 1917