Document ExmYXJQnjNGaVZ3kgLM6Rzzrg

* 1ST 17. 19a MATURE. VOL. 219. AUGUST 17. 1908 725 , for example, *ix ribosomes ly nuclootideg/ or; different, icr systems*-', l tat 16-00 por cent gradients can bo oompuroil with ; ,|* narrow band of polyaomoa with' P-galocUmidase 1 irtivity on 15-30 por cent gradionts from E. cali homo- pnates1*- The broad hypro-labolled polysome profile from . fibroblasts seems inconsistent with a polysomo with a over inferring specific number of ribosonica, and a definite length of to number of iaRKA, making a Bpocifio protein. It sooms more likoly :s ijiitheau. I sgAin tliat it indicates aggregation botwoen polysomes. sponges under ; Tlio conclusion must bo that it is impossiblo to infor surrounding were removal e in a nnlrirm on a sooty*.' 'selves. " V.;. ;, ;l ril'omu'U'io*. : ion. Labolled / ibs size of the protein moloculo being made from the * .'cdi'iuv at proeont available about polyriboaoraal aggro- gsv* involved in collagen biosynthesis. I iliank I>r J. Kngel, Dr G. Stainaby and Mr R. E. Yaruuml for diacuomona. This work was supported by . i ho Hoyul Society, tho Science Kosoarch Council and the . International Wool Secretariat. d tin estimated t to bd nascent ' P. T. Snuxiujr cs which were 8. arch for poly. * Department of Textile Industries, ; University of Leeds. . :o. They dis- InelredKsr 14; rTl*d Jty 17,1848. iroline in the ! IWi'm m CoOtetn, 1 (edit, by Ksmadumdraa, 0. B.) (Aasdemle Fiw, (ty for 106 min. i London sad new York, 1847). t to treatment I . 1 rum. J. D., Yglmlar Bioioft tf Ue One, 132 (Beajsmln, Hnr York, IMS). 'nsing conceit- { Mortis. K. O., end Alma, B. 14., J. Biol. Cktm.. EM. 1*71 (1M1). lycholato. Tito 1 `SUrMln. T,, Wettstoln, T. O.. Ours, H., end Boll. H., Not*rt. Ml. M4 collngon. In . 11804). ti protein wen. . dcoxycliolotu r cent, mid it Werner, J. 11., Ulch, A., end Hull. C. K., .Science, 111, 1*88 0002). ' Latham, 11., end Darnell, J. K.. J. Hot. Biol., 14,1 (1000). ' /ininmnnenn, It. A., end Lovlnthel, C., J, MoL Biol., *0, *48 (1837). Melt. It. A., end Hprnkmen, 1'. T,, /AJe Science. S. HI (1844). ttnehod to eaclt `Meaner,(1.. KmMnwr. !L II.. Gould. B. 8., end Rich. A., Bieetim. Bitptme. rnturo of them ,vo shown that denatured col I Acte, 1*4,411 (1847). " Beter. 0., end Kneel, i- Biodumitlrt, 4,1744 (1840). I nJ'wnAndei-lIadltd. T.. J. Cell. DM.. **. *7 (1847). de Dave, C., Berthet, i,, end Beufay, H., Pntnm m Bitpkpt. sad on chains from - Biepkyt. Cktm., . *20 (1808). aggregation of i ' OoMber*. B-, end Green, H., J. Ud. Bid., 24.1 (1807). the number of Hbo. Y., end BJch, A.. Free. U3 Bat. And. Sci., 04,1701 (1005). mes cannot bo 'fore the mole- formed cannot rose gradients, i gradients, up t obtain hvpro- Organochlorine Pesticides in Rainwater 1 in the British Isles * Previous studies of the presence of tho persistent organo- 3 h at 40,000(7. it five-sixths of r propen ies to Manner et ai.-- elea.-e and col- of Martin and ; chlorine pesticides in the atmospheric environment of this country1-* have all indicated the need for more comprehensive surveys. The first of these studies by Wheatley and Hardman1 was confined to rainwater i collected in the rural area of Wellesbourne, in Warwick | shire. Subsequent studies by the Laboratory of tlio late the value ry viscous and [/cm1 (ref. 12). ee to temperatrol accurately It is therefore j tlovcmment Chemist were concerned with the examination ; of rainwater* and air* collected chiefly in the oentral j London area. These three studies showed that, in the ' sroas concerned, the atmosphoric environment contained | small amounts of BHC, dieldrin and DDT; rainwater I collected in these areas contained concentrations of up to material. Also, bottom of the // size distribuhe experiments rosomes, themny. roblasts in the . to synthesize `C-prolino in a tion in a buffer her magnesium >y were able to e on 16-60 per ' the high oon- 400 parts/101* of these compounds and their breakdown products. The higher levels for DDT found in London rainwater, compared with that from Wellesbourne, were attributed to London air having a higher content of particulate matter, chiefly carbon {(articles, for which ' DDT has an c^ffinity. Dieldrin probably also shows this affinity but to a lesser extent. : ' The work reported here details the results of a more comprehensive study. Rainwater was collected continu ously during 12 months at seven widely distributed sites in the British Isles (Fig. 1). These sites were chosen ] so aa to present a variety of conditions and locations and were aa follows: Camborne: a rural area outside the town of ' Camborne, about 40 km from Land's End in Cornwall; ite the range of ) EskdsJemuir: a remote mountain area in southern ut, considering j Scotland about 80 km south of Edinburgh; Lwwick: a ate of * value died polyoomal mall town in tha Shetland Islands north of Scotland; London: rainwater was ooilooted on the roof of a building approximately 63 m high iii central Linden; MuidHtono: a largo town in Kent in south-east England; Sliefilolil; rainwater was collooted in the onntro of Sheffield, a large industrial town in the Midlands; Wolloabeiimo: a small rural town in Warwickshire in tho Midlnndn. Camborne, Maidstone and Wnlinsbournn are in agri cultural country; there is also a large fruit growing indus try in tho Maidstone area. Eskdnlomuir and Ixirwick are both remote, sparsely populated ureon with some sheep farming os a local activity. At those sites, rainwater was usually collected in all gloss apparatus with amber coloured receiving vessels to roduco photochemical degradation of the pe-itioi'ics. In January, Fobruary ami March, however, the glass r<-cciving bottles were replaced by opaque hard polythene liottles to provont loss of sample by fracture of the vessels caused by froexing of the contents. Tlie total precipitation eolloctod in each 3 month period of a year at the seven sampling stations was analysed. The samples were extracted with hexane in the collecting vessels which were subsequently washed out with the same solvent to ensure that no pesticides were retained in the vessels. The combined hexane solutions were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and passed through a column of prepared alumina (alumina heated at 400 C for 6 h, cooled and partially de-activated by the addition of 10 por cant of water). The oluates wore then Hubjoctod to tliin-layor chromatography on silica got platen using linxano as developing solvent*. Arena of tho developed clirmnutoplnto oorreapi Hiding to arena of concurrently <lnvolo|Mxl standard {leaticiilii HoliiLioiia, won) removed from tlio plnlos and eluted. Thoao (innl oluiii-ea were then examined by gua-liquid chromatography using columns of silicone QE SE 62 and `Apiozon L' (ref. 4) and electron capture detection. The identity of tho more important of the oompounds detected was confirmed by chemical and gas chromatographic techniques. Tho fractions containing pp'-DDT and pp'-TDE were hydrolysed to pp'-DDE and l-chloro-2,2-di-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene, respectively, and these products were estimated gas chromatographically. Dieldrin was converted to its brominated derivatives and these identified on the gas chromatograph*. Because of the low concentrations of DSW 332241 n STLCOPCB4078817 . ' 1 tlu'iu- [X'hI icmIc ininpoiiiiilx 111 rainwater, exlrcino i-are liml t Ih- taken to avoid adventitious contaminut ion at nil 6tngos of tin' analysis. Blank dotormiiiutinns woro curried out but yielded no detectable residues. At two of the stations. London and Wollesbourue, duplicate collections won* inndo for tlio first fi months, at- sitos nbout 2 in apart. These duplicato samples worn oxaminod separately but yielded results which differed only within the range of the experimental error of the determinations. The limits of detection were about 2 part.s/101* for pp'DDT and it* breakdown product* pp'-DDE and pp'-TDE but nbout 1 part/101' for the other pesticide residues. The result*, expressed in parts/101* of the rainwater collected, are set- out in Table 1. They show tho pesticide residues collected in ooch quarter and the mean value for the whole year for tho individual sites. In addition, small amount* of beta-BHC and heptachlor epoxide were some times detected but those in no oaae exceeded 15 parts/ 101*. No other organochlorine pesticides were detected but aldrin. chlordane. endosulfan. endrin and heptachlor would have been detected if present above their levels of detection, which are similar to those of the other pesti cides. Small amounts of polychlorobiphenyl compounds were present in all samples but were not estimated. At all the sampling sites, considerable variation was often shown in the pesticide concentrations for tho different periods. This might bo attributable, in part at least, to the seasonal variations in total rainfall in these area*. Nevertheless, the overall picture clearly indicates that at all the sites, throughout the year, rainwater contained alpha-BHC, gamma-BHC, dieldrin. pp'-DDT and it* two primary toxic metabolites pp'-DDE and pp'TDE: the concentrations of the individual compounds were of the order of parts/1011 or parts/101*. Comparison with the earlier report*1, * indicates that the general concentrations at Welles bourne and in London are now lower than they were. The fall in the dieldrin content may in part be a consequenoe of the abandonment of the large scale uses of aldrin and dieldrin that wore previously approved in Britain. Hie offset of tho sub stantial reduction in the amount of these two insecticides used in this country has already been noted in other contexts. For example. a reduction Iiiih inki'ii |>lure ill the dieldrin content of liiimmi fat in the United Kin!;- \ doin'; lower residues of dieldrin have also Isicn found in ' home-produced foodstuffs'. ) Another factor which mny have inllm-ueed the ronton ' tration of DDT compounds in London's atmosphere is \ tho progressive reduction in the ntmosplieric [Killution I of tho metropolis that has Issin taking place in recent ! yours. The Warren Spring Laboratory* Inis shown the smoko content of I.ondon air to !* declining at a sternly rato under tho influence of tho Clean Air Act. Mocuiiro DDT in tho London atmosphere has boon shown to Is- associated ) with the particulate content*, a reduction of this form of | pollution could lent! to a corresponding reduction in DDT 1 content. Several studies, howover, have indicated that the organochlorine pesticides are often transported long distanoM by winds and oooan ourrentN, Kor example, although it was noted more than a century ago that dust seemed to be transported hundreds of miles out to sea from Africa*, it has now been shown that dust and pesticides in trade winds reaching the Barbados had their origin 1 in tho African-European continent sorno 5,000 km away1*'11. Tho blubber of penguins in tho Antarctic hss been found to oontain a range of those pesticides derived from their principal food, the krill in tho surrounding waters1*. It is possible, as we have suggested, that usage and conditions in individual countries have some influence on the concentrations of these compounds in local atmo- | spherio environments. It would, for example, be interest- 1 iug to know whether endrin can be detected in tho rainfall of those countries which use this compound extensively. These local variations, howover, could not be expected to make large differences on a world-wide scale liecause of the ability of winds and ocean current* to distribute these i compounds, eventually, over wide areas. | It seem* logical to assume that these organochlorine l pesticides now have a world-wide distribution. Certainly ' the present study gives credence to this view by demon strating that they are present throughout tho year in tlie atmospheric environment over tho whole of the United Kingdom. r- a ,s. m L C s> L R. C t 1 f i s i 1 1 Tsbls 1. ohuhocbkhus* rssnciDB ustsuss is kxiswatxx oollkctbd srrwsur tuoosr IMS asd jdiiT 1MT (Parta/lO1") CoUeotlng alto Camborne (Gorewall) Period of ooNmUob Aug.-Oot Nnv.-Jan. Krb.-Apr. May-Joly )Uk<Ui''tnulr Aim.-Oct. Nov.-Jan. Kob.-Apr. Way July 1 <u - kVO.. >>**.-J.m.. n-b.-A pr. Mnv-July l>oTi.loti, WO* . V.'X .- A; r. M.tv -July (Kent) Aliu. < h`(, Nov.-Jaii, Kcl>.-Apr. May-July . ShrAchl (Ynrkhhlra) Aog.-Oct. Nov.-Jan. Krt.-Apr. Xay-July Write*bournv (Warwtekahira) Aug.- Oct. Nov .-Jan. Pah.-Apr. Mfiy-Joly limit of AetaoUon Alpha-BHC --If -- 5 (Mean f) ' 18 -- 14 *0 OHoan U| r< :W 12 40 (Mean 24) li*. 1 !> >o (M un t9) IK 17 i:t IK) (Mean U) SO ` 14 10 80 (Mean S4) 14, 16 1ft, 12 AO (Maaa 22) 1 Qaaraa-BHO to 25 40 85 (41) 17 10 12 00 <%2) . 2`Jll IH0 100 (121) 28. > 50 .*.*> |(M1 (.V-M 10 50 140 (OM) 40 20 40 no (55) 12. 18 49. 40 45 70 (64) 1 tHaldria 4 18 2 -- () 0 1 4 -- (4.) \ uy -- -- (in 5. 8 10. n:> (18) I _. A -- (2) 12 7 _6 () 4, 4 1. 3 12 12 (8) 1 ' pp'-DDE to 20 SO 40 (28) 18 10 10 40 4501 t> :.> 15 20 <201 52. 54 J". 10 l'/ 2' (25) M 11 4 20 (D) 15 55 5 25 (25) s. t A. A 3 18 (7) t pp'-TDE 15 80 12 60 04) 12 0 8 12 W* to Lv -- -- C) 4, 5 4_. 4 20 (7) 7 10 7, 50 (20) 11 _10 SO (IS) 2. S 5. | 3 (5) 2 . ' Hsmplii ennuis** tws IsetHU. pp'-DDT 20 ISO 25 35 (M) 16 IS 20 TO 70 25 HO (44) 40. 40 J.V 44 1.'. 120 (61) 20 20 100 35 (88) 40 50 27 HO <> . o 14. 10 IS U (ISi 1 t \1 'i 1 1 ( 1 i . t 1 \ 1e 1 ( I 1 > [ 1 DSW 332242 STLCOPCB4078818 7. IP6B NATURE. VOL. 219. AUGUST 17. 1966 I'bieo `d King, bund in roncen. >hrre i ollution i recent nvn the steady so DDT win ted form of We thnnk the Kent River Authority, the Meteorological Office, the National Vegetable Research Station and the Safety in Mines Research Establishment for thoir assist ance in collecting samples of rainwater. ' K. R. Tarrant J. O'G. Tatton La born lory of the Government Chemist, formrall Hooso. Stamford Street. . London, SEI. . gwrivrd July 9, Idea. n DDT . At t.-.e I long nniple, it (hint n from iticidcs origin ^ kin tic him lerived mding usage luenco atmo- terestlinfnll iWhcMlry, U. A., and Hardman, J. A.. Aatarr, IS7. ISO (10*6). I AM'Ott, 1>. C.. Harrison, H. U.. Tattoo, J. (VO., and Tltomaon, J., ftatart, MS, 1317 (IMS). Abbott. D. (I., Harrlaon, X. It.. Tattoa, J. O'O., and Thomson. J., flatart. HI, US (ISM). Hnimona, J. H., and Tattoe, J. O'O., J. Cknmatet., f7, 253 (IM7). Hanirnre, J. II., Hall, I'. 8., and Carerly. D. J., Analatt, tt. MS (ISM). Ablaut, l>. C., (inultlina, K., and Tatton, J. O'O, Brit. Mai. J., S, I4S (IMb). ' Jaa. Itrp. Corrramraf Chrmitt (H1MO. London, 1M2-1M7). lartiitatioR of .(ImiwpAarie PoUhIim 1I1S-1MI, Thirty-second Rap., Warren Sprint Laboratory (HUSO, London, 1M7). Denrln, C,, Quart. J. Gtot. Sw..t, M (IMS). " Riaebrouh. B. W,, Hnsnu, B. J., Oriffle, J. J., and Goldberg, K. D., Sdtnca, 1SS. 1234 (IMS). Detany, A. C,, Delaney. A. C., Parkin. D. V., Ortffln.J. J., OoMbars. 1. D., and Retaans, B. B. F., OaocMm. CaamoMm. iota, ti, 8M (1SS7). Tatton. J. O'O., nnd Rnaickn, J. H. A., Halart.tU, Stfl (1M7). I | lively. ted to use of these lorine tainly smonor in f the | Sugar Cane Products as Energy i Sources for Pigs ( The advantages of exploiting augar cane as a source of ! food for livestock in tropical count ies have been outlined 1 by Preston and Hagelberg1. Encouraging results have already been reported*' for up to 80 per cent of molasses in cattle diets and up to 50 per cent of sugar for broilers. Here we present data on the use of sugar cane products in pig feeding. I The Bubjoct ia not new, for in 1933 Henke4 reported i that fait on mg pigs could efficiently uee diets in which molasses replaced 20 per cent of the coroal. Subsequent work showed little advance, howovor, because it was invariably found that more tlmn 30 per cont of molasses led to poor gains and food conversion, and to diarrhoea*-*. Our first experiments with normal cone molasses were also disappointing, but subsequent developments have been more encouraging, In particular we found that when high-test molasses rather than normal cane molasses was used the cereal could be replaced completely without significant reduction in performance. There was no diar rhoea; in fact the dry matter of the Faeces was 35-40 per cent, which is higher than is usually obtained wit^h con ventional cereal diets. High-test molasses is a heavy cane syrup from which none of the sugar has been extracted, but rather partially inverted to prevent crystallization. It thus differs from normal cane molasses in having a much lower ash content and approximately two-thirds of the total sugars in the form of monosaccharides (see Table 1). It seemed to us that the disappointing results obtained with high levels of normal oane molasses were probably i Tb* 1. COMPOSITION or TMM aidy-TUT A* d noshal molasses usmo IM TMM mXTMJUWMMT Item High-teat mola-- Normal oat-- moll--m Fhoaphorua (percentage) Calcium (percentage) l'otaiaium (percentage) Modlum (prreeutMte) Aah (percentage} Xllrcgen (percentage)) Moiitun (percentage) . tfonoeaocharldee (percentage) Surroee (percentage) pH . 0 0ft 0-22 0-68 0-14 204 0*17 23*9 44*0 44*0 4*6 ooe 0-71 x-oo 0-83 4*41 0*44 n*i 17*0 84*0 44 727 duo more to the iiiinorul content Lliun to the muliility of the pigs to uso officioutly Inigo quantities of sucrose, as was found in vory young pigs by Dollar, Mitcholl and Porter*. The following exporimont was sot up to test this hypothesis. Duroc and imrgo White pigs initially weighing approxi mately 20 kg worn allocutod to four treatments in random blocks according to sox anil brood. Up to 50 kg live woight, t.ho diets contained 21 0--2.rr7 per cent fish moal, 2'30 2-OK per cont saccharoinyccs yonst, 0-K3 0-97 per cont minerals, and 0-45-0-62 per cont vitamin pre-mix and cither (A) 74-7 per rent high-test molusscs, (ff) 57-2 per cent, normal cone inolaHses and 17-5 per oonl raw sugar, (C) 30 per rent normal cano molossos and 30-5 per cent sugar, or (If) 12-9 per cent normal cane molasses and 57-2 per cent sugar. (The mixture of minerals contained 50 per cent GaHl'()4, 40 por cent NoC'l, 2 por oont, ZnOO,. 2-7 |>or cent KeHO,5H,0, 2-3 por cent MnS04H,0, 10 (Kir cont CuRO.riH.O, 0 01 por cent CoS047H,0, 0 01 per cent KI and 1-9H per cont mai/e inoal. Tho vitamin pre-inix contained 1-2 million IU of vitamin A and 300,000 iu of vitamin D/kg.) Tho protein content was IH per cent in tho dry matter (DM). Above 50 kg, live weight, the protein content was reduced to 16 per cont of DM by omitting some of the fish moal. The rations were prepared doily by mixing the prescribed amounts of supplements, molasses and sugar and diluting with water to approximately 40 per cent dry matter. Feeding was restricted in the first 3 weeks. The pigs were slaughtered at approximately 90 kg live weight. Live weight gain, feed conversion and composition off the carcass for the first five replicates completing the trial (twenty pigB) are given in Table 2. Table 2. UKAN TALUS* SDK WKIUMT liAlK, FSKD COKVEEMON AMO CSECASS oomfohitiom or EATTEjrixG nos aivix iuom-test molasses os eosmal cams molasses with oirnuuurr levels or bcqab Item Hightest molaeeee A Normal oane motaaeee plus: High Medium Low S.. of "Tr T T differeooaa Initial weight in leg Final weight in kg Daily gain In kg Feed conversion* kg iced of 00 per cent D M./kg gain CompofllUon of rnrriM* (itrnvhl-ngc) liunclc pine Inter- nmacnlnr fat HubnitAnroui fat and kin Bone Average of live backfat meuureuwnU la cm 21-8 88*8 0-40 3*68 b6`Z 3X0 10 6 8*23 20*8 88*8 0'M 400 ft*-4 30M 10 4 2 80 22*8 00*6 0*44 4*24 rM*M 90*1 10*2 202 23-0 00*8 0*49 4*00 00-2 20*4 112 2*07 0*06 0*M 11 a< 1 I'M 0*77 0-16 Analysis of hmlf carcass less hair, head and feet. Comparable careeee data for pig* fed cereal ooooentratea were 58-7 per cent, Sl-0 per cent, 11 per cent and 3 15 per oent, reapectlTCly. All the pigs remained in excellent health and there was no serious diarrhoea on any of the treatments, although the faeces were slightly wetter on the normal molasses diet with the least amount of sugar, particularly in the early Htoges. There were no significant differences botweon treatments for any of tho measures analysed,- although feed conversion appeared to be slightly hotter on high-test molasses. Tho carcasses on this treatment tended to ho fatter, which is surprising because feed efficiency and carcass fatness are usually negatively relatod. Tho impli cation is that digestive efficiency is high on tlie high-teat molasses diet and this is, in fact, bores out by results of a concurrent metabolism trial in which the average digesti bility of dry matter for eight pigs on the high-tost molasses diet was 93-6 1-4. This observation strongly supports tho hypothesis that the disadvantage for pigs of normal cane molasses lies in its high mineral oontont. Diluting cane molasses with highly digestible non-mineral-oontaining ingredients, such as sugar, effectively overcomes this limitation and allows both a greater usage of molasses and also a mors efficient feed utilisation than does the DSW 332243 '* . '0 STLCOPCB4078819