Document ExeZroaq71maEBoqyndDxLjYg

PRINT DETAILED INDENTED CONTINUOUS R&S 139671 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DA^BANK NUMBER REVISION DATE RECORD LENGTH NAME OF SUBSTANCE CAS REGISTRY NUMBER SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS SYNONYMS IOLECULAR FORMULA flS^SSER LINE NOTATION NUMBER JHM^TADS NUMBER SHIPPING NAME/NUMBER - DOT/UN/NA/IMCO !TCC NUMBER :PA HAZARDOUS WASTE NUMBER '.ELATED HSDB RECORDS '.ELATED HSDB RECORDS .ELATED HSDB RECORDS :ELATED HSDB RECORDS .ELATED HSDB RECORDS (ETHODS OF MANUFACTURING ETHODS OF MANUFACTURING TIES 169 850524 69968 VINYL CHLORIDE 75-01-4 CHLORETHENE CHLORETHYLENE CHLOROETHENE CHLOROETHYLENE CHLORURE DE VINYLE (FRENCH) CLORURO DE VINILE (ITALIAN) ETHYLENE MONOCHLORIDE ETHYLENE, CHLOROMONOCHLOROETHENE MONOCHLOROETHYLENE TROVIDUR VC VCM VINILE (CLORURO DI) (ITALIAN) VINYL C MONOMER VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER VINYLCHLORID (GERMAN) VINYLE(CHLORURE DE) (FRENCH) WINYLU CHLOREK (POLISH) C2-H3-C1 G1U1 NIOSH/KU9625000 7216947 UN1086 4905792 U04 3 1995 [1,1-DICHLOROETHYLENE] 149 [1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE] 5131 [1,1-DICHLOROPROPANE] 1102 [1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE] 5482 [1,3-DICHLOROPROPANE] CRACKING OF ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE OBTAINED VIA OXYCHLORINATION OR DIRECT CHLORINATION OF ETHYLENE; VAPOR-PHASE REACTION OF ACETYLENE & HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF MERCURIC CHLORIDE [SRI ] PREPN: FROM ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE AND ALCOHOLIC POTASSIUM: REGNAULT, ANN 14, 22 (1835); BY HALOGENATION OF ETHYLENE: MILLER, JENKS, US PATENT 2,896,000 (1959 TO NATIONAL DISTILLERS & CHEM CORP). COMPREHENSIVE MONOGRAPH ON TOXICITY OF VINYL CHLORIDE: ANN NY ACAD SCI 246, 1 (1975). [The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. p. 1283] Inhibitors such as phenol are added to prevent polymerization. [General Electric Co; Material Safety Data Sheet #382 (1979)] FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURERS XTHER MANUFACTURING INFORMATION MAJOR USES MAJOR USES MAJOR USES MAJOR USES MA^R USES MAJOR USES ...SOMETIMES STABLI2ED BY ADDING HYDROQUINONE, BUTYL CATECHOL, OR PHENOL. [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968. GRADES OR PURITY: COMMERCIAL OR TECHNICAL 99+%. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978. ] BORDEN INC, BORDEN CHEM DIV, PETROCHEMS DIV, GEISMAR, LA 70734 [SRI ] DOW CHEM U.S.A., OYSTER CREEK, TX 77541; PLAQUEMINE, LA 70764 [SRI ] E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO, INC, CONOCO INC, SUBSID, CONOCO CHEMS CO DIV, [SRI J FORMOSA PLASTICS CORP USA, BATON ROUGE, LA 70821; POINT COMFORT, TX 77978 [SRI ] GEORGIA-PACIFIC CORP, CHEM DIV, PLAQUEMINE, LA 70764 [SRI ] THE B F GOODRICH CO, B F GOODRICH CHEM GROUP, CALVERT CITY, KY 42029; LA PORTE, TX 77571 [SRI ] PPG INDUST, INC, CHEMS GROUP, INDUST CHEM DIV, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 [SRI ] SHELL OIL CO, SHELL CHEM CO, DIV, DEER PARK, TX 77500; NORCO, LA 70079 [SRI ] ALLIED CHEM CORP, INDUST CHEMS DIV, BATON ROUGE, LA [SRI ] CONTINENTAL OIL CO, CONOCO CHEMS, WESTLAKE, LA [SRI ] ETHYL CORP, BATON ROUGE, LA, PASADENA, TEX [SRI ] MONOCHEM, INC, GEISMAR, LA [SRI ] STAUFFER CHEM CO, PLASTICS DIV, POLYMERS WEST, CARSON, CALIF [SRI ] TENNECO INC, TENNECO CHEMS, INC, ORGANICS AND POLYMERS DIV, HOUSTON, TEX [SRI ] UNION CARBIDE CORP, CHEMS AND PLASTICS DIV, TEXAS CITY, TEX [SRI ] BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN CONFIRMED THAT VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER IS HUMAN & ANIMAL CARCINOGEN, SALE OF PROPELLANTS & ALL AEROSOLS CONTAINING IT WAS BANNED IN 1974 [USEPA, 1974; US CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION, 1974]. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. p. 738] IN PLASTIC INDUSTRY; IN ORG SYNTHESES [The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. p. 1283] MONOMER FOR POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) HOMOPOLYMER [SRI ] COMONOMER-EG, WITH VINYL ACETATE OR VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE [SRI ] CHEM INT FOR METHYL CHLOROFORM & 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE [SRI ] CHEM INT FOR OTHER ORG CHEMS-EG, CHLOROACETALDEHYDE [SRI ] MONOMER & COMONOMER FOR FIBERS-EG, VINYON & 30 fi C/5 il CO CO *os>j ro MAJOR USES 4AJOR USES OOJJ^MPTION PATTERNS CONSUMPTION PATTERNS J.S. PRODUCTION J.S. PRODUCTION J.S. IMPORTS J.S. IMPORTS J.S. EXPORTS J.S. EXPORTS JOLOR/FORM JDOR SOILING POINT lELTING POINT OLECULAR WEIGHT SO^^SIVITY RITICAL TEMPERATURE St PRESSURE ENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY EAT OF VAPORIZATION OLUBILITIES OLUBILITIES OLUBILITIES PECTRAL PROPERTIES SARAN FIBERS [SRI ] OXIDN INHIBITOR IN ETHYLENE OXIDE PRODN [SRI ] REFRIGERANT & EXTRACTION SOLVENT (FORMER USE) [SRI ] MONOMER FOR POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) RESINS, 85%; EXPORTS, 13.5%; MISCELLANEOUS (MOSTLY COPOLYMER USE), 1.5% (1982) [SRI ] 95% FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE HOMOPOLYMER AND COPOLYMER RESIN; 4% FOR SYNTHESIS OF METHYL CHLOROFORM; 1% FOR MISC APPLICATIONS (1972) [SRI ] (1977) 2.72X10+12 G [SRI ] (1982) 2.22X10+12 G [SRI ] (1977) 6.05X10+5 G [SRI ] (1982) 2.30X10+10 G [SRI ] (1978) 4.08X10+11 G [SRI ] (1983) 3.11X10+11 G [SRI ] COLORLESS GAS OR LIQUID [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. Has sweet, pleasant odor [USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.III-1 (1983)] -14 DEG C [The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. -160 DEG C [The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 62.50 [The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. p. 1283] VINYL CHLORIDE IS NOT CORROSIVE WHEN DRY BUT IN PRESENCE OF MOISTURE IT ATTACKS IRON AND STEEL. [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968. 424.61 deg K; 151.5 deg C; 304.6 deg F/5755 kPa; 57.55 bar; 834.7 psia; 56.8 atm [Braker W, Mossman A1; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th ED p.695 (1980)] 0.9121 @ 20 DEG C/4 DEG C [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 377] 6.263x10+3 g cal/g mol [Weast. Hdbk Chem & Phys 64th ED (1984) p.C-691] SOL IN ALCOHOL [The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. SLIGHTLY SOL IN WATER (LESS THAN 0.11% BY WT @ 25 DEG C) [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. p. 883] VERY SOL IN ETHER, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE & BENZENE [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 378] INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.3700 @ 20 DEG C/D; 33 C CO --1 CO CO CD -si CO APOR DENSITY APOR PRESSURE THER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES THER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES THER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ERE POTENTIAL [RE POTENTIAL "PA HAZARD :lassification 'PA HAZARD :lassification 'Pi^AZARD FI CATION SADTLER REF NUMBER: 1119 (IR, PRISM); 10973 (IR, GRATING) [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979. C-298] 2.15 [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. p, 1235] 2660 MM HG @ 25 DEG C [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 377] GAS IS HEAVIER THAN AIR & LIQ SLIGHTLY LIGHTER THAN WATER [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978. 49-300] Vinyl chloride is volatile. Volatilization half-life index in quiescent water is 290 min (unstirred) to 25.8 min (stirred). [USEPA; Report on the Activities and Findings of the Vinyl Chloride Task Force (1974) EPA 560/4-74-001] Undergoes rapid photochemical oxidn. [Gay BW et al; Environ Sci Technol 10: 58-67 (1976); Lillian D et al; Environ Sci Technol 9: 1042-1048 (1975)] FIRE HAZARD: DANGEROUS, WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME. LARGE FIRES OF THIS MATERIAL ARE PRACTICALLY INEXTINGUISHABLE. SPONTANEOUS HEATING: NO. [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. p. 1235] .../FORMS/ INFLAMMABLE MIXT WITH AIR ABOVE -78 DEG C. [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968. p. 81] HEALTH 2. 2= MATERIALS HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH, BUT AREAS MAY BE ENTERED FREELY WITH FULL-FACED MASK SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS WHICH PROVIDES EYE PROTECTION. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978. 325M-187] FLAMMABILITY 4. 4= VERY FLAMMABLE GASES OR VERY VOLATILE FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. SHUT OFF FLOW AND KEEP COOLING WATER STREAMS ON EXPOSED TANKS OR CONTAINERS. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978. 325M-187] REACTIVITY 1. 1= MATERIALS WHICH (IN THEMSELVES) ARE NORMALLY STABLE BUT WHICH MAY BECOME UNSTABLE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES OR WHICH MAY REACT WITH WATER WITH SOME RELEASE OF ENERGY BUT NOT 33 & CO CO (O O) Nt*l 'Li^^BLE LIMITS 'LASH POINT * UTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE IRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES IRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES 0)^^ COMBUSTION PRODUCTS THER FIRE FIGHTING HAZARDS XPLOSIVE LIMITS AND POTENTIAL {PLOSIVE LIMITS AND POTENTIAL {PLOSIVE LIMITS AND POTENTIAL 'ACTIVITIES & ^COMPATIBILITIES VIOLENTLY. CAUTION MUST BE USED IN APPROACHING THE FIRE AND APPLYING WATER. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978. 325M-187] FLAMMABLE LIMITS % BY VOL: LOWER 3.6; UPPER 33.0. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978. 325M-187] -78 DEG C OC [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. p. 3537] 882 DEG F [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. p. 1235] STOP FLOW OF GAS. USE WATER TO KEEP FIRE-EXPOSED CONTAINERS COOL & TO PROTECT MEN AFFECTING SHUT-OFF. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978. 49-300] FIREFIGHTING METHODS: CARBON DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. p. 1235] ON COMBUSTION, IT DEGRADES MAINLY TO HYDROGEN CHLORIDE, CARBON MONOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE & TRACES OF PHOSGENE... [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 378] GAS...MAY TRAVEL CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE TO SOURCE OF IGNITION & FLASH BACK [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978. 49-300] FORMS EXPLOSIVE MIXT WITH AIR. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978. 49-300] EXPLOSION HAZARD: SEVERE, IN FORM OF VAPOR WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME. [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. p. 1235] EXPLOSIVE LIMITS: LOWER 4%; UPPER 22%. [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. p. 1235] CAN REACT VIGOROUSLY WITH OXIDIZING MATERIALS. [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties 30 89 (A CO CO O) tfj REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES )ECOMPOSITION 'ECOMPOSITION OLYMERIZATION 'OLYMERIZATION OLYMERIZATION DOR THRESHOLD ROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING 3IPMENT METHODS AND .REGULATIONS HIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS IIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS [IPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. p. 1235] Incompatible with copper, aluminum and certain catalytic impurities. Peroxide can form by catalyzed oxidn with atmospheric oxygen. [General Electric Co; Material Safety Data Sheet #382 (1979)] IT LOSES HCL ON TREATMENT WITH STRONG ALKALIS HIGH TEMP [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 378] DISASTER HAZARD: VERY DANGEROUS; WHEN HEATED TO DECOMP, IT EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF PHOSGENE... [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. p. 1235] POLYMERIZES IN LIGHT [The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. p. 1283] Occurs if heated in sunlight or presence of air; reaction is exothermic. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Vinyl Chloride (Draft) p.l (1983)] POLY IN PRESENCE OF CATALYST [The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. p. 1283] 260 ppm [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: vinyl Chloride (Draft) p.l (1983)] RUBBER GLOVES AND SHOES, GAS-TIGHT GOGGLES, ORGANIC VAPOR CANISTER OR SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978. ] STD & REGULATIONS: REGULATED BY CG, DOT, IATA. [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand"Reinhold, 1975. p. 1235] STD & REGULATIONS: DOT- FLAMMABLE GAS, LABEL: FLAMMABLE GAS. [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: PRESSURE CYLINDERS, TANK CARS, TANK BARGES. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978. 49-301] STORAGE...IS...READILY EFFECTED ORDINARY TEMP UNDER PRESSURE &...IN ABSENCE OF AIR. R&S 139676 I^^EI NT METHODS AND REGULATIONS ;torage CONDITIONS DISPOSAL METHODS TABILITY/SHELF LIFE ERGENCY GUIDELINES OT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES 9T EMERGENCY GUIDELINES IN THIS WAY IT CAN BE TRANSPORTED IN TANK LORRIES. VINYL CHLORIDE IS NOT CORROSIVE WHEN DRY BUT IN PRESENCE OF MOISTURE IT ATTACKS IRON AND STEEL. [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968. p. 82] STORAGE TEMPERA TURE: UNDER PRESSURE, AMBIENT; AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, LOW. VENTING: UNDER PRESSURE, SAFETY RELIEF; AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, PRESSURE-VACUUM. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978. ] PROTECT AGAINST PHYSICAL DAMAGE. OUTSIDE OR DETACHED STORAGE IS PREFERABLE. INSIDE STORAGE...COOL, WELL-VENTILATED, NONCOMBUSTIBLE LOCATION, AWAY FROM ALL POSSIBLE SOURCES OF IGNITION. SEPARATE FROM OXIDIZING MATERIALS. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978. 49-301] Burn in a high temp incinerator with a scrubber to remove HC1. [General Electric Co; Material Safety Data Sheet #382 (1979)] HIGHLY VOLATILE [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968. p. 82] Fire or Explosion: Extremely flammable. May be ignited by heat, sparks, or flames. Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Container may explode violently in heat of fire. Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook 1984 DOT P 5800.3 Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984. G-17] Health Hazards: If inhaled, may be harmful; contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Contact with liquid may cause frostbite. Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook 1984 DOT P 5800.3 Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984. G-17] Emergency Action: Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed areas before entering them. Wear self-contained (positive pressure if available) breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire. FOR EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE CALL CHEMTREC (800) 424-9300. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook aj Co 03 co CO Oi ""J X)T EMERGENCY GUIDELINES OT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES DT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES 3XIC HAZARD RATING )ISONING POTENTIAL 1984 DOT P 5800.3 Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984. G-17] Fire: Let tank car, tank truck or storage tank burn unless leak can be stopped; with smaller tanks or cylinders, extinguish/isolate from other flammables. Small Fires: Dry chemical or C02. Large Fires: Water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Stay away from ends of tanks. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tank due to fire. Cool container with water using unmanned device until well after fire is out. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook 1984 DOT P 5800.3 Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984. G-17] Spill or Leak: Shut off ignition sources; no flares, smoking or flames in hazard area. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook 1984 DOT P 5800.3 Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984. G-17] First Aid: Move victim to fresh air; call emergency medical care. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. In case of frostbite, thaw frosted parts with water. Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook 1984 DOT P 5800.3 Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984. G-17] TOXICITY RATINGS. ACUTE LOCAL: IRRITANT 2. ACUTE SYSTEMIC: INHALATION 2. CHRONIC LOCAL: IRRITANT 2. 2= MODERATE: MAY INVOLVE BOTH IRREVERSIBLE & REVERSIBLE CHANGES NOT SEVERE ENOUGH TO CAUSE DEATH OR PERMANENT INJURY. CHRONIC SYSTEMIC: INHALATION 3. 3= HIGH: MAY CAUSE DEATH OR PERMANENT INJURY AFTER...SHORT EXPOSURE... [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. p. 1235] ... vinyl chloride was reported... to induce angiosarcoma of the liver both in humans and in animals. ... Carcinogenicity to other organs and at lower concn /has now been demonstrated/. The target organs ... include liver, brain, ... lung, /and/ the lymphohematopoietic system. ... Cases of liver angiosarcoma have been reported among individuals living in near proximity to vinyl chloride-poly(vinyl chloride) plants. 03 CO CO CO O) -n/ 00 OISONING POTENTIAL OISONING POTENTIAL NTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT ITIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT ITIDOTE AND EMERGENCY 'REATMENT ... An assoc between PVC dust and pneumoconiosis also has been demonstrated... [Wagoner JK; Environ Health Perspect 52: 61-66 (1983)] IN VIEW OF EXTREME RARITY OF ANGIOSARCOMA OF LIVER IN GENERAL POPULATION, OBSERVATION OF 16 CASES IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER DURING POLYMERIZATION PROCESS IS EVIDENCE OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V7 305] ...RESULTS OF MASSIVE & APPARENTLY REPEATED EXPOSURES: ... EUPHORIA...FOLLOWED BY STATE OF INEBRIATION SIMILAR TO THAT OF ALCOHOL INTOXICATION. ...EPIGASTRIC PAIN...ANOREXIA...ALLERGIC DERMATITIS...& SCLERODERMA... [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed., 1980. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., 1980. p. 428] SEE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. GENERAL MGMNT: A) ESTABLISH RESP; CREATE ARTIFICIAL AIRWAY... CHECK TIDAL VOL (NORMAL 10-15 CC/KG). PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION: ORAL... A) EMESIS SHOULD BE INITIATED UNLESS PT IS COMATOSE, CONVULSING, OR HAS LOST GAG REFLEX. IF...CONTRAINDICATIONS ARE PRESENT, ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION SHOULD PRECEDE GASTRIC LAVAGE WITH LARGE BORE TUBE. B) ADMIN ACTIVATED CHARCOAL (ADULT: 60-100 G, CHILDREN: 30-60 G). C) ADMIN CATHARTIC. MAGNESIUM SULFATE (ADULT: 30 G, CHILD: 250 MG/KG) OR MAGNESIUM CITRATE NF (ADULT AND CHILD: 4 ML/KG UP TO 300 ML/DOSE). /CARBON TETRACHLORIDE/ [Rumack, B.H. (ed.) Poisindex. Microfiche Edition. Denver, Colorado: Micromedex, Inc., in association with the National Center for Poison Information, with updates, 1975-present. MGT 2/EXP 8308] SEE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. DECONTAMINATION: A) REMOVE CONTAMINATED CLOTHING. WASH SKIN & HAIR 3 TIMES: ... INITIAL SOAP WASHING FOLLOWED BY ALCOHOL... FOLLOWED BY SOAP... LEATHER ABSORBS PESTICIDES. ... SHOULD NOT BE WORN IN PRESENCE OF PESTICIDES & ALL LEATHER SOAKED WITH SOLN SHOULD BE DISCARDED. /CARBON TETRACHLORIDE/ [Rumack, B.H. (ed.) Poisindex. Microfiche Edition. Denver, Colorado: Micromedex, Inc., in association with the National Center for Poison Information, with updates, 1975-present. MGT 2/EXP 8308] SEE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. ORAL EXPOSURE: A) OBTAIN BASELINE LIVER & RENAL FUNCTION R&S 139679 VNTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT NTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT 1TIDOTE AND EMERGENCY STUDIES. B) MONITOR ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. C) MAINTAIN FLUID & ELECTROLYTE STATUS. D) HEMODIALYSIS OR PERITONEAL DIALYSIS ARE PROBABLY NOT OF ANY VALUE UNLESS INSTITUTED VERY EARLY IN THE COURSE OF INTOXICATION TO REMOVE UNMETABOLIZED CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. HEMODIALYSIS OR HEMOPERFUSION MAY BE NECESSARY TO SUPPORT PATIENTS IN RENAL OR HEPATIC FAILURE, RESPECTIVELY. /CARBON TETRACHLORIDE/ [Rumack, B.H. (ed.) Poisindex. Microfiche Edition. Denver, Colorado: Micromedex, Inc., in association with the National Center for Poison Information, with updates, 1975-present. MGT 2/EXP 8308] SEE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. ORAL... E) FORCED DIURESIS IS OF NO VALUE. F) EPINEPHRINE SHOULD BE AVOIDED.../MAY INDUCE/ VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN A SENSITIZED MYOCARDIUM. G) AVOID KNOWN ENZYME-INDUCING AGENTS, EG PHENOBARBITAL... H) VITAMIN K SHOULD BE ADMIN TO PT WITH SEVERE LIVER NECROSIS ALTHOUGH ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT IT MAY BE OF NO BENEFIT. I) INTENSIVE SUPPORTIVE CARE HAS RESULTED IN RECOVERY EVEN IN PT WITH SEVERE RENAL & HEPATIC INVOLVEMENT. J) N-ACETYLCYSTEINE (NAC) & PYRIDOXINE, IN ANIMALS, IS REPORTED TO BE EFFECTIVE IN PROTECTING (MINIMIZING) THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATIC NECROSIS FOLLOWING CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INTOXICATION. NAC IS PROBABLY MOST EFFECTIVE IF GIVEN WITHIN 16 HR FOLLOWING INGESTION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED BEFORE THIS THERAPY CAN BE ROUTINELY RECOMMENDED. ESTIMATED DOSE OF NAC: LOADING DOSE OF 140 MG/KG ORALLY AS A 5% SOLN IN COLA FOLLOWED BY A MAINTENANCE DOSE OF 70 MG/KG ORALLY EVERY 4 HR FOR 17 DOSES. K) NEVER ADMIN OILS, ALCOHOLS, OR FATS... /CARBON TETRACHLORIDE/ [Rumack, B.H. (ed.) Poisindex. Microfiche Edition. Denver, Colorado: Micromedex, Inc., in association with the National Center for Poison Information, with updates, 1975-present. MGT 2/EXP 8308] SEE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. DERMAL...: A) PT...SHOULD WASH EXPOSED AREA TWICE WITH SOAP & WATER. B) PHYSICIAN SHOULD EXAMINE THE EXPOSED AREA IF IRRITATION OR PAIN PERSISTS AFTER THE AREA IS WASHED. C) TREATMENT SHOULD INCL RECOMMENDATIONS LISTED IN THE ORAL EXPOSURE SECTION WHEN APPROPRIATE. /CARBON TETRACHLORIDE/ [Rumack, B.H. (ed.) Poisindex. Microfiche Edition. Denver, Colorado: Micromedex, Inc., in association with the National Center for Poison Information, with updates, 1975-present. MGT 2/EXP 8308] SEE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. INHALATION: A) R&S 139680 TREATMENT [EDICAL SURVEILLANCE [EDICAL SURVEILLANCE UMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS UMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS OMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS REMOVE PT TO FRESH AIR. B) MONITOR...FOR RESP DISTRESS. IF COUGH OR DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING DEVELOPS, EVALUATE FOR RESP TRACT IRRITATION, BRONCHITIS & PNEUMONIA. EYE EXPOSURE: A) ...SHOULD BE IRRIGATED COPIOUSLY WITH WATER FOR @ LEAST 15 MIN. B) OPHTHALMIC EXAM...IF IRRITATION OR PAIN PERSISTS... /CARBON TETRACHLORIDE/ [Rumack, B.H. (ed.) Poisindex. Microfiche Edition. Denver, Colorado: Micromedex, Inc., in association with the National Center for Poison Information, with updates, 1975-present. MGT 2/EXP 8308] Exam by wide-field capillary microscopy of the hands of PVC workers demonstrated capillary abnormalities in a high percentage of exposed men. This non-invasive technique may be useful as a mass screening procedure in the early detection of vinyl chloride induced disease. [Maricq HR et al; JAMA 236: 1368 (1976) as cited in USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Vinyl Chloride p.C-19 (1980) EPA 720-016/5963] Pathologic porphyrinuria, especially secondary coproporphyrinuria with transition to subclinical chronic hepatic porphyria, is a consistent pathobiochemical parameter for the recognition of vinyl chloride hepatic lesions. ... Erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity studied in 6 cases with initial chronic hepatic porphyria was normal, suggesting that vinyl chloride affects this enzyme only in the liver. [Doss M et al; Klin Wochenschr 62(4): 175-158 (1984) ] ...VINYL CHLORIDE DOES NOT EXERT CLEARLY PERCEPTIBLE ACTION BELOW 1,000 PPM. AT THAT DOSE HUMANS EXHIBIT SLIGHT ANESTHESIA, DROWSINESS, SLIGHT VISUAL DISTURBANCES, FALTERING GAIT, NUMBNESS, & TINGLING OF EXTREMITIES. ...PRIMARY IRRITANT FOR SKIN... [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics, Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968. THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT INCR IN CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN CULTURED PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES FROM 57 MALE WORKERS WHEN COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. GREATEST STATISTICAL INCR OCCURRED IN AUTOCLAVE OPERATORS. [PURCHASE I HF ET AL; CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSES IN VINYL CHLORIDE-EXPOSED WORKERS; MUTAT RES 57(3) 325 (1978)] THE HEALTH STATUS OF 13 WORKERS EMPLOYED FOR 1.75-18 YR IN A POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FACTORY WAS STUDIED. 8 OF THEM HAD SCLERODERMA-LIKE SKIN CHANGES CHARACTERIZED HISTOLOGICALLY BY THICKENING & RAREFRACTION OF THE ELASTIC FIBERS. IN 7 PT, THICKENING OF TERMINAL FINGER PHALANGES RESEMBLING CLUBBING WAS NOTED; 11 PT HAD CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES OF THE EXTREMITIES (4 HAD RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME) & HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS iUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 6 PT HAD BAND-LIKE OSTEOLYSES OF TERMINAL FINGER PHALANGES. THROMBOCYTOPENIA WAS OBSERVED IN ALL PT, SPLENOMEGALY IN 12 PT, & MALFUNCTION OF THE LIVER IN 11 PT. LONG TERM EXOSURE TO VAPORS MAY CAUSE OCCUPATIONAL ACROOSTEOLYSIS. [LANGE C-E ET AL; THE SO-CALLED VINYL CHLORIDE DISEASES, AN OCCUPATIONAL SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; INT ARCH ARBEITSMED 32(1-2) 1 (1974)] An unusual distribution in the cell type of brain cancer was noted in vinyl chloride exposed workers. Of 10 brain cancer deaths identified, 9 had a histologic diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme. The other case did not have histological confirmation. [Waxweiler RJ et al; Ann NY Acad Sci 271: 40-48 (1976)] A population of 10,173 men employed in 37 plants, /were/ identified as having worked for at least one yr in jobs involving probable exposure to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). Of the 9677 men whose vital status was determined, 707 were known to have died. For 699, death certificates were obtained. ... the only type of malignancy found in significant excess was ... malignant neoplasms of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. ... There were slight but inconclusive upward trends for malignancies of the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and central nervous system associated with reported levels of maximum exposure to vinyl chloride. ... [Cooper WC; Envir Health Perspect 41: 101-106 (1981)] Hepatic angiosarcoma in man was first assoc with exposure to vinyl chloride in Louisville, Kentucky where it was identified in 10 persons from a single vinyl chloride polymerization plant ... Clinical manifestations ... /were/... nonspecific hepatic injury with mildly abnormal biochem liver test results. Carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha fetoprotein /were/ undetectable, ... A definite diagnosis /was/ made only by open liver biopsy. . . . Avg survival from diagnosis is about 12 mo. Overt liver failure usually occurs only as a preterminal event and was the major cause of death... [Dannaher CL et al; Am J Med 70(2): 279-287 (1981)] The livers from five vinyl chloride workers /showed/ angioformative and hepatocellular growth disturbance in varying proportions: angiosarcoma in four cases, liver cell hyperplasia in all cases, hyperplastic nodules in three cases, and hepatocellular carcinoma in two cases... [Evans DM et al; Histopath 7(3): 377-388 (1983)] The results of angiography of the hand in workers in the vinyl chloride industry were HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS RJMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS described. Among 93 patients, there were 19 on whom angiograms of the hand were performed because of Raynaud-like changes, pain, or other pathological findings. All patients examined by angiography showed abnormalities of the vessels in the hands and fingers of varying severity. Vascular occlusions (17 patients), stenoses (9 patients), and thread-like narrowing of the digital arteries (6 patients) with the development of a collateral circulation were prominent findings ... There was elongation and tortuosity of the digital arteries (14 pt) which were regarded as crisoid aneurysms. ... [Koischwitz D et al; Roefo 132(1): 62-68 (1980)] In ... 200 workers ... exposed to vinyl chloride from 1 to 25 yr (mean 14 yr), 58 (29%) were free of complaints and nervous disturbances. An astheno-autonomic syndrome was found in 54 (27%) and in 88 (44%) in combination with pos neurological findings, i.e. pyramidal syndrome in 52, cerebellar disturbances in 38, trigeminal neuropathy in 24, and extrapyramidal symptoms in 3, ... pyramidal + cerebellar in 12, trigeminal + pyramidal in 7, trigeminal + cerebellar in 5. Headaches (48%), nervousness (26%), deer in physical strength (16%), loss of memory (14%), sleeping disturbances and somnolence were the most frequent complaints. Scleroderma-like skin changes were found in 10 subjects, but only 6 of them had any neurological disturbances ... Frequency of the arterial hypertension were the same in both groups, whereas acroparesthesias, Raynaud's syndrome, and increased gamma GTP serum activity were significantly more frequent in workers with neurological disturbances. 62% of the neurologically pos group and only 24% of the neg group reported euphoric or narcotic states after exposure. This probably indicates episodic exposures to high concn of vinyl chloride. This difference points to a possibility that neurological disturbances may be related to short exposures to peak concn. The neurological injury may be both a direct neurotoxic effect of vinyl chloride and secondary to vascular disorders. [Langauer-Lewowicka H; Int Arch Occup Envir Health 52(2): 151-157 (1983)] ... the nervous system and bioelectric functioning of the brain (EEG) /were evaluated/ in 114 workers aged 20-62, employed in significant exposure to vinyl chloride for 1-28 yr on avg -- 7.5 +/" 4.0 years. Clinical symptoms of the nervous system occurred in the form of peripheral-vegetative syndrome with R&S 739683 HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS accompanying vasomotor disturbances of Raynaud syndrome type. EEG yielded 39 (34.2%) correct and 75 (65.8%) incorrect records. Among incorrect records most frequent (32.5%) were low-voltage and flat records; those with fast spindled activity and frequent changes typical for reduced wakefulness. The nature of clinical symptoms and EEG disturbances may point to the contribution of the hypothalmus in the pathomechanism of changes in those chronically exposed to vinyl chloride. [Si'nczuk-Walczak H, Gluszcz M; Med Pr 33(5-6): 349-354 (1982)] ... The mortality of 451 workers exposed to VCM for more than 5 yr was compared with that of 870 workers from the same company .,. not exposed to vinyl chloride. The relative risk for digestive cancer was significantly higher than I (6.25, confidence interval 2.69-14.52) in the exposed group. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for digestive cancer was also higher (SMR 259.26 p < 0.01) than that of the general population. No other cancer was in excess. Since the exposed workers are known to have had a cigarette smoking experience similar to that of those who were not exposed, it is concluded that the association between lung cancer and VCM exposure... is ... rather small. [Th'eriault G, Allard P; Jour Occup Med 23(10): 671-676 (1981)] The incidence of birth defects for infants born to residents of Shawinigan, Canada in 1966-1979 were significantly higher than in three comparison communities. Since there has been a vinyl chloride polymerization plant in this town since 1943 from which ten cases of /liver/ angiosarcoma have been identified this study explored the possible association between exposure to vinyl chloride monomer in ambient air and the occurrence of birth defects in the community. The excess of birth defects fluctuated seasonally in a way that corresponded to changes in VCM concn in the environ. ... There /was/ no excess of still births in Shawinigan. The excess in birth defects involved most organ systems, and variation in birth-defect rates among school districts could not be accounted for by estimates of VCM in the atmosphere. The occupational and residential histories of parents who gave birth to malformed infants were compared with those of normal infants. The two groups did not differ in occupational exposure or closeness to the vinyl chloride polymerization plant. ... [Th'eriault G et al; Teratology 27(3): w - to HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ION-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 3N-HUMAN TOXICITY 359-370 (1983)] ...CONCN OF 2 1/2% OF VINYL CHLORIDE IN AIR FOR PERIOD OF 3 MIN WILL CAUSE DIZZINESS & DISORIENTATION IN EXPOSED MEN. [Patty, F. (ed,). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. p. 1304] ...RESULTS OF MASSIVE & APPARENTLY REPEATED EXPOSURES: ... EUPHORIA...FOLLOWED BY STATE OF INEBRIATION SIMILAR TO THAT OF ALCOHOL INTOXICATION. ...EPIGASTRIC PAIN...ANOREXIA...ALLERGIC DERMATITIS... & SCLERODERMA... [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed., 1980. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., 1980. p. 428] ...26 MALE AR/IRE WISTAR RATS... EXPOSED TO...3% VOL/VOL...COMMERCIAL-GRADE VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER...(99% PURE) 4 HR/DAY ON 5 DAY/WK FOR 12 MO. ... SKIN TUMORS DEVELOPED IN SUBMAXILLARY PAROTID REGION...(14 EPIDERMOID CARCINOMAS, 2 MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMAS, 1 PAPILLOMA)...LUNG TUMORS DEVELOPED IN 7 RATS AND OSTEOCHONDROMAS IN 5. NO TUMORS...IN 25 UNTREATED CONTROLS.../SKIN TUMORS WERE ZIMBAL GLAND TUMORS AND LUNG TUMORS WERE METASTASIS FROM THESE/. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 386] GROUPS OF MALE AND FEMALE 11-WEEK-OLD SWISS MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CONCENTRATIONS OF 50 TO 10,000 PPM VINYL CHLORIDE IN AIR FOR 4 HOURS/DAY ON 5 DAYS/WEEK FOR 30 WEEKS. AT 81 WEEKS, 70% (OF THE 10,000 PPM GROUP) HAD ADENOMAS AND/OR ADENOCARCINOMAS OF THE LUNG, 47% HAD MAMMARY ADENOCARCINOMAS AND 16% HAD ANGIOSARCOMAS OF THE LIVER. IN 80 MALE AND 70 FEMALE UNTREATED CONTROLS, 8 PULMONARY TUMORS AND 3 LYMPHOMAS WERE OBSERVED. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 384] VINYL CHLORIDE WAS ADMIN FOR 7 HR/DAY ON DAYS 6-18 OF GESTATION IN MICE, RATS, & RABBITS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT ALTHOUGH MATERNAL TOXICITY ... OBSERVED, VINYL CHLORIDE ALONE DID NOT CAUSE SIGNIFICANT EMBRYONAL OR FETAL TOXICITY & WAS NOT TERATOGENIC IN ANY OF SPECIES @ CONCN TESTED... [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. p. 785] ...EXPOSURE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM R&S 139685 EXCERPTS MON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS MON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS MON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS TON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS MON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ION-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS STRAINS TA1530, TA1535, & G-46...INCR NUMBER OF HIS+ REVERTANTS/PLATE 16, 12 OR 5 TIMES OVER SPONTANEOUS MUTATION RATE. MUTAGENIC RESPONSE FOR TA153 0 STRAIN...INCR WHEN S-9 LIVER FRACTIONS FROM HUMANS, RATS, OR MICE...ADDED. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. p. 784] ACUTE EFFECTS. ... INHALATION.../OF/ VINYL CHLORIDE...SHOWN TO PRODUCE LUNG CONGESTION & SOME HEMORRHAGING, BLOOD-CLOTTING DIFFICULTIES, & CONGESTION OF LIVER & KIDNEYS IN LAB ANIMALS. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. p. 784] ACUTE EFFECTS. AFTER 2 HR @ 5% VINYL CHLORIDE, RATS SHOWED MODERATE INTOXICATION; 2 HR @ 15% PROVOKED RESP FAILURE... [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. p. 784] ...DEGENERATION OF BONE & CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN MALE WISTAR RATS EXPOSED TO CONCN OF 30,000 PPM...4 HR/DAY ON 5 DAYS/WK FOR UP TO 12 MO. DEGENERATIVE CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN LIVER (INTERSTITIAL HEPATITIS...), BRAIN... & KIDNEY (TUBULAR NEPHROSIS &...INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V7 302] CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE OF CFY RATS TO VINYL CHLORIDE (4000 MG/CU M IN AIR) DURING FIRST 3RD OF PREGNANCY CAUSED INCR IN FETAL DEATHS & EMBRYOTOXIC EFFECTS. [UNGVARY G ET AL; EFFECTS OF VINYL CHLORIDE EXPOSURE ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH TRYPAN BLUE - APPLIED SYSTEMATICALLY DURING ALL THIRDS OF PREGANCY ON THE FETUSES OF CFY RATS; TOXICOLOGY 11(1) 45 (1978)] DOMINANT LETHAL STUDIES OF MALE CD-I MICE WHO HAD BEEN EXPOSED TO 3000, 10,000, & 30,000 PPM FOR 5 DAYS SHOWED NO MUTAGENIC EFFECT. [ANDERSON D ET AL; DOMINANT LETHAL STUDIES WITH THE HALOGENATED OLEFINS VINYL CHLORIDE AND VINYLIDENE DICHLORIDE IN MALE CD-I MICE; ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT (21) 71 (1977)] SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE EXPOSED TO 10,000 PPM VINYL CHLORIDE IN AIR FOR 4 HOURS/DAY ON 5 DAYS/WEEK FOR 5 WEEKS, STARTING AT THE AGE OF 13 WEEKS (120 RATS PER GROUP) OR 1 DAY (43 AND 46 RATS). ANIMALS WERE OBSERVED FOR 135 WEEKS. ONE HEPATOMA WAS REPORTED IN THE OLDER RATS...IN NEWBORN RATS, 10 ANGIOSARCOMAS AND 15 HEPATOMAS WERE FOUND. NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS TON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 'ON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS NO LIVER TUMORS WERE REPORTED IN 249 CONTROLS. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 388] 40 RABBITS WERE EXPOSED FOR 4 HOURS/DAY ON 5 DAYS/WEEK FOR 12 MONTHS TO AIR CONTAINING...(10,000 PPM) VINYL CHLORIDE. BETWEEN 9 AND 15 MONTHS EXPOSURE, 12 SKIN ACANTHOMAS AND 6 LUNG ADENOCARCINOMAS WERE SEEN. NO SIMILAR TUMORS OCCURRED IN 20 CONTROLS AFTER 15 MONTHS OBSERVATION. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 389] THE EMBRYOTOXIC & TERATOGENIC ACTION OF VINYLCHLORIDE ON 40 PREGNANT WHITE WISTAR RATS WAS EXAMINED. THE EXPT WERE CARRIED OUT UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF DAILY INHALATORY POISONING DURING GESTATION AT MEAN DAILY CONCN OF 6.15 MG/CU M. THERE WAS A MANIFESTATED EMBRYOTOXIC & TERATOGENIC EFFECT OF ELEVATED TOTAL EMBRYONAL MORTALITY, LOWERED FETAL WT & INTRODUCTION OF EXTERNAL & INTERNAL ANOMALIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS. THE THRESHOLD VALUE OF CONCN FOR EMBRYOTOXICITY & TERATOGENICITY WAS CALCULATED TO BE 10 MG/CU M. [MIRKOVA E ET AL; EMBRYOTOXIC AND TERATOGENIC ACTION OF VINYLCHLORIDE; KHIG ZDRAVEOPAZ 21(5) 440 (1978)] ... rats and mice were exposed in an inhalation chamber to single 1-hr /concentration/ of vinyl chloride ranging from 50-50,000 ppm. A second group was given 10 1-hr exposures to 500 ppm or 100 1-hr exposures to 50 ppm... /The study demonstrated/ dose related effects for single 1-hr exposure of VCM at high levels, i.e. 5,000 and 50,000 ppm. The concn increased the incidence of pulmonary adenomas and carcinomas in mice. Repeated exposure of A/J mice ... at 500 ppm x 10 1-hr exposures also increased the incidence of pulmonary adenomas and carcinomas... Rats exposed to identical concn of VCM failed to elicit a tumorigenic response. [Hehir RM et al; Environ Health Perspect 41: 63-72 (1981) ] Wistar rats were exposed to atmospheres containing 0 (control) or 5000 ppm vinyl chloride monomer, 7 hr/day, 5 day/wk, for 52 wk. ... 10 rats/sex per group were killed... Growth, mortality, hematology, clinical chemistry, and organ weights were studied. Slight growth retardation throughout the R&S 139687 NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS NO"HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS experimental period and high mortality in the 2nd half of the study were observed in VCM-exposed animals. ... Blood clotting time was ... shorter in VCM-exposed rats than controls. There were minor /incr in/ K content in the blood serum in VCM-exposed animals during the 1st half of the test period. Increased blood urea N levels and relative kidney weights were evidence that the kidneys were adversely affected by VCM. After 52 wk increased weights of heart and spleen, and slight signs of an anemia were noted in VCM-exposed rats. ... [Feron VJ et al; Toxicol 13(1): 25-28 (1979)] Rats exposed to vinyl chloride (in air at 2500 ppm, 4-7 hr/day, 5 days/wk) from day 12 of embryonic life for 57 wk had a 63.1% incidence of liver angiosarcoma with a latency period of 49.9 wk and a 41.4% incidence of lung metastasis. The experimental tumors were similar to those of humans with respect to gross pathology, histopathology, and metastatic behavior. ... [Maltoni C et al; Dev Oncol 15: 339-341 (1983) ] ... the mutagenicity of vinyl chloride ... was tested in V79 Chinese hamster cells in the presence of a 15,000 supernatant from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats and mice. Mutations... of 8-azaquanine and ouabain resistance were induced in a dose-related fashion by exposure to vapor of vinyl chloride in the presence of liver supernatant from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats. ... [Drevon C, Kuroki T; Mutat Res 67(2): 173-182 (1979)] ...ZYMBAL'S GLAND CARCINOMAS, NEPHROBLASTOMAS, & ANGIOSARCOMAS OF LIVER & OF OTHER LOCATIONS /INDUCED/ IN RATS FOLLOWING 52 WK OF EXPOSURE FOR 20 HR EACH WK. CONCN...10,000 PPM...6000 PPM...2500 PPM...500 PPM...50 PPM, WITH ANGIOSARCOMAS IN 7, 13, 14, 7, 4 & 1 RATS, RESPECTIVELY (AIR CONTROLS WERE NEGATIVE). [Searle, C. E. (ed.). Chemical Carcinogens. ACS Monograph 173. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1976. p. 333] ...REPEATED EXPOSURES... FOR 7 HR/DAY, 5 DAYS/WK. @ 500 PPM, RATS...INCR LIVER WT & HISTOPATHOLOGY. @ 200 & 100 PPM, RATS...INCR LIVER WT, BUT NO CHANGES... OBSERVED IN DOGS OR GUINEA PIGS. ALL SPECIES TOLERATED 50 PPM FOR 6 MONTHS. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. p. 3538] DNA SYNTHESIS WAS DEPRESSED IN RAT LIVER IN VIVO BY VINYL CHLORIDE AND TWO OF ITS PRESUMED METABOLITES, CHLOROETHYLENE OXIDE TOXICITY VALUES TOMAN TOXICITY VALUES TOMAN TOXICITY VALUES ION-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES ION-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES ION-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES ION-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES AND CHLOROACETALDEHYDE. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 391] TCLO MAN INHALATION 30 MG/CU M (MALE EXPOSED FOR 5 YEARS); TOXIC EFFECTS: REPRODUCTIVE; PATERNAL [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS HUMAN HELA CELLS MUTATION DOSE 10 MMOL/L [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TCLO MAN INHALATION 500 PPM/4 YR INTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS. [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] LD50 RATS ORAL 500 MG/KG [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] MUTATION SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM MUTATION DOSE 2000 PPM/48 HR [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] MUTATION/METABOLIC ACTIVATION SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM MUTATION DOSE 20 PPH/4 HR [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] MUTATION ESCHERICHIA COLI MUTATION DOSE R&S 139689 NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES 10600 UMOL/L [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] DNA REPAIR ESCHERICHIA COLI MUTATION DOSE 100 UG/PLATE [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] MUTATION/METABOLIC ACTIVATION SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE MUTATION DOSE 16 MMOL/L/30 MINUTES [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] MUTATION/METABOLIC ACTIVATION SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE MUTATION DOSE 25000 PPM [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] MITOTIC RECOMBINATION SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE MUTATION DOSE 48 MMOL/L/3 HR [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] MITOTIC RECOMBINATION SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE MUTATION DOSES 48 MMOL/L [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION RATS INHALATION MUTATION DOSE 2000 PPM/14 WK- INTERMITTENT [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] R&S 139690 NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES DNA DAMAGE RATS ORAL MUTATION DOSE 18 G/KG/2 YR- CONTINUOUS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS RATS INHALATION MUTATION DOSE 150 UG/CU M/14 WK- CONTINUOUS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] MICRONUCLEUS TEST MOUSE INHALATION MUTATION DOSE 5 PPH/4 HR [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] HOST MEDIATED ASSAY RATS/SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE MUTATION DOSE 1 PPH/24 HRCONTINUOUS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] HOST MEDIATED MOUSE/SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE MUTATION DOSE 700 MG/KG [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] MUTATION/METABOLIC ACTIVATION HAMSTER LUNG SOMATIC CELLS MUTATION DOSE 20 PPH/5 HR [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS HAMSTERS INHALATION MUTATION DOSE 12500 PPM/6 HR [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. R&S 139691 NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NONcHUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES 83/8209] SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE HAMSTERS INHALATION MUTATION DOSE 12500 PPM/6 HR [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TCLO RATS INHALATION 500 PPM/7 HR (6TH-15TH DAY OF PREGNANCY); TOXIC EFFECTS: REPRODUCTIVE; EMBRYOTOXICITY [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TCLO RATS INHALATION 1500 PPM/24 HR (1ST-9TH DAY OF PREGNANCY); TOXIC EFFECTS: REPRODUCTIVE; FERTILITY [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TCLO MICE INHALATION 30,000 PPM/6 HR (5 DAYS BEFORE MATING, MALES); TOXIC EFFECTS: REPRODUCTIVE; FERTILITY [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TDLO RATS ORAL 10 G/KG/52 WK- INTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TCLO RATS INHALATION 50 PPM/52 WKINTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TCLO RATS INHALATION 10,000 PPM/4 HR (12TH-18TH DAY OF PREGNANCY); TOXIC EFFECTS: 00 W CO to 05 to to MON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES MON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES MON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES TON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES MON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES ION-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TDLO RATS INTRAPERITONEAL 21 MG/KG/65 WKINTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: EQUIVOCAL TUMORIGENIC AGENT [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TDLO RATS SUBCUTANEOUS 21 MG/KG/67 WKINTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: EQUIVOCAL TUMORIGENIC AGENT [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TCLO MICE INHALATION 50 PPM/30 WKINTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TCLO HAMSTERS INHALATION 50 PPM/4 HR/30 WKINTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TOXIC CONCENTRATION RATS INHALATION 250 PPM/52 WK- INTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TOXIC CONCENTRATION MICE INHALATION 50 PPM/47 WK- INTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety R&S 139693 MON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES MON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES MON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES ION-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES MON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES MON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TOXIC CONCENTRATION MICE INHALATION 250 PPM/6 HR/13 WK- INTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TOXIC DOSE RATS ORAL 34 G/KG/3 YRINTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TOXIC CONCENTRATION MICE INHALATION 50 PPM/6 HR/4 WK- INTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TOXIC CONCENTRATION MICE INHALATION 50 PPM/4 HR/30 WK- INTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TOXIC CONCENTRATION RATS INHALATION 250 PPM/2 YR- INTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TOXIC CONCENTRATION HAMSTERS INHALATION 500 PPM/48 WK- INTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: NEOPLASTIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of R&S 139694 .'ION-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES .'TON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES MON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES XICITY VALUES ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TOXIC CONCENTRATION RATS INHALATION 50 PPM/6 HR/43 WK- INTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] LCLO GUINEA PIGS INHALATION 20 PPM/30 MIN [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TOXIC CONCENTRATION RATS INHALATION 250 PPM/80 WK- INTERMITTENT; TOXIC EFFECTS: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] AQUATIC TOXICITY: TLM: OVER 1000 PPM/96 HR [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] FOLLOWING INHALATION EXPOSURE TO 10 PPM (14)C VINYL CHLORIDE FOR 6 HOURS, URINARY (14)C ACTIVITY AND EXPIRED VINYL CHLORIDE ACCOUNTED FOR 68 AND 2%, RESPECTIVELY. AFTER EXPOSURE TO 1000 PPM THE PROPORTION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN THE URINE WAS 56% AND THAT EXPIRED AS VINYL CHLORIDE WAS 12%. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 392] Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given single oral doses (gavage) of 14C vinyl chloride at 0.05, 1.0 or 100 mg/kg, ... routes and rates of elim of 14C activity were followed for 72 hr ... Of the samples examined (liver, skin, plasma, muscle, lung, fat, and carcas), liver retained the greatest percentage of admin radioactivity at all doses. [Watanabe PG et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 36: 339-352 R&s 139695 ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION A.BSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OLISM/METABOLITES 4ETABOLISM/METABOLITES '4ETABOLISM/METABOLITES XETABOLISM/METABOLITES (1976) as cited in USEPA, office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.IX-3 (1983)] Experiments with volunteers showed that 42% of an inhaled dose of vinyl chloride ... was retained in the lungs. This value was independent of /the/ concn of vinyl chloride in the air. Elim of vinyl chloride through the lungs was negligible since its concn in expired air decreased immediately after cessation of exposure. [Krajewski J et al; Br J Ind Med 37(4): 373-374 (1980)] ORAL DOSES OF 0.05-1.0 MG/KG IN RATS... PULMONARY EXCRETION WAS MONOPHASIC @ THESE DOSES, & URINARY METABOLITES .../WERE N-ACETYL-S-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)CYSTEINE & THIODIGLYCOLIC ACID/. @...100 MG/KG, PULMONARY EXCRETION...BIPHASIC & A GREATER PERCENTAGE ... EXPIRED AS VINYL CHLORIDE--67%, COMPARED WITH 1 OR 2% @ LOWER DOSE. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. p. 783] The metabolic elim of vinyl chloride in Rhesus monkeys /following inhalation exposure/ is a dose-dependent, saturable process. ... below 200-300 ppm elim is first-order. [Buchter A et al; Tox Letters 6: 33-6 (1980) as cited in USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (draft): Vinyl Chloride p.IV-8 (1983)] AFTER INHALATION OF (14)C-VINYL CHLORIDE BY RATS... THREE URINARY METABOLITES HAVE BEEN DETECTED: N-ACETYL-S-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)CYSTEINE, THIODIGLYCOLIC ACID, & AN UNIDENTIFIED SUBSTANCE. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. p. 783] N-ACETYL-S-(2-CHLOROETHYL)CYSTEINE OR N-ACETYL-S-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)CYSTEINE MAY BE ISOLATED FROM RAT BODY FLUIDS DEPENDING ON METHOD OF PROTECTIVE ESTERIFICATION USED. N-ACETYL-S-VINYLCYSTEINE IS ANOTHER. THESE ARE NOT MUTAGENIC IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM. [GREEN T, HATHWAY DE; THE CHEMISTRY AND BIOGENESIS OF THE S-CONTAINING METABOLITES OF VINYL CHLORIDE IN RATS; CHEM-BIOL INTERACT 17(2) 137 (1977)] VINYL CHLORIDE IS METABOLIZED BY MICROSOMAL MIXED-FUNCTION OXIDASES TO CHLOROETHYLENE OXIDE, WHICH CAN REARRANGE SPONTANEOUSLY TO CHLOROACETALDEHYDE. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 393] Rats /were subjected/ to an airborne concn R&S 139696 METABOLISM/METABOLITES BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE MECHANISM OF ACTION INTERACTIONS INTERACTIONS INTERACTIONS of 14C-vinyl chloride ranging from 200-1,200 ppm in a closed system, ... the rate of deer of vinyl chloride levels in the chamber atmosphere /was measured/. ... saturation of the vinyl chloride-metabolizing enzymes of the rat /was/ achieved at 250 ppm. [Bolt HM et al; Arch Toxicol 7: 179-188 (1977) as cited in USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.IV-7 (1983)] ...DATA...INDICATE DOSE-DEPENDENT FATE OF VINYL CHLORIDE AFTER INHALATION OR ORAL ADMIN IN RATS. PRIMARY MECHANISM OF DETOXIFICATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE OR ITS REACTIVE METABOLITES INVOLVES CONJUGATION WITH HEPATIC GLUTATHIONE. GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATES ... SUBJECT TO HYDROLYSIS YIELDING CYSTEINE CONJUGATES... [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. p. 783] THE PATTERN OF PULMONARY ELIMINATION OF 10 AND 1000 PPM VINYL CHLORIDE WAS DESCRIBED BY APPARENTLY SIMILAR FIRST-ORDER KINETICS, WITH HALF-LIVES OF 20.4 AND 22.4 MINUTES RESPECTIVELY. THE HALF LIVES FOR THE INITIAL PHASE OF EXCRETION OF (14)C RADIOACTIVITY IN URINE WERE 4.6 AND 4.1 HOURS, RESPECTIVELY. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 392] PRECARCINOGEN VINYL CHLORIDE CONVERTED TO ALKYLATING INTERMEDIATE RESPONSIBLE FOR INTRODUCTION OF 2-OXYETHYL GROUP ONTO NUCLEOPHILIC SITES IN DNA & PROTEINS OF MICE. [GOTHE ET AL; BIOCHEM BIOPHYS RES COMMUN 76(2) 259 (1977)] SRAGUE-DAWLEY MALE RATS RECEIVED EITHER 5% ETHANOL IN DRINKING WATER OR DRINKING WATER ONLY FOR 4 WEEKS PRIOR TO BEGINNING INHALATION OF 600 PPM VINYL CHLORIDE FOR 4 HOURS/DAY ON 5 DAYS/WEEK FOR 12 MONTHS. AFTER 60 WEEKS FROM THE FIRST VINYL CHLORIDE EXPOSURE, LIVER TUMORS WERE FOUND IN 75% OF THE VINYL CHLORIDE-ETHANOL RATS AND IN 38% OF THE VINYL CHLORIDE-ONLY GROUP. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 389] Vinyl chloride exerts a protective effect on hepatotoxicity when admin with vinylidene chloride. [Jaeger RJ; Ann NY Sci 246: 150-51 (1975) as cited in USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (draft): Vinyl Chloride p.VI-2 (1983)] The metabolism of vinyl chloride /was R&S 139697 RACTIONS INTERACTIONS POPULATIONS AT SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL FATE/EXPOSURE SUMMARY inhibited/ by administering a single dose of 320 mg/kg pyrazole one hr prior to inhalation of /vinyl chloride/ gas. [Hefner RE Jr et al; Ann NY Acad Sci 246: 135-148 (1975) as cited in USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Vinyl Chloride p.C-21] Vinyl chloride and ethylene are acutely hepatotoxic in rats pretreated with polychlorinated biphenyl. ... Trichloropropane oxide significantly incr vinyl chloride toxicity in fasted but not in fed rats. Diethylmaleate significantly lowered hepatic glutathione during exposure, but did not increase hepatotoxicity of either vinyl chloride or ethylene. ... In polychlorinated biphenyl-treated rats, hepatic glutathione and hepatic epoxide hydrase influence the acute hepatotoxicity of vinyl chloride. ... [Conolly RB, Jaeger RJ; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 50(3): 523-532 (1979)] /Combining/ 1 mg/cu m vinyl chloride with 1 mg phenol/cu m antagonized the effects on the nervous system of rats in a 7-month continuous inhalation study. The mixture did not affect the learning ability which was impaired by 1 mg/cu m of either /cmpd/ separately. Vinyl chloride alone ... extended the blood clotting time. [Chyba A; Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 32(4): 357-361 (1981)] ... older individuals, females, newborns, and alcohol consumers may be particularly sensitive to the effects of vinyl chloride. [USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.IX-3 (1983) ] Although vinyl chloride is produced in large quantities, almost all of it is used captively for the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other polymers. Therefore, its major release to the environment will be as emissions and wastewater at these production and manufacturing facilities. Releases to water will be lost primarily through evaporation in hours to days. In the atmosphere, vinyl chloride will degrade rapidly by photooxidation with a half-life of about 1.2 days in relatively clean air or hours in polluted air. If spilled on land, part of the vinyl chloride will evaporate and part will leach into the groundwater where its fate is uncertain. However, a detailed study at a spill site reported that levels were reduced below detection limits in 10 weeks. Since vinyl chloride is primarily used in a limited number of locations, it is unlikely that contamination will be widespread. Vinyl chloride is not expected to bioconcentrate into the food chain. Major human exposure R&S 139698 l^pjRAL OCCURRING SOURCES ARTIFICIAL SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL FATE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE BIODEGRADATION ABIOTIC DEGRADATION will be from occupational atmospheres and from food and drinking water which has come into contact with PVC packaging material or pipe which has not been treated adequately to remove residual monomer.(SRC) None(l). [(l)IARC; Monograph Some Monomers, Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers, and Acrolein 19:377-83 (1979)] Air emission from its production and use as a feedstock in the plastics industry (principally for PVC production) and wastewater from these industries(1). Spills(2). [(1) IARC; Monograph Some Monomers, Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers, and Acrolein 19:377-83 (1979) (2) Charton J et al; p 245-67 in Hazard Assessment of Chemicals Vol 2; Saxena J ed (1983)] TERRESTRIAL FATE: When released on land vinyl chloride will partially volatilize (see VWS) and partially leach into the groundwater (see also KOC).(SRC) AQUATIC FATE: The primary loss process for vinyl chloride released into water is evaporation into the atmosphere (see also VWS). For a variety of natural waters the half-life for this process would be expected to take hours to days. In waters containing photosensitizers such as humic acid, photodegradation will occur fairly rapidly (see also ABIO). Loss by adsorption to sediment will not be appreciable (see also KOC). Aftera train derailment in Canada on Mar. 10, 1980, in a blizzard in which 2 of 12 boxcars were found to be leaking and large quantities of VC were spilled in the snow, a max of 10 ppm was found in groundwater at the center of the spill site. Levels dropped below the detection limit of .02 ppm 10 weeks after the spill(1).(SRC) [(1) Charlton J et al; p 245-67 in Hazard Assessment of Chemicals Vol 2; Saxena J ed (1983) ] ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Vinyl chloride reacts in the troposphere with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with a half-life of 1.2 days. In photochemical smog situations, the half-life would be reduced to a few hours (see also ABIO).(SRC) Existing data, which is admittedly scant, indicates that vinyl chloride is resistant to biodegradation in aerobic systems(1,2). No information could be found concerning its biodegradability in anaerobic systems(SRC). [(1) Helfgott TB et al; An index of refractory organics, EPA-600/2-77-174 p 21 (1977) (2) Callahan MA et al; Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants Vol 2, EPA-440/4-79-029b page 49-1 to 49-10 (1979)] Vinyl chloride is a reactive chemical in the 37 Co cn CO <o o> to <0 BIOCONCENTRATION OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS atmosphere. Laboratory results for its reaction with hydroxyl radicals give a half-life of 1.2 days or a 43% loss per sunlit day(1,2), a result which is confirmed by its rate of disappearance in air exposed to sunlight(3,5). The products of reaction include chloroacetaldehyde, HC1, chloroethylene epoxide, formaldehyde, formyl chloride, formic acid and carbon monoxide(4,5). In the presence of nitrogen oxides, its reactivity is much higher with a half-life of 3-7 hrs(3,6,7). In water no photodegradation was observed in 90 hours; however, degradation is rapid in the presence of sensitizers such as might be the case in humic waters, etc., or free radicals as might be found in PVC manufacturing effluent streams(8). Hydrolysis will not be a significant loss process(8). [(1) Perry RA et al; J Chem Phys 67:458-62 (1977) (2) Singh HB et al; Atmos Environ 15:601-12 (1981) (3) Carassiti V et al; Ann Chim 67:499-512 (1978) (4) Muller JPH, Korte F; Chemosphere 6:341-6 (1977) (5) Kagiya T e al; Japan Chem Soc Spring Term Mtg, 32nd Tokyo Japan paper 1035 (1975) (6) Woldbaek T, Klaboe P; Spectrochim Acta A 34:481-7 (1978) (7) Gay BW Jr et al; Environ Sci Technol 10:58-66 (1976) (8) Callahan MA et al; Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants Vol 2 EPA-440/4-79-029b page 49-1 to 49-10 (1979)] Vinyl chloride's low octanol/water partition (log Kow=.6(l)) indicates that it will have little tendency to bioconcentrate in the food chain(SRC). While not reporting actual bioconcentration factors, a lack of appreciable bioconcentration in extractable fractions of fish and aquatic invertebrates was reported in an ecosystem study(2). [(1) Callahan MA et al; Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants Vol 2 EPA-440/4-79-029b page 49-1 to 49-10 (1979) (2) Lu PY et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 9:1042-8 (1977)] Vinyl chloride monomer has been found in polyvinyl chloride resins but these levels can be reduced by new processing techniques in food grade resins(1). For example, PVC delivered to a fabricator contained 250 ppm vinyl chloride monomer which was reduced to .5-20 ppm after fabrication(1). Residual vinyl chloride monomer found in food packing material ranged from .043-71 ppb for film and up to 7.9 ppm for plastic bottles(1). It has been found in domestic and foreign cigarettes and little cigars in concentrations of 5.6-27 mg/cigarette(1). [(1) IARC; Monograph Some Monomers, Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers, and Acrolein R&S 139700 WATER CONCENTRATIONS 19:381-3 (1979)] DRINKING WATER: In the National Organic Monitoring Survey (1976-7) 2 samples out of 113 contained detectable levels (>.l ppb) and these averaged .14 ppb(l). Highest value found in US drinking water is 10 ppb(5,7). 23% of 133 US cities using finished surface water were pos, .1 to 9.8 ppb, .4 ppb median of pos samples(2). A finished groundwater survey in 25 US cities resulted in 4.0% pos, 9.4 ppb mean(2,6). One contaminated drinking water well contained 50 ppb(3). Drinking water from PVC pipes contained 1.4 ppb in a recent installation, while a 9 yr old system had 0.03 to 0.06 ppb(4). GROUNDWATER: 4 of 1060 wells in New Jersey were positive(10) and vinyl chloride was present in the 10 most polluted wells from 408 New Jersey samples; however, it was not quantified(11). 15.4% of 13 US cities sampled were pos - 2.2 to 9.4 ppb, 5.8 ppb median(2,6). In a 9-state survey, 7% of the wells tested were positive, with a maximum value of 380 ppb reported(8). After train derailment in Manitoba on Mar. 10, 1980, in which large amounts of VC was spilled in the snow, 10 ppm max occurred in groundwater which decreased to below .02 ppm by 10 wks after the spill(12). SURFACE WATER: 9.8 ppb max value found in a 1981, 9 state survey(3,8). It was not detected in winter or summer samples from the Delaware Riverr(9). Vinyl chloride has been detected in 21 out of 606 samples from New Jersey(10) and other US samples(5). 7.6% of 105 US cities were positive with pos samples ranging from .2 to 5.1 ppb, 3.25 ppb median(2). [(1) Drury JS, Hammons AS; Investigarions of Selected Environmental Pollutants 1,2-dichloroethane. EPA-560/2-78-006 p 63 (1979) (2) Coniglio WA et al; The occurrence of volatile organics in drinking water. EPA exposure assessment project (1980) (3) Burmaster DE; Environ 24:6-13, 33-6 (1982) (4) USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride. EPA-440/5-80-078 (1980) (5) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11:111-61 (1979) (6) Council Environmental Quality; Contamination on groundwater by toxic organic chemicals. Washington, DC 84 p (1981) (7) Kraybill HF; NY Acad Sci Annals 298:80-9 (1977) (8) Dyksen JE, Herr AF III; J Amer Water Work Assoc 1982, 394-403 (1982) (9) Sheldon LS, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 12:1188-94 (1978) (10) Page GW; Environ Sci Technol 15:1475-81 (1981) (11) Greenberg M et al; Environ Sci Technol 16:14-9 (1982) (12) Charlton J et al; p 245-67 in Hazard Assessment of Chemicals Vol 2; Saxena J ed (1983) ] R&S 139701 EFFLUENTS CONCENTRATIONS SEDIMENT/SOIL CONCENTRATIONS ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS The only industry with appreciable waste water effluents of vinyl chloride is the organic chemicals mfg/plastic industry where mean levels are 750 ppb(l). Waste water from 12 PVC plants in 7 US areas ranged from 0.05 to 20 ppm with typical levels being 2 to 3 ppm(2). Vinyl chloride has been detected in effluents from chemical and latex plants in Long Beach, California(4). It was not detected in effluents from major municipal waste water discharges in Southern California(3). [(1) USEPA; Treatability Manual. EPA-600/2-82-001a page 1.12.12-1 to 1.12.12-4 (1981) (2) USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride. EPA-440/5-80-078 (1980) (3) Young DR; Annual Rep Southern California Coastal Water Res Proj p 103-12 (1978) (4) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11:111-61 (1979)] After Mar. 10, 1980 train derailment in Canada in which large quantities of VC were spilled in the snow, soil samples reached levels as high as 500 ppm a meter or two below the surface(l). [(1) Charlton J et al; p 245-67 in Hazard Assessment of Chemicals Vol 2; Saxena J ed (1983)] RURAL: <5 parts/trillion detected in rural northwest US(1,4) <10 ppb at the Whiteface Mtn in New York(3). No vinyl chloride was detected in 7 samples taken in the Grand Canyon, AZ, detection limit=2.8 ppb(2) and <10 ppb at the Whiteface Mtn in New York(3). URBAN/SUBURBAN: Vinyl chloride has a low frequency of occurrence in studies done in New Jersey(5,7,10,11), with a concn range of a trace to <10 ppb avg(3,5,7,10,11,12). 2 of 8 sites (1 - Staten Island and 7 - New Jersey) were pos - .15 and 46 ppb(6); Baltimore, MD - 38.5 ppb avg(3); SOURCE DOMINATED AREAS: Houston, TX - Gulf Coast area (18 samples) 3.1-1250 ppb, max in Texas City(9); Niagara Falls, NY, upwind from plant - 0 ppb, downwind - 28 ppb and 40 ppb measured in a nearby residential area (13). Delaware City, DE highway intersection - 790 ppb avg(3) Houston, TX area which is the site of 40% of US production capacity of PVC had a range of 3.1-1250 ppb(14,15) with 33.0 ppm being detected 0.5 km from the center of a VC plant(15). Ambient air near 2 vinyl chloride plants n Long Beach, CA - 1.3-3.4 ppm(17); 8 highly industrialized US areas 0 to .513 ppb(2). Not detected in 23 samples from the Kin Buc disposal site in New Jersey(2). <0.05 ppm was detected in ambient air from a petrochemical factory area(16). 2 of 7 new auto interiors gave levels of 0.4 to 1.2 ppm(15), however, <10 ppb was measured in another study involving 16 new or used cars and 4 new or old mobile R &s 139702 FOOD SURVEY VALUES homes(17). After Mar 10, 1980 train derailment in Canada in which large quantities of VC were spilled during a blizzard, levels in excess of 200 ppm were found at ground levels near some freight cars but levels outside of the spill area .were <.02 ppm the detection limit(18). [(1) Harsch DE et al; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 29:975-6 (1979) (2) Pellizzari ED; Quantification of chlorinated hydrocarbons in previously collected air samples EPA-450/3-78-112 (1978) (3) Lillian D et al; Environ Sci Technol 9:1042-8 (1975) (4) Grimsrud EP, Rasmussen RA; Atmos Environ 9:1014-7 (1975) (5) Bozzelli JW, Kebbehus BB; Analysis of selected volatile substances in ambient air, final report Apr-Nov 1978. Newark, NJ: New Jersey Institute Tech 80 p (1979) (6) Pellizzari ED; The measurement of carcinogenic vapors in ambient atmospheres. EPA-600/7-77-055 p 288 (1977) (7) Bozzelli JN et al; Analysis of selected toxic and carcinogenic substances in ambient air in New Jersey. New Jersey Dept Environ Protect (1980) (8) Pellizzari ED et al; Formulation of preliminary assessment of halogenated organic compounds in man and environmental media. EPA-560/13-79-006 (1979) (9) Gordon SJ, Meeks SA; AICHE Symp Ser 73:84-94 (1977) (10) Harkov R et al; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 33:1177-83 (1983) (11) Harkov R et al; Toxic and carcinogenic air pollutants in New Jersey - volatile organic substances. Trenton, NJ: Office of Cancaer and Toxic Substances Research (1981) (12) Lioy PY et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 33:649-57 (1983) (13) Gay BW Jr, Noonan RC; Ambient air measurements of vinyl chloride in the Niagara Falls area; environmental monitoring series. EPA-650/4-75-020 19 p (1975) (14) McMurray JR, Tarr J; IES 24 Ann Mtg Fort Worth, Tx 18-20 Apr 78 p 149-53 (1978) (15) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11:111-61 (1979) (16) Marthinsson B et al; Opt Quantum Electron 12:327-34 (1980) (17) PARC; Monograph, Some Monomers, Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers, and Acrolein 19:380-3 (1979) (18) Charleton J et al; p 245-67 in Hazard Assessment of Chemicals Vol 2; Saxena J ed (1983)] 20 mg/kg were detected in alcoholic beverages which were packaged in products containing vinyl chloride(1,3). Alcoholic beverages - 0.025 to 1.60 ppm. .44 ppm avg, edible oils - 0.3 to 3.29 ppm, 2.16 ppm avg, vinegars 0 (red wine) to 8,40 ppm (apple cider), detected but not quantified in butter and margarine when these products were packaged in PVC conainers(2,3). [(1) IARC; Monograph Some anti-thyroid and R&S 139703 * ABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE AVERAGE DAILY INTAKE PROBABLE EXPOSURES PROBABLE EXPOSURES PROBABLE EXPOSURES related substances, nitrofurans and industrial chemicals 7:291-318 (1974) (2) USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride. EPA-440/5-80-078 p 6-7 (1980) (3) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11:111-61 (1979)] Inhalation is the major route of exposure for nearby residents and workers(1). Exposure is also possible by ingestion of contaminated foods, water and absorption through skin from cosmetics(1). Potential risk groups include workers in VC production or use facilities and nearby residents, people coming in contact with recently manufactured PVC in enclosed quarters (e.g., new cars), consumers of food products packaged in PVC and drinking water from PVC pipes(2). [(1) USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride. EPA-440/5-80-078 p. C-2 (1980) (2) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11:111-61 (1979) (3) Council on Environmental Quality; Contamination of groundwater by organic chemicals. 84 p (1981)] AIR INTAKE (assume 0 ppb, see also ATMC) 0 ug; WATER INTAKE (assume 0 ppb, see also WATC) 0 ug; FOOD INTAKE - insufficient data. TO DATE, 48 CASES OF HEPATIC ANGIOSARCOMA. ..DIAGNOSED IN INDUST... WORKERS AROUND WORLD. ALL AUTHENTICATED CASES...FOUND IN WORKERS ENGAGED IN CLOSED-IN PLANTS HANDLING VERY LARGE QUANTITIES OF LIQUEFIED VINYL CHLORIDE UNDER PRESSURE... EXPOSURE CONCN WERE HIGH, PROBABLY RANGING FROM 1,000 PPM TO SEVERAL THOUSAND PPM. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. p. 784] A STRONG CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN VINYL CHLORIDE (VC) CONCN AT WORKING PLACES AND THE INCR EXCRETION OF THIODIGLYCOLIC ACID OF 18 EXPOSED WORKERS. THE VALUE OBTAINED WERE IN THE RANGE OF 0.14-7.00 PPM. THE EXCRETION OF THIODIGYLCOLIC ACID, MEASURED BY GC-MS ANALYSIS, AMOUNTED TO 0.3-4.0 MG/L. [MUELLER G ET AL; DETERMINATION OF THIODIGLYCOLIC ACID IN URINE SPECIMENS OF VINYL CHLORIDE EXPOSED WORKERS; INT ARCH OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH 41(3) 199 (1978)] IN 48 WORKERS EXPOSED TO 140-1200 MG/CU M VCM DURING PRODN OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE...SOME...HAD SIGNS OF IRRITATION OF RESP TRACT & HEPATITIS. TWENTY-THREE...INCR HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL IN... BLOOD.. . [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V7 303] R&S 139704 PROBABLE EXPOSURES PROBABLE EXPOSURES PROBABLE EXPOSURES PROBABLE EXPOSURES SOIL ADSORPTION/MOBILITY A VOTKtiLIZATION FROM WATER/SOIL Avg exposure of a random person living within a 5 mi radius of a plant - 17 ppb(l). The total worldwide work force in vc and PVC industries exceeds 70,000(2). The estimated number of persons at risk is 4.6 million(l). ((1) USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria for vinyl chloride. EPA-440/5-80-078 p C-52 (1980) (2) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11:111-61 (1979)] AN EXCESS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEFECTS, DEFORMITIES OF THE UPPER ALIMENTARY AND GENITAL TRACTS, AND CLUBFOOT WERE OBSERVED IN STILLBORN AND LIVE CHILDREN IN THREE OHIO CITIES IN WHICH VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMERIZATION PLANTS ARE LOCATED. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 398] ...MORTALITY STUDY OF 8384 MEN.../WITH/ @ LEAST 1 YR...EXPOSURE...BEFORE DEC 31, 1972, DEMONSTRATED THAT CANCERS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (PRIMARILY ANGIOSARCOMA), RESP SYSTEM, BRAIN, & CANCERS OF UNKNOWN SITE, AS WELL AS LYMPHOMAS OCCURRED MORE OFTEN THAN EXPECTED IN...STUDY POPULATION WITH GREATEST ESTIMATED EXPOSURE. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed., 1980. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., 1980. p. 430] /INVESTIGATORS/... STUDIED 168 WORKERS ... THEY REPORTED NARCOTIC SYMPTOMS, ASTHENIC NERVOUS SYMPTOMS, RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME & LIVER ENLARGEMENT. INCIDENCE OF RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME...6% &...LIVER ENLARGEMENT 30%. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V7 303] No experimental data could be found on the adsorption of vinyl chloride to soil. A low adsorptivity would be predicted on the basis of its low octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow=.6(l)). A Koc of 51 is calculated from a regression equation relating Koc to Kow(2,SRC). [(1) Callahan MA et al; 1979a Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants Vol 2 EPA-440/4-79-029b page 49-1 to 49-10 (1975) (2) Kenaga EE, Goring CAI; Aquatic toxicology, Proceed 3rd Ann Symp on aquatic toxicology, ASTM Philadelphia, PA p 78-111 (1980)] Vinyl chloride will be expected to volatilize rapidly from water with a half-life of 2.5 hr (wind 3 m/sec, current 3 R&S 139705 3SHA STANDARDS :hreshold limit values IATER STANDARDS .TMOSPHERIC STANDARDS :ERCLA REPORTABLE QUANTITIES '.CRA REQUIREMENTS ' AMPLING PROCEDURES NALYTIC LABORATORY m/sec, depth 1 m)(1) . Due to its high vapor pressure, volatilization from soil would be rapid(SRC). [(1) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of chemical property estimation methods. Environmental behavior of organic compounds. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co p 15-25 (1982)] OSHA STD- AIR: TIME WEIGHTED AVG (TWA) 1 PPM; CEILING CONCN 5 PPM/15 MINUTES (1975). CRITERIA DOCUMENT: OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO VINYL HALIDES RECOMMENDED STANDARD- AIR: TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWA) 1 PPM; CEILING CONCN 5PPM/15 MINUTES. [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLINE file. 83/8209] TLV: TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWA) 5 PPM (APPROXIMATELY 10 MG/CU M)- APPENDIX A1ARECOGNI2ED CARCINOGEN (1980). [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed., 1980. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., 1980. p. 427] Listed by EPA under Section 307(a) of the Clean Water Act. [Bureau of Explosives; Hazardous Matls Regs of DOT p.97 (1984) ICC No. BOE-6000D] Listed by EPA under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. [Bureau of Explosives; Hazardous Matls Regs of DOT p.97 (1984) ICC No. BOE-6000D] 1 lb [48 FR 23552 (5/25/83)] Any commercial chemical products, manufacturing chemical intermediates, residues remaining in a container or an inner liner removed from a container, or any residues or contaminated soils, water or other debris containing vinyl chloride are considered toxic wastes according to RCRA. [40 CFR 261.33(f) (7/1/83)] ANALYTE: VINYL CHLORIDE; MATRIX: AIR; PROCEDURE: ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CARBON, DESORPTION WITH CARBON DISULFIDE, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; RANGE: 0.008 TO 5.2 MG/CU M IN A 5-LITER AIR SAMPLE. [U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present. VI 178-1] A GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING R&S 139706 METHODS ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS SPECIAL REPORTS SPECIAL REPORTS SPECIAL REPORTS SPECIAL REPORTS /C? VINYL CHLORIDE IN FOODSTUFFS AND IN VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS INTENDED TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH FOOD. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, OFF J EUR COMMUNITIES NUMBER C16 8 (1977). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 383] ANALYTE: VINYL CHLORIDE; MATRIX: AIR; PROCEDURE: ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CARBON, DESORPTION WITH CARBON DISULFIDE, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; RANGE: 0.008 TO 5.2 MG/CU M IN A 5-LITER AIR SAMPLE. [U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present. VI 178-1] A REVIEW CONTAINING OVER 100 REFERENCES OF SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR VINYL CHLORIDE IN WORKPLACE ATMOSPHERE, AMBIENT AIR, WATER, FOOD, CIGARETTE SMOKE, AND POLYVINYL CHLORIDE. EGAN H ET AL, EDS, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS- SELECTED METHODS OF ANALYSIS VOL 2, VINYL CHLORIDE (IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS NUMBER 22) LYON (1979). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 383] USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Vinyl Chloride (1980) EPA 720-016/5963 USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (draft): Vinyl Chloride (1983) Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Vinyl Chloride (Draft) (1981) A REVIEW CONTAINING OVER 100 REFERENCES OF SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR VINYL CHLORIDE IN WORKPLACE ATMOSPHERE, AMBIENT AIR, WATER, FOOD, CIGARETTE SMOKE, AND POLYVINYL CHLORIDE. EGAN H ET AL, EDS, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS- SELECTED METHODS OF ANALYSIS VOL 2, VINYL CHLORIDE (IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS NUMBER 22) LYON (1979). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 383] R&S 139707