Document ExXK6VLj92dBd7X5OOB9G04OV

\ '* Lead 0.2 and less than 0.6 arc considered regular or nonserious violations. HOW IT IS MEASURED? The sample is col lected for a minimum f 60 minutes by a per sonal sampling pump on a mitlipore filter. Thu filter is subsequetly dissolved in nitric acid taking the lead into Xftytiom The solution is then introduced into<mvat<jmic absorption unit for analysis. WHAT IS IT? Lend is a soft, dense, malleable, heavy metal with a low melting point. It is ffray in color and because of its characteristics, has a wide application of uses. WHERE IS IT? Lead is used to make printing type and plumbing, shield telephone and power cables and to protect against radiation hazards. As an alloy, lead mixed with steel makes excel lent bearings. As solder, lead alloy is vital in the electrical and electronic industries. Lead compounds are used to make paints and ammu nition, and lead oxides are used in car batteries. WHAT IS THE HAZARD? More than 1.6 millimi employees in nearly every industrial manu^Huring process and in many service industries exposed to the poisoning effect of lead. Lead can enter the body by inhalation, absorption through the skin or by ingestion. In sufficient quantities, the result is the same--severe gas trointestinal. blood and central nervous system disorders. Inhalation of lead dust or fumes is the most frequent means of entry and results in most f the industrial health problems involving this metal. Lead is a cumulative poison. A part of a small daily dose is not eliminated, but is stored in the body. Eventually, a point is reached Carbon monoxide WHAT IS IT? Carbon monoxide is a colorless, almost odorless, tasteless, nonirritating gas. It is produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels, such us wood, gas, coal, oil and gasoline. Miners refer to it as "white damp." WHERE IS IT? Carbon monoxide is found any where carbonaceous fuels are used. It can be found in everyday activities as well as in in dustrial situations--near incorrectly vented gas heaters, near gasoline-powered machinery and around automobiles run indoors, blast furnaces, and catalytic reduction operations. where symptoms and disability--even death-- occur. WHAT IS THE HAZARD? Because it is found so widely, nearly everyone, at one time or another, HOW IS IT CONTROLLED? Since the primary is exposed to carbon monoxide. The danger lies route of industrial lead poisoning is inhalation, in inhalation of gas. Carbon monoxide enters enclosure and local exhaust ventilation are the the blood stream through the lungs in the same principal means of control. Daily wet or vacuum manner as oxygen, but it displaces oxygen in the cleaning of all lead dust, personal hygiene, pro blood because it has approximately 210 times hibition of food and beverages in the work area greater affinity for hemoglobin in the blood and use of U.S. Bureau of Mines-approved res than oxygen. As a result, the blood cannot pirators are other means that can help control transport oxygen, causing suffocation even in an exposure. atmosphere containing ample oxygen. Fortunate WHAT ARE APPROVEL LEVELS? OSHA's permissible level is 0.2 milligrams per cubic ly, regardless of how high the percentage of saturation of the blood has been, practically all meter of air for an eight-hour, time-weighed carbon monoxide is eliminated by the body with age airborne concentration. Imminent dan- in 8 to 10 hours after exposure ends. situations are not generally applicable. Any HOW IS IT CONTROLLED? In general adequate exposure above 0.6 milligrams per cubic meter ventilation will prevent carbon monoxide poison of air for an eight-hour, time-weighted average ing. Enclosure, general or dilution ventilation and is considered a serious violation. Levels above Continued on Pegs 28 Augtutt, 1973 , 1 BB 0000634 | Tbs International Operating Engineer------------------------------ n -4 orin Looking Ahwd Continued from Poga 2 over the past ten years. From 1963 through 1972, wc lost 3,124 good men through work ac cidents, an average of about 312 men each year. threat to your health or safety, don't gamble. Jse precaution. Don't be careless. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, develop a "safety consciousness." Don't think that acci dents only happen to "the other guy." They don't. They can happen to anyone, and unless you obey safety regulations, unless you wear and use safe ty equipment, unless you pay attention to your work environment, they can happen to you. I don't have to tell you of the tragedy that ac companies a serious work accident. Hundreds of thousands of workers are injured each year in work accidents. Often they are permanently dis abled. Productive Americans are taken out of the work force; families suffer when the breadwinner is unable to work. On a larger level, the economy suffers. Hefore writing thin article, T dwidod to check Here are the cold figures; 1972--299; 1971--298; 1970--313; 1969--342; 1963--335; 1967--370; 1966--280; 1965--354; 1964--267; 1963--266. How many of these deaths could have been pre vented, I cannot say; probably a great many of them. This year, through the first five months alone, 151 members of the International have died in work accidents. At that pace, we again will have more than 300 men die on the job. Hundreds more will be injured. That is unless you do something about it Not "the other guy." You. The part you can play is immeasurable. By wearing proper safety equip ment by following safety procedures, by avoiding carelessness, by using the OSHA regulations wise ly, by developing a safety consciousness, you can do more to cut down on work injuries and deaths than any group, organization or agency. The challenge is there. It is up lo you to uccopt the accidental death figures for i.U.O.E. members it You can do much for safety! 1 BB 0000635 MOTE: THIS DOCUMENT DID.. ... f ,, t CO IV r j aTarget Health Hazards Continued from Page 13^01 atea by inhalation of silica dust. Inhalation of jL rrfOsvi BOO rticles can '(acute)" or chronic produce rapidly-devel silocosis--a disabling ping lung local exhaust ventilation, as well as isolation of hazardous operations arc the principal means it preventing employee exposure to dangerous jncentrations. Automated detection alarm sysptems also are useful control measures. WIIAT ARE APPROVED LEVEES? OSIIA's permissible level is 50 parts per million parts of air for an eight-hour, time-weighted, average airborne concentration. Concentration above 500 parts per million for any length of time are considered to be imminent danger situations. Concentrations above ISO parts per million for a total of one hour or more are considered to be serious violations. HOW IS IT MEASURED? The primary method is a carbon monoxide portable, Hopcalite-reagent type meter. The secondary method is cer tified detector tubes. disease. Typically, the lung tissue reacts to the prescnco of silica purticlos by forming fibrous matter around the particle. Evidence suggests that particles below one micron (one-millionth of a meter) in size may be the most dangerous since they may penetrate deeper into the lungs in high concentrations. In rapidly-developing silicosis, symptoms appear eight to 18 months after the first exposure. Chronic silicosis, the type usually encountered in industry, generally, is produced only after* years of silica inhalation. The symp toms for either type are the same--slowly in creasing difficulty in breathing under exertion. HOW IS IT CONTROLLED? The best method is substitution of another* material; for example, use of steel shot or alumina grit in place of sand blasting operations. Other methods include en closure of operations, local exhaust ventilation, segregation of operations, wetting, and ordinary good-housekeeping practices. Siliu WHAT IS IT? Silica is an oxide of silicon and is the characteristic ingredient of a great va riety of minerals, including quartz, cristobaiite, tridymite, amethyst and sand. WHERE IS IT? Silica is found throughout in dustry is various manufacturing processes, such as iron and mineral processing plants, mining, WHAT ARE APPROVED LEVELS? For res pirable quartz particles. OSHA's permissible level is 10 milligx*ams per cubic meter of air, divided by the percent of free silica plus 2. For respirable cristobaiite and tridymite, the limits are one-half the value of quartz. Immi nent danger situations generally are not ap plicable. Any eight-hour, time-weighted average greater than four times the limit is considered ^brasiye soap production, glass manufacturing, itteries, foundries, abrasives use and manufac turing, in stone cutting and finishing industries. a serious violation. HOW IT IS MEASURED? Personal sampling pumps with filter's ure used to collect dust sam WHAT IS THE HAZARD? More than 1.1 mil ples for worker exposure. The collected dust then lion employees are exposed to the hazard cre- is weighted for a given volume of air. 28 01 1321 International Operating Engineerq^ | CjjgAugust, 1073