Document EvaX67wbR8egLokL6j7ZyYVp4

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1935 Sept DOC#: NSC006 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC National Safety News - No Half Way Measures Dust Control 9 SEPTEMBER Published by National Safety Council, Inc. 'Mg&mi&Siit, EJylore Worker Delegates ver since the beginning of the safety movement we have heard that "safety must start at the top." Execu tive participation is indispensable, not only for the prestige t gives to accident prevention work in the plant and on a Bational scale but also for the leadership that the executive minds can give. ` The attendance of industrial leaders has always been welcomed at the Congress, and it has contributed much to the success of these annual meetings. Too often the Annual Safety Congress is regarded as a meeting for a specialized group-- the safety men. But in dustry is beginning to realize more and more that safety is .something which involves the whole organization. Wherever a good record has been made, safety started at the top but it didn't stop there. Supervisors and workers have played an important part in the results. For many years a few members of the Council have been sending one, two or even a small group of workers, in addi. tion to safety engineers and executives, as delegates to the Congress. Why have they done so? Because through these rank and file delegates the workers ,'of industry get the "feel" of the safety movement. The .delegates return to their jobs real missionaries of safety, jit is a signal honor to be sent, and one to be striven for. ^Accomplishment in the field of accident prevention becomes . coveted prize and safety gains ground. Because the companies which have used the Congress in 'this way vouch for its value, the Council is this year recom mending the plan to other members. If enough worker ^delegates attend, a special function will be held for them. The Congress is held for the benefit of members. Here i a way to secure even greater benefits from it. "aT -Have You Read Them? 'T'HREE articles which have appeared in national magaal*l wzhionesardeuarisnsgocitahteedpawstithmosnatfhetyarewoorfk.speIcnialthineteAreusgtutsot number of the American Magazine, Governor Harold G. Hoffman of New Jersey, who is chairman of the Street and . Highway Traffic Section of the CouncE, presents a search ing analysis of the public safety problem. In the September ladies' Home Journal, Paul De Kruif tells how Milwaukee made a remarkably low traffic fatality rate. Other magazines are also finding safety an absorbing theme. An article of a different type appeared in the August Readers' Digest. It presents the gruesome details of highway accidents with a sickening realism. This article is reprinted n page 66 of this issue through permission of The Readers' Digest. It is not pleasant reading and we feel that safety pducation should not contain too much literature of this nature, but we do wish the picture it presents could be Hashed before every motorist who is tempted to drive too *ast for his reflexes or pass another car on a curve. SEPTEMBER, 1935 HMilitant Motorists ` ALF a century ago Carrie Nation set out with her hatchet to vanquish the Demon Rum. A few weeks ago her modem prototype, Mrs. Carrie Newton, of"Colorado Springs, started a crusade against parking restrictions with her car as a weapon. "I'm sick and tired of driving around looking for parking space and the bus outfits making a depot of downtown streets and saying I can't park there. I 'll show them," she declared. After carrying an arm load of signs to the dump, Mrs. Newton was fined $25. Then she began knocking over signs with her car. The campaign ended in a padded cell after its leader had broken all the windows in the women's ward. This would seem to be an extreme example of the rugged individualism that sometimes develops with ownership of a car. More familiar symptoms are occupying the center of- the road, driving through red lights and demanding the right of way. Motorists who chafe at parking restrictions and regard the buses as juggernauts hogging the streets do not realize that the great majority of people depend on the common carriers for transportation. The transportation companies pay all taxes that are imposed on motorists and a few special ones. They are trying to provide safe service in streets in fested with incompetent and inconsiderate motorists. Anyway, unrestricted parking would probably prove dis appointing. Nine times out of ten, seme other motorist would be there first. In This Issue LEVEN years ago the National Safety CouncE held an Annual Congress in Louisville. Those who attended Ehave not forgotten. It was a Congress marked by serious attention to business at the sessions and a gracious hospi tality which made the leisure hours of the week delightful. (Page 11). * * * Putting in a few fans and ducts is not dust-control. The problem is a highly complicated one, involving engineering, medical (and legal) skill.* (P*age* 17). What does a commercial driver think about safety? One of them tells us. Pleasing the company, the customers and the public at large is his job, and he needs all the help he can get from the management.* (P*ag*e 19). Safety work on the construction of the Colorado River Aqueduct by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California is being conducted with careful attention to all important details. The hazards are serious but they are being offset with modern eq*uip*me>n|tt and training. (Page 20). Every safety man would like to discover some method whereby the safety savings could be reflected more dearly in the company's accounting system. An accountant who is familiar with the value of safety work discussesjhejorob lem. (Page 23). P L A IN T IF F 'S I* EXHIBIT ; 17 N o Half W a y Measures in Dust Control By A R T H U R S. J O H N S O N Assistant to the Manager, Engineering Department, American Mutual Liability Insurance Company TO CONTROL its dust hazard to the extent of making the occur Dust control is not an event; it is a program that requires rence of pneumoconiosis improb:able, industry must do much more than concentrated day-to-day attention buy mechanical dust removal equipment .'andset it going. With it there must be -set up a routine of check and double al to the amount of silica in the air breathed. A new ray of hope lies in not produce disabling lung pathology, yet we are faced with the facts of claims check, perhaps whole new operating practices and a sharp definition of re some fairly good evidence that there may be mixed dusts in which such dust prosecuted successfully. Quantity of dust, rather than quality, was doubtless sponsibilities. This all boils down to day-to-day attention to a program de as limestone, gypsum, coaL, hematite, clay or cement dilute the silica hazard responsible for any ill health. Some state regulations require dust exhaust signed upon a long range health con servation policy. Half-way measures un and produce less physiological reaction than the silica content operating as pure machinery on some operations. We must, therefore, include for control some related to each other won't work. Nor is this a "done once, done forever" quartz alone. A second group of dusts produces dusts which by nature may not be harm ful. affair. Dust control is not an event, it ,is a program that never finishes. somewhat the same clinical picture as silicosis in its early stages, yet the x-ray Our fourth grade of hazard is tuber culosis. Tuberculosis is a disease caused Experts seem to be in rather general l agreement about four grades of pneu of the chest shows the shadows pretty much confined to the lymph ducts. The by a germ, and probably more useful work has been done to control this moconiosis hazard. First, quartz causi ing real silicosis, a serious solidification damage appears not to be so serious as silicosis in many ways, particularly in disease than almost any other. From time immemorial the dusty trades which the mass of the lungs by fibrosis or growth of scar tissue. It takes years to that it is not progressive nor does it pre dispose to tuberculosis. The dusts pro we now speak of as having a silicosis hazard were always among the danger .get started, but once started is progres sive, a condition which will not stop and ducing it certainly should be classified as absorptive and therefore harmful al spots for tuberculosis. What we now know is this: that silicosis makes a first cannot be cured. After exposure of 15, 40 or 25 years, men in certain trades ac- though not in the same category as quartz. There is no question but that class place for tuberculosis to thrive in and kill the patient off much earlier than 'cumulate this fibrosis of the lungs which lessens their capacity for physical labor. lessened lung capacity results from them after long enough exposure but it cer would silicosis alone. Opinion seems to be that perhaps simple silicosis un ,,It makes them short of breath and "causes certain well - defined clinical tainly takes more dust and more time to lower capacity for work. Asbestosis falls complicated by tuberculosis may seldom be fatal, but shortens the working life symptoms. X-rays of their chests show characteristic shadows. A few of these in this group and apparently similar con ditions develop from exposure to ex of the victim just as angina, arterio sclerosis, and such degenerative diseases Wtioenn. die as a direct result of this condi cesses of many mineral dusts relatively low in free silica content. do. On the other hand, we may expect Although few of them have their .physical capacity to work lessened even Inert Dusts from tuberculosis one of two things: first, a man brings tuberculosis, no mat ^ 15 or 20 years, there may be actual ^lungimpairment which predisposes them ter how dormant it may be, into a dusty A third group of mineral dusts may trade, he may reactivate the tuberculosis , l(>tuberculosis. The cause of this sili'csis is silica, as free quartz, not com- be harmless in reasonable quantities. The result of work by some investigators and have his case diagnosed as "aggra vated by" the dust; or second, by get ,,hined with other elements in the form of '^cates, but the quartz as found free in which has been published recently indi cate clay, talc, emery and carborundum ting simple silicosis or perhaps other pneumoconiosis, and then contracting .^ ite , and in its purest natural form as "`nt and ganister. The studies made of dusts to be inert. In some animal ex perimentation these dusts did not pro tuberculosis from tubercular associates either at work or elsewhere, die of tuber "lany cases of :*hich caused silicosis and ,,the exposuresVthem in the rock indus- duce been fibrosis. claims for Contrarily, there have disability from workers culosis superimposed on silicosis. Tuber culosis associated with silicosis does not -hies, sand grinding industries, fire- who alleged that the exposure to these respond well to treatment. Regardless ^rick making, etc., have shown that the same dusts caused their ailments. Ex of the fact that tuberculosis is an infec azard is silica and that it is proportion- perts state that these dusts generally do tive disease not necessarily occupation- ^PTEMBER. 1935 ill al, we must face this fact, that tubercu losis is so often the disabling result of dust exposure, that dust control must include tuberculosis control at the same time. Measuring the Hazard Summarizing, we have three dust haz ards; (1) quartz, which produces true silicosis -- a progressive, lung-disabling disease; (2) some dusts which produce a pathology which usually is not serious and is not progressive after exposure stops, yet a pneumoconiosis none the less, and (3) some dusts which para doxically are probably relatively harm less, yet have been the claimed basis for tuberculosis and other disabilities. In the absence of adequate diagnoses, occu pational histories and a more satisfac tory method of adjudicating claims than prosecution at common law, we must conclude that it is necessary to find a practical method for controlling all min eral dusts. Let us now see whether it is necessary to give them all the same de gree of control. We have learned that the silicosis haz ard is measured by the amount of silica in the air breathed. This means that with but few exceptions it is directly proportional to the amount of dust in the air and the percentage of silica that is in the dust. The studies which have established the safe limit, or tolerance, or threshold limit for continuous expo sure without deleterious effect, have ar rived at S million particles of quartz dust per cubic foot of air, none of which dust is larger than 10 micra in size. I think we need to digress for a moment to visualize what is meant by 5 million particles of dust of such tiny size. We know it is invisible to the naked eye be cause it takes IS to 20 times that much to produce a haze, and even that isn't visible as particles of materials. The particles, therefore, are so small as to thwart imagination. As one looks across a dusty room and sees great gobs of dirt floating in the air, settling out rather rapidly, or being blown around by draft currents, he is told that that is not the oust we are talking about. The danger lies in such tiny particles that they could be run be tween the bearing and the shaft of a very fine machine and not touch, for a micron is roughly .00004 of an inch. Five particles of sand, each piece so small as to be only .02 of an inch in diameter, pulverized down to 5 micra, loading a cubic foot. This means that if it is found necessary to exhaust the dust at its point of origin so that that which gets into the breathing zone of the workers will be S or fewer million invisible motes in each foot of space, we haven't begun when we get out only the visible dirt. We are confronted with the astounding fact that the health hazard has not been touched, even though an exhaust is 98 per cent efficient in terms of the weight of dust. If we cannot vis ualize such an invisible hazard, it at least warns us not to throw together some tin ducts, motors and fans, and call it dust control. Returning to our main theme, let me repeat S million particles per cubic foot as the bench mark for quartz dust. Since the hazard is in proportion to quartz, the less quartz the less danger, or con versely, the less quartz the more dust may be permitted. Now, is there a top limit of dustiness which, regardless of quartz content, might be considered a maximum above which nothing would be safe, and up to which only the inert or so-called "safe" dust might go? It seems to be pretty well agreed among the investigators that there is a top limit and this figure, or second threshold limit, is 100 million particles. In other words, no matter what the dust is, it's dangerous if the concentration is greater than 100 million particles per cubic foot. In between these limits must lie the points of safety which take the propor tion of silica into account. Standards for Dust Tolerance What is the practical answer? A table of dust tolerances such as is contained in some state regulations does well enough, and in them we find a general agreement but with some variation. In principle most such tables show 5 to 20 million particles as the limits where the quartz content of the dust runs from 100 per cent down to 30 or 35 per cent re spectively. To use these tolerances which are based upon percentages of silica, both chemical and petrographic analyses of the dust must be made to get reasonable estimates of the silica. The sampling and analyses are both very dif ficult and expensive. It is doubtful if the settled out dust represents the haz ard, and the raw material certainly does not. Also much evidence indicates that petrographic analyses of the smaller sizes is impossible. It seems to me that, withou1t being-. coInt-tra-d-ictory eiCt'*hrve^r'r\l in things by arbitrary standards. qua1r.tzD, u5s0ts towh1i0c0h paerre ceknnto,wwnhitcoh breeplarreosei/- mthoeldsianngds,opaenrdatisoannsd, sstaonndesbwlahstiicnhg aorepeurasetido 10 oabthraesrivsuecphulovpeerriaztiinogn,s,gacnainstwerelblribcek gmroixuipnegd [J a limit of 5 million particles. c?t use2d. Dinustthse wbhuiiclhdincgomaendfrommontuhmeenhtaarld trraodceksjwmhixicehd frouunnd3r0y tdous5ts0, wpehrichcensttarqteudartwzithand80thtoe"* 9d0ilupteedr cbeynttreqmuaerntzdoiuns tqhueanstaitnidesbouft shmaovkeebaenedn ' lbirmeaethoerd ipshoosfptehnatleesspatrhtainng50sopetrhactentthequadrutszt,-' a10pmraicltliicoanl psaafreticlliems.it for them appears to be I as 3t.alcFoorrthcleaywohroleemgerreya,t wrahnicghe coofndtauisntseistUhcefrL' nfoor qwuhairctzh o1r00onmlyilalio5n oprar8ticpleers ciesnta inmepvuerri-ttyo,^! bafef-oerxdceetodedtakdeeacdhalnincees, Ianddoubebt stahtiastfiewdewciathn c1o0n0trmolilwliohnichpabrrtiicnigess. theIsehadvuestsoftdeonwnsugognelystetdo r1i5dicmuliolluiosnbebcuatusehatvheatbefiegnureaccisusceedrtaoifnlybeinnogt 'L itennta. ritYhmete,tiwcael aprerofpaocretdionwittho tthhies dsiilliecmamcao--n- la sinusptpaollsea dwuestpciockntro50l pororce6d0urme iallniodnfinpdartiinclethse, wcoeurssteillogfeta dnisuamblbinerg roefsuyltesa.rs'Noopedruasttiocnontthroatl t1h5a,toIr k50noowr 1o0f0hmasilalicotnuarlelysiddueemiosnssatrtaistfeadctothryat. Iatncmeayforbethnaetcetsyspaery,ofthedruesftoreex,cetoptsktoip saaytotlheart wHhoewneviteri,s ogveetr t1h0e0 mduilsltiondoiwt nmuasst bleowreduascedis.' rloeaoskosnarebalysonparbalcetictoabmlee,. and 15 million still We now understand in general terms j what dusts, how much, and of what* sizes constitute health hazards. You/ have a plant in which you suspect a haz- `1 ard. Let us examine what can be done'4 about it to evaluate your particular con-., ditions. Dust control is so expensive youj should not guess at the hazard. If you?* dust has a lot of quartz in it, such as foundry molding sand, ganister, aggre^, gate for fire brick, granite, sand stone? for tool grinding, etc., there is a health,j hazard. If you can see the dust, yf: know it to be a is settlement on terrific ledges hazard. there is a Ihfazthaerrde..'. You can save yourself the bother of ^n<^ k ing out the exact quality of toxicity, proceed at once to put the dust under/ control. Your problem lies in the 5 10 million limit group. If, on the other hand, you have som mixed dusts of low silica content of;* doubtful hazard, before buying dus^ ^coTItrol machinery you want to find what first tthhoe.uhgahztarwd oiusldandbehowto mtuackhe. da5-. Wre t-/>bn(TP sift ) 48 Dust Contro! ( Continued /rom -page 18) counts, make analyses and rely upon those findings. I have said that I doubt the value of analyses. They may prove to be the only practical methods, but they certainly are not as good criteria as to know whether the dust is harmful, and some moderate quantities under suspicion may be safe. We are, there fore, very anxious from a practical standpoint to determine whether our dust is really dangerous or riot. This seems to me to be a tremendously im portant point, for if certain dusts are not dangerous, the atmospheres contain ing them should not require such clean sweeping as though the quartz content were there alone. Our present knowledge of pneumo coniosis is so limited, and especially our knowledge of these minor dusts, that we do not know definitely which are bad and which are not. Good medical records of old employees, which records would show the incidence of pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc., 'would be helpful. X-ray of employees with 20 years or more exposure would be most useful, but the danger from inexpert diagnosis on the one hand, and misuse of the informa tion on the other, makes examination of employees for this purpose something to be avoided. I urge that more satisfac tory yardsticks for evaluating this haz ard be found, and the recent and current toxicity studies hold some hope for an answer. In the meantime, it is necessary to as sume that all mineral dusts contain some health hazard and put them all un der control, and rely upon the low quartz content of the material producing the dust to locate it in the third or least harmful bracket. It may be well to consider medical ex aminations as a dust control measure. It is recommended that new employees for dusty places be found physically fit in order to avoid introducing men whose condition makes them liable to an early break down on account of defects or diseases already present, or who may in fect others by spreading disease. Proper diagnosis of such physical con ditions can only be accomplished by having a medical examination with xrays of the chest, including as complete a medical and employment history of the applicant as can be obtained. It is be made only by physicians who are qualified to interpret x-rays and who have training and wide experience in the diagnosis of respiratory ailments. The periodic examination is an indis pensable preventive measure which en ables the physician to detect diseases of the lungs in their early stages and at a time when removal of the worker from the dust offers hope of recovery or im provement. In addition, the repeated routine medical examinations furnish a valuable means of determining the effec tiveness of dust control measures. While it would seem desirable to ex amine present employees to discover cases with active tuberculosis, in order to assure proper treatment and prevent their spreading infection, this procedure is likely to stir up claims or misunder standings on the part of the workmen. Such examinations, if made, should be used only for rehabilitation purposes. Equipment for Dust Counts Our problem now is to suppress the dust to a safe limit. That implies its re moval at the source by mechanical ex haust. That implies counting the dust to begin with in order to have some basis for designing the equipment, and re counting to know that the equipment is working satisfactorily. The impinger or standard, method is complicated, slow, expensive and poor for routine checking although it must be used as a standard for calibration. We, therefore, want a simple method, one that somebody not an industrial health expert can use sat isfactorily. Zeiss Konimeter is a satis factory instrument in the hands of the man who has had some training. The in strument is imported, is rather difficult to obtain, and not too expensive, under $200,1 believe. Another instrument is the Owens Jet which has been modified by Mr. Hatch of Harvard and Mr. Thompson associ ated with me in the American Mutual to make its operation simpler and more sat isfactory. This apparatus was built specifically for use in .checking the dust control apparatus in a large, granite shed, and is entirely satisfactory. Up to the present time I do not know that any instrument maker has undertaken to manufacture it, but certainly a demand a reasonable price. There is also a very ingenious continuous dust sampling and counting apparatus for keeping a con tinuous count of the dust in a room un der exhaust and it can be so arranged as to control the ventilating exhaust mechanism, turn on more as needed and $1 turn it off when the satisfactory condi tions have been reached. This has been designed and built by Mr. Hazard and Mr. Philip Drinker of Harvard and as far as I know, is still a laboratory piece I see nothing impracticable about it however, and for a large dust control in stallation I would expect it to be as use ful as the automatic carbon monoxide detector and control mechanism in the Holland tunnel. There are practical dust suppression mechanisms for sand blasting, tumbling, grinding, mixing, bagging, drilling, abra sive grinding, dry pan mixing and al most every type of localized operations generating dusts. They are expensive unless well-designed. They are too often ineffective because, as I said before, 'they don't begin to touch the health hazard until they have got rid of most of the dust, which is the best they can do. They wear out due to the abrasive .Sf-, action of the dust. They cost a lot of money, and the cost usually cannot be justified on the grounds of improved work efficiency or quality of product, '"; Occasional installations will be self- supporting. The Kelly trap on rock '.-jf drilling has been demonstrated to in- crease the cost per foot drilled but has increased the drilling rate sufficiently J, to offset the cost. Also in the case of air-conditioned rooms in which por- "ffe! celain enamel is sprayed, the expensive . air conditioning system can be made to control the dust and at the same W time be made economically sound by reason of an improved quality of Ag enameled surface. No doubt there arej ^ many installations which have already demonstrated economy from other con- sidrations than improvement to health. J|| The point I wish to make is that the,.^ improvement to health is too important to waste time trying to justify dust ex haust equipment upon economic consid- %% erations. Where operations are sPrea(M |J out over a great area, as in the case foundries, it is difficult to avoid raising dust in the shakeout' operation,except by c expensive mechanical installations. Mostj/jg.- of those which have come to my atten-fgsg tion have been installed for the economic purpose of sand handling and in mosU-^ such c-ases were faAr| cffriorm> santtisfaTc'tVolrfyy 8=- ' Jgjjdle the sand tonnage all right but do not touch the micrograms. Let us now look further to see whether some other remedies will be satisfactory. Suppose we leave the hazard alone and pUt respirators on the men. It won't #ork, except for very short periods or for emergency work, such as cleaning 0ut dust arresters or loading tumbling barrels. There should be no question about efficient respirators because the United States Bureau of Mines is now prepared to make tests and an employer oan justifiably limit his purchase to res pirators which meet these tests. Even ough respirators may be efficient, they are uncomfortable, and while it is not a hardship for a man to wear a respirator temporarily, or even for a week perhaps 'during a period of breakdown in the dust 'exhaust system, I cannot conceive of Workmen remaining contented if they have to wear respirators continuously for a long period. If they need to. wear .'themand don't wear them properly they might just as well not have'them on at all.In operations which can be confined o a limited space, such as sand blasting and perhaps shaking out some types of castings, the workers can be encased in helmets provided with an adequate sup ply of clean air. The air-line helmet is practical for continuous use, while a filter respirator is practical for 'only limited periods. If the dust is extremely fieavy, .say 300 million particles- of (juartz, and a respirator is ,98 per cent Efficient, the worker is still breathing six million particles, which is too much. of respirators-preferably to sup plement exhaust systems. What else can we do to get rid of the dust hazard? The first to. suggest itself is to get rid of the silica content in the -dust. I know of one group of foundries which is conducting extensive research involving the use of molding sands that are free of quartz. That may prove to be thoroughly practical and is a step in the right direction. Any plant can study its operations to see whether the quartz ma terial that is being used can be elimi nated. Castings in some cases can be cleaned with water. Blasting can be done frequently with steel grit instead of sand. Certainly foundries can use silica t e parting compound that is just as fiood as quartz dust. Silica packing should be replaced in annealing opera tions. Pulverized quartz is not needed ..'as an abrasive. This is. one avenue of control which should have thorough study in each individual case. Even though you get rid of quartz SEPTEMBER, 1935 49 Copyrighted 1885 by Lehigh Se/ety Shoe Co. Happy It has often been said that a man is no better than his feet. Mangled, bruised, broken or smashed toes and feet not only take a man off the job, but cost real money in compensation, medical and other direct and indirect costs. In ad dition such injuries reduce the morale, of fellow workmen and slow down production. Yon can protect your workers' feet by insisting they wear Lehigh Safety Shoes with the improved steel box safetytoe. Their feet will be happy feet, protected against injury-and- further--Lehigh Shoes are built for comfort, durability and appearance. Feet EVERY-DAY WORK SHOES NLeoa.th8e3r9S---ol-eBalancdk REulbkberBHluecehLer, NChorlom83e8 ---'LeAatsherAbMovided, leEx' Scoelpet, bAerrmHy eGelr.id Rubber Sole and Rub Sizes 5-12 EE LEHIGH SAFETY SHOE CO. 31 S. SEVENTH ST. ALLENTOWN, PA. FER A LU N Also Bronzalun, jfinfi^SUp Treads Alumalun and Nicalun PREVENT ACCIDENTS ON STAIRS and FLOORS Aharhdanredssmteotalthmeatdriiaxminotnod wahsiscuhreiss cdausrtabainlitaybraasnidve annetix-tsliipn efficiency. 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THE BUXBAUM C O M P A N Y Akron, Ohio but cannot get rid of all dust, see what you can do about getting rid of excesses of it by conducting operations in such a ' manner as to minimize the raising of dust. Explore your process, for instance and see how much residual dust lies on the horizontal beams, ledges, etc. In some plants that have not been cleaned for a long time this dust has been found to lie at the angle of repose and the vi bration of a passing truck would liberate enough dust in the air to be of itself a serious hazard. This can be got rid of by a thoroughly practical means, such as vacuum cleaning or blowing down with a jet of wet air or steam. Respi rators are satisfactory for the protection of men doing the cleaning. There is an economic value in this TM item. It has been reported by some plants which have improved their house keeping by this method and have gone a step farther and brightened up their factory rooms with paint and adequate V. lighting that other accidents have been reduced and work efficiently increased. Certainly an extremely dusty place indi cates sloppy housekeeping. Houseclean ing must be put on a periodic routine. Dry processes will sometimes admit of > being changed to wet processes, or damp processes. While dampness will not lay dust, moisture in the process will pre vent the generation of dust in many ; cases. Care must be exercised in inter- j preting this suggestion because water on . a high speed grinding wheel does not prevent the dust. One of the most serious silica health hazards is wet grinding on natural sand stone wheels. The inci- % dence to tuberculosis is high. Water on artificial emery and carborundum wheels may or may not be beneficial. It is per- ^ mitted in lieu of dust exhaust in at least one state, but we are faced with the opinion that these dusts are harmless^ anyway, unless the volume is high. Rs, worth depends upon getting the dust;: well below 100 million particles. Having done all the housekeeping and^ process improvement that can be devised ? in lieu of exhaust, we are confronted^ with the question of whether there stillJg remains dust in sufficient quantity frm4 some processes to make it necessary to^ remove it by mechanical exhaust. counts will tell the answer. Hand Opetjp tions, such as molding, can be without raising much dust. Most rne^" chanical operations which use or genfr; ate dust must be exhausted. It seems evitable that exhaust be used on san;< slingers, rock crushers, dry pans, etc-J \eenminff flint Wp have put in ^ 5* haust system that is well designed, what --ust be done to make it work? I have I that they wear out. You must put dust counts on a routine basis as a check of the efficiency of the system. Whether you use the Zeiss or the Owens' or the impinger doesn't matter. The system must be explored constantly for leaks, the dust traps must be cleaned regularly, and the dust disposed of so that it won't blow back into the building. If the de sign contemplates returning the cleaned air to the building, extremely careful checking of it must be done in order that the hazard may not be compounded. It is poor practice to return the air to the building because operation is so often badly maintained. Who is responsible for a dust control program? The owners, through the man agement, are responsible for the provi sion of the equipment and the proper engineering to produce it. They have to spend the money and it is management's responsibility to see that it is spent properly. The initiative and the engi neering necessary to control the dust >entirely with the management. It is not a hazard which can be controlled by efficient supervision and safe practices alone. The supervisory department is re sponsible for the housekeeping, safe practices and shop methods. Some as signed members of the supervisory de partment are responsible for the main tenance and operation of the dust re moval equipment and for the dust counts used as a check on the system. If there ever was a nice machine re quiring constant tuning, it is a dust re moval system. It won't work without this attention. The workers carry a responsibility too. They must use the safeguards pro vided, whether they be respirators or portable hoods to place behind hand tools. They must not stuff bags into ducts to stop drafts. Dust control is a cooperative thing--each division carry ing its share of responsibility. Nobody can avoid his responsibility and make the thing work. A Correction Through an error in the caption ac companying the illustration on page 11 of the August N ational Safety N ews, Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., president of Gen eral Motors Corporation, was referred 51 Out of the W ay Places When you make your next plant inspection, he sure to notice those more or less out-of-theway drive belts, motors, sh aftin g or other equipment that should be guarded, but that have been neglected due to their location. It is a good policy to protect every hazard even though the chance of accident is seemingly small. It is real economy to protect your workers from possible injury and it is Safety Guard Economy when you do so with H & K Guard Accessories. They are furnished ready for easy and quick assembly by your handy man in his spare time. Atiolln Hse&rvKiceGoufarUdnAdcecrrevsrsioteriress' Laraebournadtoerrieisn,spInecc. NE1W14 YLOibReKrt,y NS.t.Y. 5C6H45ICFAilGlmOo,rIeLLSt.. 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