Document EvXXrVx65Ly0yDJ6qXp0zna7g

CURRENT REPORT emergency brake, and 1910.261(k)(12) for failure to guard dryer gear nips and spokes. The company also is contesting a nonserious citation and a $150 penalty for 1910.261(b)(7) for failure to provide emergency lighting, 1910.26l(k)(2)(iii) for failure to guard rotating shaft ends, 1910.261(k)(9) for failure to secure weights on levers, and 1910.261(k)(ll) for failure to insulate exposed steam and hot water pipes (No. 77-296). Surrette Storage Battery Company, Tilton, N.H., is con testing a willful citation and an $8,000 penalty for 1910.1000(b)(1) for failure to reduce employee exposure to lead. The company also is contesting a five-item serious citation and a $3,360 penalty, including 1910.22(a)(1) for failure to keep the worksite clean and orderly, 1910.141(g)(2) for failure to prohibit food consumption in areas exposed to tox ic materials, and Section 5(a)(1) for failure to prohibit smoking in areas exposed to toxic materials (No. 77-341). Target Stores, Inc., Omaha, Neb., is contesting a serious citation and a $240 penalty for 1910.22(a)(1) for failure to keep the worksite clean and orderly (No. 77-359). Toad Transmission, Inc., Hollis, N.Y., is contesting an ad ditional penalty of $1,400 for failure to correct a nonserious violation of 1910.133(a)(1) for failure to require the use of protective eye equipment, 1910.215(a)(4) for failure to provide work rests for grinding machinery, 1910.242(b) for failure to reduce compressed air pressure, and 1910.309(a) for failure to ground electrical equipment (No. 77-315). U.S. Shoe Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio, is contesting a serious citation and a $560 penalty for 1910.217(c)(l)(i) for failure to guard mechanical power presses (No. 77-317). 1271 Volney Felt Mills, Summit, 111., is contesting an 18-item serious citation and $10,800 penalty, including 1910.22(c) for failure to cover a ditch, 1910.23(c)(1) for failure to guard an open-sided platform, and 1910.219(b)(1) for failure to guard flywheels. The company also is contesting a 57-item nonserious cita tion and a $645 penalty, including 1910.22(e)(1) for failure to keep the worksite clean and orderly, 1910.261(d)(l)(i) for failure to require the use of protective facial and respiratory equipment, and 1910.261(k)(2)(iii) for failure to guard ends of rotating dryer drum shafts (No. 77-318). Weber Engineering Company, East Orange, N.J., is con testing a serious citation and a $600 penalty for 1926.28(a) for failure to require the use of personal protective equip ment (No. 77-367). Weingeroff Enterprises, Inc., Providence, R.I., is con testing a seven-item serious citation and a $560 penalty, in cluding 1910.212(a)(1) for failure to guard machinery, 1910.212(a)(4) for failure to guard revolving drums, and 1910.212(a)(5) for failure to guard fan blades. The company also is contesting a 20-item nonserious cita tion and a $140 penalty, including 1910.132(a) for failure to require the use of protective foot equipment, 1910.219(e)(l)(i) for failure to guard horizontal belts, and 1910,213(p)(4) for failure to guard belt sanding machinery (No. 77-348). Williams Paper Company, St. Louis, Mo., is contesting a $90 penalty for a serious citation for 1910.217(c)(l)(i) for failure to guard mechanical power presses (No. 77-304). Full Text NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL,SAFETY:AND.HEALTH' RECOMMENDATIONS'FOR-'WORKPLACE EXPOSURE TO 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE* The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that employee exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in the workplace be controlled by adherence to the following sections. The standard is design ed to protect the health and safety of employees for up to a i 10-hour work shift, 40-hour workweek, over , a working lifetime^Compliance with all sections of the standard should prevent adverse effects of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane on the health and safety of employees. The standard is measurable by techniques that are valid, reproducible, and available to industry and government agencies. Although the workplace environmental limits are considered to be safe levels based on current information, they should be regarded as the upper boundary of exposure and every effort should be made to maintain the exposure at levels as low as is technically feasi ble. The criteria and standard will be subject to review and revision as necessary. These criteria and the recommended standard apply to ex posure of workers to the symmetrical isomer of the chlorinated hydrocarbon compound, CHCI2--CHC12, referred to as 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Acetylene tetrachloride and sym-tetrachloroethane are synonyms. "Tetrachloroethane" will be used throughout this document to mean the symmetrical isomer unless otherwise stated. The "action level" is defined as one-half the recommended .time-weighted average (TWA) environmental limit, "Oc cupational exposure to tetrachloroethane," because of systemic effects and dermal irritation produced by contact of tetrachloroethane with the skin, is defined as work in an area where tetrachloroethane is stored, produced, process ed, or otherwise used. If an employee is occupationally ex posed to airborne concentrations of tetrachloroethane in ex cess of the action level, then all sections of the recommend ed standard shall be complied with; if the employee is oc- Copyright 1977 by The Bureau of Notional Affairs, Inc. SL 028371 1272 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH REPORTER eupationally exposed at or below the action level, then all sections of the recommended standard shall be complied with except Section 8. If exposure to other chemicals also oc curs, provisions of any applicable standards for the other chemicals shall also apply. Section 1 -- Environmental (Workplace Air) (a) Concentration When skin exposure is prevented, occupational exposure to tetrachloroethane shall be controlled so that no employee is exposed to tetrachloroethane at a concentration greater than 1.0 part per million parts of air by volume (6.87 milligrams per cubic meter of air) determined as a TWA concentration for up to a 10-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. (b) Sampling and Analysis Procedures for the collection and analysis of environmen tal samples shall be as provided in Appendices I and II, or by any method shown to be at least equivalent in precision, ac curacy, and sensitivity to the methods specified. Section 2 -- Medical Medical surveillance shall be made available to all persons subject to occupational exposure to tetrachloroethane as described below. (a) Preplacement medical examinations shall include at least: (1) Comprehensive medical and work histories with special emphasis directed to symptoms related to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Information about exposure to other chemicals should be recorded, as should episodes of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, or headaches. (2) A physical examination. (3) Liver function tests, such as serum transaminase determinations, shall be performed, and screening tests of nervous system function should be considered by the respon sible physician. (4) Judgment of the worker's ability to use positive or negative pressure respirators. (b) Periodic examinations shall be made available at least on an annual basis, or more frequently as determined by the responsible physician. These examinations shall include at least: (1) Interim medical and work histories. (2) A physical examination as described above for the preplacement examination. (c) During examinations, applicants or employees having medical conditions which would be directly or indirectly aggravated by exposure to tetrachloroethane shall be counseled on the increased risk of impairment of their health from working with this substance. (d) Initial medical examinations shall be made available to all workers within 6 months after promulgation of a stan dard based on these recommendations. (e) If known or suspected exposure to tetrachloroethane vapor at a concentration above the TWA limit occurs, or if contact with the liquid occurs, a physical examination, as described for preplacement examinations, and any other tests, as determined by the attending physician, shall be made available within a reasonable period of time. (f) In an emergency involving tetrachloroethane, all affected personnel shall be provided with immediate first aid, followed by prompt medical evaluation and care. In the event of skin or eye contact with liquid tetrachloroethane, contaminated clothing and shoes shall be removed im mediately, and eyes and skin shall be flushed with copious amounts of water. In all cases of eye contact or inhalation exposure, a physician shall be alerted. The medical atten dants shall be informed of the possibility of central nervous system depression and, because of the severe toxicity of tetrachloroethane, persons so exposed shall be observed for a minimum of 24 hours after exposure. Examinations as described in paragraph (e) of this section should be made available as warranted by results of the 24-hour observation period. (g) Pertinent medical records shall be maintained by thet employer for all employees occupationally exposed to tetrachloroethane. Such records shall be retained for at least 30 years after termination of employment. These records shall be made available to the designated medical represen tatives of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, of the Secretary of Labor, and of the employer, employee, or former employee. Section 3 -- Labeling and Posting (a) Labeling All vessels containing tetrachloroethane shall carry in a readily visible location a label stating: 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (ACETYLENE TETRACHLORIDE) WARNING! HARMFUL IF INHALED HARMFUL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN Avoid breathing of vapor. Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. Keep containers closed when not in use. Use only with adequate ventilation. (b) Posting Areas where tetrachloroethane is present shall be posted with a sign reading: 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (ACETYLENE TETRACHLORIDE) WARNING! HARMFUL IF INHALED HARMFUL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN Avoid breathing of vapor. Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. Keep containers closed when not in use. Do not enter areas where used or stored unless adequate ventilation is provided. All labels and warning signs shall be printed both in; English and in the predominant language of nonEnglish-reading employees. All employees shall be trained verbally and informed of the hazardous areas, with special instruction given to illiterate employees and employees reading only languages other than those used on labels and posted signs. Section 4 -- Personal Protective Equipment Engineering controls shall be used if needed to maintain tetrachloroethane concentrations at or below the prescribed limit. When necessary, these shall be supplemented by the use of personal protective equipment. Requirements for per sonal protective equipment shall be in accordance with provisions of 29 CFR 1910, Subpart I. (a) Eye Protection Chemical safety goggles, face shields and goggles, or safe ty glasses with side shields shall be provided by the employer and shall be worn during any operation in which tetrachloroethane is present (29 CFR 1910.133). (b) Skin Protection Occupational Safety 6, Health Reporter SL 028372 CURRENT REPORT 1273 Protective clothing, including gloves, aprons, suits, boots, and face shields (8-inch minimum) and goggles, made of a material resistant to tetrachloroethane, shall be worn where needed to prevent skin contact. (c) Respiratory Protection (1) Compliance with the permissible exposure limit may be achieved by the use of respirators only: (A) During the time necessary to install or test the re quired engineering controls. (B) During emergencies or during the performance of nonroutine maintenance or repair activities when air concen trations of tetrachloroethane may exceed the permissible environmental limit. (2) When use of a respirator is permitted, it shall be selected and used pursuant to the following requirements: (A) The employer shall establish and enforce a respiratory protective program meeting the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134. (B) The employer shall provide respirators in accordance with Table 1-1 and shall ensure that the employee uses the respiratorprovided when necessary. The respiratory protec tive devices in conformance with Table M shall comply with the standards jointly approved by NIOSH and the Mining En forcement and Safety Administration (MESA, formerly Bureau of Mines) as specified under the provisions of 30 CFR 11. (C) Respirators specified for use in higher concentrations of tetrachloroethane may be used in atmospheres of lower concentrations. (D) The employer shall ensure that respirators are ade quately cleaned and maintained, and that employees are trained and drilled, at least annually, in the proper use and testing for leakage of respirators assigned to them. (E) Respirators shall be easily accessible, and employees shall be informed of their location. TABLE 1-1 RESPIRATOR SELECTION GUIDE Concentrations of Tetrechloroethene Lam* (ban ot/'i ;-*quAl_rtO` 10 ppm.;. Lees than or equal to 50 ppm Less than or equal to 150 ppa * Greeter thaa 150 ppm Emergency or Entry (Into an area of unknown concentration, eg, firefighting) Evacuation'or'Escape (from an area of un known concentration) Respirator Typs (1) - Chemical cartridge' respirator with halfmask facepiece and organic vapor cartridge** (2) Supplled-alr respirator, demand type, with half-cask facepiece (1) Chemical cartridge respirator with full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge (2) Gas mask with chin-style or front* or back-mounted organic vapor canister (3) Supplled-alr respirator operated In demand mode with full facepiece (4) Self-contained breathing apparatus operated in decand mode with full facepiece (1) Type C supplied-air respirator with full facepiece, helmet, hood, or suit and operated In continuous-flow mode (2) Type C supplled-alr respirator with full facepiece operated In pressure-demand mode (1) Self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode (2) Combination Type C supplled-alr respi rator with full facepiece and auxiliary selfcontained air supply operated in pressuredemand mode (1) Self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure-demand' or other positive pressure mode (2) Combination Type C supplled-alr respi rator with full facepiece and auxiliary selfcontained air supply operated In pressuredemand mode (1) Any gas mask providing-protection from organic vapors (2) Any self-contained breathing apparatus Section 5 -- Informing Employees of Hazards from procedures and why it is advantageous to the workers to un 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane dergo these examinations. Employees engaged in , maintenance and repair shall be included in these training (a) The employer shall ensure that each employee oc programs. The employee shall be reinformed at least once cupationally exposed to tetrachloroethane is informed at the annually. Each employee shall be advised of the availability beginning of employment or on assignment to a of such relevent information, including the material safety tetrachloroethane area of the hazards, relevant symptoms of data sheet which shall be kept on file. overexposure, appropriate emergency procedures, and (b) Required information shall be recorded on the proper conditions and precautions for the safe use of "Material Safety Data Sheet" shown in Appendix III [omit tetrachloroethane. This information shall also include a ted] or, on a similar form approved by the Occupational description of the general nature of the medical surveillance Safety and Health Administration, US Department of Labor. Copyright 1977 by The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. SL 028373 1274 Section 6 -- Work Practices (a) Engineering controls, such as process enclosure or local exhaust ventilation, shall be used as needed to maintain tetrachloroethane concentrations within the recommended environmental limit. Ventilation systems, if used, shall be designed to prevent the accumulation or recirculation of tetrachloroethane in the workplace, to maintain the tetrachloroethane concentrations within the limit of the recommended standard, and to effectively remove tettrachloroethane from the breathing zones of employees. Adequate, uncontaminated makeup air shall be provided. Exhaust ventilation systems discharging into outside air must conform with applicable local, state, and federal air pollution regulations and must not constitute a hazard to employees or to the general population. Ventilation systems shall be subject to regular preventive maintenance and cleaning to ensure effectiveness, which shall be verified by airflow measurements taken at least every 3-6 months. (b) Storage, Handling, and General Work Practices (1) Containers of tetrachloroethane shall be kept tightly closed at all times when not in use. Only properly informed, trained, and equipped personnel shall be involved in storing, loading and unloading, or processing tetrachloroethane. Tetrachloroethane shall be stored in locations that are ade quately ventilated and cool, and not in pits, depressions, or basements. Storage containers shall be periodically in spected for leakage and deterioration. (2) Washing of hands, equipment, or structures withtetrachloroethane shall be prohibited. (3) Prior to maintenance work, sources of tetrachloroethane and its vapor shall be eliminated to the ex tent feasible. If concentrations at or below the recommend ed workplace air limit cannot be assured, respiratory protective equipment shall be used during such maintenance work. (4) Written operating instructions and first-aid procedures shall be formulated and posted by the employer where tetrachloroethane is handled or used. (5) Tetrachloroethane containers and systems shall be in spected periodically for leaks. All tetrachloroethane equip ment including valves, fittings, and connections shall be checked for tightness and good working order. All newly made connections shall be checked for leaks immediately after tetrachloroethane is introduced. Needed repairs and adjustments shall be made promptly. (6) An employee whose skin becomes contaminated with liquid tetrachloroethane shall immediately wash or shower. Clothing contaminated with the liquid shall be either dispos ed of or cleaned before reuse. Anyone handling or responsi ble for cleaning contaminated clothing shall be instructed as to the hazards, relevant symptoms of overexposure, ap propriate emergency procedures, and proper conditions and precautions for the safe handling and use of tetrachloroethane. Some materials which cannot be effec tively decontaminated, such as leather and rubber, shall be discarded. <7) Transportation and use of tetrachloroethane shall com ply with all applicable federal, state, and local regulations. (c) Waste Disposal Waste material contaminated with liquid tetrachloroethane shall be disposed of in a manner not hazar dous to employees and conforming to all applicable local, state, and federal regulations. Incineration; properly con ducted to prevent the release of hazardous combustion products such as hydrochloric acid and chlorine, is an accep table means of disposal. (d) Confined Spaces OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH REPORTER (1) Entry into confined spaces, such as tanks, pits, tank cars, barges, process vessels, and tunnels, where tetrachloroethane has been present shall be controlled by a permit system. Permits signed by an authorized employer representative shall certify that preparation of the confined space, precautionary measures, and personal protective equipment are adequate, and that precautions have been taken to ensure that prescribed procedures will be followed. (2) Individuals entering confined spaces where they may be exposed to tetrachloroethane shall wear respirators as specified in Section 4. (3) Confined spaces which have contained tetrachloroethane shall be inspected and tested for oxygen deficiency and for tetrachloroethane and other known or suspected contaminants and, prior to entry, shall be thoroughly ventilated and decontaminated. (4) Accidental exposure to tetrachloroethane in confined spaces shall be prevented by disconnecting and blanking off tetrachloroethane supply lines. (5) Confined spaces shall be ventilated while work is in progress therein to keep the concentration of tetrachloroethane at or below the workplace environmental limit and to prevent oxygen deficiency. (6) When a person enters a confined space, another properly protected worker shall be on standby outside. (e) Emergency Procedures For all work areas where there is a reasonable potential for accidents involving tetrachloroethane, the procedures specified below shall be used, and any others appropriate for a specific operation or process shall be formulated in ad vance. Employees shall be instructed in their implementa tion. (1) Procedures shall include prearranged plans for ob taining emergency medical care and for the transportation of injured workers. Employees shall also be trained in ad ministering immediate first aid and shall be prepared to render such assistance when necessary. (2) Approved eye, skin, and respiratory protection as specified in Section 4 shall be used by persons who are in volved in the cleanup operations at the accident site. (3) Eyewash fountains and emergency showers shall be provided in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.151. (4) Employees not essential to cleanup operations shall be evacuated from exposure areas during emergencies. Perimeters of hazardous exposure areas shall be delineated, posted, and secured. Employees in adjacent areas shall be informed of evacuation procedures in the event that their work areas become involved. (5) Only personnel properly trained in emergency procedures and adequately protected against the attendant hazards shall be assigned to shut off sources of tetrachloroethane, clean up spills, and repair leaks. (6) Spilled tetrachloroethane shall be cleaned up prompt ly. Small spills can be soaked up by absorbent material, larger spills, after being contained, can be pumped into drums or tanks. Waste disposal shall conform to Section 6(c) of this chapter. Section 7 -- Sanitation (a) Plant sanitation shall meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.141. (b) Food preparation, dispensing (including vending machines), and eating snail be prohibited in work areas where tetrachloroethane is present. (c) Employees who handle liquid tetrachloroethane shall be instructed to wash their hands thoroughly with soap or Occupational Safety & Health Reporter SL 028374 CURRENT REPORT mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. Section 8 -- Monitoring and Recordkeeping Re quirements Within 6 months of the promulgation of a standard based on these recommendations, each employer who has a place of employment in which tetrachloroethane is present shall determine by an industrial hygiene survey if exposure to air borne tetrachloroethane at concentrations above the action level may occur. Records of these surveys, including the basis for concluding that air levels are at or below the action level, shall be maintained. Surveys shall be repeated at least once every year and within 30 days of any process change likely to result in an increase of airborne tetrachloroethane concentrations. If it has been decided that the environmental concentration of tetrachloroethane may exceed the action level, then the following requirements shall apply: (a) Personal Monitoring (1)A program of personal monitoring shall be instituted to identify and measure, or to permit calculation of, the ex posure of all employees occupationally exposed to airborne tetrachloroethane. Source and area monitoring may be used to supplement personal monitoring. (2) In all personal monitoring, samples representative of the exposure to airborne tetrachloroethane in the breathing zone of the employee shall be collected. (3) For each TWA determination, a sufficient number of samples shall be taken to characterize employee exposures during each work shift. Variations in work and production schedules, as well as employee locations and job functions, shall be considered in decisions on sampling locations, times, and frequencies. (4) Each operation in each work area shall be sampled at least once every 3 months or as otherwise indicated by a professional industrial hygienist. If an employee is found to be exposed at a level in excess of the TWA environmental limit, the exposure of that employee shall be measured at least once every 30 days, control measures shall be initiated, and the employee shall be notified of the exposure and of the control measures being implemented. Such monitoring shall continue until two consecutive determinations, at least 1 week apart, indicate that employee exposure no longer ex ceeds the environmental limit. Quarterly monitoring may then be resumed. (b) Recordkeeping Records of environmental monitoring shall be maintained for at least 30 years. These records shall include the dates and times of measurements, job function and location of the employees within the worksite, sampling and analytical methods used, number, duration, and results of the samples taken, TWA concentrations estimated from these samples, type of personal protective equipment used, if any, and ex posed employees' names. Employees shall have access to in formation on their own environmental exposures. These records shall be available to the authorized representatives of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and of the Secretary of Labor. Pertinent medical records shall be retained for 30 years after termination of employment. Records of environmental exposures applicable to an employee should be included in that employee's medical records. These medical records shall be made available to the designated medical representatives of the Secretary of Labor, of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, of the employer, and of the employee or former employee. '(275 APPENDIX I METHOD FOR SAMPLING 1.1.2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE IN AIR The sampling and analytical methods described here and in Appendix II are based on those described in Method No. S124 of NIOSH Analytical Methods (69J. General Requirements (a) Collect air samples from within the breathing zones of workers to characterize the exposure from each job or specific operation in each work area. (b) Collect samples representative of exposures of in dividual workers. (c) Record the following: < (1) Date and time of sample collection. (2) Sampling rate and duration and total sample volume. (3) Location of sampling. (4) Temperature, pressure, and relative humidity at time of sampling. (5) Other pertinent information. Sampling (a) Collect samples in the breathing zones of workers without interfering with their freedom of movement. (b) Collect samples to permit determination of TWA work day exposures for every job involving exposure to tetrachloroethane in sufficient numbers to express the variability of the exposures for-the work situation. (c) Apparatus for Charcoal-Tube Sampling _- (1) Battery-operated sampling pump and a clip for attach ment to workers' clothing: Airflow through the pump shall be within 5 percent of the desired rate. (2) Charcoal tubes: Glass tubes with both ends flame-seal ed, 7 cm long with a 6-mm outer diameter and a 4-mm inside diameter, and containing two sections of 20/40 mesh ac tivated charcoal separated by a 2-mm portion of urethane foam. The adsorbing section contains 100 mg of charcoal; the backup section has 50 mg. A 3-mm portion of urethane foam is inserted between the outlet end of the tube and the backup section, and a plug of silylated glass wool is placed in front of the adsorbing section. The pressure drop across the tube when in use must be less than 1 inch of mercury at a flow rate of 1 liter/minute. (d) Calibration of Sampling Instruments (1) Calibrate air sampling instruments with a represen tative charcoal tube in line over a normal range of flowrates (50-1,000 ml/minute). Establish calibration curves for each sampling pump and use them in adjusting the pump prior to and during each field use. Establish new calibration curves for each sampling pump any time repairs are made or when the sampling system is modified. Spot check the volumetric flow rate through the sampling system and make the proper adjustment before and during each study to ensure that accurate airflow data are obtained. (e) Collection and Handling of Samples .(1) Immediately before sampling, break both ends of a charcoal tube to provide openings of at least one-half (2-mm) the internal diameter of the tube. (2) Position the smaller, backup section of the charcoal tube nearest the sampling pump. Tubing may be used to con nect the back of the tube to the pump, but air being sampled should not pass through any hose or tubing before the char coal tube. (3) Place the charcoal tube in a vertical position with the inlet face down during sampling. Copyright 1977 by The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. SL 028375