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FILE NAME Manville JMA DATE 1975 July DOC JMA383 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Report - US Asbestos - Utilization & Availability MCIC 75-03 ASBESTOS - UTILIZATION AVAILABILITY July 1975 _ Strategic Materials Management Information Program Metals and Ceramics Information Center Battelle Columbus Laboratories _ 505 King Avenue Columbus Ohio 43201 24 and textiles length fibers are used in papers in yarns used and in some filler uses while shorts products asbestos felts refuse predominantly are used as fillers The basic products may andused directly by other industries or such products may be incorporated be various end products Companies making end items may or may not be into integrated back to the mining and milling segment of the industry 2,4,16,21,22 Asbestos Properties ae because of their strength flexAsbestos fibers enjoy wide usage chemical resistance and frictional thermal and electrical resistance ibility structure of asbestos is considered as important properties The natural fibrous properties The fineness of chrysotile fiber in its use as its mineral composition to with some other commonly encountered fibers is shown in the follow- comparison edt ing tabulation aoe on COMPARISON OF DIAMETERS OF Various Fibers aD soca WITH ASBESTOS Fibrils in One 0.00158 et Type Type of Fiber Human hair Fiber Diameter inches 0.000985 Linear Inch 630 1,015 Ramic 0.0008 to 0.0011 910 to 1.250 eee Wool 2.500 0.0004 ak Cotton 0.0003 3.300 Rayon Nylon 0.0003 0.00026 3,300 3.840 Glass . Rock wool Asbestos chrysotile 0.00142 0.000142 to 0.000281 0.000000706 10 0.00000118 3,520 10 7.010 850,000 to 1,4100,000 * Can Hining and Met Bull April 1951 to about twice the diameter of chrysotile Amphibole asbestos commonly runs but still is quite smaller in diameter than other common fibers The fibrous nature of asbestos imparts an extremely high surface area to the separation mineral and Comparison can be varied of chrysotile by adjustment asbestos with of degree of fiber other fibrous materials in this regard is shown below Comparison of Type Type of Fiber Nylon Acetate rayon Cotton Suk Wool Viscose rayon Asbestos chrysotile the Scrface Area of VARIOUS * FIBERS Surface Area by Nz Adsorption Sq Chi per G 3,100 3,800 7,200 7,600 9,600 9,800 130.000 to 220,000 Can Moning and Met Bull April 1951 25 The large surface area of opened asbestos contributes to its as a filter material The various materials may not only be used to value some of the more inert materials e.g. air water and oil but due filter of the stable silicates asbestoses can the relative chemical inactivity to used in corrosive media The various asbestos mineral phases exhibit differ- be rates and stabilities in acidic and caustic reagents as shown in ent reaction the following tabulation Sulubility Sulubility of Asbestos* Chrysotile 9.25 Per Cent Loss in Weight Nefluxing Nefluxing Two Hours 25 Acid or Caustic t HCI COOH ILPO SO NaOH i Actinolite 20.31 12.28 20.19 20.3 4 12.84 2.03 11.67 11.35 0.97 F . Amosite Anthophyllite 2.66 0.60 3.10 2.73 55.75 1.22 0.99 55.09 23.42 55.18 Crocidolite 4.38 0.91 4.37 4.99 3.69 4.38 1.35 1.80 Tremolite 4.77 1.99 Per Cent Loss in Weight Room Temperature 26 for ^28Hr 25 Ac^,,lor Caustic ; 22.55 12.14 20.10 20.60 9.43 Actinolite Amosite 12.00 3.08 11.83 11.71 2.90 6.82 1.77 Anthophyllite 2.13 1.04 3.29 50.45 56.00 1.03 Chrysotile 56.00 24.04 1.02 3.91 3.48 1.20 Crocidolite 3.14 4.69 4.74 1.65 Tremolite 4.22 1.41 * Badoller M. Asbestos & Mineral of Unparalleled Properties Con Mining and Met Hull 1931 In addition to the desirability of large surface area for filtering this characteristic of asbestos also is important in the purposes asbestos as a thermal and electrical insulating material Coupled use of with this a thermal barrier is a desirable emissivity feature for asbestos in its use as characteristic with the emissivities Comparisons of this asbestos property of other selected materials is shown below EMISSIVITY of Different Materials Material Aluminum polished Alu~-nmunifoil Chromium polished Gold polislied Lead polished Platinum polished Silver polished Aluininum paint Asbestos cloth Asbestos paper Glass polished Temperature F 100 100 100 100 100 500 100 100 200 200 100 Total Normal Emissivity 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.27-0.69 0.90 0.93 0.90 Shaw M. Asbestos Textile Institute Plula Venun April 1951 26 has excellent electrical resistivity and Asbestos chrysotile also strength which favors the material for its used in electrical insu- dielectric the electrical insulating properties of chrysotile lation applications However conductivity with its magnetite content more magnetite present the more vary have been established for various insulating of asbestos experienced Three grades as described in the following tabulation and notes purposes TYPE MAXIMUM MAGNETIC RATING 0.75 portance 11 2.00 IV VI 4.00 for thin wall primary insulation .010 Type it is Intended wall primary insulation IV is intended for moderately heavy Type .045 or secondary insulation to are of minor im VI is used where the electrical properties Type for secondary insulation carrier fiber cotton or rayon are commonly The effect of the kind and amount of and dielectric strength of various asbestos textile used on the resistivity insulation is illustrated in the following tabulagrades used as electrical tion for Type II Magnetic Rating asbestos ASBESTOS CONTENT VOLUME RESISTIVITY MILLIAMP LEAKAGE % RH 50 RH ~ 75 RH DIELECTRIC STRENGTH kv PER 500 MILS % 50 75 RH RH RH CARDED FIBER Cotton Carrier Fiber UL A AA AAA AAAA Rayon Carrier Fiber UL A M AAA 83.5 00 1.2 1.7 86.2 0.0 1.0 1.5 92.3 0.0 0.9 1.4 96.6 0.0 0.8 1.2 100.0 0.0 0.05 0.4 3.9 89.3 $2.3 98.3 6.1 0.1 ol 0.1 18 17? 1.4 11 2.0 1.9 17 1.6 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.9 6.3 3.5 3.6 4.4 5.4 6.2 3.2 3.3 4.2 4.6 6.3 41 .1 .0 5.0 3.4 2.5 3.6 1 3.0 4.3 44 4.5 YARNS Cotton Carrier UL Grade Yarn Cotton Core 85.5 0.2 1.3 3.1 3.8 3.1 2.6 UL Grade Yarn Glass Core 80.8 0.0 05 1.3 6.8 3.8 3.5 AAA Grade Yarn 97.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.0 69 6.3 . Glass Core AAA Grade Yarn Extruded 95.0 0.0 90 * 225 . 2.4 RH = Relative humidity Not Burned Out 27 | UL A AA etc. have been established textile grades Underwriters fibers are | Asbestos in the material Carrier Asbestos percent asbestos the weight percent markedly degrade a. on based and textile strength and do not to improve processabilityprocesability in the quantities added of asbestos insulating materials electrical characteristics the used . fibers is quite good for chrysotile and The strength of asbestos varieties but varies to low levels for tremolite and actinolite metallic and crocidolite crocidolite favorably with the strength of i! higherhigher strength fibers compare a Hy The encountered as shown below re al fibers commonly it nonmetallic COMPARISON OF VARIOUS Type of Material Ingot iron Wrought iron Carbon steel Nichrome steel Piano steel wire Cotton fiber Rock wool Glass fiber Chrysotile asbestos Crocidolite asbestos Amosite asbestos Tremolite asbestos AVERAGE TENSILE STRENGTHS * MATERIALS Tensile Strength Lb per 45,000 48,000 155,000 243,000 300,000 73,000 to 89,000 60,000 100,000 to 200,000 80,000 to 200,000 100,000 to 300,000 16,000 to 90,000 1,000 to 8,000 . OF Sq Tu Can Mining and Met Bull 1931 is altered by elevated- The strength and stability of various asbestos phases become might be expected Different mineral phases temperature exposure as service temperature and their useful upper unstable at different temperatures The effect limitation is in part established by the degradation temperature on the degradation of the common of a hour temperature exposure in asbestos is indicated in the tabulation by abrupt deviations varieties of the weight date Effect of Temperature oN LOSS IN WEIGHT * OF ASBESTOS Fialks Loss in Weight Tempern ture F 400 800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1,800 Time hr hr hr hr hr hr * Can Mining and Iron changing in Amosite % 0.23 0.98 1.16 1.39 1.43 1.53 Anthophyllite % 0.05 0.38 0.44 0.54 0.54 2.39 Chrysos tile Sc 0.30 2.17 3.99 12.75 13.43 13.77 Net Bull 1931 oxidation oxidation weight caused by oxidation Crocido lite % 0.0 0.73 0.86 1.04 1.03 0.78 Tremo lite Co 0.01 0.22 0.29 037 0.47 2.16 28 of the above and other properties establish the use- Combinations in a wide variety of applications A physical of asbestos minerals fulness the characteristics of the six comparison table which summarizes properties below The processing techniques that asbestos minerals is shown principal articles from asbestos also have been established been developed to produce have Knowledge of properties is quite a necessary on combinations of properties based and the utility of any to the manufacture of asbestos products prerequisite is dictated by its fiber characteristics particular grade of asbestos PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF ASBESTOS | t: Crocidofils Tramolite Actinolite - | | phyllita | Chrysotile Amosits | ; Specified heat B.Th.U./ib./*F Tensile strength lb./sq lo Temp at maximum ignition 0.200 80,000100,000 1800 0-193 18.00000,000 16001800 - 0-210 0.201 4000 and | leas 1800 100.000- 300,000 1200 0-212 10008000 1800 | 0.217 1000 and lesa - loss Slow Fast Medium Fast Medium Medium Filtration properties Electric charge Pos Neg Neg Neg Neg N25e4g0 2675 2180 2400 : F 2770 2550 FSupslainoanbiploiitynt . | Very good Fair Poor Fair Poor - | Poot !5 | | Good Fair Good Very good Good | Resistance Poor and alkalies Magnetite content Mineral impurities ' present -) . Flexibility Resistance to heat 0-5.2 Iron | chrome nickel lime ' Iron High Good high Good Brittle at high temps Good Brittle at high temps 0 Iron 3.0-5.9 Iron Poor Good . Very good | Poor Fuses 0 Lime - Lime iroo : Poor Fair to good Poor - _ - Ionizable salts 1-82 1.84 . 0.58 0-84 Micro relative conductance Colour ; Texture Grteoewnhitgreey Yellowish- | Yellow brown brown to whito Blue Fine and | Harsh and silky coarse Soft to friable | Rough =| harsh but | Bexible \ White Harsh or friable Greenish Harsh brittle 29 2,4,7,19 272,4,7,19 27 U.S. Production are manufacturing companies have Many of the major products fiber sources which are either wholly or partially owned U.S. and captive mines Some of the more than 400 companies making asbestos Canadian 19-27 : products Huyck Corporation Amatex Corporation Rensselaer New York Norristown Pennsylvania Manville Corporation Armstrong Cork Company Denver Colorado Lancaster Pennsylvania Kentile Floors Incorporated Atlas Textile Corporation Brooklyn New York North Wales Pennsylvania & Insulating Company Chicago Illinois The Bendix Corporation Southfield Michigan National Gypsum Company Buffalo New York Nicolet Industries Incorporated Ambler Pennsylvania The Celotex Corporation - Tampa Florida Polyrez Company Incorporated Woodbury New Jersey H. K. Porter Company 1 Cement Asbestos Products Company Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Birmingham Alabama Raybestos Incorporated Certain Products Corporation Trumbull Connecticut : Valley Forge Pennsylvania N. Charleston S. Carolina " The Clark Asbestos Company Cleveland Ohio Scandura Incorporated Charlotte N. Carolina Congoleum Industries Kearny New Jersey Incorporated Supradur Manufacturing Corporation New York New York The Flintkote Company East Rutherford New Jersey Union Carbide Corporation Niagara Falls New York The GAF Corporation New York New York Uniroyal Incorporated Winnsboro South Carolina Garlock Incorporated Rochester New York Uvalde Rock Asphalt Company San Antonio Texas 30 Asbestos products may be grossly divided into two groups woven and asbestos fibers of suitable classifica- nonwoven types In the former worked into rovings yarns and cords and hence can be woven tion are braided or knitted into textile products Spinning fiber mixtures and fibers of numerous other materials composed of various asbestoses both of organic and inorganic origin e.g. metallic are prepared giving of asbestos textiles Generally nonasbestos fibers rise to several classes textiles to facilitate yarn cord and cloth are incorporated in asbestos manufacturing as well as to impart specific properties and characteristics type use asbestos the textile products Nonwoven asbestos products to a wide variety of asbestos fiber classes fibers in composites incorporating with matrix bonding materials of several types containing products of this type utilize the fiber content for insulating frictional filling and strengthening purposes Raw asbestos may be used in insulating packing 2,4 wicking and filtering applications Asbestos in the raw condition from mills may be provided to the in the crudy essentially unopened opened or well- manufacturers conditions see Figure ) As might be expected the various manufacopened asbestos in various degrees of openness to permit turing processes require manufacturing capability as well as to attain desired properties in products The opening of asbestos basically beating and bundles is achieved by mechanical is frequently aided by the chemical comminution action of reagents added to fibrilize bundles and to cleanse fibers of impurities e.g. entrained magnetite Washed asbestos i.e. to minimize impurities has improved electrical insulating properties Well Open Medium Open : Crudy FIGURE 1 TYPICAL DEGREES OF ASBESTOS MINERAL OPENING 31 Textile products are manufactured in fundamentally the other textiles with suitable modifications of technique and same way as to accommodate asbestos fiber characteristics Asbestos papers machinery boards are prepared by mixing fibers with various bonding agents e.g. and starch glue water glass plastics cements felting processes pressing commonly by rolling and drying techniques Composites are operations materials and subsequently molding made by mixing fibers with the matrix to the form required by the application Also or spraying the composite woven asbestos products with matrix composites are prepared by impregnating materials e.g. brake shoes and clutch plates While information was not obtained concerning the amounts of the manufactured in the U.S. some order- various containing products 7 magnitude data can be surmized by examination of consumption data Accordingly U.S. Bureau of Mines consumption data for BM I asbestos fiber classification 19,300 short tons in 1973 would indicate spinning of total 1973 asbestos consumption in products requiring about 2.2 percent woven products for textile type Other sources products but indicate somewhat higher and lower generally all indications are that quantities while textile products used are fairly small require some of the better compared to total asbestos grades of 23 used asbestos quantities The balance of asbestos products are in the form of felts e.g. in paper and boards and in the various composite products e.g. asbestos cement as fiber components floor tiles and plastics A very small amount of raw asbestos products tara Pas is used directly e.g. as insulation The quantities manufactured in the various categories are indicated by of asbestos products the comsumption data given in factured a subsequent is suggested section of the report The by the application examples variety of products manugiven in the following section 2,4 Typical Applications The number of use items bearing asbestos numbers above 3000 as previously mentioned The uses are largely composite uses wherein asbestos is the fibrous component to impart strength insulating such properties and other desirable characteristics as frictional properties 32 minimum wear and as extenders of more expensive matrix with concomitant materials e.g. plastic resins Other reasons for asbestos use are suggested Associated with both textile and nontextile products wherein asbestos is useful because of its incombustibility are applications of asbestos products in various categories are Examples Textile type products Clothing Suits Leggings Helmets Mittens Aprons Boots Blankets Firestops e.g. theater curtains Lagging thermal insulating Welding barriers Filtering fruit juice acids inks dust Diaphragms e.g. chlorine cells Acoustic barriers baghouses Tapes Lagging thermal insulating Wicking Insulating electrical applications Belting conveyor type Fastening e.g. laboratory equipment Packing Ropes yarn threads Same as for tapes ups Board and paper products Insulating applications thermal Roofing Pipe lagging boiler lagging Stove lining Transportation engine heat control Manufacturing e.g. glass industry operations - Cartridge wadding Insulating applications electrical Motor windings Appliance parts m, Wire wrapping cable wrapping e Electrolytic cell diaphragms Filtering Wicking Packing Gasketing Asbestos cement products Insulating thermal barrier firestops Sheathing Siding Partitions Roofing Insulating electrical Instrument paneling Motor encasements Conduits Switch boards i ; oe ' ee wee To eH ES STA OL e ne 33 Containment corrosion resistant Tanks and vats corrosives e.g. bleaches Pipes Hoods e.g. water sewage gas corrosives thermal and corrosive resistant Frictional e.g. elevator brake shoes Asbestos composite products Note Asbestos textiles commonly are composites of asbestos and nonasbestos fibers Asbestos composites Floor tiles Sheet vinyl flooring Aircraft and missile molded plastics Lamp sockets Switch parts Resistance mountings Wire insulation electrical Corrosion resistant compositions e.g. underground insulation Buttons Sealants e.g. percussion caps in large shells Asbestos - other composites Insulating sprays thermal Asbestos cements and acoustical barriers Asbestos paints Gaskets Clutch facings asbestos textile as well as fiber composites are composites used Brake linings While the above list is long it does not begin to cover the multiplicity of applications for asbestos fibers A more complete listing although still a partial listing is offered in Appendix C from Reference 4. Due to the wide variety of products and numerous manufacturers of products there is not a convenient composite price for containing relative to the value of items purchased and items which would have meaning for crude and milled asbestos which used by any consumer segment Prices paid have shown a steady rise in the 1973-1975 period have undoubtedly influenced prices of items in proportion to asbestos content 6-9,23-27 6-9,23-27 U.S. Consumption DoD Usage There are several sources issuing apparent U.S. asbestos consump- tion data and these sources use and show various quantitites of various categorical asbestos used For product breakdowns example total apparent 34 U.S. 1973 asbestos all short tons 862,401 st types consumption is variously listed as 832,000 6-9,23 876,147 st and 885,000 st Reports for apparent 1974 consumption vary between 845,800 and 874,000 short tons Thus the range and mean values for apparent U.S. asbestos consumption are 1973 832-885,000 832-885,000 st 864,000 st 1974 846-874,000 st 860,000 st These data indicate only about a 0.5 percent decrease in asbestos usage in asbestos usage in 1974 compared with 1973 consumption but other sources state that the decrease was as much as 3 percent Table 1 presents the U.S. Bureau of Mines breakdown of 14 asbestos grade and type 1974 apparent U.S. consumption by end use Note that the categories differ somewhat from those used by other analysts whose data are given on pp 34 and 36 The variation in consumption data reported from different sources is related to the collec- tion of incomplete data from various respondents to producer and marketing surveys Also a difficulty is experienced with determining the amounts of asbestos moving into and out of producer and manufacturer inventories i.e. stocks so that actual consumption for any particular time period is an approximation As mentioned various analysts utilize somewhat different asbestos item categories for several reasons An example of the category dif- ferences used is shown in the following tabulations Asbestos Products Asbestos Asbestos cement cement pipe sheets Asbestos latex sheet Floor tile Asbestos paper Roof coatings Joint cements Asbestos plastics Friction materials Asbestos textile Miscellaneous* shingles etc. 23 Percent of Total Consumption 1973 17.0 17.0 6.0 16.0 16.0 10.15.0 15.0 10.0 4.0 1.6 20.3 20.32.1 6.0 2.0 20.3 20.3 Asphalt paving caulking compound sealants deadeners acoustical plaster ceiling tile filters well drilling muds etc. packings gaskets sound automotive undercoatings TABLE 1. 1974 U.S. APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF ASBESTOS BY END USE CATEGORY GRADE AND TYPE Item Category Grades and 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Chrysotile Grade Grade S 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Total Chrysotile Crocidolite Amosite Anthophyllite Total Asbestos Percent Asbestos Cement Pipe Asbestos Cement Sheat Flooring Products Roofing Products Packing and Caskets Insulation Thermal Insulation Electrical Friction Products Coating and Compounds Plastics Textiles Paper Other Totals - - 926 203 - 723 . 1,852 - - 109 158 520 118 - 905 - - - 490 ~ 1,045 - 1,535 - - 37 111 ( - 127 463 - 733 2 19 75 75 14 103 - 287 " - 1 9 I 34 28 - 73 - - 4 16 - 27 - 47 - 56 13 295 63 366 3 796 - 1 4 3 367 4 379 - 4 10 9 8 - 75 7 142 39 8 - 8 - - 55 4 239 333 " 3 " 3 12 231 11 1,288 1,373 23 _ 327 1,023 3,983 63 - - " " 70 169 204 631 364 7,980 364 11 - 43 : - - - 17 1 - - 18 - - - - - 2 - - 2 - 5 / 373 94 2 - - - 2 - 7 - oo _ 11 2,229 26.4 948 11.2 . 1,535 18.1 755 8.9 288 3.4 35 35 91 1.1 47 0.6 798 9.4 379 4.5 178 204 633 373 373 8,458 2.1 2.4 7.5 4.4 4.4 100 Loe cue we ee a en re ES ia End Uses Construction Floor tile Friction products Paper Asphalt felts Packing and gaskets Insulation i Textiles 36 Consumption Percent of Total Reported 1973 29.89 19.94 7.97 10.29 5.25 2.51 1.78 1.28 Asbestos Products Percent of Industry Distribution 1972 Asbestos cement pipe and sheet Vinyl asbestos floor tile Sheet vinyl flooring Roofing papers Gaskets and packing Friction materials ; Insulation pipe and thermal ' Coatings and compounds Plastics Electrical insulation Export and export Miscellaneous 26.8 18.7 11.8 10.1 8.6 8.4 6.2 4.1 2.8 1.2 1.0 0.3 eae The difficulties in analyzing the asbestos consumption picture bette using the incomplete data from various sources are apparent However it aE aed is obvious that a large amount of asbestos is consumed by the construction hae industry and that small but important uses exist within such industries ects as the appliance manufacturing industry and other equipment manufacturers of various products The transportation industry takes a fairly large amount of the total asbestos used in the form of insulating packing and gasket products and friction materials for such as clutch and brakeshoe applications Based on a very brief study of the available data and incorporating the categorical analyses of others pattern is suggested the following consumption Construction Flooring Transportation Appliances All other Range 55 to 65 20 to 30 10 to 15 5 to 10 3 to % Best Estimate 56 22 14 225 225 i 4 1 37 The limited and incomplete nature of aspects of U.S. asbestos consumption patterns does not Defense asbestos consumption permit a good estimate for Department of However an attempt at estimating DoD asbestos consumption is given in the following The diversity of DoD activities is wide but it is believed that DoD is not engaged in construction activities to the same extent as the balance of the U.S. economy Thus it is not possible to assign a 6 percent share of the construction uses for asbestos to DoD The 6 percent value represents the DoD budget in terms of the U.S. FY FY 75 Gross National Product GNP Similarly it is believed unjustified to assign a 6 percent share of flooring uses for asbestos to DoD On the other hand the use of asbestos in the U.S. is so diverse and diffuse that the portion of total asbestos used by DoD compared to total the U.S. is proportional to the DoD budget as a percent asbestos used by of the GNP 1.e. 6 percent in the categories of Transportation Appliances and All Other { Thus using consumption quite arbitrary percentage assignments for DoD asbestos in the Construction and Flooring categories and DoD ratio in the other categories an estimate for total DoD asbestos usage may be made as follows 1974 U.S. Asbestos Consumption Best Estimate DoD Share of Best Estimate : Category Construction _ 56 481,600 short tons % 14,448 short tons Flooring Transportation Appliances All other Total 22 14 % % 189,200 120,400 51,600 17,200 860,000 short short short short short tons tons tons tons tons % 5,676 % 7,224 % 3,096 % 1,032 31,476 short tons short tons short tons short tons short tons * ._ ~ . ~ Accordingly DoD asbestos consumption i.e. the total asbestos content of products used by DoD is estimated as 3.66 percent of total U.S. consumption basis 1974 Estimates of DoD asbestos usage also should consider that very probably a sophisticated grades consumption is the critical importance large proportion of DoD consumption is in the more of asbestos Also quite apart from direct DoD asbestos indirect DoD dependence on asbestos in the major roles of to DoD supporting industries Undoubtedly numerous 38 segments cult if includes of the U.S. manufacturing industries would find it extremely diffi- not impossible to operate photographs of some direct without asbestos products Appendix C 4 DoD asbestos products and applications Exports of Containing Products from the United States Imports Manufacturered asbestos products exported from the United States in 1974 totaled more than 64,000 short tons with a valuation of greater than 60 million The as reported by U. kinds of products their weight or S. Bureau of the Census were 20 number and valuation Articles Asbestos products : Gaskets Packing Insulation thermal and acoustic Textiles and yarns Protective clothing Cloth for automotive use Clutch facings and linings Brake linings automotive Other brake linings Manufactured products other than friction Weight or Number 87,241,503 lb 847,961 lb 5,622,108 lb -- 18,930,697 lb -- 1,696,151 no 733,386 no 8,420,952 lb 3,427,859 lb -- Valuation $ 11,063,243 1,684,712 10,897,330 4,541,471 8,407,609 556,218 1,856,440 647,276 6,475,469 3,661,487 10,467,063 10,467,063 10,467,063 amounts Manufactured articles also were and evaluations shown below , Articles Asbestos products Asbestos yarn slivers etc. Other asbestos products Total valuation imported into Weight lb 59,125,920 7,248,093 7,248,093 -~ the U.S. in 1974 in Valuation $ 7,626,521 7,923,813 4,684,986 4,684,986 20,235,320 the Scrap Virtually no recycling of asbestos fibers outside of mills manufacturing facilities has been reverted to penultimate processing during attempted house scrap the manufacture of several and asbestoscan be kinds of APPENDIX A ASBESTOS ORE PROCESSING TO FIBERS involved in the production of asbestos ores The major processes fiber release fiber cleaning fibers include mining ore preparation to and shipment Open mining is most and finally fiber grading storage under- deal of asbestos is recovered from commonly used although a great of the overburden various mines In open mining waste rock ground blasted free Some is removed and the ore is systematically thicknesses to the mill for selection is practiced regarding which ore fraction goes and which is determined to be waste rock processing commonly used to sort ore by size-- Grizzlies coarse screens are for blasting to manageable size At the mill larger pieces being recycled in size and further reduced to the roughly sized ore is crushed to minus size by secondary crushing and screening appropriate An appropriate of the an 3/4 to 2 in depending on the fiber length size ranges between asbestos for milling some ores generally In contrast to the ores destined hand sorted hand cobbed at the mine This fibered chrysotile are within be sold directly to consumers for processing select material may consumer mills about the involved in asbestos ore dressing are The principles asbestos chrysotile and amphibole types although same for all types of differs somewhat from fiber and mass- fiber asbestos processing the ore dressing methods degrade fiber asbestos processing Inappropriate ore dressing consists of a number fibers in the ores Invariably asbestos step Each step and extraction of fibers at every of rock comminuting steps and the drawing off of fibers by air is marked by crushing screening with wet methods of ore processing are practiced aspiration Both dry and the dry method being the most common one to additional crushing Oversize material from screening is routed with undersize material from the first from where it is sent on to join are second screen Three or four crushing and screening steps screen on the fn A worked in worked from series and fibers the crusher or as are drawn from they are freed each screen by suction as they by the action of the vibrating sand come Comminuted ore passing the last screen is generally waste rock * screens screens size and is routed to the dump Asbestos fibers drawn from screens are routed by the air flow to usually of the cycline type where fine rock and dusts are classifiersFibers are subsequently cleaned and classified to length packaged removed stored prior to sale and shipment The milling sequence is expected to and maximize the recovery of each fiber grade maximize A simplified process flow diagram is presented showing the major steps used in the dry milling of fiber asbestos ores process y Primary Crushing Drying Open Pit Mining Ore Selection | a Selection of Crude Hand Cobbing Cleaning and Packing Screen Suction SS tSS~S~S > =" 1 Secondary Crushing [ f Screen 4 Suction >> Sucti= on Tertiary Crushing [ Suction { = Fibers Cyclone Cleaning and Classifying Yt Cleaning Grading and Impact Crushing ww Screen Suction > +| F i/ bers Waste To Dump Packaging Grade Grade Grade Market Toe ov TABLE 1.7 AsDESTOS ... APPLICATIONS Raw Asbestos Yarn Wick packing Felt Rollboard Insulating wire 85 Magnesia pipe covering blocks and locomotive lagging Compound for encasing of motor windings Molded brake lining and brake blocks Reinforcement in plastics Flooring Asbestos cement products Paints varnishes and fillers Filling for asbestos mattress in- sulation Insulation of walls and floors loose fiber Insulation in underground con- duits loose fiber Wadding in cartridges and timing devices Platinized asbestos fiber for filter- ing In cheese making spores are placed on asbestos Asphalt floor tile Adhesive Thread Rope packing Paper plain and corrugated Millboard Compressed sheet packing High temperature insulation molded or various types Molded composition for electrical and other purposes Automobile bodies and railway sleepers molded composition Filler in plasties Pottery and sculpture Plaster and stucco Sprayed asbestos acoustical Insulation of batteries loose fiber In foundations to resist shock Parking for explosives or materials Filter fibers and filter pads other Cuating for welding rods Sewer pipe Automobile body undercoatiundenrcoagting Asbestos Yarn Cloth Brake lining Packing valve stem braided and other Gaskets and gasket cloth Wick for oil furning apparatus Twine or sewing thread Electric fisture wire covering Typing gas mantles Edges for hair felting retardant hose Tape electrical and other Clutch facings Gas mask filters Tubing Rope Stocking for lead cable Electric cable covering Spark plugs Steam hose Asbestos Tape Wick for oil burning apparatus Belts for conveying hot glass or other articles Pull strings for ovens Insulating loccamotive steam pipes at bends etce Insulating artnatures Winding coil- Winding bus bars Insulating underground cables Such laboratories uses as insulation for flasks test tubes retorts tie straps in diffusing materials In glass manufacture for wrapping tines of forks to take bottles from ovens Insulating electric wires on planes and ships As packing Wick Packing For ppiippiinngg of wire armor or galvanized materials plate plate nae 3 Asbestos Cloth Packing sheet high pressure Brake lining folded and stitched folded or wound Clutch facings Asbestos insulation mattresses Gaskets Substitute for tion where canvas on insulatemperatures are high lagging cloth Clothing suits gloves leggings Helmets Aprons Berets Draperies 1 Blankets for fire fighting Hangings for firestops Blankets in electrolyzer cells Bags and diaphrams in oxygen Mailbags producing Awnings Theatre curtains Floor lining in theatres Motion picture serven In acetylene welding Asbestos faced wipers in commu- Rugs Theatre scenery Portable motion picture booths In acoustical treatment Gun grips Facing for dryer f^,lt tators Filtering fruit juiers acids etc. Oil filter sack in automobiles Filter in dust collectors y) Protectors for gas bags in balloons Oven insulation Lining in motors Lining of laboratorics cooling chambers and other rooms Lining of automobile footboards Padding prison cells In various medical test apparatis Plastics Padding for laundry presses and mangles Wrapping oil tanks and oil lines in engines Umbrellas and shields protecting firenien Sand bags for pressing hats In hay curing to preserve aroma and color Insulation against noise and Conveyor belting In cheese making to control tem- perature Fittings for airplanes vibration especially in air- planes Ironing board covers Asbestos Felt In acoustical work * On paper machines Padding in pianos Adhesives Protection of underground pape Noise insulation Plastics Asbestos Paper Air cell and other pipe coverings Asbestos felt roofing Asbestos protected metal roofing Wick in oil burning apparatus ~ Wrapping of electrical wire Linings of stoves and heaters Linings of Filing cabinets Soldiers helmets Auto mufflers Drum controllers Electric appliances Armored car roofs In enameling ovens to catch drip Diaphragm in electrolytic cell Reinforcing aluminum foil for in- sulation In window glass machinery to guide hot sheets to shield hot glass from flying fragments In welding and other processes for protection from heat In annealing erumpled paper Covering of rockwool blankets which must be sewed Boiler jackets Asbestos built roofing Gaskets plain and metallic Tubes in electrical industry Wrapping of hot air pipes Cartridges Carpets Radiator covers Cookers Motors Insulation of ovens and dry kilns Tank covers Filtering In chemistry and physics in many various ways Reinforced with cotton thread for automobile tops Wrapping of wires and cables MM 4 Asbestos Paper Continued Insulating exhausts on biles Table pads and mats automo- Baking sheets Construction air ducts or lining of paper ducts Asbestos Millboard Stoves and heaters Garages Electric switch boxes Garbage incinerators Bottons of brooder stoves As fireproof wallboard Gaskets plain and metallic Washers in electrical apparatus In metal clad doors between outside metal and wood core Table pads and mats Safes Motion picture booths Dry cleaning machines Hoods of automobiles Ovens and dry kilns Ceiling over boilers smoke stacks etc. for fire protection Paddles in glass mills Tent shields and stove pipe rings Stove mats Asbestos Flat Sheets and Wallboard Interior sheathing of factories refrigerator rooms etc. Partitions movable and fixed Brick siding Roofs and sides of small buildings Fireproof layer on insulated board Lining of fireless cookers Brake shoes for elevators Mounting of test instruments and gages Switch boards Insulators between on are deflectors phases and Electric motor easings Lining for bleaching and other tanks and vats Blackout or bombproof bonnit Exterior sheathing timber effect Portable buildings Semiportable motion picture booths Fire protection around engines Backing for dies in molded glass Hoods over machines or vats from which vapor rises Laboratory table tops Cabinets and panel box work Miscellaneous uses in electricat apparatus Spark arresters Backgrounds and cutouts for window displays Asbestos Cement Pipes For carrying of water sewage gas and special liquids As gas vent pipes Conduits for electric light wires etc. Purlins rafters trusses etc. for wartime buildings Asbestos Composition Material Insulation compounds Electric wire insulation Lamp sockets rheostat backings switch parts are deflectors resistance mountings and other : electrical uses Underground insulation Phonograph records buttons and other small objects made of Heater cord insulation Missile and aircraft plasties Flooring Sealing of percussion caps in large cells plastic Asbestos Products in Theatres To localize fires in location To protect nearby buildings when fires are set For wall sections in sets to prevent reverberation Firebox in fireplaces Blinders or ears for lights or sin utes Dust on cobwebs old wine kegs etc. Insulation for maintaining even temperature Insulation of camera booths against sound Dressing winter scenes as show Noise insulation * Asbestos Philadelphia Pennsylvania 5 TABLE 9.1 Some Uses of Asbestos In Plastic ComposITIONS * Type of Resin Rosin with or without waxes gilsonite creosote shellac mineral oils phenolic resins ctc Use Electrical insulations Box toe compositions Roofing compositions Laminated boards Method of Fabrication Hot molding chilling Hot molding chilling Hot pressing chilling Hot pressing chilling Shellac with line etc. rosin creosole Asphalts tars and pitches with chlorinated rubber oils soi- vents etc. Electrical insulations and miscellaneous tises Heat insulator coatings for mictal pipes Parts for electrical and heat appliances Hot molding with or without chilling Brushing Drying cold molding using waterproofing molding Waxes Montan carnauba etc. with shellac natural resins gilsonite modified rosins mineral oils etc. Polymerizable Polymerizable oils Casting coating molding Box toe compositions Roofings Joints coating compositions etc. Hot molding chilling Hot molding chilling Hot pressing chilling Brushing trowelling etc. curing Rubber or chlorinated rubber with or without alkyd resins etc. with or without organic filler and asbestos Brake linings clutch facings valve discs gaskets packings etc. Hot molding curing Phenolics alone or with natural resins rubber inorganic filler silica or mica and asbestos floats long fiber paper yarn or fabric Laminated boards Friction materials automotive applications etc. Haveg type compositions Coating compositions books papers ele Hot pressing Hot molding Hot molding Curing Molded heat resistant compositions Impregnated sheets panels or boards gaskets valve dises etc. Asbestos fabric pressed as blocks Asbestos sheet as sparers for heat in- sulators Asbestos yarns etc. for elutch facings ele Cellulose esters Asbestos and cellulose esters used to increase strength and toughness of glycerol patholate molding compounds Alkyd resins Commutator rings Mica sheets Brake linings Door stripes electrical spools etc. Structural fi^ ess Wood veneer panels Acid proof coatings Phenolic varnishes To increase adherence to coated surface to increase flexibility of undercoatings on metal surfaces also used in packings putties and boards Sheet protection for metal sur- faces Ashestos paper or sheet is connected to metal surface by phenolic resin and then coated with the same material * A. B. Cumming Asbestos in Plastic Compasitions Modern Pinstira Hot molding Laminated under heat and pressure Heat and pressure Hot pressing Hot molding Hot molding chilling curing Hot molding chilling Cold molding curing Varies depending on application Curing by heat and pressure 1 1 Courtesy ^ fanvilleCorp. Figure 10.1 Asbestos braided and woven interlocked braided plaited and twisted packings top to braid braid over braid Courtesy Alsop Engineering Enginering C p Figure 11.1 away view of cartridge filter for water fuel and industrial oils using asbestos base filter discs Arrows indicate liquid Now . Courtesy Keybestos kankatian Inc. > Figure 72. Automatic transmission clutch plates consisting of wafers 7 of asbestos material cork and treated paper material paper material or steel material bonded with thermosetting adhesives to steel plate ae Courtesy Manville Corp. Figure 7.3 Asbestos woven and molded brake linings clutch facings cone facings and segments Figure 2.1 Rocket motor aft and after firing at 5,000 phenolic insulator before 1, Courtesy The Bristol Aeroplane Ltd. Figure 9.9 A rocket motor tube tailpipe fabricated from asbestosphenolic plastic Figure 9.10 Rocket motor body asbestos exhaust cone and ring ad Courtesy The Martin Co. Figure 9.2 Vanguard rocket nose cone is made of phenolic material It is subjected to aerodynamic heating shock heat and structural loads The piece cone splits apart and drops off after the rocket leaves the atmosphere Py Courtesy The Thiokol Corp. Figure 98. The Hercules sustainer motor contains asbestos- phenolic insulation from the forward end to the exhaust end Bat TNT ade Cet Vth Oficial U. S. Navy Photo Figure 18. The Vanguard satellite rocket Cape Canaveral Florida shown at take Asbestos parts include 6 nose cone electrical and thermal insulation conduits etc. Courtesy The Bristol Aeroplane Co. Ltd. Figure 9.11 Asbestos base plastic gal drop tank for the Hawker Sea Hawk This tank is the first plastic drop tank in the world to have received full design approval Courtesy The Bristol Aeroplane Co. Lid Figure 9.4 speed radar scanner manufactured from pres- sure phenolic plastic Courtesy Johns- fanville Corp. Figure 6.1 armature Installation of Quinterra wrapped coils in electric motor or Y Courtesy Mine Safety Appliances Co. safety Figure 1.10 Aluminized asbestos fabric used in clothing for hot furnace repair coking working white hot ingots etc.